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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/soaring31/newhouse/blob/master/newhouse/site/HouseBundle/Resources/views/Groupbuy/list.html.twig
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
newhouse
|
soaring31
|
Twig
|
Code
| 273 | 1,415 |
{% extends 'HouseBundle:Houses:lp_list_layout.html.twig' %}
{% block title %}{{cur_area_data|default('')}}购房团购_{{cur_area_data|default('')}}楼盘团购_{{cur_area_data|default('')}}买房团购{% endblock title %}
{% block key_des %}
<meta name="keywords" content="{{cur_area_data|default('')}}{{core_global.mconfig({name: 'hostname', ename: 'mwebset'})}}购房团购,{{cur_area_data|default('')}}{{core_global.mconfig({name: 'hostname', ename: 'mwebset'})}}买房团购,{{cur_area_data|default('')}}{{core_global.mconfig({name: 'hostname', ename: 'mwebset'})}}楼盘团购">
<meta name="description" content="{{cur_area_data|default('')}}购房团购,{{cur_area_data|default('')}}{{core_global.mconfig({name: 'hostname', ename: 'mwebset'})}}提供热门{{cur_area_data|default('')}}楼盘团购活动，为您提供优惠房产团购，尽享抄底折扣，报名参与{{core_global.mconfig({name: 'hostname', ename: 'mwebset'})}}买房团购可享免费看房！ ">
{% endblock key_des %}
{% block css %}
{{core_global.linkcss('bundles/' ~ bundlepath ~ '/css/tg.css')}}
{% endblock css %}
{# 当前位置 #}
{% block current_houses %}
<span>团购</span>
{% endblock current_houses %}
{% block container %}
<div class="container">
<!--body-->
<div class="tg-body fl">
{% block tg_body %}
<ul class="lp-list" data-tag="tuangou">
{# {% include 'HouseBundle:Clist:groupbuy_list.html.twig' ignore missing %} #}
{{house_global.groupbuy_list({
list: ident.list
})}}
</ul>
{{core_global.page(ident.list)}}
<div class="blank30"></div>
{# {{dump(ident)}} #}
{% endblock tg_body %}
</div>
<!--/body-->
<!--aside-->
<div class="tg-aside fr">
{% block tg_aside %}
<!--panel-->
<div class="bd-gray panel">
<!--title-->
<div class="panel-hd">
<h3>
团购已报名
</h3>
</div>
<!--/title-->
<!--body-->
<div class="panel-bd">
<ul class="bm-list">
{% if ident.group_order.data is defined %}
{% for item in ident.group_order.data %}
<li class="clearfix">
<div class="time fl">{{item.create_time|date('m-d')}}</div>
<div class="tel fl">
{{core_global.if_dw({value: item.tel|default('')|slice(0, 3), danwei: '*****', default_tips: '-'})}}
</div>
<div class="name fl">
<a href="javascript:;">
{{item.name|default('')}}
</a>
</div>
</li>
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
</ul>
</div>
<!--/body-->
</div><!--/panel-->
<div class="blank20"></div>
<div class="blank20"></div>
<!--panel-->
<div class="panel bd-gray">
<!--title-->
<div class="panel-hd">
<h3>
团购流程介绍
</h3>
</div>
<!--/title-->
<!--body-->
<div class="tg-lc" data-tag="tuangouliucheng">
{# 团购流程最多20步 #}
{% set push_tuangouliucheng = ('tuangouliucheng')|getPush(20) %}
<ul>
{% if push_tuangouliucheng is defined %}
{% for item in push_tuangouliucheng %}
<li>
<div class="ico fl"></div>
<dl>
<dt>
<i class="font-number-{{loop.index}}"></i>{{item.name|default('')}}
</dt>
<dd>
{{item.abstract|default('')|raw}}
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
</ul>
</div>
<!--/body-->
</div><!--/panel-->
{% endblock tg_aside %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="blank20"></div>
{% endblock container %}
{% block js %}
<script type="text/javascript">
seajs.use(['formattime'], function (formattime) {})
</script>
{% endblock js %}
| 5,872 |
https://openalex.org/W2615950639_1
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,162 | 10,404 |
NOTES
ON
MISCELLANEOUS
ENDOPARASITES.
By
T.
Harvey
Jounston,
M.A.,
D.Sc.,
University,
({
Read
before
the
Royal
F.L.8.,
Biology
Queensland,
25th
Dept.,
Brisbane.
Society
of
November,
1918).
CESTODA.
Acanthotaenia
Last
region
year
this
the
intestine
of
gallardt
cestode
a
Johnston.
was
found
infesting
black
snake,
Pseudechts
at
riacus,
killed
addition
to
this
found
just
under
the
peritoneum
company
with
A.
gallardi
there
were
In
individuals
phalus)
by
of
‘
of
sp.
intestine,
Munro
Hull
parasite,
larval
cestodes
a
strongyle,
distributed
while
many
Mr.
reported
from
inalamb
this
from
in
sp.)
body
cavity.
numerous
isolated
(
Kalice-
part
of
the
stomach
harboured
been
previously
had
Queensland.
trigonophora
St.
&
Hass.
1918,
was
found
in
January
It
had
not
been
Eumundi.
(Sparganum
greater
entozoa
host
tapeworm
at
and
No
Moniezia
This
csophagus
porphyIn
Diaphanocephalus
the
mid-
Eumundi.
the
were
throughout
the
Physaloptera.
of
the
in
numbers
previously
reported
Queensland.
Multiceps
Dr.
Dodd
(1918,
p.
parasites
of
live
stock
statement
that
“‘
not
J
have
the
multiceps
502)
in
Leske.
a
recent
address
referred.
to
the
the
condition
Gid
is
not
common
been
able
obtain
any
records
cases
of
occurrence
known
as
Cenurus
cases
)
of
so-called
to
of
parasite
on
and
endo-
made
in
N.S.W.”
of
authentic
worm,
generally
the
gid
bladder
cerebralis,
in
any
part
of
Australia,
gid
traceable
to
other
causes.
being
a
all
210
NOTES
Since
the
Dr.
parasite
information.
ON
MISCELLANEOUS
ENDOPARASITES.
Dodd’s
remarks
seem
he
stated
that
he
had
not
personally
Gid
in
State,
but
had
been
informed.
in
Melbourne.
it
had
been
He
went
on
to
statement
can
be
case
of
say,
state
causal
seen
and
though
proof
parasite
has
all
that
State
he
had
in
this
continent.*
believed
that
gid
were
probably
due
the
list
hydatids
of
for
the
in
the
by
Dr.
Dodd,
cannot
at
given
we
the
It
must
known
first
time.
as
as
occurring
Pall.
the
in
cavity.
affirm
actually
pigs
to
present
entozoa
in
persons.
as.
Australia.
of
In.
well
in
hydatigena
case.
cranial
multiceps
presence
tenuicollis)
noted
for
evidence
occasional
sheep
and
Multiceps
the
of
Gid,
Tenia
now
numbers
collected,
off
is
large
and
view
(Cystieercus
examined
He
conditions
In
The
demonstrated.
that
Hchinococcus
struck
because
possible
of
be
not.
quite
presence
of
N.S.W.,
been
mistaken
occurrence
in
exist
is
was
cases
have
not
he
the
it
the
I
that
before
not
that
of
which
necessary
a
some
the
is
encountered
confused
of
occasionally
having
agreed
other
asking
conclusive,
does
without
had
that
as
Gid
he
letter
there
that
that
later
that
accepted
mentioned
a
further
reply
that
over
for
I
a
the
that:
N.S.W.,
with
to
imply
in
In
wrote
to
occurs
met
prepared
would
bladder
south-eastern
worm
stage
Queensland
*In the same paper (p. 506) Dr. Dodd refers to the presence of
Trichostrongylus axei (Strongylus gracilis) and other stomach worms in
Australian sheep and cattle. (See also Dodd, Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric. Q’land,
1909, p. 93-4, where he calls it Str. gracilis). Cobbold (Parasites, etc., 1879,
p. 283) gave the name Strongylus axei to certain minute nematodes occurring in the mucous membrane of the stomach of donkeys. Railliet and
Henry (C. R. Soe. Biol., 66, 1909, p. 87) placed S. gracilis McFad. and 8.
extenuatus Raill. as synonyms of T'richo. axei Cobbold. Ransom in his
fine account of the nematodes occurring in the alimentary tract of sheep,
cattle, etc. (Bull. 127, U.S. Dept. Agric., B.A.I., 1911, p. 94) referred to.
S. gracilis McF. as a synonym of Railliet’s Tricho, extenuatus, making no
mention of Tr. axe: as a parasite of stock—apparently not accepting
Railliet’s views. Leiper (Jour. London Sch. Trop. Med., 1 (1), 1911, p. 25)
in his check list, mentioned T'r. axe7 as a parasite of Equide and (l.c. 1
(2), 1912, p. 116) queried its presence in cattle. In my census of Queensland endoparasites (1916) I referred to Dodd’s record of Sir. gracilis as
Tr. extenuatus Raill, following Ransom (1911) rather than Railliet (1909).
Tn view of these remarks 7'r. axei cannot yet be added to our known helminth fauna unless it be admitted that the two names Str. axei Cobbold
and S. gracilis McFadyean (not Leuckt ‘are synonymous,
BY
T.
HARVEY
Dipylidium
caninum
the
with
which
to
of
maturity
it
may
be
of
interest
this
cestode
as
well
as
egg-bearing
in
a
puppy
specimens
of
canis,
full
in
(Sydney,
September,
211
some
can
L.
Asevidence
reach
rapidity
JOHNSTON.
mention
the
entozoa
that
I
nematode
only
six
found
Toxascaris
weeks
old
1909).
TREMATODA.
Bird
In
some
of
reference
was
made
under
the
my
broad
submitted
Johnston,
them,
along
Host.
Aig
Numenius
cyanopus
Sydney
others,
as
SEW
of
in
his
Australian
certain
were
J.
They
of
flukes
8.
Birds
presence
of
e.g.
Prof.
are
the
parasites
names:
The
Australian
of
generic
etc.
of
lists
to
stomum,
with
Trematodes.
trematodes
Hchinostomum,
to
birds
Mono-
my
friend,
University,
who
described
paper
the
Trematodes
on
(1916).
follows
mes"
:—
|
2,
|
Locality.
|
Q.
|
Echinostoma J., 1912, 1916,—=
| Himasthla harrisoni S.J.J.
Himantopus leucocephalus | South Australia, Monostomum J., 1910.
1912,—Hematotrephus
adelphus 8. J. J.
Charadrius
dominicus
Sydney
Echinostoma
J.,
1910,
=
|
Acanthoparyphium
spinulosum 8. J. J,
Herodias
timoriensis
Hidsvold,
Q.
|
Hchinosioma
J.,
1912
=
_ Echinoparyphium oxyurum
Ibis
molucca
Chenopsis
Micreca
Gladstone,
Parasite.
:
|
Eidsvold,
Q.
atrata
Victoria
fascinans
Eidsvold,
Dolichopera
This
by
trematode
Macalpine
was
(1891,
p.
S a .J. & Patagifer fraternus
S: JL di.
|
Hchinostoma
J.,
1912
=
| Patagifer acuminatus S. J. J
Monostomum
J.,
1910,
1912
_ = Ayptiasmus magnus 8. J.J.
Q.
Echinostoma
J.,
1912
=
Echinoparyphium
harveyanum 8. J. J.
macalpini
originally
40)
superba
in
Victoria.
(which
named)
in
his
he
and
in
as
hosts,
1918
the
gave
tiger
a
genus
description
snake
described
from
Denisonia
Nicoll.
the
Nicoll
(but
not
named)
copper-headed
snake,
included
Dolichopera
of
Noteckis
the
the
(1914,
species
scutatus
species
p.
343),
mentioning
(Victoria),
the
7
dl
be
NOTES
-copperheaded
unnamed
ON
MISCELLANEOUS
snake,
snake
Denisonia
collected
by
superba
Dr.
J.
Island
(1918a).
Quite
recently
he
parasite
and
published
2
figure
(1918b,
p.
ENDOPARASITES.
(Victoria)
B.
and
Cleland*
referred
on
Flinders
briefly
illustrating
an
to
its
the
anatomy
374).
I
obtained
D.
macalpini
from
the
Denisonia
superba
and
the
black
snake
Pseudechis
poi
phy-
riacus
in
Sydney
district,
recording
its
presence
under
the
name
Hemiurus
parasite
of
in
N.S.W.
I
snakes
seems
Australia.
Echinochasmus
tenuicollis
described
by
cormorant,
have
trematodes
sp.
Eastern
Recently
a
Apoblema)
venomous
distributed
from
(
J.
as
from
of
(1910a,
1911).
This
to
fairly
widely
S.
be
J.
Jnstn.
Johnston,
Phalacrocorazx
identified
collected
S.
csophagus
(1916,
p.
melanoleucus,
belonging
to
this
the
same
host
206)
Tuggerah,
species
species
a
few
near
Long-
reach,
Thompson
River,
by
Miss
M.
J.
Bancroft
(August,
1918).
In
specimens
the
vitellaria
extend
further
of
the
ventral
sucker,
relatively
more
remote
my
forwards,
reaching
while
the
male
and
female
glands
from
the
hinder
end
of
animal,
being
situated
the
original
figure.
ventral
sucker
Some
human
the
than
time
blood
posterior
shown
spp.
ago
reference
made
flukes
being
troops
from
(Johnston,
1916,
p.
was
in
possessed
ional
contain
terminal
spines
in
addition.
Thus
at
present
in
In
1917
urine
returned
to
examination,
ova.
Most
specimens
haematobium
Bilh.)
Bilharzia
(S.
mansoni
both
species
State.
It
may
Sambon)
of
human
is
not
species,
presumably
8.
haematobium
has
become
West
summary
Australia.
in
his
Major
article
on
me
from
for
these
in
by
countries
(S.
origin,
Australia
neighbouring
conditions
African
of
and
certain
South
likelihood
the
Egypt
eggs
this
to
the
into
submitted
to
lateral-spined
was
nearer
introduced
37).
Queensland,
found
in
are
Schistosomum
returning
soldiers
the
edge
but
oceas-
were
present
blood
unlikely
become
fluke
that
under
endemic.
One
on
account
established
in
Cherry
gave
Bilharziosis
are
an_
of
one
its
locality
interesting
(1917).
*Dr. Cleland has informed me that the snake was Notechis seulatus.
BY
Capt.
early
Lawton
clinical
(1917,
stools
a
number
Hospital.
In
addition
in
cases,
some
cols,
HARVEY
recently
published
an
of
the
serious
disease
21).
He
found
of
Australian
features
mansoni
of
T.
p.
to
All
account
the
by
S.
ova
in
caused
lateral-spined
Military
the
faces
were
found,
other
parasites
such
intesttnalts,
Lamblia
men
subsequently
the
contain
soldiers
of
Cairo
to
these
21S:
a
Trichomonas
hominis.
JOHNSTON.
ova,
were
in
as
Hntamoeba
and
Blastocystis
discharged
to-
Australia.
NEMATODA.
Dictyocaulus
Dr.
In
1893
T.
L.
Strongylus
on
Diseases
Stock
micrurus
Mehlis,
in
sheep
occurrence
in
horses
in
Sydney,
using
the:
almost
certainly
D.
arnfields
from
the
Brisbane)
and
their
parasite
(Sydney
(Queensland).
is
and
S.
micrurus
(=D.
and
D.
viiparus)
lung
worms,
horses.
Perrie
filaria
from
sheep-
is
lung
worm
goat’s
lung
the
calves.
Synthetocaulus
Dr.
Cleland
parasitised
by
nematodes
identified
as
S.
extremely
brief
account
of
the
had
not
been
me.
J.
capillarts
B.
in
forwarded
goats
in
collected
a
dozen
by
have
braziliense
specimens
rat,
kindly
man,
Director
of
the
Queensland
rattus.
This
the
only
occasion
reported
from
Z£.
H.
p. 96).
From
fowl
though
in
the
to
to
reported
as.
retusa
occur
the
in
were
from
Mr.
H.
Long-
Museum,
as
by
which
I
Brisbane
A.
H.
Hpimys
braziliense
have
recorded
and
Sydney
its.
(1918,
Raill.
alimentary
previously
strongyle
1918)
on
rattus.
Capillaria
Brisbane—not
known
available
May,
determined
in
of
tiny
(Brisbane,
norvegicus
walls
an
Travassos.
this
a
in
Taylor
of
of
presence
Only
is
previously
B.
been
provisionally
District).
nematode
B.
is
a
been
(Sydney
Miss
intestine
of
Australia.
Heligmosomum
About
Muller.
portion
which
capillaris
Lungworms
occurring
has
of
Queensland,
occurrence
name.
the
in
the
same
of
report
recorded
to
horse
his
Cobbold.
Bancroft
referred
The
in
arnfieldt
canal
recorded
Sydney
and
of
from
the
domestic
Queensland.
Melbourne.
214
NOTES
ON
MISCELLANEOUS
Pneumonema
This
Tiliqua
the
tilique
was
collected
recently
scincoides
on
Facing
Island
recorded
having
been
vegicus.
In
(Port
tetraptera
from
found
in
Queensland
Curtis)
and
in
Mus
first
time,
and
in
Epimys
nor-
musculus
only
one
worm,
collected.
This
constitutes
the
first
the
nematode
in
(1916)
mentioned
by
Dr.
Hall
(collected
by
Miss
B.
agrees
in
all
given
by
Hall.
particulars
the
indebted
to
a
a
rat
Taylor,
Sept.,
with
the
account
nasuta
G.
female,
of
the
is
not
which
host.
B.
Miss
mature
record
brown
as
Cheilospirura
am
of
the
case
I
lungs
for
latter
of
the
Nitzsch.
the
presence
of
from
District.
Oxyuris
Now
~
Johnston.
worm
Brisbane
was
ENDOPARASITES.
The
specimen
1918,
Brisbane)
of
the
species
Rud.
Y.
James,
B.Sc.
for
specimens
a
domestic
this
worm
collected
from
the
urodeum
of
fowl
at
West
Burleigh,
1918—not
previously
recorded
this
State.
Habronema
The
occurrerice
Australian
horses
of
musce
the
has
and
history
has
been
The
fully
followed
He
did
Ransom
(1913).
recently
published
an
have
tumours
Habronema
granulomata
of
horses
to
which
of
three
species
horse
these
re-examined
my
have
microstoma
appears
to
Sydney
the
larve
belonged.
material
labelled
found
be
the
that
many
years
ago
by
Mr.
A.
S.
Le
Soeuf,
Habronema
was
collected
numbers.
Spiroptera
musce
Specimens
small
**
in
H.
in
Habronema
form
Brisbane,
on
the
of
although
commoner
in
habronemiasis.”’
as
and
present
Australia
cancer”
“‘
the
horses,
South
of
care-
in
and
form
Queens-
of
Victoria
another
and
in
in
account
be
microstoma’’
collected
interesting
or
“‘“swamp
stage
to
know
the
I
certain
believed
not
infesting
life
by
Territory
been
N.S.W.
1912).
He
has
in
(Johnston,
(1916).
its
flies
land
larval
though
certain
in
by
in
larval
present
recorded,
musce
the
be
caused
H.
since
to
of
of
inferred,
reported
occurrence
stage
been
be
Northern
adult
yet
could
Bull
Carter.
not
presence
from
in
material
also
Melbourne
re-examination
were
all
found
recorded
by
H.
BY
T.
to
belong
must
be
and
occurring
in
N.S.W.
Dr.
J.
B.
the
in
nodules
as
of
evidently
musce
nor
H.
added
to
H.
in
from
(Sydney
District).
fied
as
recorded
215
as
previously
known
entozoa
*
cavities
in
dense
horses
in
West
refer
to
H.
has,
as
of
fibrous
Australia.
as
I
tissue
in
of
his
Neither
4H.
been
noted
Both
megastomat.
far
Spiroptera
know,
State.
Dr.
the
of
presence
Gongylonema
tumours
list
the
or
that
year,
the
recorded
microstoma
occurring
Last
microstoma
Queensland.
Cleland}
stomach
records
to
JOHNSTON.
me.
musce
microstoma
HARVEY
ingluvicola
Cleland
forwarded
some
small
crop
gizzard
of
have
been
walls
of
The
causal
G.
ingluvicola,
which,
as
far
as
only
from
locality
in
the
United
a
the
Ransom.
and
parasites
I
worm
a
know,
chicken
indenti-
has
States
been
(Ransom,
1904).
ACANTHOCEPHALA.
*
This
Centrorhynchus
asturinus
parasite,
infests
novaehollandiae
as
a
Gm.,
Gigantorhynchus
Centrorhynchus,
the
summarised
by
three
long
tubular
ones
as
I
which
shown
have
specimens
hawk,
Baza
gum,
near
but
is
my
the
now
Cleave
as
of
glands
The
to
the
genus
have
been
has
only
male
several
smaller
(1913,
pl.
17,
41).
figure
to
the
J.
B.
subcristata
Gd.,
in
December,
well
described
of
belonging
as
Astur
instead
Dr.
N.S.W.,
was
which
by
Casino,
hawk,
transferred
(1916).
original
white
Queensland,
characters
cement
identified
collected
North
chief
Van
in
in
Johnston.
as
Cleland
a
fig.
species
from
a
a
1916
at
number
in
few
crested
Mummul-
the
collec-
*My attention has recently been drawn to a reference in the Scientific
Australian (June 1918), where it stated that a paper by Mr. G. F. Hill,
dealing with the life histories of Habrone na musce, +4. microstoma and H.
megastoma, had been read before the May meeting (1918), of the Heyal
Society of Victoria.
TCleland. Diseases of Animals, etc., Bull 33, Dept. Agric.
Australia, 1909, p. 3; Trypanosomiasis, etc. Bull. 34, 1909, p. 15.
West
{Desmond (Journ. Agric. Ind. South Australia, 7, 1904, p. 569) referred
to the presence of Sclerostomum hypostomum in tumours in the stomach
of South Australian horses. The reference should be H. megastoma.
216
NOTES
ON
tion
of
ville,
obtained
in
North
Astur
clarus
(A.
cinereus
A.
the
MISCELLANEOUS
Australian
Brienl,
the
opportunity
to
The
found
Institute
in
of
boobook
District—T.H.J.,
rhynchus
sp.
riacus
presence
in
my
specimens
already
referred
district.
It
intestine
though
specimens,
for
this
is
as
been
Bancroft
also
a
typical
to
having
as
frequents
the
generally
more
been
in
the.
Centro-
Pseudechis
poi
phy-
the
first
from
the
black
snake
in
the
Eumundi
killed
three
time
quarters
abundant
hirundinaceus
the
for
been
lower
me
Johnston.
in
taken
Dr.
having
Dr.
recorded
having
thank
by
parasite
now
Goshawk,
giving
rotundocapitatus
of
Hormorhynchus
to
mentioned
is
Towns—
gray
desire
his
1912)
Queensland
the
Institute,
(collected
Echinorhynchus
The
I
was
Medicine,
from
the
which
Kidsvold
Tropical
Vieill).
examine
Ninox
of
Queensland
dircctor
echinorhynch
ENDOPARASITES.
in
of
;
the
the
rectum.
(Gigantorhynchus
gigas
Goze).
This
is
met
Queensiand—not
with
occasionally
previously
in
reported
pigs
in
from
south-eastern.
this
State.
*
LINGUATULIDA.
Porocephalus
A
black
snake
teretiusculus
Pseudechis
porphyriacus
—referred
to
earlier
in
sitised
the
above
pentastome,
the
lung,
while
the
small
males
organ.
This
constitutes
in
by
the
extremity
of
of
the
now
the
presence
known
Pseudechis
and
tiger
snake
known
Queensland
to
D.
infest
the
Notechis
and
I
to
the
islands
larval
denticulatum,
is
stage,
now
the
Australian
(Blue
of
Strait.
record.
which
is.
snakes—
from
Mountains,
Australia
the
Diemenia.
taken
Western
generally
at
superba,
specimens
para-
distributed.
first
following
Bass
be
found
entozoon,
serrata
definitely
being
were
Kumundi
to
the
have
from
Tinguatula
The
females
of
scutatus
extends
from
found
Denisonia
reticulata.
range
paper—was
Queensland
porphyriacus,
textilis
Its
in
this
Baird.
to
the
N.S.W.).
Southerr-
¥rol.
known
recorded
as
as
Pentastomum.
oceurring
in
the
mesenteric
glands
occasionally
found
BY
T.
of
cattle
in
HARVEY
in
JOHNSTON.
2G
specimens
being
Queensland,
animals
killed
in
the
Brisbane
the
Brisbane
district
abattoirs.
ACARIDA.
Cytodites
This
in
the
mite
is
found
sacs
of
the
air
mange
opportunity
to
(Sarcoptes
muris,
domestic
on
Epimys
Sydney
by
I
rattus
on
‘Dr:
record
rattus
J.-B:
Cleland.*)
have
already
in
N.S.W.
and
Z£.
The
parasite
sets
up
sometimes
the
other
;
the
presence
Raill.)
true
in
norvegicus
and
referred
in
to
a
warty
of
Knemidocoptes
mutans
domestic
in
of
I
take
Notedres
Brisbane
and
the
muris
Melbourne
in
Launceston
Adelaide
on
“rats’’
(collected
occurrence
in
#.
norvegicus
in
Perth,
West
Australia.
of
the
tail,
ears
causes
~~
scaly-leg’’ bE in
its
condition
the
entozoa,
;
alexandrinus
parts
fowl
Miégnin.
not
E.
#.
fowl.
are
alepis
and
in
muris
mites
S.
Viz.
occasionally
Notedres
Though
nudus
and
and
head.
Rob.
Brisbane.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1916 Bull, L. B. A granulomatous affliction of the horse, Habronemie
granulomata. Journ. Comp. Path. Therap., 29, (3). (Reprint
15pp.)
1917 Cherry, T., Bilharziosis, ete. Pamphlet, Defence Dept. Commonwealth of Australia.
1918 Dodd, S. Some observations on the internal parasites of live
stock. Agr. Gaz. N.S.W., 1918, pp. 497-507.
1916
Hall, M. Nematode parasites
Mus., 50, pp. 1-258.
of
Rodents,
etc.
Proc.
U.S.
Nat.
1910 a Johnston, T. H. (Notes and Exhibits) P.R.S. N.S.W., 44, p. xviii.
6b — —— On Australian Avian Entozoa. P.R.S. N.S.W., 44,
pp. 84-122.
911 ————— Census of Australian Entozoa. P.R.S.Q., 23, pp. 233249.
“Dr Cleland has recently referred to the presence of the parasite in
Sydney rats. P.R.S. N.S.W 1918, p. 110.
218
NOTES
ON
MISCELLANEOUS
ENDOPARASITES,
1912 a ————— The internal parasites recorded from Australian Birds,
“Emu,” Oct., 1912, pp. 105-112.
1912 ) —————_ Notes on some Entozoa. P.R.S.Q., 24, pp. 63-91.
1913
———— Report on Cestoda and Acanthocephala.
Inst. Trop. Med., 1911 (1913), pp. 75-06.
Rept.
Aust.
1916 ———— Census of the endoparasites recorded as oceurring in
Queensland, etc. P.R.S.Q., 28, pp. 31-79.
1918 ————— Notes on certain entozoa of rats and mice, etc., P.R.S.Q.
30 (3), pp. 53-78.
1916
Johnston,
8.
J.
Ongthe
Trematodes
of
Australian
Birds,
P.R.S.,
N.S.W., 50, pp. 187-261.
1917 Lawton, F. B. Schistosomum mansoni. Early clinical features of
the disease. In pamphlet ‘‘ Bilharziosis.”” See under T. Cherry.
1891 Macalpine, D. Remarks on a fluke parasite in the copperhead
snake.
P.R.S.
Vict.,
3,
pp.
40-45.
1914 Nicoll, W. Trematode parasites of North Queensland. 1. Parasitology, 6 (4), pp. 333-350.
1918 a —————
290-3.
Dolichopera macalpimi, etc. Parasitol., 10 (2), pp.
1918 6 —_——— The trematode parasites of North Queensland, No. iv.
l.c., 10 (3), pp. 368-374.
1904 Ransom B. A new nematode (Gongylonema ingluvicola) parasitic
in the crop of chickens. U.S.D.A., B.A.L., Cire. No. 64, 3 pp.
1913 -————— [he life history of Habronema musce, ete. U.S.D.A.,
B.A.1., Bull. 163, 36 pp.
1916 Van Cleave, H. Acanthocephala of the genera Centrorhynchus and
Mediorhynchus, ete. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., 35, pp. 221-232.
Johnston, T. Harvey. 1918. "Notes on miscellaneous endoparasites." The
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 30, 209–218.
https://doi.org/10.5962/p.91011.
View This Item Online: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49266
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.91011
Permalink: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/91011
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This file was generated 17 June 2024 at 07:16 UTC.
| 24,818 |
https://github.com/749809542/MNFloatBtn/blob/master/Example/MNFloatBtn/MNAppDelegate.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
MNFloatBtn
|
749809542
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 125 | 685 |
//
// MNAppDelegate.m
// MNFloatBtn
//
// Created by miniLV on 11/10/2018.
// Copyright (c) 2018 miniLV. All rights reserved.
//
#import "MNAppDelegate.h"
#import "MNViewController.h"
#import "MNFloatBtn.h"
@implementation MNAppDelegate
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {
MNViewController *vc = [[MNViewController alloc]init];
UINavigationController *navi = [[UINavigationController alloc]initWithRootViewController:vc];
self.window = [[UIWindow alloc] initWithFrame:[[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds]];
self.window.rootViewController = navi;
[self.window makeKeyAndVisible];
//延迟加载VersionBtn - 避免wimdow还没出现就往上加控件造成的crash
dispatch_after(dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(2.0 * NSEC_PER_SEC)), dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
[self setVersionBtn];
});
return YES;
}
-(void)setVersionBtn{
//是否显示系统的当天日期，如果选择NO，显示Build号
// [[MNFloatWindow sharedBtn] setBuildShowDate:YES];
//#define kAddress @"testapi.miniLV.com"
// #define kAddress @"devapi.miniLV.com"
#define kAddress @"api.miniLV.com"
NSDictionary *envMap = @{
@"测试":@"testapi.miniLV.com",
@"开发":@"devapi.miniLV.com",
@"生产":@"api.miniLV.com"
};
[MNFloatBtn showDebugModeWithType:MNAssistiveTypeNone];
//设置不同环境下，要展示的不同title，以及当前的Host
[[MNFloatBtn sharedBtn] setEnvironmentMap:envMap currentEnv:kAddress];
[MNFloatBtn showDebugModeWithType:MNAssistiveTypeNone];
//点击事件 - 用'[MNFloatBtn sharedBtn].btnClick'触发
[MNFloatBtn sharedBtn].btnClick = ^(UIButton *sender) {
NSLog(@" btn.btnClick ~");
};
}
- (void)p_test{
NSLog(@"p_test");
}
@end
| 16,718 |
US-64671103-A_6
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,003 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,022 | 10,282 |
In each of the three outer cam grooves 11 b, the entire section thereofexcept for the front end opening section 11 b-X serving as a lens-barrelassembling/disassembling section serves as a lens-barrel operatingsection consisting of a zooming section and a lens-barrel retractingsection. Namely, a specific section of each of the three outer camgrooves 11 b which extends from the position of the associated camfollower 31 in the outer cam groove 11 b shown in FIGS. 90 and 95 (i.e.,the rear end opening section 11 b-Y), where the zoom lens 71 is in theretracted state, to that shown in FIGS. 93 and 99, where the zoom lens71 is set at the telephoto extremity serves as a lens-barrel operatingsection consisting of a zooming section and a lens-barrel retractingsection. In the present embodiment of the zoom lens, the rear endopening section 11 b-Y of each outer cam groove 11 b is formed as anopening which is open at the rear of the cam ring 11. This structuremakes it unnecessary to form any rear end wall having a certainthickness on a portion of the cam ring 11 behind each rear end openingsection 11 b-Y, thus reducing the length of the cam ring 11 in theoptical axis direction. In a conventional cam ring having cam groovesthereon, at least the terminal end of an operating section of each camgroove (one end of each cam groove if the other end is an open end forthe insertion of the associated cam groove in the cam groove) has to beformed as a closed end which requires the cam ring to have a end wallhaving a certain thickness to close the terminal end of the operatingsection of each cam groove. This kind of end wall does not have to beformed on the cam ring 11 of the present embodiment of the zoom lens,which is advantageous to downsize the cam ring 11.
The reason why the rear end of each outer cam groove 11 b issuccessfully formed as an open end such as the rear end opening section11 b-Y is that the rear limit for the axial movement of the firstexternal barrel 12 with respect to the cam ring 11 is determined by thefront stop surfaces (11 s-1 and 12 s-1) and the rear stop surfaces (11s-2 and 12 s-2) which are provided independent of the set of three outercam grooves 11 b and the set of three cam followers 31. Providing thecam ring 11 and the first external barrel 12 with such stop surfaces asthe front and rear stop surfaces (11 s-1, 12 s-1, 11 s-2 and 12 s-2)that operate independently of the set of three outer cam grooves 11 band the set of three cam followers 31, eliminates a possibility of eachcam follower 31 becoming incapable of being re-engaged in the associatedouter cam groove 11 b through the rear end opening section 11 b-Ythereof if each cam follower 31 should be disengaged therefrom.
When the set of three cam followers 31 are respectively positioned inthe rear end opening sections 11 b-Y of the set of three outer camgrooves 11 b, the optical elements of the zoom lens 71 are not requiredto have a high degree of positioning accuracy because the zoom lens 71is in the retracted state as shown in FIG. 10. Due to this reason, thereis no substantial problem even if each rear end opening section 11 b-Yhas a wide circumferential width so that each cam follower 31 is looselyengaged in the associated rear end opening section 11 b-Y. Conversely,the lens-barrel retracting section of the lens-barrel operating sectionof each outer cam groove 11 b is successfully formed as an open end suchas the rear end opening section 11 b-Y because the lens-barrelretracting section of the lens-barrel operating section of each outercam groove 11 b, in which the associated cam follower 31 is allowed tobe loosely engaged, is formed at the terminal end of the outer camgroove 11 b and further because the entire cam contour of each outer camgroove 11 b is determined so that the terminal end thereof is positionedat the rearmost position of the outer cam groove 11 b in the opticalaxis direction.
To make each cam follower 31 move from the rear end opening section 11b-Y, in which the cam follower 31 is loosely engaged, to the inclinedlead section 11 b-L of the associated outer cam groove 11 b withreliability, the cam ring 11 is provided at different circumferentialpositions with a set of three beveled lead surfaces 11 t while the firstexternal barrel 12 is provided at different circumferential positionswith a set of three beveled lead surfaces 12 t. The set of three beveledlead surfaces 11 t are formed to adjoin the set of three front stopsurfaces 11 s-1 on the set of three front projecting portions 11 f sothat the set of three beveled lead surfaces 11 t and the set of threefront stop surfaces 11 s-1 become a set of three continuous surfaces,respectively. The first external barrel 12 is provided at differentcircumferential positions with a set of three rear end protrusions 12 feach having a substantially isosceles triangle shape. The set of threeengaging protrusions 12 a are formed on the set of three rear endprotrusions 12 f, respectively. One of the two equal sides of each rearend protrusion 12 f is formed as one of the three beveled lead surfaces12 t. As shown in FIGS. 95 through 100, each beveled lead surface 11 tand each beveled lead surface 12 t extend parallel to the inclined leadsection 11 b-L.
In the state shown in FIGS. 90 and 95 in which the zoom lens 71 is inthe retracted state, an edge ED1 of each of the three inner flanges 12 cis positioned to be opposed to the adjacent beveled lead surface 11 t ina circumferential direction, and also an edge ED2 of each of the threeexternal protuberances 11 g is positioned to be opposed to the adjacentbeveled lead surface 12 t in a circumferential direction. In addition,in the same state shown in FIGS. 90 and 95, the edge ED1 of each innerflange 12 c is slightly apart from the adjacent beveled lead surface 11t while the edge ED2 of each external protuberance 11 g is slightlyapart from the adjacent beveled lead surface 12 t. In this state shownin FIGS. 90 and 95, a rotation of the cam ring 11 in the lens barreladvancing direction (upwards as viewed in FIGS. 91 and 96) causes eachbeveled lead surface 11 t to come into contact with the edge ED1 of theadjacent inner flange 12 c, and at the same time causes each beveledlead surface 12 t to come into contact with the edge ED2 of theassociated external protuberance 11 g as shown in FIGS. 91 and 96.Accordingly, at an initial stage of rotation of the cam ring 11 from thestate shown in FIG. 95, in which the three edges ED1 and the three edgesED2 are respectively apart from the three beveled lead surfaces 11 t andthe three beveled lead surfaces 12 t, to the state shown in FIG. 96, inwhich the three edges ED1 and the three edges ED2 are respectively incontact with the three beveled lead surfaces 11 t and the three beveledlead surfaces 12 t, each cam follower 31 moves solely within theassociated rear end opening section 11 b-Y in a circumferentialdirection of the cam ring 11, so that the first external barrel 12 isnot moved in the optical axis direction with respect to the cam ring 11by rotation of the cam ring 11.
In the state shown in FIGS. 91 and 96, in which the three edges ED1 andthe three edges ED2 are respectively in contact with the three beveledlead surfaces 11 t and the three beveled lead surfaces 12 t, each camfollower 31 is positioned at the insertion end of the inclined leadsection 11 b-L of the associated outer cam groove 11 b. A furtherrotation of the cam ring 11 causes each edge ED1 to slide on theassociated beveled lead surface 11 t and at the same time causes eachedge ED2 to slide on the associated beveled lead surface 12 t so thatthe first external barrel 12 is pushed forward with respect to the camring 11 by the three beveled lead surfaces 11 t in accordance with thesliding movements of the three edges ED1 and the three edges ED2 on thethree beveled lead surfaces 11 t and the three beveled lead surfaces 12t, respectively. Since each beveled lead surface 11 t and each beveledlead surface 12 t extend parallel to the inclined lead section 11 b-L,the force acting on the first external barrel 12 by the rotation of thecam ring 11 via the three beveled lead surfaces 11 t causes each camfollower 31 to move into the inclined lead section 11 b-L of theassociated outer cam groove 11 b from the rear end opening section 11b-Y thereof. After each cam follower 31 completely enters the inclinedlead section 11 b-L of the associated outer cam groove 11 b as shown inFIG. 97, each beveled lead surface 11 t and each beveled lead surface 12t are disengaged from the associated edge ED1 and the associated edgeED2, respectively, and accordingly, the first external barrel 12 isguided linearly in the optical axis direction due only to the engagementof the set of three cam followers 31 with the set of three outer camgrooves 11 b, respectively.
Accordingly, in the lens barrel advancing operation of the zoom lens 71which commences from the retracted state shown in FIG. 10, providing thecam ring 11 and the first external barrel 12 with the three beveled leadsurfaces 11 t and the three beveled lead surfaces 12 t, whose functionsare similar to those of the three inclined lead section 11 b-L, andfurther providing the first external barrel 12 with the three edge ED2and the three ED1, whose functions are similar to those of the three camfollowers 31, respectively, make it possible to have each cam follower31 enter the inclined lead section 11 b-L of the associated outer camgroove 11 b properly to move therein toward the associated curvedsection 11 b-Z even from a state as shown in FIG. 95 where each camfollower 31 is loosely engaged in the associated rear end openingsection 11 b-Y. This prevents the zoom lens 71 from malfunctioning.
Although each of the cam ring 11 and the first external barrel 12 isprovided with a set of three beveled lead surfaces (11 t or 12 t) in thepresent embodiment of the zoom lens, only one of the cam ring 11 and thefirst external barrel 12 can be provided with a set of three beveledlead surfaces (11 t or 12 t), or each of the cam ring 11 and the firstexternal barrel 12 can be provided with more than one set of threebeveled lead surfaces.
FIG. 101 shows another embodiment of the structure shown in FIG. 95, inwhich the zoom lens 71 is in the retracted state. Elements shown in FIG.101 which are similar to those shown in FIG. 95 are designated by thesame reference numerals each of which the mark (′) is appended to.
Each outer cam groove 11 b′ is provided at the rear end of each inclinedlead section 11 b-L′ with a rear end opening 11 b-K instead of the rearend opening section 11 b-Y of the cam ring 11 shown in FIG. 95. Unlikeeach rear end opening section 11 b-Y, each rear end opening 11 b-K isformed as a simple end opening of the associated outer cam groove 11 b.Performing the lens barrel retracting operation in a state where thezoom lens is set at the wide-angle extremity causes each cam follower31′ to move rearward (rightward as viewed in FIG. 101) in the associatedinclined lead section 11 b-L′, and subsequently causes each cam follower31′ to come out of the associated outer cam groove 11 b′ through therear end opening 11 b-K thereof upon the zoom lens reaching theretracted position thereof. If each cam follower 31′ comes out of theassociated outer cam groove 11 b′ through the rear end opening 11 b-Kthereof, the first external barrel 12′ stops being driven by the camring 11′ via the set of three cam followers 31′ and therefore stopsmoving rearward. At this time, the first external barrel 12′ isprevented from further moving rearward because each front stop surface12 s-1′ and each rear stop surface 12 s-2′ are positioned very close tothe associated front stop surface 11 s-1′ and the associated rear stopsurface 11 s-2, respectively. Therefore, the first external barrel 12′is prevented from moving rearward overly even if each cam follower 31′comes out of the associated outer cam groove 11 b′ through the rear endopening 11 b-K thereof. In this embodiment shown in FIG. 101, similar tothe embodiment shown in FIG. 95, the space between the set of threefront stop surfaces 11 s-1′ and the set of three front stop surfaces 12s-1′ in the retracted state of the zoom lens is desirably atapproximately 0.1 mm. Likewise, the space between the set of three rearstop surfaces 11 s-2′ and the set of three rear stop surfaces 12 s-2′ inthe retracted state of the zoom lens is desirably at approximately 0.1mm. However, in an alternative embodiment, the first external barrel 12′can be allowed to retract by inertia so that the front stop surfaces 11s-1′ and 12 s-1′ and the rear stop surfaces 11 s-2′ and 12 s-2′ contacteach other, respectively.
According to the structure shown in FIG. 101 in which each cam follower31′ comes out of the associated outer cam groove 11 b′ in the retractedstate of the zoom lens 71, it is possible to further downsize the camring 11′ because each outer cam groove 11 b′ does not have to beprovided with any accommodation section, which corresponds to each rearend opening section 11 b-Y of the cam ring 11, for accommodating theassociated cam follower therein when the zoom lens is in the retractedposition.
In the retracted state shown in FIG. 101, the edge ED1′ of each of thethree inner flanges 12 c′ is in contact with the beveled lead surface 11t′ of the associated front projecting portions 11 f′ while the edge ED2′of each of the three external protuberances 11 g′ is in contact with thebeveled lead surface 12 t′ of the associated rear projecting portions 12f′. Each beveled lead surface 11 t′ and each beveled lead surface 12 t′extend parallel to the inclined lead section 11 b-L′. Due to thisstructure, rotating the cam ring 11′ in the retracted state shown inFIG. 101 causes the first external barrel 12′ to be pushed forward withrespect to the cam ring 11′, and subsequently causes each cam follower31′ which is currently positioned outside the associated outer camgroove 11 b′ to move into the inclined lead section 11 b-L′ of theassociated outer cam groove 11 b′ from the rear end opening 11 b-Kthereof. Thereafter, a further rotation of the cam ring 11′ in the lensbarrel advancing direction causes each cam follower 31′ to move into theassociated curved section 11 b-Z′ in the associated outer cam groove 11b′. Thereafter, each cam follower 31′ moves in the associated outer camgroove 11 b′ to perform a zooming operation in accordance with rotationof the cam ring 11′. Moving each cam follower 31′ to the front endopening sections 11 b-X of the associated outer cam groove 11 b makes itpossible to remove the first external barrel 12′ from the cam ring 11′.
As can be understood from the foregoing, also in the embodiment shown inFIG. 101, the rear limit for the axial movement of the first externalbarrel 12′ with respect to the cam ring 11′ can be surely determined,while each cam follower 31′ can properly enter the inclined lead section11 b-L′ of the associated outer cam groove 11 b′ even though each camfollower 31′ comes out of the associated outer cam groove 11 b ′ throughthe rear end opening 11 b-K thereof when the zoom lens is retracted intothe camera body.
The structure of the zoom lens 71 which accommodates the zoom lens 71 inthe camera body 72 as shown in FIG. 9 upon a main switch (not shown) ofthe digital camera 70 being turned OFF, which incorporates the structureretracting the second lens frame 6 (the second lens group LG2) to theradially retracted position, will be hereinafter discussed in detail. Inthe following descriptions the terms “vertical direction” and“horizontal direction” mean the vertical direction and the horizontaldirection as viewed from front or rear of the digital camera 70 such asthe vertical direction of FIG. 110 and the horizontal direction of FIG.111, respectively. In addition, the term “forward/backward direction”corresponds to the optical axis direction (i.e., a direction parallel tothe photographing optical axis Z1).
The second lens group LG2 is supported by the second lens group movingframe 8 via peripheral elements shown in FIG. 102. The second lens frame6 is provided with a cylindrical lens holder portion 6 a, a pivotedcylindrical portion 6 b, a swing arm portion 6 c and an engagingprotrusion 6 e. The cylindrical lens holder portion 6 a directly holdsand supports the second lens group L2. The swing arm portion 6 c extendsin a radial direction of the cylindrical lens holder portion 6 a toconnect the cylindrical lens holder portion 6 a to the pivotedcylindrical portion 6 b. The engaging protrusion 6 e is formed on thecylindrical lens holder portion 6 a to extend in a direction away fromthe swing arm portion 6 c. The pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b isprovided with a through hole 6 d extending in a direction parallel tothe optical axis of the second lens group LG2. The pivoted cylindricalportion 6 b is provided at front and rear ends thereof, on front andrear sides of a portion of the pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b which isconnected to the swing arm portion 6 c, with a front spring supportportion 6 f and a rear spring support portion 6 g, respectively. Thefront spring support portion 6 f is provided, on an outer peripheralsurface thereof in the vicinity of the front end of the front springsupport portion 6 f, with a front spring hold projection 6 h. The rearspring support portion 6 g is provided, on an outer peripheral surfacethereof in the vicinity of the rear end of the rear spring supportportion 6 g, with a rear spring hold projection 6 i. The pivotedcylindrical portion 6 b is provided on an outer peripheral surfacethereof with a position control arm 6 j extending in a direction awayfrom the swing arm portion 6 c. The position control arm 6 j is providedwith a first spring engaging hole 6 k, and the swing arm portion 6 c isprovided with a second spring engaging hole 6 p (see FIGS. 118 through120).
The second lens frame 6 is provided with a rear projecting portion 6 mwhich projects rearward in the optical axis direction from the swing armportion 6 c. The rear projecting portion 6 m is provided at the rear endthereof with a contacting surface 6 n which lies in a plane orthogonalto the optical axis of the second lens group LG2, i.e., to thephotographing optical axis Z1. Although a light shield ring 9 is fixedas shown in FIGS. 104, 105, 128 and 129, the contacting surface 6 n ispositioned behind the second lens group light shield ring in the opticalaxis direction. Namely, the contacting surface 6 n is positioned behindthe rearmost position of the second lens group LG2 in the optical axisdirection.
The front second lens frame support plate 36 is a vertically-elongatednarrow plate having a narrow width in horizontal direction. The frontsecond lens frame support plate 36 is provided with a firstvertically-elongated hole 36 a, a pivot hole 36 b, a cam-bar insertablehole 36 c, a screw insertion hole 36 d, a horizontally-elongated hole 36e and a second vertically-elongated hole 36 f, in this order from top tobottom of the front second lens frame support plate 36. All of theseholes 36 a through 36 f are through holes which penetrate the frontsecond lens frame support plate 36 in the optical axis direction. Thefront second lens frame support plate 36 is provided on an outer edgethereof in the vicinity of the first vertically-elongated hole 36 a witha spring engaging recess 36 g.
Similar to the front second lens frame support plate 36, the rear secondlens frame support plate 37 is also a vertically-elongated narrow platehaving a narrow width in horizontal direction. The rear second lensframe support plate 37 is provided with a first vertically-elongatedhole 37 a, a pivot hole 37 b, a cam-bar insertable hole 37 c, a screwhole 37 d, a horizontally-elongated hole 37 e and a secondvertically-elongated hole 37 f, in this order from top to bottom of therear second lens frame support plate 37. All of these holes 37 a through37 f are through holes which penetrate through the rear second lensframe support plate 37 in the optical axis direction. The rear secondlens frame support plate 37 is provided on an inner edge of the cam-barinsertable hole 37 c with a guide key insertable recess 37 g. Thethrough holes 36 a through 36 f of the front second lens frame supportplate 36 and the through holes 37 a through 37 f of the rear second lensframe support plate 37 are aligned in the optical axis direction,respectively.
The set screw 66 is provided with a threaded shaft portion 66 a and ahead portion fixed to an end of the threaded shaft portion 66. The headportion is provided with a cross-slot 66 b into which the tip of aPhillips screwdriver (not shown) serving as an adjusting tool can beinserted. The screw insertion hole 36 d of the front second lens framesupport plate 36 has a diameter by which the threaded shaft portion 66 aof the set screw 66 is insertable. The threaded shaft portion 66 a ofthe set screw 66 can be screwed through the screw hole 37 d of the rearsecond lens frame support plate 37 to fix the front second lens framesupport plate 36 and the rear second lens frame support plate 37 to thesecond lens group moving frame 8.
The zoom lens 71 is provided between the front second lens frame supportplate 36 and the rear second lens frame support plate 37 with a firsteccentric shaft 34X which extends in the optical axis direction. Thefirst eccentric shaft 34X is provided with a large diameter portion34X-a, and is provided at front and rear ends of the large diameterportion 34X-a with a front eccentric pin 34X-b and a rear eccentric pin34X-c which project forward and rearward in the optical axis direction,respectively. The front eccentric pin 34X-b and the rear eccentric pin34X-c have the common axis eccentric to the axis of the large diameterportion 34X-a. The front eccentric pin 34X-b is provided at the frontend thereof with a recess 34X-d into which the tip of a flatbladescrewdriver (not shown) serving as an adjusting tool can be inserted.
The zoom lens 71 is provided between the front second lens frame supportplate 36 and the rear second lens frame support plate 37 with a secondeccentric shaft 34Y which extends in the optical axis direction. Thestructure of the second eccentric shaft 34Y is the same as the structureof the first eccentric shaft 34X. Namely, the second eccentric shaft 34Yis provided with a large diameter portion 34Y-a, and is provided atfront and rear ends of the large diameter portion 34Y-a with a fronteccentric pin 34Y-b and a rear eccentric pin 34Y-c which projectsforward and rearward in the optical axis direction, respectively. Thefront eccentric pin 34Y-b and the rear eccentric pin 34Y-c have thecommon axis eccentric to the axis of the large diameter portion 34Y-a.The front eccentric pin 34Y-b is provided at the front end thereof witha recess 34Y-d into which the tip of a flatblade screwdriver (not shown)serving as an adjusting tool can be inserted.
The bore diameter of a rear end portion of the through hole 6 d thatpenetrates the second lens frame 6 is increased to form aspring-accommodation large diameter hole 6Z (see FIG. 126) so that thecompression coil spring 38 is accommodated in the spring-accommodationlarge diameter hole 6Z. The front torsion coil spring 39 and a reartorsion coil spring 40 are fitted on the front spring support portion 6f and the rear spring support portion 6 g, respectively. The fronttorsion coil spring 39 is provided with a front spring end 39 a and arear spring end 39 b, and the rear torsion coil spring 40 is providedwith a front stationary spring end 40 a and a rear movable spring end 40b.
The pivot shaft 33 is fitted in the through hole 6 d from the rear endthereof so that the pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b of the second lensframe 6 can freely rotate on the pivot shaft 33 with no play in radialdirections. The diameters of front and rear ends of the pivot shaft 33correspond to the pivot hole 36 b of the front second lens frame supportplate 36 and the pivot hole 37 b of the rear second lens frame supportplate 37 so that the front and rear ends of the pivot shaft 33 arefitted in the pivot hole 36 b and the pivot hole 37 b to be supported bythe front second lens frame support plate 36 and the rear second lensframe support plate 37, respectively. In a state where the pivot shaft33 is fitted in the through hole 6 d, the axis of the pivot shaft 33extends parallel to the optical axis of the second lens group LG2. Asshown in FIG. 113, the pivot shaft 33 is provided in the vicinity of therear end thereof with a flange 33 a which is inserted in thespring-accommodation large diameter hole 6Z to contact with the rear endof the compression coil spring 38 that is accommodated in thespring-accommodation large diameter hole 6Z.
As clearly shown in FIGS. 106 and 107, the second lens group movingframe 8 is an annular member having a through internal space 8 n whichpenetrates the second lens group moving frame 8 in the optical axisdirection. The second lens group moving frame 8 is provided, on an innerperipheral surface thereof at a substantially center thereof in theoptical axis direction, with a central inner flange 8 s. The inner edgeof the central inner flange 8 s forms a vertically-elongated opening 8 tin which the second lens frame 6 is swingable. The shutter unit 76 isfixed to a front surface of the central inner flange 8 s. The secondlens group moving frame 8 is provided on an inner peripheral surfacethereof behind the central inner flange 8 s in the optical axisdirection with a first radial recess 8 q (see FIGS. 111 and 112) whichis recessed radially outwards (upwards as viewed in FIG. 111) tocorrespond to the shape of an outer peripheral surface of thecylindrical lens holder portion 6 a of the second lens frame 6 so thatthe cylindrical lens holder portion 6 a can partly enter the radialrecess 8 q. The second lens group moving frame 8 is further provided onan inner peripheral surface thereof behind the central inner flange 8 swith a second radial recess 8 r (see FIGS. 111 and 112) which isrecessed radially outwards to correspond to the shape of an outer edgeof the engaging protrusion 6 e of the second lens frame 6 so that theengaging protrusion 6 e can partly enter the second radial recess 8 r.
As shown in FIGS. 106 and 107, the second lens group moving frame 8 isprovided on a front end surface thereof (specifically, a right portionof the front end surface of the second lens group moving frame 8, on theright hand side of the vertically-elongated opening 8 t, as viewed fromfront of the second lens group moving frame 8) with avertically-elongated front fixing surface 8 c to which the front secondlens frame support plate 36 is fixed. The front fixing surface 8 c ishatched in FIGS. 106 and 107 for the purpose of illustration. The frontfixing surface 8 c does not overlap the vertically-elongated opening 8 tin the optical axis direction, and lies in a plane orthogonal to thelens barrel axis Z0 (the photographing optical axis Z1, the optical axisof the second lens group LG2). The front fixing surface 8 c ispositioned in front of the shutter unit 76 in the optical axisdirection. The front fixing surface 8 c is formed to be exposed to thefront of the second lens group moving frame 8. The second lens groupmoving frame 8 is provided at the front end thereof with a set of threeextensions 8 d extending forward in the optical axis direction. The setof three extensions 8 d are formed as extensions of the second lensgroup moving frame 8 which extend forward from the front end of thesecond lens group moving frame 8. The set of three front cam followers 8b-1 are formed on outer peripheral surfaces of the set of threeextensions 8 d, respectively. The second lens group moving frame 8 isprovided on a rear end surface thereof (specifically, a left portion ofthe rear end surface of the second lens group moving frame 8, on theleft hand side of the vertically-elongated opening 8 t, as viewed fromrear of the second lens group moving frame 8) with avertically-elongated rear fixing surface 8 e to which the rear secondlens frame support plate 37 is fixed. The rear fixing surface 8 e ispositioned on the opposite side of the central inner flange 8 s from thefront fixing surface 8 c in the optical axis direction to be parallel tothe front fixing surface 8 c. The second lens group moving frame 8 is provided with a first eccentricshaft support hole 8 f, a pivoted cylindrical portion receiving hole 8g, a screw insertion hole 8 h and a second eccentric shaft support hole8 i, in this order from top to bottom of the second lens group movingframe 8. All of these holes 8 f, 8 g, 8 h and 8 i are through holeswhich penetrate the second lens group moving frame 8 in the optical axisdirection between the front fixing surface 8 c and the rear fixingsurface 8 e. The through holes 8 f, 8 h and 8 i of the second lens groupmoving frame 8 are aligned with the through holes 36 a, 36 d and 36 e ofthe front second lens frame support plate 36, respectively, and alsoaligned with the through holes 37 a, 37 d and 37 e of the rear secondlens frame support plate 37 in the optical axis direction, respectively.The second lens group moving frame 8 is provided on an inner peripheralsurface thereon in the pivoted cylindrical portion receiving hole 8 gwith a key way 8 p extending in the optical axis direction. The key way8 p penetrates the second lens group moving frame 8 in the optical axisdirection between the front fixing surface 8 c and the rear fixingsurface 8 e. The diameter of the first eccentric shaft support hole 8 fis determined so that the large diameter portion 34X-a is rotatablyfitted in the first eccentric shaft support hole 8 f, and the diameterof the second eccentric shaft support hole 8 i is determined so that thelarge diameter portion 34Y-a is rotatably fitted in the second eccentricshaft support hole 8 i (see FIG. 113). On the other hand, the diameterof the screw insertion hole 8 h is determined so that the threaded shaftportion 66 a is inserted in the screw insertion hole 8 h with asubstantial gap between the threaded shaft portion 66 a and an innerperipheral surface of the screw insertion hole 8 h (see FIG. 113). Thesecond lens group moving frame 8 is provided on the front fixing surface8 c and the rear fixing surface 8 e with a front boss 8 j and a rearboss 8 k which project forward and rearward in the optical axisdirection, respectively. The rotation limit shaft 35 is provided with a large diameter portion 35a, and is provided at a rear end thereof with an eccentric pin 35 bwhich projects rearward in the optical axis direction. The axis of theeccentric pin 35 b is eccentric to the axis of the large diameterportion 35. The rotation limit shaft 35 is provided at a front endthereof with a recess 35 c into which the tip of a flatblade screwdriver(not shown) serving as an adjusting tool can be inserted.
FIGS. 108 through 112 show a state where the above described assembleparts shown in FIGS. 102 through 107 are put together, viewed fromdifferent angles. A manner of putting the assembled parts together willbe discussed hereinafter.
First, the front torsion coil spring 39 and the rear torsion coil spring40 are fixed to the second lens frame 6. At this time, a coil portion ofthe front torsion coil spring 39 is fitted on the front spring supportportion 6 f of the pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b with the rear springend 39 b being engaged with a portion of the second lens frame 6 betweenthe pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b and the swing arm portion 6 c (seeFIG. 104). The front spring end 39 a of the front torsion coil spring 39is not engaged with any part of the second lens frame 6. A coil portionof the rear torsion coil spring 40 is fitted on the rear spring supportportion 6 g of the pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b with the frontstationary spring end 40 a and the rear movable spring end 40 b beinginserted into the second spring engaging hole 6 p of the swing armportion 6 c and the first spring engaging hole 6 k of the positioncontrol arm 6 j, respectively. The front stationary spring end 40 a isfixed to the second spring engaging hole 6 p while the rear movablespring end 40 b is allowed to move in the first spring engaging hole 6 kin a range “NR1” shown in FIG. 120. In a free state, the rear torsioncoil spring 40 is supported by the second lens frame 6 thereon with thefront stationary spring end 40 a and the rear movable spring end 40 bbeing slightly pressed to move in opposite directions approaching eachother so that the rear movable spring end 40 b is in pressing contactwith an inner wall surface of the position control arm 6 j in the firstspring engaging hole 6 k (see FIG. 120). The front torsion coil spring39 is prevented from coming off the front spring support portion 6 ffrom the front end thereof in the optical axis direction by the frontspring hold projection 6 h, while the rear torsion coil spring 40 isprevented from coming off the rear spring support portion 6 g from therear end thereof in the optical axis direction by the rear spring holdprojection 6 i.
Aside from the installation of the front torsion coil spring 39 and therear torsion coil spring 40, the pivot shaft 33 is inserted into thethrough hole 6 d after the compression coil spring 38 is inserted intothe spring-accommodation large diameter hole 6Z that is formed in therear end portion of the rear spring support portion 6 g. At this time,the flange 33 a of the pivot shaft 33 enters the rear spring supportportion 6 g to contact with the rear end of the compression coil spring38. The axial length of the pivot shaft 33 is greater than the axiallength of the pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b so that the opposite endsof the pivot shaft 33 project from the front and rear ends of thepivoted cylindrical portion 6 b, respectively.
Concurrent with the above described installation operations to thepivoted cylindrical portion 6 b, the first eccentric shaft 34X and thesecond eccentric shaft 34Y are inserted into the first eccentric shaftsupport hole 8 f and the second eccentric shaft support hole 8 i,respectively. As shown in FIG. 113, the diameter of a front end portion(left end portion as viewed in FIG. 113) of the large diameter portion34X-a of the first eccentric shaft 34X is greater than the diameter ofthe remaining portion of the large diameter portion 34X-a, and the innerdiameter of a corresponding front end portion (left end portion asviewed in FIG. 113) of the first eccentric shaft support hole 8 f isgreater than the inner diameter of the remaining portion of the firsteccentric shaft support hole 8 f. Likewise, the diameter of a front endportion (left end portion as viewed in FIG. 113) of the large diameterportion 34Y-a of the second eccentric shaft 34Y is greater than thediameter of the remaining portion of the large diameter portion 34Y-a,and the inner diameter of a corresponding front end portion (left endportion as viewed in FIG. 113) of the second eccentric shaft supporthole 8 i is greater than the inner diameter of the remaining portion ofthe second eccentric shaft support hole 8 i. Therefore, when insertedinto the first eccentric shaft support hole 8 f from the front endthereof (the left end as viewed in FIG. 113), the first eccentric shaft34X is prevented from being further inserted into the first eccentricshaft support hole 8 f upon the stepped portion between the largediameter portion 34X-a and the remaining portion of the first eccentricshaft 34X contacting with the bottom of the large-diameter front endportion of the first eccentric shaft support hole 8 f as shown in FIG.113. Likewise, when inserted into the second eccentric shaft supporthole 8 i from the front end thereof (the left end as viewed in FIG.113), the second eccentric shaft 34Y is prevented from being furtherinserted into the second eccentric shaft support hole 8 i upon thestepped portion between the large diameter portion 34Y-a and theremaining portion of the first eccentric shaft 34Y contacting with thebottom of the large-diameter front end portion of the second eccentricshaft support hole 8 i as shown in FIG. 113. Subsequently, the front second lens frame support plate 36 and the rearsecond lens frame support plate 37 are fixed to the front fixing surface8 c and the rear fixing surface 8 e, respectively, while the front endof the pivot shaft 33, which projects from the front end of the frontspring support portion 6 f of the pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b, isfitted into the pivot hole 36 b of the front second lens frame supportplate 36 and at the same time the rear end of the pivot shaft 33 isfitted into the pivot hole 37 b of the rear second lens frame supportplate 37. At this time, the front eccentric pin 34X-b, the fronteccentric pin 34Y-b and the front boss 8 j which project forward fromthe front fixing surface 8 c are inserted into the firstvertically-elongated hole 36 a, the horizontally-elongated hole 36 e andthe second vertically-elongated hole 36 f, respectively, and also therear eccentric pin 34X-c, the rear eccentric pin 34Y-c and the rear boss8 k which project rearward from the rear fixing surface 8 e are insertedinto the first vertically-elongated hole 37 a, thehorizontally-elongated hole 37 e and the second vertically-elongatedhole 37 f, respectively. The front eccentric pin 34X-b is movable andimmovable in the first vertically-elongated hole 36 a in the lengthwisedirection and the widthwise direction thereof (vertically andhorizontally as viewed in FIG. 110), respectively, the front eccentricpin 34Y-b is movable and immovable in the horizontally-elongated hole 36e in the lengthwise direction and the widthwise direction thereof(horizontally and vertically as viewed in FIG. 110), respectively, andthe front boss 8 j is movable and immovable in the secondvertically-elongated hole 36 f in the lengthwise direction and thewidthwise direction thereof (vertically and horizontally as viewed inFIG. 110), respectively. Likewise, the rear eccentric pin 34X-c ismovable and immovable in the first vertically-elongated hole 37 a in thelengthwise direction and the widthwise direction thereof (vertically andhorizontally as viewed in FIG. 111), respectively, the rear eccentricpin 34Y-c is movable and immovable in the horizontally-elongated hole 37e in the lengthwise direction and the widthwise direction thereof(horizontally and vertically as viewed in FIG. 111), respectively, andthe rear boss 8 k is movable and immovable in the secondvertically-elongated hole 37 f in the lengthwise direction and thewidthwise direction thereof (vertically and horizontally as viewed inFIG. 111), respectively.
Lastly, the threaded shaft portion 66 a of the set screw 66 is insertedinto the screw insertion hole 36 d and the screw insertion hole 8 h, andis screwed through the screw hole 37 d to fix the front second lensframe support plate 36 and the rear second lens frame support plate 37to the second lens group moving frame 8. In this state, screwing downthe set screw 66 with the set screw 66 being engaged in the screw hole37 d causes the front second lens frame support plate 36 and the rearsecond lens frame support plate 37 to be pressed against the frontfixing surface 8 c and the rear fixing surface 8 e, respectively, sothat the front second lens frame support plate 36 and the rear secondlens frame support plate 37 are fixed to the second lens group movingframe 8 with a spacing therebetween which corresponds to the spacingbetween the front fixing surface 8 c and the rear fixing surface 8 e inthe optical axis direction. As a result, the first eccentric shaft 34Xand the second eccentric shaft 34Y are prevented from coming off thesecond lens group moving frame 8 by the front second lens frame supportplate 36 and the rear second lens frame support plate 37. The front endof the pivoted cylindrical portion 6 b is pressed against the frontsecond lens frame support plate 36 because the flange 33 a of the pivotshaft 33 contacts with the rear second lens frame support plate 37 to beprevented from moving rearward beyond the rear second lens frame supportplate 37 so that the pivot shaft 33 is biased forward in the opticalaxis direction by the spring force of the compression coil spring 38which is compressed in the spring-accommodation large diameter hole 6Zof the rear spring support portion 6 g. This maintains the position ofthe second lens frame 6 relative to the second lens group moving frame 8in the optical axis direction. In a state where the rear second lensframe support plate 37 is fixed to the second lens group moving frame 8,the guide key insertable recess 37 g communicates with the key way 8 pin the optical axis direction (see FIG. 112).
After the front second lens frame support plate 36 is fixed to thesecond lens group moving frame 8, the front spring end 39 a of the fronttorsion coil spring 39 is placed into the spring engaging recess 36 g.The rear spring end 39 b of the front torsion coil spring 39 has beenengaged with a portion of the second lens frame 6 between the pivotedcylindrical portion 6 b and the swing arm portion 6 c as mentionedabove. Placing the front spring end 39 a into the spring engaging recess36 g causes the front torsion coil spring 39 to be twisted, thus causingthe second lens frame 6 to be biased to rotate about the pivot shaft 33in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from front of the second lensframe 6 (counterclockwise as viewed in FIG. 114).
Aside from the installation of the second lens frame 6, the rotationlimit shaft 35 is inserted into the through hole 8 m of the second lensgroup moving frame 8 from the front end of the through hole 8 m. Aninner peripheral surface in the through hole 8 m is formed to preventthe rotation limit shaft 35 from being further inserted into the throughhole 8 m from the position of the rotation limit shaft 35 shown in FIGS.and 108 and 109. In this state where the rotation limit shaft 35 isproperly inserted into the through hole 8 m, the eccentric pin 35 b ofthe rotation limit shaft 35 projects rearward from the rear end of thethrough hole 8 m as shown in FIG. 109.
In a state where the second lens frame 6 is properly mounted to thesecond lens group moving frame 8 in the above described manner, thesecond lens frame 6 can swing about the pivot shaft 33. The pivotedcylindrical portion receiving hole 8 g of the second lens group movingframe 8 is sufficiently large so that the pivoted cylindrical portion 6b and the swing arm portion 6 c may not interfere with the inner edge inthe pivoted cylindrical portion receiving hole 8 g when the second lensframe 6 swings. Since the pivot shaft 33 extends parallel to thephotographing optical axis Z1 and the optical axis of the second lensgroup LG2, the second lens group LG2 swings about the pivot shaft 33while the optical axis thereof remaining parallel to the photographingoptical axis Z1 when the second lens frame 6 swings. One end of therange of rotation of the second lens frame 6 about the pivot shaft 33 isdetermined by the engagement of the tip of the engaging protrusion 6 ewith the eccentric pin 35 b as shown in FIG. 111. The front torsion coilspring 39 biases the second lens frame 6 to rotate in a direction tobring the tip of the engaging protrusion 6 e into contact with theeccentric pin 35 b.
Subsequently, the shutter unit 76 is fixed to the second lens groupmoving frame 8 to obtain a sub-assembly shown in FIGS. 108 through 112.As can be seen in FIGS. 108 through 112, the shutter unit 76 is fixed tothe front of the central inner flange 8 s. In this state where theshutter unit 76 is fixed to the front of the central inner flange 8 s,the front fixing surface 8 c is positioned in front of the shutter S andthe adjustable diaphragm A in the shutter unit 76 in the optical axisdirection. A front portion of the cylindrical lens holder portion 6 a ofthe second lens frame 6 is positioned in the vertically-elongatedopening 8 t, and is also positioned immediately behind the shutter unit76 regardless of variation of the position of the second lens frame 6relative to the second lens group moving frame 8 as can be see in FIGS.111 and 112.
In a state where the second lens group moving frame 8 and the secondlinear guide ring 10 are coupled to each other, the flexible PWB 77 thatextends from the shutter unit 76 is installed as shown in FIG. 125. Asdescribed above, the wide linear guide key 10 c-W of the second linearguide ring 10 is engaged in the wide guide groove 8 a-W. The flexiblePWB 77, the wide guide groove 8 a-W and the wide linear guide key 10 c-Win a radial direction of the lens barrel axis Z0 are positioned in thesame position in a circumferential direction of the zoom lens 71.Namely, the flexible PWB 77, the wide guide groove 8 a-W and the widelinear guide key 10 c-W are aligned in a radial direction perpendicularto the optical axis direction. As shown in FIG. 125, the flexible PWB 77includes a first straight portion 77 a, a loop-shaped turning portion 77b, a second straight portion 77 c and a third straight portion 77 d inthis order from the side of the shutter unit 76. A bend of the flexiblePWB 77 is formed between the second straight portion 77 c and the thirdstraight portion 77 d in the vicinity of the front end of the widelinear guide key 10 c-W. From the side of the shutter unit 76 (the leftside as viewed in FIG. 125), firstly the first straight portion 77 aextends rearward in the optical axis direction from the shutter unit 76,and subsequently the flexible PWB 77 bends radially outwards to extendforward so that the loop-shaped turning portion 77 b is formed in thevicinity of the rear end of the second lens group moving frame 8 and sothat the second straight portion 77 c extends forward in the opticalaxis direction along an inner surface of the wide linear guide key 10c-W. Subsequently, the flexible PWB bends radially outwards to extendrearward so that the third straight portion 77 d extends rearward in theoptical axis direction along an outer surface of the wide linear guidekey 10 c-W. Subsequently, the tip of the third straight portion 77 d(the tip of the flexible PWB) passes through the radial through hole 10d to extend rearward, is further passed through a hole 22 q (see FIGS. 4and 40) to extend through to the outer side of the stationary barrel 22,to be connected to the control circuit 140 via a main circuit board (notshown).
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odistrictodelou00castgoog_34
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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O districto de Lourenço Marques, no presento e no futuro
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Augusto de Castilho
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Portugueuse
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Spoken
| 8,580 | 11,972 |
O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição.
| 46,552 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zytotoxische%20T-Zelle
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Zytotoxische T-Zelle
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zytotoxische T-Zelle&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 712 | 1,662 |
Zytotoxische T-Zellen () auch als CD8-Lymphozyten bezeichnet und früher T-Killerzellen genannt, gehören zu den T-Lymphozyten (T-Zellen) und zählen zur adaptiven Immunabwehr. Ihre Hauptaufgabe besteht darin, von Pathogenen infizierte Körperzellen anhand von erregertypischen Antigenen zu erkennen und zu eliminieren. Darüber hinaus spielen sie eine Rolle bei der Bekämpfung entarteter Zellen.
Zytotoxische T-Zellen werden im Knochenmark gebildet, vollziehen jedoch einen wichtigen Entwicklungsschritt im Thymus. Dort findet die Generierung ihres individuellen T-Zell-Rezeptors sowie eine positive und negative Selektion statt. Durch diesen Schritt wird gewährleistet, dass die Zellen einerseits in der Lage sind fremde Antigene zu erkennen und andererseits körpereigene Antigene zu ignorieren.
Funktionen
Zytotoxische T-Zellen patrouillieren durch das Blut, das Lymphsystem sowie Gewebe und Organe. Dabei interagieren sie ständig mit den verschiedenen, körpereigenen Zellen, prüfen deren Zustand und töten diejenigen ab, die von Krankheitserregern befallen und modifiziert worden sind. Neben der Bekämpfung infizierter Zellen spielen sie auch eine Rolle bei der Beseitigung von Krebszellen.
Auf molekularer Ebene erfolgt die Unterscheidung infizierter oder entarteter Zellen von gesunden Zellen mithilfe des T-Zell-Rezeptors auf Seiten der Zytotoxischen T-Zellen und des MHC-I-Proteins auf Seiten der infizierten Zielzelle:
MHC-I-Proteine befinden sich auf der Oberfläche aller kernhaltigen, körpereigenen Zellen. An sie gebunden sind Antigenpeptide, die aus dem Inneren der jeweiligen Zelle stammen und die aus dem proteasomalen Abbau größerer Eiweißmoleküle stammen. Gesunde, nicht infizierte Körperzellen präsentieren somit eine variable Mischung verschiedenster, zellspezifischer Selbst-Peptide. Dadurch weisen sie sich so vor den Zellen des Immunsystems als „gesund“ aus. Sind sie dagegen von einem Virus infiziert, gelangen auch virusspezifische Antigenpeptide auf die MHC-Moleküle und signalisieren so den Immunzellen den Erregerbefall der Zielzelle.
Die T-Zell-Rezeptoren sind auf der Membranaußenseite der Zytotoxischen T-Zellen lokalisiert und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie jeweils nur ein bestimmtes Antigen binden. Alle T-Zell-Rezeptoren auf der Oberfläche einer Cytotoxischen T-Zelle sind spezifisch für ein einziges, spezifisches Antigen. Antigene, die der Spezifität der Zytotoxischen T-Zelle nicht entsprechen, werden von dieser nicht erkannt.
Binden die aktivierten Zytotoxischen T-Zellen im Gewebe an ihren spezifischen MHC-I-Peptid-Komplex, schütten sie Perforine und Granzyme aus, welche die gebundene Zielzelle abtöten. Zudem produzieren und sezernieren aktivierte Zytotoxische T-Zellen auch Proteine wie das Interferon-γ, welches in benachbarten Zellen die Expression von MHC-I-Proteinen fördert. Dies führt zu einer verstärkten Präsentation von intrazellulär abgebauten Peptiden. Im Falle einer beispielsweise mit einem Virus infizierten Zelle werden dadurch auch vermehrt virale Peptide präsentiert, welche wiederum von spezifisch geprägten Zytotoxischen T-Zellen erkannt werden. Die Immunantwort wird so insbesondere im infizierten Bereich verstärkt.
Zytotoxische T-Zellen sind somit wichtige Mittler der zellulären Immunantwort und zielen darauf ab, intrazelluläre Infektionen (vor allem durch Viren) aufzuhalten, indem die infizierten Zellen durch induzierte Apoptose vernichtet werden.
Darüber hinaus spielen Zytotoxische T-Zellen auch für die Bekämpfung von Tumorzellen eine entscheidende Rolle. Denn diese präsentieren aufgrund von Mutationen und Expressionsänderungen oftmals ein anderes Antigenspektrum als gesunde Zellen. Werden spezifische, tumorassoziierte Antigene auf den MHC-I-Molekülen der Krebszellen präsentiert, können Zytotoxische T-Zellen in der Lage sein, auch diese zu lysieren. Dieser Mechanismus ist für spontane Tumorregressionen mitverantwortlich und wird in der Krebsimmuntherapie, beispielsweise bei einem adoptiven T-Zelltransfer oder der dendritischen Zellvakzinierung, ausgenutzt.
Entwicklung
Während des Entwicklungsprozesses der T-Zellen im Thymus, wird eine Vielzahl von Zytotoxischen T-Zellen mit unterschiedlichsten Spezifitäten erzeugt. Den Selektionsprozess überleben jedoch nur diejenigen T-Zellen, welche körperfremde, nicht jedoch körpereigene Peptide binden. Dieser Selektionsprozess treibt etwa 95 % der unreifen T-Zellen in den programmierten Zelltod, am Ende des Prozesses entstehen „naive“ Zytotoxische T-Zellen – noch ruhende, nicht aktivierte
T-Zellen mit einem breiten Antigenrezeptor-Repertoire, die noch keinen Antigenkontakt hatten. Durch den Selektionsprozess im Thymus, aber auch durch weitere periphere Kontrollmechanismen wird sichergestellt, dass keine aktivierten Zytotoxischen T-Zellen entstehen, die das Gewebe des eigenen Organismus attackieren und somit Autoimmunreaktionen auslösen.
Um aktivierte und somit voll funktionstüchtige Zytotoxische T-Zellen zu generieren, ist außerdem die antigenspezifische Interaktion der „naiven“ Zytotoxischen T-Zellen mit Professionelle antigenpräsentierende Zellen (meist reife dendritische Zellen) zwingend erforderlich. Reife dendritische Zellen sind in der Lage, naive CD8+ Zytotoxische T-Zellen über costimulative Signale zu aktivieren. Dadurch sind die aktivierten Zytotoxischen T-Zellen befähigt, infizierte oder entartete Gewebezellen auf Antigen-spezifische Weise zu eliminieren. Um jedoch komplette Funktionalität zu erreichen und darüber hinaus Gedächtniszellen bilden zu können, sind zusätzliche Wechselwirkungen mit CD4+ T-Helferzellen zwingend notwendig.
Ein charakteristischer molekularer Marker für Zytotoxische T-Zellen ist das CD8-Protein, das an die MHC-I-Moleküle bindet. Zusammen mit dem eigentlichen T-Zell-Rezeptor, mit CD3-Molekülen und ζ2- oder ζ/η-Ketten bildet es den T-Zell-Rezeptorkomplex.
Weblinks
Einzelnachweise
Zelltyp
Immunologie
| 26,716 |
https://github.com/FMSC-Measurements/CruiseManager/blob/master/CruiseManager.Core/Components/MergeComponentsPresenter.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| null |
CruiseManager
|
FMSC-Measurements
|
C#
|
Code
| 959 | 3,052 |
using CruiseDAL;
using CruiseManager.Core.App;
using CruiseManager.Core.Components.CommandBuilders;
using CruiseManager.Core.Components.ViewInterfaces;
using CruiseManager.Core.Validation;
using CruiseManager.Core.ViewModel;
using Microsoft.AppCenter.Crashes;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace CruiseManager.Core.Components
{
/// <summary>
/// Drives the view, Loads components and orchestrates the multiple steps in the merging process
/// </summary>
public class MergeComponentsPresenter : Presentor
{
private long _masterTreeCount;
private string _lastMergeDate;
private bool _isPrepared;
#region Properties
public Dictionary<String, MergeTableCommandBuilder> CommandBuilders { get; protected set; } = new Dictionary<string, MergeTableCommandBuilder>();
public CancellationTokenSource CancellationSource { get; } = new CancellationTokenSource();
public DAL MasterDB => ApplicationController?.Database;
public IEnumerable<ComponentFile> ActiveComponents { get; set; }
public IEnumerable<ComponentFile> MissingComponents { get; set; }
public IEnumerable<ComponentFile> AllComponents { get; set; }
private int _numComponents;
public int NumComponents
{
get { return _numComponents; }
set
{
SetValue(value, ref _numComponents);
}
}
public long MasterTreeCount
{
get { return _masterTreeCount; }
set { SetValue(value, ref _masterTreeCount); }
}
public string LastMergeDate
{
get { return _lastMergeDate; }
set { SetValue(value, ref _lastMergeDate); }
}
public MergeLog MergeLog { get; } = new MergeLog();
public Progress<int> Progress { get; } = new Progress<int>();
public bool IsPrepared
{
get => _isPrepared;
protected set => SetValue(value, ref _isPrepared);
}
public bool HasConflicts => IsPrepared && (GetNumConflicts() > 0);
public bool CanMerge => IsPrepared && !HasConflicts;
#endregion Properties
public MergeComponentsPresenter(IApplicationController applicationController)
: base(applicationController)
{
var master = applicationController.Database;
Initialize(master);
}
private void Initialize(DAL master)
{
foreach (var cmd in MakeCommandBuilders(master))
{
CommandBuilders.Add(cmd.ClientTableName, cmd);
}
try
{
//var value = master.ReadGlobalValue("Comp", "ChildComponents");
//NumComponents = Convert.ToInt32(value);
NumComponents = (int)master.GetRowCount("Component", null);
}
catch
{
NumComponents = 0;
}
MasterTreeCount = master.GetRowCount("Tree", null, null);
FindComponents();
LastMergeDate = String.Empty;
}
public static IEnumerable<MergeTableCommandBuilder> MakeCommandBuilders(DAL master)
{
return new MergeTableCommandBuilder[]
{
new TreeMergeTableCommandBuilder(master),
new LogMergeTableCommandBuilder(master),
//new StemMergeTableCommandBuilder(master),
new PlotMergeTableCommandBuilder(master),
};
}
public void FindComponents()
{
string searchDir = System.IO.Path.GetDirectoryName(MasterDB.Path);
this.FindComponents(searchDir);
}
public void FindComponents(string searchDir)
{
System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(MasterDB != null);
var allComponents = MasterDB.From<ComponentFile>().Query().ToArray();
var activeComponents = new List<ComponentFile>();
var missingComponents = new List<ComponentFile>();
foreach (ComponentFile comp in allComponents)
{
comp.FullPath = System.IO.Path.Combine(searchDir, comp.FileName);
if (InitializeComponent(comp))//try to initialize component, if initialization fails add to missing file list
{
activeComponents.Add(comp);
}
else
{
missingComponents.Add(comp);
}
}
AllComponents = allComponents;
ActiveComponents = activeComponents;
MissingComponents = missingComponents;
}
public static bool InitializeComponent(ComponentFile comp)
{
var filePath = comp.FullPath;
if (!System.IO.File.Exists(filePath))
{
comp.Errors = "File not found";
return false;
}
if (File.GetAttributes(filePath).HasFlag(FileAttributes.ReadOnly))
{
comp.Errors = "File is Read Only";
return false;
}
try
{
var compDB = new DAL(filePath);
if (DatabaseValidator.HasCruiseErrors(compDB, out var errors))
{
comp.Errors += string.Join("\r\n", errors);
}
comp.TreeCount = compDB.ExecuteScalar<long?>("SELECT count(*) FROM Tree;");
comp.LogCount = compDB.ExecuteScalar<long?>("SELECT count(*) FROM Log;");
comp.PlotCount = compDB.ExecuteScalar<long?>("SELECT count(*) FROM Plot;");
comp.StemCount = compDB.ExecuteScalar<long?>("SELECT count(*) FROM Stem;");
comp.Database = compDB;
return true;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
comp.Errors += e.Message;
return false;
}
}
public async Task<(bool, Exception)> RunPreMerge()
{
var master = MasterDB;
var components = ActiveComponents;
var progress = Progress;
var log = MergeLog;
var prepareTask = PrepareMergeWorker.DoWorkAsync(master, components, CommandBuilders.Values,
CancellationSource.Token, progress, log);
await prepareTask;
if (prepareTask.IsCanceled)
{ return (false, null); }
var prepareException = prepareTask.Exception;
if (prepareException == null)
{
IsPrepared = true;
return (true, null);
}
else
{
Crashes.TrackError(prepareException, null, log.ToErrorAttachmentLog());
return (false, prepareException);
}
}
public async Task<(bool, Exception)> RunMerge()
{
var master = MasterDB;
var components = ActiveComponents;
var progress = Progress;
var log = MergeLog;
var processTask = MergeSyncWorker.DoMergeAsync(
master, components, CommandBuilders, CancellationSource.Token,
progress, log);
await processTask;
if (processTask.IsCanceled)
{ return (false, null); }
var processExceptions = processTask.Exception;
if (processExceptions == null)
{
return (true, null);
}
else
{
Crashes.TrackError(processExceptions, null, log.ToErrorAttachmentLog());
return (false, processExceptions);
}
}
public IEnumerable<PreMergeTableReport> GetPreMergeReports()
{
return CommandBuilders.Values.Select(x =>
{
return new PreMergeTableReport()
{
TableName = x.ClientTableName,
Conflicts = ListConflicts(x),
PartialMatch = ListPartialMatches(x),
RecordIDConflict = ListRecordIDConflicts(x),
Matches = ListMatches(x),
Additions = ListNew(x),
};
}).ToArray();
}
public void Cancel()
{
CancellationSource?.Cancel();
}
public IEnumerable<MergeObject> ListConflicts(MergeTableCommandBuilder cmdBldr)
{
return MasterDB.Query<MergeObject>("SELECT * FROM " + cmdBldr.MergeTableName + cmdBldr.FindConflictFilter + ";", (object[])null).ToArray();
}
public IEnumerable<MergeObject> ListPartialMatches(MergeTableCommandBuilder cmdBldr)
{
return MasterDB.Query<MergeObject>("SELECT * FROM " + cmdBldr.MergeTableName + cmdBldr.FindPartialMatchFilter + ";", (object[])null).ToArray();
}
public IEnumerable<MergeObject> ListRecordIDConflicts(MergeTableCommandBuilder cmdBldr)
{
return MasterDB.Query<MergeObject>("SELECT * FROM " + cmdBldr.MergeTableName + cmdBldr.FindRecordIDConflictFilter + ";", (object[])null).ToArray();
}
public IEnumerable<MergeObject> ListMatches(MergeTableCommandBuilder cmdBldr)
{
return MasterDB.Query<MergeObject>("SELECT * FROM " + cmdBldr.MergeTableName + " WHERE " + cmdBldr.FindMatchesBase + ";", (object[])null).ToArray();
}
public IEnumerable<MergeObject> ListNew(MergeTableCommandBuilder cmdBldr)
{
return MasterDB.Query<MergeObject>("SELECT * FROM " + cmdBldr.MergeTableName + cmdBldr.FindNewRecords + ";", (object[])null).ToArray();
}
public IEnumerable<MergeObject> ListDeleted(MergeTableCommandBuilder cmdBldr)
{
return MasterDB.Query<MergeObject>("SELECT * FROM " + cmdBldr.MergeTableName + " WHERE IsDeleted = 1;", (object[])null).ToArray();
}
public int GetNumConflicts()
{
long totalConflicts = 0;
foreach (MergeTableCommandBuilder cmdBldr in this.CommandBuilders.Values)
{
totalConflicts += MasterDB.GetRowCount(cmdBldr.MergeTableName, cmdBldr.FindAllErrorFilter);
}
return (int)totalConflicts;
}
public string ExplaneMergeRecord(MergeObject mRec)
{
string error = String.Empty;
//if (mRec.ComponentConflict != null)
//{
// error += "Conflict found with record in component " + mRec.ComponentConflictFileID + " ";
// if (mRec.ComponentConflict != mRec.ComponentRowID)
// { error += "possibly the same tree entered into different files "; }
// else
// { error += "possibly because field data from other components was not removed when component file was created "; }
//}
//if (mRec.MasterConflict != null)
//{
// error += "Conflict found with record in Master ";
// if (mRec.MasterConflict == mRec.ComponentRowID)
// {
// error += "possibly because another copy of component file made initial merge of this record, please find original component file ";
// }
// else
// {
// error += "duplicate record ";
// }
//}
return error;
}
#region Presenter Members
protected override void OnViewLoad(EventArgs e)
{
base.OnViewLoad(e);
FindComponents();
}
#endregion Presenter Members
#region IDisposable Members
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
var isDisposed = IsDisposed;
base.Dispose(disposing);
if (disposing && !isDisposed)
{
if (this.ActiveComponents != null)
{
foreach (ComponentFile comp in this.ActiveComponents)
{
if (comp.Database != null)
{
comp.Database.Dispose();
comp.Database = null;
}
}
}
}
}
#endregion IDisposable Members
}
}
| 29,414 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste%20der%20Kulturdenkmale%20in%20Loschwitz%20%28A%E2%80%93L%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Loschwitz (A–L)
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Loschwitz (A–L)&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 116 | 279 |
Die Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Loschwitz umfasst sämtliche Kulturdenkmale der Dresdner Gemarkung Loschwitz. Die Anmerkungen sind zu beachten.
Diese Liste ist eine Teilliste der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Dresden.
Diese Liste ist eine Teilliste der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Sachsen.
Aufgrund der hohen Anzahl der Kulturdenkmale wurde die alphabetisch nach Adressen geordnete Liste in folgende zwei Teillisten untergliedert:
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Loschwitz (A–L)
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Loschwitz (M–Z)
Diese Teilliste enthält alle Kulturdenkmale von A bis L.
Legende
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Loschwitz
|}
Anmerkungen
Ausführliche Denkmaltexte
Literatur
Wachwitz. Geschichte eines Fischer- und Weindorfes. Elbhang-Kurier-Verlag, Dresden 2000
Quellen
Denkmalliste des Landes Sachsen
Weblinks
Kulturdenkmale auf dem Themenstadtplan Dresden
Loschwitz auf dresden-und-sachsen.de
Einzelnachweise
Loschwitz
!
| 47,541 |
https://github.com/nikoblag/tsp-ga/blob/master/src/tsp/city.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
tsp-ga
|
nikoblag
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 66 | 181 |
export default class City {
// Constructs a randomly placed city
constructor(limitX, limiY) {
this.x = Math.floor(Math.random() * limitX);
this.y = Math.floor(Math.random() * limiY);
}
// Gets the distance to given city
distanceTo(city) {
let xDistance = Math.abs(this.x - city.x);
let yDistance = Math.abs(this.y - city.y);
let distance = Math.sqrt((xDistance * xDistance) + (yDistance * yDistance));
return distance;
}
toString() {
return `${this.x}, ${this.y}`;
}
}
| 31,941 |
5692863_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 381 | 510 |
Consolidated action to recover damages for wrongful death, for conscious pain and suffering, and for personal injuries against Consolidated Edison Company of New York alleged to be the owner or general contractor of an excavation or trench, the walls of which caved in, causing the injuries resulting in the death of the intestate of respondent Scognamiglio and those complained of by respondent Maekie. The intestate and respondent Maekie were employed by Elmhurst Contracting Company, Inc., which h'ad contracted with Edison to perform certain work, including the excavation of the trench. Edison served third-party complaints against Elmhurst alleging that Elmhurst had agreed to indemnify Edison and that Elmhurst was the primary wrongdoer. The jury rendered a general verdict for $50,000 in favor of respondent Scognamiglio and for $25,000 in favor of respondent Maekie against Edison, and in favor of Edison for $75,000 on its third-party complaint against Elmhurst. The jury also answered 16 special questions submitted under section 193-a of the Civil Practice Act, but some answers were not concurred in by five sixths of the jury. The court set aside the verdict and ordered a new trial on the ground that the answers to the special questions were inconsistent with the general verdict. Edison appeals from the order setting aside the verdict and ordering a new trial and denying its motion (1) to set aside the verdict and to direct a verdict in its favor; (2) to dismiss the complaint, and (3) to conform the general verdict with the special findings pursuant to section 459 of the Civil Practice Act, thereby rendering a directed verdict in its favor. Elmhurst appeals from the order setting aside the verdict and ordering a new trial and denying its motions (1) to set aside the verdict and to direct judgment in its favor in the third-party action; (2) to dismiss the complaint, and (3) to conform the general verdict with the special findings pursuant to section 459 of the Civil Practice Act, thereby rendering a directed verdict in its favor in the third-party action. *769Order unanimously affirmed, with costs. The failure of five sixths of the jury to agree on the answers to some of the special questions constituted a disagreement (Civ. Prac. Act, § 463). Present—Nolan, P. J., Wenzel, Beldock, Murphy and Kleinfeld, JJ.
| 33,566 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5820148
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Efecto Loomax
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 9 | 28 |
Efecto Loomax
Efecto Loomax identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yf8fj8
| 12,451 |
https://github.com/naveenr414/hack-umbc/blob/master/web-scraper/mongoscraper/populate.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
hack-umbc
|
naveenr414
|
Python
|
Code
| 48 | 185 |
import pymongo
myclient = pymongo.MongoClient()
mydb = myclient["mydb"]
hor = mydb["HoR"]
sen = mydb["Senator"]
gov = mydb["Governor"]
def write(fileJSON):
myDoc = fileJSON
if( "hor" in myDoc.values()):
hor.insert_one(myDoc)
elif( "senate" in myDoc.values()):
sen.insert_one(myDoc)
else:
gov.insert_one(myDoc)
def deletes():
for x in sen.find():
sen.delete_one(x)
def prints():
for x in sen.find():
print(x)
| 44,683 |
https://github.com/RelappsStudio/Trello-clone-with-firebase/blob/master/utils/Constants.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Trello-clone-with-firebase
|
RelappsStudio
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 11 | 33 |
package com.relapps.trelloclone.utils
object Constants {
const val USERS = "Users"
}
| 5,585 |
https://openalex.org/W2920973450
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,019 |
Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen supplementation in oats
|
J. William Allwood
|
English
|
Spoken
| 16,620 | 32,514 |
Abstract Current agricultural guidelines on nitrogen application are believed to be
suboptimal and only consider the effect of nitrogen on grain yield. It is important to understand the role of both variety and
of crop management in determining nutritional quality of oats. In this study the response of yield, grain quality and grain
metabolites to increasing nitrogen application to levels greater than current guidelines were investigated. Methods Four winter oat varieties (Mascani, Tardis, Balado and Gerald) were grown in a replicated nitrogen response trial
consisting of a no added nitrogen control and four added nitrogen treatments between 50 and 200 kg N ha−1 in a randomised
split-plot design. Grain yield, milling quality traits, β-glucan, total protein and oil content were assessed. The de-hulled oats
(groats) were also subjected to a rapid Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS)
metabolomic screening approach.ifif g pp
Results Application of nitrogen had a significant effect on grain yield but there was no significant difference between the
response of the four varieties. Grain quality traits however displayed significant differences both between varieties and
nitrogen application level. β-glucan content significantly increased with nitrogen application. The UHPLC-MS approach
has provided a rapid, sub 15 min per sample, metabolite profiling method that is repeatable and appropriate for the screen-
ing of large numbers of cereal samples. The method captured a wide range of compounds, inclusive of primary metabolites
such as the amino acids, organic acids, vitamins and lipids, as well as a number of key secondary metabolites, including the
avenanthramides, caffeic acid, and sinapic acid and its derivatives and was able to identify distinct metabolic phenotypes for
the varieties studied. Amino acid metabolism was massively upregulated by nitrogen supplementation as were total protein
levels, whilst the levels of organic acids were decreased, likely due to them acting as a carbon skeleton source. Several TCA
cycle intermediates were also impacted, potentially indicating increased TCA cycle turn over, thus providing the plant with
a source of energy and reductant power to aid elevated nitrogen assimilation. Elevated nitrogen availability was also directed
towards the increased production of nitrogen containing phospholipids. A number of both positive and negative impacts on
the metabolism of phenolic compounds that have influence upon the health beneficial value of oats and their products were
also observed. Metabolomics (2019) 15:42
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-019-1501-x Metabolomics (2019) 15:42
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-019-1501-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal
genotypic impacts of nitrogen supplementation in oats
J. William Allwood1 · Yun Xu2,3 · Pilar Martinez‑Martin4 · Raphaёlle Palau1 · Alexander Cowan4 ·
Royston Goodacre2,3 · Athole Marshall4 · Derek Stewart1,5 · Catherine Howarth4 Received: 21 December 2018 / Accepted: 22 February 2019 / Published online: 12 March 2019
© The Author(s) 2019 Received: 21 December 2018 / Accepted: 22 February 2019 / Published online: 12 March 2019
© The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Introduction Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a whole grain cereal recognised for their health benefits and which are cultivated
largely in temperate regions providing both a source of food for humans and animals, as well as being used in cosmetics and
as a potential treatment for a number of diseases. Oats are known as being a cereal source high in dietary fibre (e.g. β-glucans),
as well as being high in antioxidants, minerals and vitamins. Recently, oats have been gaining increased global attention due
to their large number of beneficial health effects. Consumption of oats has been proven to lower blood LDL cholesterol levels
and blood pressure, thus reducing the risk of heart disease, as well as reducing blood-sugar and insulin levels. Introduction Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a whole grain cereal recognised for their health benefits and which are cultivated
largely in temperate regions providing both a source of food for humans and animals, as well as being used in cosmetics and
as a potential treatment for a number of diseases. Oats are known as being a cereal source high in dietary fibre (e.g. β-glucans),
as well as being high in antioxidants, minerals and vitamins. Recently, oats have been gaining increased global attention due
to their large number of beneficial health effects. Consumption of oats has been proven to lower blood LDL cholesterol levels
and blood pressure, thus reducing the risk of heart disease, as well as reducing blood-sugar and insulin levels. Objectives Oats are seen as a low input cereal. Current agricultural guidelines on nitrogen application are believed to be
suboptimal and only consider the effect of nitrogen on grain yield. It is important to understand the role of both variety and
of crop management in determining nutritional quality of oats. In this study the response of yield, grain quality and grain
metabolites to increasing nitrogen application to levels greater than current guidelines were investigated. Methods Four winter oat varieties (Mascani, Tardis, Balado and Gerald) were grown in a replicated nitrogen response trial
consisting of a no added nitrogen control and four added nitrogen treatments between 50 and 200 kg N ha−1 in a randomised
split-plot design. Grain yield, milling quality traits, β-glucan, total protein and oil content were assessed. The de-hulled oats
(groats) were also subjected to a rapid Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS)
metabolomic screening approach.ifif Objectives Oats are seen as a low input cereal. Extended author information available on the last page of the article 1 Introduction Oats also contain a large proportion of non-digestible starch,
25% of total levels, these non-digestible starches are thought
to improve gut health by providing a source of nutrition to
gut-beneficial bacteria (Nugent 2005). Research has repeat-
edly illustrated that oats, especially when consumed as oat
bran or oatmeal, do lower blood LDL cholesterol levels, thus
reducing the risk of heart disease (Andon and Anderson
2008; Berg et al. 2003; Bernstein et al. 2013; Tighe et al. 2010; Truswell 2002; Whitehead et al. 2014). In fact, this
soluble fibre-derived effect has led to the producers of oat
products making health claims regarding a reduced risk of
cardiovascular disease and cholesterol reduction. To qualify
such claims, the administrative authorities in the USA and
EU have stated that “the whole oat-containing food must
provide at least 0.75 g of soluble fibre per serving. The
amount of soluble fibre needed for an effect on cholesterol
levels is about 3 g per day. Soluble fibre must be β-glucan
from oat bran, rolled oats or oatmeal, or oat flour. Oat bran
must contain 5.5% β-glucan and oatmeal and oat flour must
contain 4% β-glucan” (Stewart et al. 2014). Oats, Avena sativa L., are a whole grain cereal recognised
for their health benefits and which are cultivated largely
across Europe, Russia and North America, providing both
a source of food for human consumption and more signifi-
cantly for animal-feeds, as well as being used in cosmetics
as a source of emollients (Marshall et al. 2013; Heuzé et al. 2016) and applied to the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, osteo-
porosis and urinary tract infection, amongst other diseases
(Duke, 2002). In 2016 global oat production was 23 mil-
lion tonnes, with the largest producers being Russia (23%)
and Canada (13%) (FAO 2017). Oats are thought to have
originated from the Fertile Crescent within the modern-day
middle east and throughout their domestication were spread
into western Europe (Zhou et al. 1999). Compared to the
other major cereal species, oats have much lower summer
heat requirements and much greater tolerance of rain, and
thus are very well suited to cultivation in conditions such
as those found across North Western Europe and North
America. Oats are known as being a cereal source high in
dietary fibre (e.g. 1 Introduction β-glucans), with the oat itself containing
anywhere up to 11% total fibre content, as well as being high
in antioxidants (ferulic acid, phytic acid, avenanthramides),
minerals and vitamins (manganese, copper, phosphorus,
iron, selenium, magnesium, zinc, B Vitamins—Thiamine,
Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, B6, and Vitamin E—
tocols) (Peterson 2001; Rasane et al. 2015). Oats are also
recognised as being well nutritionally balanced, especially
within the oat bran with respect to carbohydrate (66%), pro-
tein (17%) and fat (7%) content (USDA, National Nutrient
Database for Standard Reference Legacy Release, Oat Bran
Raw—Report No. 20033). β g
Studies have also shown that a diet rich in oat bran and
oatmeal can directly be correlated with reduced blood pres-
sure levels (He et al. 2004; Keenan et al. 2002), as well
as reducing blood-sugar and insulin levels (Alminger and
Eklund-Jonnson 2008; Tosh 2013), the improved control of
which can aid a reduction in obesity and Type II diabetes
prevalence (Cho et al. 2013; Ye et al. 2012). Oats are a par-
ticularly rich source of anti-oxidants, including high levels
of both ferulic and phytic acids, as well as a group of anti-
oxidants that are unique to oats and which are known as the
avenanthramides. Avenanthramides are believed to contrib-
ute to reductions in arterial inflammation as well as having
positive effects on the regulation of blood pressure (Liu et al. 2004; Meydani 2009; Nie et al. 2006). It is also believed that
storage proteins in oats known as avenins (gliadins in wheat,
hordeins in barley, secalins in rye), are less liable to cause
toxicity to sufferers of celiac disease, although it is thought
to be dependent on oat variety as well as considerations that
oats must be processed in an environment clean of other
cereals. Therefore, oats have been proposed as being safe
to consume as part of a gluten free diet, although it remains
controversial since very low numbers of sufferers of celiac Recently, oats have been gaining increased global atten-
tion due to the recognition of not just their nutritional bal-
ance, but due to their large number of beneficial health
effects. Oats are low in free sugars, but high in fibre, the
majority of which (85%) are starches. Abstract Conclusions Although the developed method has broad applicability as a rapid screening method or a rapid metabolite
profiling method and in this study has provided valuable metabolic insights, it still must be considered that much greater
confidence in metabolite identification, as well as quantitative precision, will be gained by the application of higher resolution Electronic supplementary material The online version of this
article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-019-1501-x) contains
supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. :(0123
1 23456789)
3 42
Page 2 of 19 J. W. Allwood et al. 42
Page 2 of 19 42 chromatography methods, although at a large expense to sample throughput. Follow up studies will apply higher resolution
GC (gas chromatography) and LC (reversed phase and HILIC) approaches, oats will be also analysed from across multiple
growth locations and growth seasons, effectively providing a cross validation for the results obtained within this preliminary
study. It will also be fascinating to perform more controlled experiments with sampling of green tissues, as well as oat grains,
throughout the plants and grains development, to reveal greater insight of carbon and nitrogen metabolism balance, as well
as resource partitioning into lipid and secondary metabolism. chromatography methods, although at a large expense to sample throughput. Follow up studies will apply higher resolution
GC (gas chromatography) and LC (reversed phase and HILIC) approaches, oats will be also analysed from across multiple
growth locations and growth seasons, effectively providing a cross validation for the results obtained within this preliminary
study. It will also be fascinating to perform more controlled experiments with sampling of green tissues, as well as oat grains,
throughout the plants and grains development, to reveal greater insight of carbon and nitrogen metabolism balance, as well
as resource partitioning into lipid and secondary metabolism. Keywords Metabolomics · UHPLC-PDA-MS · Oats · Avena sativa L. · Nitrogen · Grain quality · β-Glucan · Amino acids ·
Lipids · Avenanthramides 1 Introduction Oat starch and
β-glucan based fibre are much more abundant and also more
readily digested than fibre in the alternative major cereal
grains, which results in a slower digestive transit, increased
satiety and appetite suppression (Clark and Slavin 2013). 3 3 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 3 of 19 42 and harvested on the 7th August 2014 using a small plot
combine. Fungicides and weed control followed standard
practise for winter oats including the use of a plant growth
regulator (Cycocel 5C). Soils were sampled to a depth of
90 cm in early spring and residual soil nitrogen was deter-
mined to be 58 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen (ammonium nitrate)
doses were split between three different developmental
stages in early to late spring as indicated in Table S1 to pro-
vide five final doses: Control, no applied nitrogen; level 1,
50 kg N ha−1 applied; level 2, 100 kg N ha−1 applied; level 3,
150 kg N ha−1 applied; level 4, 200 kg N ha−1 applied. The
17th April application date corresponded to growth stage 31
(early stem elongation, Zadoks et al. 1974). Prior to harvest
the number of fertile shoots (panicles) per m2 were counted
and plant heights from soil surface to panicle tip measured. disease still react to oat avenins (Comino et al. 2015; de
Souza et al. 2016). In the United Kingdom, winter oats are sown in late
September/early October and are harvested the following
August. Compared to other cereals (e.g. wheat and barley),
oats are seen as a low input cereal needing lower fertiliza-
tion levels (Weightman et al. 2004; Kindred et al. 2008). The
effects of nitrogen application during oat yield development
on grain quality parameters are however poorly understood
compared with wheat and barley. Provision of a sufficient
amount of nitrogen, usually in the form of urea or anhy-
drous ammonia, has great bearing on the plant height, qual-
ity and oat yield (Chalmers et al. 1998; Givens et al. 2004;
Yan et al. 2017). Oat quality and yield in turn impact upon
the processing quality of oats, with respect to dehulling,
as well as the later processing steps of flaking and mill-
ing (Browne et al. 2003). Kernel content (the proportion of
groat to whole grain) and ease of hull removal (hullability)
are the most important traits for milling quality (Browne
et al. 2003). 1 Introduction Current agricultural guidelines on the levels of
nitrogen application in the UK. do not currently consider the
effect on milling quality or grain composition. It is important
also to understand the role of variety choice and of crop
management in determining nutritional quality of oats. To
study this further, four winter oat varieties were grown in a
replicated nitrogen response trial. The trial consisted of a no
added nitrogen control and four added nitrogen treatments. Grain yield, yield components and milling quality traits were
assessed. The de-hulled oats (groats) were also subjected
to a rapid Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) metabolomic screen-
ing approach (Allwood and Goodacre 2010; Allwood et al. 2011; Koistinen and Hanhineva 2017), revealing the impact
of nitrogen supplementation on a range of compounds inclu-
sive of amino acids, organic acids, lipids and phenolics. 2.3 Grain quality assays Harvested grain was cleaned through a 3.5 mm and 2 mm
sieve to remove broken grain and residual chaff and straw
prior to analysis of grain quality. Groats were obtained by
passing 25 g of whole grain through a Laboratory Oat Huller
(Codema Model LH5095; Maple Grove, Minneapolis, USA)
set at 100 bar for 60 s and then separating the output into
groats, husks and any un-dehulled whole grain remaining. Kernel content was calculated as the weight of the groats
obtained as a proportion of the initial grain weight less the
weight of un-dehulled whole grain remaining at the end of
the dehulling procedure. Thousand grain weight (TGW) of
grain prior to dehulling and of groats was determined using
a seed counter (Data technologies model number data count
S-25). Grain numbers per m2 and per panicle were calculated
using grain yield and TGW results. 2.2 Chemicals Unless otherwise stated all solvents were of HPLC grade
and JT Baker brand (Scientific Chemical Supplies, UK), for-
mic acid was of MS grade (Fisher Scientific, UK), morin-
hydrate and reserpine (99% purity) were obtained from
Sigma-Aldrich UK, all other reference standards, unless
otherwise stated, were obtained from LGC (UK) or Extra-
synthese (FR). 2.4 UHPLC‑PDA‑MS extraction The dehulled oat samples were first homogenised using a
Retsch Cyclone Mill—Twister with the following settings:
speed 12,000 rpm min−1; 62 milli second peripheral rotor
speed; 1 mm sieve; 1 min cycle. 100 mg ± 2 mg FW of
oats were weighed into 2 mL safe-lock Eppendorf micro-
centrifuge tubes, 1.5 mL of extraction buffer (10 uM reser-
pine and 10 uM morin in 75% methanol 24.9% water 0.1%
formic acid) was added, the sample was vortexed for 15 s,
ultrasonicated for 15 min with an Elma S40 ultrasonicator,
vortexed for 15 s, agitated on an IKA VXR basic vibrax fit-
ted with the VX2E.n Eppendorf tube adapter set on speed 8
for 30 min, and centrifuged for 10 min at 3 °C and 18,407×g
with an Eppendorf 5424R (rotor FA-45-24-11). The extract
supernatants were next filtered with 0.45um PTFE filter
vials (Thomson single step) and transferred to 2 mL HPLC
vials with pre-slit caps (Thermo-Fisher, Chromacol 2SVW
and 9-SCK(B)-ST1 X, respectively). A quality assurance
(QA) sample was prepared by mixing equal quantities of
each sample extract, thus providing a QA sample representa-
tive of the average of the entire sample set. A number of
representative samples were also extracted and analysed in
triplicate (denoted as a, b, and c, within the sample number)
to serve as reference samples to define extraction and ana-
lytical repeatability. The samples were stored in the HPLC
autosampler at 10 °C and analysed within 72 h of extrac-
tion in positive and negative electrospray ionisation (ESI)
modes. The ESI source spray cone and ion tube were cleaned
between running the sample set in each ionisation mode. The PDA detector eluent was next transfered to a Thermo
LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometry system operated under
Xcalibur software (Thermo-Fisher Ltd. UK). Mass spectra
were primarilly collected in full scan mode (m/z 100–1200)
at a mass resolution of 30,000 (FWHM defined at m/z
400) within the FT detector for all samples. An additional
method was applied to obtain ion trees by performing data-
dependent analysis (DDA) MS2 on the top 3 most intense
ions for the mixed QA sample (Mullard et al. 2015). The
DDA method applied a primary full scan event within the
FT, followed by a secondary scan event within the LTQ-IT
to collect MS2 CID fragmentation spectra for the top 3 most
intense ions as defined within the preliminary full MS scan. 2.1 Field trial design The trial was conducted at Lydbury North, Shropshire, UK
(latitude 52.45, longitude − 2.94, medium soil type) in a
split plot design with three replicates using five levels of
nitrogen application (main plot treatment) and four com-
mercially available winter oat varieties (sub-plot treatment)
from the Aberystwyth University winter oat breeding pro-
gramme. These included two of the most widely grown
winter oat varieties in the UK over the last 20 years, Gerald
and Mascani (AHDB 2015). Three varieties were of conven-
tional height (Mascani, Gerald and Tardis) and the fourth
was a dwarf variety (Balado). Plots (1.8 × 6 m) were sown
on the 9th October 2013 at a sowing rate of 300 seeds m−2 Nitrogen and oil content of groats were predicted using
near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Approximately 20 g
of cleaned, dehulled groats were analysed by scanning in
a transport quarter cup at 2 nm intervals over the wave-
length range from 400 to 2498 nm in reflectance mode,
using a NIRSystems 6500 spectrophotometer (FOSS UK,
Warrington, UK). Data were collected using ISI software
(Infrasoft International, Port Matilda, USA) and spectra
were stored as log(1/R) where R is the diffuse reflectance. The calibration equations used were developed for oil and 1 1 3 3 Page 4 of 19 J. W. Allwood et al. 42 (Thermo-Fisher Ltd. U.K). The HPLC was operated at a
flow rate of 400 µL/min, the column and guard column
(Thermo Hypersil Gold C18 50 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 µm particle
size; Hypersil Gold C18 Guard 10 × 2.1 mm, 3 µm particle
size; Thermo Universal Uniguard guard holder 2.1/3 mm)
were maintained at a temperature of 40 °C. The solvent A,
HPLC grade water, and solvent B, HPLC grade acetonitrile,
were acidified with 0.1% [v/v] MS grade formic acid. Prior
to sample analysis a new UHPLC column and guard column
were conditioned with solvents A and B for a minimum of
40 min at a flow rate of 400 µL/min. A sample injection vol-
ume of 5 µL was employed in full-loop mode. The gradient
programme was as follows: hold 5% B 0–1 min, 5–100% B
1–8 min, hold 100% B 8–11 min, 100–5% B 11–11.1 min,
hold 5% B 11.1–15 min. Autosampler syringe and line
washes were performed with 80% HPLC grade acetonitrile
20% HPLC grade water. 2.1 Field trial design The UHPLC column eluent was
first monitored by the Accela PDA detector where spectra
were collected in wavelength/absorbance mode from 200
to 600 nm with a filter bandwidth and wavelength step of
1 nm, the filter rise time was 1 s, the sample rate was 10 Hz. Additionally three channel set points were employed, Chan-
nel A 280 nm, Channel B 365 nm, Channel C 520 nm, with
a bandwidth of 9 nm and a sample rate of 10 Hz. nitrogen content in groat samples, ground through a 1 mm
sieve and originating from multiple harvest years and trial
sites and including both spring and winter varieties, were
used for prediction. Nitrogen calibration data was obtained
by a rapid combustion method using a LECO FP-428 ana-
lyser (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI). Oil calibration data
was obtained by extraction using petroleum ether and the
Soxtec system (FOSS UK, Warrington, UK). Calibration
equations were developed using standard normal variate and
detrend (Barnes et al. 1989) and second derivative trans-
formations using modified partial least squares regression. β-glucan content was determined on a subsample of ground
groat using the Megazyme™ kit (McCleary method) (AOAC
method 995.16, 1999) on all samples. The data was analysed
using 2-way analysis of variance and Fisher’s protected least
significance test in GENSTAT 16th edition and correlation
analysis conducted using Microsoft Excel. 2.4 UHPLC‑PDA‑MS extraction Helium was applied as a collision gas for CID at a normal-
ised collision energy of 45%, a trapping window width of 2
(± 1) m/z was applied, an activation time of 30 ms and acti-
vation Q of 0.25 were applied, only singly charged ions were
selected for DDA, isotopic ions were also excluded. The
preliminary full scan event within the FT generated ‘profile’
mode data, whereas the LTQ-IT MS2 data were collected in
‘centroid’ mode. A scan speed of 0.1 s and 0.4 s were applied in the LTQ-
IT and FT-MS respectively. The Automatic Gain Control
was set to 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 for the LTQ-IT and FT-MS
respectively. Prior to the analytical run the LTQ-IT and
FT-MS were tuned to optimise conditions for the detection
of ions in the mid detection range of m/z 100–1200, as well
as being calibrated with the manufacturers recommended
calibration mixture and procedures. The ESI conditions 2.5 UHPLC‑PDA‑MS analysis UHPLC separations were performed with a Thermo Accela
600 HPLC system coupled with an Accela PDA detector 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 5 of 19 42 chromatography (the void and equilibration periods), as well
as removal of peaks that were dominant within blank sample
extracts (more than 2 × more intense than the peaks highest
intensity within a biological sample) (Di Guida et al. 2016). Applying a set of workflows known as PutMedID which are
operated within the Taverna Workbench 1.7.2 software pack-
age (Brown et al. 2009, 2011; Allwood et al. 2013), peak
to peak Pearson correlations were first calculated within a
± 5 s moving RT window, peaks that show a high level of
Pearson correlation (greater than 0.8) within the same RT
window were grouped as m/z features that were likely asso-
ciated with the same compound (i.e. an m/z group). As a
second step, accurate mass differences between m/z within
each peak group were calculated to allow the annotation
of the parent m/z from isotopic and adduct ions. Consen-
sus was drawn between the two methods of peak annota-
tion performed within XCMS online and PutMedID. Once
the parent ion, adducts and isotopes are annotated within
each peak group, the neutral accurate mass is calculated for
each ion (5 ppm mass error) and in turn matched to possible
molecular formula(s), which are then matched to metabolite
name(s). Molecular formula and metabolite matching were
based upon a library of known plant metabolites obtained
from the Plant Metabolic Network PlantCyc database (http://
www.plantcyc.org) in addition to the Manchester Metabo-
lomics Database (MMD: http://dbkgroup.org/MMD/), thus
in most cases providing an MSI level 2 or 3 identification
(Sumner et al. 2007). Where multiple putative molecular
formula or metabolite identifications were obtained by the
peak annotation approach, the identifications were also man-
ually checked for having been previously reported as an oat
metabolite (FooDB: http://foodb.ca/), thus increasing con-
fidence in the assigned putative identification(s). In the case
of lipids where multiple isomeric species could be assigned
to a given accurate mass, the lipids fatty acid chain lengths
and numbers of unsaturated bonds were summed in order
to condense the high numbers of isomeric identifications. were optimised to allow efficient ionisation and ion trans-
mission whilst limiting insource fragmentation. 2.6 UHPLC‑PDA‑MS data processing and peak
annotation The UHPLC-PDA-MS raw data profiles were first converted
into an MZML centroid format within the Proteowizard
(http://proteowizard.sourceforge.net/) MSConvert software
package. Each MZML based three-dimensional data matrix
(intensity × m/z × time − one per sample) was converted (or
deconvolved) into a vector of peak responses, where a peak
response is defined as the sum of intensities over a window
of specified mass and time range (e.g. m/z = 102.1 ± 0.01 and
time = 130 ± 10 s). In this experiment the deconvolution was
performed using the freely available XCMS online package
(https://xcmsonline.scripps.edu/). XCMS online was oper-
ated with the following parameter set points: Feature detec-
tion; method—CentWave; mass error 5 ppm, minimum and
maximum peak width 5 and 30 s respectively, mzdiff 0.01,
S/N threshold 10, integration method 1, prefilter peaks 3,
prefilter intensity 40,000, noise filter 100,000: RT correc-
tion; method – Obiwarp, profstep 1: Alignment; minfrac 0.5,
mz width 0.015, bw 5, min samp 1, max samp 100: Annota-
tion; Search for isotopes + adducts, mz absolute error 0.015,
ppm error 5. 2.5 UHPLC‑PDA‑MS analysis The follow-
ing settings were applied to ESI: Spray voltage − 3.5 kV
(ESI−) and + 4.5 kV (ESI+); Sheath gas 60; Auxiliary gas
30; Capillary voltage − 35 V (ESI−) + 35 V (ESI+); Tube
lens voltage − 100 V (ESI−) and + 100 V (ESI+); Capillary
temperature 280 °C; ESI probe temperature 100 °C. The samples were analysed in a completely randomised
order as two independent analytical blocks, each of approxi-
mately 100 injections, respective of ESI positive and ESI
negative polarities. For each analytical block, initially eight
injections of QA sample were performed for LC-MS sys-
tem conditioning, after which three further injections of
QA sample were performed, followed by six injections of
experimental samples and a further QA injection. This was
repeated until all samples were analysed, finally the analyti-
cal block was concluded with a further three QA injections. A control blank sample was analysed at the start and end of
the analytical block, thus providing a measure of the sample
back-ground and also a measure of compound carry over
resulting from dirtying of the ESI source. Each analytical
block was finally concluded by collection of the DDA MS2
profiles for the QA sample. 2.7 Chemometric analysis of UHPLC‑PDA‑MS
metabolite profiles Recursive feature elimina-
tion (RFE; Guyon and Elisseef 2003) was applied with the
PLS-S to identify the metabolites that changed significantly
in response to increasing nitrogen level regardless of the
oat variety. The PLS-S models with RFE were validated
with 1000 bootstrapping re-sampling (Efron and Tibshirani
1994). Finally, a non-parametric univariate significance test
based upon two-way ANOVA, i.e. the Friedman test, was
performed, a False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction of 5%
was applied based upon the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Univariate comparisons were made between oat samples
of each individual variety separately, to define metabolite
features that responded in a linear fashion with respect to
increasing nitrogen application level. Univariate tests were
performed within MATLAB 2016a using the statistics and
machine learning toolbox (Mathworks, MA, US). ASCA and
PLS-S with RFE were performed within MATLAB 2016a
using in-house scripts which are made available freely online
at https://github com/Biospec/cluster toolbox v2 0 Grain yield was highly correlated with the number of
grains m−2 (r = 0.99). Grain number m−2 is the product of
panicle number m−2 and grain number per panicle both
of which significantly increased with increasing nitrogen
treatment. This suggests that greater nitrogen availability
resulted in an increased productive tiller survival as previ-
ously found (Weightman et al. 2004; Browne et al. 2006;
Ma et al. 2017). Panicle number m−2 however did not
continue to increase after applications of 100 kg N ha−1. Grain number per panicle was highest at 200 kg N ha−1. A
significant difference was found for the yield component
traits grain number m−2, grain number per panicle and
panicles m−2 between varieties. Mascani had the lowest
grain number per panicle and the highest panicle number
m−2 (Table 1). Balado and Gerald had the highest grain
number per panicle. Competition amongst a greater num-
ber of grains can lead to incomplete grain filling resulting
in small grains (Marshall et al. 2013). The results suggest
that the different varieties studied can adjust their yield
component structure depending on the level of nitrogen
application but that the actual grain yield was not different
between the varieties. Grain yield was not correlated with grain TGW (r = 0.08). Grain TGW was however significantly different both
between varieties and nitrogen levels but there was no
relationship between nitrogen level and TGW. Groat TGW
did increase significantly in response to nitrogen applica-
tion. 3 Results and discussion The milling quality trait, kernel content displayed signifi-
cant differences between varieties and nitrogen application
with the highest values obtained by Mascani and at 200 kg
N ha−1. The difference between varieties was greater than
the difference between nitrogen treatments. A similar result
was found by Yan et al. (2017). Plant height also increased
with nitrogen application (Table 1) as found in other stud-
ies (May et al. 2004; Ma et al. 2017) indicating that the
increased yield and grain quality at higher N levels could
come with an associated higher risk of lodging (Tumino
et al. 2017). 2.7 Chemometric analysis of UHPLC‑PDA‑MS
metabolite profiles Prior to statistical analysis, the peak area data were normal-
ised to the internal standard peak area, reserpine [M+H]+
and morin [M−H]− in positive and negative mode ESI,
respectively. Missing values were automatically replaced
with a value representative of one-third of the minimum
peak ratio across the entire data matrix (Di Guida et al. 2016). The relative standard deviation for each detected fea-
ture was calculated across the QA samples, features showing
greater than a 25% RSD within QA samples were excluded
from statistical tests. Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
was performed with the SIMCA-P + 12.01 64bit statistics
package (Umetrics, Umeå, Sweden). Two PCA-X models The XCMS deconvolution results in the production of a
Microsoft Excel based XY matrix containing the paired RT
and m/z of each feature, along with the peak area in each
profiled sample, and where provided, adduct and isotope
annotations for each m/z. The XY matrix was trimmed of
peaks that eluted within the first 0.3 min and final 4 min of 1 3 Page 6 of 19 42 42 J. W. Allwood et al. were generated, the first for the dataset inclusive of QA
samples, the second for the dataset after exclusion of QA
samples. PCA scores plots were generated for PC1 × PC2,
PC1 × PC3, PC1 × PC4, PC1 × PC5, PC2 × PC3, PC2 × PC4,
PC2 × PC5, PC3 × PC4, PC3 × PC5 and PC4 × PC5. Com-
plementary PCA loadings plots were also generated for
the same PC combinations. In addition to PCA, ANOVA-
simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) was applied as
a method of variable selection (Jansen et al. 2005a, b). The
constructed ASCA model was designed to test two fac-
tors, (i) oat variety, (ii) nitrogen level, with the significance
level of the effect of each factor being evaluated by per-
forming 1000 permutation tests (Zwanenburg et al. 2011). The ASCA based results were visualised as PCA score and
loading plots. Partial Least Squares with structured output
(PLS-S) was employed as a supervised machine learning
model (Xu et al. 2016). Unlike conventional PLS regression
(PLS-R) or PLS for discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), PLS-S
employed a structured response matrix Y which was coded
according to the experimental design and was able to inves-
tigate all studied factors simultaneously (e.g. oat varieties
and nitrogen levels in this study). 2.7 Chemometric analysis of UHPLC‑PDA‑MS
metabolite profiles There was a significant interaction between nitrogen
and variety for TGW. Mascani and Balado both responded
to increased nitrogen application by increasing grain and
groat size whereas the TGW of Tardis and Gerald remained
similar at all nitrogen levels (Table 1; Table S2). A num-
ber of studies have reported that the higher the amount of
nitrogen applied to the crop the lower the individual grain
weight (Peltonen-Sainio and Peltonen 1995; Chalmers et al. 1998; Weightman et al. 2004; Ma et al. 2017). The study
reported here indicates that the response of TGW to nitrogen
is dependent on the variety under study. TGW is often used
as an indicator of grain quality as it is related to grain plump-
ness and a high value reflects a well-filled grain. Mascani
had the highest groat and grain TGW at all nitrogen applica-
tion levels (Tables 1, S2).i Univariate comparisons were made between oat samples
of each individual variety separately, to define metabolite
features that responded in a linear fashion with respect to
increasing nitrogen application level. Univariate tests were
performed within MATLAB 2016a using the statistics and
machine learning toolbox (Mathworks, MA, US). ASCA and
PLS-S with RFE were performed within MATLAB 2016a
using in-house scripts which are made available freely online
at https://github.com/Biospec/cluster-toolbox-v2.0. 3.2 Rapid UHPLC‑PDA‑MS of oat grains provides
robust metabolite profiles that are information
rich and representative of a wide range
of metabolite classes UHPLC-PDA-MS profiling of oats produces rich metabolite
profiles representative of an impressive range of metabo-
lite classes, inclusive of primary metabolites such as amino
acids and TCA intermediates, as well as secondary metabo-
lites such as lipids, vitamins and a number of phenolics such
as the avenanthramides (Fig. 1). The deconvolution of these
UHPLC-PDA-MS profiles within XCMS online, results in
the generation of highly information rich datasets. After fil-
tering (blanks, void and equilibration peaks), the raw inte-
grated peak areas for each RT-m/z pair were next normalised
to the internal standard, thus providing a normalised peak
response ratio. Finally, the peaks were filtered that failed a
25% RSD cut off across the QA samples. Following filtering
and QA, the ESI positive mode dataset contained a total of
3214 deconvolved RT-m/z pairs, and the ESI negative mode
dataset a total of 1558.i Post filtering and QA, Pearson correlations were cal-
culated to group m/z features that were likely associated
with the same compound (i.e. an m/z group). Within each
m/z group the peaks were annotated as parent, isotope and
adduct ions, as well as common in-source fragments, the
neutral accurate mass was calculated and in turn matched
to a library of possible molecular formulae and associated
metabolite names. Post annotation, all grouped RT-m/z pairs,
whether a compound annotation had been achieved or not,
were taken forward. Finally, within each dataset, the m/z
groups were further filtered to remove redundant isotope and
adduct features, thus further assisting in reducing data com-
plexity and aiding downstream interpretation. The filtered
ESI positive and negative mode datasets contained 2012
(Table S3) and 924 RT-m/z pairs (Table S4), respectively,
that were taken forward to statistical analysis. Of the total Following PCA, ASCA was applied as a method of
variable selection rather than purely just data visualisation
(Jansen et al. 2005a, b). The constructed ASCA model was
designed to test two factors, (i) oat variety (Fig. 2c, e) and
(ii) nitrogen level (Fig. 2d, f). The ASCA based results were
finally visualised as PCA scores plots, the first factor, oat
variety is visualised in the PC1 x PC2 scores plots provided
in Fig. 2c (ESI positive) and 2e (ESI negative). 3.3 Chemometric analysis of UHPLC‑PDA‑MS oat
profiles l
The raw data for all phenotypic assays is available within
Table S2. Within the first set of PCA models, the QA samples were
centrally clustered (X0, Y0) within the scores plots for
both the ESI positive and negative mode datasets (data not
shown), indicating that the QA samples represented an aver-
aged value of all other sample groups and also that the data
processing, filtering, missing value replacement and normal-
isation, had in no way skewed the ESI positive and negative
mode datasets. Within the second set of PCA models where
QA samples had been excluded, for the ESI positive mode
dataset PC1 x PC2 model (Fig. 2a) the samples revealed a
distribution from the positive to negative axis of PC1 associ-
ated with the trend of increased nitrogen application, for the
ESI negative mode dataset PC1 × PC2 model (Fig. 2b) the
converse was observed, where samples revealed a distribu-
tion from the negative to positive axis of PC1 associated
with increased nitrogen application. Both the ESI positive
(Fig. 2a) and negative (Fig. 2b) mode datasets PC1 × PC2
score plots indicated that the Tardis and Mascani oat varie-
ties showed a very closely related metabolic phenotype with
both near co-clustering, whereas the Gerald and Balado vari-
eties were much more metabolically distinct and clearly dif-
ferentiated within the PC2 axis, from each other, as well as
from Tardis and Mascani. 3.1 Oat yield and grain quality N treatment and Variety p values (and their interaction) and the level of significance of these factors as calculated by two-way ANOVA analysis
Plant height
mm
Grain yield
t ha−1
Panicle
number m−2
Grain number
panicle−1
Grain number
m−2
Kernel
content %
TGW grain
g
TGW groat
g
Protein
% DM
Oil
% DM
β-glucan
% DM
Variety
Gerald
112.80b
8.70
392.00bc
48.21c
18942.62c
73.90b
38.94a
29.59a
10.70
7.66b
3.31a
Mascani
114.00b
8.29
399.78c
37.98a
15307.64a
77.23c
45.85d
37.33d
10.71
7.31a
3.96c
Tardis
112.27b
8.72
363.22b
47.82b
17563.82b
72.64a
42.57b
32.18b
11.01
8.19c
3.75b
Balado
99.00a
8.86
300.22a
56.64d
17128.92b
72.22a
43.76c
35.14c
10.82
7.68b
4.50d
Nitrogen application (kg N ha−1)
0
83.80a
4.90a
251.80a
40.40a
10097.00a
72.98a
41.49a
32.47a
9.11a
8.00e
3.72a
50
101.10b
8.05b
353.70b
44.73b
15603.00b
73.47ab
44.11c
33.46b
9.64b
7.89d
3.83ab
100
111.90c
9.26c
414.60c
45.98bc
18427.00c
73.94bc
42.96bc
33.55b
10.67c
7.70c
3.86ab
150
126.40d
9.74c
408.10c
49.17c
19772.00d
74.10c
42.03ab
33.66b
11.65d
7.57b
3.93bc
200
124.30d
11.26d
390.80c
58.03d
22280.00e
75.50d
43.32c
34.65c
12.97e
7.39a
4.07c
N treatment
p value
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.002
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.002
Variety (V) p
value
< 0.001
0.164
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.277
< 0.001
< 0.001
V × N p value
0.329
0.290
0.506
0.114
0.101
0.011
0.015
0.023
0.760
0.222
0.563 1 3 42
Page 8 of 19 J. W. Allwood et al. 42
Page 8 of 19 42
Page 8 2012 ESI positive and 924 ESI negative RT-m/z pairs, 914
ESI positive and 480 ESI negative were identified to MSI
level 2 or level 3 by matching of HRMS accurate mass data,
and 1093 ESI positive and 436 ESI negative were classed as
MSI level 4 unknowns (Sumner et al. 2007). Within Tables
S3 and S4 the MSI identification levels and where appli-
cable PubChem CID identifiers are provided. All possible
identifications for each RT-m/z pair are provided in Table S3
and S4, whereas just the most likely identification(s) based
upon compounds previously reported within oats (FooDB:
http://www.foodb.ca), or more widely the plant kingdom,
are provided in Tables S5 and S6. Total protein content as measured by NIR significantly
increased with nitrogen application but there was no signifi-
cant difference between the four varieties (Table 1). 3.1 Oat yield and grain quality Total oil
content however was significantly different between varieties
and decreased significantly in response to nitrogen as also
found by Yan et al. (2017). Mascani had the lowest total oil
content. β-glucan content significantly increased with nitro-
gen application with Balado having the highest mean value. Previous studies reporting the effects of nitrogen application
on β-glucan content have given conflicting results (Saas-
tamoinen et al. 1992; Brunner and Freed 1994; May et al. 2004; Stewart and McDougall 2014; Yan et al. 2017) sug-
gesting that there is a large genotypic influence on this trait. 3.1 Oat yield and grain quality Application of nitrogen had a significant effect on grain yield
but there was no significant difference in the response of the
four varieties (Table 1). Grain yields at the highest nitrogen
level (200 kg N ha−1) were 130% higher than that without
nitrogen fertiliser. It was not possible to determine a nitro-
gen optimum for grain yield as yields were still increasing
substantially up to the highest nitrogen level used. 1 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 7 of 19
42 Page 7 of 19
42 yp
y
Mean values by variety and by nitrogen application for plant height, grain yield (at 15% moisture content) and component traits, thousand grain weight (TGW) of grain and de-hulled groat and
macro nutrient composition expressed as % dry matter (DM). Replication n3. Different letters indicate significant differences between mean values at p < 0.05 as calculated by Fisher’s least sig-
nificance difference test. 3.2 Rapid UHPLC‑PDA‑MS of oat grains provides
robust metabolite profiles that are information
rich and representative of a wide range
of metabolite classes Both the
ESI positive and negative mode datasets showed similar
clustering to that observed in PCA-X for oat variety, with
Tardis and Mascani revealing a very closely related meta-
bolic phenotype, whereas Gerald and Balado were much
more metabolically distinct and clearly differentiated. This
is perhaps not surprising as although Tardis and Mascani 1 3 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 9 of 19
42 Page 9 of 19
42 ap d U
C
S
etabo te p oi
g a d p e otyp c assays e ea ge otyp c
pacts o
t oge …
age 9 o
9
Fig 1 LC-MS oat extract total ion chromatograms (TIC) Fig. 1 LC-MS oat extract total ion chromatograms (TIC) Fig. 1 LC-MS oat extract total ion chromatograms (TIC) as a supervised machine learning model (Xu et al. 2016). PLS-S employed a structured response matrix Y which
was coded according to the experimental design and was
able to investigate all the studied factors (oat variety and
nitrogen level) simultaneously. Recursive feature elimina-
tion (RFE; Guyon and Elisseef 2003) was applied with the
PLS-S to identify the metabolites that changed significantly
in response to increasing nitrogen level regardless of the oat
variety in terms of ranks (lower the rank number, higher the are phenotypically distinct for many traits (Table 1), they
share a significant level of pedigree in common (Pedigree
of Oat Lines (POOL), https://triticeaetoolbox.org/POOL/
index_db.php). The second factor, nitrogen level, is visual-
ised in the PC1 x PC2 scores plots provided in Fig. 2d (ESI
positive) and 2f (ESI negative), for both ionisation modes,
a clear distribution of samples from low to high nitrogen
levels were observed from the negative to positive side of the
PC1 axis. In addition to ASCA, PLS-S was also employed 1 3 1 3 42
Page 10 of 19 J. W. Allwood et al. 42
Page 10 of 19 42 Fig. 2 LC-MS
Chemometric
analyses. Conventional
PCA
(PC1 × PC2) scores plots: a ESI positive, b ESI negative. ANOVA-
simultaneous component analysis (ASCA): ASCA scores plots c
ESI positive oat variety, d ESI positive nitrogen level, e ESI nega-
tive oat variety, f ESI negative nitrogen level. Control basal nitrogen
(58 kg N ha−1). Level 1: 50 kg N ha−1 supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2: 100 kg N ha−1 supplement (158 kg N ha−1). 3.2 Rapid UHPLC‑PDA‑MS of oat grains provides
robust metabolite profiles that are information
rich and representative of a wide range
of metabolite classes Level 3: 150 kg
N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). Level 4: 200 kg N ha−1 supple-
ment (258 kg N ha−1). Replication n3 (58 kg N ha−1). Level 1: 50 kg N ha−1 supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2: 100 kg N ha−1 supplement (158 kg N ha−1). Level 3: 150 kg
N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). Level 4: 200 kg N ha−1 supple-
ment (258 kg N ha−1). Replication n3 Fig. 2 LC-MS
Chemometric
analyses. Conventional
PCA
(PC1 × PC2) scores plots: a ESI positive, b ESI negative. ANOVA-
simultaneous component analysis (ASCA): ASCA scores plots c
ESI positive oat variety, d ESI positive nitrogen level, e ESI nega-
tive oat variety, f ESI negative nitrogen level. Control basal nitrogen p = 0.01 with respect to oat variety, and 413/924 with respect
to nitrogen application level. Univariate comparisons were
focused on oat samples of each individual variety separately,
to define metabolite features that responded in a linear fash-
ion with respect to increasing nitrogen application level. In
order to focus primarily on changes in metabolite abundance
associated with nitrogen supplementation (rather than inter-
varietal differences), the following procedure was followed
for each the ESI positive and negative mode datasets indi-
vidually: features that were the most influential within the
PCA (Fig. 2a, b) and the nitrogen level ASCA-PCA (Fig. 2d,
f) model loadings were taken forward, the top ranked PLS
loadings (99.9% significance cut off) were taken forward,
finally the top 100 significant results from the Friedman test
were taken forward. The lists of significant features were
compiled and reduced where the same feature had been car-
ried forward from multiple statistical tests, or where multiple
RT-m/z pairs relating to a single metabolite feature were still p = 0.01 with respect to oat variety, and 413/924 with respect
to nitrogen application level. Univariate comparisons were
focused on oat samples of each individual variety separately,
to define metabolite features that responded in a linear fash-
ion with respect to increasing nitrogen application level. In
order to focus primarily on changes in metabolite abundance
associated with nitrogen supplementation (rather than inter-
varietal differences), the following procedure was followed
for each the ESI positive and negative mode datasets indi-
vidually: features that were the most influential within the
PCA (Fig. 2a, b) and the nitrogen level ASCA-PCA (Fig. 3.4 Nitrogen supplementation in oats principally
affects primary metabolism The first major impact of increasing nitrogen supplementa-
tion on the metabolism of winter oats was the increased con-
tent of amino acids within the grain. The observed elevation
of amino acids within the grain is likely the result of their
import from green tissues, although the elevated nitrogen
level may also directly impact upon the synthesis of amino
acids within the grain itself. Further studies requiring the
measurement of the co-ordinated metabolism between the
green plant tissues and maturing oat grain are required for
confirmation of which plant tissue(s) show elevated syn-
thesis of amino acids. Of course, the limitation of the cur-
rent study is that it can only show the impact of increased
nitrogen application upon the processed oat grain since the
green tissues were not measured. Multiple amino acids that
C18 reversed phase chromatography has the ability to retain,
were observed to increase linearly as nitrogen availability
was increased, inclusive of arginine, asparagine, trypto-
phan, phenylalanine, leucine and/or isoleucine, as well as
modified amino acids inclusive of arginine-aspartate and
acetyl-leucine (Fig. 3; Table S3). It is expected that a large
number of the amino acid complement would respond in
a similar fashion, although many in the case of the rapid
UHPLC-MS screening approach applied within this study,
were likely lost within the void, or were irreproducible due
to elution within the polar front, thus justifying the future
application of GC-MS analysis of MOX-TMS derivatives
and/or targeted amino acid quantification via HPLC-UV/
Vis approaches. For example, it has been previously shown
in the leaf tissues of wheat by applying GC-MS analysis of
MOX-TMS derivatives that additionally alanine, threonine
and tyrosine were elevated when wheat plants were grown
in the presence of nitrate in contrast to growth in the absence
of nitrate (Allwood et al. 2015). Further to the initial impact
on amino acid metabolism within the oat grain, nitrogen
elevation in this study was also seen to lead to increased
total protein levels downstream, as measured via NIR (Near
Infrared) spectroscopy (Tables 1 and S2; Fig. 3), as well as
for a number of UHPLC-MS detected tripeptides such as
glutathione (Fig. 3). Nitrate assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis requires A number of organic acids not associated with the TCA
cycle as well as low-MW phenolics were also seen to be
elevated under conditions of increased nitrogen availability
within the oat grain (Fig. 3.2 Rapid UHPLC‑PDA‑MS of oat grains provides
robust metabolite profiles that are information
rich and representative of a wide range
of metabolite classes 2d,
f) model loadings were taken forward, the top ranked PLS
loadings (99.9% significance cut off) were taken forward,
finally the top 100 significant results from the Friedman test
were taken forward. The lists of significant features were
compiled and reduced where the same feature had been car-
ried forward from multiple statistical tests, or where multiple
RT-m/z pairs relating to a single metabolite feature were still importance). The PLS-S models when applied to the test sets
with all variables, i.e. no variable selection, generated by
bootstrapping (Efron and Tibshirani 1994), revealed 100%
correct classification of oats varieties on all the test sets and
the regression towards nitrogen level resulted in averaged
Q2 values of 0.9224 and 0.9326 for ESI positive and ESI
negative modes, respectively. Given the low levels of sample
replication (n = 3), the PLS-S model has extremely powerful
predictive power. In addition to the three methods of multivariate statisti-
cal analysis, a non-parametric univariate significance test
based upon two-way ANOVA (i.e. the Friedman test) was
performed, a 5% FDR correction based upon the Benjamini-
Hochberg procedure was applied. On the basis of the posi-
tive mode dataset, 1584/2012 RT-m/z pairs were significant
at p = 0.01 with respect to oat variety, and 1037/2012 with
respect to nitrogen application level. Based on the nega-
tive mode dataset, 713/924 RT-m/z pairs were significant at 1 3 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 11 of 19 42 acids to serve as energy and carbon skeleton sources (Glass
2003; Stitt et al. 2002). Although reductant and ATP can
be directly assimilated via photosynthesis, mitochondrial
respiration may also be a source under specific conditions
(Nunes-Nesi et al. 2010). In this case, carbohydrates are
converted into organic acids via respiration (glycolysis,
the TCA cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate path-
way) to provide an alternative source of carbon skeletons. In which case, nitrate assimilation competes directly with
the Calvin cycle for reductant and ATP, thus reducing the
total rate of carbon assimilation (Canvin and Atkins 1974),
whilst increasing the proportion of assimilated carbon that
is incorporated into organic acids and amino acids (Stitt
et al. 2002). Interestingly within this study, a number of
TCA intermediates that feature in the initial steps of the
cycle, namely citrate and isocitrate (Fig. 3.2 Rapid UHPLC‑PDA‑MS of oat grains provides
robust metabolite profiles that are information
rich and representative of a wide range
of metabolite classes 3), were seen to
decrease under conditions of high levels of nitrogen supple-
mentation, whereas an intermediate at the end of the cycle,
namely malate, was observed to increase (Tables S4 and S6). These results within the oat grain may suggest that the TCA
cycle is potentially being upregulated within green tissues to
increase the levels of available ATP and reductant to in turn
increase nitrogen assimilation, thus resulting in the early
intermediates within the cycle becoming depleted whilst
malate formation increased. Interestingly, ascorbate levels
within the oat grain were also reduced under conditions of
elevated nitrogen availability (Fig. 3), potentially reflect-
ing its role serving as a reductant in order to assist nitrogen
assimilation. An unknown hexose sugar and a sugar-alco-
hol (putatively assigned as arabinitol and/or arabitol and/or
ribitol and/or xylitol) were also observed to deplete within
the oat grain as nitrogen application increased, potentially
highlighting their breakdown in mitochondrial respiration to
organic acids thus elevating the availability of carbon skel-
etons for amino acid metabolism. Measurements of organic
acids and carbohydrates, ATP and its intermediates, as well
sources of reductant, are required within the developing
green tissues as well as the developing non-processed oat
grain, to investigate this hypothesis further and to confirm
the tissue responsible for their metabolism compared to tis-
sues that likely act as sites of import. acids to serve as energy and carbon skeleton sources (Glass
2003; Stitt et al. 2002). Although reductant and ATP can
be directly assimilated via photosynthesis, mitochondrial
respiration may also be a source under specific conditions
(Nunes-Nesi et al. 2010). In this case, carbohydrates are
converted into organic acids via respiration (glycolysis,
the TCA cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate path-
way) to provide an alternative source of carbon skeletons. In which case, nitrate assimilation competes directly with
the Calvin cycle for reductant and ATP, thus reducing the
total rate of carbon assimilation (Canvin and Atkins 1974),
whilst increasing the proportion of assimilated carbon that
is incorporated into organic acids and amino acids (Stitt
et al. 2002). Interestingly within this study, a number of
TCA intermediates that feature in the initial steps of the
cycle, namely citrate and isocitrate (Fig. 3), were seen to
decrease under conditions of high levels of nitrogen supple-
mentation, whereas an intermediate at the end of the cycle,
namely malate, was observed to increase (Tables S4 and S6). 3.2 Rapid UHPLC‑PDA‑MS of oat grains provides
robust metabolite profiles that are information
rich and representative of a wide range
of metabolite classes present, thus providing a list of significant features warrant-
ing further investigation for each the positive (Table S5) and
negative (Table S6) mode ESI datasets. The list of signifi-
cant features was finally organised according to metabolite
class and response to nitrogen supplementation so that the
biological and agronomic significance of the results could
be thoroughly evaluated. 3.4 Nitrogen supplementation in oats principally
affects primary metabolism 3 Effects of nitrogen supplementation upon amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis, the TCA cycle and organic acid levels. Control basal nitrogen (58 kg N ha−1). Level 1 50 kg
N ha−1 supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2 100 kg N ha−1 supplement (158 kg N ha−1). Level 3 150 kg N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). Level 4 200 kg N ha−1 supplement (258 kg
N ha−1). LC-MS data is expressed as the internal standard peak ratio, total protein data is expressed as a percentage of dry mass. Replication n3. 3.4 Nitrogen supplementation in oats principally
affects primary metabolism Error bars represent the standard error Various
Amino acid and protein metabolism
Organic acids
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Leucine / Isoleucine (Neg_162)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Arginine-Aspartate (Neg_369)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Asparagine (Neg_36)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Acetyl-Leucine (Neg_113)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Glutathione (Neg_279)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Percentage Dry Matter
Total Protein Content (NIR)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Citrate / Isocitrate (Pos_554)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Ascorbate (Neg_161)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Aspartate [H]; Fumarate or Maleic acid [NH3]
(Neg_38)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Allantoin (Neg_95)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Methyl acetoace c acid; Oxopentanoic acid;
Methyl-oxobutanoic acid (Neg_14)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Tetra-decanoyl CoA (Neg_1581)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Heptaprenyl-diphosphate (Pos_2744)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Hexose (Neg_125)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Fig. 3.4 Nitrogen supplementation in oats principally
affects primary metabolism 3; Tables S5 and S6), perhaps
indicating their upregulation within green tissues in an effort
by the oat plant to increase the availability of carbon skel-
etons that could be directed into amino acid and downstream
protein synthesis. These results indicate the intrinsic links
between the carbon and nitrogen assimilation pathways and
their requirement for coordination to prevent severe imbal-
ance. Future studies should also consider the importance of
potassium to nitrogen balance with respect to the positive Nitrate assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis requires
NAD(P)H and/or reduced ferredoxin to serve as a supply
of reductant, as well as elevated levels of ATP and organic 1 42
Page 12 of 19 42
Page 12 of 19 J. W. Allwood et al. 3.4 Nitrogen supplementation in oats principally
affects primary metabolism Various
Amino acid and protein metabolism
Organic acids
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Leucine / Isoleucine (Neg_162)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Arginine-Aspartate (Neg_369)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Asparagine (Neg_36)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Acetyl-Leucine (Neg_113)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Glutathione (Neg_279)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Percentage Dry Matter
Total Protein Content (NIR)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Citrate / Isocitrate (Pos_554)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Ascorbate (Neg_161)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Aspartate [H]; Fumarate or Maleic acid [NH3]
(Neg_38)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Allantoin (Neg_95)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Methyl acetoace c acid; Oxopentanoic acid;
Methyl-oxobutanoic acid (Neg_14)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Tetra-decanoyl CoA (Neg_1581)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Heptaprenyl-diphosphate (Pos_2744)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Hexose (Neg_125)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Fig. 3.6 Nitrogen supplementation upregulates caffeic
and sinapic acid metabolism, but has negative
impacts on the levels of health beneficial
avenanthramides Elevated nitrogen application was also seen to impact upon
areas of secondary metabolism with changes in a number of
phenolic compounds being deemed statistically significant. The phenolic compounds that were up-regulated in response
to increased nitrogen supplementation included caffeic acid,
caffeoyl putrescine and a number of sinapoyl glucose iso-
mers (Fig. 5). Given the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-
cancer and antidiabetic activities reported for caffeic acid,
sinapic acid and its sinapoyl glucose derivatives (Gülçin
2006; Nićiforović and Abramovič 2014; Eid et al. 2017), this
result could potentially be regarded as being positive with
respect to oat grain derived health benefits. However, coin-
cidently, a number of health beneficial phenolics, namely
the avenanthramides, were seen to be reduced in abundance,
in a number of the oat lines, as nitrogen supplementation
increased (Fig. 5). This is potentially a result of the elevation
observed in primary metabolites effectively limiting precur-
sor availability for the metabolism of the avenanthramides
which purportedly takes place in both the green tissues as
well as the oat grain (Wise 2017). Avenanthramide pro-
duction is also thought to be associated with the exposure
level to Crown Rust fungus (Wise 2017) and therefore their
reduction under increased nitrogen application levels may
indicate that the oat plants are subjected to lower burdens of
Crown Rust under these conditions. Interestingly, the Balado
and Gerald oat varieties that show lower abundance of the
avenanthramides were less affected as the nitrogen supple-
mentation level was increased, however the varieties Macani
and Tardis, which always showed closer metabolic relativity
(Fig. 2), revealed a much greater reduction in avenanthra-
mide abundance as the level of nitrogen supplementation
was increased (Fig. 5). As for the other areas of metabolism
that were affected by nitrogen supplementation, it would
be fascinating to perform more controlled experimenta-
tion with sampling of green tissues, as well as oat grains,
throughout the development of the plant and grain, apply-
ing a large range of metabolomics and transcript expression The second major impact of increasing nitrogen supplemen-
tation on the metabolism of winter oats within this study
was the increased levels of nitrogen containing phospho-
lipids detected within the oat grain. High numbers of both
phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanola-
mines (PEs) (Fig. 4) were observed to increase under high
levels of nitrogen supplementation. 3.4 Nitrogen supplementation in oats principally
affects primary metabolism 3 Effects of nitrogen supplementation upon amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis, the TCA cycle and organic acid levels. Control basal nitrogen (58 kg N ha−1). Level 1 50 kg
N ha−1 supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2 100 kg N ha−1 supplement (158 kg N ha−1). Level 3 150 kg N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). Level 4 200 kg N ha−1 supplement (258 kg
N ha−1). LC-MS data is expressed as the internal standard peak ratio, total protein data is expressed as a percentage of dry mass. Replication n3. Error bars represent the standard error Fig. 3 Effects of nitrogen supplementation upon amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis, the TCA cycle and organic acid levels. Control basal nitrogen (58 kg N ha−1). Level 1 50
N ha−1 supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2 100 kg N ha−1 supplement (158 kg N ha−1). Level 3 150 kg N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). Level 4 200 kg N ha−1 supplement (258
N ha−1). LC-MS data is expressed as the internal standard peak ratio, total protein data is expressed as a percentage of dry mass. Replication n3. Error bars represent the standard error Amino acid and protein metabolism 1 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 13 of 19 42 energy demands placed upon the plant in order to assimilate
the high levels of available nitrogen for production of amino
acids and nitrogen containing phospholipids. To gain a fuller
understanding of the impacts of nitrogen supplementation on
oat metabolism, it will be key to perform experiments under
more controlled conditions than provided within a field
study scenario and to perform lipid, amino acid, organic acid
and carbohydrate analyses upon both the developing green
tissues as well as the developing and mature oat grains, and
the final processed oat product. impacts that potassium can have on nitrogen update and
metabolism in oats (Ahanger et al. 2015). The results also
justify the future application of GC-MS analysis of MOX-
TMS derivatives, measurement of total carbohydrates and
potential application of ZicP-HILIC-MS, for the more pre-
cise measurement of TCA intermediates, organic acids and
saccharides, within both developing green and grain tissues,
to allow a more detailed assessment of the coordination
between carbon and nitrogen assimilation pathways, as well
as the impact of potassium, within the entire oat plant. 3.6 Nitrogen supplementation upregulates caffeic
and sinapic acid metabolism, but has negative
impacts on the levels of health beneficial
avenanthramides The predominance of
PCs and PEs may quite simply be due to the fact that they
are purportedly the most represented phospholipid species
within the extraplastidic membranes of plants (Nakamura
2017), however the fact that the majority of the increased
phospholipids possessed nitrogen containing headgroups is
unlikely to be merely coincidental. A number of free fatty
acyls were also observed to increase in abundance as the
nitrogen supplementation level was increased, however a
range of di- and tri-acylglycerols (DGs and TGs), in the
case of certain oat varieties (especially Mascani), revealed
decreased abundance (Fig. 4). It is tempting to hypothesise
that the increased nitrogen level which in turn increases the
synthesis of nitrogen containing phospholipids, is placing
high demands upon the availability of free fatty acyls, which
in turn results in the breakdown of DGs and TGs in order to
liberate further fatty acyls. Given the observation that at the phospholipid species
level that nitrogen supplementation increases their abun-
dance, it would be easy to assume that the same would be
true of the grains total oil content. However, NIR analysis
indicated that at the highest levels of nitrogen supplementa-
tion, the oil content was significantly decreased (Tables 1
and S2; Fig. 4). Phospholipids do not alone represent the
majority of lipid species within plants and it is perhaps the
case that whilst nitrogen supplementation increases the
synthesis of nitrogen containing phospholipids, that the
demands that their synthesis makes on alternative lipid spe-
cies such as TGs and DGs to provide fatty acyl constituents,
actually results in the slight overall decrease of total oil con-
tent. Decreased oil content may also reflect the increased 1 3 42
Page 14 of 19 J. W. Allwood et al. 42
Page 14 of 1 42 J. W. Allwood et al. 3.6 Nitrogen supplementation upregulates caffeic
and sinapic acid metabolism, but has negative
impacts on the levels of health beneficial
avenanthramides 42
Page 14 of 19
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(17:0) (Neg_780)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(17:1) (Neg_672)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(18:1) (Neg_857)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(14:0) (Neg_717)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
LysoPC(20:1); PC(2:0/O-18:1); PC(P-18:0/2:0)
(Neg_890)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
0.00014
0.00016
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Lyso PC(20:2); PC(O-18:2/2:0) (Neg_885)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(O-12:0/0:0); PC(O-6:0/O-6:0) (Neg_652)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
0.00014
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
LysoPC(15:0); LysoPE(18:0); PC(14:0/O-1:0);
PC(7:0/O-8:0) [HCOOH]; LysoPG(18:1) [NH3]
(Neg_718)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
0.00035
0.0004
0.00045
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(18:0); PE(21:0) (Neg_864)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Lyso PE(20:0) (Neg_771)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Dihydroxy octadecenoate (Neg_297)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(15:0); PE(18:0) (Neg_655)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0.00009
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
TG(60:14) (Neg_1709)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
TG(64:16) (Neg_1795)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Percentage Dry Matter
Total Oil Content (NIR)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
Fig. 3.6 Nitrogen supplementation upregulates caffeic
and sinapic acid metabolism, but has negative
impacts on the levels of health beneficial
avenanthramides Error bars rep-
resent the standard error 0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Lyso PE(20:0) (Neg_771) 0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(17:0) (Neg_780)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
0.00014
0.00016
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Lyso PC(20:2); PC(O-18:2/2:0) (Neg_885)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(17:0) (Neg_780)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(17:1) (Neg_672)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis Lyso PC(20:2); PC(O-18:2/2:0) (Neg_885) PC(17:0) (Neg_780) 0.008
0.009
0.01
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Dihydroxy octadecenoate (Neg_297)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(O-12:0/0:0); PC(O-6:0/O-6:0) (Neg_652)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(17:1) (Neg_672)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(17:1) (Neg_672) Dihydroxy octadecenoate (Neg_297) 0
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0.00009
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
TG(60:14) (Neg_1709)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(15:0); PE(18:0) (Neg_655)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(18:1) (Neg_857) PC(15:0); PE(18:0) (Neg_655) 0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
TG(64:16) (Neg_1795)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Percentage Dry Matter
Total Oil Content (NIR)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
0.00014
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
LysoPC(15:0); LysoPE(18:0); PC(14:0/O-1:0);
PC(7:0/O-8:0) [HCOOH]; LysoPG(18:1) [NH3]
(Neg_718)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
0.00035
0.0004
0.00045
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(18:0); PE(21:0) (Neg_864)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
0.00035
0.0004
0.00045
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(18:0); PE(21:0) (Neg_864) 0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(14:0) (Neg_717) 0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Internal Standard Response Ratio
TG(64:16) (Neg_1795) PC(18:0); PE(21:0) (Neg_864) 0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
PC(14:0) (Neg_717)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
LysoPC(20:1); PC(2:0/O-18:1); PC(P-18:0/2:0)
(Neg_890)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Percentage Dry Matter
Total Oil Content (NIR)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
0.00014
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
LysoPC(15:0); LysoPE(18:0); PC(14:0/O-1:0);
PC(7:0/O-8:0) [HCOOH]; LysoPG(18:1) [NH3]
(Neg_718)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis 0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
LysoPC(20:1); PC(2:0/O-18:1); PC(P-18:0/2:0)
(Neg_890)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis LysoPC(20:1); PC(2:0/O-18:1); PC(P-18:0/2:0)
(Neg_890) 14
LysoPC(15:0); LysoPE(18:0); PC(14:0/O-1:0);
PC(7:0/O-8:0) [HCOOH]; LysoPG(18:1) [NH3]
(Neg_718) Total Oil Content (NIR) Total Oil Content (NIR) Level 4 200 kg N ha−1 supplement (258 kg N ha−1). 3.6 Nitrogen supplementation upregulates caffeic
and sinapic acid metabolism, but has negative
impacts on the levels of health beneficial
avenanthramides 4 Effects of nitrogen supplementation upon lipid metabo-
lism. Control basal nitrogen (58 kg N ha−1). Level 1 50 kg N ha−1
supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2 100 kg N ha−1 supplement
(158 kg N ha−1). Level 3 150 kg N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). Level 4 200 kg N ha−1 supplement (258 kg N ha−1). LC-MS data
is expressed as the internal standard peak ratio, total protein data is
expressed as a percentage of dry mass. Replication n3. 3.6 Nitrogen supplementation upregulates caffeic
and sinapic acid metabolism, but has negative
impacts on the levels of health beneficial
avenanthramides LC-MS data
is expressed as the internal standard peak ratio, total protein data is
expressed as a percentage of dry mass. Replication n3. Error bars rep-
resent the standard error Fig. 4 Effects of nitrogen supplementation upon lipid metabo-
lism. Control basal nitrogen (58 kg N ha−1). Level 1 50 kg N ha−1
supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2 100 kg N ha−1 supplement
(158 kg N ha−1). Level 3 150 kg N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). 1 3 3 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 15 of 19
42 Page 15 of 19
42 42 0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Avenanthramide A (Neg_261)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Avenanthramide B (Neg_332)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Avenanthramide 2S (Neg_405)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Avenanthramide C (Neg_300)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Sinapoyl-Glucose I (Neg_554)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.000005
0.00001
0.000015
0.00002
0.000025
0.00003
0.000035
0.00004
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Bis-Sinapoyl-Glucose (Pos_2371)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Caffeic acid (Neg_124)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
Control
Nitrogen 1
Nitrogen 2
Nitrogen 3
Nitrogen 4
Internal Standard Response Ratio
Caffeoyl Putrescine (Pos_798)
Balado
Gerald
Mascani
Tardis
Fig. 5 Effects of nitrogen supplementation upon phenolics metabolism. Control basal nitrogen (58 kg N ha−1). Level 1 50 kg N ha−1 supplement (108 kg N ha−1). Level 2 100 kg N ha−1 supple-
ment (158 kg N ha−1). Level 3 150 kg N ha−1 supplement (208 kg N ha−1). Level 4 200 kg N ha−1 supplement (258 kg N ha−1). 4 Concluding remarks The UHPLC-PDA-MS approach developed within this study
has provided a rapid, sub 15 min per sample, metabolite
profiling method that is repeatable and appropriate for the
screening of large numbers of cereal derived grain sam-
ples. The method has been shown to be capable of captur-
ing a wide range of compounds in oat, inclusive of primary
metabolites such as the amino acids, organic acids, vitamins
and lipids, as well as a number of key secondary metabolites,
including the health beneficial phenolics such as the ave-
nanthramides, caffeic acid, sinapic acid and its derivatives. A number of interesting insights have been gained from
the study, from the more predictable changes in primary
metabolism such as those observed to impact upon amino
and organic acids, as well as the TCA cycle, through to the
remodulation of lipid metabolism, being directed towards
the increased production of nitrogen containing phospho-
lipids. A number of both positive (increased levels of caf-
feic acid, sinapic acid and derivatives) and negative impacts
(reduced levels of avenanthramides) on the metabolism of
phenolic compounds that have influence upon the nutritional
value of oats were also observed. This study has revealed
that in addition to the significant enhancement of grain yield
and kernel content observed with increased nitrogen applica-
tion, that there are a number of metabolic consequences, that
vary between oat variety, for a wide range of metabolites that
may impact on the nutritional quality of the grain. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank and acknowledge
the support of this work by the BBSRC funded project, Developing
enhanced breeding methodologies for oats for human health and nutri-
tion (BBSRC Grant No. BB/M000869/1). CH and PMM would also
like to thank and acknowledge support of this work from the AHDB
Project No. 2114002. JWA and DS acknowledge support from the
Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical
Services. Author contributions JWA was the lead author of this research article. AC, PMM and CH performed biological experimental design, sample
generation, phenotypic assays, grain quality determintation and results
interpretation. JWA designed and performed the analytical experi-
ments, data processing, metabolite annotation, PCA-X, presentation
and interpretation of results. JWA and CH undertook the manuscript
preparation. YZ performed ASCA-PCA, PLS and univariate statistical
analyses. RP assisted JWA in sample preparation for metabolite profil-
ing. DS, RG, AM and CH provided project management, critical review
and guidance to the lead author. 3.6 Nitrogen supplementation upregulates caffeic
and sinapic acid metabolism, but has negative
impacts on the levels of health beneficial
avenanthramides LC-MS data is expressed as the internal standard peak ratio, total
protein data is expressed as a percentage of dry mass. Replication n3. Error bars represent the standard error Sinapoyl-Glucose I (Neg_554) Avenanthramide 2S (Neg_405) Avenanthramide A (Neg_261) 1 3 J. W. Allwood et al. 42
Page 16 of 19 42 of lipids. Since amino acid metabolism is such a key area
of importance in the study of nitrogen metabolism, it will
also be of importance to subject samples to targeted meth-
ods for their precise quantification in the future. technologies, to reveal greater insight of carbon and nitrogen
metabolism balance, as well as resource partitioning into
lipid and secondary metabolism. i
In the future, it will also be fascinating to perform more
controlled experimentation with sampling of green tissues,
as well as oat grains, throughout the development of the
plant and grain, to reveal greater insight of carbon and nitro-
gen metabolism balance, the effect of enhancing the applica-
tion rates of other nutrients such as phosphate, and tracking
resource partitioning into lipid and secondary metabolism. Controlled studies across multiple tissue types will be key
to our future understanding of nitrogen metabolism in cere-
als, such studies are currently extremely limited in oats and
are even restricted for the more commonly studied cereals
such as wheat. Controlled studies across multiple cereals i.e. both wheat and oats, will be of benefit though since com-
mon results between both cereals can be drawn upon further,
especially in the context of the significance of previous data
collected only in wheat. Such controlled studies in oats could
also finally tie down the relationship between soil nitrogen
addition, variety and grain β-glucan level, which remains
elusive or according to the existing reports, contradictory. 4 Concluding remarks DS, AM and CH were the BBBSRC
project instigators. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. y
p
q
y
g
Although the UHPLC-PDA-MS method has broad
applicability as a rapid screening method or a rapid
metabolite profiling method that provides greater resolu-
tion than the simple application of Direct or Flow Infusion
(DI/FI) accurate mass MS, it still must be considered that
much greater confidence in metabolite identification, as
well as quantitative precision, will be gained by the appli-
cation of higher resolution chromatography methods in
conjunction with accurate mass MS and MSn approaches. It is proposed that in follow up studies that oats will be
grown in multiple locations as well as multiple growth
seasons, effectively providing a cross validation for the
results obtained within this preliminary study. The oats
will be subjected to methanol-chloroform-water extrac-
tion procedures, thus providing a polar phase extract that
will be subjected to MOX-TMS derivatisation and GC-MS
analysis, as well as higher resolution C18 reverse phase
LC-MS of phenolics and ZicP HILIC-MS of sugars and
organic acids, and a non-polar phase extract that will be
subjected to higher resolution C18 reverse phase LC-MS Data availability Metabolomics data have been deposited to the
EMBL-EBI MetaboLights database (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/
gks1004. PubMed PMID: 23109552) with the identifier MTBLS804. The complete dataset can be accessed here https://www.ebi.ac.uk/
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tive Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativeco
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tion, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the
Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Crea-
tive Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativeco
mmons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribu-
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ling aspects underpinning the regulation of plant carbon nitrogen
interactions. Molecular Plant, 3, 973–996. Peltonen-Sainio, P., & Peltonen, J. (1995). Floret set and abortion in oat
and wheat under high and low nitrogen regimes. European Journal
of Agronomy, 4, 253–262. Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T., & Konzak, C. F. (1974). Decimal code for
growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14, 415–421. 1 3 Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen… Page 19 of 19 42 Zhou, X., Jellen, E. N., & Murphy, J. P. (1999). Progenitor germplasm
of domesticated hexaploid oat. Crop Science, 39(4), 1208–1214. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Zhou, X., Jellen, E. N., & Murphy, J. P. (1999). Progenitor germplasm
of domesticated hexaploid oat. Crop Science, 39(4), 1208–1214. Zwanenburg, G., Hoefsloot, H. C. J., Westerhuis, J. A., Jansen, J. J., &
Smilde, A. K. (2011). ANOVA-principal component analysis and
ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis: A comparison. Journal
of Chemometrics, 25, 561–567. J. William Allwood1 · Yun Xu2,3 · Pilar Martinez‑Martin4 · Raphaёlle Palau1 · Alexander Cowan4 ·
Royston Goodacre2,3 · Athole Marshall4 · Derek Stewart1,5 · Catherine Howarth4 J. William Allwood1 · Yun Xu2,3 · Pilar Martinez‑Martin4 · Raphaёlle Palau1 · Alexande
Royston Goodacre2,3 · Athole Marshall4 · Derek Stewart1,5 · Catherine Howarth4 4
Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences
(IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan,
Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EE, UK * J. William Allwood
will.allwood@hutton.ac.uk will.allwood@hutton.ac.uk
1
Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton
Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
2
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street,
Manchester M1 7DN, UK
3
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology,
University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street,
Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK 1
Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton
Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK 5
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute
of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK 2
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street,
Manchester M1 7DN, UK 3
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology,
University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street,
Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK 1 3
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Para determinar si se cumplen las condiciones de aplicación de los métodos descritos en las letras a) y b), no se tendrán en cuenta las pérdidas. Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el artículo 862, se entenderá por «pérdidas», la parte de las mercancías de importación o exportación temporal que se destruye o desaparece durante la operación de perfeccionamiento, en particular por evaporación, desecación, escape en forma de gas o salida en el agua de enjuague. En el marco del régimen de perfeccionamiento pasivo, se asimilarán a las pérdidas los productos compensadores secundarios que constituyan desperdicios, restos, residuos, recortes y desechos.
3. El método de la clave de valor se aplicará cuando el método de la clave cuantitativa no sea aplicable.
La cantidad estimada de las mercancías de importación o de las mercancías de exportación temporal presente en la cantidad de un producto compensador determinado por la que se origine una deuda aduanera será proporcional:
a) al valor de esa clase particular de productos compensadores, independientemente de que den lugar o no al nacimiento de una deuda aduanera, expresado en términos de porcentaje del valor total de todos los productos compensadores, y
b) al valor de los productos compensadores que den lugar al nacimiento de una deuda aduanera, expresado en términos de porcentaje del valor total de los productos compensadores de la misma clase.
El valor de cada uno de los diferentes productos compensadores que se tomará en consideración para aplicar la clave de valor se determina sobre la base del precio franco fábrica reciente en la Comunidad o del precio de venta reciente en la Comunidad de productos idénticos o similares, siempre que no estén influidos por una vinculación entre el comprador y el vendedor.
4. Cuando no pueda determinarse el valor de esta manera, se hará utilizando cualquier método razonable.
Subsección 5
Intereses compensatorios
Artículo 519
1. En caso de nacimiento de una deuda aduanera en relación con los productos compensadores o con las mercancías de importación incluidas en el régimen de perfeccionamiento activo o de importación temporal, se devengarán intereses compensatorios sobre el importe de los derechos de importación del período de que se trate.
2. Serán de aplicación los tipos de interés a tres meses del mercado monetario publicados en el anexo estadístico del Boletín mensual del Banco Central Europeo.
El tipo que deberá aplicarse será el vigente dos meses antes del mes en el que se hubiera originado la deuda aduanera y para el Estado miembro en el que tuviera o debiera haber tenido lugar la primera operación o utilización con arreglo a la autorización correspondiente.
3. Los intereses se aplicarán por mes natural contado a partir del primer día del mes siguiente a aquél en curso del cual se incluyeran por primera vez en el régimen las mercancías de importación que originaron la deuda aduanera. El plazo expirará el último día del mes en el que se originó la deuda aduanera.
En el caso del régimen de perfeccionamiento activo (sistema de reintegro), cuando se solicite el despacho a libre práctica de conformidad con el apartado 4 del artículo 128 del Código, el período se iniciará a partir del primer día del mes siguiente a aquél en que los derechos de importación fueran devueltos o condonados.
4. Los apartados 1, 2 y 3 no se aplicarán:
a) cuando el período que deba ser tenido en cuenta sea inferior a un mes;
b) cuando el importe de los intereses compensatorios aplicables no supere 20 euros por cada caso de nacimiento de una deuda aduanera;
c) en caso de nacimiento de una deuda aduanera con el fin de que sea posible la concesión de un tratamiento arancelario preferencial previsto en el marco de un acuerdo celebrado entre la Comunidad y un tercer país relativo a la importación en éste último;
d) en caso de despacho a libre práctica de desperdicios o de restos resultantes de una destrucción;
e) en caso de despacho a libre práctica de los productos compensadores secundarios enumerados en el anexo 75, en la medida en que correspondan proporcionalmente a las cantidades exportadas de los productos compensadores principales;
f) en caso de nacimiento de una deuda aduanera como consecuencia de un despacho a libre práctica de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el apartado 4 del artículo 128 del Código, siempre que los derechos de importación no hayan sido efectivamente devueltos o condonados;
g) cuando el titular solicite el despacho a libre práctica y demuestre la existencia de circunstancias especiales, que no impliquen negligencia o maniobra por su parte, y que hagan que sea imposible o inviable económicamente efectuar la reexportación proyectada en las condiciones que había previsto y justificado debidamente al presentar la solicitud de autorización;
h) en caso de nacimiento de una deuda aduanera y al nivel la garantía constituida por un depósito en efectivo en relación con esa deuda;
i) en caso de nacimiento de una deuda aduanera en los términos previstos en la letra b) del apartado 1 del artículo 201 del Código o en relación con el despacho a libre práctica de mercancías incluidas previamente en el régimen de importación temporal en aplicación de los artículos 556 a 561, 563, 565, 568, la letra b) del artículo 573 y el artículo 576 del presente Reglamento.
5. Cuando se trate de operaciones de perfeccionamiento activo en las que el número de mercancías de importación y/o de productos compensadores y/o de ambas cosas a la vez, haga económicamente inviable la aplicación de las disposiciones de los apartados 2 y 3, las autoridades aduaneras podrán, a instancia del interesado, permitir la utilización de métodos simplificados de cálculo de los intereses compensatorios que produzcan resultados similares.
Subsección 6
Ultimación
Artículo 520
1. Cuando las mercancías de importación o de exportación temporal hayan sido incluidas en virtud de una misma autorización pero sobre la base de dos o más declaraciones:
— en el caso de un régimen suspensivo, se considerará que la asignación de un nuevo destino aduanero a las mercancías o productos en cuestión ultimará el régimen para las mercancías de importación incluidas en el mismo al amparo de la declaración de mayor antigüedad,
— en los regímenes de perfeccionamiento activo (sistema de reintegro) o de perfeccionamiento pasivo, se considerará que los productos compensadores han sido obtenidos respectivamente a partir de las mercancías de importación o de exportación temporal incluidas en el régimen al amparo de las declaraciones de mayor antigüedad.
La aplicación del párrafo primero no implicará ventajas injustificadas en materia de derechos de importación.
El titular podrá solicitar que la ultimación se establezca en relación con las mercancías de importación o de exportación específicas.
2. Cuando las mercancías incluidas en un régimen se encuentren depositadas en el mismo lugar que otras mercancías y se dé un caso de destrucción total o de pérdida irremediable, las autoridades aduaneras podrán aceptar la prueba, presentada por el titular de la autorización, de la cantidad real de las mercancías incluidas en el régimen que hubiera resultado destruida o perdida. Cuando al titular no le sea posible aportar dicha prueba, se determinará la parte de las mercancías destruida o perdida tomando como referencia la proporción de las mercancías de la misma clase incluidas en el régimen en el momento en que se produjera dicha destrucción o pérdida.
Artículo 521
1. Independientemente de la aplicación o no de la globalización prevista en el segundo párrafo del apartado 2 del artículo 118 del Código y, a más tardar, en la fecha de expiración del plazo de ultimación:
— en el caso de perfeccionamiento activo (sistema de suspensión) y de la transformación bajo control aduanero, el estado de liquidación deberá presentarse en la aduana de control en el plazo de treinta días,
— en el caso de perfeccionamiento activo (sistema de reintegro), la solicitud de devolución o de condonación de los derechos de importación deberá presentarse en la aduana de control en el plazo de seis meses.
Cuando circunstancias especiales lo justifiquen, las autoridades aduaneras podrán conceder una prórroga del plazo incluso después de la expiración del mismo.
2. La solicitud de reembolso o el estado de liquidación deberán incluir las siguientes indicaciones, salvo que la aduana de control disponga otra cosa:
a) la referencia a la autorización;
b) la cantidad por clase de las mercancías de importación para las que se solicite la ultimación, la devolución o la condonación, o de las mercancías de importación incluidas en el régimen en el marco del sistema de tráfico triangular;
c) el código de la nomenclatura combinada de las mercancías de importación;
d) el tipo de los derechos de importación a los que están sometidos las mercancías de importación y, cuando proceda, su valor en aduana;
e) la referencia a las declaraciones al amparo de las cuales se hayan incluido en el régimen las mercancías de importación;
f) la naturaleza y cantidad de los productos compensadores o transformados o de las mercancías sin perfeccionar, y el destino aduanero que se les haya asignado, incluida la referencia a las declaraciones, otros documentos aduaneros o cualquier otro documento relativo a la ultimación y a los plazos de ultimación correspondientes;
g) el valor de los productos compensadores o transformados, cuando la ultimación se efectúe aplicando la clave de valor;
h) el coeficiente de rendimiento;
i) el importe de los derechos de importación que hubieran de ser pagados, devueltos o condonados y, en su caso, el importe de los intereses compensatorios a satisfacer. Cuando el importe resulte de la aplicación del artículo 546, se hará constar esta circunstancia;
j) en el caso del régimen de transformación bajo control aduanero, el código de la nomenclatura combinada de los productos transformados y los elementos necesarios para la determinación del valor en aduana.
3. La aduana de control podrá establecer el estado de liquidación.
Sección 7
Cooperación administrativa
Artículo 522
Las autoridades aduaneras comunicarán la siguiente información a la Comisión en los casos, plazos y forma establecidos en el anexo 70:
a) para el perfeccionamiento activo y la transformación bajo control aduanero:
i) las autorizaciones expedidas,
ii) las solicitudes denegadas o las autorizaciones anuladas o revocadas en razón del incumplimiento de las condiciones económicas;
b) para el perfeccionamiento pasivo:
i) las autorizaciones expedidas con arreglo al apartado 2 del artículo 147 del Código,
ii) las solicitudes denegadas o las autorizaciones anuladas o revocadas en razón del incumplimiento de las condiciones económicas.
La Comisión pondrá estas informaciones a la disposición de las administraciones aduaneras.
Artículo 523
A fin de facilitar la información pertinente a las demás aduanas implicadas en la aplicación del régimen, se podrán expedir, a instancia de la persona interesada o a iniciativa de las autoridades aduaneras, los boletines de información contemplados en el anexo 71 enumerados a continuación, salvo que las autoridades aduaneras acuerden la utilización de otros medios de intercambio de información:
a) con respecto al depósito aduanero, el boletín de información INF 8, para la comunicación de los elementos de cálculo de la deuda aduanera aplicables a las mercancías antes de que se hayan efectuado las manipulaciones usuales;
b) con respecto al perfeccionamiento activo:
i) el boletín de información INF 1, para la comunicación de la información relativa a los importes correspondientes a los derechos, los intereses compensatorios, la garantía y a las medidas de política comercial;
ii) el boletín de información INF 9, para la comunicación de la información relativa a los productos compensadores a los que se vaya a asignar otro destino aduanero autorizado en tráfico triangular;
iii) el boletín the información INF 5, para la comunicación, con vistas a obtener la exención de derechos aplicables a las mercancías de importación, de la información relativa a las operaciones de exportación anticipada en el marco del tráfico triangular;
iv) el boletín de información INF 7, para la comunicación de la información que permita la devolución o la condonación de derechos en el marco del sistema de reintegro;
c) con respecto a la importación temporal, el boletín de información INF 6, para la comunicación de los elementos de cálculo de la deuda aduanera o de los importes de los derechos ya percibidos relativos a mercancías que hayan sido transferidas;
d) con respecto al perfeccionamiento pasivo, el boletín de información INF 2, para la comunicación, con vistas a obtener la exención total o parcial de derechos aplicables a los productos compensadores, de la información relativa a las mercancías de exportación temporal en el marco de tráfico triangular: boletín de información INF 2.
CAPÍTULO 2
Depósito aduanero
Sección 1
Disposiciones generales
Artículo 524
A los efectos del presente capítulo y en referencia a los productos agrícolas, se entenderá por «mercancías con financiación anticipada»: las mercancías comunitarias destinadas a ser exportadas sin perfeccionar beneficiándose de un pago por anticipado de un importe igual a la restitución a la exportación antes de dicha exportación, cuando ese pago esté previsto en el Reglamento (CEE) no 565/80 del Consejo (
17
).
Artículo 525
1. Cuando se trate de un depósito aduanero público se aplicará la clasificación siguiente:
a) tipo A, si la responsabilidad recae sobre el depositario;
b) tipo B, si la responsabilidad recae sobre el depositante;
►C9
c) tipo F, ◄ si su gestión es responsabilidad de las autoridades aduaneras.
2. Cuando se trate de un depósito aduanero privado bajo la responsabilidad del depositario, que se identifica con el depositante sin ser necesariamente propietario de las mercancías se aplicará la clasificación siguiente:
a) tipo D, en los casos en que el despacho a libre práctica se efectúe con arreglo al procedimiento de domiciliación y pueda ser concedido sobre la base de la especie, el valor en aduana y la cantidad de las mercancías considerados en el momento de su inclusión en el régimen;
b) tipo E, en los casos de aplicación del régimen, aunque las mercancías no deban necesariamente ser almacenadas en un lugar autorizado como depósito aduanero;
c) tipo C, en los casos en que no sea de aplicación ninguna de las situaciones particulares enumeradas en los guiones precedentes.
3. Las autorizaciones de depósito de tipo E podrán prever el recurso a los procedimientos aplicables al depósito de tipo D.
Sección 2
Condiciones adicionales relativas a la concesión de la autorización
Artículo 526
1. Cuando concedan la autorización, las autoridades aduaneras designarán los locales o cualquier otro emplazamiento delimitado que puedan ser autorizados como depósitos aduaneros de los tipos A, B, C o D. Asimismo, las autoridades aduaneras podrán autorizar la utilización de almacenes de depósito temporal como depósito de uno de los tipos anteriores o gestionarlos como un depósito de tipo F.
2. No podrá aceptarse que en un mismo emplazamiento existan al mismo tiempo dos o más depósitos aduaneros.
3. Cuando las mercancías supongan algún peligro, puedan alterar las demás mercancías o, por otras razones, precisen instalaciones especiales, la autorización deberá establecer que su almacenamiento sólo podrá realizarse en locales especialmente equipados para recibirlas.
4. Los depósitos de los tipos A, C, D y E podrán ser autorizados como depósito de avituallamiento de conformidad con el artículo 40 del Reglamento (CE) no 800/1999 de la Comisión (
18
).
5. Las autorizaciones únicas sólo podrán ser concedidas en relación con depósitos aduaneros privados.
Artículo 527
1. Únicamente podrá concederse la autorización cuando las manipulaciones usuales previstas, las operaciones de perfeccionamiento activo o las operaciones de transformación bajo control aduanero de las mercancías no predominen sobre la actividad de almacenamiento.
2. No se concederá la autorización cuando los locales de un depósito aduanero o las instalaciones de almacenamiento se utilicen para la venta al por menor.
No obstante, se podrá conceder la autorización cuando las mercancías sean vendidas al por menor con exención de derechos de importación:
a) a viajeros con destino a terceros países;
b) en el marco de acuerdos diplomáticos o consulares;
c) a miembros de organizaciones internacionales o a fuerzas de la OTAN.
3. A efectos de lo dispuesto en el segundo guión del artículo 86 del Código, cuando las autoridades aduaneras examinen si los costes administrativos derivados del régimen de depósito aduanero son o no desproporcionados respecto de las necesidades económicas correspondientes, tendrán en cuenta, entre otras cosas, el tipo de depósito y los procedimientos que puedan aplicarse.
Sección 3
Contabilidad de existencias
Artículo 528
1. En los depósitos de los tipos A, C, D y E, el depositario es la persona designada para llevar la contabilidad de existencias.
2. En los depósitos de tipo F, la aduana que gestiona el depósito llevará la contabilidad aduanera en sustitución de la contabilidad de existencias.
3. En los depósitos de tipo B, la aduana de control conservará las declaraciones de inclusión en el régimen en sustitución de la contabilidad de existencias.
Artículo 529
1. La contabilidad de existencias deberá reflejar en todo momento el estado de las existencias de mercancías incluidas en el régimen de depósito aduanero. El depositario deberá presentar a la aduana de control, en los plazos fijados por las autoridades aduaneras, una relación de las existencias.
2. En caso de aplicación del apartado 2 del artículo 112 del Código, en la contabilidad de existencias deberá constar el valor en aduana de las mercancías antes de someterse a las manipulaciones usuales.
3. La contabilidad de existencias deberá reflejar las informaciones relativas a la retirada temporal y al almacenamiento conjunto de mercancías de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el apartado 2 del artículo 534.
Artículo 530
1. Cuando las mercancías se incluyan en el régimen de depósito de tipo E, la inscripción en la contabilidad de existencias se efectuará en el momento de su llegada a las instalaciones de almacenamiento del titular.
2. Cuando el depósito aduanero se utilice al mismo tiempo como almacén de depósito temporal, la inscripción en la contabilidad de existencias se efectuará en el momento de la aceptación de la declaración de inclusión en el régimen.
3. Las inscripciones en la contabilidad de existencias de las indicaciones relativas a la ultimación del régimen se realizarán, a más tardar, en el momento de la salida de las mercancías del depósito aduanero o de las instalaciones de almacenamiento del titular.
Sección 4
Otras disposiciones aplicables al funcionamiento del régimen
Artículo 531
Las mercancías no comunitarias podrán ser sometidas a las manipulaciones usuales enumeradas en el anexo 72.
Artículo 532
Las mercancías podrán ser retiradas temporalmente por un período máximo de tres meses. Cuando lo justifiquen las circunstancias, dicho plazo podrá ser prorrogado.
Artículo 533
La autorización para realizar manipulaciones usuales o para la retirada temporal de las mercancías de un depósito aduanero se solicitará por escrito, caso por caso, a la aduana de control. En la solicitud deberán indicarse todos los elementos necesarios para la aplicación del régimen.
Estas autorizaciones específicas pueden también otorgarse en el marco de la autorización del depósito aduanero. En este caso, la aduana de control deberá ser informada, en la forma en que ésta determine, cuando se vayan a realizar tales manipulaciones o cuando tenga lugar una retirada temporal de las mercancías.
Artículo 534
1. Cuando se almacenen mercancías comunitarias en los locales de un depósito aduanero o en las instalaciones de almacenamiento utilizadas para las mercancías incluidas en el régimen, se podrán prever modalidades específicas para la identificación de dichas mercancías, en particular para poder distinguirlas de las mercancías incluidas en el régimen de depósito aduanero y almacenadas en el mismo local.
2. Las autoridades aduaneras podrán permitir el almacenamiento conjunto cuando sea imposible identificar en cualquier momento el estatuto aduanero de cada mercancía. Esta facilidad no podrá concederse a las mercancías con financiación anticipada.
Las mercancías almacenadas conjuntamente estarán incluidas en el mismo código de ocho cifras de la nomenclatura combinada, presentarán la misma calidad comercial y poseerán las mismas características técnicas.
3. A los efectos de su declaración para un destino aduanero, las mercancías almacenadas conjuntamente, así como, en circunstancias particulares, las mercancías que son identificables y que satisfacen las condiciones del segundo párrafo del apartado 2, podrán ser consideradas bien como mercancías comunitarias o bien como mercancías no comunitarias.
La aplicación del párrafo primero, no obstante, no podrá dar lugar a que se asigne un estatuto aduanero determinado a una cantidad de mercancías superior a la de aquellas mercancías que tengan efectivamente ese estatuto y se encuentren realmente en el depósito aduanero o en las instalaciones de almacenamiento en el momento de la salida de las mercancías declaradas para un destino aduanero.
Artículo 535
1. Cuando se efectúen operaciones de perfeccionamiento activo o de transformación bajo control aduanero en los locales de un depósito aduanero o en las instalaciones de almacenamiento, las disposiciones del artículo 534 se aplicarán mutatis mutandis a las mercancías incluidas en esos regímenes.
Sin embargo, cuando se trate de operaciones de perfeccionamiento activo sin recurso a la equivalencia o de operaciones de transformación bajo control aduanero, las disposiciones del artículo 534 relativas al almacenamiento conjunto de las mercancías no serán aplicables a las mercancías comunitarias.
2. Las inscripciones en los libros de «perfeccionamiento activo» y en los «libros de transformación bajo control aduanero» deberán permitir a las autoridades aduaneras comprobar en cualquier momento la situación exacta de todas las mercancías o productos que se encuentren incluidos en uno de los regímenes considerados.
CAPÍTULO 3
Perfeccionamiento activo
Sección 1
Disposición general
Artículo 536
A los efectos del presente capítulo, se entenderá por:
a)
«Exportación anticipada» : el sistema según el cual los productos compensadores obtenidos a partir de las mercancías equivalentes son exportados previamente a la inclusión de las mercancías de importación en el régimen, utilizando el sistema de suspensión.
b)
«Trabajo sin suministro de material» : cualquier operación de perfeccionamiento de las mercancías de importación puestas a disposición del titular directa o indirectamente, realizada de acuerdo con lo estipulado, por cuenta de un comitente establecido en un tercer país y, en general, contra el pago únicamente de los costes de perfeccionamiento.
Sección 2
Condiciones adicionales relativas a la concesión de la autorización
Artículo 537
La autorización sólo se concederá cuando el solicitante tenga la intención de reexportar o de exportar los productos compensadores principales.
Artículo 538
Asimismo, podrá concederse la autorización para las mercancías contempladas en el cuarto guión de la letra c) del apartado 2 del artículo 114 del Código, con excepción de:
a) los combustibles y fuentes de energía distintos de los necesarios para la prueba de productos compensadores o la detección de defectos de las mercancías de importación que se deban reparar;
b) los lubricantes distintos de los necesarios para la prueba, ajuste o vaciado de productos compensadores;
c) los materiales y herramientas.
Artículo 539
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1. Las condiciones económicas ◄ se considerarán cumplidas excepto en el caso de que la solicitud se refiera a las mercancías de importación contempladas en el anexo 73.
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2. No obstante, las condiciones económicas ◄ también se considerarán cumplidas cuando la solicitud se refiera a las mercancías de importación contempladas en el anexo 73 en la medida en que:
a) la solicitud se refiera a:
i) operaciones relativas a mercancías desprovistas de carácter comercial,
ii) ejecución de un contrato de trabajo sin suministro de material,
iii) la transformación de los productos compensadores obtenidos como resultado de una operación de perfeccionamiento en el marco de una autorización anterior para cuya concesión se hubiera llevado a cabo un examen de las condiciones económicas,
iv) las manipulaciones usuales contempladas en el artículo 531,
v) la reparación,
vi) las operaciones de transformación del trigo duro clasificado en el código NC 1001 10 00, en pastas alimenticias clasificadas en los códigos NC 1902 11 00 y 1902 19; o
b) el valor global de las mercancías de importación por solicitante, año natural y código de ocho cifras de la nomenclatura combinada no sea superior a 150 000 euros, o
c) de conformidad con el artículo 11 del Reglamento (CE) no 3448/93 del Consejo (
19
), cuando se trate de mercancías de importación contempladas en la parte A del anexo 73 y el solicitante presente un documento expedido por una autoridad competente, que permita la inclusión en el régimen de dichas mercancías en la cantidad limitada determinada en virtud del balance de suministro estimativo.
Artículo 540
La autorización indicará los medios y métodos de identificación de las mercancías de importación en los productos compensadores y fijará las condiciones para la buena marcha de las operaciones en las que se utilicen mercancías equivalentes.
Tales condiciones y métodos de identificación podrán incluir el examen de los documentos contables.
Sección 3
Disposiciones aplicables al funcionamiento del régimen
Artículo 541
1. La autorización indicará si se pueden utilizar en las operaciones de perfeccionamiento las mercancías equivalentes contempladas en la letra e) del apartado 2 del artículo 114 del Código que se clasifiquen en el mismo código de 8 cifras de la nomenclatura combinada, tengan la misma calidad comercial y las mismas características técnicas que las mercancías de importación, y determinará las condiciones de esa utilización.
2. Se podrá admitir que las mercancías equivalentes se encuentren en una fase de fabricación más avanzada que las mercancías de importación siempre que, salvo en casos excepcionales, la parte esencial de la operación de perfeccionamiento de esas mercancías equivalentes se lleve a cabo en la empresa del titular o en aquélla en que dicha operación se efectúe por cuenta de éste.
3. Las disposiciones particulares establecidas en el anexo 74 se aplicarán a las mercancías mencionadas en él.
Artículo 542
1. La autorización indicará el plazo de ultimación. Cuando lo justifiquen las circunstancias, dicho plazo podrá prorrogarse, incluso después de la expiración del plazo inicialmente concedido.
2. Cuando el plazo de ultimación expire en una fecha determinada para el conjunto de las mercancías incluidas en el régimen en un período determinado, la autorización podrá prever que el plazo de ultimación sea automáticamente prorrogado para la totalidad de las mercancías que todavía se encuentren incluidas en el régimen en dicha fecha. No obstante, las autoridades aduaneras podrán exigir que se asigne a esas mercancías un nuevo destino aduanero en un plazo fijado por ellas.
3. Con independencia de que se recurra o no a la globalización y de que se aplique el apartado 2, el plazo de ultimación de los siguientes productos compensadores o las mercancías sin perfeccionar no podrá ser superior a:
a) cuatro meses en el caso de la leche y los productos lácteos mencionados en el apartado 1 del artículo 1 del Reglamento (CE) no 1255/1999;
b) dos meses en el caso de los animales para sacrificio (sin engorde) mencionados en el capítulo primero de la nomenclatura combinada;
c) tres meses en el caso de los animales de engorde (incluido un eventual sacrificio) clasificados en los códigos NC 0104 y 0105;
d) seis meses en el caso de los demás animales de engorde (incluido un eventual sacrificio) mencionados en el capítulo primero de la nomenclatura combinada;
e) seis meses en el caso de la transformación de carnes;
f) seis meses en el caso de la transformación de otros productos agrícolas que se puedan beneficiar de un pago anticipado de las restituciones a la exportación a las que se refiere el artículo 1 del Reglamento (CEE) no 565/80 y sean transformados en los productos o mercancías a los que se refieren las letras b) o c) del artículo 2 de dicho Reglamento.
Cuando las operaciones de perfeccionamiento se efectúen sucesivamente o circunstancias excepcionales así lo justifiquen, los plazos podrán ser prorrogados previa solicitud, sin que su duración total pueda ser superior a doce meses.
Artículo 543
1. En caso de exportación anticipada, la autorización indicará el plazo durante el cual las mercancías no comunitarias deberán ser declaradas para el régimen, teniendo en cuenta el tiempo necesario para el abastecimiento y el transporte a la Comunidad.
2. El plazo contemplado en el apartado 1 no podrá ser superior a:
a) tres meses para las mercancías sometidas a una organización común de mercado;
b) seis meses para las demás mercancías.
Sin embargo, este plazo de seis meses podrá prorrogarse a petición, debidamente justificada, del titular, sin que su duración total pueda ser superior a doce meses. Cuando lo requieran las circunstancias, se podrá conceder la prórroga incluso después de la expiración del plazo inicialmente concedido.
Artículo 544
A efectos de ultimación del régimen o de la solicitud de reembolso de los derechos de importación, se asimilarán a una reexportación o exportación:
a) el suministro de productos compensadores a personas que puedan beneficiarse de las franquicias de derechos de importación derivadas bien de la aplicación del Convenio de Viena de 18 de abril de 1961 sobre las relaciones diplomáticas, bien del Convenio de Viena de 24 de abril de 1963 sobre las relaciones consulares o de otros convenios consulares, bien del Convenio de Nueva York de 16 de diciembre de 1969 sobre las misiones especiales;
b) el suministro de productos compensadores a las fuerzas armadas de otros países estacionadas en el territorio de un Estado miembro, cuando dicho Estado miembro les conceda una franquicia especial de derechos de importación de conformidad con el artículo 136 del Reglamento (CEE) no 918/83;
c) el suministro de aeronaves civiles. No obstante, la aduana de control permitirá que el régimen sea ultimado a partir de la primera asignación de las mercancías de importación a la fabricación, reparación, modificación o transformación de aeronaves civiles, o de partes de éstas, con la condición de que los documentos contables del titular permitan comprobar la aplicación y funcionamiento correctos del régimen;
d) el suministro de astronaves y de los equipos que les son propios. No obstante, la aduana de control permitirá que el régimen sea ultimado a partir de la primera asignación de las mercancías de importación a la fabricación, reparación, modificación o transformación de satélites, de sus vehículos de lanzamiento y del equipo en tierra, y de sus componentes, que constituyan una parte integrante de los sistemas, con la condición de que los documentos contables del titular permitan comprobar la aplicación y funcionamiento correctos del régimen;
e) la utilización de conformidad con las disposiciones aplicables de los productos compensadores secundarios cuya destrucción bajo control aduanero esté prohibida por motivos ambientales. En este caso, el titular deberá probar que la ultimación del régimen de acuerdo con las reglas normales no es posible o es económicamente inviable.
Sección 4
Disposiciones aplicables al funcionamiento del sistema de suspensión
Artículo 545
1. La utilización de mercancías equivalentes en el marco de operaciones de perfeccionamiento con arreglo al artículo 115 del Código no estará sujeta a los procedimientos de inclusión en el régimen.
2. Las mercancías equivalentes y los productos compensadores obtenidos a partir de ellas adquirirán el estatuto de mercancías no comunitarias; y las mercancías de importación, el de mercancías comunitarias, en el momento de la aceptación de la declaración de ultimación del régimen.
Sin embargo, cuando las mercancías de importación sean comercializadas antes de la ultimación del régimen, la modificación de su estatuto surtirá efecto desde el momento de su comercialización. Las autoridades aduaneras podrán permitir, en casos excepcionales y a instancia del titular, que cuando esté previsto que las mercancías equivalentes no estén presentes en ese momento, dichas mercancías sean presentadas posteriormente, en el momento que las autoridades determinen y dentro de un plazo razonable.
3. En caso de exportación anticipada:
— los productos compensadores adquirirán el estatuto de mercancías no comunitarias en el momento de la aceptación de la declaración de exportación a condición de que las mercancías que deban ser importadas se incluyan en el régimen,
— las mercancías de importación adquirirán el estatuto de mercancías comunitarias en el momento de su inclusión en el régimen.
Artículo 546
La autorización indicará si los productos compensadores o las mercancías sin perfeccionar pueden ser despachados a libre práctica sin declaración aduanera, sin perjuicio de las medidas de prohibición o restricción aplicables. En este caso, se considerarán despachadas a libre práctica cuando no hubieran recibido un destino aduanero a la expiración del plazo de ultimación.
A los efectos de la aplicación del primer párrafo del apartado 1 del artículo 218 del Código, la declaración de despacho a libre práctica se considerará presentada y aceptada, y el levante concedido, en el momento de la presentación del estado de liquidación.
Los productos o mercancías adquirirán el estatuto de mercancías comunitarias en el momento de su comercialización.
Artículo 547
En caso de despacho a libre práctica de productos compensadores, las casillas 15, 16, 34, 41 y 42 de la declaración deberán referirse a las mercancías de importación. Los datos pertinentes podrán también facilitarse en el boletín INF1 o en cualquier otro documento que acompañe a la declaración.
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Artículo 547 bis
Los derechos de importación que, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el apartado 1 del artículo 121 del código, se deben imponer sobre las mercancías de importación que pueden beneficiarse, en el momento de la aceptación de la declaración de inclusión en el régimen, de un tratamiento arancelario preferencial en función de su destino especial, se calcularán al tipo correspondiente al destino especial de que se trate. Este cálculo solo se podrá efectuar cuando se hubiera podido conceder una autorización de destino especial y se hubieran cumplido las condiciones fijadas para la concesión del tratamiento arancelario preferencial.
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Artículo 548
1. La lista de productos compensadores sujetos a los derechos de importación que les son propios, de conformidad con el primer guión de la letra a) del artículo 122 del Código, figura recogida en el anexo 75.
2. Cuando se destruyan productos compensadores distintos de los enumerados en la lista mencionada en el apartado 1, se considerarán como si hubiesen sido reexportados.
Artículo 549
1. Cuando los productos compensadores o las mercancías sin perfeccionar se incluyan en uno de los regímenes suspensivos o se introduzcan en una zona franca de control de tipo I de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 799, en un depósito franco o en una zona franca de control de tipo II de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 799 que permitan la ultimación del régimen de perfeccionamiento activo, los documentos o libros contables empleados para dicho destino aduanero, o cualquier otro documento que los sustituya, incluirán una de las indicaciones siguientes:
— Mercancías PA/S,
— AF/S-varer,
— AV/S-Waren,
— Εμπορεύματα ET/A,
— IP/S goods,
— Marchandises PA/S,
— Merci PA/S,
— AV/S-goederen,
— Mercadorias AA/S,
— SJ/S-tavaroita,
— AF/S-varor,
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— Zboží AZS/P,
— ST/P kaup,
— IP/ATL preces,
— LP/S prekės,
— AF/F áruk,
— oġġetti PI/S,
— towary UCz/Z,
— AO/O blago,
— AZS/PS tovar,
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— Стоки АУ/ОП,
— Mărfuri PA/S,
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— UP/O roba.
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2. Cuando las mercancías de importación incluidas en el régimen sean objeto de medidas específicas de política comercial, en el caso de que estas medidas sigan siendo aplicables en el momento de la inclusión de estas mercancías, ya sea sin perfeccionar o bajo la forma de productos compensadores incluidos en uno de los regímenes suspensivos o introducidos en una zona franca de control de tipo I de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 799, en un depósito franco o en una zona franca de control de tipo II en el sentido de lo dispuesto en el artículo 799, la indicación mencionada en el apartado 1 deberá ser completada con una de las indicaciones siguientes:
— Política comercial,
— Handelspolitik,
— Handelspolitik,
— Εμπορική πολιτική,
— Commercial policy,
— Politique commerciale,
— Politica commerciale,
— Handelspolitiek,
— Politica comercial,
— Kauppapolitiikka,
— Handelspolitik,
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— Obchodní politika,
— Kaubanduspoliitika,
— Tirdzniecības politika,
— Prekybos politika,
— Kereskedelempolitika,
— Politika kummerċjali,
— Polityka handlowa,
— Trgovinska politika,
— Obchodná politika,
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— Търговска политика,
— Politică comercială,
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— Trgovinska politika.
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Sección 5
Disposiciones aplicables al funcionamiento del sistema de reintegro
Artículo 550
Cuando las mercancías en el marco del sistema de reintegro reciban un destino aduanero que esté previsto en el apartado 1 del artículo 549, dicha disposición requerirá la mención de una de las indicaciones siguientes:
— Mercancías PA/R,
— AF/T-varer,
— AV/R-Waren,
— Εμπορεύματα ET/E,
— IP/D goods,
— Marchandises PA/R,
— Merci PA/R,
— AV/T-goederen,
— Mercadorias AA/D,
— SJ/T-tavaroita,
— AF/R-varor,
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— Zboží AZS/N,
— ST/T kaup,
— IP/ATM preces,
— LP/D prekės,
— AF/V áruk,
— oġġetti PI/SR,
— towary UCz/Zw,
— AO/P blago,
— AZS/SV tovar,
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— Стоки АУ/В,
— Mărfuri PA/R,
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— UP/P roba.
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CAPÍTULO 4
Transformación bajo control aduanero
Artículo 551
1. El régimen de transformación bajo control aduanero será aplicable a las mercancías cuya transformación tenga por objeto la obtención de productos a los que se aplique un importe de derechos de importación inferior al aplicable a las mercancías de importación.
Dicho régimen será también aplicable a las mercancias que deban someterse a operaciones destinadas a garantizar su conformidad con las normas técnicas establecidas para su despacho a libre práctica.
2. Se aplicará mutatis mutandis lo dispuesto en los apartados 1 y 2 del artículo 542.
3. A los efectos de la determinación del valor en aduana de los productos transformados declarados para su despacho a libre práctica, el declarante podrá elegir entre uno de los métodos previstos en las letras a), b) o c) del apartado 2 del artículo 30 del Código o el valor en aduana de las mercancías importadas más los gastos de transformación.
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Los costes de transformación significan todos los costes contraídos para fabricar los productos transformados, incluidos gastos generales y el valor de todas las mercancías comunitarias utilizadas. ◄
Artículo 552
1. Para los tipos de mercancías y las operaciones que figuran en la parte A del anexo 76, las condiciones económicas se considerarán cumplidas.
Para otros tipos de mercancías y otras operaciones, se efectuará un examen de las condiciones económicas.
2. Para los tipos de mercancías y las operaciones que figuran en la parte B del anexo 76 y que no estén cubiertas en la parte A, el Comité procederá al examen de las condiciones económicas. Se aplicará lo dispuesto en los apartados 3 y 4 del artículo 504.
CAPÍTULO 5
Importación temporal
Sección 1
Disposiciones generales
Artículo 553
1. Los animales nacidos de animales incluidos en el régimen serán considerados como mercancías no comunitarias e incluidos, a su vez, en este régimen, salvo cuando carezcan de valor comercial significativo.
2. Las autoridades aduaneras se cerciorarán de que el período total durante el cual las mercancías permanecerán incluidas en el régimen para una misma utilización y bajo la responsabilidad del mismo titular no sea superior a 24 meses, incluso en el caso de ultimación del régimen mediante la inclusión de las mercancías en otro régimen suspensivo seguida de una nueva inclusión en el régimen de importación temporal.
No obstante, a instancia del titular, las autoridades aduaneras podrán prorrogar dicho período por el tiempo durante el cual las mercancías no se utilicen, de conformidad con las condiciones que dichas autoridades establezcan.
3. A los efectos de lo dispuesto en el apartado 3 del artículo 140 del Código, se entenderá por «circunstancias excepcionales» cualquier causa por la que se necesite utilizar la mercancía durante un período adicional para poder cumplir el objetivo que ha motivado la operación de importación temporal.
4. Las mercancías incluidas en el régimen deberán permanecer en el mismo estado.
Se admitirán las operaciones de reparación y mantenimiento, incluidas la revisión, la puesta a punto de las mercancías y las medidas adoptadas con el fin de garantizar su conservación o su conformidad con los requisitos técnicos indispensables para permitir su utilización en el régimen.
Artículo 554
El beneficio de la importación temporal con exención total de derechos de importación (en lo sucesivo, «exención total de derechos de importación»), únicamente se concederá con arreglo a lo dispuesto en los artículos 555 a 578.
El beneficio de la importación temporal con exención parcial de derechos de importación no se concederá a los productos fungibles.
Sección 2
Condiciones para la exención total de derechos de importación
Subsección 1
Medios de transporte
Artículo 555
1. A efectos de la presente subsección, se entenderá por:
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a)
«uso comercial» : el empleo de un medio de transporte para el transporte de personas a título oneroso o el transporte industrial o comercial de mercancías, sea o no a título oneroso;
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b)
«uso privado» : la utilización de un medio de transporte con exclusión de cualquier uso comercial;
c)
«tráfico interior» : el transporte de personas embarcadas o de mercancías cargadas dentro del territorio aduanero de la Comunidad para ser desembarcadas o descargadas dentro de dicho territorio.
2. Los medios de transporte incluyen las piezas de recambio, accesorios y equipos normales que los acompañan.
Artículo 556
Se concederá a las paletas la exención total de derechos de importación.
El régimen se ultimará igualmente por la exportación o reexportación de paletas del mismo tipo y de igual valor aproximado.
Artículo 557
1. Se concederá la exención total de derechos de importación a los contenedores que lleven en un lugar apropiado y bien visible las siguientes indicaciones inscritas de forma duradera:
a) la identificación del propietario o del operador mediante su nombre completo, una sigla o cifras consagradas por el uso, con exclusión de los símbolos tales como emblemas y banderas;
b) con la excepción de las cajas móviles utilizadas en el transporte combinado ferrocarril-carretera, las marcas y números de identificación del contenedor atribuidos por el propietario o el operador; la tara del contenedor, incluidos todos los elementos permanentes del mismo;
c) con excepción de los contenedores utilizados en el transporte aéreo, el país al que pertenezca el contenedor. Éste podrá indicarse bien mediante el código ISO alpha-2 del país en cuestión previsto en las normas internacionales ISO 3166 o 6346, mediante las iniciales utilizadas para indicar el país de matrícula de los vehículos automóviles en circulación internacional por carretera, o con cifras, en el caso de las cajas móviles utilizadas en el transporte combinado ferrocarril-carretera.
Cuando la solicitud de autorización se presente con arreglo a la letra c), primer párrafo del apartado 3 del artículo 497, los contenedores deberán ser supervisados por una persona representada en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad que pueda, en todo momento, informar sobre la localización de dichos contenedores y sobre las indicaciones relativas a su inclusión en el régimen, así como a su ultimación.
2. Los contenedores podrán utilizarse en el tráfico interior antes de su reexportación. No obstante, los contenedores sólo podrán utilizarse una vez durante cada estancia en un Estado miembro para el transporte de mercancías cargadas dentro del territorio de dicho Estado miembro y destinadas a ser descargadas en este mismo territorio, cuando se trate de evitar que los contenedores realicen un viaje de vacío en el territorio de ese Estado.
3. En las condiciones previstas en el Convenio de Ginebra de 21 de enero de 1994, aprobado por la Decisión 95/137/CE del Consejo (
20
), las autoridades aduaneras permitirán la ultimación del régimen mediante la exportación o la reexportación de los contenedores del mismo tipo o de igual valor.
Artículo 558
1. Se concederá la exención total de derechos de importación a los medios de transporte ferroviarios, por carretera y a los destinados a la navegación aérea, marítima y fluvial, cuando:
a) estén matriculados fuera del territorio aduanero de la Comunidad a nombre de una persona establecida fuera de dicho territorio. Si los medios de transporte no estuvieran matriculados, se considerará que se cumple dicha condición cuando pertenecen a una persona establecida fuera de dicho territorio;
b) sean utilizados por una persona establecida fuera del territorio aduanero de la Comunidad, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en los artículos 559, 560 y 561; y
c) en caso de uso comercial de medios de transporte distintos de los ferroviarios, sean utilizados exclusivamente para un transporte que comience o termine fuera del territorio aduanero de la Comunidad. Podrán ser utilizados en el tráfico interior cuando las disposiciones vigentes en el ámbito de los transportes, especialmente las relativas a las condiciones de acceso y ejecución, prevean esa posibilidad.
2. Cuando tales medios de transporte, contemplados en el apartado 1, volvieran a ser arrendados por una empresa de arrendamiento establecida en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad a una persona establecida fuera de dicho territorio, deberán ser reexportados en el plazo de ocho días a contar desde la entrada en vigor del contrato.
Artículo 559
Las personas establecidas en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad podrán beneficiarse de la exención total de derechos de importación cuando:
a) los medios de transporte ferroviario sean puestos a disposición de tales personas en virtud de un acuerdo que faculte a todas las redes para utilizar el material rodante de otras redes como si fuera su propio material;
b) se enganche un remolque a un medio de transporte por carretera matriculado en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad;
c) la utilización de los medios de transporte, en una situación de urgencia, no exceda de cinco días; o
d) los medios de transporte sean utilizados por una empresa de arrendamiento para su reexportación en un plazo máximo de cinco días.
Artículo 560
1. Las personas físicas establecidas en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad podrán beneficiarse de la exención total de derechos de importación cuando utilicen con fines privados un medio de transporte ocasionalmente, cuando actúen siguiendo las instrucciones del titular de la matriculación que se encuentre en ese territorio en el momento de la utilización.
Dichas personas podrán también beneficiarse de la exención total de derechos de importación cuando utilicen con fines privados un medio de transporte arrendado ocasionalmente en virtud de un contrato formalizado por escrito:
a) para volver a su lugar de residencia en la Comunidad;
b) para salir de la Comunidad; o
c) cuando así sea generalmente admitido por las autoridades aduaneras competentes.
2. Los medios de transporte deberán ser reexportados o devueltos a la empresa de arrendamiento establecida en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad en el plazo de
a) cinco días en el caso mencionado en la letra a) del apartado 1;
b) ocho días en el caso mencionado en letra c) del apartado 1.
Lo medios de transporte deberán ser reexportados en el plazo de dos días a contar desde la entrada en vigor del contrato en el caso mencionado en la letra b) del apartado 1.
Artículo 561
1. La exención total de derechos de importación podrá concederse cuando los medios de transporte deban ser matriculados en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad en una serie provisional con vistas a su reexportación a nombre de una de las personas siguientes:
a) una persona establecida fuera de dicho territorio;
b) una persona física establecida en dicho territorio que esté a punto de trasladar su residencia habitual fuera del mismo.
En el caso contemplado en la letra b), la exportación de los medios de transporte deberá tener lugar en un plazo de tres meses a partir de la fecha de matriculación.
2. La exención total de derechos de importación podría concederse cuando el medio de transporte sea utilizado con fines comerciales o privados por una persona física establecida en el territorio aduanero de la Comunidad y empleada o autorizada de cualquier otro modo por el propietario del medio de transporte establecido fuera de ese territorio.
El uso privado deberá figurar estipulado en el contrato de trabajo.
Las autoridades aduaneras podrán limitar la importación temporal de medios de transporte contemplada en esta disposición en caso de utilización sistemática.
| 16,834 |
https://github.com/dominiksalvet/tine_alpha/blob/master/sim/core_tb.vhd
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
tine_alpha
|
dominiksalvet
|
VHDL
|
Code
| 324 | 1,298 |
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
library tine_alpha;
use tine_alpha.sim_data_types.all;
entity core_tb is
end core_tb;
architecture behavioral of core_tb is
component core is
generic( sim_en: boolean := true
);
port( clk: in std_logic;
rst: in std_logic;
--
imem_d_in: in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
imem_rd: out std_logic;
imem_addr: out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
--
dmem_d_in: in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
dmem_wr: out std_logic;
dmem_addr: out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
dmem_d_out: out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
--
sim: out core_sim_data_type
);
end component;
signal clk: std_logic := '0';
signal rst: std_logic := '0';
--
signal imem_d_in: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0) := (others => '0');
signal imem_rd: std_logic;
signal imem_addr: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
--
signal dmem_d_in: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0) := (others => '0');
signal dmem_wr: std_logic;
signal dmem_addr: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
signal dmem_d_out: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
--
signal sim: core_sim_data_type;
component imem is
port( clk: in std_logic;
--
rd_en: in std_logic;
addr: in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
d_out: out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)
);
end component;
component rwm_generic is
generic( ADDR_BIT_WIDTH: natural := 8;
DATA_BIT_WIDTH: positive := 8
);
port( clk: in std_logic;
--
wr_en: in std_logic;
rd_en: in std_logic;
addr: in std_logic_vector(ADDR_BIT_WIDTH - 1 downto 0);
d_in: in std_logic_vector(DATA_BIT_WIDTH - 1 downto 0);
d_out: out std_logic_vector(DATA_BIT_WIDTH - 1 downto 0)
);
end component;
constant CLK_PERIOD: time := 10 ns;
begin
uut: core port map(
clk => clk,
rst => rst,
--
imem_d_in => imem_d_in,
imem_rd => imem_rd,
imem_addr => imem_addr,
--
dmem_d_in => dmem_d_in,
dmem_wr => dmem_wr,
dmem_addr => dmem_addr,
dmem_d_out => dmem_d_out,
--
sim => sim
);
imem_0: imem port map(
clk => clk,
--
rd_en => imem_rd,
addr => imem_addr,
d_out => imem_d_in
);
dmem_0: rwm_generic port map(
clk => clk,
--
wr_en => dmem_wr,
rd_en => '1',
addr => dmem_addr,
d_in => dmem_d_out,
d_out => dmem_d_in
);
clk_proc: process
begin
clk <= '0';
wait for CLK_PERIOD/2;
clk <= '1';
wait for CLK_PERIOD/2;
end process;
stim_proc: process
begin
rst <= '1';
wait for CLK_PERIOD;
rst <= '0';
wait;
end process;
end behavioral;
| 40,928 |
https://github.com/amsavarthan/DUDE/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/amsavarthan/dude/utils/LocationBroadcastReceiver.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
DUDE
|
amsavarthan
|
Java
|
Code
| 32 | 129 |
package com.amsavarthan.dude.utils;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.util.Log;
public class LocationBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
Log.i("Service", "Service Stops!!!!");
context.startService(new Intent(context, GoogleService.class).putExtra("notification",true));
}
}
| 49,380 |
https://github.com/Laaurent/Laravel_M1DEV/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/ControlController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Laravel_M1DEV
|
Laaurent
|
PHP
|
Code
| 431 | 1,657 |
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Models\ConformityControl;
use App\Models\StateControl;
use App\Models\Employe;
use Carbon\Carbon;
class ControlController extends Controller
{
/**
* Display a listing of the resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function index()
{
$Scontrols = StateControl::with('employe')->get();
$Ccontrols = ConformityControl::all();
return \view(
'backoffice.controles.index',
[
'states_controls' => $Scontrols,
'conformities_controls' => $Ccontrols,
]
);
}
/**
* Show the form for creating a new resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function createConf($id)
{
return \view(
'backoffice.controles.createControl',
[
'id_vehicule' => $id,
]
);
}
public function createState($id)
{
$employes = Employe::all();
return \view(
'backoffice.controles.createControl',
[
'employes' => $employes,
'id_vehicule' => $id,
]
);
}
/**
* Store a newly created resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function storeConf(Request $request, $id)
{
$control = ConformityControl::insert([
'id_vehicule' => $id,
'date' => $request->date,
'commentaire' => $request->commentaire,
'created_at' => Carbon::now(),
'updated_at' => Carbon::now()
]);
return redirect()->route('showVehicule', $id);
}
public function storeState(Request $request, $id)
{
$control = StateControl::insert([
'id_employe' => $request->employe,
'id_vehicule' => $id,
'date' => $request->date,
'commentaire' => $request->commentaire,
'created_at' => Carbon::now(),
'updated_at' => Carbon::now()
]);
return redirect()->route('showVehicule', $id);
}
/**
* Display the specified resource.
*
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function showState($id)
{
$controle = StateControl::with(['vehicule'])->where('id',$id)->first();
return \view(
'backoffice.controles.showControl',
[
'state' => $controle,
]
);
}
public function showConf($id)
{
$controle = ConformityControl::with(['vehicule'])->where('id',$id)->first();
return \view(
'backoffice.controles.showControl',
[
'conf' => $controle,
]
);
}
/**
* Show the form for editing the specified resource.
*
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function editState($id)
{
$controle = StateControl::where('id',$id)->first();
return \view(
'backoffice.controles.editControl',
[
'state' => $controle,
]
);
}
public function editConf($id)
{
$controle = ConformityControl::where('id',$id)->first();
return \view(
'backoffice.controles.editControl',
[
'conf' => $controle,
]
);
}
/**
* Update the specified resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function updateState(Request $request, $id)
{
$controle = StateControl::where('id', $id);
$controle->update([
'commentaire' => $request->commentaire,
'date' => $request->date
]);
return redirect()->route('showVehicule', $controle->first()->vehicule->id);
}
public function updateConf(Request $request, $id)
{
$controle = ConformityControl::where('id',$id);
$controle->update([
'commentaire' => $request->commentaire,
'date' => $request->date
]);
return redirect()->route('showVehicule', $controle->first()->vehicule->id);
}
/**
* Remove the specified resource from storage.
*
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function destroyConf($id)
{
$control = ConformityControl::where('id',$id)->delete();
return redirect()->route('controls');
}
public function destroyState($id)
{
$control = StateControl::where('id',$id)->delete();
return redirect()->route('controls');
}
/**
* Desacrive the specified resource from storage.
*
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function desactiveConf($id)
{
$control = ConformityControl::where('id',$id)->update([
'active' => 0
]);
return redirect()->route('controls');
}
public function desactiveState($id)
{
$control = StateControl::where('id',$id)->update([
'active' => 0
]);
return redirect()->route('controls');
}
}
| 24,330 |
https://github.com/Olexander753/ssw_lab_4sem/blob/master/lab_01/src/main.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ssw_lab_4sem
|
Olexander753
|
C++
|
Code
| 582 | 2,516 |
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
#include <vector>
#include <chrono>
#include "header.h"
int main()
{
try {
using ns = std::chrono::nanoseconds;
Vector v1(5);
std::vector<int> v2;
Stack s1(5);
std::stack<int> s2;
Queue q1(5);
std::queue<int> q2;
cout << endl;
cout << "\t\t\tPerformance comparison results" << endl;
cout << "\t\t\t (all results in nanoseconds)" << endl << endl;
cout << "type\t\t" << "push\t\t" << "pop\t\t" << "peek\t\t" << "count\t\t" << "at" << endl;
cout << "My stack\t";
auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s1.push(34);
auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s1.pop();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
s1.push(11);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s1.peek();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s1.count();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
cout << "----" << endl;
cout << "STL stack\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s2.push(99);
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s2.pop();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
s2.push(3);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s2.top();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
s2.push(3);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
s2.size();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
cout << "----" << endl;
cout << endl << "My queue\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q1.push(3);
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q1.pop();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
q1.push(12);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q1.peek();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q1.count();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
cout << "----" << endl;
cout << "STL queue\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q2.push(2);
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q2.pop();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
q2.push(22);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q2.front();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
q2.size();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
cout << "----" << endl;
cout << endl << "My vector\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v1.push(4);
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v1.pop();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
v1.push(4);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v1.peek();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
v1.push(22);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v1.count();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t" ;
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v1.at(0);
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t" << endl;
cout << "STL vector\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v2.push_back(22);
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v2.pop_back();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
cout << "----" << "\t\t";
v2.push_back(22);
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v2.size();
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
v2.at(0) = 1;
end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
res = std::chrono::duration_cast<ns>(end - start).count();
cout << res << "\t\t";
cout << endl;
}
catch (const std::exception & exp)
{
cout << exp.what() << endl;
}
return 0;
}
| 15,358 |
https://github.com/PlayWithSanLei/JavaProjects/blob/master/OnJava8-Examples/strings/IntegerMatch.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
JavaProjects
|
PlayWithSanLei
|
Java
|
Code
| 51 | 166 |
// strings/IntegerMatch.java
// (c)2021 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
public class IntegerMatch {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("-1234".matches("-?\\d+"));
System.out.println("5678".matches("-?\\d+"));
System.out.println("+911".matches("-?\\d+"));
System.out.println("+911".matches("(-|\\+)?\\d+"));
}
}
/* Output:
true
true
false
true
*/
| 25,127 |
https://openalex.org/W4396674108_1
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 2,625 | 4,632 |
Teología y Vida 65/1 (2024) 111-118 |111
Crónica
Jornada Anual de la Sociedad Chilena de Teología
“Teología y espacio público” fue la temática elegida para la jornada
anual de la Sociedad Chilena de Teología que se realizó entre el jueves
19 y el sábado 21 de octubre de 2023.. El encuentro, que contó con la
participación de 41 miembros de la sociedad, se llevó a cabo en las
dependencias de la Facultad de Teología de la Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile (PUC). La jornada se inició con las palabras de
bienvenida del Vice Gran Canciller de la PUC, presbítero Tomás
Scherz Take, quien enfatizó la importancia de no aislar el quehacer
teológico, como si este fuera un saber privado, dado que su enfoque
pastoral y comunicativo es crucial. Inserta en la universidad, la
racionalidad teológica debe saber permear ámbitos clave de la misma,
como el Instituto de Desarrollo Sustentable y el Instituto de Éticas
Aplicadas, señaló. Por su parte, el Decano de la Facultad de Teología
de la PUC, Fernando Berríos, , destacó la diferencia entre la búsqueda
del éxito y la búsqueda de lo fructífero. La alta innovación en una
disciplina como la teología, es siempre fecunda y provechosa, afirmó.
Y puntualizó que en esta indagación es importante el encuentro, el
diálogo, y la reflexión conjunta.
Luego de las palabras de bienvenida y de la explicación de la
estructura de la jornada, se presentó la primera ponencia, “Teología
en salida y espacios públicos”, a cargo del académico de la y Presidente
de esta sociedad, Fernando Verdugo. En ella,
propone una
comprensión de los conceptos clave contenidos en el título “en salida”
y “espacios públicos”, y despliega un diálogo crítico con el documento
del Dicasterio para la comunicación “Hacia una plena presencia.
Reflexión pastoral sobre la interacción en las redes sociales” (2023),
relevando aspectos teológicos contenidos en él. Los comentarios y
reacciones a la ponencia se articularon en torno a los siguientes ejes
temáticos: a) La importancia de reflexionar sobre el contenido –el qué–
que se ofrece en las redes sociales desde el punto de vista teológico, y
no solo evaluar el éxito o la forma de esos contenidos en términos de
112| Crónica
“clics”, “seguidores” u otros indicadores cuantitativos de esa
naturaleza. Una pregunta importante es sobre el tipo de presencia
teológica pertinente para las redes sociales; b) También se reflexionó
sobre cómo los nuevos modos de interacción y comunicación podrían
afectar a la teología en sus contenidos, pero también en su vocación de
búsqueda de la verdad. La teología debiera hacerse en una praxis
dialogal real, pero no hemos sido educados para el diálogo ni la Iglesia
es percibida como una institución dialogante; c) No es lo mismo la
presencia religiosa o de contenidos religiosos en las redes, que la
aparición de la teología en las mismas. A veces se percibe una mera
trasposición didáctica en formatos digitales de contenidos teológicos;
d) Es necesario también ser lúcidos ante las lógicas subyacentes al
funcionamiento de las redes sociales y al tipo de comunicación que
instalan. Estas lógicas dificultan muchas veces la profundidad, ya que
conforman grupos homogéneos de intereses comunes, expulsando a
las personas y contenidos que desafían (o difieren) de lo que es
personalmente aceptado y buscado; d) Por último, se reflexionó sobre
la necesidad de que otros espacios públicos tradicionales –la economía,
la política, etc.– no sean olvidados ni puestos en segundo orden ante el
encandilamiento que pueden provocar las redes sociales.
Posteriormente, se presentó la exposición “El aporte de la teología
práctica a la teología pública. Reflexiones a partir de la memoria y
actualidad de la opción por la no violencia activa”, de Carolina Bacher,
académica del Instituto Teológico Egidio Viganó de la Universidad
Católica Silva Henríquez.. Bacher reflexionó sobre algunas
aproximaciones históricas a la no-violencia en Latinoamérica, a través
de las figuras de José Aldunate y Adolfo Pérez Esquivel. Una idea
central de la exposición fue la necesidad de la interdisciplina para
acercarse a la no-violencia desde los puntos de vista teórico y práctico.
De ahí que la expositora señalara que los diálogos entre la historia
reciente, experiencias vitales, el magisterio eclesiástico y la reflexión
teológica tensionan las prácticas académicas para avanzar en modelos
con enfoque práctico interdisciplinario. Así como los cristianos con
opción por la no violencia contribuyeron a construir las democracias
de la región y a instalar el mandato de no matarás al reclamar el
derecho a la vida, hoy nos vemos urgidos a investigar las prácticas
comprometidas, como condición de posibilidad para percibir los
Crónica |113
indicios de la presencia de Dios en nuestro tiempo, reflexionarlos
teológicamente y proponerlos a la discusión pública social. La
presentación concluyó con un trabajo grupal en base a la pregunta
¿cómo imaginamos el proceso reflexivo para conectarse con la realidad
(mediaciones) y proponer una palabra desde lo que podríamos
comprender como teología pública?
El trabajo de la tarde se inició con la ponencia de Andrés Hubert,
del Departamento de Teología de la Universidad Católica del Norte
(UCN), sede Antofagasta. Titulado “Esbozo de una eclesiología ad extra
para nuestra época”, su trabajo abordó la necesidad de una eclesiología
que se adapte a los desafíos y tensiones del mundo contemporáneo.
Destacó también la importancia de una teología de acogida y diálogo,
promoviendo el discernimiento, la inclusión, el rechazo al
proselitismo, y el valor de educar en interlocución con otras religiones.
En ese sentido, enfatizó la importancia de reconocer la presencia de
Dios en otros credos y culturas, evitando el exclusivismo y el rechazo
de lo verdadero y salvífico en ellas. Por último, se refirió a la
importancia de comprender la dinámica y la dialéctica de la historia,
así como la responsabilidad del ser humano en darle sentido a la
misma. Las reacciones y comentarios de los presentes se articularon en
torno a los siguientes ejes temáticos: a) La polaridad diálogo/identidad.
Es en el diálogo con otros que se profundiza la propia identidad. El
despliegue y constitución de la propia identidad requiere ese
encuentro con lo distinto y diverso de sí mismo. En este sentido, es
clave el diálogo no solo al interior de la Iglesia católica, sino también
con las demás confesiones religiosas y otras formas de creer; b) ¿Qué
responsabilidad tiene la teología en la construcción y profundidad de
lo público? ¿En qué sentido ella colabora también a la generación de
un espacio público donde se despliega el diálogo de la sociedad? Se
reflexionó sobre el riesgo de irrelevancia de la teología en el contexto
actual, y de la importancia de que esta no se reste de los debates
contingentes, pues a tiene un aporte específico que ofrecer.
La última exposición del primer día estuvo a cargo de Ibar
Astudillo, académico del Departamento de Teología de la UCN, sede
Antofagasta. En su exposición –“Explorando la dimensión secular de
los laicos en los bailes religiosos del Norte de Chile: un enfoque social,
114| Crónica
político, cultural y económico”–, Astudillo destacó el compromiso
social de los laicos en los bailes religiosos a través de la promoción de
la justicia, el bien común y la transformación del continente. Asimismo,
resaltó la resistencia y persistencia de los bailes religiosos contra la
represión y el rechazo por largo tiempo por parte de la jerarquía
eclesiástica. La organización de los bailes religiosos nace en la cultura
trabajadora del salitre, lo que lleva a los bailes a organizarse no solo
religiosamente, sino también sindical y gremialmente, mostrando su
compromiso en el ámbito temporal. Los bailes religiosos muestran
también un compromiso esencial frente a valores básicos y
fundamentales del hombre y la mujer latinoamericanos, más allá de los
ámbitos eclesiásticos. El diálogo académico, al terminar la
presentación, giró en torno a los siguientes ejes temáticos: a) La
distinción de cómo nace la danza en las culturas indígenas y cómo
surgen las organizaciones de los bailes religiosos (s. XIX). La
religiosidad popular, despliega sus códigos propios, como una
resistencia frente a la religión institucional impuesta; b) Algunos
elementos importantes en los bailes religiosos: el cuerpo, el
enraizamiento en el mundo obrero, la dimensión comunitaria
transversal (generacional, barrial, social), y la incorporación de
elementos culturales; c) Nos preguntamos por la vivencia del tiempo y
el espacio en los bailes religiosos. El primero visto desde la perspectiva
mística, pues durante la celebración, el tiempo pareciese detenerse ante
el contacto que los bailes religiosos tienen con Dios, la naturaleza y los
otros. Por otra parte, en qué medida la devoción en los bailes religiosos
se traslada junto con la comunidad, más allá del espacio territorial
donde nacieron. Al parecer, este fenómeno no se da en los bailes
religiosos. Cabe destacar que no es un baile nacional, sino que se
reconoce más bien en (todos) los territorios del altiplano; d) Sobre los
desafíos de la teología para acercarse al mundo de la religiosidad
popular, considerando una cierta visión errática desde el magisterio
actual. Los teólogos que visitaron la Tirana a inicios de los 70´
concluyeron que esta expresión de religiosidad popular era una
manifestación folclórica. El segundo día, comenzó con la ponencia de Carlos Álvarez,
investigador del Instituto de Teología y Estudios Religiosos (ITER) de
la Universidad Alberto Hurtado (UAH) y docente de la PUC, titulada
“La alteridad del cristianismo en una sociedad plural. Pistas para
pensar lo teológico-político a partir del pensamiento de Michel de
Certeau”. En su alocución desplegó una reflexión sobre la pertinencia
del pensamiento de este teólogo y sociólogo en el contexto sociopolítico y eclesial chileno. Así, destacó la importancia de su
comprensión de la teología y su fábula mística para una sociedad
plural y una Iglesia en crisis. Además, abordó la relación de Certeau
con América Latina y su interés por la resistencia político-religiosa de
los pueblos indígenas y por las tensiones entre oralidad y escritura en
la literatura de viajes. La presentación también destacó lo inclasificable
del lugar disciplinar del teólogo jesuita quien se mueve con una
inquietante familiaridad por diferentes lugares del saber. Luego de la
presentación, la conversación académica giró en torno a la relevancia
de las ideas de Michel de Certeau para los desafíos contemporáneos
que enfrenta la Iglesia católica en Chile. Se conversó sobre la necesidad
de que la Iglesia se involucre con temas marginados y reformule su
lenguaje para abordar las cambiantes dinámicas sociales. Además, se
destacó la propuesta de Certeau sobre la teología negativa y el
misticismo como un posible camino para abordar la crisis del
cristianismo, enfatizando la reconstrucción del lenguaje de la fe para
expresar algo diferente. Por otra parte, la conversación versó sobre el
enfoque multidisciplinario de Certeau y su renuencia a ser encasillado
en una sola etiqueta teológica, así como su crítica a las tendencias
eurocéntricas de la teología de la liberación. El diálogo también
enfatizó la relevancia del concepto de “Dios ausente” de Certeau, así
como la importancia de abordar la crisis de abusos dentro del clero y
los desafíos de adoptar nuevos lenguajes de fe manteniendo una
conciencia del misterio dentro del lenguaje religioso. En este sentido,
116| Crónica
se habló del privilegio hermenéutico de las víctimas de abuso, porque
en la palabra de ellas se juega la posibilidad de renovación del discurso
teológico. La crisis de los abusos pone en evidencia un sistema que no
se sostiene, y de este modo es un síntoma de una crisis mayor.
El segundo momento de la mañana consistió en la presentación de
la académica Ángela Pérez, de la PUC, titulada “Ejercicio teo-literario:
aportes de la prosa de Gabriela Mistral para una teología con
mordiente social y arraigo cultural”, además de un trabajo grupal. La
ponencia propuso las siguientes ideas principales: a) La importancia
de una teología sólida y plural en el debate público: destacó la
necesidad de una reflexión teológica capaz de intervenir en el debate
público con argumentos sólidos, construidos en diálogo con la
diversidad y puestos al servicio del bien común; b) Aportes de la
literatura para una reflexión teológica: abordó su importancia en la
reflexión teológica, destacando la comprensión del ser humano en su
misterio, la aproximación crítica a la sociedad y el lenguaje simbólicometafórico como elementos que pueden desentrañar la verdad
profunda de las cosas; c) Potencial teológico de la obra en prosa de
Gabriela Mistral: resaltó que el potencial teológico de la obra en prosa
de Gabriela Mistral no se agota en los textos clasificados como
religiosos, sino que se extiende a todos aquellos escritos que exploran
el mundo con profundidad y belleza, introduciendo en la verdad de
las cosas y en el misterio de la vida; d) Análisis teo-literario de la obra
de Gabriela Mistral: propuso un análisisde la obra en prosa de Gabriela
Mistral, centrándose en textos que destacan la dimensión política y
social, con el objetivo de enriquecer una teología de los signos de los
tiempos; e) Temáticas sociales y políticas en la obra de Gabriela
Mistral: mostró la preocupación de la poetisa chilena por temas como
la educación, la identidad indígena, la igualdad de género y las luchas
por la libertad y la dignidad, resaltando la importancia que la crítica
literaria asigna a estas temáticas en su obra. El trabajo grupal, por su
parte, se estructuró a partir de la siguiente pregunta: ¿Qué métodos
teológicos favorecen la presencia de la teología en los espacios
públicos?
La tarde del día viernes, en tanto, tuvo dos momentos importantes.
En primer lugar, se realizó la cuenta de la directiva saliente y se
Crónica |117
procedió a la elección de la nueva directiva de la Sociedad Chilena de
Teología, que quedó conformada por Fernando Verdugo, de la PUC,
reelegido como presidente; Ángela Pérez, de la PUC, como
vicepresidenta; Jaime Bascuñán, de la Universidad Católica de
Temuco, secretario; y Benoit Mathot, de la Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Valparaíso, tesorero. Posteriormente, se efectuó la
presentación “Catolicismo y espacio público clandestino: ¡no podemos
callar!”, a cargo de los académicos Martín Bernales (ITER-UAH),
Marcos Fernández (UAH), y de la doctoranda Soledad del Villar
(Boston College). En la ponencia se dieron a conocer las conclusiones
principales de una investigación liderada por un grupo de estudio
interdisciplinar orientada a recuperar el periódico clandestino, durante
la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile, “No podemos callar” que luego se
llamó “Policarpo”. La investigación ha cristalizado en varias
publicaciones, y la presentación abordó tres aspectos fundamentales:
contexto histórico, análisis de contenido del periódico, y algunas
conclusiones eclesiológicas.
Durante la última jornada del encuentro anual de la Sociedad
Chilena de Teología, expuso Diego Irarrázaval con la ponencia
“Acompañamiento con íconos y en travesías simbólicas”, que exploró
La la relación entre lo icónico y lo simbólico en la vida diaria y en la fe.
Además, destacó cómo los íconos y las travesías simbólicas pueden
acompañarnos en nuestra vida cotidiana y ser utilizados para
encontrar significado y trascendencia. También analizó cómo estas
formas icónicas y simbólicas se relacionan con la fe y la liturgia en las
tradiciones ortodoxas y prolifera en afanes seculares como la
tecnología y la entretención contemporánea. En resumen, invitó a
explorar las profundas vivencias que podemos experimentar a través
de estas formas.
Finalmente, las comunicaciones estuvieron a cargo de Jorge
Costadoat, PUC, quien abordó temas sobre la fe y el espacio público,
retomando elementos de su libro recientemente publicado,
“Nutrientes espirituales de la democracia. A cincuenta años del
golpe”, Santiago, EDP-SUD, 2023; y de Javier Cortés, UCN, sede
Coquimbo, quien, junto con Fabián Bravo (doctorando de la USACH),
dieron cuenta del proyecto financiado por la Beca C de ICALA,
118| Crónica
titulado “Nuevas prácticas y racionalidades de lo sagrado:
religiosidad, espiritualidad e increencia en jóvenes universitarios
chilenos”. La jornada concluyó con unas palabras de la nueva directiva
y la invitación a participar en el encuentro anual de 2024 a realizarse
en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.
Román GURIDI
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Sandra ROBLES
Universidad Católica del Maule
Secretaria de la SCHT.
| 23,175 |
US-201113137842-A_1
|
USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,011 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,732 | 9,508 |
System and method for providing locally applicable internet content with secure action requests and item condition alerts
ABSTRACT
Optimized delivery of locally applicable Internet content to users. A cache of locally applicable Internet content is maintained in a local content server, based upon a monitoring of locations of users requesting Internet content. Requests for Internet content are received from user equipment through a wireless network base station, and served from the local content server, which is logically proximate to the wireless network base station. The caching of locally applicable Internet content may be maintained on a layered basis. Secure action request receipt and corresponding performance, and item condition alerts are also described.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation application of Ser. No. 13/064,077, filed on Mar. 4, 2011, which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 12/577,230, filed on Oct. 12, 2009, which is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 11/501,747, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING LOCALLY APPLICABLE INTERNET CONTENT WITH SECURE ACTION REQUESTS AND ITEM CONDITION ALERTS”, filed on Aug. 10, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,603,131, issued on Oct. 13, 2009, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of previously filed provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/787,510, entitled “An Intelligent Kiosk for Mobile Payment” and filed on Mar. 31, 2006, and which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of previously filed provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/707,561, entitled “A Novel Structure of Cellular System for Internet Access” and filed on Aug. 12, 2005. The entire contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to accessing content through a network and more particularly to localized content delivery.
2. Description of the Related Art
Empowered by the next generation of wireless technology, cellular networks can provide users with access to information from the Internet such as video on demand, video conferences, databases, etc. The use of cellular phones is thus no longer limited to voice transmission.
However, there are still some problems with the delivery of Internet content through cellular phones. For example, even with the high bandwidth connection provided by advanced cellular systems, there remains a bottleneck between the Internet and the cellular network (CN), as well as delays caused by the Internet itself. This condition hinders the ability of cellular phone users to fully exploit the capabilities of the advanced CN. Since smooth and effective data flow is important to users, this bottleneck hinders the adoption of cellular phones for Internet access.
Making payment requests is another area of need. Although more and more individuals have become accustomed to purchasing goods and services online, there is not a streamlined and consistent mechanism for securely making requests for such payments.
Still another area of need relates to alerts. Locations including homes, offices, and other environments typically include computing devices as well as at least some form of network connection. Despite all of this connectivity, there are certain conditions for which adequate alerts remain unavailable. For example, billions of children wear diapers, and probably a quarter of them may suffer the effects of wet diapers at any given moment, since caretakers (e.g., parents, baby sitters, etc.) are not apprised of the status of their diapers in real time.
Thus, there remains a need for systems and corresponding devices and processes that avoid the shortcomings of existing networks for delivering Internet content using the CN. There also remains a need for systems and corresponding techniques for making payment requests. There also remains a need for systems and corresponding techniques for delivering alerts to individuals such as caregivers tasked with managing a child in diapers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides systems, apparatus and methods for efficient delivery of Internet content.
According to one aspect, the present invention accommodates the optimized delivery of locally applicable Internet content to users. This aspect may, for example, be practiced in a system wherein a user equipment access Internet content through a wireless network. The locations for users respectively requesting Internet content are determined based upon an identification of wireless network base stations through which the requests for the Internet content are made. The Internet content requested by users from a particular location corresponding to a given wireless network base station can thus be monitored.
A cache of locally applicable content caches particular Internet content that is determined to be locally applicable based upon the monitoring of the Internet content accessed by users from the particular location. The particular Internet content is preferably cached at a local content server that is logically proximate to the given wireless network base station for the particular location. Logical proximity may be variously carried out, such as through physical proximity or by provision of dedicated bandwidth and resources.
Requests for Internet content for the particular location may thus be served from the cache, to optimize delivery, where the cache contents the requested content.
The caching of locally applicable Internet content may be maintained on a layered basis, such that a first layer of local applicability corresponds to Internet content requested by users in a first geographical area in which the particular location resides, and at least one succeeding layer of local applicability corresponds to Internet content requested by users in at least one succeeding geographical area that encompasses and is larger than the first geographical area.
Merchants or other commercial entities may also be provided some form of access to information related to the locally applicable Internet content, with commercial incentives such as coupons or advertisements being delivered to users based upon that information.
According to another aspect, the present invention facilitates secure receipt and performance of action requests such as payment requests. A wireless HUB receives and recognizes a unique identifier corresponding to a user equipment through a short range wireless connection. This identifier may, for example, be based upon Near Field Communication or Radio Frequency ID technology.
Once this recognition is made, the wireless HUB establishes a secure communication channel with the user equipment based upon the recognition of the unique identifier. The secure communication channel is separate from the short range wireless connection used to receive the unique identifier, and preferably provides greater bandwidth and range to accommodate additional, more detailed communications related to the action request. The action request is received from the user equipment through this secure communication channel, and information related to the action request is communicated to an external server. The action request is completed, and a confirmation of this is communicated to the user equipment.
According to still another aspect, the present invention accommodates the delivery of diaper status updates through a wireless connection. A sensor detects the condition of the diaper and accommodates a status indication when the current indication requires an updated. By way of example, the condition monitored may be wetness, with a certain level of wetness as determined by a property such as pH triggering the communication of the status indication. The status information is preferably transmitted using a wireless connection to a device that delivers a corresponding alert to at least one caregiver.
A number of designated alert recipients may also be maintained and organized. Where multiple diapers are being monitored, an identifier is associated with the status information, and the identifier is correlated to a particular designated recipient so that the alert can be appropriately directed.
The present invention can be embodied in various forms, including business processes, computer implemented methods, computer program products, computer systems and networks, user interfaces, application programming interfaces, and the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other more detailed and specific features of the present invention are more fully disclosed in the following specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system in which optimized delivery of Internet content to users is provided in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a process for determining locally applicable content for optimized content delivery in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a system for facilitating secure receipt and satisfaction of an action request such as a bill payment in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an action request process in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a system for providing item status updates in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a system for receiving and delivering a status update for multiple items in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for providing a diaper condition update in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a block and event diagram illustrating the provision of locally applicable Internet content to a user in relation to a status update, and secure receipt and satisfaction of an action request related to the same, in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth, such as flowcharts and system configurations, in order to provide an understanding of one or more embodiments of the present invention. However, it is and will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in order to practice the present invention.
According to one aspect of the present invention, Internet content is requested and accessed by cellular users in correlation with their determined location. Provision of Internet content is customized according to location, and provided in a series of locally customized networks. A given local network includes servers configured to include content believed appropriate for its location. The delivery of content is made from a particular local network configured as such, to a user's cellular phone through the local base station.
For example, information about Hollywood may be accessed through cellular network base station(s) in the Hollywood area, when the cellular user is detected as being proximate to the Hollywood area. These base stations deliver Internet content that is relevant to the area, such as web sites about film and movie stars. This Internet content is stored in servers that the base stations covering the area can access conveniently to provide faster and more efficient transmission to the cellular users in the service area.
By optimizing the location of the Internet content for the wireless network users, this invention enables an optimum data flow for cellular users to access rich information and data of all kinds from the Internet.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system 100 configured to provide Internet content delivery in accordance with the present invention. The basic elements of the system 100 are the User Equipment (UE) 110, the Radio Access Network (RAN) 120, the Core Cellular Network (CCN) 130, the External Network (EN) 140, and the Local Customized Network (LCN) 150.
The UE 110 is a cellular phone configured to communicate with base station(s) of the RAN 120. Although the UE 110 is preferably a cellular phone, it should be understood that a variety of devices may be equipped with same communication functionality. Other examples of the UE 110 include a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), Set Top Box, Kiosk, or any personal computing device configured to include the wireless communication capability.
The RAN 120 and CCN 130 preferably implement conventional elements of a cellular network and are described further as follows. The RAN 120 includes Base Station and Radio Network Controller (RNC) elements. The Base Station provides resource management and provides an interface that converts the data flow between the UE 110 and RNC. The RNC controls radio resources for the Base Stations to which it is connected, and also manages connections to the UE 110.
The CCN 130 is connected with the EN 140. The most notable examples of the EN 140 can be grouped into two kinds: Circuit Switched (CS) 142 networks and Packet Switched (PS) 144 networks. The CS 142 network provides circuit-switched connections for circuit-switched services, such as telephony and ISDN. The PS 144 network provides connections for package data services. The Internet is a significant and notable application of a PS network.
The CCN 130 comprises MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR, SGSN and GGSN elements. The HLR (Home Location Register) is a database that stores information such as user service profiles. The service profile includes information including allowed services, roaming areas, forwarding numbers and the like. The HLR stores the UE 110 location to accommodate that routing of calls and other information to the UE 110.
The MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center and Visitor Location Register) respectively provide switch operations and a database for the UE in its current location for Circuit Switch (CS) services. The VLR stores the user's service profile, as well as more precise information on the UE's location within the serving system. CS connections go through the GMSC (Gateway MSC), which is the switch at the point of connection to the external CS network.
The SGSN (Serving GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Support Node) functionality is similar to that of MSC/VLR but is typically used for Packet Switch (PS) service. PS connections go through the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node).
The LCN 150 comprises one or more computing devices configured to include memory, processing capability, and interfaces to provide the functionality described herein. The LCN 150 includes local servers that are configured to provide custom Internet content. The LCN 150 is also configured to include a content access monitoring module, which monitors Internet access and determines content applicable to the designated location of the LCN 150.
The LCN 150 thus performs monitoring and caching related to locally applicable content. With regard to the monitoring functionality, the monitoring includes local access, which determines which content users in the location are accessing. With regard to the caching functionality, the LCN 150 maintains a cache of locally applicable Internet content, which includes refreshing to add new content and remove stale content as determined by information received from the monitoring functionality.
One technique for determining whether content is locally applicable is measuring access frequency. If many users in the location are determined to be accessing particular Internet content, then that particular Internet content is determined to be locally applicable and is included in the cache during the next update.
In addition to monitoring and caching locally applicable content, the LCN 150 is configured to be logically proximate to the base station(s) of the cellular network at the particular location. In one example, logical proximity is carried out by having the LCN 150 physically proximate to the relevant base station(s), such as in the same geographical area. For example, the LCN 150 may be located in a metropolitan area or within an area the covers certain zip code(s) of a metropolitan area. Logical proximity may alternatively be carried out without requiring physical proximity. This, for example, may be done by providing dedicated resources including a high bandwidth connection between the LCN 150 and the local users. In this example, the LCN 150 is configured to deliver locally applicable content more efficiently and rapidly because of the dedicated resources, without necessarily requiring physical proximity.
According to another aspect, to further increase efficiency, the locally applicable content for a given LCN is organized in a layered architecture. A “first layer” of content is considered to be the content that has the highest local applicability. Additional layers are also provided upon the first layer, with succeeding layers progressively covering larger geographical areas (i.e., progressively larger numbers of base stations). According to one aspect, the layering involves communication with neighboring LCNs covering increasing areas, to determine the content that is locally applicable for the additional levels. Thus, for example, a first layer corresponds to locally applicable content at a first level of granularity (e.g., as monitored/determined only for the location of the LCN or a small local group of LCNs), a second layer corresponds to locally applicable content at a second level of granularity (e.g., the logical “AND” or intersection of content that is frequently accessed across a larger area as determined by the monitoring of access for several LCNs in the defined larger area, and so on.
The operation of the system to update the LCN accordingly is described as follows, with concurrent reference to FIG. 1 and the flow diagram of FIG. 2. The process commences by monitoring 202 Internet content accessed by users for a current location. This is done by monitoring the gateway of the connection between the CCN 140 and PS 144 networks to track the Internet content accessed by the cellular users.
It is noted that the monitored content may have two useful purposes. One is to accommodate the delivery of locally applicable content, which may be determined by frequency of access for the given location. Another is to allow the providers of content (e.g., merchants or other commercial entities) to receive an indication which content is locally applicable. This allows the providers of content to assist or participate further in determining what is locally applicable. For example, a merchant provided with an indication of local applicability for certain content may wish to make advertisements, coupons, or the like available to the users in that domain.
In conjunction with this monitoring 202, determination(s) 204 of the base station(s) from which requests for the Internet content are made. This may be performed by checking the VLR and HLR to discover the base stations from which the requests for the Internet content are sent from through. It is noted that base station discovery is just one way that physical location may be determined. Other examples include but are not limited to using GPS, zip code, telephone number, and IP address information to make the determinations.
The next step comprises determining 206 locally applicable content based upon the monitoring 202 and determination(s) 204 of the base station(s). Determination of local applicability is performed by determining access frequency. Alternatively, local applicability may be determined by comparing the location of the requesting user (base station) to a location that is identified in association with the requested content.
Then, for the current (e.g., first) layer, the content is loaded 208 in servers that are logically proximate to users for the given location. This may be done by placing the current (e.g., first) layer server(s) loaded with the Internet content and/or other information/data to achieve an optimum and faster data transmission for the cellular users to access the data stored in the servers through the base stations. For example, the servers can be placed logically close to the base station through which the cellular users access the data stored in the server(s).
The process iterates through as many layers as desired. If it is determined 210 that additional layers are to be updated, then steps 202-208 are performed to load the next 212 (e.g., second) layer server(s) with locally applicable content. As described, this preferably entails a broader geographical area as the layers increase. The process continues until it is determined 210 that no more layers need to be determined and loaded. The number of layers in a given system will vary according to application, and as desired. Layering will typically involve a trade-off between maximizing locally available content and the processing resources required to generate and manage layers for progressively broader areas.
The content that is loaded into the base station(s) may be refreshed 214 on any desired schedule or trigger. For a refresh operation, the process described above repeats, starting again with the first layer. Content that is stale or otherwise determined to no longer be locally applicable may be removed, and of course new content may be added during a refresh cycle.
Additional servers may be added vertically and/or horizontally as desired. Vertically means that servers may be added at a given physical location to cover first, second, third, etc. layers. Horizontally refers to adding different sets of servers corresponding to different locations (i.e., one set for the first layer, a second set for the second layer, and so on).
A regular schedule or certain amount of activity can be used to trigger a refresh of the layering. The Internet content in the LCN 150 servers is modified according to the updated findings on the requests for the Internet content sent from the base stations. The Internet content stored in the servers is refreshed at a proper time, such as when the servers are not overwhelmed by the users accessing the contents.
The servers are thus loaded with the information for broadcast and/or multicast and/or any data to be accessed by the cellular users for an optimum transmission to the users in service areas.
The locally applicable content may be sent and delivered upon request to the users. Examples of communication pathways for sending the locally applicable Internet content include the relatively direct pathway through the RAN 120, the pathway through the CCN 130 and then the RAN 120, or others.
A variety of techniques may be used to implement the locally applicable content cached by the LCN 150 in conjunction with requests for Internet content by UE 110 (or other device) users. In one example, the UE 110 request for Internet content prompts an initial check for content in the locally applicable content, followed by conventional Internet access should the content prove to be absent from the locally applicable content that is currently cached. Additionally, based upon the layered approach described above, the first attempt to satisfy the request may be made from the first layer, followed by the second layer, and so on. The number of layers searched to respond to a particular request may vary as desired. When the number of layers designated to be searched for the current request is exhausted, conventional Internet access is used to retrieve content related to the request.
Various cache management and network optimization techniques may be used to manage the locally applicable content. For example, fully associative (FA), direct mapped (DM), and set associative (SA) mechanisms are examples of techniques that can be used to determine where a specific content can be stored on the server. Additionally, techniques to ensure block validity and to manage cache hits and misses can also be used. Random, LRU (Least Recently Used) and FIFO (First In First Out) block replacement schemes are among those that can be used to manage the blocks in the cache.
According to another aspect, the present invention facilitates a systematical solution for mobile payment (or the communication of other information, as well as the receipt of information such as alerts). Preferably, this aspect of the present invention implements a cellular network, a wireless personal area network (WPAN) and wireless identification technology. Various technologies may be used for these components, including but not limited to 3G technology for the cellular network; Zigbee, Bluetooth, or UWB technologies for the WPAN; and RFID (e.g., NFC) for the wireless identification technology.
The various aspects of the invention may be embodied as a computer program product comprising a computer readable medium having program instructions stored thereon, the program instructions being executable by a processor to perform operations corresponding to the respective aspects as described further herein. Examples of the computer readable medium include magnetic disk, magneto-optical disk, optical disc, flash memory, ROM, and RAM.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a system 300 that implements this aspect of the present invention. The system 300 includes a user equipment (e.g., cellular phone, PDA, etc.) 310 and wireless RUB 320, which is connected to servers 330 through a network 340, such as the Internet.
The wireless HUB (WHUB) 320 may be located in a public or private location. For a public location, the WHUB 320 is preferably housed in a kiosk. The kiosk may be located on a street, or in an airport, shopping mall, or any location that is perceived as convenient and likely to include user traffic. For private locations, the WHUB 320 is preferably configured for usage in locations like homes or hotel rooms. In these environments, the WHUB 320 may be provided in a smaller device such as part of a Set Top Box (STB).
The handset 310 is equipped with a tag that provides a unique identifier that can be wirelessly communicated to the WHUB 320. A preferred tag is a Near Field Communication (NFC) tag 312. NFC provides short-range wireless connectivity that uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between the devices. It has a short range of a few centimeters, which is believed to be advantageous for applications of this aspect of the present invention. Although NFC is preferred, RFID or other substitutes may also be provided. The handset 310 also includes a WPAN transceiver 314, which allows additional communication channel between the handset and the WHUB 320.
The wireless WHUB 320 is similarly equipped with an NFC reader 322, a WPAN transceiver 324 and a network adaptor 326. The NFC technology accommodates secure and automatic authentication and data exchange between the NFC tag and NFC reader. According to this aspect of the present invention, the NFC is uniquely associated with other information that allows the appropriate action (payment, alert, etc.) to take place. For example, where the system is being used to accommodate mobile payment, the RFID tag is associated with the user's bank account. Further, once the device is authenticated through the unique identifier, a second secure communication channel with more capabilities is established between the handset 310 and WHUB 320. This allows the action request and related communications to be reliably transmitted between the two devices.
Accordingly, once the NFC based authentication is accomplished, a secure wireless connection between the handset 310 and WHUB 320 is established. This communication can implement the WPAN transceiver, which has a higher data rate and longer operational range compared to NFC. The secure communication allows the exchange of additional information related to the action, such as price and credit card information for a purchase request and corresponding payment scenario, to be sent between the handset 310 and the WHUB 320. The secure communication can be implemented by hardware (e.g., a dedicated hardware chipset) and software (e.g., data encryption algorithm).
The WHUB 320 can also exchange data with other WPAN devices 350. It may be useful for the WHUB 320 to communicate with these devices 340 to exchange information related to the action. For example, the WHUB 320 may collect water usage information from a water meter equipped with the WPAN device 340 functionality. This data may be stored locally by the WHUB 320, or may be transmitted to the appropriate server 330 through the network connection 350. The data does not necessarily need to be collected by the WHUB 320 concurrently with the user-requested action. For example, the acquisition and transmission of water usage information may occur periodically, and separate from the user's request to make a corresponding payment.
It is also noted that the WHUB 320 may optionally be configured with a wireless communication capability such as that provided in a cellular phone. The WHUB 320 is thus configurable to operate with a system that delivers locally applicable Internet content as described above in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 further illustrates and provides an example of a payment process 400 in accordance with this aspect of the present invention. The process 400 initiates with an authentication 402 process that accommodates recognition and identification of the handset by the wireless WHUB via the NFC tag.
The communication through the separate secure communication channel (e.g., WPAN) is then established. The WPAN functionality is used to communicate between the handset and the WHUB, so that content related to a requested action may be securely exchanged. In this example, the requested action is a purchase request 404.
It should be noted that the action may or may not immediately follow authentication 402. For example, the cellular phone may be configured to include browsing capability, which allows that interface of the cellular phone to be used to review items prior to making a purchase request.
Various purchase types may be made with the purchase request. Examples may include a physical item that is separately shipped to an address, a download that is made available immediately, possibly to the cellular phone, a service, etc.
Internet content may be accessed by the cellular phone in association with an action request. One example of providing content to the cellular phone may be the locally applicable Internet content as described above in connection with FIGS. 1-2. Also, the cellular phone may access Internet content through channels other than through the WHUB.
It is also noted that a purchase request is just one form of an action that may be carried out. Actions include but are not limited to bill payment, populating an account with funds, online shopping transactions, and others.
The process of authentication may be based upon a Tag ID and password. The Tag ID and password are sent 406 to the authentication server, which then returns a notification 408 confirming authentication. Preferably, this authentication indicates whether the individual is who he or she claims to be, but does not address the access rights of the individual. The authentication server may reside within or outside the WHUB.
As necessary, additional information may also be required in association with a requested action. For example, account identification information or passwords to access an online account may be required by an external server. In these circumstances, the external server sends a request to the WHUB for the information. The WHUB may store such information and respond to such a request. Alternatively, the WHUB may further exchange information with the user (through the handset), in order to obtain the additional information requested by the external server.
In connection with the purchase request 404, a payment request 410 is made between the WHUB and external server through the network connection. The payment request 410 allows the user to complete the transaction related to the purchase request 404. To accommodate a satisfactory completion of the payment request, the server corresponds with a payment gateway, and a resolution 412 indicating whether the payment request succeeds or fails follows.
Upon an indication of a successful payment request, the WHUB receives 414 a receipt or confirmation number from the external server relating to the requested action, and passes 416 that and/or related information to the handset confirming completion of the action. This may be a receipt, confirmation numbers, coupon codes, or the like.
According to still another aspect, the present invention provides for wireless management of tasks and corresponding alerts. One such task is diaper management, which is described in detail as follows.
This aspect of the present invention accommodates task management based upon wireless delivery of alerts to overcome the problem of estimating when the task requires completion. These alert based tasks include but are not limited to diaper management. For example, home security monitoring may also be accommodated.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a diaper management system 510 according to the present invention. The diaper management system 500 includes a diaper condition sensing module 510 and a central receiver/controller (CRC) 520. The CRC 520 operates on a conventional processing platform, and is configured to communicate wirelessly with the diaper condition sensing module 510. The CRC 520 also includes a network interface. The wireless and/or network interface accommodate the transmission of appropriate alerts to caregivers.
The diaper condition sensing module 510 includes a sensor 512 and a transmitter 514. The sensor 512 is configured to monitor one or more of the following conditions, whose results indicate whether the diaper is wet or not:
1. The weight of the diaper—urine or feces make the diaper heavier than a dry and clean diaper;
2. Electric conduction of urine;
3. Chemical properties of urine—volatilized air including volatile acid or ammonia, pH, starch enzymes, ketone bodies, and/or urobilinogen may all be detected and analyzed to determine the presence of urine;
4. Feces: the solid waste material; the bilirubin, or stercobilinogens in the feces; the specific food decomposed material including starch, fat; plant fiber, muscle fiber and so on; and/or
5. Any other elements, features, characteristics, and reflections of the unwanted on babies' diapers.
The sensor 512 triggers the transmitter 514 to establish a wireless communication channel between itself and the CRC 520. A signal is sent by the transmitter 514 to inform the CRC 520 that the diaper is wet. This wireless communication channel preferably uses wireless technologies such as UWB, Bluetooth, RFID, Spread Spectrum, or other conventional wireless communication technologies.
Each sensor 512 preferably has a unique ID. Multiple access mechanisms, such as TDMA, CDMA, FDMA, or other conventional approaches, may also be applied to allow the central receiver to communicate with multiple sensors at the same resource. It is believed that Zigbee/Bluetooth may be useful for many applications in light of the competing demands of working range, data rate and cost.
After the CRC 520 receives the signal, the receiver triggers sound, light, text and/or other indications of the status of the diaper. These indications may be variously displayed, broadcasted, reflected, etc. through speakers, telephones, pagers, beepers, computers, and so on to inform the caregiver(s) so that they can remedy the situation.
The diaper condition sensing module 510 may be variously provided. One example connects to the diaper using a probe that measures for desired criteria as described above and as shown in FIG. 5.
Another example provides the diaper condition sensing module 510 within the diaper. In this example, the sensor 512 also includes interfaces (probes) for measuring the desired criteria, within the confines of the diaper. The transmitter 514 may use various communication techniques as described above. For an RFID embodiment, the function may be provided by causing the circuit loop of the RFID tag to transition from open to close when the diaper condition (e.g., wet) is detected by the sensor, which automatically causes the ID Tag to be sensed by the tag reader of the CRC.
Still further, in this example the diaper condition sensing module 510 may be placed within a diaper and reused. Diapers may be configured with pouches or the like to allow the placement of the diaper condition sensing module 510. In another alternative, the diaper condition sensing module 510 is manufactured and sold as an integrated part of each diaper, so that caregivers do not have to be concerned about the placement of the module 510 each time a diaper is changed.
In addition to assisting a caregiver with regard to an individual child's diaper, a diaper management system may be configured to manage the diapers for groups of children, such as a pre-school class or a day care facility where many children may potentially wear diapers. An example of such a system 600 is shown in FIG. 6. The CRC 620 is configured to distinguish children in need of new diapers from those that are not and respectively sends messages to appropriate caregivers. To carry out this functionality, the CRC 620 is equipped with a database that associates the unique identifier corresponding to each diaper condition sensing module 610 a-g to at least one contact party. Alternative communication pathways (phone, e-mail, etc.), multiple contacts (caregiver#1, caregiver#2), and various other information may be associated to a given diaper condition sensing module 610 a-i in the database.
In addition to providing a status alert about the condition of the diaper, the CRC 620 also determines the location of the diaper by using wireless location techniques, including but not limited to Angle of Arrival, Time of Arrival, and Received Signal Strength Indication. This allows the option of also giving the designated caregiver information about the location of the child having the soiled diaper.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 700 for sending a caregiver alert according to a diaper condition in accordance with the present invention. The process 700 commences with the DCSM sensor monitoring 702 the diaper condition. When the diaper condition changes, such as when it is wet, the DCSM sensor detects the updated condition of the diaper. When this occurs, the DCSM transmitter sends 704 the diaper condition update to the CRC. The CRC receives 706 the update and corresponding indications. Many conditions may be updated and the DCSM and CRC are configured to communicate them accordingly. The CRC, once provided with the update, proceeds to estimate the location of the (e.g., wet) diaper. The DCSM sends an ID corresponding to the update, which identifies the diaper/child. The CRC queries its database and thus matches 708 the ID corresponding to the update to tailor caregiver alert(s). These alerts are then sent 710 to the caregiver(s) accordingly.
In the situation where there are multiple children/diapers being monitored, the CRC provided alert may be to a PC having a display screen with a map of the room(s) and the estimated location of the wet diaper. Other CRC provided alerts may merely notify additional caregiver(s) as to the status of the diaper, without the location, so that the additional caregiver(s) may be apprised of the status. The CRC may also poll the DCSM after a given period of time to ensure that the diaper condition has been updated. The CRC may be configured with configuration settings that allow a caregiver to specify when and how they should be updated. For example, if one caregiver is a baby sitter watching the child while the parents are out, the parent may configure the CRC not to send an alert to them when the diaper is first detected as being wet, but to wait until a certain period of time elapses. By contrast, the baby-sitter alert may be provided immediately. If the certain period of time passes and the diaper remains wet, the CRC can then notify the parent about the diaper condition, and the parent will realize that the diaper has not been changed.
FIG. 8 is a block and event diagram illustrating an example of a system 800 that implements several aspects of the invention described above. The system 800 includes UE 802, WHUB 804, Authorization Server 806, Base Station(s) 808, LCN Server(s) 810 and DCSM 812, which respectively provide the functionality described above for the components having the same names.
Local Merchant Server(s) 814 are also illustrated. As described in connection with the provision of locally applicable Internet content, merchants are apprised as to the local applicability of content, such as may be determined by frequency of access by users at a particular location corresponding to given base station(s). The WHUB 804, in addition to being configured to facilitate secure receipt and performance of an action such as a purchase request and corresponding payment request, includes the CRC functionality that allows a response to diaper condition update as provided by the DCSM 712 (the diaper being just one example of an item for which updates may be provided).
With the system 800 configured as such, the delivery of locally applicable Internet content may be provided in conjunction with the diaper update. Also, a local merchant (and corresponding server) 814 that sells diapers is able to present a coupon or other incentive to the user in conjunction with the determination that a diaper is wet by the DCSM 812. Moreover, in addition to having the capability of reminding the caregiver about this, the WHUB 804 may keep a database of household requirements and inventories. For example, the WHUB 804 may monitor the number of diapers detected as being used. When the amount of used diapers is close to the amount known to have been purchased previously, an additional alert may be presented to the user so that they are aware that they need diapers and they can get the discount if they buy brand x based upon the information provided by the local merchant.
The process for providing such functionality may be as follows. Based upon historical activity relating to access of locally applicable Internet content, as well as whatever merchant participation is desired in conjunction with the system 800, the local merchant's information is cached 852 at the relevant LCN Server(s). A wet diaper is detected 854 by the DCSM 812 and this information is transmitted to the WHUB 804. The WHUB 804, managing the diaper inventory for the household, determines that the inventory of diapers is low, and thus sends 856 a purchase alert through the Base Station 808 requesting information related to the current need. In response to this, the LCN Server(s) 810 determine that the local merchant information is relevant to the current need, and thus retrieve 858 and send 860 the cached local merchant information to the WHUB 804.
In conjunction with the above exchange of information, alerts of both the diaper condition and the low diaper inventory may be provided and retained for user review. When the user is ready to make a purchase, this may be accommodated via the WHUB 804. This purchase request may be made by directly interfacing with the WHUB 804, or by using the UE 802 in the fashion described above. The latter option is shown. There, the UE 802 sends 862 its Tag ID and purchase request to the WHUB 804. This, of course, may follow some browsing activity prior to the purchase request, so as to review the possible purchase options. The authentication may be as described above, based upon a Tag ID and password. The Tag ID and password are sent 864 to the authentication server, which returns a notification 868 confirming authentication.
Once the authorization is obtained, payment is sent 868 to the Local Merchant server 814 to complete the transaction, and the receipt, confirmation and other information may be fed back to the WHUB 804 regarding the same. For physical product like diapers, the WHUB will have provided (or the Local Merchant may already have) the shipping address. Additionally, if the Local Merchant is a provider of several items (such as a supermarket), then items may be accumulated prior to completing a purchase and/or making a shipment and/or making the products available for pick up by the user. The WHUB is preferably configured with a shopping list that allows organization of periodic cumulative purchases to accommodate this functionality.
Thus embodiments of the present invention produce and provide improved delivery of Internet content to CN users, facilities for accommodating task management through a portable terminal device, and for providing alerts. Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain embodiments thereof, the invention may be variously embodied without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the following claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein in any way.
1. A non-transitory computer readable medium configured for optimizing the delivery of content to users, non-transitory computer readable medium storing program code that is executable to perform operations comprising: determining locations for users requesting Internet content from wireless devices; monitoring the Internet content requested by users from a particular location; caching particular Internet content that is determined to be locally applicable based upon the monitoring of the Internet content accessed by users from the particular location, wherein the particular Internet content is cached at a local content server that is logically proximate to the particular location; sending merchant related information from the cached particular Internet content to a wireless device of a user through a wireless connection; and using a unique short range electromagnetic radiation communication identifier corresponding to the wireless device in connection with establishing a secure communication channel for transmitting information related to the merchant related information.
2. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the unique short range electromagnetic radiation communication identifier is an RFID Tag.
3. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the secure communication channel is one of a Bluetooth, a UWB, a WWAN, a cellular network, a wired network, a NFC, and a WLAN communication.
4. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the short range electromagnetic (EM) radiation communication identifier is transmitted through a NFC channel and the secure communication channel is a separate wireless communication channel.
5. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the unique short range electromagnetic radiation communication identifier is received and recognized by a wireless HUB.
6. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the wireless HUB is housed within one of a kiosk, a set top box, and a TV.
7. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the wireless HUB separately collects utility information.
8. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the unique short range electromagnetic radiation communication identifier is associated with a financial account.
9. An apparatus for optimizing the delivery of content to users, the apparatus comprising: a processor; and a memory, configured to store program code executable by the processor to perform operations comprising: determining locations for users requesting Internet content from wireless devices; monitoring the Internet content requested by users from a particular location; caching particular Internet content that is determined to be locally applicable based upon the monitoring of the Internet content accessed by users from the particular location, wherein the particular Internet content is cached at a local content server that is logically proximate to the particular location; sending merchant related information from the cached particular Internet content to a wireless device of a user through a wireless connection; and using a unique short range electromagnetic radiation communication identifier corresponding to the wireless device in connection with establishing a secure communication channel for transmitting information related to the merchant related information.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the unique short range electromagnetic radiation communication identifier is an RFID Tag.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the secure communication channel is one of a Bluetooth, a UWB, a WWAN, a cellular network, a wired network, a NFC, and a WLAN communication.
12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the short range electromagnetic (EM) radiation communication identifier is transmitted through a NFC channel and the secure communication channel is a separate wireless communication channel.
13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the unique short range electromagnetic radiation communication identifier is received and recognized by a wireless HUB.
| 7,172 |
https://github.com/Alexandr-Grigorash/crmBackend/blob/master/database/migrations/2021_12_14_173046_create_leads_table.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
crmBackend
|
Alexandr-Grigorash
|
PHP
|
Code
| 71 | 366 |
<?php
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
class CreateLeadsTable extends Migration
{
/**
* Run the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function up()
{
Schema::create('leads', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->text('user_id');
$table->integer('type');
$table->dateTime('date');
$table->integer('stage');
$table->float('price');
$table->string('department');
$table->text('fio');
$table->text('phone');
$table->text('email');
$table->integer('pay');
$table->integer('device');
$table->text('info');
$table->integer('order_number');
$table->text('utm_source');
$table->text('utm_medium');
$table->text('utm_campaign');
$table->text('utm_content');
$table->text('utm_term');
$table->text('referer_page');
$table->timestamps();
});
}
/**
* Reverse the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::dropIfExists('leads');
}
}
| 25,759 |
https://github.com/leiurus17/java-codingbat/blob/master/src/com/codingbat/warmup1/makes10/Makes10.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
java-codingbat
|
leiurus17
|
Java
|
Code
| 40 | 128 |
package com.codingbat.warmup1.makes10;
public class Makes10 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(makes10(9,10));
System.out.println(makes10(9,9));
System.out.println(makes10(1,9));
}
private static boolean makes10(int a, int b) {
return (a == 10 || b == 10 || a + b == 10);
}
}
| 14,449 |
bub_gb_yGh69g8gaF0C_48
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,757 |
Introduction a l'histoire moderne, generale et politique de l'univers; ou l'on voit l'origine, les révolutions & la situation presente des differens états de l'Europe, de l'Asie, de l'Afrique & de l'Amerique Commencée par le baron De Pufendorff, augmentée par M. Bruzen de la Martiniere. Tome premier huitieme. Nouvelle editio
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,923 | 10,787 |
Ces Députés ne peuvent pas partir du lieu de l’assemblée avant sa clôture, à moins qu'on en ait envoyé d’autres à leur place. Leurs fonctions sont réglées de manière que le Député de la Ville de Lubeck, comme Président de l’assemblée, a sa place hors de rang. Tous les autres sont assis sur deux bancs à droite et à gauche. Le Député de Lubeck, quoique Président, opine le premier, après lui ceux du banc à droite, enfin ceux du côté gauche, et les affaires y sont réglées à la pluralité des voix. Si les Députés du premier banc, à la tête duquel est celui de Cologne, demeurent fermes sur une résolution prise entre eux, ceux de l'autre banc sont obligés d’y consentir. Les assemblées ordinaires des Villes se tiennent de trois en trois ans vers la Pentecôte, et les extraordinaires toutes les fois que la nécessité le demande. INTRODUCTION À L’HISTOIRE Bulle d'Or. CHAPITRE QUATRIÈME DE LA CONSTITUTION DU CORPS GERMANIQUE ARTICLE PREMIER. BULLE D’OR, OU CONSTITUTION DE L’EMPEREUR CHARLES IV Au sujet des Elections des Empereurs, des fonctions des Electeurs, des Juridictions & droits des Princes de l'Empire; Faite partie à Francfort, le 5 Janvier 1356, partie à Metz, le 25 Décembre de la même année. Au nom de la Sainte & indivisible Trinité. Ainsi soit-il. CHARLES, par la grâce de Dieu, Empereur des Romains, toujours Auguste & Roi de Bourgogne, fait la mémoire perpétuelle de la chose. COUP D’ŒIL Tout Royaume divisé en soi-même fera déloyal; et parce que ses Princes se font faux compagnons de voleurs. Dieu a répandu parmi eux un esprit d'étonnement et de vertige, afin qu'ils marchent comme s'ils étaient aveugles en plein midi, de même que s'ils étaient au milieu des ténèbres, il a ôté leurs chandeliers du lieu où ils étaient, afin qu'ils soient aveugles et conduiteurs d'aveugles. Et en effet, ceux qui marchent dans l'obscurité se heurtent, et c'est dans la division que les aveugles d'entendement commettent des méchancetés. Dis orgueil, comment aurais-tu régné en Lucifer, si tu l'avais voulu? Sur le revers on remarque une effort est une espèce de Règiste contenant neceia de porte de Ville, au milieu d'autres plusieurs cahiers de parchemin, sans aucune sorte de roman. Le caractère en est allez invisible pour lecture, ni couverture. L’on a percé ce Règle le temps; mais cet original n'est guère conservé par le milieu, pour y faire passer un secret. Elle est soigneusement conservée dans un cordon d'or, les bouts duquel sont rattachés une boîte de bois carrée, on l'appelle Bulle par un sceau d'or, un peu plus grand que les d'Or, à cause du sceau de la couronne d'or, pièces de trente sous d'à présent. Ce sceau est creux, on y voit d'un côté la figure de Char où l’on a fait déclamer l'Empereur contre les IV. dans un Trône: on lit dans l'exergue sept péchés mortels. Aveu. n'avais appelé la distinction à ton secours? Dis, Satan envieux, comment aurais-tu châtiant Adam du Paradis, si tu ne l’avais détourné de l’obéissance qu’il devait à son Créateur? Dis, colère, comment aurais-tu détruit la République Romaine, si tu ne t’étais servi de la division pour animer Pompée et Jules à une guerre intestine, l’un contre l’autre? Dis, luxure, comment aurais-tu ruiné les Troyens, si tu n’avais séparé Hélène d’avec son mari ? Mais toi, envie, combien de fois t’es-tu efforcée de ruiner par la division l’Empire Chrétien que Dieu a fondé sur les trois Vertus Théologales, la Foi, l’Espérance et la Charité, comme sur une sainte et indivisible Trinité, vomis-tu tant le vieux venin de la division parmi les sept Electeurs, qui sont les colonnes, et les sept principaux membres du Saint Empire, et par l’éclat desquels le Saint Empire doit être éclairé comme par sept flambeaux, dont la lumière est fortifiée par les sept dons du Saint-Esprit ? C’est pourquoi, étant obligé, tant à cause du devoir que nous impose la dignité Impériale dont nous sommes revêtus, que pour maintenir notre droit d'Electeur en tant que Roi de Bohême, d’aller au devant des dangereuses suites que les divisions et dissolutions pourraient faire naître il l’avenir entre les Electeurs du nombre desquels nous sommes : Nous, après avoir maturement délibéré en notre Cour et Assemblée solennelle de Nuremberg, en présence de tous les Princes Électeurs, Ecclésiastiques et Séculiers, et autres Princes, Comtes, Barons, Seigneurs, Gentilshommes et Villes, étant assis dans le Trône Impérial, revêtus des habits Impériaux avec les ornements en main, et la Couronne sur la tête, par la plénitude de la puissance Impériale, avons fait et publié, par cet Édit, ferme et irrévocable, les lois suivantes, pour cultiver l’union entre les Électeurs, établir une forme d’élection unanime, et fermer tout chemin à cette division détestable, et aux dangers extrêmes qui la suivent. Donné l’an de notre Seigneur mille trois cent cinquante-neuf, indiction neuvième, le dixième Janvier, de notre Régne le dixième, et de notre Empire le fécond. Nous déclarons et ordonnons par le présent Édit Impérial, qui du reste sera éternellement, de notre certaine science, pleine puissance et autorité Impériale, que toute les fois qu’il arrivera à l’avenir d’élire un Roi des Romains pour être Empereur, et que les Électeurs, suivant l’ancienne et louable coutume, auront à faire voyage au sujet de telle élection, chaque Prince Électeur sera obligé, en étant requis, de faire conduire et escorter sûrement et sans fraude par ses pays, terres et lieux, et plus loin même, s’il peut, tous ses Co-Électeurs ou leurs Députés vers la ville où l’élection se devra faire, tant en allant qu’en retournant, sous peine de parjure, et de perdre (mais pour cette fois seulement) la voix et le suffrage qu’il devait avoir dans cette élection; déclarant celui ou ceux qui se feront rendus en ci-ci négligents ou rebelles, avoir encouru dès lors les dites peines, sans qu’il soit besoin d'autre déclaration que la présente. Le Manuscrit porte le premier, mais c’est une faute. L'Empire était alors fort brouillé par la multitude des prétendants à la dignité Impériale, de sorte que les chemins étaient si peu sûrs en Allemagne, que l'on ne pouvait marcher sans escorte. Ceci donna lieu à cet Article, qui naturellement ne devait pas être le premier. INTRODUCTION À L'HISTOIRE II. Nous ordonnons de plus, et mandons à tous les autres Princes qui sont en leur fiefs du Saint Empire Romain, quelque nom qu'ils puissent avoir, comme ils sont tous Comtes, Barons, Gens de guerre et Vassaux, tant Nobles que non Nobles, Bourgeois et Communautés de Bourgs, de Villes et de tous autres lieux du Saint Empire, qu'ils aient, lorsqu'il s'agira de procéder à l'élection d’un Roi des Romains pour être Empereur, de conduire et de corriger ferment et sans fraude, comme il a été dit, par leur territoire, et ailleurs, le plus loin qu'il se pourra, chaque Prince Electeur ou les Députés qu’il enverra à l'élection, pour lesquels aussi bien que pour lui, il leur aura demandé ou à aucun d'eux tel sauf-conduit; et en cas que quelqu’un ait la prévalence de contrevenir à notre présente Ordonnance, qu'il en coure aussi toutes les peines suivantes; savoir, en cas de contravention par les Princes, Comtes, Barons, Gentilshommes, Gens de guerre et Vassaux, la peine du parjure et la privation de tous les fiefs qu'ils tiennent du Saint Empire Romain, et de tous autres quelconques; comme aussi de toutes leurs autres possessions de quelque nature qu'elles soient; et à l'égard des Communautés et Bourgeois contrevenants à ce que dessus, qu'ils soient ainsi réputés parjure, et qu’avec cela ils soient privés de tous les droits, libertés, privilèges et grâces qu'ils ont obtenus du Saint Empire, et encourent en leurs personnes et en leurs biens le ban et la proscription Impériale; et c'est pourquoi nous les privons dessus, comme pour lors, le cas arrivant, de tous droits quelconques. Permettons aussi à tous et un chacun de courir sus aux proscriptions, et de les attaquer, offenser et outrager impunément d'autorité privée, sans pour ce demander autre permission des Magistrats, ni avoir à craindre aucune punition de la part de l'Empire ou de quelque autre que ce soit; attendu que lesdits proscriptions sont convaincus de crime et de félonie envers la République, et même contre leur honneur et leur salut, ayant méprisé témérairement et comme rebelles, désobéissants et traîtres, une chose importante au bien public. III. — Nous ordonnons et mandons aux Bourgeois de toutes les villes et aux Communautés, de vendre ou faire vendre à chaque Électeur ou à leurs Députés pour l’élection, tant en allant qu’en retournant, au prix raisonnable et sans fraude, les vivres et autres choses dont ils auront besoin pour eux et pour ceux de leur suite ; le tout sous les mêmes peines ci-dessus mentionnées, et l’égard desdits Bourgeois et Communautés que nous déclarons pareils à eux encourues de fait. IV. Que si quelque Prince, Comte, Baron, homme de guerre, Vassal, Noble ou Ignoble, Bourgeois ou Communauté de Ville, était allé téméraire pour apporter quelque empêchement, ou tendre quelques embûches aux Électeurs ou à leurs Députés, allant pour l’élection du Roi des Romains ou en revenant, et les attaquer, offenser, ou inquiéter en leurs personnes ou en celles de leurs domestiques et suite, ou même en leurs équipages, soit qu'ils eussent demandé le passe-conduit ordinaire, soit qu'ils n'eussent pas jugé à propos de le demander; Nous déclarons celui-là et tous les complices avoir encouru de fait les dites peines, selon la qualité des personnes, ainsi qu’il est ci-dessus marqué. V. Et même si un Prince Électeur a vu quelque inimitié, différend ou procès avec quelqu’un de ses Collègues, cette querelle ne le doit pas empêcher de donner, en étant requis, ladite conduite et encouragement à l’autre ou il est des Députés pour ladite élection, à peine de perdre sa voix en l’élection, pour cette fois-là seulement, comme il est dit ci-dessus. VI. — Comme aussi si les autres Princes, Comtes, Barons, Gens de guerre, Vassaux, Nobles et Ignobles, Bourgeois et Communautés des Villes voulaient du mal à quelque Electeur ou à plusieurs, ou s’il y avait quelque différend ou guerre entre eux, ils ne tailleraient pas sans contradiction ou fraude aucune, de conduire ou d’efforcer le Prince Electeur, ou les Princes Électeurs, ou leurs Députés, lorsqu’en allant au lieu où se devra faire l’élection, soit en s’en retournant, s’ils veulent éviter les peines dont ils sont menacés par cet Édit, lesquelles encourront de fait au même temps qu’ils en souffriront autrement. VII. Et pour une plus grande fermeté et plus ample assurance de toutes les choses ci-dessus mentionnées, Nous voulons et ordonnons que tous et chacun les Princes Électeurs et autres Princes, Comtes, Barons, Nobles, Villes ou leurs Communautés promettent par lettres et par serment toutes les dites choses, et qu’ils s'obligent de bonne foi et sans fraude de les accomplir et mettre en effet; et que quiconque refusera de donner telles lettres, encore défait des peines ordonnées pour être exécutées contre les refusants, selon la condition des personnes. VIII. Que lors que quelque Prince Électeur ou autre Prince relevant de l'Empire, de quelque qualité et condition qu'il soit, Comte, Baron ou Gentilhomme, leurs successeurs ou héritiers, tenant des fiefs du Saint Empire, refusant d’accomplir nos Ordonnances et Lois Impériales ci-dessus et ci après écrites, ou qu’il eût la préemption d'y contrevenir; si c’était un Électeur, que dès lors ses Co-Électeurs l’excluent dorénavant de leur société, et qu’il soit privé de sa voix pour l’élection, et de la place, de la dignité et du droit de Prince Électeur, de quoi il ne soit point inversé des fiefs qu’il tienne du Saint Empire. Et si c’était quelque autre Prince ou Gentilhomme, comme il a été dit, qui contrevient à ces mêmes lois, qu’il ne soit point non plus inversé des fiefs qu’il peut tenir de l’Empire, ou de qui que ce soit qu’il les tienne, et cependant qu’il encoure dès lors les mêmes peines personnelles et de sus ipsofectis. IX. Et encore que nous entendions et ordonnions que tous Princes, Comtes, Barons, Gentilshommes, Gens de guerre, Vassaux, Villes et Communautés soient obligés indifféremment de donner ladite escorte et conduite à chaque Électeur ou à ses Députés, comme il a été dit; Nous avons toutefois estimé à propos d’assigner à chaque Électeur une escorte et des conducteurs particuliers, selon les pays et les lieux où il aura à passer, comme il le verra plus amplement par ce qui suit. X. Premièrement, le Roi de Bohême, Archichancelier du Saint Empire, sera conduit par l’Archevêque de Mayence, par les Évêques de Bamberg et de Wurtzbourg, par les Burgraves de Nuremberg, par ceux de Hohenlohe, de Wurtzbourg, de Bruneck et de Hanau, et par les Villes de Nuremberg, de Rothenbourg et de Windesheim. XI. L'Archevêque de Cologne, Archichancelier du Saint Empire en Italie, sera conduit par les Archevêques de Mayence et de Trèves, par le Comte Palatin du Rhin, par le Landgrave de Hesse, par les Comtes de Czeligenbogen, de Natzmer, de Diersberg, d'Istembourg, de Westerbourg, de Runckel, de Limbourg et de Falkenstein, et par les Villes de Wetzlar, de Geylnhaufen et de Fridberg. XII. L'Archevêque de Trèves, Archichancelier du Saint Empire dans les Gaules et au Royaume d'Arles, sera conduit par l'Archevêque de Mayence, par le Comte Palatin du Rhin, par les Comtes de Spanheim et de Feldens, par les Margraves et Wildgraves de Nassau, d'Istembourg, de Westerbourg, de Runckel, de Limbourg, de Dietz, de Czeligenbogen, d'Eppenstein et de Falkenstein, et par la Ville de Mayence. XIII. Le Comte Palatin du Rhin, Aumônier d'Hôtel du Saint Empire, sera conduit par l'Archevêque de Mayence. XIV. Le Duc de Saxe, Archimaréchal du Saint Empire, sera conduit par le Roi de Bohême, les Archevêques de Mayence et de Magdebourg, les Évêques de Bamberg et de Wurtzbourg, le Marquis de Milanie, le Landgrave de Hesse, les Abbés de Fulda et de Hirschaft, le Burgrave de Nuremberg, ceux de Hohenlohe, de Wertheim, de Bruneck, de Hanau et de Falkenstein; comme ainsi par les Villes d'Erfurt, Mühlhausen, Nuremberg, Strasbourg et Windesheim. XV. Et tous ceux qui viennent d'être nommés seront pareillement tenus de conduire le Marquis de Brandebourg, Archichambellan du Saint Empire. XVI. Voulons en outre et ordonnons expressément que chaque Prince Électeur qui voudra avoir tel sauf-conduit et escorte, le fasse savoir à ceux par lesquels il voudra être conduit et escorté, leur indiquant le chemin qu’il prendra, afin que ceux qui sont ordonnés pour ladite conduite, et qui en auront été ainsi requis, s'y puissent préparer commodément et aller à temps. XVII. Déclarons toutefois que les présentes Constitutions faites au sujet de ladite conduite, doivent être entendues, en sorte que chacun des suffrage messus, ou tout autre qui n'a pas été ci-dessus dénommé, à qui dans le cas futile il arrivera d’être requis de fournir ladite conduite et escorte, soit obligé de la donner dans ses terres et pays seulement, et même au-delà loin qu'il le pourra : le tout sans fraude, sous les peines ci-dessus expressément. XVIII. Mandons et ordonnons de plus, que l’Archevêque de Mayence qui tiendra alors le siège, envoyé ses lettres patentes par Couriers exprès à chacun desdits Princes Électeurs, Idéliafques et Séculiers, ses Collègues, pour leur intimer ladite élection, et que dans ces lettres soit exprimé le jour et le terme dans lequel vraisemblablement elles pourront être rendues à chacun de ces Princes. XIX. Ces lettres contiendront que dans trois mois, à compter du jour qui y sera exprimé, tous et chacun les Princes Électeurs aient à se rendre à Francfort-sur-le-Main en personne, ou à y envoyer leurs Ambassadeurs par eux authentiquement autorisés et munis de procuration valable, signée de leur main et scellée de leur grand sceau, pour procéder à l'élection d'un Roi des Romains, futur Empereur. Digitisé par Coop DE L’UNIVERS. Liv. V. Ch. IV. ' ao* XX. Où comment et en quelle forme ces forces de lettres doivent être reflétées, et quelle solennité y doit être observée inviolablement, et en quelle forme et maniéré les Princes, Électeurs, auront à dresser et faire leurs pouvoirs, mandements et procurations pour les Députés qu'ils voudront en envoyer à l'élection, cela se trouvera plus clairement exprimé à la fin de la présente ordonnance ; laquelle forme en cet endroit préférée, ordonnons de notre pleine puissance et autorité Impériale, être en tout et partout observée. XXI. Quand les choses seront venues à ce point que la nouvelle certaine de la mort de l’Empereur ou du Roi des Romains, sera arrivée dans le Diocèse de Mayence, nous commandons et ordonnons que dès lors dans l'espace d'un mois, à compter du jour de l’avis reçu de cette mort, l'Archevêque de Mayence par ses lettres patentes en donne part aux autres Princes Électeurs, et fasse l'intimation dont il est ci-dessus parlé : que si par hasard cet Archevêque négligeait ou apportait de la lenteur à faire ladite intimation, alors les autres Princes Électeurs, de leur propre mouvement, sans même être appelés, et par la fidélité avec laquelle ils sont obligés d'assister le Saint-Empire, se rendront dans trois mois, ainsi qu'il a été dit, en ladite Ville de Francfort, pour élire un Roi des Romains, futur Empereur. XXII. Or chacun des Princes Électeurs, ou leurs Ambassadeurs, ne pourront entrer dans le temps de ladite élection en ladite Ville de Francfort, qu’avec deux cents chevaux seulement, parmi lesquels il pourra y avoir cinquante Cavaliers armés, ou moins s'il veut, mais non pas davantage. XXIII. Le Prince Électeur ainsi appelé & invité à cette élection, & n'y venant pas, ou n’y envoyant pas ses Ambassadeurs avec ses lettres patentes scellées de son sceau, contenant un plein, libre & entier pouvoir d’élire un Roi des Romains, ou bien y étant venu, ou y ayant envoyé à son dessein les Ambassadeurs, si ensuite le même Prince ou ses Ambassadeurs se retiraient du lieu de l'élection avant que le Roi des Romains, futur Empereur, eut été élu, et sans avoir subtilué solennellement & laissé un Procureur légitime, afin d’y agir pour ce que dessus; que pour cette fois il soit privé de sa voix pour l’élection, & du droit qu'il y avait, & qu’il a ainsi abandonné. XXIV. Enjoignons et mandons aussi aux Bourgeois de Francfort, qu’en vertu du ferment que nous voulons qu'ils prêtent à cette fin sur les saints Évangiles, ils aient à protéger et à défendre avec soin, fidélité et vigilance, tous les Princes Électeurs en général, et un chacun d’eux en particulier, ensemble leurs gens, et chacun des deux cents Cavaliers qu'ils auront amenés en ladite Ville, contre toute insulte et attaque, en cas qu’il arrive quelque dispute ou querelle entre eux, et ce envers et contre tous ; à faute de quoi ils encourront la peine de parjure, avec perte de tous leurs droits, libertés, grâces et indulgences qu'ils tiennent ou pourront tenir du Saint-Empire, et seront dès au même temps mis avec leurs personnes et tous leurs biens au ban Impérial : et dès lors comme dès à présent, il sera loisible à tout homme, de sa propre autorité, sans être obligé de recourir à un Magistrat, d'attaquer impunément ces mêmes Bourgeois, que nous privons en ce cas dès à présent comme pour lors, de tout droit, comme traitres, indisciplinés et rebelles à l’Empire, sans que ceux qui les attaqueront pour ce sujet en doivent appréhender aucune punishment de la part du Saint-Empire ni d’aucune autre part. Bulle d’Or. Article III. De l'élection du Roi des Romains. INTRODUCTION À L'HISTOIRE ces mêmes Bourgeois, que nous privons en ce cas dès à présent comme pour lors, de tout droit, comme traîtres, indisciplinés et rebelles à l’Empire, sans que ceux qui les attaqueront pour ce sujet en doivent appréhender aucune punition de la part du Saint-Empire ni d’aucune autre part. XXV. De plus, lesdits Bourgeois de la Ville de Francfort ne introduiront et ne permettront, sous quelque prétexte que ce soit, de laisser entrer en leur Ville aucun étranger, de quelque condition ou qualité qu’il puisse être. Sentant tout le temps qu’on procédera à l'élection, il n’y a lieu seulement es Princes Électeurs, leurs Députés ou Procureurs, chacun desquels pourra faire entrer deux cents chevaux, comme il a été dit. XXVI. Mais si, après l’entrée des mêmes Électeurs, il se trouvait dans la Ville ou en leur présence quelque étranger, lesdits Bourgeois, en conformité du serment qu’ils auront prêté pour ce sujet, en vertu de la présente Ordonnance, sur les saints Évangiles, comme il a été ci-devant marqué, seront obligés de le faire sortir incontinent et sans retardement, sous les mêmes peines ci-dessus prononcées contre eux. Après que les Électeurs ou leurs Plénipotentiaires auront fait leurs entrées en la ville de Francfort, ils se transporteront le lendemain du grand matin en l’Église de S. Barthélemy Apôtre, et ils y feront chanter la Messe du Saint Esprit, et y assisteront tous jusqu’à la fin, afin que le même Saint Esprit éclairant leurs cœurs, et répandant en eux la lumière de sa vertu, ils puissent être fortifiés de son secours pour élire Roi des Romains et futur Empereur, un homme juste, bon et utile pour le salut du Peuple Chrétien. II. Aussitôt après la Messe, tous les Electeurs ou les Plénipotentaires s'approcheront de l'autel où la Messe aura été célébrée ; et la voix des Princes Electeurs Écclésiastiques, l'évangile de S. Jean, In principio tract verbum, étant expliqué devant eux, mettront leurs mains avec réverence sur la poitrine, et les Princes Electeurs Séculiers toucheront réellement de leurs mains ledit Evangile, à quoi tous, avec toute leur famille, affilieront non armés ; et alors l'Archevêque de Mayence leur présentera la forme du ferment ; et lui avec eux, et eux ou les Plénipotentaires des absents avec lui, prêteront le ferment en cette manière. Je, N. Archevêque de Mayence, Archichancelier du Saint-Empire en Allemagne, & Prince Electeur, jure sur ces saints Évangiles ici mis devant moi, par la foi avec laquelle je suis obligé à Dieu et au Saint-Empire Romain, que félon tout mon désêlement et jugement, avec l'aide de Dieu, je veux élire un Chef temporel au Peuple Chrétien, c'est-à-dire, un Roi des Romains, futur Empereur, qui soit digne de l'être autant que par mon désêlement et mon jugement je le pourrai connaître ; et sur la même foi je donnerai ma voix et mon suffrage en ladite élection, sans aucun pacte, ni espérance d'intérêt, de récompense ou de promesse, ou d'aucune chose semblable, de quelque manière qu'elle puisse être appelée : Ainsi Dieu m'aide et tous les Saints. Après avoir prêté le ferment en la forme et manière susdite, les Electeurs ou les Ambassadeurs des absents procéderont à l'élection, et dès lors ils ne sortiront plus de la Ville de Francfort, qu'auparavant ils n'ayent, à la pluralité des voix, élu et donné au Monde ou au Peuple Chrétien un Chef temporel, à savoir un Roi des Romains, futur Empereur. VI. Que s'ils diffèrent de le faire dans trente jours consécutifs, à compter du jour qu'ils auront prêté le ferment, alors les trente jours expirés, ils n'auront pour nourriture que du pain et de l’eau, ils ne sortiront pas de la dite Ville qu’auparavant, tous, ou la plus grande partie d’eux, n’ayent élu un Conducteur ou Chef temporel des Fidèles, comme il a été dit. VI. Or après que les Électeurs, ou le plus grand nombre d’eux, l’auront ainsi élu dans le même lieu, cette élection tiendra, sera réputée comme si elle avait été faite par tous unanimement, sans contradiction d'aucun. VII. Et si quelqu’un des Électeurs ou des Présidents Ambassadeurs avait tardé quelque peu de temps, il arrive à Francfort, que toutefois il y vient avant que l'élection soit achevée, nous voulons qu’il soit admis à l'élection en l'état qu’elle se trouve lors de son arrivée. VIII. Et d’autant que par une coutume ancienne, approuvée et louable, tout ce qui est ci-dessus écrit a été invariablement observé jusqu’à présent, nous, pour cette raison, voulons et ordonnons de notre pleine puissance et autorité Impériale, qu’à l'avenir celui qui de la manière susdite aura été élu Roi des Romains, aussitôt après son élection, et avant qu’il puisse se mêler de l’administration des autres affaires de l'Empire, confirme et approuve sans aucun délai, par ses lettres et sceau, à tous et chacun les Princes Électeurs, Écclésiastiques et Séculiers, comme aux principaux Membres de l’Empire, tous leurs privilèges, lettres, droits, libertés, immunités, concertations, anciennes coutumes et dignités, et tout ce qu’ils ont obtenu et possédé de l’Empire jusqu’au jour de son élection; et qu’après qu’il aura été couronné de la Couronne Impériale, il leur confirme de nouveau toutes les émissions susdites. IX. Cette confirmation sera faite par le Prince élu à chacun des Princes Électeurs en particulier, premièrement sous le nom de Roi, puis renouvelée sous le titre d’Empereur; et sera tenu ledit Prince élu d’y maintenir fins fraudes, et de son bon mouvement, les mêmes Princes en général, et chacun d’eux en particulier, bien loin de leur y donner aucun trouble ou empêchement. Voilons enfin et ordonnons qu'en cas que trois Électeurs préfents, ou les Ambassadeurs des absents, élisent un quatrième d'entre eux, savoir, un Électeur présent ou absent, Roi des Romains, la voix de cet Élu, s'il est présent, ou la voix de ses Ambassadeurs, s'il est absent, ait sa vigueur, et augmente le nombre et la plus grande partie des Électeurs à l'instar des autres Électeurs. Charles quatrième, par la grâce de Dieu, Empereur des Romains, toujours Auguste, et Roi de Bohême à la mémoire perpétuelle de la chose. S'ils avaient suivi ce règlement lors de l'élection de Léopold, ils se seraient plus pressés de l'achever ; ils trouvèrent bon de s'en dispenser, en ayant qu'ils avaient beau coup d'autres affaires à régler, quoiqu'ils n'y aient fait que celle-là. L'élection dura néanmoins onze mois. Bulle d'Or, Aux Évêques de Mayence, de Cologne et de Trèves. Digitized by Google Bulle d'Or. Au nom de la Sainte et indivisible Trinité, et nous, plus pressés de bonheur. Ainsi soit-il. Autre IV. Des Princes et des États en commun. INTRODUCTION À L'HISTOIRE I. L'union et la concorde des vénérables et illustres Princes Electeurs, font l'ornement et la gloire du Saint-Empire Romain, l'honneur de la Majesté Impériale et l'avantage des autres États de cette République, dont ces Princes soutiennent l'édifice à la création, comme en étant les principales colonnes, par leur piété égale à leur prudente. Ce sont eux qui fortifient le bras de la puissance Impériale, et l'on peut dire que plus le noeud de leur amitié mutuelle se refasse, plus le Peuple Chrétien jouit abondamment de toutes les commodités qu'apportent la paix et la tranquillité. II. C'est pourquoi, afin de prévenir dorénavant les disputes et les jaloux sentiments qui pourraient naître entre les vénérables Archevêques de Mayence, de Cologne et de Trèves, Princes Electeurs du Saint-Empire, à cause de la primauté ou du rang qu'ils doivent avoir pour leurs séances dans les Assemblées Impériales et Royales, et faire en sorte qu'ils demeurent entre eux dans un état tranquille de cœur et d'esprit, et puissent travailler unanimement et employer tous leurs soins aux affaires et avantages du Saint-Empire pour la consolation du Peuple Chrétien ; nous avons par délibération et par le conseil de tous les Electeurs, tant Ecclésiastiques que Séculiers, arrêté et donné, arrêtons et ordonnons, de notre pleine puissance et autorité Impériale, par ce présent Édit perpétuel et irrévocable, que lesdits vénérables Archevêques auront séance, savoir : celui de Trèves vis-à-vis de la face de l’Empereur ; celui de Mayence, tant en son Diocèse et en sa Province, soit même hors de sa Province dans l'étendue de sa Chancellerie Allemande (excepté en la Province de Cologne seulement), à la main droite de l’Empereur ; ainsi que l’Archevêque de Cologne l'aura en sa Province et en son Diocèse, & hors de sa Province en toute l'Italie et en France, à la main droite de l'Empereur ; et ce en tous les assemblées publiques Impériales ; de même qu'aux jugements, collations et investitures des Fiefs, séans, conseils, et en toutes leurs autres assemblées où il s’agira et se traitera de l’honneur et du bien de l'Empire Romain. Voulant que cet ordre de séance soit observé entre lesdits Archevêques de Cologne, de Trèves et de Mayence, et leurs successeurs à perpétuité, sans que l’on puisse à jamais y apporter aucun changement, ou y former aucune contestation. Ordonnons aussi que toutes les fois que l’Empereur ou le Roi des Romains se trouvera dans les Assemblées Impériales, soit au Conseil, à table ou en toute autre rencontre avec les Princes Électeurs, le Roi de Bohême, comme Prince couronné et sacré, occupe la première place immédiatement après l’Archevêque de Mayence ou celui de Cologne ; savoir, celui d’un de eux, qui pour lors, selon la qualité des lieux et variété des Provinces, sera assis au côté droit de l’Empereur ou du Roi des Romains, suivant la tenue de son privilège ; et que le Comte-Palatin occupe après lui la seconde place du même côté droit ; qu’au côté gauche, le Duc de Saxe occupe la première place après l'Archevêque qui sera assis à la main gauche de l'Empereur, et que le Marquis de Brandebourg se range après le Duc de Saxe. Toutes les fois que le Saint-Empire viendra à vaquer, l’Archevêque de Mayence aura le pouvoir qu’il a eu d’ancienneté, d'inviter par lettres les autres Princes, ses Confrères, de venir à l'élection. Tous lesquels, ou ceux d'entre eux qui auront pu ou voulu assister à ladite élection, étant assemblés pour y procéder, ce sera l'Electeur de Mayence, et non un autre, de recueillir particulièrement la voix de ses Co-Electeurs en l'ordre suivant. IV. Il demandera, premièrement, lavis à l'Archevêque de Trèves, il qui nous déclarons que le premier suffrage appartient, ainsi que nous avons trouvé qu’il lui avait appartenu jusqu’ici; secondement, l’Archevêque de Cologne, il qui a le droit et l’honneur de mettre le premier le diadème sur la tête du Roi des Romains; troisièmement, au Roi de Bohême qui tient la primauté par l’éminence, le droit de le mériter de sa Dignité Royale, entre les Electeurs laïcs; en quatrième lieu, au Comte-Palatin du Rhin; en cinquième lieu, au Duc de Saxe; & en sixième lieu, au Marquis de Brandebourg. L’Archevêque de Mayence ayant ainsi, & en l’ordre susdit, recueilli les suffrages de tous, fera entendre aux Princes ses Confrères, & leur découvrir ses intentions, & à qui il donne sa voix, en étant par eux requis. V. Ordonnons suffisamment qu’aux cérémonies des festins Impériaux, le Marquis de Brandebourg donnera l’eau pour laver les mains à l'Empereur ou au Roi des Romains; le Roi de Bohême lui donnera la première fois à boire (lequel service toutefois il ne sera pas tenu de rendre avec la Couronne Royale sur la tête, conformément aux privilèges de son Royaume, s'il ne le veut de sa propre & libre volonté); le Comte-Palatin du Rhin sera tenu d’apporter la viande, & le Duc de Saxe exercera la Charge d’Archimaréchal, comme il a coutume de faire de toute antiquité. I. De plus, toutes les fois que le Saint-Empire viendra se vacquer, comme il est dit, l’illustre Comte Palatin du Rhin, Archimaître-d’Hôtel du Saint Empire Romain, sera Proviseur ou Vicaire de l’Empire dans les parties du Rhin et de la Suabe, et de la Juridiction de Franconie, à cause de la Principauté ou du privilège du Comté Palatin, avec pouvoir d’administrer la Justice, de nommer aux Bénéfices Ecclésiastiques, de recevoir le revenu de l’Empire, d’investir des Fiefs, et de recevoir les serments et hommage de la part et au nom du Saint Empire. Toutes lesquelles choses toutefois seront renouvellées en leur temps par le Roi des Romains, après avoir été élue, auquel les serments et hommage devront être de nouveau prêtés, à la réserve des Fiefs des Princes, de ceux qui se donnent ordinairement avec le sceptre, dont nous retenons spécialement l’investiture et la collation à l’Empereur seul, ou au Roi des Romains. Le Comte Palatin saura toutefois qu’il lui est défendu expressément d’aliéner ou d’engager aucune chose appartenant à l’Empire pendant le temps de son administration ou Vicariat. II. Et nous voulons que l’illustre Duc de Saxe, Archimaître du Saint Empire, jouisse du même droit d’administration dans les lieux où le Droit le lui permet. Cette qualité a toujours été contestée entre le Electeur de Bavière et le Palatin, depuis le Traité de Munich, qui semble l’adjuger à chaque fois clairement au premier. L'Empereur Joseph a cru terminer cette contestation en faveur de l’Electeur Palatin son oncle ; mais cela n'est pas uni. De la compagnie de France et de ses princes. Autre victoire. De la succession des princes héritiers. Au nom de la sainte directive, notre plus grand bonheur. INTRODUCTION À L’HISTOIRE Saxon est observé, en toutes les mêmes manières et conditions qui sont spécifiées. Et quoique par une coutume fort ancienne, il ait été introduit que l'Empereur ou le Roi des Romains est obligé de répondre dans les causes intentées contre lui par-devant le Comte-Palatin du Rhin, Archevêque d’Hotel, Prince Électeur du Saint-Empire, ledit Comte Palatin ne pourra toutefois exercer cette juridiction qu’en la Cour Impériale, où l’Empereur ou le Roi des Romains sera présent en personne, & non ailleurs. Nous ordonnons qu’en toutes les cérémonies et assemblées de la Cour Impériale, qui se feront dorénavant, les Princes Électeurs, Écclésiastiques & Séculiers, tiendront invariablement leurs places à droite & à gauche, selon l’ordre & la manière précédente, & que nul autre Prince, de quelque état, dignité, prééminence ou qualité qu'il soit, ne leur puisse être ou à aucun d’eux préféré ou aucunes actions quelconques qui regardent les Assemblées Impériales, suit en marchant, seant ou demeurant debout; avec cette condition expresse que le Roi de Bohême nommément précédera invariablement dans toutes & chacune les actions & célébrations dites des Assemblées Impériales, tout autre Roi, quelque dignité ou prérogative particulière qu’il puisse avoir, & pour quelque cause ou cas qu’il y puisse venir ou assister. Charles quatre, par la grâce de Dieu, Empereur des Romains, toujours Auguste & Roi de Bohême, à la mémoire perpétuelle de la chose. Parmi les moyens innombrables que nous apportons journellement pour mettre en un état heureux le Saint-Empire, où nous prédisons par l’assistance du Seigneur, notre principale application est à faire fleurir et entretenir toujours parmi les Princes Électeurs du Saint-Empire une union littéraire, et une concorde et charité siêclives ; étant certain que leurs conseils sont d’autant plus utiles au Monde Chrétien, qu’ils se trouvent éloignés de toute erreur, que la charité règne plus purement en eux, que tout doute en est banni, et que les droits d'un chacun sont clairement déclarés et spécifiés. Certes, il est généralement manifesté et notoire à tout le monde que le Roi de Bohême, le Comte-Palatin du Rhin, le Duc de Saxe et le Marquis de Brandebourg, le premier en vertu de son Royaume, et les autres en vertu de leurs Principautés, ont droit, voix et séance en l’élection du Roi des Romains, avec les Princes Élevés, leurs Co-Électeurs, avec lesquels ils sont tous vrais et légitimes Princes Électeurs du Saint-Empire. II. Néanmoins, afin qu'à l'avenir on ne puisse susciter aucun sujet de contestation et de division entre les fils de ces Princes Électeurs Séculiers touchant dits droits, voix et faculté d'élection, et qu'ainsi le bien public ne soit aucunement en risque d'être retardé ou troublé par des délais dangereux, Nous, avec l'aide de Dieu, désirant en prévenir les périls à venir : III. Statuons et ordonnons de notre puissance et autorité Impériale, par la présente loi perpétuelle, que le cas arrivant que ledit Prince Électeur Séculier, ou quelqu’un d'eux vienne à décéder, le droit, la voix et le pouvoir d'élection seront dévolus librement, et sans contradiction de qui que ce soit, à son fils aîné légitime laïc, et en cas que ledit aîné ne soit plus au monde, au fils aîné de l'aîné, semblablement laïc. IV. Et si ledit aîné venait à mourir sans laisser derrière lui d'enfants mâles légitimes laïcs, le droit, la voix et le pouvoir d'élection seront dévolus, en vertu du présent Edit, à son frère puîné descendu en ligne directe légitime paternelle, et en suite au fils aîné laïc de celui-ci. VI. Cette succession des aînés et des héritiers de ces Princes, sera perpétuellement observée en ce qui regarde le droit, la voix et le pouvoir dit; VI. À cette condition et en sorte toutefois que si le Prince Électeur ou son Roi aîné, ou le fils puîné laïc venait à décéder, laissant des héritiers mâles légitimes mineurs, le plus âgé frère de ce défunt aîné sera Tuteur et Administrateur desdits mineurs, jusqu'à ce que l'aîné d’entre eux ait atteint l’âge légitime, lequel âge en un Prince Électeur voulons et ordonnons être à toujours de dix-huit ans accomplis; et lorsque l'Électeur mineur aura atteint cet âge, son Tuteur ou Administrateur sera tenu de lui remettre incontinent et entièrement le droit, la voix et le pouvoir, avec l'office d’Électeur, et généralement tout ce qui en dépend. VII. Et si quelque une de ces Principautés venait à vaquer au profit de l’Empire, l'Empereur ou le Roi des Romains d’alors en pourra disposer comme d'une chose dévolue légitimement à lui et au Saint-Empire ; VIII. Sans préjudice néanmoins des privilèges, droits et coutumes de notre Royaume de Bohême, pour ce qui regarde l’élection d’un nouveau Roi en cas de vacance, en vertu desquels les provinces de Bohême peuvent élire un Roi de Bohême suivant la coutume observée de tous temps, et la teneur desdits privilèges obtenus des Empereurs auxquels nous entendons nullement préjudicier par la présente Sanction Impériale ; au contraire, ordonnons expressément que notre dit Royaume y soit maintenu, et que ses privilèges lui soient conservés à perpétuité, selon leur forme et teneur. I. Comme les Empereurs & Rois nos prédécesseurs ont accordé aux illustres Rois de Bohême, nos aïeux & prédécesseurs, aussi bien qu'au Royaume & à la Couronne de Bohême, le privilège qui par grâce a été accordé, & qui a eu son effet dans ledit Royaume, sans interruption depuis un temps immémorial, par une louable coutume incontestablement observée pendant tout ce temps, & préférée par l’ultra, sans contradiction & interruption aucune, qui en qu’aucun Prince, Baron, Noble, homme de guerre, Vassal, Bourgeois, Habitant, Paysan & autre personne de ce Royaume & de ses appartenances, de quelque état, dignité, prééminence ou condition qu'il puisse être, ne puisse, pour quelque cause ou sous quelque prétexte, ou par quelque personne que ce soit, être ajourné & cité hors le Royaume, & par-devant d'autre Tribunal que celui du Roi de Bohême & des Juges de la Cour Royale ; Nous, désirant renouveler & confirmer ledit usage & privilège, ordonnons de notre autorité & pleine puissance Impériale, par cette Constitution perpétuelle & irrévocable à toujours, que, si nonobstant ce privilège, coutume & usage, quelque Prince, Baron, Noble, Vassal, Bourgeois ou Paysan, ou quelque autre personne susdite, était cité ou ajourné à quelque Tribunal que ce soit hors du Royaume, pour cause quelconque. INTRODUCTION À L'HISTOIRE ville, criminelle ou mixte, il ne serait nullement tenu d'y comparaître et y répondre en aucun temps, en personne ou par Procureur ; et si le Juge étranger, et qui ne demeure point dans le Royaume, quelque autorité qu'il ait, ne laide pas que de procéder contre le défaillement ou le non comparant, et de passer outre jusqu'à jugement interlocutoire ou définitif, et de rendre une ou plusieurs sentences dans les causes et affaires futile de quelque manière que ce soit. Nous déclarons de notre autorité et pleine puissance Impériale toutes lesdites durions, commandements, procédures, sentences et exécutions faites en conséquence généralement quelconques, nulles et de nul effet, sans qu'il puisse être rien exécuté ou attenté au préjudice de ce privilège. II. Sur quoi nous ajoutons expressément et ordonnons par cet Édit Impérial, perpétuel et irrévocable de la même pleine puissance et autorité, que comme dans ledit Royaume de Bohême, il a été toujours et de temps immémorial observé, qu'il n'était permis à aucun Prince, Baron, Noble, homme de guerre, Vassal, Gouverneur, Bourgeois, Paysan, ou tout autre habitant du Royaume de Bohême susdit, de quelque état, prééminence, dignité ou condition qu'il soit, d'appeler à autre Tribunal de quelconques Procédures, Sentences interlocutoires et définitives, Mandements ou Jugements dit Roi de Bohême ou de ses Juges ; comme aussi de l'exécution desdites Sentences et Jugements rendus contre aucun d'eux par les Tribunaux du Roi, du Royaume et des autres Juges susdits, et s'il arrive qu'au préjudice de ce, l'on interjette de tels appels, qu'ils soient déclarés nuls, et que les appelants encourent dès lors réellement et de fait la peine de leur cause. I. Nous ordonnons par présente Constitution perpétuelle et irrévocable, et déclarons de notre science, que nos futurs Rois de Bohême, comme aussi tous et chacun les Princes Électeurs Écclésiastiques et Séculiers, présents et à venir, pourront justement et légitimement avoir et posséder toutes les mines et minières d'or, d'argent, d'étain, de cuivre, de fer et de plomb, et de toutes fortes d'autres métaux; comme aussi les sables de couvertures, ou qui seront découverts avec le temps en notre dit Royaume et dans les terres et pays sujets audit Royaume, de même que lesdits Princes dans leurs Principautés, terres, domaines et appartenances, avec tous droits, sans en excepter aucun, comme ils peuvent ou ont accoutumé de les piller. Pourront aussi donner rétraite aux Juifs, et recevoir à l'avenir les droits et les péages établis par le passé, tout ainsi qu’il a été jusque présent observé et pratiqué légitimement par nos prédécesseurs Rois de Bohême d'huezuse mémoire, et par les Princes Électeurs et leurs prédécesseurs, suivant l’ancienne, louable et approuvée coutume, et le cours d'un temps immémorial.
| 33,904 |
5698132_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 17 | 35 |
Motion for stay granted, upon condition. Concur — Peck, P. J., Rabin, Frank, Valente and McNally, JJ.
| 48,406 |
https://github.com/velocist/TS4CheatsInfo/blob/master/Scripts/simulation/gsi_handlers/sim_handlers.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| null |
TS4CheatsInfo
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velocist
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Python
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Code
| 3,239 | 19,177 |
# uncompyle6 version 3.7.4
# Python bytecode 3.7 (3394)
# Decompiled from: Python 3.7.9 (tags/v3.7.9:13c94747c7, Aug 17 2020, 18:58:18) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)]
# Embedded file name: T:\InGame\Gameplay\Scripts\Server\gsi_handlers\sim_handlers.py
# Compiled at: 2020-10-23 21:03:55
# Size of source mod 2**32: 69748 bytes
import itertools
from autonomy.autonomy_modifier import AutonomyModifier
from date_and_time import TimeSpan
from game_effect_modifier.game_effect_type import GameEffectType
from gsi_handlers.commodity_tracker_gsi_util import create_schema_for_commodity_tracker, generate_data_from_commodity
from gsi_handlers.gameplay_archiver import GameplayArchiver
from gsi_handlers.gsi_utils import format_enum_name
from gsi_handlers.gsi_utils import parse_filter_to_list
from objects import ALL_HIDDEN_REASONS
from server_commands.argument_helpers import get_tunable_instance
from sims.occult.occult_enums import OccultType
from sims.outfits.outfit_enums import OutfitCategory
from sims.sim_info import SimInfo
from sims4.gsi.dispatcher import GsiHandler, add_cheat_schema
from sims4.gsi.schema import GsiBarChartSchema, GsiFieldVisualizers, GsiGridSchema, GSIGlobalCheatSchema, GsiLineGraphSchema
from sims4.resources import Types
import alarms, date_and_time, objects.components.types, services, sims4, statistics.commodity, statistics.statistic
FILTER_WORKING_SET = 'default working set'
FILTER_WORKING_SET_FILTERS = ('motive', 'commodity_sim_bodytemperature', 'commodity_rain_sim_wetness')
global_sim_cheats_schema = GSIGlobalCheatSchema()
global_sim_cheats_schema.add_cheat('sims.fill_all_commodities', label='Make All Sims Happy')
global_sim_cheats_schema.add_cheat('sims.reset_all', label='Reset All Sims')
global_sim_cheats_schema.add_cheat('debugvis.look_ats.start', label='Show Focus Visualization')
add_cheat_schema('global_sim_cheats', global_sim_cheats_schema)
logger = sims4.log.Logger('GSI')
def bool_to_str(value):
if value:
return 'X'
return ''
def _get_sim_instance_by_id(sim_id):
sim_info_manager = services.sim_info_manager()
if sim_info_manager is not None:
for sim_info in sim_info_manager.objects:
if sim_id == sim_info.sim_id:
return sim_info.get_sim_instance(allow_hidden_flags=ALL_HIDDEN_REASONS)
def _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id):
sim_info_manager = services.sim_info_manager()
sim_info = None
if sim_info_manager is not None:
sim_info = sim_info_manager.get(sim_id)
return sim_info
static_commodity = GsiGridSchema(label='Statistics/Static Commodities', sim_specific=True)
static_commodity.add_field('name', label='Name')
@GsiHandler('static_commodity_view', static_commodity)
def generate_sim_static_commodity_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
stat_data = []
cur_sim_info = _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim_info is not None:
if cur_sim_info.static_commodity_tracker is not None:
for stat in list(cur_sim_info.static_commodity_tracker):
stat_data.append({'name': type(stat).__name__})
return stat_data
skill_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Statistics/Skill', sim_specific=True)
skill_schema.add_field('sim_id', label='Sim ID', hidden=True)
skill_schema.add_field('skill_guid', label='Skill ID', hidden=True, unique_field=True)
skill_schema.add_field('skill_name', label='Name')
skill_schema.add_field('skill_value', label='Value Points', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT))
skill_schema.add_field('skill_level', label='Level', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT))
skill_schema.add_field('skill_effective_level', label='Effective Level', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT))
with skill_schema.add_has_many('effective_modifiers', GsiGridSchema, label='Effective Level Modifier') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('buff', label='Buff Name')
sub_schema.add_field('modifier_value', label='Modifier Value', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT))
@GsiHandler('skill_view', skill_schema)
def generate_sim_skill_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
skill_data = []
cur_sim_info = _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim_info is not None:
for stat in cur_sim_info.all_skills():
skill_level = stat.get_user_value()
effective_skill_level = cur_sim_info.get_effective_skill_level(stat)
entry = {'simId':str(sim_id), 'skill_guid':str(stat.guid64),
'skill_name':type(stat).__name__,
'skill_value':stat.get_value(),
'skill_level':skill_level,
'skill_effective_level':effective_skill_level}
entry['effective_modifiers'] = []
if effective_skill_level != skill_level:
for buff_type, modifier in cur_sim_info.effective_skill_modified_buff_gen(stat):
buff_entry = {'buff':buff_type.__class__.__name__,
'modifier_value':modifier}
entry['effective_modifiers'].append(buff_entry)
skill_data.append(entry)
return skill_data
commodity_data_schema = create_schema_for_commodity_tracker('Statistics/Continuous Statistic Data', sim_specific=True)
commodity_data_schema.add_field('state_buff', label='Buff', width=2)
commodity_data_schema.add_field('distress_buff', label='Distress Buff', width=2)
@GsiHandler('commodity_data_view', commodity_data_schema)
def generate_sim_commodity_data_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
cur_sim_info = _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim_info is None:
return []
commodity_tracker = cur_sim_info.commodity_tracker
if commodity_tracker is None:
return []
statistic_component = cur_sim_info.get_component(objects.components.types.STATISTIC_COMPONENT)
stat_data = []
for stat in commodity_tracker.all_statistics():
entry = generate_data_from_commodity(stat, statistic_component)
if stat.is_commodity:
if hasattr(stat, '_buff_handle'):
if stat._buff_handle is not None:
buff_type = cur_sim_info.get_buff_type(stat._buff_handle)
if buff_type is not None:
entry['state_buff'] = buff_type.__name__
else:
stat_in_tracker = stat in commodity_tracker
entry['state_buff'] = 'Buff Handle: {} and cannot find buff, Stat in Tracker: {}'.format(stat._buff_handle, stat_in_tracker)
if hasattr(stat, '_distress_buff_handle'):
if stat._distress_buff_handle is not None:
buff_type = cur_sim_info.get_buff_type(stat._distress_buff_handle)
entry['distress_buff'] = buff_type.__name__
else:
if hasattr(stat, '_skill_level_buff'):
if stat._skill_level_buff is not None:
buff_type = cur_sim_info.get_buff_type(stat._skill_level_buff)
if buff_type is not None:
entry['state_buff'] = buff_type.__name__
stat_data.append(entry)
return stat_data
autonomy_timer_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Autonomy Timers', sim_specific=True)
autonomy_timer_schema.add_field('timer_name', label='Timer')
autonomy_timer_schema.add_field('timer_value', label='value')
@GsiHandler('autonomy_timer_view', autonomy_timer_schema)
def generate_autonomy_timer_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
autonomy_timer_data = []
sim = None
sim_info_manager = services.sim_info_manager()
if sim_info_manager is None:
return autonomy_timer_data
for sim_info in services.sim_info_manager().objects:
if sim_id == sim_info.sim_id:
sim = sim_info.get_sim_instance()
break
if sim is not None:
for timer in sim.debug_get_autonomy_timers_gen():
entry = {'timer_name':timer[0],
'timer_value':timer[1]}
autonomy_timer_data.append(entry)
return autonomy_timer_data
sim_info_toolbar_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Sim Info Toolbar')
sim_info_toolbar_schema.add_field('simId', label='Sim ID', width=1, unique_field=True)
sim_info_toolbar_schema.add_field('fullName', label='Full Name')
sim_info_toolbar_schema.add_field('selectable', label='Selectable')
sim_info_toolbar_schema.add_field('isInstanced', label='Instanced')
@GsiHandler('sim_infos_toolbar', sim_info_toolbar_schema)
def generate_sim_info_toolbar_data(*args, zone_id: int=None, **kwargs):
sim_info_data = []
sim_info_manager = services.sim_info_manager()
if sim_info_manager is None:
return sim_info_data
selectable_sims = []
instanced_sims = []
uninstanced_sims = []
for sim_info in list(sim_info_manager.objects):
if not sim_info.first_name:
if not sim_info.last_name:
full_name = sim_info.full_name
else:
full_name = sim_info.first_name + ' ' + sim_info.last_name
cur_data_entry = {'simId':str(hex(sim_info.sim_id)), 'fullName':full_name, 'selectable':sim_info.is_selectable,
'isInstanced':sim_info.is_instanced()}
if cur_data_entry['selectable']:
selectable_sims.append(cur_data_entry)
elif cur_data_entry['isInstanced']:
instanced_sims.append(cur_data_entry)
else:
uninstanced_sims.append(cur_data_entry)
selectable_sims = sorted(selectable_sims, key=(lambda data: data['fullName']))
instanced_sims = sorted(instanced_sims, key=(lambda data: data['fullName']))
uninstanced_sims = sorted(uninstanced_sims, key=(lambda data: data['fullName']))
return list(itertools.chain(selectable_sims, instanced_sims, uninstanced_sims))
sim_info_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Sim Info')
sim_info_schema.add_field('simId', label='Sim ID', width=1, unique_field=True)
sim_info_schema.add_field('householdId', label='Household ID', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('home_zone_id', label='Home zone ID', width=1, hidden=True)
sim_info_schema.add_field('home_world_id', label='Home world ID', width=1, hidden=True)
sim_info_schema.add_field('zone_id', label='Zone ID', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('firstName', label='First Name', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('lastName', label='Last Name', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('fullName', label='Full Name', hidden=True)
sim_info_schema.add_field('gender', label='Gender', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('age', label='Age', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('species', label='Species', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('lod', label='LOD', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('householdFunds', label='Household Funds', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('active_mood', label='Active Mood', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('on_active_lot', label='On Active Lot', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('away_action', label='Away Action', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('creation_source', label='Creation Source', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('voice_pitch', label='Voice Pitch', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_info_schema.add_field('current_outfit_category', label='Current Outfit Category', width=1)
sim_info_schema.add_field('current_outfit_index', label='Current Outfit Index', width=1)
with sim_info_schema.add_view_cheat('sims.focus_camera_on_sim', label='Focus Camera', dbl_click=True) as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('simId')
with sim_info_schema.add_view_cheat('sims.age_up', label='Age Up') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('simId')
with sim_info_schema.add_view_cheat('sim_info.lod.increment_sim_info_lod', label='Raise LOD') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('simId')
with sim_info_schema.add_view_cheat('sim_info.lod.decrement_sim_info_lod', label='Drop LOD') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('simId')
with sim_info_schema.add_has_many('aging', GsiGridSchema, label='Aging') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('aging_field_name', label='Property')
sub_schema.add_field('aging_field_value', label='Value')
with sim_info_schema.add_has_many('pregnancy', GsiGridSchema, label='Pregnancy') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('pregnancy_field_name', label='Property')
sub_schema.add_field('pregnancy_field_value', label='Value')
with sim_info_schema.add_has_many('occult', GsiGridSchema, label='Occult') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('occult_type', label='Occult Type')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_is_available', label='Is Available', width=0.5)
sub_schema.add_field('occult_is_current', label='Is Current', width=0.5)
sub_schema.add_field('occult_facial_attributes', label='Facial Attributes')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_physique', label='Physique')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_skin_tone', label='Skin Tone')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_skin_tone_val_shift', label='Skin Tone Val Shift')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_voice_actor', label='Voice Actor')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_voice_pitch', label='Voice Pitch')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_voice_effect', label='Voice Effect')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_plumbbob_override', label='Plumbbob Override')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_outfit_categories', label='Occult Outfits')
sub_schema.add_field('occult_current_outfit', label='Current Occult Outfit')
with sim_info_schema.add_has_many('outfits', GsiGridSchema, label='Outfits') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('outfit_category', label='Category')
sub_schema.add_field('outfit_index', label='Index')
sub_schema.add_field('outfit_id', label='ID')
sub_schema.add_field('outfit_flags', label='Flags')
sub_schema.add_field('outfit_extra_info', label='Extra Info')
sub_schema.add_field('part_ids', label='Parts', width=3)
with sim_info_schema.add_has_many('trackers', GsiGridSchema, label='Trackers') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('tracker', label='Tracker')
sub_schema.add_field('exists', label='Exists')
@GsiHandler('sim_infos', sim_info_schema)
def generate_sim_info_data(*args, zone_id: int=None, **kwargs):
sim_info_data = []
sim_info_manager = services.sim_info_manager()
if sim_info_manager is None:
return sim_info_data
for sim_info in list(sim_info_manager.objects):
species = sim_info.species
extended_species = sim_info.extended_species
if species == extended_species:
species_str = format_enum_name(species)
else:
species_str = '{} ({})'.format(format_enum_name(species), format_enum_name(extended_species))
entry = {'simId':str(hex(sim_info.sim_id)), 'firstName':sim_info.first_name,
'lastName':sim_info.last_name,
'fullName':sim_info.full_name,
'gender':format_enum_name(sim_info.gender),
'age':format_enum_name(sim_info.age),
'species':species_str,
'lod':format_enum_name(sim_info.lod),
'selectable':sim_info.is_selectable,
'zone_id':sim_info.zone_id}
sim = sim_info.get_sim_instance(allow_hidden_flags=ALL_HIDDEN_REASONS)
aging_info = []
entry['aging'] = aging_info
entry['aging'].append({'aging_field_name':'Can Age',
'aging_field_value':str(sim_info.can_age_up())})
entry['aging'].append({'aging_field_name':'Can Die',
'aging_field_value':str(not sim_info.is_death_disabled())})
entry['aging'].append({'aging_field_name':'Progress',
'aging_field_value':'{}, {:.2%}'.format(sim_info.age_progress, sim_info.age_progress / sim_info.get_age_transition_data(sim_info.age).get_age_duration(sim_info))})
entry['aging'].append({'aging_field_name':'Time to Notification',
'aging_field_value':str(sim_info._almost_can_age_handle.get_remaining_time()) if sim_info._almost_can_age_handle is not None else '-'})
entry['aging'].append({'aging_field_name':'Time to Availability',
'aging_field_value':str(sim_info._can_age_handle.get_remaining_time()) if sim_info._can_age_handle is not None else '-'})
entry['aging'].append({'aging_field_name':'Time to Auto-Age',
'aging_field_value':str(sim_info._auto_age_handle.get_remaining_time()) if sim_info._auto_age_handle is not None else '-'})
occult_info = []
entry['occult'] = occult_info
for occult_type in OccultType:
occult_sim_info = sim_info.occult_tracker.get_occult_sim_info(occult_type)
occult_outfit_categories = ''
if occult_sim_info is not None:
for outfit_entry in list(occult_sim_info.get_all_outfit_entries()):
occult_outfit_categories = occult_outfit_categories + str(outfit_entry[0]) + ' '
occult_entry = {'occult_type':str(occult_type), 'occult_is_available':'X' if sim_info.occult_tracker.has_occult_type(occult_type) else '',
'occult_is_current':'X' if sim_info.current_occult_types == occult_type else '',
'occult_facial_attributes':str(occult_sim_info.facial_attributes)[:32] if occult_sim_info is not None else '',
'occult_physique':str(occult_sim_info.physique) if occult_sim_info is not None else '',
'occult_skin_tone':str(occult_sim_info.skin_tone) if occult_sim_info is not None else '',
'occult_skin_tone_val_shift':str(occult_sim_info.skin_tone_val_shift) if occult_sim_info is not None else '',
'occult_voice_actor':str(occult_sim_info.voice_actor) if occult_sim_info is not None else '',
'occult_voice_pitch':str(occult_sim_info.voice_pitch) if occult_sim_info is not None else '',
'occult_voice_effect':str(occult_sim_info.voice_effect) if occult_sim_info is not None else '',
'occult_plumbbob_override':str(sim_info.plumbbob_override) if sim_info.current_occult_types == occult_type else '',
'occult_outfit_categories':occult_outfit_categories,
'occult_current_outfit':str(occult_sim_info.get_current_outfit()) if occult_sim_info is not None else ''}
occult_info.append(occult_entry)
entry['outfits'] = []
current_outfit = sim_info.get_current_outfit()
previous_outfit = sim_info.get_previous_outfit()
if current_outfit:
entry['current_outfit_category'] = format_enum_name(OutfitCategory(current_outfit[0]))
entry['current_outfit_index'] = str(current_outfit[1])
else:
all_outfit_entries = list(sim_info.get_all_outfit_entries())
for outfit_entry in all_outfit_entries:
outfit_data = (sim_info.get_outfit)(*outfit_entry)
entry['outfits'].append({'outfit_category':str(outfit_entry[0]),
'outfit_index':str(outfit_entry[1]),
'outfit_id':str(outfit_data.outfit_id),
'outfit_flags':str(outfit_data.outfit_flags),
'outfit_extra_info':'Current Outfit' if outfit_entry == current_outfit else 'Previous Outfit' if outfit_entry == previous_outfit else '',
'part_ids':', '.join((str(part_id) for part_id in outfit_data.part_ids))})
if current_outfit not in all_outfit_entries:
entry['outfits'].append({'outfit_category':str(current_outfit[0]),
'outfit_index':str(current_outfit[1]),
'outfit_id':'<INVALID OUTFIT>',
'outfit_extra_info':'Current Outfit'})
else:
if previous_outfit not in all_outfit_entries:
entry['outfits'].append({'outfit_category':str(current_outfit[0]),
'outfit_index':str(current_outfit[1]),
'outfit_id':'<INVALID OUTFIT>',
'outfit_extra_info':'Previous Outfit'})
entry['pregnancy'] = []
entry['pregnancy'].append({'pregnancy_field_name':'Is Pregnant',
'pregnancy_field_value':str(sim_info.is_pregnant)})
if sim_info.is_pregnant:
pregnancy_tracker = sim_info.pregnancy_tracker
pregnancy_commodity = sim_info.get_statistic((pregnancy_tracker.PREGNANCY_COMMODITY_MAP.get(sim_info.species)), add=False)
entry['pregnancy'].append({'pregnancy_field_name':'Progress',
'pregnancy_field_value':'<None>' if pregnancy_commodity is None else '{:.2%}'.format(pregnancy_commodity.get_value() / pregnancy_commodity.max_value)})
entry['pregnancy'].append({'pregnancy_field_name':'Parents',
'pregnancy_field_value':', '.join((('<None>' if p is None else p.full_name) for p in pregnancy_tracker.get_parents()))})
entry['pregnancy'].append({'pregnancy_field_name':'Seed',
'pregnancy_field_value':str(pregnancy_tracker._seed)})
entry['pregnancy'].append({'pregnancy_field_name':'Origin',
'pregnancy_field_value':str(pregnancy_tracker._origin)})
household_id = sim_info.household_id
if household_id is None:
entry['householdId'] = 'None'
entry['householdFunds'] = '0'
entry['home_zone_id'] = ''
entry['home_world_id'] = ''
else:
entry['householdId'] = str(hex(household_id))
sim_info_household = sim_info.household
if sim_info_household:
entry['householdFunds'] = str(sim_info_household.funds.money)
entry['home_zone_id'] = str(hex(sim_info_household.home_zone_id))
entry['home_world_id'] = str(hex(sim_info_household.get_home_world_id()))
else:
entry['householdFunds'] = 'Pending'
entry['home_zone_id'] = ''
entry['home_world_id'] = ''
sim = sim_info.get_sim_instance()
if sim is not None:
entry['active_mood'] = str(sim.get_mood().__name__)
entry['on_active_lot'] = str(sim.is_on_active_lot())
if sim is not None and sim.voice_pitch_override is not None:
entry['voice_pitch'] = sim.voice_pitch_override
else:
entry['voice_pitch'] = sim_info.voice_pitch
current_away_action = sim_info.away_action_tracker.current_away_action if sim_info.away_action_tracker is not None else None
if current_away_action is not None:
entry['away_action'] = str(current_away_action)
entry['creation_source'] = format_enum_name(sim_info.creation_source)
entry['trackers'] = []
for tracker_attr in SimInfo.SIM_INFO_TRACKERS:
entry['trackers'].append({'tracker':tracker_attr,
'exists':bool_to_str(getattr(sim_info, tracker_attr, None) != None)})
sim_info_data.append(entry)
sort_key_fn = lambda data: (data['selectable'] != True, data['firstName'])
sim_info_data = sorted(sim_info_data, key=sort_key_fn)
return sim_info_data
interaction_state_view_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Interaction State', sim_specific=True)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('interactionId', label='ID', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT), width=1, unique_field=True)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('interactionName', label='Name', width=6)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('target', label='Target', width=3)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('target_id', label='TargetID', width=1, hidden=True)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('interactionPos', label='State', width=2)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('group_id', label='Group Id', width=1)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('running', label='Running', width=1)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('priority', label='Priority', width=1)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('isFinishing', label='Finishing', width=1)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('isSuper', label='Is Super', width=1)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('isExpressed', label='Is Expressed', width=1, hidden=True)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('allowAuto', label='Allow Auto', width=1, hidden=True)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('allowUser', label='Allow User', width=1, hidden=True)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('visible', label='Visible', width=1)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('is_guaranteed', label='Guaranteed', width=1)
interaction_state_view_schema.add_field('icon', label='Icon', width=4)
with interaction_state_view_schema.add_has_many('liabilities', GsiGridSchema, label='Liabilities') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('liabilityType', label='Liability Type')
with interaction_state_view_schema.add_has_many('conditional_actions', GsiGridSchema, label='Conditional Actions') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('name', label='Name', width=3)
sub_schema.add_field('action', label='Interaction Action', width=2)
sub_schema.add_field('satisfied', label='Satisfied', width=1)
sub_schema.add_field('satisfied_conditions', label='Satisfied Conditions', width=4)
sub_schema.add_field('unsatisfied_conditions', label='Unsatisfied Conditions', width=4)
sub_schema.add_field('loot', label='Loot', width=4)
sub_schema.add_field('progress_bar', label='Progress Bar Tracking', width=4)
with interaction_state_view_schema.add_has_many('running_elements', GsiGridSchema, label='Running Elements') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('name', label='Name')
sub_schema.add_field('result', label='Result')
with interaction_state_view_schema.add_has_many('interaction_parameters', GsiGridSchema, label='Interaction Parameters') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('key', label='Key')
sub_schema.add_field('value', label='Value')
@GsiHandler('interaction_state_view', interaction_state_view_schema)
def generate_interaction_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
sim_interaction_info = []
cur_sim = _get_sim_instance_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim is not None:
for bucket in list(cur_sim.queue._buckets):
for interaction in bucket:
sim_interaction_info.append(create_state_info_entry(interaction, type(bucket).__name__))
for interaction in list(cur_sim.si_state):
sim_interaction_info.append(create_state_info_entry(interaction, 'SI_State'))
return sim_interaction_info
def create_state_info_entry(interaction, interaction_pos):
if hasattr(interaction, 'name_override'):
interaction_name = interaction.name_override
else:
interaction_name = type(interaction).__name__
target = interaction.target
entry = {'interactionId':interaction.id,
'interactionName':interaction_name,
'target':str(target),
'target_id':str(target.id) if target is not None else '',
'interactionPos':interaction_pos,
'group_id':interaction.group_id,
'running':bool_to_str(interaction.running),
'priority':interaction.priority.name,
'isSuper':bool_to_str(interaction.is_super),
'isFinishing':bool_to_str(interaction.is_finishing),
'allowAuto':bool_to_str(interaction.allow_autonomous),
'allowUser':bool_to_str(interaction.allow_user_directed),
'visible':bool_to_str(interaction.visible),
'is_guaranteed':bool_to_str(interaction.is_guaranteed()),
'icon':str(interaction.get_icon_info())}
if interaction.liabilities:
entry['liabilities'] = []
for liability in interaction.liabilities:
entry['liabilities'].append({'liabilityType': liability.gsi_text()})
if interaction._conditional_action_manager is not None:
entry['conditional_actions'] = []
for group in interaction._conditional_action_manager:
group_entry = {}
group_entry['name'] = str(group.conditional_action)
group_entry['loot'] = str(group.conditional_action.loot_actions)
group_entry['action'] = str(group.conditional_action.interaction_action)
group_entry['satisfied'] = group.satisfied
group_entry['satisfied_conditions'] = ',\n'.join((str(c) for c in group if c.satisfied))
group_entry['unsatisfied_conditions'] = ',\n'.join((str(c) for c in group if not c.satisfied))
if not interaction.progress_bar_enabled.bar_enabled:
group_entry['progress_bar'] = 'Progress bar not enabled.'
else:
if interaction.progress_bar_enabled.force_listen_statistic:
forced_stat = interaction.progress_bar_enabled.force_listen_statistic
group_entry['progress_bar'] = 'Being forced to listen to stat {}'.format(forced_stat.statistic)
subject = interaction.get_participant(forced_stat.subject)
tracker = subject.get_tracker(forced_stat.statistic)
if tracker:
target_value = forced_stat.target_value.value
current_value = tracker.get_user_value(forced_stat.statistic)
group_entry['progress_bar'] += '\nCurrent Value: {}'.format(current_value)
group_entry['progress_bar'] += '\nTarget Value: {}'.format(target_value)
elif group.progress_bar_info:
group_entry['progress_bar'] = group.progress_bar_info
entry['conditional_actions'].append(group_entry)
entry['interaction_parameters'] = [{'key':str(key), 'value':str(value)} for key, value in interaction.interaction_parameters.items()]
runner = None
if runner is not None:
entry['running_elements'] = []
def append_element(element_result, depth=0):
try:
for sub_element in iter(element_result.element):
if hasattr(sub_element, '_debug_run_list'):
for sub_element_result in sub_element._debug_run_list:
append_element(sub_element_result, depth=(depth + 1))
else:
name = '+' * depth + str(sub_element)
entry['running_elements'].append({'name':name, 'result':'Pending'})
except TypeError:
name = '+' * depth + str(element_result.element)
entry['running_elements'].append({'name':name, 'result':str(element_result.result)})
if hasattr(runner, '_debug_run_list'):
for element_result in runner._debug_run_list:
append_element(element_result)
return entry
posture_state_view_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Posture State', sim_specific=True)
posture_state_view_schema.add_field('postureType', label='Type', width=2.5)
posture_state_view_schema.add_field('postureName', label='postureName', unique_field=True, width=2.5)
posture_state_view_schema.add_field('postureTarget', label='Target', width=3)
posture_state_view_schema.add_field('postureSpec', label='Spec', width=1.5)
posture_state_view_schema.add_field('sourceInteraction', label='Source Interaction', width=2)
posture_state_view_schema.add_field('owningInteraction', label='Owning Interaction', width=2)
with posture_state_view_schema.add_has_many('asm_registry', GsiGridSchema, label='ASM Registry') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('cache_key', label='Cache Key')
sub_schema.add_field('asm', label='ASM')
@GsiHandler('posture_state_view', posture_state_view_schema)
def generate_sim_info_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
sim_posture_info = []
cur_sim = _get_sim_instance_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim is not None:
if cur_sim.posture_state is not None:
for posture_aspect in cur_sim.posture_state.aspects:
owning_interaction_strs = [str(owning_interaction) for owning_interaction in posture_aspect.owning_interactions]
cur_posture_info = {'postureType':type(posture_aspect).name, 'postureName':str(posture_aspect),
'postureTarget':str(posture_aspect.target),
'postureSpec':str(cur_sim.posture_state.spec),
'sourceInteraction':str(posture_aspect.source_interaction),
'owningInteraction':' '.join(owning_interaction_strs),
'asm_registry':posture_aspect.get_asm_registry_text()}
sim_posture_info.append(cur_posture_info)
else:
cur_posture_info = {'postureType':'---',
'postureName':'Sim Posture State is None'}
sim_posture_info.append(cur_posture_info)
return sim_posture_info
ui_manager_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='UI Manager', sim_specific=True)
ui_manager_schema.add_field('interaction_id', label='ID', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT), width=0.5, unique_field=True)
ui_manager_schema.add_field('insert_after_id', label='insert after Id', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT), width=0.5)
ui_manager_schema.add_field('target', width=1.3, label='target')
ui_manager_schema.add_field('canceled', label='canceled', width=0.5)
ui_manager_schema.add_field('ui_state', label='ui_state', width=0.5)
ui_manager_schema.add_field('super_id', label='super Id', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT), width=0.5)
ui_manager_schema.add_field('to_be_canceled', label='Interaction Canceled')
ui_manager_schema.add_field('associated_skill', label='associated_skill')
ui_manager_schema.add_field('visual_type', label='Visual Type')
ui_manager_schema.add_field('priority', label='priority')
ui_manager_schema.add_field('interaction', label='interaction', width=2)
@GsiHandler('ui_manager_view', ui_manager_schema)
def generate_sim_ui_manager_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
def _visual_type_to_string(visual_type):
if visual_type == 0:
return 'Simple'
if visual_type == 1:
return 'Parent'
if visual_type == 2:
return 'Mixer'
if visual_type == 3:
return 'Posture'
return 'Undefined'
ui_data = []
cur_sim = _get_sim_instance_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim is not None:
for int_info in cur_sim.ui_manager.get_interactions_gen():
entry = {'interaction_id':int_info.interaction_id,
'insert_after_id':int_info.insert_after_id,
'target':str(int_info.target),
'canceled':int_info.canceled,
'ui_state':str(int_info.ui_state),
'to_be_canceled':str(int_info.interactions_to_be_canceled),
'super_id':int_info.super_id,
'associated_skill':str(int_info.associated_skill),
'visual_type':_visual_type_to_string(int_info.ui_visual_type),
'priority':str(int_info.priority)}
ui_data.append(entry)
return ui_data
sim_topics_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Topic', sim_specific=True)
sim_topics_schema.add_field('sim_id', label='Sim ID', hidden=True, unique_field=True)
sim_topics_schema.add_field('topic_type', label='Topic')
sim_topics_schema.add_field('current_relevancy', label='Relevancy')
sim_topics_schema.add_field('target', label='Target')
sim_topics_schema.add_field('is_valid', label='Valid')
sim_topics_schema.add_field('target_id', label='Target ID', hidden=True)
with sim_topics_schema.add_view_cheat('topic.remove_topic', label='Remove Topic') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('topic_type')
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
cheat.add_token_param('target_id')
with sim_topics_schema.add_view_cheat('topic.remove_all_topics', label='Remove All Of Type') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('topic_type')
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
@GsiHandler('sim_social_group_view', sim_topics_schema)
def generate_sim_topics_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
topics_view_data = []
cur_sim = _get_sim_instance_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim is not None:
for topic in cur_sim.get_topics_gen():
topic_target = topic.target
target_id = topic_target.id if topic_target is not None else ''
topics_view_data.append({'sim_id':str(sim_id), 'topic_type':topic.__class__.__name__,
'current_relevancy':str(topic.current_relevancy),
'target':str(topic_target),
'target_id':str(target_id),
'is_valid':topic.is_valid})
return topics_view_data
multi_motive_view_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Statistics/Multi Motive View', sim_specific=True)
multi_motive_view_schema.add_field('buff_to_add', label='Buff')
multi_motive_view_schema.add_field('buff_added', label='Has Buff')
multi_motive_view_schema.add_field('count', label='Motives: (PASS/REQUIRED)')
multi_motive_view_schema.add_field('watcher_add', label='Has Watcher', hidden=True)
with multi_motive_view_schema.add_has_many('statistics', GsiGridSchema, label='Statistics Callback') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('statistic', label='Stat')
sub_schema.add_field('tuned_threshold', label='Desired Threshold')
sub_schema.add_field('callback_threshold', label='Callback Threshold')
@GsiHandler('mult_motive_view', multi_motive_view_schema)
def generate_multi_motive_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
view_data = []
cur_sim = _get_sim_instance_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim is not None:
for multi_motive_tracker in cur_sim._multi_motive_buff_trackers:
buff_to_add = multi_motive_tracker._buff
entry = {'buff_to_add':str(buff_to_add),
'buff_added':'x' if cur_sim.has_buff(buff_to_add) else '',
'count':'{}/{}'.format(multi_motive_tracker._motive_count, len(multi_motive_tracker._multi_motive_buff_motives)),
'watcher_add':'x' if multi_motive_tracker._watcher_handle is not None else '',
'statistics':[]}
for stat_type, callback_data in tuple(multi_motive_tracker._commodity_callback.items()):
threshold = multi_motive_tracker._multi_motive_buff_motives.get(stat_type)
stat_entry = {'statistic':str(stat_type),
'tuned_threshold':str(threshold),
'callback_threshold':str(callback_data.threshold) if callback_data is not None else 'Stat not available'}
entry['statistics'].append(stat_entry)
view_data.append(entry)
return view_data
sim_buff_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Buffs', sim_specific=True)
sim_buff_schema.add_field('sim_id', label='SimId', hidden=True)
sim_buff_schema.add_field('name', label='Name', unique_field=True)
sim_buff_schema.add_field('visible', label='Visible')
sim_buff_schema.add_field('commodity', label='Commodity')
sim_buff_schema.add_field('mood', label='Mood')
sim_buff_schema.add_field('mood_weight', label='Mood Weight', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_buff_schema.add_field('mood_override', label='Mood Override')
sim_buff_schema.add_field('timeout', label='Timeout Time and Rate')
sim_buff_schema.add_field('success_modifier', label='Success Modifier', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_buff_schema.add_field('exclusive_index', label='ExclusiveIndex')
with sim_buff_schema.add_has_many('autonomy_modifiers', GsiGridSchema, label='Autonomy Modifiers') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('game_effect_index', label='Index', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT), width=0.1)
sub_schema.add_field('attribute_name', label='Name')
sub_schema.add_field('attribute_value', label='Value')
with sim_buff_schema.add_has_many('reference_modifiers', GsiGridSchema, label='Reference Modifiers') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('type', label='Type')
sub_schema.add_field('reference', label='Reference')
sub_schema.add_field('score_modifier', label='Score Modifier', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sub_schema.add_field('success_modifier', label='Success Modifier', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
with sim_buff_schema.add_has_many('static_commodities', GsiGridSchema, label='Static Commodities Added') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('static_commodity_name', label='Name')
with sim_buff_schema.add_has_many('interactions', GsiGridSchema, label='Idle Interactions') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('affordance', label='Affordance')
sub_schema.add_field('min_lockout_initial', label='Min Time Initial', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sub_schema.add_field('max_lockout_initial', label='Max Time Initial', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sub_schema.add_field('min_lockout', label='Min Time', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sub_schema.add_field('max_lockout', label='Max Time', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sub_schema.add_field('unlock_time', label='Time until unlock')
with sim_buff_schema.add_has_many('super_affordances', GsiGridSchema, label='Super Affordances') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('affordance', label='Affordance')
sub_schema.add_field('commodity_flags', label='Commodity Flags')
with sim_buff_schema.add_has_many('target_super_affordances', GsiGridSchema, label='Target Super Affordances') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('affordance', label='Affordance')
sub_schema.add_field('commodity_flags', label='Commodity Flags')
with sim_buff_schema.add_has_many('appearance_modifiers', GsiGridSchema, label='Appearance Modifiers') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('modifier', label='Modifier')
with sim_buff_schema.add_view_cheat('sims.remove_all_buffs', label='Remove All Buffs (Select Grid Entry First)') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
with sim_buff_schema.add_view_cheat('sims.remove_buff', label='Remove Selected Buff') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('name')
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
def generate_all_buffs():
instance_manager = services.get_instance_manager(Types.BUFF)
if instance_manager.all_instances_loaded:
return [cls.__name__ for cls in instance_manager.types.values()]
return []
def add_buff_cheats(manager):
with sim_buff_schema.add_view_cheat('sims.add_buff', label='Add Buff (Select Grid Entry First)') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('buff_name', dynamic_token_fn=generate_all_buffs)
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
services.get_instance_manager(Types.BUFF).add_on_load_complete(add_buff_cheats)
def _buff_super_affordance_output(super_affordances):
if not super_affordances:
return []
affordances_entries = []
for super_affordance in super_affordances:
affordances_entries.append({'affordance':super_affordance.__name__, 'commodity_flags':str(super_affordance.commodity_flags) if super_affordance.commodity_flags else ''})
return affordances_entries
def _buff_target_super_affordance_output(target_super_affordances):
if not target_super_affordances:
return []
affordance_entries = []
for target_super_affordance in target_super_affordances:
affordance_entries.append({'affordance':target_super_affordance.affordance.__name__, 'commodity_flags':str(target_super_affordance.affordance.commodity_flags) if target_super_affordance.affordance.commodity_flags else ''})
return affordance_entries
@GsiHandler('sim_buffs_view', sim_buff_schema)
def generate_sim_buffs_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
buffs_view_data = []
sim_info = _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id)
if sim_info is not None:
buff_component = sim_info.Buffs
if buff_component is None:
return buffs_view_data
sim = sim_info.get_sim_instance()
now = services.time_service().sim_now
for buff in buff_component:
entry = {'sim_id':str(sim_id),
'name':buff.__class__.__name__,
'visible':str(buff.visible),
'success_modifier':buff.success_modifier,
'mood':buff.mood_type.__name__ if buff.mood_type is not None else 'None',
'mood_weight':buff.mood_weight,
'mood_override':buff.mood_override.__name__ if buff.mood_override is not None else 'None',
'exclusive_index':str(buff.exclusive_index)}
if buff.commodity is not None:
entry['commodity'] = buff.commodity.__name__
absolute_time, rate = buff.get_timeout_time()
entry['timeout'] = '{} : Rate({})'.format(str(date_and_time.DateAndTime(absolute_time)), rate)
else:
entry['commodity'] = ('None', )
entry['timeout'] = ''
static_commodities_added = []
for static_commodity in buff.static_commodity_to_add:
static_commodities_added.append({'static_commodity_name': static_commodity.__name__})
entry['static_commodities'] = static_commodities_added
entry['autonomy_modifiers'] = []
entry['reference_modifiers'] = []
entry['interactions'] = []
entry['appearance_modifiers'] = []
if buff.interactions is not None:
for mixer_affordance in buff.interactions.interaction_items:
if mixer_affordance.lock_out_time_initial is not None:
min_lockout_initial = mixer_affordance.lock_out_time_initial.lower_bound
max_lockout_initial = mixer_affordance.lock_out_time_initial.upper_bound
else:
min_lockout_initial = 0
max_lockout_initial = 0
if mixer_affordance.lock_out_time is not None:
min_lockout = mixer_affordance.lock_out_time.interval.lower_bound
max_lockout = mixer_affordance.lock_out_time.interval.upper_bound
else:
min_lockout = 0
max_lockout = 0
if sim is not None:
if mixer_affordance.lock_out_time_initial is not None or mixer_affordance.lock_out_time is not None:
unlock_time = sim._mixers_locked_out.get(mixer_affordance, None)
if unlock_time is not None:
unlock_time = str(unlock_time - now)
else:
unlock_time = 'Currently Unlocked'
else:
unlock_time = 'Does Not Lock'
entry['interactions'].append({'affordance':mixer_affordance.__name__, 'min_lockout_initial':min_lockout_initial,
'max_lockout_initial':max_lockout_initial,
'min_lockout':min_lockout,
'max_lockout':max_lockout,
'unlock_time':unlock_time})
entry['super_affordances'] = _buff_super_affordance_output(buff.super_affordances)
entry['target_super_affordances'] = _buff_target_super_affordance_output(buff.target_super_affordances)
for index, modifier in enumerate(buff.game_effect_modifier._game_effect_modifiers):
if isinstance(modifier, AutonomyModifier):
for attribute_name, attribute_value in vars(modifier).items():
entry['autonomy_modifiers'].append({'game_effect_index':index, 'attribute_name':attribute_name,
'attribute_value':str(attribute_value)})
else:
buff_entry = {'type': str(modifier.modifier_type)}
if modifier.modifier_type == GameEffectType.AFFORDANCE_MODIFIER:
buff_entry['reference'] = (
'{}'.format([reference_name for reference_name in modifier.debug_affordances_gen()]),)
buff_entry['score_modifier'] = (modifier._score_bonus,)
buff_entry['success_modifier'] = (modifier._success_modifier,)
else:
if modifier.modifier_type == GameEffectType.EFFECTIVE_SKILL_MODIFIER:
buff_entry['reference'] = str(modifier.modifier_key)
buff_entry['score_modifier'] = (modifier.modifier_value,)
entry['reference_modifiers'].append(buff_entry)
if buff.appearance_modifier:
for tuned_modifier in buff.appearance_modifier.appearance_modifiers:
buff_entry = {'modifier': repr(tuned_modifier)}
entry['appearance_modifiers'].append(buff_entry)
buffs_view_data.append(entry)
return buffs_view_data
sim_trait_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Traits', sim_specific=True)
sim_trait_schema.add_field('sim_id', label='SimId', hidden=True)
sim_trait_schema.add_field('trait_name', label='Name', unique_field=True)
sim_trait_schema.add_field('trait_type', label='Type')
sim_trait_schema.add_field('num_buffs', label='Num Buffs', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT))
with sim_trait_schema.add_has_many('linked_buffs', GsiGridSchema, label='Linked Buffs') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('name', label='Name')
sub_schema.add_field('visible', label='Visible')
sub_schema.add_field('mood', label='Mood')
sub_schema.add_field('mood_weight', label='Mood Weight', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.INT))
with sim_trait_schema.add_has_many('conflict_traits', GsiGridSchema, label='Conflicted Traits') as (sub_schema):
sub_schema.add_field('name', label='Name')
with sim_trait_schema.add_view_cheat('traits.clear_traits', label='Remove All Traits') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
with sim_trait_schema.add_view_cheat('traits.remove_trait', label='Remove Selected Trait') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('trait_name')
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
def generate_all_traits():
instance_manager = services.get_instance_manager(Types.TRAIT)
if instance_manager.all_instances_loaded:
return [cls.__name__ for cls in services.get_instance_manager(Types.TRAIT).types.values()]
return []
def add_trait_cheats(manager):
with sim_trait_schema.add_view_cheat('traits.equip_trait', label='Add Trait') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('trait_name', dynamic_token_fn=generate_all_traits)
cheat.add_token_param('sim_id')
services.get_instance_manager(Types.TRAIT).add_on_load_complete(add_trait_cheats)
@GsiHandler('sim_traits_view', sim_trait_schema)
def generate_sim_traits_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
traits_view_data = []
sim_info = _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id)
if sim_info is not None:
for trait in sim_info.trait_tracker.equipped_traits:
entry = {'sim_id':str(sim_id),
'trait_name':trait.__name__,
'trait_type':trait.trait_type.name,
'num_buffs':len(trait.buffs)}
entry['linked_buffs'] = []
for buff in trait.buffs:
buff_type = buff.buff_type
buff_entry = {'name':buff_type.__name__,
'visible':str(buff_type.visible),
'commodity':buff_type.commodity.__name__ if buff_type.commodity is not None else 'None',
'mood':buff_type.mood_type.__name__ if buff_type.mood_type is not None else 'None',
'mood_weight':buff_type.mood_weight}
entry['linked_buffs'].append(buff_entry)
entry['conflict_traits'] = []
for conflict_trait in trait.conflicting_traits:
conflict_trait_entry = {'name': conflict_trait.__name__}
entry['conflict_traits'].append(conflict_trait_entry)
traits_view_data.append(entry)
return traits_view_data
sim_motive_graph_alarm = None
def enable_sim_motive_graph_logging(*args, enableLog=False, **kwargs):
global sim_motive_graph_alarm
if enableLog and sim_motive_graph_alarm is None:
sim_motive_graph_alarm = alarms.add_alarm(sim_motive_archiver, (TimeSpan(5000)), (lambda _: archive_sim_motives()), repeating=True)
else:
alarms.cancel_alarm(sim_motive_graph_alarm)
sim_motive_graph_alarm = None
sim_motives_graph_schema = GsiLineGraphSchema(label='Motives Graph', x_axis_label='X-Axis', y_axis_label='Y-Axis', sim_specific=True, y_min=(-100),
y_max=100)
sim_motives_graph_schema.add_field('motive_fun', axis=(GsiLineGraphSchema.Axis.Y), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_motives_graph_schema.add_field('motive_social', axis=(GsiLineGraphSchema.Axis.Y), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_motives_graph_schema.add_field('motive_hygiene', axis=(GsiLineGraphSchema.Axis.Y), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_motives_graph_schema.add_field('motive_hunger', axis=(GsiLineGraphSchema.Axis.Y), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_motives_graph_schema.add_field('motive_energy', axis=(GsiLineGraphSchema.Axis.Y), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_motives_graph_schema.add_field('motive_bladder', axis=(GsiLineGraphSchema.Axis.Y), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
sim_motives_graph_schema.add_field('timestamp', axis=(GsiLineGraphSchema.Axis.X), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.TIME))
sim_motive_archiver = GameplayArchiver('sim_motive_schema', sim_motives_graph_schema, custom_enable_fn=enable_sim_motive_graph_logging)
def archive_sim_motives():
sim_info_manager = services.sim_info_manager()
if sim_info_manager is None:
logger.error('Archiving sim motives when the sim_info_manager is absent.')
return
all_motives = [
'motive_fun', 'motive_social', 'motive_hygiene', 'motive_hunger', 'motive_energy', 'motive_bladder']
sim_infos = list(sim_info_manager.values())
for sim_info in sim_infos:
sim = sim_info.get_sim_instance()
if sim is not None:
archive_data = {}
for motive in all_motives:
cur_stat = get_tunable_instance((sims4.resources.Types.STATISTIC), motive, exact_match=True)
tracker = sim.get_tracker(cur_stat)
cur_value = tracker.get_value(cur_stat) if tracker is not None else 0
archive_data[motive] = cur_value
archive_data['sim_id'] = str(sim.sim_id)
sim_motive_archiver.archive(object_id=(sim.id), data=archive_data)
sim_vital_schema = GsiGridSchema(label='Vital Sim Data', sim_specific=True)
sim_vital_schema.add_field('sim_id', label='SimId', hidden=True)
sim_vital_schema.add_field('name', label='Name', unique_field=True)
sim_vital_schema.add_field('type', label='Type')
sim_vital_schema.add_field('data', label='Data')
@GsiHandler('sim_vital_view', sim_vital_schema)
def generate_sim_vital_view_data(sim_id: int=None):
vital_view_data = []
sim_info = _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id)
if sim_info is None:
return vital_view_data
entry = {'sim_id':str(sim_id),
'name':'LOD',
'type':sim_info.lod.__class__.__name__,
'visible':'False',
'data':'value={}'.format(sim_info.lod)}
vital_view_data.append(entry)
buff_component = sim_info.Buffs
if buff_component is not None:
for buff in buff_component:
entry = {'sim_id':str(sim_id),
'name':buff.__class__.__name__,
'type':'Buff',
'visible':str(buff.visible),
'data':'visible={}'.format(buff.visible)}
vital_view_data.append(entry)
if sim_info.trait_tracker.equipped_traits is not None:
for trait in sim_info.trait_tracker.equipped_traits:
entry = {'sim_id':str(sim_id),
'name':trait.__name__,
'type':'Trait',
'data':'type={}'.format(trait.trait_type.name)}
vital_view_data.append(entry)
if sim_info.statistic_tracker is not None:
for stat in list(sim_info.statistic_tracker):
entry = {'simId':str(sim_id),
'name':type(stat).__name__,
'type':'Statistic',
'data':'min={}, max={}, current={}'.format(stat.min_value, stat.max_value, stat.get_value())}
vital_view_data.append(entry)
for stat in sim_info.all_skills():
entry = {'simId':str(sim_id),
'name':type(stat).__name__,
'type':'Skill',
'data':'min={}, max={}, current={}'.format(stat.min_value, stat.max_value, stat.get_value())}
vital_view_data.append(entry)
if sim_info.commodity_tracker is not None:
for stat in list(sim_info.commodity_tracker):
entry = {'simId':str(sim_id),
'name':type(stat).__name__,
'type':'Commodity',
'data':'min={}, max={}, current={}'.format(stat.min_value, stat.max_value, stat.get_value())}
vital_view_data.append(entry)
if sim_info.static_commodity_tracker is not None:
for stat in list(sim_info.static_commodity_tracker):
entry = {'name':type(stat).__name__,
'type':'Static Commodity',
'data':'ad_data={}'.format(stat.ad_data)}
vital_view_data.append(entry)
return vital_view_data
commodity_and_stat_view_schema = GsiBarChartSchema(label='Statistics/Statistic & Commodities', sim_specific=True)
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_field('simId', hidden=True)
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_field('name', axis=(GsiBarChartSchema.Axis.X))
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_field('value', type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT))
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_field('percentFull', axis=(GsiBarChartSchema.Axis.Y), type=(GsiFieldVisualizers.FLOAT), is_percent=True)
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter(FILTER_WORKING_SET)
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('commodity_babycare')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('commodity_object')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('commodity_toddlers')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('commodity_trait')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('commodity_siminfo')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('commodity')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('motive')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('skill')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('statistic')
commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_filter('whimset')
with commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_cheat('stats.set_commodity', label='Set {name}') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('name')
cheat.add_input_param(label='Value', default='100')
cheat.add_token_param('simId')
with commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_cheat('stats.set_all_sim_commodities_best_value_except', label='Set all to best value except {name}') as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('name')
cheat.add_token_param('simId')
with commodity_and_stat_view_schema.add_cheat('stats.set_commodity_best_value', label='Set {name} to best value', dbl_click=True) as (cheat):
cheat.add_token_param('name')
cheat.add_token_param('simId')
@GsiHandler('commodity_and_stat_view', commodity_and_stat_view_schema)
def generate_sim_commodity_and_stat_view_data(sim_id: int=None, filter=None):
filter_list = parse_filter_to_list(filter)
if filter_list is not None:
if FILTER_WORKING_SET in filter_list:
filter_list.extend((f for f in FILTER_WORKING_SET_FILTERS if f not in filter_list))
def stat_name_passes_filters(stat_name):
if filter_list is not None:
if not any((a_filter.lower() in stat_name.lower() for a_filter in filter_list)):
return False
return True
data = []
cur_sim_info = _get_sim_info_by_id(sim_id)
if cur_sim_info is not None:
if cur_sim_info.static_commodity_tracker is not None:
for stat in cur_sim_info.commodity_tracker.all_statistics():
if not stat.is_commodity:
continue
stat_name = stat.stat_type.__name__
if not stat_name_passes_filters(stat_name):
continue
stat_value = stat.get_value()
data.append({'simId':str(sim_id), 'name':stat_name,
'value':stat_value,
'percentFull':stat_value / stat.max_value * 100 if stat.max_value != 0 else 0})
if cur_sim_info.statistic_tracker is not None:
for stat in cur_sim_info.statistic_tracker.all_statistics():
stat_name = stat.stat_type.__name__
if not stat_name_passes_filters(stat_name):
continue
stat_value = stat.get_value()
data.append({'simId':str(sim_id), 'name':stat_name,
'value':stat_value,
'percentFull':(stat_value - stat.min_value) / (stat.max_value - stat.min_value) * 100})
for stat in cur_sim_info.all_skills():
stat_name = type(stat).__name__
if not stat_name_passes_filters(stat_name):
continue
data.append({'simId':str(sim_id), 'name':stat_name,
'value':stat.get_value(),
'percentFull':stat.get_value() / stat.max_value * 100})
return sorted(data, key=(lambda entry: entry['name']))
| 36,985 |
WAIPM/1878/WAIPM_18781214/MM_01/0004.xml_1
|
NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,878 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,649 | 4,683 |
THE WAIPAWA MAIL, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 14, 1878. Printed and Published by the Proprietor, Hugh Thomson, at his Registered Office, Waipawa, in the County of '"Joav a, Hawks’s Bay, New Zealand. Advertising. K. TREST ALL FURNITURE WAREHOUSE AND FANCY REPOSITORY, WAIPUKURAU. RESPECTIVE. begs to inform the inhabitants of Waipukura and surrounding districts that he has always in stock every requisite for furnishing, comprising Sofas, Easy Chairs, Tables, Matting, Dressing, Toilet Sets, (Coffees of Drawers, etc., which he is prepared to sell at as reasonable rates as any house in Hawke's Bay. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BOORS. STATIONERY, etc. J. L. STERRY, SADDLE & HARNESS MAKER, WAIPUKURAU, BEGS to inform his customers and the public generally that he has just to hand a large stock of Ladies’ and Gents’ Saddles, both in hogskin and bullock hide, having been made expressly to order with extra strong bar-plated trees (imported from the English and Colonial manufacturers), and which he will guarantee to sell at a price that will compete with any house in the province. Gig, buggy, carriage, spring cart, and every description of Harness on hand and made up on the premises, of the best material, and good workmanship. Bridles, Breastpads, Bits, Spurs, and Valises, Stirrup Irons, in Plated German Silver, also Galvanized, Three-bar, and Cradle bottom. Horse Clothing, Rugs, Breaking-in Gear, and Table Requisites. Stock, Cart, Hunting Whips and thongs, and every article in the trade on hand. Our made to order on the shortest notice. Repairs done at moderate charges, and with quick despatch. An inspection invited. sep 14-3 m KEM P, GENERAL CARRIER, WAIPUKURAU. Goods forwarded to any part of the Waipawa County at reasonable rates of charges. sep 14-3 m TAVISTOCK BAKERY, WAIPUKURAU. B P. H. JOLLEY, READ AND BISCUIT BAKER, CONFECTIONER, &c. Families waited on Daily. s f- p 14-3 m WAIPUKURAU SMITHY, WAIPUKURAU. E S GENERAL BLACKSMITH. sep H-3m NOTICE. A. IT. NASH, PLUMBER, PAINTER, SIGN WRITER, AND GENERAL HOUSE DECORATOR, WAIPUKURAU. On hand a large and well-selected stock of PA PERHANGINGS. Importer of Varnishes, Lead, Oils, Colors, Glass, Serim, Spouting, Zinc, GALVANIZED TANKS TO HAND, & MADE TO ORDER. All Orders punctually attended to. sef I 4 til u TAVISTOCK HOTEL, WAIPUKURAU. P ET E L T G OW, Proprietor. r¥MIIS wen known hotel has been taken over by the above, who is now sole lessee of this first-class Family Hotel, which affords really every accommodation to travellers, visitors, and the public generally. It possesses a large Dining-room and Private Sitting-room, clean, comfortable, and well-furnished Bedrooms; in addition to which there is the largest stable accommodation in the province, with well-grassed paddocks. sep 14-6 m JOHN PALMER, ASTORIA TAILOR, TRAFALGAR HOUSE, (F. J. Drower’s), W A I P OKURAU. sep 14-fim KAiKuKA FELLMONUERY. C. F. CORRIGAN - - Proprietor. 7OOL SCOURED at the following rates, viz: Locks and Pieces, 1 lb per lb. Fleece Wool, 1 lb per lb. Can purchase of Wool, Skin, Hides, Tallow, 5 lb per lb. Masonic Hotel, Hastings-street, Napier. The above large and spacious hotel is replete with first-class accommodation. Travellers and visitors will find that this hotel affords every comfort. Large bath rooms attached to the premises. Private rooms for families. Wines, spirits, and malt liquors of the best qualities kept. A large billiard room on the premises, fitted up with one of Alcock’s best billiard tables. Spacious sample room for commercial travelers. J. K. SCOTT, Proprietor, sep 14-3in. OP EDINBURGH HOTEL, POIRANG A H A U. HAIRSANT & ADAIR - Proprietors. First-class accommodation for travellers. Well-grassed and fenced paddocks. Wines, Spirits, and Ales of the best brands only in stock. aep 14-3 m It AIL WA Y HOTEL, K AIKOHA. H FLETCHER, in returning thanks to his numerous friends of Napier and Waipawa, begs to state that he has taken over the above hotel, where the same accommodation and attention will be afforded to his patrons which have been previously accorded. H. FLETCHER, sep 14-Gm Kaikora. THE ALBION HOTEL, HASTINGS-STREET, NAPIER. SUITES of rooms for families. Cold and shower baths. The cellar is stocked with the choicest Wines and Spirits. This establishment having been lately enlarged upon a scale that will extend to patrons all the accommodation and comfort obtainable at any first-class hotel in New Zealand. J. GRAY, sep 14-3 m Proprietor. SAWYERS’ ARMS HOTEL, HAMPDEN HAVING returned to the above Hotel, after an absence of three years, I beg cordially to thank the public for the support and patronage hitherto accorded to me, and trust that by attention to business, the comfort of visitors, to merit the continuance of the same. Owing to the extensive additions recently made to the premises, ample accommodation for families, visitors, and the traveling public, is always available. Ales, Wines, and Spirits of the best brands. Good Paddocks well watered. Comfortable and Commodious Stables. Saddle Horses for Ladies and Gentlemen on Hire. N.B.—The Periodical Races will be held as usual. W. INGRAM, sep 14-Gm Hampden. KAIKO R A II OTE L, KAIKORA. HENRY HICKEY - Proprietor. "VTETTES to inform the public that he has taken the above Hotel, and trusts, by civility and attention to all who may favor him with their patronage, to merit and meet with a liberal support. The above Hotel has undergone extensive alterations, which now renders the accommodation of the House unsurpassed by any in the country. Only the best brands of WINES, SPIRITS, MALT LIQUORS, KEPT. Good Stabling and first-class Paddocks, well suited for traveling stock. V I C T O R R A HO TE L, WHITE ROAD, (Opposite Swimming Baths), NAPIER. se!4-3m J. M. PARKER, Proprietor WEST CLIVE II OTE L, HAWKE'S BAY. AY. RUDDICK, Proprietor. npUE West Clive Hotel is beautifully situated on the banks of the Nagaru river, facing the main line of road, and has lately been enlarged and thoroughly renovated. It is now a first-class hotel, and affords every comfort for travelers and boarders. Large and commodious Stabling. Good Paddocks for Horses. Artesian Well on the premises. Loose Boxes. Saddle Horses and Buggies for hire. Boats for hire. Boats for hire. Nothing but The best qualities of Wines and Spirits kept. Sep 14-Gm 108 PRINTING- of every description executed at the Mail. B. G. A. H. AM, WAIPAWA HOTEL, The celebrated Waipawa Ale always on draught. American Bowling Saloon, fitted with Alcock’s Fittings, open at all hours. GR E O R G E WHITES, FARNDON HOTEL, F. A. R. N. Wines and Spirits of the best brands. Oc2-6m TE AUTE H TE AUTE. FOR ALL AN AC HOTEL, Proprietor. Good accommodation for Travelling Stock. Wines and Spirits of the Best Brands. Travellers can be accommodated at all hours. sep 28-3 m T A K A P U A II O TE L, TAKAPUA. H. FERGUSON - Proprietor. None but the best of Wines, Spirits, and Ales kept. Good Grass Paddocks for the accommodation of Horses and Stock. A General Store in connection with the above. H. FERGUSON, sep 14-3 m Proprietor. WAN STEAD HOTEL, WAXSTEAD. P. McGREEVY...... Proprietor. BEGS to inform the inhabitants of the surrounding districts and his numerous friends that he has taken over the above First-class and Commodious Hotel, which will be found replete with every convenience, and trusts by strict attention to the wants of his patrons to merit a share of support. The Hotel has just been erected, and affords superior accommodation for travelers. The best of liquors kept in stock. First-class Stabling Accommodation. In connection with the above is a GENERAL STORE, which contains a large and varied assortment of GENERAL MERCHANDISE. P. M. also wishes to state that he will carry on the TAILORING BUSINESS at Wanstead, when all orders entrusted to his care will meet with prompt attention. Oe2-t f HAIL WATER FRESHMENT ROOMS, TE AUTE. JOHN ALLANACII begs to inform the TRAVELING PUBLIC that he intends OPENING the above REFRESHMENT ROOMS in a few days, when every convenience may be relied upon, sep 28-tf O M M E R CL A L II OTE L, PORT AURIRI. W. H. GOLLOP. Proprietor. First-class accommodation for travelers. Vines and Spirits of the best brands, sep 14-3 m SIR WALTER SCOTT BOARDING HOUSE, CORNER OF KENNILWORTH AND WAVERLEY STREETS, ABBOTS FOR D. THOMAS COWPER, YM returning thanks to his numerous friends and patrons for past favors, trusts by strict attention to business, to merit a continuance of the same kind support. First-class Accommodation for Boarders. Good Stabling and Paddocks, 51.4-6 f n H O M A S C A L LA N, BRICKLAYER, W A I P A W A. cp 18-6 m J. J. KELLY, w INE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT, AND GENERAL STOREKEEPER, &c, HASTINGS, COUNTY OF HAWKES BAY. sep 14-t£ THOMAS STACEY. BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER, KOP U A, Bread delivered to all parts of the line. sep 14-3 m R UATANIWIIA FELLMONGERY. W SPENCER begs to inform the 9 settlers of the neighboring districts that he is prepared to execute all orders in connection with Fellmongery at lowest rates. Skins and Wool bought at highest current prices. sep 14-3 m 'A. W. LASCELLES, WOOL CLASSER AND STAPLER, WAIPAWA. Wool Scoured and Sorted on the station, as per agreement. Stud Flocks Culled and Corrected at per 100. V.S.—Diseases natural to the horse care fully treated. Horses Practically Fired and Blistered. Colts carefully castrated, life guaranteed if required. sep 25-3 m JOHN B A H R O N, FANCY BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER, KOP U A. WEDDING AND CHRISTMAS CAKES Made to Order. Customers waited on Daily. Refreshments always ready, sep 14-3rn IMPORTANT NOTICE. OPEN IN G OF THE RAILWAY STORE, KAIKORA. The undersigned begs to inform the inhabitants of Kaikora and surrounding districts that he has opened the above store with a large and well-selected stock of DRAPERY, CLOTHING, BOOTS & SHOES, IRONMONGERY, CROCKERY, &c. Which he intends selling at NAPIER PRICES, and hopes, by strict attention to business, combined with civility and attention to the wants of those who may favor him with their support, to MERIT A FAIR SHARE OF PATRONAGE. Goods delivered to all parts of the district with despatch. JAMES T A YLOR, KAIKORA. se!4-6m HASTINGS STORE, HASTINGS. A WELL-SELECTED STOCK OF GROCERIES, DRAPERY, BOOTS & SHOES, CHINA, GLASS, & EARTHENWARE ALWAYS ON HAND. Colonial produce bought and sold. HASTINGS BAKERY. WEDDING, CHRISTENING, and BIRTHDAY CAKES MADETOO It D E R. Small goods always on hand. It. SOMERVILLE. sep 11 -3' n ~ TO THE INHABITANTS OF WAIPAWA AND SURROUNDING DISTRICTS. ON or before the 1st of JANUARY NEXT the Under the auspices of the undersigned, will deliver BREAD from the Ante at $2 per 2 lb. Loaf. The cart will run to Waipawa three days a week. JOHN Lie COUTEUR, dec 4-3 m The Ante. WAIPAWA BOARDING HOUSE, WAIPAWA. HENRY CARSON wishes to inform his Friends and the Public generally that he has taken those premises lately occupied by Mr. E. Collins, and can accommodate Boarders and Private Families with comfortable Board and Residence. no 20-tf P. COSGROVE, AND HARNESS MAKER, (McGreevey’s Horse Repository) WAIPAWA, TAKES this opportunity of his numerous friends and customers for the liberal support they have extended to him during the past two years. He has been in Waipawa, and hopes by strict attention to business, combined with moderate charges, to merit a continuance of their kind patronage. Carriage, Gig and Buggy Harness made on the premises, of the best material and workmanship. Spring Cart, Dray, Lead and Plough harness, always on hand, and sold at lowest possible remunerative prices. Horses measured for Collars, and fit guaranteed. Also on hand a large assortment of English and Colonial made Hogskin Saddles, rough hide Stockmen’s Saddles, ditto with hogskin seat, Knee and Thigh Pads, Jockey Whips, Ladies’ and Gents’ Hunting Whips, Waggon, Coach, and Buggy Whips. A large assortment of Bridles, Spurs, Sponges, Horse Brushes, Dandy Brushes, Curry and Mane Combs. Repairs neatly executed with despatch. P.C. having 20 years’ colonial experience in the saddlery line, can assure his customers that they will get value for their money. MRS. SWAN, M A C H I N I S T, &c., Rose-street, Waipawa. oc 9ly X axtivr Advertising. SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDSMAN, EMERSTON-STREET, NAPIER, All kinds of Garden Seeds on Sale. sepl4-8m J. H. GROCOTT'S SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDSMAN, EMERSTON-STREET, NAPIER, All kinds of Garden Seeds on Sale. sepl4-8m J. H. GROCOTT'S SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDSMAN, EMERSTON-STREET, NAPIER, All kinds of Garden Seeds on Sale. sepl4-8m J. H. GROCOTT'S SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDSMAN, EMERSTON-STREET, NAPIER, All kinds of Garden Seeds on Sale. sepl4-8m J. H. GROCOTT'S SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDSMAN, EMERSTON-STREET, NAPIER, All kinds of Garden Seeds on Sale. sepl4-8m J. H. GROCOTT'S SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDSMAN, EMERSTON-STREET, NAPIER, All kinds of Garden Seeds on Sale. sepl4-8m J. H. GROCOTT'S SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDSMAN, EMERSTON-STREET, NAPIER, All kinds of Garden Seeds on Sale. sepl4-8m J. H. GROCOTT'S SEEDS!!! T. ALDERS, jp RU ITERER AND SEEDS SADDLES, PIPES, AND SADDLES, Awarded to COTTON AND WESTERN, At the H.B.A. and I.S. Society’s SHOW, 1878. O. and W.’s is still the Best House for HARNESS, SADDLES (Own make.) PACK SADDLES, Etc., Etc. OTTON and WESTERN Being Large Importers and Practical Manufacturers, Can Sell Cheaper than any other House in the PROVINCE. The Trade and Storekeepers liberally Supplied. sepli-3m GILL ESPIE, PLUMBER AND TINSMITH, HAS TINWARE, SEWING STORE, NAPIER. sep 14-3 m TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. To the Settlers of the WAIPAWA, WAIPAWA, NORSEWOOD, and WOODVILLE DISTRICTS. The undersigned begs to inform the Settlers of the above districts THAT THE NOTED CHEAPEST HOUSE IN NAPA RIVER IS OPENED IN NAPA RIVER. All persons about furnishing will do well to inspect the stock, and view prices before going elsewhere. Goods can be obtained on the deferred payment system if required. Spring mattresses made on the premises. All goods carefully packed. HENRY COHEN, CHEAP FURNITURE MART, Opposite Holt’s Mills, NAPIER. se!4-3m J GARRY, IRON AND BRASS FOUNDER, HIA ST IN G 8-ST R E ET, N A P I E R. J. G. JP A R K E R & CO., GENERAL BLACKSMITHS, FARRIERS, &c., (Next to Monteith’s Horse Bazaar), HASTINGS-STREET, NAPIER. sel4-3m M. R. MILLER, STOCK AND STATION AGENT, Has for Sale— SHEEP STATIONS, Of various extent, and FREEHOLD PROPERTIES, Stocked and unstocked, in the Provinces of Auckland, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Canterbury, and Otogo. For particulars apply at the Office, Browning-street, NAPIER. RAMS FOR SALE— eI4-12m' All first-class flocks. A the only CASH BUYERS DRAPERY and CLOTHING In New Zealand, we can SELL CHEAPER Than any other house in the trade. LEONARD AND CO., NAPIER. scl4-Gm H. MONTEITH, U C TIONEER, STOCK SALESMAN, LAND AGENT, &c. MONTEITH’S BAZAAR, NAPIER, HAWKE’S BAY, Weekly Sales every Saturday, at 2 p.m., at the Bazaar, of Horses, Produce, &c. F. F. WILLIAMS, (Late W. Powell) rj-IAILOR, HOSIER, MERCER, AND GENERAL OUTFITTER, HASTINGS-STREET, B Quail BARS ANT & ADAIR, Proprietors. sel4-3m GENERAL STORE, Near the Waipawa Hotel. A A POTTON having taken the above, &V * begs to apprise the inhabitants of Waipawa that the Store will be re-opened THIS DAY, the Pith instant, with A general assortment of Drapery, Clothing, Groceries, &c., which will be sold at Current Rates. R. P. trusts to merit a fair share of patronage. Waipawa, Oct. 10, 1878. oc 12-tf TRAVELING HAWKERS. DRAPERY, CLOTHING, GARDEN SEEDS, &c. Henry Nichols, Licensed Hawker for the Waipawa County and surrounding districts, begs to announce that he will visit the settlers in all parts of the district, when he will be prepared to supply the above goods at exceedingly low prices. Dresses, suits of clothes, and boots made to order. General commissions executed. nov2 3m de to order on the shortest notice. Re pairs neatly executed. GRIFFIN PAINTER, A WAIPAWA. Public Notices.
| 9,540 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3221535
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Martin Spann, The Gamer King, Vikram, e_feels, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6679945, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6679946, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6679947, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6682063, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7080542, user6682063
|
English
|
Spoken
| 215 | 308 |
How to add text to NSTableView
I made a Cocoa application that has an NSTableView, an NSTextField, and an NSButton. The user enters text into the text field and clicks the button. When the user does this, I want the text in the textfield to be placed in the NSTableView. I find that I can't even bind an IBOutlet to a cell in the NSTableView. What should be done?
The Model-View-Controller pattern, which is used extensively in Cocoa is your friend here.
What you need to do is to bind the NSTableView to an array (The model). Then configure the button so that a click tells the controller to add the content of the text field to the array and if the bindings are set up correctly the NSTableView (The View) will be updated.
What I think you need to do is make a class, AppController for instance which will be your data source and the delegate of the NSTableView. So you need the following.
Two IBOutlets (one for the NSTextField and one for the NSTableView)
An IBAction for the NSButton.
Make those connections in Interface Builder.
Remember to use the mandatory delegate methods (there are two of them) so you can add the data from your data source (usually a collection class..an array, dictionary...etc.
| 12,811 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebrada%20Pail%C3%B3n%20%28suba%20sa%20Venezuela%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Quebrada Pailón (suba sa Venezuela)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebrada Pailón (suba sa Venezuela)&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 66 | 119 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Quebrada Pailón.
Suba ang Quebrada Pailón sa Venezuela. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa Estado Anzoátegui, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Caracas ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Quebrada Pailón mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Río Orinoco.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Río Orinoco tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Estado Anzoátegui
| 3,948 |
https://github.com/ZZHGit/rDSN/blob/master/src/core/core/crc.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
rDSN
|
ZZHGit
|
C
|
Code
| 1,935 | 10,536 |
# pragma once
# include <cstdint>
namespace dsn { namespace utils {
template<typename uintxx_t, uintxx_t uPoly> struct crc_generator
{
typedef uintxx_t uint;
static const uintxx_t MSB = ((uintxx_t) 1) << (8 * sizeof (uintxx_t) - 1);
static const uintxx_t POLY = uPoly;
static uintxx_t _crc_table[256];
static uintxx_t _uX2N[64];
//
// compute CRC
//
static
uintxx_t
compute (
const void *pSrc,
size_t uSize,
uintxx_t uCrc
)
{
const uint8_t *pData = (const uint8_t *) pSrc;
size_t uBytes;
uCrc = ~uCrc;
while (uSize > 15)
{
uBytes = 0x80000000u;
if (uBytes > uSize)
uBytes = uSize;
uSize -= uBytes;
for (; uBytes > 15; uBytes -= 16, pData += 16)
{
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 0])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 1])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 2])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 3])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 4])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 5])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 6])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 7])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 8])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[ 9])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[10])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[11])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[12])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[13])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[14])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[15])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
}
uSize += uBytes;
}
for (uBytes = uSize; uBytes > 0; uBytes -= 1, pData += 1)
uCrc = _crc_table[(uint8_t) (uCrc ^ pData[0])] ^ (uCrc >> 8);
uCrc = ~uCrc;
return (uCrc);
};
//
// Returns (a * b) mod POLY.
// "a" and "b" are represented in "reversed" order -- LSB is x**(XX-1) coefficient, MSB is x^0 coefficient.
// "POLY" is represented in the same manner except for omitted x**XX coefficient
//
static
uintxx_t
MulPoly (
uintxx_t a,
uintxx_t b
)
{
uintxx_t r;
if (a == 0)
return (0);
r = 0;
do
{
if (a & MSB)
r ^= b;
if (b & 1)
b = (b >> 1) ^ POLY;
else
b >>= 1;
a <<= 1;
}
while (a != 0);
return (r);
};
//
// Returns (x ** (8*uSize)) mod POLY
//
static
uintxx_t
ComputeX_N (uint64_t uSize)
{
size_t i;
uintxx_t r;
r = MSB; // r = 1
for (i = 0; uSize != 0; uSize >>= 1, i += 1)
{
if (uSize & 1)
r = MulPoly (r, _uX2N[i]);
}
return (r);
};
//
// Allows to change initial CRC value
//
static
uintxx_t
ConvertInitialCrc (
uintxx_t uNew,
uintxx_t uOld,
uintxx_t uCrc,
size_t uSize
)
{
//
// CRC (A, uSize, uCrc) = (uCrc * x**uSize + A * x**XX) mod POLY (let's forget about double NOTs of uCrc)
//
// we know uCrc(uOld) = (uOld * x**uSize + A * x**XX) mod POLY; we need to compute
// uCrc(uNew) = (uNew * x**uSize + A * x**XX) mod POLY
//
// uCrc(uNew) = uCrc(Old) + (uNew - uOld) * x**uSize)
//
uNew ^= uOld;
uOld = ComputeX_N (uSize);
uOld = MulPoly (uOld, uNew);
uCrc ^= uOld;
return (uCrc);
};
//
// Given
// uFinalCrcA = ComputeCrc (A, uSizeA, uInitialCrcA)
// and
// uFinalCrcB = ComputeCrc (B, uSizeB, uInitialCrcB),
// compute CRC of concatenation of A and B
// uFinalCrcAB = ComputeCrc (AB, uSizeA + uSizeB, uInitialCrcAB)
// without touching A and B
//
// NB: uSizeA and/or uSizeB may be 0s (this trick may be used to "recompute" CRC for another initial value)
//
static
uintxx_t
concatenate (
uintxx_t uInitialCrcAB,
uintxx_t uInitialCrcA,
uintxx_t uFinalCrcA,
uint64_t uSizeA,
uintxx_t uInitialCrcB,
uintxx_t uFinalCrcB,
uint64_t uSizeB
)
{
uintxx_t uX_nA, uX_nB, uFinalCrcAB;
//
// Crc (X, uSizeX, uInitialCrcX) = ~(((~uInitialCrcX) * x**uSizeX + X * x**XX) mod POLY)
//
//
// first, convert CRC's to canonical values getting rid of double bitwise NOT around uCrc
//
uInitialCrcAB = ~uInitialCrcAB;
uInitialCrcA = ~uInitialCrcA;
uFinalCrcA = ~uFinalCrcA;
uInitialCrcB = ~uInitialCrcB;
uFinalCrcB = ~uFinalCrcB;
//
// convert uFinalCrcX into canonical form, so that
// uFinalCrcX = (X * x**XX) mod POLY
//
uX_nA = ComputeX_N (uSizeA);
uFinalCrcA ^= MulPoly (uX_nA, uInitialCrcA);
uX_nB = ComputeX_N (uSizeB);
uFinalCrcB ^= MulPoly (uX_nB, uInitialCrcB);
//
// we know
// uFinalCrcA = (A * x**XX) mod POLY
// uFinalCrcB = (B * x**XX) mod POLY
// and need to compute
// uFinalCrcAB = (AB * x**XX) mod POLY =
// = ((A * x**uSizeB + B) * x**XX) mod POLY =
// = (A * x**XX) * x**uSizeB + B * x**XX mod POLY =
// = uFinalCrcB + (uFinalCrcA * x**uSizeB) mod POLY
//
uFinalCrcAB = uFinalCrcB ^ MulPoly (uFinalCrcA, uX_nB);
//
// Finally, adjust initial value; we have
// uFinalCrcAB = (AB * x**XX) mod POLY
// but want to have
// uFinalCrcAB = (UInitialCrcAB * x**(uSizeA + uSizeB) + AB * x**XX) mod POLY
//
uFinalCrcAB ^= MulPoly (uInitialCrcAB, MulPoly (uX_nA, uX_nB));
// convert back to double NOT
uFinalCrcAB = ~uFinalCrcAB;
return (uFinalCrcAB);
};
static
void
InitializeTables (
void
)
{
size_t i, j;
uintxx_t k;
_uX2N[0] = MSB >> 8;
for (i = 1; i < sizeof (_uX2N) / sizeof (_uX2N[0]); ++i)
_uX2N[i] = MulPoly (_uX2N[i-1], _uX2N[i-1]);
for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
{
k = (uintxx_t) i;
for (j = 0; j < 8; ++j)
{
if (k & 1)
k = (k >> 1) ^ POLY;
else
k = (k >> 1);
}
_crc_table[i] = k;
}
}
static
void
PrintTables (
char *pTypeName,
char *pClassName
)
{
size_t i, w;
InitializeTables ();
printf ("%s %s::_uX2N[sizeof (%s::_uX2N) / sizeof (%s::_uX2N[0])] = {", pTypeName, pClassName, pClassName, pClassName);
for (i = w = 0; i < sizeof (_uX2N) / sizeof (_uX2N[0]); ++i)
{
if (i != 0)
printf (",");
if (w == 0)
printf ("\n ");
printf (" 0x%0*llx", static_cast<int> (sizeof (uintxx_t) * 2), (uint64_t) _uX2N[i]);
w = (w + sizeof (uintxx_t)) & 31;
}
printf ("\n};\n\n");
printf ("%s %s::_crc_table[sizeof (%s::_crc_table) / sizeof (%s::_crc_table[0])] = {", pTypeName, pClassName, pClassName, pClassName);
for (i = w = 0; i < sizeof (_crc_table) / sizeof (_crc_table[0]); ++i)
{
if (i != 0)
printf (",");
if (w == 0)
printf ("\n ");
printf (" 0x%0*llx", static_cast<int> (sizeof (uintxx_t) * 2), (uint64_t) _crc_table[i]);
w = (w + sizeof (uintxx_t)) & 31;
}
printf ("\n};\n\n");
};
};
#define BIT64(n) (1ull << (63 - (n)))
#define crc64_POLY ( \
BIT64(63) + BIT64(61) + BIT64(59) + BIT64(58) + BIT64(56) + BIT64(55) + BIT64(52) + BIT64(49) + BIT64(48) + BIT64(47) + \
BIT64(46) + BIT64(44) + BIT64(41) + BIT64(37) + BIT64(36) + BIT64(34) + BIT64(32) + BIT64(31) + BIT64(28) + BIT64(26) + BIT64(23) + \
BIT64(22) + BIT64(19) + BIT64(16) + BIT64(13) + BIT64(12) + BIT64(10) + BIT64( 9) + BIT64( 6) + BIT64( 4) + BIT64( 3) + BIT64( 0) \
)
#define BIT32(n) (1u << (31 - (n)))
#define crc32_POLY ( \
BIT32(28) + BIT32(27) + BIT32(26) + BIT32(25) + BIT32(23) + BIT32(22) + BIT32(20) + BIT32(19) + \
BIT32(18) + BIT32(14) + BIT32(13) + BIT32(11) + BIT32(10) + BIT32( 9) + BIT32( 8) + BIT32( 6) + BIT32(0) \
)
typedef crc_generator<uint32_t, crc32_POLY> crc32;
typedef crc_generator<uint64_t, crc64_POLY> crc64;
extern crc32 PdiCrc32;
extern crc64 PdiCrc64;
template<>
uint32_t crc32::_uX2N[sizeof (crc32::_uX2N) / sizeof (crc32::_uX2N[0])] = {
0x00800000, 0x00008000, 0x82f63b78, 0x6ea2d55c, 0x18b8ea18, 0x510ac59a, 0xb82be955, 0xb8fdb1e7,
0x88e56f72, 0x74c360a4, 0xe4172b16, 0x0d65762a, 0x35d73a62, 0x28461564, 0xbf455269, 0xe2ea32dc,
0xfe7740e6, 0xf946610b, 0x3c204f8f, 0x538586e3, 0x59726915, 0x734d5309, 0xbc1ac763, 0x7d0722cc,
0xd289cabe, 0xe94ca9bc, 0x05b74f3f, 0xa51e1f42, 0x40000000, 0x20000000, 0x08000000, 0x00800000,
0x00008000, 0x82f63b78, 0x6ea2d55c, 0x18b8ea18, 0x510ac59a, 0xb82be955, 0xb8fdb1e7, 0x88e56f72,
0x74c360a4, 0xe4172b16, 0x0d65762a, 0x35d73a62, 0x28461564, 0xbf455269, 0xe2ea32dc, 0xfe7740e6,
0xf946610b, 0x3c204f8f, 0x538586e3, 0x59726915, 0x734d5309, 0xbc1ac763, 0x7d0722cc, 0xd289cabe,
0xe94ca9bc, 0x05b74f3f, 0xa51e1f42, 0x40000000, 0x20000000, 0x08000000, 0x00800000, 0x00008000
};
template<>
uint32_t crc32::_crc_table[sizeof (crc32::_crc_table) / sizeof (crc32::_crc_table[0])] = {
0x00000000, 0xf26b8303, 0xe13b70f7, 0x1350f3f4, 0xc79a971f, 0x35f1141c, 0x26a1e7e8, 0xd4ca64eb,
0x8ad958cf, 0x78b2dbcc, 0x6be22838, 0x9989ab3b, 0x4d43cfd0, 0xbf284cd3, 0xac78bf27, 0x5e133c24,
0x105ec76f, 0xe235446c, 0xf165b798, 0x030e349b, 0xd7c45070, 0x25afd373, 0x36ff2087, 0xc494a384,
0x9a879fa0, 0x68ec1ca3, 0x7bbcef57, 0x89d76c54, 0x5d1d08bf, 0xaf768bbc, 0xbc267848, 0x4e4dfb4b,
0x20bd8ede, 0xd2d60ddd, 0xc186fe29, 0x33ed7d2a, 0xe72719c1, 0x154c9ac2, 0x061c6936, 0xf477ea35,
0xaa64d611, 0x580f5512, 0x4b5fa6e6, 0xb93425e5, 0x6dfe410e, 0x9f95c20d, 0x8cc531f9, 0x7eaeb2fa,
0x30e349b1, 0xc288cab2, 0xd1d83946, 0x23b3ba45, 0xf779deae, 0x05125dad, 0x1642ae59, 0xe4292d5a,
0xba3a117e, 0x4851927d, 0x5b016189, 0xa96ae28a, 0x7da08661, 0x8fcb0562, 0x9c9bf696, 0x6ef07595,
0x417b1dbc, 0xb3109ebf, 0xa0406d4b, 0x522bee48, 0x86e18aa3, 0x748a09a0, 0x67dafa54, 0x95b17957,
0xcba24573, 0x39c9c670, 0x2a993584, 0xd8f2b687, 0x0c38d26c, 0xfe53516f, 0xed03a29b, 0x1f682198,
0x5125dad3, 0xa34e59d0, 0xb01eaa24, 0x42752927, 0x96bf4dcc, 0x64d4cecf, 0x77843d3b, 0x85efbe38,
0xdbfc821c, 0x2997011f, 0x3ac7f2eb, 0xc8ac71e8, 0x1c661503, 0xee0d9600, 0xfd5d65f4, 0x0f36e6f7,
0x61c69362, 0x93ad1061, 0x80fde395, 0x72966096, 0xa65c047d, 0x5437877e, 0x4767748a, 0xb50cf789,
0xeb1fcbad, 0x197448ae, 0x0a24bb5a, 0xf84f3859, 0x2c855cb2, 0xdeeedfb1, 0xcdbe2c45, 0x3fd5af46,
0x7198540d, 0x83f3d70e, 0x90a324fa, 0x62c8a7f9, 0xb602c312, 0x44694011, 0x5739b3e5, 0xa55230e6,
0xfb410cc2, 0x092a8fc1, 0x1a7a7c35, 0xe811ff36, 0x3cdb9bdd, 0xceb018de, 0xdde0eb2a, 0x2f8b6829,
0x82f63b78, 0x709db87b, 0x63cd4b8f, 0x91a6c88c, 0x456cac67, 0xb7072f64, 0xa457dc90, 0x563c5f93,
0x082f63b7, 0xfa44e0b4, 0xe9141340, 0x1b7f9043, 0xcfb5f4a8, 0x3dde77ab, 0x2e8e845f, 0xdce5075c,
0x92a8fc17, 0x60c37f14, 0x73938ce0, 0x81f80fe3, 0x55326b08, 0xa759e80b, 0xb4091bff, 0x466298fc,
0x1871a4d8, 0xea1a27db, 0xf94ad42f, 0x0b21572c, 0xdfeb33c7, 0x2d80b0c4, 0x3ed04330, 0xccbbc033,
0xa24bb5a6, 0x502036a5, 0x4370c551, 0xb11b4652, 0x65d122b9, 0x97baa1ba, 0x84ea524e, 0x7681d14d,
0x2892ed69, 0xdaf96e6a, 0xc9a99d9e, 0x3bc21e9d, 0xef087a76, 0x1d63f975, 0x0e330a81, 0xfc588982,
0xb21572c9, 0x407ef1ca, 0x532e023e, 0xa145813d, 0x758fe5d6, 0x87e466d5, 0x94b49521, 0x66df1622,
0x38cc2a06, 0xcaa7a905, 0xd9f75af1, 0x2b9cd9f2, 0xff56bd19, 0x0d3d3e1a, 0x1e6dcdee, 0xec064eed,
0xc38d26c4, 0x31e6a5c7, 0x22b65633, 0xd0ddd530, 0x0417b1db, 0xf67c32d8, 0xe52cc12c, 0x1747422f,
0x49547e0b, 0xbb3ffd08, 0xa86f0efc, 0x5a048dff, 0x8ecee914, 0x7ca56a17, 0x6ff599e3, 0x9d9e1ae0,
0xd3d3e1ab, 0x21b862a8, 0x32e8915c, 0xc083125f, 0x144976b4, 0xe622f5b7, 0xf5720643, 0x07198540,
0x590ab964, 0xab613a67, 0xb831c993, 0x4a5a4a90, 0x9e902e7b, 0x6cfbad78, 0x7fab5e8c, 0x8dc0dd8f,
0xe330a81a, 0x115b2b19, 0x020bd8ed, 0xf0605bee, 0x24aa3f05, 0xd6c1bc06, 0xc5914ff2, 0x37faccf1,
0x69e9f0d5, 0x9b8273d6, 0x88d28022, 0x7ab90321, 0xae7367ca, 0x5c18e4c9, 0x4f48173d, 0xbd23943e,
0xf36e6f75, 0x0105ec76, 0x12551f82, 0xe03e9c81, 0x34f4f86a, 0xc69f7b69, 0xd5cf889d, 0x27a40b9e,
0x79b737ba, 0x8bdcb4b9, 0x988c474d, 0x6ae7c44e, 0xbe2da0a5, 0x4c4623a6, 0x5f16d052, 0xad7d5351
};
template<>
uint64_t crc64::_uX2N[sizeof (crc64::_uX2N) / sizeof (crc64::_uX2N[0])] = {
0x0080000000000000, 0x0000800000000000, 0x0000000080000000, 0x9a6c9329ac4bc9b5,
0x10f4bb0f129310d6, 0x70f05dcea2ebd226, 0x311211205672822d, 0x2fc297db0f46c96e,
0xca4d536fabf7da84, 0xfb4cdc3b379ee6ed, 0xea261148df25140a, 0x59ccb2c07aa6c9b4,
0x20b3674a839af27a, 0x2d8e1986da94d583, 0x42cdf4c20337635d, 0x1d78724bf0f26839,
0xb96c84e0afb34bd5, 0x5d2e1fcd2df0a3ea, 0xcd9506572332be42, 0x23bda2427f7d690f,
0x347a953232374f07, 0x1c2a807ac2a8ceea, 0x9b92ad0e14fe1460, 0x2574114889f670b2,
0x4a84a6c45e3bf520, 0x915bbac21cd1c7ff, 0xb0290ec579f291f5, 0xcf2548505c624e6e,
0xb154f27bf08a8207, 0xce4e92344baf7d35, 0x51da8d7e057c5eb3, 0x9fb10823f5be15df,
0x73b825b3ff1f71cf, 0x5db436c5406ebb74, 0xfa7ed8f3ec3f2bca, 0xc4d58efdc61b9ef6,
0xa7e39e61e855bd45, 0x97ad46f9dd1bf2f1, 0x1a0abb01f853ee6b, 0x3f0827c3348f8215,
0x4eb68c4506134607, 0x4a46f6de5df34e0a, 0x2d855d6a1c57a8dd, 0x8688da58e1115812,
0x5232f417fc7c7300, 0xa4080fb2e767d8da, 0xd515a7e17693e562, 0x1181f7c862e94226,
0x9e23cd058204ca91, 0x9b8992c57a0aed82, 0xb2c0afb84609b6ff, 0x2f7160553a5ea018,
0x3cd378b5c99f2722, 0x814054ad61a3b058, 0xbf766189fce806d8, 0x85a5e898ac49f86f,
0x34830d11bc84f346, 0x9644d95b173c8c1c, 0x150401ac9ac759b1, 0xebe1f7f46fb00eba,
0x8ee4ce0c2e2bd662, 0x4000000000000000, 0x2000000000000000, 0x0800000000000000
};
template<>
uint64_t crc64::_crc_table[sizeof (crc64::_crc_table) / sizeof (crc64::_crc_table[0])] = {
0x0000000000000000, 0x7f6ef0c830358979, 0xfedde190606b12f2, 0x81b31158505e9b8b,
0xc962e5739841b68f, 0xb60c15bba8743ff6, 0x37bf04e3f82aa47d, 0x48d1f42bc81f2d04,
0xa61cecb46814fe75, 0xd9721c7c5821770c, 0x58c10d24087fec87, 0x27affdec384a65fe,
0x6f7e09c7f05548fa, 0x1010f90fc060c183, 0x91a3e857903e5a08, 0xeecd189fa00bd371,
0x78e0ff3b88be6f81, 0x078e0ff3b88be6f8, 0x863d1eabe8d57d73, 0xf953ee63d8e0f40a,
0xb1821a4810ffd90e, 0xceecea8020ca5077, 0x4f5ffbd87094cbfc, 0x30310b1040a14285,
0xdefc138fe0aa91f4, 0xa192e347d09f188d, 0x2021f21f80c18306, 0x5f4f02d7b0f40a7f,
0x179ef6fc78eb277b, 0x68f0063448deae02, 0xe943176c18803589, 0x962de7a428b5bcf0,
0xf1c1fe77117cdf02, 0x8eaf0ebf2149567b, 0x0f1c1fe77117cdf0, 0x7072ef2f41224489,
0x38a31b04893d698d, 0x47cdebccb908e0f4, 0xc67efa94e9567b7f, 0xb9100a5cd963f206,
0x57dd12c379682177, 0x28b3e20b495da80e, 0xa900f35319033385, 0xd66e039b2936bafc,
0x9ebff7b0e12997f8, 0xe1d10778d11c1e81, 0x606216208142850a, 0x1f0ce6e8b1770c73,
0x8921014c99c2b083, 0xf64ff184a9f739fa, 0x77fce0dcf9a9a271, 0x08921014c99c2b08,
0x4043e43f0183060c, 0x3f2d14f731b68f75, 0xbe9e05af61e814fe, 0xc1f0f56751dd9d87,
0x2f3dedf8f1d64ef6, 0x50531d30c1e3c78f, 0xd1e00c6891bd5c04, 0xae8efca0a188d57d,
0xe65f088b6997f879, 0x9931f84359a27100, 0x1882e91b09fcea8b, 0x67ec19d339c963f2,
0xd75adabd7a6e2d6f, 0xa8342a754a5ba416, 0x29873b2d1a053f9d, 0x56e9cbe52a30b6e4,
0x1e383fcee22f9be0, 0x6156cf06d21a1299, 0xe0e5de5e82448912, 0x9f8b2e96b271006b,
0x71463609127ad31a, 0x0e28c6c1224f5a63, 0x8f9bd7997211c1e8, 0xf0f5275142244891,
0xb824d37a8a3b6595, 0xc74a23b2ba0eecec, 0x46f932eaea507767, 0x3997c222da65fe1e,
0xafba2586f2d042ee, 0xd0d4d54ec2e5cb97, 0x5167c41692bb501c, 0x2e0934dea28ed965,
0x66d8c0f56a91f461, 0x19b6303d5aa47d18, 0x980521650afae693, 0xe76bd1ad3acf6fea,
0x09a6c9329ac4bc9b, 0x76c839faaaf135e2, 0xf77b28a2faafae69, 0x8815d86aca9a2710,
0xc0c42c4102850a14, 0xbfaadc8932b0836d, 0x3e19cdd162ee18e6, 0x41773d1952db919f,
0x269b24ca6b12f26d, 0x59f5d4025b277b14, 0xd846c55a0b79e09f, 0xa72835923b4c69e6,
0xeff9c1b9f35344e2, 0x90973171c366cd9b, 0x1124202993385610, 0x6e4ad0e1a30ddf69,
0x8087c87e03060c18, 0xffe938b633338561, 0x7e5a29ee636d1eea, 0x0134d92653589793,
0x49e52d0d9b47ba97, 0x368bddc5ab7233ee, 0xb738cc9dfb2ca865, 0xc8563c55cb19211c,
0x5e7bdbf1e3ac9dec, 0x21152b39d3991495, 0xa0a63a6183c78f1e, 0xdfc8caa9b3f20667,
0x97193e827bed2b63, 0xe877ce4a4bd8a21a, 0x69c4df121b863991, 0x16aa2fda2bb3b0e8,
0xf86737458bb86399, 0x8709c78dbb8deae0, 0x06bad6d5ebd3716b, 0x79d4261ddbe6f812,
0x3105d23613f9d516, 0x4e6b22fe23cc5c6f, 0xcfd833a67392c7e4, 0xb0b6c36e43a74e9d,
0x9a6c9329ac4bc9b5, 0xe50263e19c7e40cc, 0x64b172b9cc20db47, 0x1bdf8271fc15523e,
0x530e765a340a7f3a, 0x2c608692043ff643, 0xadd397ca54616dc8, 0xd2bd67026454e4b1,
0x3c707f9dc45f37c0, 0x431e8f55f46abeb9, 0xc2ad9e0da4342532, 0xbdc36ec59401ac4b,
0xf5129aee5c1e814f, 0x8a7c6a266c2b0836, 0x0bcf7b7e3c7593bd, 0x74a18bb60c401ac4,
0xe28c6c1224f5a634, 0x9de29cda14c02f4d, 0x1c518d82449eb4c6, 0x633f7d4a74ab3dbf,
0x2bee8961bcb410bb, 0x548079a98c8199c2, 0xd53368f1dcdf0249, 0xaa5d9839ecea8b30,
0x449080a64ce15841, 0x3bfe706e7cd4d138, 0xba4d61362c8a4ab3, 0xc52391fe1cbfc3ca,
0x8df265d5d4a0eece, 0xf29c951de49567b7, 0x732f8445b4cbfc3c, 0x0c41748d84fe7545,
0x6bad6d5ebd3716b7, 0x14c39d968d029fce, 0x95708ccedd5c0445, 0xea1e7c06ed698d3c,
0xa2cf882d2576a038, 0xdda178e515432941, 0x5c1269bd451db2ca, 0x237c997575283bb3,
0xcdb181ead523e8c2, 0xb2df7122e51661bb, 0x336c607ab548fa30, 0x4c0290b2857d7349,
0x04d364994d625e4d, 0x7bbd94517d57d734, 0xfa0e85092d094cbf, 0x856075c11d3cc5c6,
0x134d926535897936, 0x6c2362ad05bcf04f, 0xed9073f555e26bc4, 0x92fe833d65d7e2bd,
0xda2f7716adc8cfb9, 0xa54187de9dfd46c0, 0x24f29686cda3dd4b, 0x5b9c664efd965432,
0xb5517ed15d9d8743, 0xca3f8e196da80e3a, 0x4b8c9f413df695b1, 0x34e26f890dc31cc8,
0x7c339ba2c5dc31cc, 0x035d6b6af5e9b8b5, 0x82ee7a32a5b7233e, 0xfd808afa9582aa47,
0x4d364994d625e4da, 0x3258b95ce6106da3, 0xb3eba804b64ef628, 0xcc8558cc867b7f51,
0x8454ace74e645255, 0xfb3a5c2f7e51db2c, 0x7a894d772e0f40a7, 0x05e7bdbf1e3ac9de,
0xeb2aa520be311aaf, 0x944455e88e0493d6, 0x15f744b0de5a085d, 0x6a99b478ee6f8124,
0x224840532670ac20, 0x5d26b09b16452559, 0xdc95a1c3461bbed2, 0xa3fb510b762e37ab,
0x35d6b6af5e9b8b5b, 0x4ab846676eae0222, 0xcb0b573f3ef099a9, 0xb465a7f70ec510d0,
0xfcb453dcc6da3dd4, 0x83daa314f6efb4ad, 0x0269b24ca6b12f26, 0x7d0742849684a65f,
0x93ca5a1b368f752e, 0xeca4aad306bafc57, 0x6d17bb8b56e467dc, 0x12794b4366d1eea5,
0x5aa8bf68aecec3a1, 0x25c64fa09efb4ad8, 0xa4755ef8cea5d153, 0xdb1bae30fe90582a,
0xbcf7b7e3c7593bd8, 0xc399472bf76cb2a1, 0x422a5673a732292a, 0x3d44a6bb9707a053,
0x759552905f188d57, 0x0afba2586f2d042e, 0x8b48b3003f739fa5, 0xf42643c80f4616dc,
0x1aeb5b57af4dc5ad, 0x6585ab9f9f784cd4, 0xe436bac7cf26d75f, 0x9b584a0fff135e26,
0xd389be24370c7322, 0xace74eec0739fa5b, 0x2d545fb4576761d0, 0x523aaf7c6752e8a9,
0xc41748d84fe75459, 0xbb79b8107fd2dd20, 0x3acaa9482f8c46ab, 0x45a459801fb9cfd2,
0x0d75adabd7a6e2d6, 0x721b5d63e7936baf, 0xf3a84c3bb7cdf024, 0x8cc6bcf387f8795d,
0x620ba46c27f3aa2c, 0x1d6554a417c62355, 0x9cd645fc4798b8de, 0xe3b8b53477ad31a7,
0xab69411fbfb21ca3, 0xd407b1d78f8795da, 0x55b4a08fdfd90e51, 0x2ada5047efec8728
};
#undef crc32_POLY
#undef crc64_POLY
#undef BIT64
#undef BIT32
} } // end namespace
| 36,783 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82757
|
Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Combretum paniculatum
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 4,584 | 13,925 |
Combretum paniculatum
Art der Gattung Langfäden (Combretum)
Combretum paniculatum taxonomischer Rang Art
Combretum paniculatum wissenschaftlicher Name Combretum paniculatum, Autor(en) des Taxons Étienne Pierre Ventenat, veröffentlicht im Jahr 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commons-Kategorie Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum Bild Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum übergeordnetes Taxon Langfäden
Combretum paniculatum Freebase-Kennung /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List ID (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum Tropicos-ID 8200363
Combretum paniculatum IPNI-TaxonName-ID 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum ist ein(e) Taxon
Combretum paniculatum NCBI-ID 312943
Combretum paniculatum GRIN-URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum USDA-ID COPA41
Combretum paniculatum GBIF-ID 7166895
Combretum paniculatum African-Plant-Database-ID 1185
Combretum paniculatum EOL-ID 5426771
Combretum paniculatum einheimische Namen
Combretum paniculatum ITIS-TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum EPPO-Code COGPA
Combretum paniculatum POWO-URN urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum iNaturalist-Taxon-ID 342536
Combretum paniculatum APNI-ID 196890
Combretum paniculatum FoA-Online-ID Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum Microsoft-Academic-Kennung 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum World-Flora-Online-ID wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum OTT-ID 1068155
Combretum paniculatum Queensland Biota-ID 13683
Combretum paniculatum CoL-ID 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum BOLD-ID 205223
Combretum paniculatum Kurzname
Combretum paniculatum
species of plant
Combretum paniculatum taxon rank species
Combretum paniculatum taxon name Combretum paniculatum, taxon author Étienne Pierre Ventenat, year of publication of scientific name for taxon 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commons category Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum image Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum parent taxon Combretum
Combretum paniculatum Freebase ID /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List ID (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum Tropicos ID 8200363
Combretum paniculatum IPNI plant ID 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instance of taxon
Combretum paniculatum NCBI taxonomy ID 312943
Combretum paniculatum GRIN URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum USDA PLANTS ID COPA41
Combretum paniculatum GBIF taxon ID 7166895
Combretum paniculatum African Plant Database ID 1185
Combretum paniculatum Encyclopedia of Life ID 5426771
Combretum paniculatum taxon common name
Combretum paniculatum ITIS TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum EPPO Code COGPA
Combretum paniculatum Plants of the World Online ID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum iNaturalist taxon ID 342536
Combretum paniculatum APNI ID 196890
Combretum paniculatum Flora of Australia ID (new) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum Microsoft Academic ID 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum World Flora Online ID wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum Open Tree of Life ID 1068155
Combretum paniculatum Queensland Biota ID 13683
Combretum paniculatum Catalogue of Life ID 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum maintained by WikiProject WikiProject Invasion Biology
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum BOLD Systems taxon ID 205223
Combretum paniculatum short name
Combretum paniculatum SERNEC taxon ID 78706
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum taxon rank species
Combretum paniculatum taxon name Combretum paniculatum, taxon author(s) Étienne Pierre Ventenat
Combretum paniculatum Commons category Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum image Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum Freebase ID /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum instance of taxon
Combretum paniculatum USDA PLANTS ID COPA41
Combretum paniculatum ITIS TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum Plants of the World online ID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum APNI ID 196890
Combretum paniculatum Open Tree of Life ID 1068155
Combretum paniculatum Queensland Biota ID 13683
Combretum paniculatum short name
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum taxon rank species
Combretum paniculatum taxon name Combretum paniculatum, taxon author(s) Étienne Pierre Ventenat, year of taxon name publication 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commons category Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum image Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum Freebase ID /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List ID (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum IPNI plant ID 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instance of taxon
Combretum paniculatum NCBI Taxonomy ID 312943
Combretum paniculatum USDA PLANTS ID COPA41
Combretum paniculatum Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID 7166895
Combretum paniculatum Encyclopedia of Life ID 5426771
Combretum paniculatum ITIS TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum Plants of the World online ID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum iNaturalist taxon ID 342536
Combretum paniculatum APNI ID 196890
Combretum paniculatum Flora of Australia ID (new) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum Microsoft Academic ID 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum World Flora Online ID wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum Open Tree of Life ID 1068155
Combretum paniculatum Queensland Biota ID 13683
Combretum paniculatum Catalogue of Life ID 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum short name
Combretum paniculatum
soort uit het geslacht Combretum
Combretum paniculatum taxonomische rang soort
Combretum paniculatum wetenschappelijke naam Combretum paniculatum, taxonauteur Étienne Pierre Ventenat, datum van taxonomische publicatie 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commonscategorie Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum afbeelding Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum moedertaxon Combretum
Combretum paniculatum Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List-identificatiecode (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum Tropicos-identificatiecode voor taxon 8200363
Combretum paniculatum IPNI-identificatiecode voor taxon 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum is een taxon
Combretum paniculatum NCBI-identificatiecode 312943
Combretum paniculatum GRIN-URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum USDA-identificatiecode voor plant COPA41
Combretum paniculatum GBIF-identificatiecode 7166895
Combretum paniculatum African Plant Database-identificatiecode 1185
Combretum paniculatum EOL-identificatiecode 5426771
Combretum paniculatum triviale naam
Combretum paniculatum ITIS-identificatiecode 895368
Combretum paniculatum EPPO-identificatiecode COGPA
Combretum paniculatum Plants of the World Online-identificatiecode urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum iNaturalist-identificatiecode voor taxon 342536
Combretum paniculatum Australian Plant Name Index-identificatiecode 196890
Combretum paniculatum Flora of Australia (nieuw)-identificatiecode Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum Microsoft Academic-identificatiecode 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum World Flora Online-identificatiecode wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 1068155
Combretum paniculatum Queensland Biota-identificatiecode 13683
Combretum paniculatum Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum onderhouden door wikiproject Wikiproject invasieve biologie
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI-identificatiecode C1667262
Combretum paniculatum BOLD Systems-identificatiecode voor taxon 205223
Combretum paniculatum verkorte naam
Combretum paniculatum SERNEC-identificatiecode voor taxon 78706
Combretum paniculatum
especie de planta
Combretum paniculatum categoría taxonómica especie
Combretum paniculatum nombre del taxón Combretum paniculatum, autor del taxón Étienne Pierre Ventenat, fecha de descripción científica 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoría en Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imagen Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxón superior inmediato Combretum
Combretum paniculatum Identificador Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identificador The Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identificador Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identificador IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instancia de taxón
Combretum paniculatum identificador NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum GRIN URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identificador USDA PLANTS COPA41
Combretum paniculatum identificador de taxón en GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificador African Plant Database 1185
Combretum paniculatum identificador EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nombre común
Combretum paniculatum identificador ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum código EPPO COGPA
Combretum paniculatum Plants of the World online ID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum código de taxón en iNaturalist 342536
Combretum paniculatum identificador Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum World Flora Online ID wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum identificador Open Tree of Life 1068155
Combretum paniculatum identificador Catalogue of Life 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum identificador BOLD Systems de taxón 205223
Combretum paniculatum nombre corto
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum rang taxonomique espèce
Combretum paniculatum nom scientifique du taxon Combretum paniculatum, auteur taxonomique Étienne Pierre Ventenat, date de description scientifique 1808
Combretum paniculatum catégorie Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum image Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxon supérieur Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identifiant The Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Tropicos d'un taxon 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identifiant International Plant Names Index d'une plante 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum nature de l’élément taxon
Combretum paniculatum Identifiant NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL Germplasm Resources Information Network https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identifiant PLANTS Database COPA41
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Base de données des plantes d'Afrique 1185
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nom vernaculaire
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Système d'information taxinomique intégré 895368
Combretum paniculatum identifiant EPPO Global Database COGPA
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Plants of the World Online urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum identifiant iNaturalist d'un taxon 342536
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Australian Plant Name Index 196890
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Flora of Australia (nouveau) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum identifiant World Flora Online wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Open Tree of Life 1068155
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Queensland d'un taxon 13683
Combretum paniculatum identifiant Catalogue of Life 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum maintenu par le wikiprojet wikiprojet biologie de l'invasion
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum identifiant BOLD Systems 205223
Combretum paniculatum nom court
Combretum paniculatum identifiant SERNEC d'un taxon 78706
Combretum paniculatum
specie di pianta
Combretum paniculatum livello tassonomico specie
Combretum paniculatum nome scientifico Combretum paniculatum, autore tassonomico Étienne Pierre Ventenat, data di descrizione scientifica 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoria su Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum immagine Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxon di livello superiore Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificativo Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identificativo Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identificativo Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identificativo tassonomico IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum istanza di taxon
Combretum paniculatum identificativo NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum GRIN-URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identificativo GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificativo EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nome volgare
Combretum paniculatum identificativo ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum identificativo iNaturalist taxon 342536
Combretum paniculatum identificativo Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum identificativo Queensland Biota 13683
Combretum paniculatum identificativo Catalogue of Life 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum nome in breve
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum ordo species
Combretum paniculatum taxon nomen Combretum paniculatum, annus descriptionis 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoria apud Communia Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imago Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum parens Combretum
Combretum paniculatum siglum Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum est taxon
Combretum paniculatum nomen seu vulgare seu vernaculare
Combretum paniculatum nomen breve
Combretum paniculatum
espècie de planta
Combretum paniculatum categoria taxonòmica espècie
Combretum paniculatum nom científic Combretum paniculatum, autor taxonòmic Étienne Pierre Ventenat, data de descripció científica 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoria de Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imatge Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum tàxon superior immediat Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificador Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identificador Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identificador de tàxons Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identificador de tàxons IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instància de tàxon
Combretum paniculatum identificador NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL GRIN https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identificador USDA PLANTS COPA41
Combretum paniculatum identificador GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificador African Plant Database 1185
Combretum paniculatum identificador Encyclopedia of Life 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nom comú
Combretum paniculatum identificador ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum codi OEPP COGPA
Combretum paniculatum identificador Plants of the World online urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum identificador iNaturalist de tàxon 342536
Combretum paniculatum identificador APNI 196890
Combretum paniculatum identificador Flora of Australia (nou) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum identificador Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum identificador World Flora Online wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum identificador Open Tree of Life 1068155
Combretum paniculatum identificador Queensland de tàxon 13683
Combretum paniculatum identificador Catalogue of Life 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum identificador BOLD Systems de tàxon 205223
Combretum paniculatum nom curt
Combretum paniculatum identificador SERNEC de tàxon 78706
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum reng taxonomic espècia
Combretum paniculatum nom scientific Combretum paniculatum, data de descripcion scientifica 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoria Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imatge Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxon superior Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificant Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identificant The Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identificant Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identificant IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum natura de l'element taxon
Combretum paniculatum identificant NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum identificant USDA PLANTS COPA41
Combretum paniculatum identificant GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificant Encyclopedia of Life 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nom vernacular
Combretum paniculatum identificant ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum còdi OEPP COGPA
Combretum paniculatum identificant de taxon iNaturalist 342536
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum nom cort
Combretum paniculatum
loài thực vật
Combretum paniculatum cấp bậc phân loại loài
Combretum paniculatum tên phân loại Combretum paniculatum, ngày được miêu tả trong tài liệu khoa học 1808
Combretum paniculatum thể loại ở Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum hình ảnh Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum đơn vị phân loại mẹ Chi Trâm bầu
Combretum paniculatum định danh Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List ID (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum ID Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum ID thực vật IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum là một đơn vị phân loại
Combretum paniculatum mã số phân loại NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL GRIN https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum ID USDA PLANTS COPA41
Combretum paniculatum định danh GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum ID CSDL Thực vật châu Phi 1185
Combretum paniculatum ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 5426771
Combretum paniculatum tên phổ thông
Combretum paniculatum TSN ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum Mã EPPO COGPA
Combretum paniculatum ID Plants of the World trực tuyến urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum ID ĐVPL iNaturalist 342536
Combretum paniculatum định danh Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum ID ĐVPL BOLD Systems 205223
Combretum paniculatum tên ngắn
قمبريط عثكولي
نوع من النباتات
قمبريط عثكولي المرتبة التصنيفية نوع
قمبريط عثكولي الاسم العلمي للأصنوفة Combretum paniculatum, تاريخ نشر اسم الأصنوفة 1808
قمبريط عثكولي تصنيف كومنز Combretum paniculatum
قمبريط عثكولي الصورة Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
قمبريط عثكولي اﻷصنوفة العليا قمبريط
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف قاعدة البيانات الحُرَّة (Freebase) /m/0nfw4s0
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف قاعدة بيانات قائمة النباتات (Plant List) kew-2732892
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف أصنوفة في قاعدة بيانات تربيكوس (Tropicos) 8200363
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف نبات في الفهرس الدولي لأسماء النباتات (IPNI) 170347-1
قمبريط عثكولي نموذج من أصنوفة
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف أصنوفة لدى المركز الوطني الأمريكي لمعلومات التقانة الحيوية (NCBI) 312943
قمبريط عثكولي مُحدِّد الموقع لأصنوفة لدى شبكة معلومات الموارد الوراثية (GRIN URL) https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف قاعدة بيانات نباتات وزارة الزراعة الأمريكية (USDA) COPA41
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف المَرفَق العالميُّ لمعلومات التَّنوع الحيويّ (GBIF) 7166895
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف قاعدة بيانات النباتات في إفريقيا (APDB) 1185
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف موسوعة الحياة (EoL) 5426771
قمبريط عثكولي الاسم العام للأصنوفة
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف أصنوفة في نظام معلومات التصنيف المتكامل (ITIS TSN) 895368
قمبريط عثكولي رمز منظمة حماية النباتات الأوروبيَّة والمُتوسطيَّة (EPPO) COGPA
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف نباتات العالم على الإنترنت (POWO) urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف أصنوفة في موقع "أنا عالم طبيعة" (iNaturalist) 342536
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف فهرس أسماء النباتات الأسترالية (APNI) 196890
قمبريط عثكولي معرف نباتات أستراليا (جديد) Combretum paniculatum
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف مايكروسوفت الأكاديمي 2781209946
قمبريط عثكولي معرف نبيت العالم على الإنترنت wfo-0000616624
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف شجرة الحياة المفتوحة (OTT) 1068155
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف حيومات كوينزلاند 13683
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف دليل الحياة 5ZR9P
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف نظام اللغة الطبية الموحدة الفريد (UMLS CUI) C1667262
قمبريط عثكولي مُعرِّف أصنوفة لدى أنظمة بولد (BOLD) 205223
قمبريط عثكولي الاسم المختصر
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum taxonomisk rang art
Combretum paniculatum vetenskapligt namn Combretum paniculatum, auktor Étienne Pierre Ventenat, år för publikation av taxonomiskt namn 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commons-kategori Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum bild Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum nästa högre taxon Combretum
Combretum paniculatum Freebase-ID /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List ID (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum Tropicos-ID 8200363
Combretum paniculatum IPNI-taxonnamn-ID 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instans av taxon
Combretum paniculatum NCBI-ID 312943
Combretum paniculatum Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 7166895
Combretum paniculatum Encyclopedia of Life-ID 5426771
Combretum paniculatum taxonomiskt trivialnamn
Combretum paniculatum ITIS-TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum iNaturalist taxon-ID 342536
Combretum paniculatum Microsoft Academic Graph-ID 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum World Flora Online-ID wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum Open Tree of Life-ID 1068155
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum kort namn
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum
вид растение
Combretum paniculatum ранг на таксон вид
Combretum paniculatum име на таксон Combretum paniculatum, дата на публикуване на таксон 1808
Combretum paniculatum категория в Общомедия Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum изображение Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum родителски таксон комбретум
Combretum paniculatum Идентификатор във Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum IPNI plant ID 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum екземпляр на таксон
Combretum paniculatum общоприето наименование на таксон
Combretum paniculatum ITIS TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum кратко име
Combretum paniculatum
вид растений
Combretum paniculatum таксономический ранг вид
Combretum paniculatum международное научное название Combretum paniculatum, автор названия таксона Этьен Пьер Вентена, дата публикации названия 1808
Combretum paniculatum категория на Викискладе Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum изображение Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum ближайший таксон уровнем выше Комбретум
Combretum paniculatum код Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum идентификатор The Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum код имени таксона в Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum код названия таксона в IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum это частный случай понятия таксон
Combretum paniculatum идентификатор NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum GRIN URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum код USDA PLANTS COPA41
Combretum paniculatum идентификатор GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum African Plant Database 1185
Combretum paniculatum идентификатор EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum народное название таксона
Combretum paniculatum код ITIS TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum код EPPO COGPA
Combretum paniculatum код Plants of the World Online urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum код таксона iNaturalist 342536
Combretum paniculatum код APNI 196890
Combretum paniculatum код Flora of Australia (новый) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum код Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum код World Flora Online wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum код Open Tree of Life 1068155
Combretum paniculatum код Queensland Biota 13683
Combretum paniculatum код Catalogue of Life 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum относится к вики-проекту Проект:Инвазионная биология
Combretum paniculatum код UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum код таксона в BOLD Systems 205223
Combretum paniculatum краткое имя или название
Combretum paniculatum код такосна SERNEC 78706
ባዬ
ባዬ ምስል Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
ባዬ የአፍሪካ ተክል መዝገበ ቋት 1185
ባዬ አጭር ስም
Combretum paniculatum
вид рослин
Combretum paniculatum таксономічний ранг вид
Combretum paniculatum наукова назва таксона Combretum paniculatum, автор таксона Етьєн Вентена, дата наукового опису 1808
Combretum paniculatum категорія Вікісховища Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum зображення Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum батьківський таксон Combretum
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор рослини IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum є одним із таксон
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL GRIN https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор USDA PLANTS COPA41
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор у GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор African Plant Database 1185
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum вернакулярна назва
Combretum paniculatum номер у ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum код EPPO COGPA
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Plants of the World Online urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор таксона iNaturalist 342536
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор APNI 196890
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Flora of Australia (новий) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор World Flora Online wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 1068155
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Queensland Biota 13683
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum підтримується Вікіпроєктом Вікіпроєкт Інвазійна біологія
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum ідентифікатор таксона BOLD 205223
Combretum paniculatum коротка назва
Combretum paniculatum
especie de planta
Combretum paniculatum categoría taxonómica especie
Combretum paniculatum nome del taxón Combretum paniculatum, autor del taxón Étienne Pierre Ventenat, data de publicación del nome de taxón 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoría de Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imaxe Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxón inmediatamente superior Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificador en Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum instancia de taxón
Combretum paniculatum identificador taxonómicu NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL de GRIN https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identificador EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nome común
Combretum paniculatum identificador ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum nome curtiu
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum rang an tacsóin speiceas
Combretum paniculatum ainm an tacsóin Combretum paniculatum, údar an tacsóin Étienne Pierre Ventenat, bliain inar foilsíodh ainm eolaíoch an tacsóin 1808
Combretum paniculatum catagóir Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum íomhá Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum máthairthacsón Combretum
Combretum paniculatum sampla de tacsón
Combretum paniculatum ainm coitianta an tacsóin
Combretum paniculatum ainm gearr
Combretum paniculatum
specie de plante
Combretum paniculatum rang taxonomic specie
Combretum paniculatum nume științific Combretum paniculatum, autorul taxonului Étienne Pierre Ventenat, anul publicării taxonului 1808
Combretum paniculatum categorie la Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imagine Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxon superior Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificator Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum este un/o taxon
Combretum paniculatum identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificator EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nume vernacular
Combretum paniculatum nume scurt
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum categoria taxonómica espécie
Combretum paniculatum nome do táxon Combretum paniculatum, autor do táxon Étienne Pierre Ventenat, data de descrição científica 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoria da Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imagem Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum táxon imediatamente superior Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificador Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identificador de nome de táxon Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identificador de nome de táxon IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instância de táxon
Combretum paniculatum identificador taxonomia NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL GRIN https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificador Encyclopedia of Life 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nome comum
Combretum paniculatum número de série taxonômico do ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum APNI ID 196890
Combretum paniculatum Flora of Australia (novo) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum identificador Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum mantido pelo WikiProjeto WikiProjeto Biologia de Invasores
Combretum paniculatum nome curto
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Combretum paniculatum naukowa nazwa taksonu Combretum paniculatum, autor nazwy naukowej taksonu Étienne Pierre Ventenat, data opisania naukowego 1808
Combretum paniculatum kategoria Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum ilustracja Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum takson nadrzędny Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator nazwy taksonu IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum jest to takson
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL GRIN https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator USDA COPA41
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nazwa zwyczajowa
Combretum paniculatum ITIS TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum kod EPPO COGPA
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator Plants of the World urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator iNaturalist 342536
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator APNI 196890
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator w Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator World Flora Online wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator Open Tree of Life 1068155
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator Queensland Biota 13683
Combretum paniculatum pod opieką wikiprojektu WikiProject Invasion biology
Combretum paniculatum identyfikator pojęcia w UMLS C1667262
Combretum paniculatum nazwa skrócona
Combretum paniculatum
lloj i bimëve
Combretum paniculatum emri shkencor Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum kategoria në Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imazh Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum Freebase ID /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum instancë e takson
Combretum paniculatum GRIN URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum ITIS-TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum emër i shkurtër
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum taksonitaso laji
Combretum paniculatum tieteellinen nimi Combretum paniculatum, taksonin auktori Étienne Pierre Ventenat, tieteellisen kuvauksen päivämäärä 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commons-luokka Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum kuva Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum osa taksonia Kombretumit
Combretum paniculatum Freebase-tunniste /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List-tunniste (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum Tropicos-tunniste 8200363
Combretum paniculatum kasvin IPNI-tunniste 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Combretum paniculatum NCBI-tunniste 312943
Combretum paniculatum GRIN-verkko-osoite https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum USDA PLANTS-tunniste COPA41
Combretum paniculatum Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 7166895
Combretum paniculatum African Plant Database -tunniste 1185
Combretum paniculatum Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 5426771
Combretum paniculatum kansankielinen nimi
Combretum paniculatum ITIS-tunnistenumero 895368
Combretum paniculatum EPPO-tunniste COGPA
Combretum paniculatum Plants of the World Online -tunniste urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum iNaturalist-tunniste 342536
Combretum paniculatum APNI-tunniste 196890
Combretum paniculatum Microsoft Academic -tunniste 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum World Flora Online -tunniste wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum Open Tree of Life -tunniste 1068155
Combretum paniculatum Catalogue of Life -tunniste 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum BOLD Systems -taksonitunniste 205223
Combretum paniculatum lyhyt nimi
Garʒegu
Garʒegu Yaɣili Kpamli species
Garʒegu Nangban yiŋga Yuya Combretum paniculatum, Yu'shɛli taɣisi ni moli 1808
Garʒegu pubu Commons ni Combretum paniculatum
Garʒegu anfooni Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Garʒegu Binsheli di niŋdi bini /m/0nfw4s0
Garʒegu tibihiyuya dalinl kew-2732892
Garʒegu GRIN URL https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Garʒegu USDA PLANTS dalinli COPA41
Garʒegu GBIF taxon ID 7166895
Garʒegu Encyclopedia of Life ID 5426771
Garʒegu ITIS TSN dalinli 895368
Garʒegu EPPO Code COGPA
Garʒegu APNI ID 196890
Garʒegu Microsoft Academic ID 2781209946
Garʒegu Queensland Biota dalinli 13683
Garʒegu UMLS CUI C1667262
Garʒegu yu'ŋmaa
Denbaɲuman
قمبريط عثكولى
نوع من النباتات
قمبريط عثكولى الاسم العلمى للتصنيفه Combretum paniculatum
قمبريط عثكولى تصنيف بتاع كومونز Combretum paniculatum
قمبريط عثكولى الصوره Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
قمبريط عثكولى التصنيفه العاليه قمبريط
قمبريط عثكولى معرف فرى بيس /m/0nfw4s0
قمبريط عثكولى واحد من تصنيفه
قمبريط عثكولى الاسم العلمى للصنف
قمبريط عثكولى الاسم المختصر
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum santu Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum
speco di planto
Combretum paniculatum kategorio di Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imajo Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum Identifikilo (ID) de Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum kurta nomo
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum maila taxonomikoa espezie
Combretum paniculatum izen zientifikoa Combretum paniculatum, deskribapen zientifikoaren data 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commons-eko kategoria Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum irudia Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum goiko maila taxonomikoa Combretum
Combretum paniculatum Freebase-ren identifikatzailea /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List-en identifikatzailea (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum Tropicos-en identifikatzailea 8200363
Combretum paniculatum IPNI-ren identifikatzailea 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum honako hau da taxon
Combretum paniculatum NCBI-ren identifikatzailea 312943
Combretum paniculatum USDA PLANTS identifikatzailea COPA41
Combretum paniculatum GBIFen identifikatzailea 7166895
Combretum paniculatum EOL-en identifikatzailea 5426771
Combretum paniculatum izen arrunta
Combretum paniculatum ITIS-en identifikadorea 895368
Combretum paniculatum EPPO kodea COGPA
Combretum paniculatum iNaturalist identifikatzailea 342536
Combretum paniculatum APNI identifikatzailea 196890
Combretum paniculatum Microsoft Academic identifikatzailea 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 1068155
Combretum paniculatum Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum izen laburra
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum categoria taxonômica espécie
Combretum paniculatum nome taxológico Combretum paniculatum, autor do táxon Étienne Pierre Ventenat, data de descrição científica 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoria na Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imagem Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum táxon imediatamente superior Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificador Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identificador Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identificador de táxons IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instância de táxon
Combretum paniculatum identificador NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum identificador GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificador EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nome comum (biológico)
Combretum paniculatum identificador ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum identificador Australian Plant Name Index 196890
Combretum paniculatum identificador Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum nome curto
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum Categoría en Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imachen Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum instancia de Taxón
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum magod Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum nem brefik
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum taksonomia rango specio
Combretum paniculatum taksonomia nomo Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum Komuneja kategorio Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum bildo Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum supera taksono Kombreto
Combretum paniculatum identigilo de Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum Plant List-identigilo (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum numero en Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum IPNI-takononoma identigilo 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum estas taksono
Combretum paniculatum taksonomia identigilo NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 5426771
Combretum paniculatum vulgara nomo de taksono
Combretum paniculatum ITIS-TSN 895368
Combretum paniculatum numero en iNaturalist 342536
Combretum paniculatum numero en Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum mallonga nomo
Combretum paniculatum
especie de planta
Combretum paniculatum categoría taxonómica especie
Combretum paniculatum nome do taxon Combretum paniculatum, autor do taxon Étienne Pierre Ventenat, data de descrición científica 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoría en Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imaxe Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxon superior inmediato Combretum
Combretum paniculatum identificador Freebase /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum identificador Plant List (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) kew-2732892
Combretum paniculatum identificador Tropicos 8200363
Combretum paniculatum identificador de taxons IPNI 170347-1
Combretum paniculatum instancia de taxon
Combretum paniculatum identificador NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum URL da GRIN https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11234
Combretum paniculatum identificador USDA PLANTS COPA41
Combretum paniculatum identificador GBIF 7166895
Combretum paniculatum identificador African Plant Database 1185
Combretum paniculatum identificador EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum nome común
Combretum paniculatum identificador ITIS 895368
Combretum paniculatum código EPPO COGPA
Combretum paniculatum identificador Plants of the World en liña urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:170347-1
Combretum paniculatum identificador iNaturalist dun taxon 342536
Combretum paniculatum identificador APNI 196890
Combretum paniculatum Flora of Australia (novo) Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum identificador Microsoft Academic 2781209946
Combretum paniculatum identificador World Flora Online wfo-0000616624
Combretum paniculatum identificador Open Tree of Life 1068155
Combretum paniculatum identificador Catalogue of Life 5ZR9P
Combretum paniculatum UMLS CUI C1667262
Combretum paniculatum identificador BOLD Systems de taxon 205223
Combretum paniculatum nome curto
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum rango taxonomic specie
Combretum paniculatum nomine del taxon Combretum paniculatum, data de description scientific 1808
Combretum paniculatum categoria in Commons Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum imagine Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum taxon superior immediate Combretum
Combretum paniculatum instantia de taxon
Combretum paniculatum ID NCBI 312943
Combretum paniculatum ID EOL 5426771
Combretum paniculatum
Plantspesie
Combretum paniculatum takson rang spesie
Combretum paniculatum wetenskaplike naam Combretum paniculatum, jaar van publikasie 1808
Combretum paniculatum Commons-kategorie Combretum paniculatum
Combretum paniculatum beeld Combretum paniculatum MS 10060.jpg
Combretum paniculatum moedertakson Combretum
Combretum paniculatum Freebase-kode /m/0nfw4s0
Combretum paniculatum is 'n takson
Combretum paniculatum NCBI-kode 312943
Combretum paniculatum GBIF takson ID 7166895
Combretum paniculatum African Plant-databasis 1185
Combretum paniculatum EOL-kode 5426771
Combretum paniculatum kort naam
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tel-03933679-MO_JiHyang_2022_ED520.txt_4
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French-Science-Pile
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Open Science
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Various open science
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Les structures comparatives en français et en coréen : étude contrastive. Linguistique. Université de Strasbourg, 2022. Français. ⟨NNT : 2022STRAC009⟩. ⟨tel-03933679⟩
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French
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Stassen (ibid. : 40) range aussi l’ancien français dans le premier type car celui-ci présente également le comparatif séparatif secondaire (selon l’auteur, trente-deux langues, le coréen compris, présentent le comparatif séparatif comme structure principale et neuf langues, y compris l’ancien français, comme structure secondaire) : [32] Ancien français : Plus grant de lui More tall from him ‘taller than him’ (ibid. : 249) La préposition de était utilisée comme marqueur du standard en ancien français. Remarquons que cet emploi a laissé des traces dans la CC du français moderne, laquelle comporte un syntagme de la mesure (ibid. : 250) : [33] Français moderne : a. Il y a plus d’un an b. Il mesure plus d’un mètre soixante 40 (Bergmans, 1982 : 94, cit. in Stassen, ibid) Le deuxième type, le comparatif allatif, présente les mêmes caractéristiques que le comparatif séparatif (Stassen regarde donc celui-ci comme l’image miroir de celui-là) à ceci près que le standard SN est toujours encodé comme un constituant du syntagme adverbial relatif au but (goal-phrase dans les termes de Stassen). Stassen emploie to ou for pour représenter cette interprétation allative (ibid. : 40 sq.). [34] Massaï : Sapuk ol -kondi to l -kibulekeny is-big the-deer to the-waterbuck ‘The deer is bigger than the waterbuck’ (ibid. : 41) Le troisième type, le comparatif locatif, ressemble aussi aux deux types précédents à tous égards, sauf que « le standard SN est toujours encodé comme un constituant du syntagme adverbial, qui est Uri tim-i machimnaae seungliha-yeoss-da. I-eseo deo joh-eul su eob-da. Notre équipe- finalement gagner la victoire-P-DEC. cela-que plus être agréable-SF pouvoir NEG-DEC ‘Notre équipe a finalement gagné la victoire. Rien ne peut être plus agréable que cela’ 40 Nous supprimons les traductions en anglais, jugeant qu’elles sont inutiles. 41 marqué par un élément qui indique un contact (spatial ou non-spatial) » (ibid. : 41). Stassen emploie on pour représenter cette interprétation locative. [35] Salinan : Ragas -mo in luwa ti-hek surely-you more man on-me ‘You are more of a man than me’ (ibid. : 42) D’après Price (2017 [1990] : 15), ces trois types appartenant au comparatif adverbial correspondent à un seul type, le comparatif adpositionnel d’Andersen (op. cit.). Il nous semble que le quatrième type, qui est le dernier du cas fixe, le comparatif du dépasser, correspond au cinquième type d’Andersen. Le standard SN est toujours le complément d’objet direct du verbe particulier qui signifie dépasser ou outrepasser, dont le sujet est le comparé SN : [36] Vietnamien : Vang qui hon bac gold valuable exceed silver ‘Gold is worth more than silver’ (ibid. : 43) D’après Stassen (ibid. : 42), « du point de vue sémantique, le comparatif du dépasser peut être considéré comme ayant la même étymologie que le comparatif séparatif en cela que ces deux types impliquent le mouvement d’un objet au-delà de ou loin d’un autre objet ». Certes, les caractéristiques formelles des deux types sont cependant nettement distinctes. De ce point de vue, le marqueur du standard du coréen -boda et celui du français (plus)-que sont loin d’impliquer ce mouvement. Le dernier type, le comparatif conjoint, qui nous semble correspondre au premier type d’Andersen – la comparaison de juxtaposition – manifeste clairement la caractéristique du cas dérivé : [37] Sika : Dzarang tica gahar, dzarang rei kesik Horse that big horse this small ‘That horse is bigger than this horse’ (ibid. : 44) Nous avons besoin de bien examiner ce type pour bien comprendre ce qui le distingue du comparatif de la particule auquel appartient le français. Stassen le décrit comme suit : In this type, NP-comparison is typically effected by means of the adversative coordination of two clauses ; one of these clauses contains the conparee NP, and the other clause contains the standard NP. Furthermore, there is a structural parallelism between the two clauses, to the effect that the grammatical function which the comparee NP fulfils in its clause is matched by the grammatical function of the standard NP in its clause. As a result, this type of comparative involves two grammatically independent clauses, which are connected in such a way that a gradation between the two objects can be inferred. (Stassen, ibid. : 44) Alors même que ce type particulier – le comparatif de la particule – appartient au cas dérivé d’après Stassen (ibid. : 38), il est distingué du comparatif conjoint par les deux points suivants : a) le comparé SN et le standard SN ne sont pas les constituants des propositions indépendantes séparées dans la structure de surface 42 b) Il n’existe aucune double mention de l’échelle de la comparaison dans la structure de surface Autrement dit, ce type de cas dérivé ne présente pas la forme structurale de la coordination dans la structure de surface. Il se caractérise par la particule comparative qui accompagne le standard SN et qu’on ne doit pas identifier comme marqueur casuel puisque sa présence est indépendante de la forme casuelle particulière, que le standard SN réalise par hasard Stassen, ibid.). Il nous semble que ce type correspond au quatrième type d’Andersen dans lequel s’inscrit le français. Andersen (op. cit.) en fait l’un de ses principaux types, tandis que Stassen (ibid.) le considère comme un type problématique. D’après Stassen (ibid. : 45), le comparatif de la particule n’est pas un type homogène en raison des origines diverses ou des statuts catégoriels variés de la particule dans chaque langue. L’hétérogénéité se manifeste aussi dans une autre caractéristique de ce type, « le marquage morphologique du prédicat comparatif », qui est obligatoire pour seulement 13 langues parmi 18 de ce type (ibid. : 46), le français compris. Selon ce dernier auteur, alors que l’ordre des mots (OM) est le facteur déterminant de la formation des sous-types du cas fixe, c’est plutôt le facteur géographique que l’OM qui détermine la formation de ce type (ibid. : 47). En conclusion : In this way, our model describes the category of Particle Comparatives as a kind of "intermediate" category between the "optimal" categories of adverbial comparatives [...] and conjoined comparatives [...] (Stassen, ibid. : 313) Nous devrons par conséquent examiner quel rapport peut être établi entre le comparatif de la particule auquel le français appartient, comme type intermédiaire, et le comparatif adverbial auquel le coréen appartient. Pour le moment, dans la subdivision de Stassen, nous pouvons schématiser les relations entre les deux types auxquels le français et le coréen appartiennent grâce au tableau suivant :
SN-comparaison Type de comparatif Ordre des mots La constitution du SNcomparatif Français Coréen Comparatif de la particule Comparatif séparatif SVO SOV Ne consiste pas en deux propositions indépendantes Deux propositions qui ne sont pas Une proposition unique de surface indépendantes Tableau 7 : Français et Coréen dans la classification de Stassen (1985) Comme nous l’avons mentionné plus haut, la comparaison d’inégalité avec -eseo (« à partir de »), dont l’emploi est fortement restrictif, est rangée dans le « comparatif séparatif » par
tassen (
ibid
.). Enfin, à propos des subdivisions de Stassen (2013), ajoutons qu’il y a quelques différences entre ses deux versions (1985, 2013), celle qui précède étant la version simplifiée de 1985. Stassen (2013) divise la CC en quatre types : Quatre
types majeurs Cas fixe Cas dérivé (1) comparatif du dépasser (2) comparatif locatif (3) comparatif conjoint (4) comparatif de la particule Tableau classification de Stassen (2013) 43
Il nous semble que deux points ont été modifiés. D’abord, le comparatif séparatif, l’allatif, et le locatif se sont unifiés en « comparatif locatif » ; ensuite le comparatif de la particule, qui est traité comme un type particulier dans la division de Stassen (1985), fait dorénavant partie du type majeur. Stassen (2013) range la comparaison en français dans le « comparatif de la particule » et la comparaison en coréen dans le « comparatif locatif ». Mais comme mentionné plus haut, la comparaison d’inégalité avec -boda, qui est la comparaison typique du coréen, ne semble pas appartenir à ce type étant donné que le marqueur -boda n’a aucun rapport avec l’interprétation locative. (Shim B. S., communication personnelle, mai 01, 2021)
3.2. LA COMPARAISON D’É GALITÉ
S’agissant de la comparaison d’égalité, nous allons examiner les divisions d’Haspelmath et Buchholoz (1998), Henkelmann (2006), et Haspelmath (2017). 3.2.1. HASPELMATH ET BUCHHOLOZ (1998)
Haspelmath et Buchholoz (1998) traitent 47 langues européennes et plusieurs langues non européennes pour étudier et classer leurs constructions d’égalité et leurs constructions similatives du point de vue typologique. Haspelmath et Buchholoz (ibid. : 278) mentionnent les similarités et les différences sémantiques et formelles entre les deux constructions. En premier lieu, leurs paraphrases sont sémantiquement similaires et impliquent l’expression d’identité same : [38] CONSTRUCTION D’ÉGALITÉ : a. Robert is as tall as Maria ≈ b. Robert is tall to the same extent as Maria [39] SIMILATIVE : a. He sings like a nightingale ≈ b. He sings in the same way as a nightingale (Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid.) Mais elles se distinguent sémantiquement par ce qu’elles veulent exprimer. D’après ces auteurs, l’exemple [38] se caractérise par la mesure ou le degré qui est une notion simple à une dimension alors que l’exemple [39] se caractérise par la manière qui est une notion complexe à plusieurs facettes. Le premier, lié à la quantité, exprime donc une mesure égale, soit l’identité de degré alors que le second, lié à la qualité, exprime une manière égale, c’est-à-dire l’identité de manière. Les auteurs ajoutent que, d’un point de vue typologique, plusieurs langues ont recours aux mêmes moyens structurels pour exprimer l’égalité et la similitude. Par exemple, dans le cas de l’allemand, wie se présente dans les deux constructions. (Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid. : 278, 313) [40] Allemand : a. Zürich ist so groß wie Wien Zurich is so big how Vienna ‘Zurich is as big as Vienna’ b. Robert schwimmt wie eine En Le français, qui a recours à des moyens différents dans chaque construction (aussi...que dans la construction d’égalité et comme dans la construction similative), s’oppose à la tendance prédominante des langues européennes. Le coréen s’oppose aussi à cette tendance étant donné qu’il existe un terme spécifique pour exprimer l’identité de la mesure (« 만큼 (mankeum) ») et celle de la manière (« 처럼 (cheoleom) » ou « 같이 (gachi) ») selon les définitions ci-dessus (Lee Y. O., 2018). Nos deux langues distinguent clairement les deux constructions au contraire de langues comme allemand où elles sont étroitement liées. Par ailleurs, les auteurs relèvent de nettes différences formelles entre les deux constructions d’un point de vue typologique. Au total, Haspelmath et Buchholoz (ibid.) dégagent six types de constructions dans leur étude : une simple construction d’égalité et une proposition d’égalité, une simple construction similative et une proposition similative, une proposition d’accord, et une locution de rôle41. Pour analyser celles-ci dans diverses langues, ils adoptent quelques termes techniques, qui s’accordent avec la terminologie de C. Fuchs (2014 : 22) pour la comparaison quantitative en français (cf. Tableau 5, p.23) : [41]
My sister
is as pretty as
you. 1 2 3 4 5 CMP PAM PARA STM STAN 1 : CMP 2 : PAM 3 : PARA 4 : STM 5 : STAN comparee ( = comparé en français) parameter marker ( = marqueur du paramètre) parameter ( = paramètre en français) standard marker ( = marqueur du standard) standard ( = standard) (Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid. : 279)
Les auteurs examinent et distinguent les principaux types structurels de la construction d’égalité dans les langues du monde selon les éléments qui la caractérisent avant d’analyser les types structurels des langues européennes. Les éléments caractérisants se répartissent en quatre grandes catégories : (i) le marqueur du paramètre (ii) le marqueur du standard (iii) la construction d’égalité fondée sur la relative (iv) les autres constructions d’égalité. Les constructions d’égalité sont d’abord classées selon les types de marqueur du paramètre comme suit : 41 une simple construction d’égalité : Robert is as tall as Maria. une proposition d’égalité : My brother dances as beautifully as my sister sings. une simple construction similative : Fatmir sings like a nightingale. une proposition similative : She writes like her brother talks. une proposition d’accord : As we all know, Brazil won the world soccer championship in 1994. une locution de rôle : received it as a gift. synthétique Marqueur du paramètre (1) - degré d’égalité - rare dans les langues européennes (2) - en corrélation avec le marqueur du standard étroitement lié - typique dans les langues européennes analytique (3) - apparaît sans le rapport corrélatif - sens transparent également, au même degré (4) - étymologie non-transparente - aucun rapport corrélatif avec le marqueur du standard - pas de sens exprimant l’égalité
Tableau 9 : Les types de marqueur du paramètre chez Haspelmath & Buchholoz (1998)
Dans le premier type (1), le marqueur du paramètre est synthétique et la construction d’égalité se caractérise par le degré d’égalité comme la construction d’inégalité par le degré comparatif (ibid. : 283284) : [42] Estonien (langue européenne) Minu õde on minu pikk-une. My sister is me tall-EQD ‘My sister is as tall as me’ (ibid. : 283) [43] Indonesian (langue non-eurpéenne) Ayah saya se-tinggii paman saya. Father my EQD-tall uncle my. ‘My father is as tall as my uncle’ (Kwee, 1965 :
73,
cit. in Ha
spelmath & Buchholoz
,
ibid.
:
284) Parmi les trois autres types où le marqueur du paramètre est analytique, le deuxième type (2), auquel appartient aussi le français, est typique des langues européennes. La construction d’égalité se caractérise par le marqueur du paramètre qui est en corrélation étroite avec le marqueur du standard. Le marqueur du paramètre taip et le marqueur du standard kaip dans l’exemple [34], sont corrélatifs (ibid. : 284) : [44] Lituanien Šiandien taip šalta kaip vakar Today so cold how yesterday ‘Today it is as cold as yesterday’ (ibid.) Dans le troisième type (3), la construction d’égalité se caractérise par le marqueur du paramètre qui apparaît sans le rapport corrélatif au marqueur du standard et dont le sens est transparent : également, au même degré (ibid. : 284). Par exemple : [45] Chinois Tā gēn nǐ yìáng gāo She with you one.manner tall ‘She is as tall as you’ (ibid.) 46 Le quatrième type (4) se caractérise par un marqueur du paramètre propre à la construction d’égalité. Ce type de marqueur du paramètre, dont l’étymologie n’est pas transparente, n’a aucun rapport corrélatif avec le marqueur du standard et n’a pas de sens exprimant l’égalité (ibid. :285) : [46] Irlandais moderne Tá Máire chomh cliste le Liam Is Máire PAM clever with Liam ‘Máire is as clever as Liam’ (ibid.) Les constructions d’égalité sont ensuite classées selon les types de marqueur du standard : synthétique (1) - cas d’égalité - rare dans les langues européennes (2) - en corrélation avec le marqueur du paramètre étroitement lié - typique dans les langues européennes Marqueur du standard analytique (3) - adposition générale telle que avec - avec le paramètre clairement marqué (4) - représenté par des noms tels que manière ou degré - ces marqueurs existent encore en tant que nom (5) - adposition (postposition ou préposition) - étymologiquement, en tant que nom, signifie ‘quantité ou ‘similarité, équivalent, image’ - ces marqueurs n’existent plus en tant que nom (6) - complètement opaque - principalement utilisé pour cette fonction
Tableau
10
: Les types de marqueur du standard de Haspelmath & Buchholoz (1998)
Dans le premier type (1), le marqueur du standard est synthétique et la construction d’égalité se caractérise par le marqueur synthétique du standard, soit le degré d’égalité (ibid. : 285) : [47] Groenlandais Eskimau Ilit-tut utuqqaa-tiga-aq. thou-EQC be.old-EQD-3SG:IND ‘He is as old as you’ (Fortescue, 1984 : 211, cit. in Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid. : 285) Parmi les cinq autres types où le marqueur du standard est analytique, le deuxième type (2), auquel appartient aussi le français, est typique des langues européennes La construction d’égalité se caractérise par le marqueur du standard qui est en corrélation avec le marqueur du paramètre étroitement lié (cf. l’exemple [44]). Dans le troisième type (3), le marqueur du standard est l’adposition générale comme avec la préposition avec, et le paramètre est clairement marqué dans ce type (ibid. : 285 sq.) (cf. l’exemples [45] et [46]). Dans le quatrième type (4), le marqueur du standard est représenté par les noms qui signifient ‘manière’ ou ‘degré’ (ibid. : 286) : 47 [48] Japonais (hodo « degré ; limite ») Orenji wa ringo hodo yasuku ari-mas-en. Orange TOP apple STM cheap be-POL-NEG ‘Oranges are not as cheap as apples’ (ibid.) Dans le cinquième type (5), le marqueur du standard est la postposition ou la préposition. Elles proviennent d’un nom qui signifie ‘quantité ‘similarité, équivalent, image’. Alors que le marqueur du standard du quatrième type existe toujours en tant que nom, celui du cinquième type (5) n’existe plus en tant que nom (ibid.) : [49] Turc (kadar provient d’un nom qui signifie « quantité ») Istanbul Amsterdam kadar soğuk Istanbul Amsterdam STM cold ‘Istanbul is as cold as Amsterdam’ (ibid.) Dans le dernier type (6), le marqueur du standard, qui est particulier et complètement opaque à la différence des deux types précédents, est principalement utilisé pour cette fonction (ibid. : 287) : [50] Basque Arantxa, Itziar bezain polita da. Arantxa, Itziar STM pretty 3SG:be ‘Arantxa is as pretty as Itziar’ (ibid.) La construction d’égalité du coréen est censée n’appartenir à aucun des types précédents. Le marqueur du standard « 만큼 (mankeum) », qui fonctionne en tant que postposition42, est dérivé de la combinaison du nom dépendant qui signifie ‘degré’ et du suffixe (Do J. H. & Heo I. Y., 2019 : 178). Il existe toujours en tant que nom dépendant qui signifie ‘quantité ou degré’. (cf. l’exemple [19]) [19] Pierre-ga Paul-mankeum Pierre-SUB Paul-?aussi~que ‘Pierre est aussi grand que Paul’ keu-da être grand-DEC La construction d’égalité fondée sur la relative mentionnée à la fois dans les types de marqueur du paramètre et dans les types de marqueur du standard ressemble syntaxiquement à la relative. [51] a. Latin Claudia tam docta est quam Julius. Claudia so learned is how Julius. ‘Claudia is as learned as Julius’ 42 Comme mentionné ci-dessus, il est bien entendu que son statut grammatical est controversé dans le système de la langue coréenne. D’après Ha et Buchholoz (ibid. 288), le marqueur du paramètre dans ce type de construction, – tam, tόso, tako – est un pronom démonstratif adverbial et le marqueur du standard – quam, όso, kot – est un pronom relatif adverbial (formé sur un pronom interrogatif en général). Selon eux, les structures syntaxiques de deux constructions corrélatives sont identiques à ceci près que tout hormis le standard est omis dans la proposition relative de la construction d’égalité. La phrase équivalente nonelliptique semble fortement redondante et inappropriée par rapport à la relative normale : [52] Allemand??Claudia ist so klug wie julius klug ist. Claudia is so smart how julius smart is ‘Claudia is as smart as Julius is smart.’ (ibid.) En plus, les parallélismes formels et sémantiques renforcent la corrélation entre deux marqueurs. Selon Haspelmath et Buchholoz (ibid. : 288, 292sq.), le pronom démonstratif et le pronom relatif sont souvent corrélatifs en ce sens qu’ils gardent la même forme excepté l’élément initial, ainsi tam-quam en latin, tόso-όso en grec moderne, niin-kuin en finlandais etc43. Et la construction d’égalité est en mesure d’être paraphrasée comme suit : [53] Claudia is as learned as Julius → Claudia is learned to the extent to which Julius is learned (to the same extent) (ibid. : 288) La paraphrase révèle clairement la similarité sémantique entre les deux construction corrélatives et donne donc l’impression que la construction d’égalité dérive de la proposition relative. Haspelmath (2017 : 13) analyse le marqueur du standard de ce type de construction d’égalité du point de vue sémantique comme suit : 43 Il existe quelques langues, dont les marqueurs ne sont pas corrélatifs. Mais elles font partie de ce type du point de vue diachronique. En particulier, dans le cas de langues romanes, y compris le français, le marqueur du standard du latin quam s’est transformé en quo modo (« comment, de quelle manière »), qui a ensuite été condensé en un mot simple como ; tão-como en portugais, tan-como en espagnol tan-com en catalan et tan-coma en occitan. D’après eux, le français aussi-que, qui paraît plus éloigné de ce type, peut aussi être expliqué ainsi du point de vue diachronique. Le marqueur du paramètre aussi dérive de sic, le démonstratif de manière (« ainsi » en français ou ‘so, thus’ en anglais ) et l’élément au- renforce sic. De plus, le marqueur du standard était comme dans le passé avant d’être remplacé par que. A partir de ces considérations, ils soutiennent que le français appartient bien à ce type. (ibid. : 292-293) 49 [...] one could note [...] that equative constructions express identity of degree between two referents with respect to a property. However, the standard markers [...] are relative adverbs of manner or quantity, and do not originally express any kind of identity sense. Apparently the identity meaning derives as an implicature from the relative clause construction : ‘to such a degree as’ becomes ‘to the same degree as’. (ibid.) En somme, les constructions corrélatives d’égalité sont clairement fondée sur la construction corrélative de la proposition relative (correlative free relative clause en anglais) (ibid.) : [54] Allemand Wer das weiss, der bekommt einen Preis Who that knows he gets a Prize ‘Whoever knows that will get a prize.’ (ibid.) Enfin, d’après eux, bon nombre de langues ne peuvent pas correspondre au schéma [41] dans la mesure où le paramètre n’est pas le principal prédicat. Les constructions d’égalité de plusieurs langues africaine utilisent un verbe signifiant « être égal » dont l’objet est le standard. (ibid. : 289) : [55] Nkore-kiga N-o-ingana Mugasho oburaingwa PRES-you-equal Mugaho height ‘You are as tall as Mugasho.’ (lit. ‘You equal Mugasho in height.’) (ibid ) Ce type de construction d’égalité est censée correspondre à un type de construction comparative de Stassen (1985, 2013), « le comparatif du dépasser », et à un type d’Andersen (1983), « la comparaison verbale : A SURPASSES B ». Sur la base de quatre grandes catégories, la construction d’égalité est analysée par rapport à l’ordre des mots : It turns out that word order in equative constructions is exactly as predicted by world order typology (...). According to our data from European languages, equatives behave just like comparatives with respect to world order. (...) Given that the standard marker is the head of the standard, and the standard marker with the standard is a modifying dependent of the parameter, we predict that in head-initial languages the order should be “parameter-standard markerstandard”, and in head-final languages the order should be “standard – standard markerparameter” (ibid.) Quant à l’ordre des mots du français et du coréen, celui-ci est une langue à tête initiale (head-initial) et celui-là est à tête finale (head-final). L’ordre des trois éléments (le paramètre, le standard, et le marqueur du standard) des deux langues répond à ce que prévoient les auteurs d’après l’ordre des mots de chaque langue :
[56] Français Ma sœur est aussi grande que moi 50 My sister is so tall ‘My sister is as tall as I’ as I (ibid. : 311) [57] Pierre-ga Paul-mankeum Pierre-SUB Paul-?aussi~que ‘Pierre est aussi grand que Paul’ keu-da être grand-DEC
Dans le cas du français [56], l’ordre de grand – que – moi correspond à l’ordre paramètre – marqueur du standard – standard. Dans le cas du coréen [57], l’ordre de Paul – mankeum – keu(-da) correspond à l’ordre standard – marqueur du standard – paramètre. Il est par ailleurs compliqué de prévoir l’ordre du marqueur du paramètre d’autant plus qu’il n’est pas certain que celui-ci soit la tête ou le dépendant du paramètre (ibid. : 289). Mais concernant le marqueur du paramètre, les auteurs constatent, au moins dans leurs données, que le marque ur du paramètre précède toujours le paramètre dans le cas des langues à tête initiale et que les langues à tête finale manquent en général de marqueur du paramètre (ibid. : 290). Dans le cas du français [56], le marqueur aussi précède toujours le paramètre grand et dans le cas du coréen [57], il n’existe pas de marqueur du paramètre à la différence du français. Sur la base des types de construction d’égalité dans les langues du monde, ils divisent celles des langues européennes en trois principaux types : (i) (ii) (iii) relative-based equative constructions (or closely related construction) constructions primarily characterized by a parameter marker constructions exclusively characterized by a standard maker (ibid. : 290) Selon eux, le premier type, auquel appartient le français, est le plus répandu parmi les langues européennes alors qu’il n’est rarement attesté dans les langues non-européennes, le coréen compris. Ce type est considéré comme une caractéristique déterminante du “Standard Average European (SAE en abrégé)” (ibid. : 290 sq.). Ce type se divise encore en deux : une construction canonique avec les deux marqueurs et une construction avec seulement le marqueur du standard. Contrairement à la construction canonique, qui dérive de la construction corrélative de la proposition relative (correlative relative clause construction en anglais, cf. [54] et ci-dessus [44], [51]), la construction sans marqueur du paramètre ne se différencie pas bien, à première vue, du troisième type (iii) où seulement le marqueur du standard, – par exemple « 만큼 (mankeum) » en coréen (cf. [54]) – contribue à la construction d’égalité. Ce qui les distingue l’une de l’autre, c’est le statut grammatical du marqueur du standard. Le marqueur du standard de ce type, par exemple kato en bulgare et come en Italien, est le pronom relatif/interrogatif how, ce qui veut dire que la construction d’égalité est fondée sur, sinon la construction corrélative de la relative, du moins la relative elle-même : [58] a. Bulgare
S
estra mi e xubava kato
tebe
Sister my
is pretty how you
‘
My sister is as pretty as you’ b. Italien Mia sorella è
carin
a come te
51 My sister
is
pretty
how ‘My sister is as pretty
as
you’
you
(i
bid
. :
291)
Le français (aussi~que) appartient à la construction canonique mais sa typicité est faible relativement aux langues prototypiques en raison de sa particularité (cf. n. 43 supra ). Le deuxième type est la construction caractérisée principalement par un marqueur du paramètre. Ce type se divise généralement encore en trois sous-types. La construction d’égalité se caractérise d’abord par un marqueur du paramètre qui signifie « également » (‘equally’ en anglais). Dans ce cas-là, le marqueur du standard est une conjonction, laquelle n’a guère sa signification propre à la différence du premier type où la signification du marqueur du standard est assez spécifique (ou degré ou manière). Ici ce n’est plus qu’un pur marqueur de la relative. (ibid. : 293 sq.) : [59] Suédois Min syster er lika vacker som dig My sister is equally pretty as you ‘My sister is as pretty as you’ (ibid. : 294) Dans le second sous-type, la construction d’égalité se caractérise par le marqueur du paramètre qui signifie « également » (‘equally’ en anglais) comme dans le cas précédent mais le marqueur du standard correspond à celui du premier type (i). Ce type de construction appartient donc à la fois aux deux types (i) et (ii). (ibid. : 295) : [60] Néerlandais Mijn zus is even mooi als jij My sister is equally pretty as you ‘My sister is as pretty as you’ (ibid.) Enfin, la construction d’égalité se caractérise par le marqueur du paramètre dont l’étymologie n’est pas transparente. Ce type de construction correspond au quatrième type de marqueur du paramètre exposé ci-dessus (cf. l’exemple [46]). Le troisième type correspond à une construction caractérisée exclusivement par un marqueur du standard. En général, les langues européennes périphériques, telles que les langues de l’Europe de l’Est, qui sont des langues à tête finale et non-finie44, appartiennent à ce type. Une particule ou une postposition marque le standard sans marqueur du paramètre. Ce type paraît similaire à la construction d’égalité qui n’utilise qu’un marqueur du standard dans le premier type (cf. [58]) mais ils sont différents en ce sens que le marqueur du standard du troisième type est complètement opaque (ou dérive d’un nom, cf. l’exemple du turc [49] ) tandis que le marqueur du standard du premier type dérive du pronom relatif de manière, soit how. (ibid. : 295 sq.) : [61] Kalmouk Endr öskldür šing kiitn
Today yesterday STM cold 44
Langues où le verbe
n’est pas décliné selon un temps, une personne, et un nombre. 52 ‘Today it is as cold as yesterday’ (ibid.)
Le coréen, langue à tête finale et non-finie, partage les caractéristique des langues de l’Europe de l’Est qui appartiennent à ce type et il est lui aussi censé appartenir à ce type comme mentionné plus haut. Par ailleurs, l’Europe de l’Est est de toute l’Europe la partie géographiquement la plus proche de la Corée du Sud, ce qui corrobore le point de vue selon lequel l’élément géographique influence considérablement le type de construction d’égalité. Au-delà de la constructions d’égalité de base, les mêmes auteurs analysent du point de vue typologique : (i) la construction d’égalité quantitative (ii) la construction d’égalité négative (iii) les propositions d’égalité (iv) le marquage de cas du standard (v) la construction d’égalité générique. (i), la construction d’égalité quantitative, se divise globalement en deux types : (a) langues avec un marqueur spécifique (monomorphématique) et (b) sans marqueur spécifique. D’après eux, bien des langues européennes ont des marqueurs spécifiques pour la construction d’égalité quantitative. Mais ce groupe (a) se divise encore en deux sous-types : les langues avec deux marqueurs spécifiques [62] et les langues avec seulement un marqueur spécifique, soit le marqueur du paramètre [63]. Les marqueurs spécifique, qui sont monomorphématiques, intègrent la notion de quantité ainsi que le marquage du paramètre (et du standard) (ibid. : 298) : [62] Italien Lui ha tanti libri quanti ne ha lei He has as.many books as.many of.them has she ‘He has as many books as she’ (ibid.) [63] Catalan Ell té tants diners com elle He has as.many money as she ‘He has as much money as she’ (ibid.) Dans le cas de langues comme celles de l’exemple [63], le marqueur du standard est le même que celui de la construction d’égalité de base. Le français a aussi le marqueur autant, particulier à la construction d’égalité quantitative, alors que le marqueur du standard, que, est maintenu : [64] Il a autant de livres qu’elle Par rapport à ce type de langues avec marqueur spécifique pour la comparaison quantitative, les auteurs indiquent qu’elles se trouvent au cœur d SAE, c’est-à-dire qu’elles appartiennent au premier type (i) (relative-based equative constructions). Parmi les langues européennes qui n’utilisent qu’un marqueur du standard pour la construction d’égalité, il existe des langues avec un marqueur spécifique du standard, particulier à l’expression quantitative (cf. l’exemple [50], avec le marqueur du standard, beza ) (ibid. : 300) : [65] Basque Zu-k adina urte daukat ni-k You-ERG as.many year 3SG:have:2SG I-ERG ‘I am as old as you’ (lit. ‘I have as many years as you’) 53 (ibid.) Par ailleurs, il existe des langues qui n’ont pas de marqueur spécifique. Elles se divisent encore en deux types : les mêmes marqueurs avec le mot many (ou much) ajouté [66] et le même marqueur du standard dans lequel la signification de quantité est impliquée [67] (cf. l’exemple du turc [49]) (ibid. :299) : [66] Yannis bought as much milk as Nina (ibid. : 298) [67] Turc Hasan’ın Ayşe kadar kitap-lar-I var. Hasan-GEN Ayşe as.much book-PL-3POSS exist ‘Hasan has as many books as Ayşe’ (ibid. : 299
) Le marqueur du standard du coréen implique aussi une signification de quantité. Le même marqueur du standard que celui de la construction d’égalité de base est utilisé : [68] Pierre-ga Paul-mankeum Pierre-SUB Paul-?autant de~que ‘Pierre a autant de livres que Paul’ chaeg-eul livre-ACC gaji-go iss-da avoir-SF exister-DEC (Do J. H. & Heo I. Y., 2019 : 180) Dans certains langues, le marqueur spécifique est utilisé dans la construction d’égalité normale, c’est-à-dire qualitative. La distribution de deux types de marqueurs d’égalité (so...how et so.much...as.much) dépend des propriétés de l’adjectif. Un adjectif concernant la quantité, soit un adjectif dimensionnel tel que tall, wide, big, broad (cf. Tableau 1, adjectif unidimensionnel), demande le marqueur quantitatif d’égalité. (ibid. : 300) : [69] Bulgare Sestra mi e visoka kolkoto mene Sister my is tall how.much i ‘My sister is as tall as I’ (ibid.) Dans le cas du français et du coréen, les propriétés de l’adjectif n’influent pas sur le type de marqueur d’égalité. Les marqueurs, aussi...que en français et -mankeum en coréen, sont utilisés avec tous les adjectifs45. En somme, les types de la construction d’égalité quantitative peuvent être catégorisés de la façon suivante : 45 Il existe quelques cas particulier où autant...que se rencontre avec des adjectifs (cf. Fuchs, 2014 : 49). Nous le verrons plus loin (cf. Chapitre 2-1.4.2.1., p. 113). 54 avec marqueur spécifique (1) deux marqueurs spécifiques, PAM et STM (2) un marqueur spécifique PAM avec un marqueur normal STM (3) un seul marqueur spécifique STM sans PAM sans marqueur spécifique (4) les marqueurs normaux avec le mot many (ou much) ajouté (5) un seul marqueur normal STM impliquant le sens de la quantité
Tableau 11 : La construction d’égalité de Haspelmath & Buchholoz (1998)
En ce qui concerne (ii) la construction d’égalité négative, les auteurs mentionnent un phénomène particulier relatif à une particule emphatique : Like any other area of grammar, equative constructions are subject to the continuous effects of grammaticalization. One way in which this is manifested in several European languages is the gradual loss of the empatic value of special particles that strengthen the parameter markers. Many languages allow the use of transparent adverbs such as ‘just’, ‘exactly’, ‘precisely’, etc. Which emphasize the sense of equality. Now such particles may gradually become oligatory in the process of grammaticalization. (...) Similarly, French au- in aussi and autant is an emphatic element whose origin is not totally clear (but a connection with Latin aliud, alterum ‘other’ is likely, (...)) and which has become obligatory. Italian così derives from ecco si ‘voici thus’, and English as is from eall swá lit. ‘all so’. (Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid. : 302) Ils indiquent que l’ancien marqueur du paramètre, non-emphatique, subsiste seul dans la construction d’égalité négative. La particule emphatique n’est pas utilisée en général dans la construction négative en allemand ([70-a]) et elle peut aussi être supprimée à des degrés divers selon les langues. Dans le cas du français, les deux marqueurs, aussi et si, peuvent tous être utilisés ([70-b]). (ibid. : 302 sq.) : [70] a. Allemand Ich kann nicht so/??genauso schnell laufen wie mein Bruder. I can not so/just:so fast run how my brother ‘I cannont run as fast as my brother’ b. Français Ma sœur n’est pas si/aussi jolie que toi. ‘My sister is not as pretty as you’ (ibid. : 302
) A propos de ce phénomène, il en va tout autrement pour le coréen. Le marqueur -mankeum ne renferme pas de particule de valeur emphatique et n’est pas le produit d’une grammaticalisation. Par conséquent, le même marqueur du standard est utilisé dans la construction d’égalité négative : [71] Pierre-ga Paul-mankeum keu-ji anh-da Pierre-SUB Paul-?(aus)si~que être grand-SF NEG-DEC ‘Pierre n’est pas (aus)si grand que Paul’ Pour ce qui est de (iii), les propositions d’égalité (cf. n. 41 supra ), elles se définissent comme suit : 55 Equative clauses are used to express more complicated comparisons, especially comparisons where the verb is part of the standard, i.e., where the two situations compared differ not only in their participants, but also in their verbal core. (Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid. : 304) D’après ces auteurs, de nombreuses langues européennes, y compris le français, utilisent le marqueur du standard de la construction d’égalité comme conjonction de subordination dans les propositions d’égalité : français que, anglais as, allemand wie, suédois som, russe kak, portugais como etc. (ibid.) : [72] Pierre est aussi bavard que Luc est taciturne (Fuchs, 2014 : 79) La construction d’égalité de ce type de langues se fonde sur celle de la subordonnée relative et il est donc naturel que le marqueur du standard qui dérive initialement d’une conjonction de subordination puisse remplir la même fonction dans les propositions d’égalité (ibid.). En revanche, les langues européennes périphériques, dont le marqueur du standard ne se fonde pas sur le pronom relatif, demandent un élément supplémentaire subordonnant, tel qu’un suffixe relatif (cas des langues à tête finale, telles que le basque, le turc, le lezguien) ou un subordonnant libre (cas du hongrois, du maltais, des langues celtiques) (ibid.) Dans le cas du coréen, les propositions d’égalité demandent nécessairement un élément supplémentaire, ‘-n’ 46 ou ‘-n geos’ 47, qui établit une relation de subordination : [73] Pierre-ga Luc-i gwamugha-n (geos)-mankeum Pierre-SUB Luc-SUB être taciturne-SF (ND)-?aussi~que ‘Pierre est aussi bavard que Luc est taciturne’ sudaseuleob-da. être bavard-DEC
L’existence des éléments -n-(geos) empêche de faire simplement correspondre -mankeum à aussi~que. Quoique ces éléments supplémentaires soient nécessaires dans les propositions d’égalité, Lim D. H. (2006 :133 sq.) souligne la similarité de fonction entre -mankeum et le marqueur du standard dans la construction d’égalité fondée sur la relative. D’après lui, -mankeum se comporte à la fois comme une conjonction de subordination en intégrant -n-(geos) [73] et comme adposition [71], au même titre que les marqueurs du standard, pour lesquels le standard peut être la proposition ou le syntagme nominal, y compris en français. Cet auteur souligne cette similarité pour justifier le fait que -mankeum ne marque pas le cas par rapport au prédicat (tels que le cas sujet, le cas objet) mais se comporte avec ‘-n geos’ comme un suffixe flexionnel conjonctif en signifiant le degré de la propriété ou de l’action concernant le prédicat. En fait, son argument a pour objet de réfuter la thèse selon laquelle -mankeum (aussi bien que -boda) sert à marquer la relation casuelle. Pour ce qui est du statut grammatical controversé de - mankeum, et d’autres marqueurs du coréen, nous en discuterons simplement au Chapitre 2-2.5. La construction d’égalité concernant (iv) le marquage de cas du standard se divise en deux types : le cas transparent et le cas régissant48 selon que le marqueur du standard régit ou non le cas du standard (ibid. : 306-309). D’après Haspelmath & Buchholoz, les langues européennes SAE appartiennent bien évidemment au premier type (ibid. : 306), étant donné que leur marqueur du standard -n (suffixe flexionnel déterminatif) : morphème pour l’ad minalisation -n (suffixe flexionnel déterminatif) : morphème pour l’adnominalisation geos (nom dépendant) : nom non autonome indiquant un procès, un événement, ou un fait (Dictionnaire Coréen de l’Université de Corée). 56 dérive d’une conjonction de subordination et donc ne régit pas le cas du standard. C’est le verbe qui assigne son cas au standard : [74] a. Allemend Ich liebe dich so sehr wie niemanden sonst I love you:ACC as much as nobody:ACC else ‘I love you as much as nobody else.’ b. Russe Mne tak že xolodno kak tебе me :DAT so PTL cold as you :DAT ‘I am as cold as you’ (ibid.) Le verbe liebe et le prédicat xolodno, qui sont aussi présents dans la subordonnée non-elliptique, régissent chaque standard, l’accusatif du standard niemanden et le datif du standard tебе. En plus, quelques langues d’Europe orientale à tête finale, dont la construction d’égalité ne se base pas sur la relative, telles que le tchétchène, le lezguien et le basque, appartiennent au premier type. Leurs marqueurs du standard, à la différence de l’adposition, peuvent se combinent avec les cas obliques et les locutions adverbiales. Au contraire, quelques marqueurs du standard de la construction d’égalité ne se fondant pas sur la relative peuvent assigner le cas comme adposition. Par exemple, le marqueur kadar du turc et le marqueur piruvna du nénètse régissent le génitif (ibid. : 307-308), d’où le commentaire suivant : When a language has such a case-governing standard marker, it may have problems expressing propositions in which an oblique or adverbial phrase is the standard. Thus, the standard in the sentence ‘In Chicago it is as cold as in Moscow’ is expressed by an equative clause (‘In Chicago it is as cold as it is in Moscow’ in Nenets and in Irish (whose standard marker, the preposition le, governs the dative case). (Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid. : 308) de des différents marquages de cas du standard, nous pouvons maintenant examiner la particularité du coréen. Le marqueur du standard en coréen ne régit pas le cas du standard comme adposition, mais le verbe n’assigne pas non plus le cas au standard comme dans des langues européennes de SAE pour autant : [75] a. Pierre-ga neo-mankeum Pierre-SUB toi-?aussi~que ‘Pierre est aussi grand que toi’ keu- da être grand-DEC a.* Pierre-ga neo-ga-mankeum Pierre-SUB toi-SUB-?aussi~que ‘Pierre est aussi grand que toi’ [76] keu- da être grand-DEC a. Pour ce qui concerne le marquage de cas du standard, Haspelmath & Buchholoz indiquent que, parmi les langues de SAE, le marqueur du standard du cas transparent a une très nette tendance à être transformé en celui du cas régissant50, c’est-à-dire que la forme d’objet du pronom peut remplacer la forme de sujet du pronom, la forme d’objet du pronom étant l’expression la plus familière (ibid. : 308) : [78] Suédois Min syster springer lika fort som du/dig My sister runs equally fast as you:SBJ/you:OBJ ‘My sister runs as fast as you’ (ibid. ) [79] He works as hard as her/she (ibid. : 309) D’après eux, en roumain et en italien, le marqueur du standard est forcément le pronom d’objet direct. Bien que le français ne soit pas mentionné, il nous semble que celui-ci suit aussi la même tendance, d’autant plus que le marqueur du standard ne permet que le pronom tonique : [80] Je peux courir plus vite que toi (Google) Pour ce qui concerne (v) la construction d’égalité générique51, Haspelmath & Buchholoz indiquent que sa forme est souvent différente de celle de la construction d’égalité spécifique dans les langues europeénnes. On la divise globalement en trois grands types sur la base du lien qu’elle entretient avec la construction d’égalité spécifique. Dans le premier type, le marqueur du paramètre dans la 49 Josa, qui est placé juste derrière le substantif, l’adverbe ou le suffixe, marque une relation grammaticale entre ceux-ci et un autre élément ou ajoute un sens à ceux-ci. Il se divise encore en trois catégories : gyeok-josa (marqueur du cas), bo-josa (marqueur auxiliaire), jeobsog-josa (marqueur de conjonction) (Grand Dictionnaire Standard du Coréen). 50 « This tendency seems to reflect the gradual loss of the connection between the “underlying” relative clause and the phrasal standard and can be understood as a type of grammaticalization » (ibid. : 309). 51 Le standard de la construction d’égalité générique ne renvoie pas à une entité référentielle spécifique mais renvoie à une classe générique, qui a, à un degré très important, la propriété en question. Cette construction est une formule conventionnelle et n’a pas de sens littéral. Elle est illustrée par des exemples tels que white as snow, heavy as lead, dark as night, cunning as a fox etc. (ibid.). 58 construction d’égalité spécifique manque ou est facultatif. Nombre de langues SAE52, dont le marqueur du paramètre se base sur le démonstratif, et quelques autres langues53, dont le marqueur du paramètre signifie « également » (equally en anglais), appartiennent à ce type (ibid. 309) : [81] Slovaque
a. (specific equative) b. (generic equative) Moja sestra je taká pekná ako ty. My sister is such pretty how you ‘My sister is as pretty as you’ Čerešňa je vel’ká ako jablko. Cherry is big how apple ‘The cherry is (as) big as an apple ‘ (ibid. : 310) [82] Danois a. (specific equative) b. (generic equative) Min sø ster er lige så smuk som dig My sister is equally so pretty as you ‘My sister is as pretty as you’ Træ et er (så) højt som et tårn. Tree:the is so high as a tower ‘The tree is (as) tall as a tower ‘ (ibid.)
Dans le deuxième type, les différences entre les deux constructions ne sauraient se réduire à l’absence d’un marqueur du paramètre. Les langues de ce type utilisent des marqueurs spéciaux dans la construction d’égalité générique, qui ont tendance à être plus anciens et plus légers. (ibid. : 311-312). Selon eux, le français en est l’un des exemples les plus remarquables : [83] Français a. (specific equative) b. (generic equative)
Ma sœur est aussi grande que moi
.
My sister is so tall as I
‘
My sister is as tall as I
’
La tomate est petite comme une olive the tomato is small like an olive ‘The tomato is
(
as
)
small as an olive
’ (i
bid
.
: 311) Ils expliquent : Most notably, in French and Icelandic a newer construction is used for specific equatives, while generic equatives have preserved the older standard marker.[...] In older French, the equative construction was aussi grande comme, which was later replaced by aussi grande que). (Haspelmath & Buchholoz, ibid. : 308)54 Pour autant, il n’est pas exclu que la construction plus récente avec aussi~que ne soit également utilisée dans la construction d’égalité générique : 52 Pourtugais, espagnol, catalan, slovaque, slovène, tchèque, lituanien, yiddish, allemand, néerlandais, anglais etc. Danois, norvégien, suédois, féroïen etc. 54 Comme pouvait être la forme encore quantitative et qualitative alors qu’il ne l’est plus.
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https://github.com/alvinpd/rapier/blob/master/Dockerfile
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Github Open Source
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rapier
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FROM ubuntu:20.04
WORKDIR /tmp/
RUN set -ex; \
dpkg --add-architecture i386; \
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get update -y; \
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
apt-transport-https \
binutils \
cabextract \
cpulimit \
curl \
fluxbox \
gpg-agent \
imagemagick \
less \
nginx \
openssh-server \
p7zip \
silversearcher-ag \
software-properties-common \
sudo \
unzip \
vim \
wget \
x11vnc \
xvfb \
xz-utils
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
RUN set -ex; \
wget -nc https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/winehq.key; \
apt-key add winehq.key; \
apt-add-repository https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/; \
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get update -y; \
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --install-recommends \
winehq-stable; \
rm winehq.key
RUN set -ex; \
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Winetricks/winetricks/master/src/winetricks; \
chmod +x winetricks; \
mv winetricks /usr/local/bin
COPY waitonprocess.sh /docker/
RUN chmod a+rx /docker/waitonprocess.sh
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ARG USER=rapier
ARG HOME=/home/$USER
ARG USER_ID=1000
# To access the values from children containers.
ENV USER=$USER \
HOME=$HOME
RUN set -ex; \
adduser --disabled-password --gecos "" --shell /bin/bash $USER;\
adduser $USER sudo;\
echo '%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' >> /etc/sudoers; \
echo "Set disable_coredump false" >> /etc/sudo.conf
USER $USER
# WINEDLLOVERRIDES="mscoree,mshtml="
# -> it means don't worry about missing gecko
# -> this is fine as as we won't be looking at doc
USER $USER
ENV WINEARCH=win32 \
WINEPREFIX=$HOME/.wine \
WINEDLLOVERRIDES="mscoree,mshtml=" \
DISPLAY=:1 \
SCREEN_NUM=0 \
SCREEN_WHD=1366x768x24
RUN set -ex; \
wine wineboot --init; \
/docker/waitonprocess.sh wineserver
USER root
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# ssh
ADD sshd_config /etc/sshd/sshd_config
ADD authorized_keys $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys
RUN chown -R $USER:$USER $HOME/.ssh
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# mt4 + zorro
ENV STORE=$HOME/store
ENV MT4=$WINEPREFIX/drive_c/mt4
ADD staging/mt4.tar.bz2 $MT4
ADD secrets/startup-demo.ini $MT4/
ADD secrets/startup-live.ini $MT4/
ENV ZORRO=$WINEPREFIX/drive_c/zorro
ADD staging/zorro.tar.bz2 $ZORRO
ADD secrets/ZorroFix.ini $ZORRO/
ADD secrets/Accounts.csv $ZORRO/History
ADD strategy $ZORRO/Strategy
RUN set -e; \
chown -R $USER:$USER $ZORRO; \
chown -R $USER:$USER $MT4
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# nginx
USER $USER
RUN mkdir -p $HOME/public; \
ln -s $ZORRO/Log $HOME/public/zorro; \
ln -s $MT4/logs $HOME/public/mt4; \
ln -s $MT4/MQL4/Logs $HOME/public/mt4_mql4; \
ln -s $SCREENSHOTS $HOME/public/screenshots
ADD nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
USER $ROOT
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# home
ADD bashrc $HOME/.bashrc
ADD inputrc $HOME/.inputrc
RUN set -e; \
chown $USER:$USER $HOME/.bashrc; \
chown $USER:$USER $HOME/.inputrc
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# boot
ADD boot.sh /docker/
RUN chmod +x /docker/boot.sh
USER $USER
WORKDIR $WINEPREFIX/drive_c
ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/bash"]
# /docker/boot.sh [account=demo|live] [strategy] [usd_exposure]
CMD ["/docker/boot.sh", "demo", "test_connection", "1000"]
| 17,297 |
https://github.com/smart-rb/smart_types/blob/master/lib/smart_core/types/primitive.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
smart_types
|
smart-rb
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 494 | 1,890 |
# frozen_string_literal: true
# @api private
# @since 0.1.0
# @version 0.3.0
class SmartCore::Types::Primitive
require_relative 'primitive/checker'
require_relative 'primitive/caster'
require_relative 'primitive/runtime_attributes_checker'
require_relative 'primitive/undefined_caster'
require_relative 'primitive/invariant_control'
require_relative 'primitive/validator'
require_relative 'primitive/factory'
require_relative 'primitive/sum_validator'
require_relative 'primitive/sum_factory'
require_relative 'primitive/mult_validator'
require_relative 'primitive/mult_factory'
require_relative 'primitive/nilable_validator'
require_relative 'primitive/nilable_factory'
class << self
# @param type_name [String, Symbol]
# @param type_definition [Block]
# @yield [type]
# @yieldparam type [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::DefinitionContext]
# @yieldreturn [void]
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
#
# @api public
# @since 0.1.0
def define_type(type_name, &type_definition)
self::Factory.create_type(self, type_name, type_definition)
end
end
# @note NilClass is suitable for sum-types, mult-types and nilable types.
# @return [String, NilClass]
#
# @api public
# @since 0.2.0
attr_reader :name
# @return [Class<SmartCore::Types::Primitive>]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.3.0
attr_reader :category
# @return [Array<Any>]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.3.0
attr_reader :runtime_attributes
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::RuntimeAttributesChecker]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.3.0
attr_reader :runtime_attributes_checker
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::Caster]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.1.0
attr_reader :caster
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::Validator]
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::SumValidator]
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::MultValidator]
# @return [SmartCore::Types::primitive::NilableValidator]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.2.0
attr_reader :validator
# @param name [String, NilClass] NilClass is suitable for sum-types, mult-types and nilable types.
# @param category [Class<SmartCore::Types::Primitive>, NilClass]
# @param validator [
# SmartCore::Types::Primitive::Validator,
# SmartCore::Types::Primitive::SumValidator,
# SmartCore::Types::Primitive::MultValidator,
# SmartCore::Types::Primitive::NilableValidator
# ]
# @param caster [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::Caster]
# @param runtime_attributes_checker [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::RuntimeAttributesChecker]
# @param runtime_attributes [Array<Any>]
# @return [void]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.1.0
# @version 0.3.0
# rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
def initialize(name, category, validator, caster, runtime_attributes_checker, *runtime_attributes)
@name = name
@category = category
@validator = validator
@caster = caster
@nilable = nil
@runtime_attributes_checker = runtime_attributes_checker
@runtime_attributes = runtime_attributes
@lock = SmartCore::Engine::Lock.new
end
# rubocop:enable Metrics/ParameterLists
# @param cloneable_instance [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.3.0
def initialize_copy(cloneable_instance)
lock.synchronize do
self.class::Factory::RuntimeTypeBuilder.initialize_clone(self, cloneable_instance)
end
end
# @param value [Any]
# @return [Boolean]
#
# @api public
# @since 0.1.0
# @since 0.2.0
def valid?(value)
validator.valid?(value)
end
# @param value [Any]
# @return [void]
#
# @raise [SmartCore::Types::TypeError]
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::Validator
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::MultValidator
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::SumValidator
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::NilableValidator
#
# @api public
# @since 0.1.0
# @version 0.2.0
def validate!(value)
validator.validate!(value)
end
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive::Validator::Result]
#
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::Validator
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::MultValidator
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::SumValidator
# @see SmartCore::Primitive::NilableValidator
#
# @api public
# @since 0.2.0
def validate(value)
validator.validate(value)
end
# @param value [Any]
# @return [Any]
#
# @api public
# @since 0.1.0
# @version 0.3.0
def cast(value)
# TODO (0.x.0):
# refactor with ValueTransformer with internal reference to the type object
# in Validator manner (in order to avoid explicit #runtime_attributes passing)
caster.call(value, runtime_attributes)
end
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
#
# @api public
# @since 0.1.0
def nilable
lock.synchronize { @nilable ||= self.class::NilableFactory.create_type(self) }
end
# @param another_primitive [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
#
# @api public
# @since 0.1.0
def |(another_primitive)
self.class::SumFactory.create_type([self, another_primitive])
end
# @param another_primitive [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
# @return [SmartCore::Types::Primitive]
#
# @api public
# @since 0.1.0
def &(another_primitive)
self.class::MultFactory.create_type([self, another_primitive])
end
private
# @return [SmartCore::Engine::Lock]
#
# @api private
# @since 0.1.0
attr_reader :lock
end
| 28,528 |
https://github.com/joh2511/fw-clock/blob/master/include/clock.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,017 |
fw-clock
|
joh2511
|
C
|
Code
| 41 | 164 |
#ifndef __CLOCK_H__
#define __CLOCK_H__
#include "platform_config.h"
typedef enum
{
CLOCK_SOURCE_NONE = 0,
CLOCK_SOURCE_DCF77,
CLOCK_SOURCE_GPS,
CLOCK_SOURCE_CLI,
CLOCK_SOURCE_END
} clockSource_t;
void clockInit(void);
void clockPoll(void);
void clockSetSource( const clockSource_t s );
void clockStoreSource( const clockSource_t s );
clockSource_t clockLoadSource();
clockSource_t clockGetSource( void );
#endif
| 27,636 |
7412264_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,995 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,948 | 8,644 |
Opinion for the court by Circuit Judge ROGERS.
Dissenting opinion by Circuit Judge SENTELLE.
ROGERS, Circuit Judge:
This appeal presents the question whether appellants, three environmental organizations and Diane Jensen, have standing under the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA") to challenge the failure of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (together "the Secretary") to prepare an environmental impact statement prior to promulgating a final rule to allow a tax credit for an alternative fuel additive known as ethyl tertiary butyl ether ("ETBE"). The district court found that appellants lacked standing and granted summary judgment to the Secretary. Because we conclude that Ms. Jensen has standing, and we need not resolve the remaining standing claims, we reverse.
I.
Section 40 of the Internal Revenue Code provides a tax credit of 60 cents for each gallon of alcohol used in the production of a "qualified mixture" of alcohol and gasoline. 26 U.S.C. § 40(a), (b)(1) (1988 & Supp. V 1994). Prior to 1990, ETBE did not qualify for the tax credit because, while derived in part from ethanol (an alcohol produced by fermenting sugar contained in corn, sugar beets, and sugarcane), the final mixture contains no ethanol. Without the tax credit, ETBE could not compete commercially with a similar fuel additive, methyl tertiary ether. In 1988, sixty-one United States senators, including representatives from corn and sugar producing states, urged the Secretary to announce that ETBE qualifies for the tax credit.
In 1989, the Secretary issued a proposed rale that would re-interpret "qualified mixture" to include blends derived from but not containing alcohol. See Alcohol Fuels Credit; Definition of Mixture, 54 Fed.Reg. 48,639 (Nov. 24, 1989). Explaining that the rale was based on "policy considerations," 54 Fed Reg. at 48,639, the Secretary's notice indicated that the proposed ETBE tax credit:
will increase the substitution of ETBE for other octane enhancers that cause more pollution. Second, it makes ETBE a more viable means of increasing the oxygen content of gasoline, which should help smooth the transition to oxygenated fuels in those areas that are not in compliance with carbon monoxide standards. Third, it encourages the substitution of ETBE-gasoline blends (gasohol). ETBE does not absorb water, which means it is easier to transport than gasohol, and it can be blended into the gasoline with less pollution than the 'splash blending' of gasohol. Fourth, it may increase the demand of domestic ethanol because ETBE is easier to use than ethanol, which would expand this alternative market for America's farmers. Fifth, ETBE is a fuel, not just an octane enhancer, and it will displace some gasoline consumption. Substituting a renewable and domestically-produced fuel for imported petroleum will enhance national energy security and will improve the trade balance.
Id. at 48,640 (emphasis added). Comments submitted to the Secretary anticipated that the proposed tax credit would enlarge the market for sugar-containing crops such as corn and sugarcane. The National Corn Growers Association stated the new rule would "help open the door to a whole new market for the nation's corn farmer." Letter from Alan Kemper, President, National Corn Growers Ass'n, to the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (Dec. 8, 1989).
In 1990, the Secretary promulgated a final rale. Identical to the proposed rale, it interpreted Section 40's reference to a "qualified mixture" to include products derived from alcohol "even if the alcohol is chemically transformed in producing the product so that the alcohol is no longer present as separate chemical in the final product." Alcohol Fuels Credit; Definition of Mixture, 58 Fed.Reg. 8946 (1990) (codified at 26 C.F.R. Part 1). In the notice accompanying the final rale, the Secretary rejected the suggestion that the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"), 42 U.S.C. § 4332, required him to prepare an environmental impact statement ("EIS") for this rale modification because Treasury Directive ("TD") 75-02 provided a "categorical exception" from the EIS requirement for IRS regulations "interpreting, implementing, or clarifying" Internal Revenue Code provisions.
Appellants filed a complaint for a declaratory judgment against the Secretary pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57, and a permanent injunction barring the Secretary from enforcing the final rule on the ground that the Secretary had violated NEPA, 42 U.S.C. § 4332, by promulgating the ETBE tax credit without preparing an EIS. Asserting "a serious potential for harmful environmental consequences," appellants alleged that neither the Secretary "nor any other agency has undertaken any analysis of the ability of existing soil conservation and other environmental protection programs to mitigate adverse environmental consequences resulting from the ETBE tax credit." Appellants requested an order directing the Secretary to rescind the final rule and not to reissue a final rale until an adequate EIS has been prepared. They argued that the categorical exemption under TD 75-02 was invalid because it failed, contrary to NEPA regulations, 40 C.F.R. § 1508.4, to provide for "extraordinary circumstances" in which a normally excluded action may have a significant environmental effect requiring preparation of an EIS.
With regard to their standing, appellants alleged that the tax credit would stimulate increased corn cultivation in Minnesota and Michigan, and increased sugarcane farming in Florida. Appellants asserted in their complaint that they regularly used wildlife refuges and other locations in these regions that would likely be adversely impacted as a result of this anticipated increase in farming. They further claimed that the Secretary's failure to prepare an EIS deprived them of information they needed to protect the areas in question.
In response to the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment on standing, the district court granted the Secretary's motion. The district court concluded that appellants had not satisfied the geographical nexus and causation requirements necessary to establish standing under NEPA. Appellants filed this appeal, and our review is de novo. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Harbor Ins. Co. v. Stokes, 45 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C.Cir.1995); Washington Post Co. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., 865 F.2d 320, 325 (D.C.Cir.1989).
II.
To meet the case or controversy requirement of Article III of the Constitution, a litigant in the federal courts must demonstrate that the litigant has suffered (1) an actual or threatened injury that (2) is fairly traceable to the challenged action and (3) is likely to be redressed by a favorable decision. See Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 472, 102 S.Ct. 752, 758, 70 L.Ed.2d 700 (1982); City of Los Angeles v. National Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 912 F.2d 478, 483 (D.C.Cir.1990). In Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 2136, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992), the Supreme Court explained that to satisfy the injury-in-faet requirement, a litigant must demonstrate "an invasion of a legally-protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical." Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. at 2136 (citations and internal quotations omitted). Moreover, the Court noted that to satisfy the "causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of — the injury has to be 'fairly . trace[able] to the challenged action of the defendant, and not . th[e] result [of] the independent action of some third party not before the court.' " Id. 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. at 2136 (quoting Simon v. Eastern Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 41-42, 96 S.Ct. 1917, 1926, 48 L.Ed.2d 450 (1976)).
To have standing under NEPA, appellants must show that the Secretary's alleged noncompliance with NEPA has "adversely affected" or "aggrieved" them, and that they are within the zone of interests protected by NEPA. City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 492; Committee for Auto Responsibility (C.A.R.) v. Solomon, 603 F.2d 992, 997 (D.C.Cir.1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 915, 100 S.Ct. 1274, 63 L.Ed.2d 599 (1980); Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"), 5 U.S.C. § 702. Under NEPA, a litigant is "aggrieved" by the agency's failure to prepare an EIS only if the litigant can show, first, that the failure "ereat[es] . a risk that serious environmental impacts will be overlooked," see City of Davis v. Coleman, 521 F.2d 661, 671 (9th Cir.1975); see also City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 492 ("NEPA gives rise to a cognizable injury from denial of its explanatory process, so long as there is a reasonable risk that environmental harm may occur."); and second, that the litigant has "a sufficient geographical nexus to the site of the challenged project that [the litigant] may be expected to suffer whatever environmental consequences the project may have." City of Davis, 521 F.2d at 671; see also City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 483, 492. The zone of interests requirement is satisfied so long as the litigant's interests are not "so marginally related to or inconsistent with the purposes implicit in the statute that it cannot reasonably be assumed that Congress intended to permit the suit." Clarke v. Securities Indus. Ass'n, 479 U.S. 388, 399, 107 S.Ct. 750, 757, 93 L.Ed.2d 757 (1987); see also FAIC Securities, Inc. v. United States, 768 F.2d 352, 357 (D.C.Cir.1985). A litigant who establishes injury within the zone of interests protected by NEPA "will necessarily have satisfied the constitutional injury requirement as well." City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 483 (citation omitted).
Appellants forthrightly state that if any one of them has shown sufficient evidence to withstand summary judgment on standing, the court need not consider the standing of other appellants. See Watt v. Energy Action Educ. Found., 454 U.S. 151, 161, 102 S.Ct. 205, 212-13, 70 L.Ed.2d 309 (1981); Legal Assistance for Vietnamese Asylum Seekers v. Dep't of State, 45 F.3d 469 (D.C.Cir.1995); City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 485. We therefore confíne our discussion to Ms. Jensen who presented sufficient evidence to demonstrate that she has standing to seek declaratory and injunctive relief requiring the Secretary to conduct an EIS before implementing the ETBE tax credit.
A.
Aggrievement under NEPA: (1) Risk of overlooking serious environmental harm. The Secretary maintains that a complex and improbable sequence of events must ensue in order for the ETBE tax credit to affect the environment as appellants anticipate: namely, that the ETBE tax credit must prompt ETBE production, which must increase demand for ethanol, which must increase demand for corn, which must increase corn farming, which must cause environmental harm. With only one exception, however, the Secretary has failed to dispute appellants' proffered evidence establishing the likelihood of each of these causal links and the connections between them. The Secretary does not dispute record evidence that increased corn farming would adversely affect the environment by, among other things, increasing erosion and water pollution as farmers plant crops on now idle or underused land and expand their use of pesticides and fertilizers. It is also undisputed that an increased demand for ethanol would increase domestic corn production. Professor Peter Berck, an agricultural resource economist at the University of California (Berkeley), estimated that, as a result of the tax credit, the acreage of farm land devoted to growing corn would increase by between 281,000 acres to 14 million acres, depending on which of several projections regarding increased demand for ethanol proves to be correct. Insofar as estimates regarding increased ethanol production prove correct, the Secretary does not dispute Professor Berck's conclusions.
As a result, the question whether appellants have established the first prong of NEPA's injury-in-fact requirement depends solely on the likelihood that the ETBE tax credit will stimulate demand for ethanol. While future demand for ethanol cannot be estimated with certainty, appellants need not proffer conclusive proof that an increase in demand will occur; rather, they need only establish a reasonable risk that such an increase will occur. See City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 492; Salmon River Concerned Citizens v. Robertson, 32 F.3d 1346, 1355 (9th Cir.1994) (upholding standing to challenge adequacy of EIS on proposed use of herbicides and noting that "[speculation that the application of herbicides might not occur is irrelevant"); see also Valley Forge Christian College, 454 U.S. at 472, 102 S.Ct. at 758; Idaho Conservation League v. Mumma, 956 F.2d 1508, 1515 (9th Cir.1992); Oregon Environmental Council v. Kunzman, 817 F.2d 484, 491 (9th Cir.1987); 13 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3531.4 (2d ed. 1984 & Supp.1994).
Although the Secretary maintains in his brief that the ETBE credit cannot reasonably be expected to increase ethanol demand, this position is in direct conflict with one of his stated purposes in proposing the tax credit. See Alcohol Fuels Credit; Definition of Mixture, 54 Fed.Reg. 48,639 (to be codified at 26 C.F.R. Part 1) (Nov. 24, 1989). It is also contrary to record evidence that proponents of the ETBE tax credit expected the credit to increase demand for ethanol and corn production. The Secretary's own ex pert evidence, in a statement of Professor Leo Polopolus and Professor Andrew Schmitz, indicated that the "development and growth of the corn based U.S. ethanol industry is due to the various federal and state tax incentives, subsidies, and loan guarantees." Indeed, unless we assume that the Secretary promulgated the ETBE tax credit as nothing more than an empty gesture, it is difficult to understand his argument that the credit will have no impact on ETBE and ethanol production. The Secretary's unsupported contention that the ETBE tax credit cannot reasonably be expected to accomplish its professed purpose fails to give rise to a disputed issue of material fact such that summary judgment would be unwarranted. See City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 492; see Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1516 ("[S]hort of assuming that Congress imposed useless procedural safeguards, and that wilderness designation is a superfluous step, we must conclude that the management plan plays some, if not a critical part, in subsequent decisions.").
That the environmental harms appellants anticipate result from a chain of events rather than directly from the agency's action does not defeat their standing under NEPA. See Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1515; Wilderness Soc'y v. Griles, 824 F.2d 4, 12, 18 (D.C.Cir.1987). A litigant has standing under NEPA even if third parties must take action before the threatened environmental harm occurs. See United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP), 412 U.S. 669, 93 S.Ct. 2405, 37 L.Ed.2d 254 (1973); Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1515; Kunzman, 817 F.2d at 491. Furthermore, while a litigant can challenge NEPA compliance even where the agency itself must take additional action before the threatened harm can come to pass, see Sierra Club v. Marita, 46 F.3d 606, 612-13 (7th Cir.1995); Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1515; Rockford League of Women Voters v. United States Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 679 F.2d 1218, 1221-22 (7th Cir.1982); but see Sierra Club v. Robertson, 28 F.3d 753, 785-60 (8th Cir.1994), here the Secretary has completed the relevant portion of his involvement. Indeed, were appellants to wait for the Secretary to accept a particular claim for the tax credit, the environmental damage that NEPA's forward-looking scheme was intended to avoid might already have happened. The Secretary does not suggest any other point at which appellants could challenge the Secretary's failure to conduct an EIS.
Thus, the Secretary's suggestion that appellants lack standing because the injury they allege is speculative confuses the anticipated environmental consequences of the tax credit with the NEPA injury appellants actually claim. Consistent with NEPA standing requirements, appellants claim injury stemming from the Secretary's failure to consider the anticipated environmental impacts. Where there is a reasonable risk of severe environmental harm and the agency has not complied with NEPA's requirements, the injury is real, not conjectural. See Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 U.S. 332, 349, 109 S.Ct. 1835, 1845, 104 L.Ed.2d 351 (1989) (Congress designed NEPA to ensure that "important effects will not be over looked or underestimated only to be discovered after resources have been committed or the die is otherwise cast."); City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 491 (NEPA is a "future-oriented scheme"); id. at 504 (R.B. Ginsburg, J., concurring) (citing Public Citizen v. National Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 848 F.2d 256, 269 n. 2 (D.C.Cir.1988) (Silberman, J., dissenting in part) ("Standing analysis is different under NEPA, which confers a procedural right to have environmental impacts considered. A party is therefore 'aggrieved' if an agency fails to take the mandated procedural steps, provided the party actually asserts a bona fide environmental interest and is within the geographical area where the suspected impact is likely to occur.")); see also Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1515.
The possibility that crop production will increase absent the ETBE tax credit does not thwart appellants' assertion that the failure to prepare an EIS created the risk that a serious environmental impact was overlooked. That the ETBE tax credit contributes to existing environmental harms or encourages new ones is sufficient to confer standing. See City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 495-97; Public Citizen v. Office of the United States Trade Representative, 822 F.Supp. 21, 28 (D.D.C.1993), rev'd on other grounds, 5 F.3d 549 (D.C.Cir.1993), cert. denied., — U.S. —, 114 S.Ct. 685, 126 L.Ed.2d 652 (1994). Appellants have established that the ETBE tax credit is likely to increase corn production in addition to projected expansion unrelated to the credit and it is this marginal impact that appellants challenge through their NEPA claim.
For the same reason, we find unpersuasive the Secretary's contention that the increase in corn farming anticipated by appellants would not have a perceptible effect given the total acreage already devoted to corn farming in the United States. Even if the aggregate increase in corn farming is not significant, the devotion of now idle or underused land to corn farming can dramatically affect the particular environments where it occurs. It is that localized incremental impact that appellants directly challenge. See infra Part II A(2); cf. City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 484 (D.H. Ginsburg, J., dissenting in part) (concluding that environmental organization lacked standing in part because it failed to challenge incremental harm wrought by the agency's decision).
As the Ninth Circuit has observed, the court must "bear in mind the statutory source that defines appellants' right and imposes [the Secretary's] duty. The standing examination, in other words, must focus on the likelihood that the defendant's action will injure the plaintiff in the sense contemplated by Congress." Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1516. Viewed in this light, the promulgation of the ETBE tax credit without an EIS is harmful for purposes of standing by creating the risk that it will lead, through a reasonably direct chain of events, to serious environmental harm caused by farm run-off and erosion.
(2) Geographical nexus. To establish injury-in-fact under NEPA, a litigant must also have "a sufficient geographical nexus to the site of the challenged project that he may be expected to suffer whatever environmental consequences the project may have." City of Davis, 521 F.2d at 671. Appellants need not establish with certainty that particular locations they use will be affected by the agency action but rather must establish a sufficient geographical nexus to the location "at which the environmental consequences are likely to be felt." City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 494; see also Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1517. We conclude that Ms. Jensen, based on her sworn declaration and deposition, has established this nexus. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 562-63, 563-64, 112 S.Ct. at 2137, 2138.
In her sworn declaration, Ms. Jensen explained that she and her family regularly use and enjoy particular locations in Minnesota, including the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge Rum River State Forest, Whitewater Wildlife Area, and Lac Qui Parle Wildlife Area. At her deposition, in response to the government's request, she identified ten areas, with an average diameter of twenty-five miles, that she regularly visits for her recreational activities. In her declaration she stated that these activities include hiking, canoeing, cross-country siding, birdwatching and photography, and fishing throughout undeveloped natural areas adjoining Minnesota land used for corn farming and susceptible to increased corn production. The Secretary does not dispute that Ms. Jensen has more than " 'some day' intentions" to visit these areas, cf. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 563-64, 112 S.Ct. at 2138, and that she has alleged that these particular locations, and not land in its vicinity, are likely to be adversely affected by the ETBE tax credit. Cf. Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 497 U.S. 871, 887-89, 110 S.Ct. 3177, 3188-89, 111 L.Ed.2d 695 (1990).
Furthermore, Ms. Jensen has proffered unrefuted evidence that the ETBE tax credit is likely to affect areas she uses. Based on her experience on several Minnesota environmental task forces, state environmental advisory groups, and the state Board of Water and Soil Resources, Ms. Jensen states in her sworn declaration that local farmers, who now receive state subsidies to leave some land fallow and rotate fields, are likely to abandon the subsidy and develop these lands in order to take advantage of the tax credit. As a result, Ms. Jensen states, marginally productive lands, which require more fertilizer and pesticides to farm and are more susceptible to erosion, are likely to be cultivated. She further states that greater yields can be obtained from Minnesota farmland already devoted to corn farming through increased use of pesticides and fertilizer, which would threaten wildlife habitats by causing greater soil erosion and water pollution. Ms. Jensen also refers to meetings in which state representatives have advised her that the ETBE tax credit is likely to increase corn farming in Minnesota and that an EIS could destroy market opportunities for Minnesota corn. From this unrefuted evidence, the likelihood that the ETBE tax credit will stimulate increased corn production on lands neighboring those used by Ms. Jensen, and the fact that Minnesota is the fourth-largest corn-producing state in the United States, it reasonably follows that Ms. Jensen uses lands likely to be affected by the ETBE tax credit.
In his memorandum in support of summary judgment the Secretary argued that appellants "do not and cannot specify what lands throughout the nation not already used for agriculture will be converted into croplands, and what lands will be switched from producing other crops to producing corn and beets." The Secretary stated that Ms. Jensen "does not even attempt to specify which lands will fie affected." In his brief, the Secretary contends that appellants' affidavits generally present "no competent evidence indicating that farmers near where plaintiffs recreate are planning to intensify crop production." The Secretary also points to the fact that Professor Berck acknowledged that he could not determine the precise geographic location where increased corn production would occur.
The critical point, however, is that Ms. Jensen need not establish that increased corn farming is certain to occur and affect adversely the locations she uses and enjoys. Rather, to have standing under NEPA, she need only establish that such farming is likely to affect these regions. City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 494; Salmon River, 32 F.3d at 1355 n. 14; Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1517; Resources Ltd., Inc. v. Robertson, 35 F.3d 1300, 1303 (9th Cir.1993). In Idaho Conservation League, for example, the plaintiffs claimed to use approximately 100,000 acres in the Idaho Panhandle Forest, but they could not identify whether this region, comprising less than one-quarter of the land that the Forest Service had designated for development, would in fact be developed. The Ninth Circuit concluded that the plaintiffs could do no more to identify specific sites in the absence of the. agency's designation of development areas. 956 F.2d at 1514-17.
Because the geographical nexus component of NEPA standing is properly equated with the "concrete interest" test articulated by the Court in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, see Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495, 1500-01 n. 5 (9th Cir.1995), this is a case where the litigant is "seeking to enforce a procedural requirement the disregard of which could impair a separate concrete interest of [hers]." Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 571, 112 S.Ct. at 2142. Hence, the district court erred in ruling that Ms. Jensen had failed to established the requisite geographical nexus.
B.
Causation. The question remains whether appellants have demonstrated that the injury is "fairly traceable" to the proposed ETBE tax credit. City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 496 (citation omitted). Contrary to the Secretary's contention, causation under NEPA is not lacking simply because the alleged environmental effects will be produced by "the independent choices made by third parties (here, potential ETBE manufacturers and farmers)." This argument is "better addressed to the first prong of the standing test." Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1517 ("in cases involving chains of events, it is common to confuse . the issue of the likelihood of harm with its cause."); see also Griles, 824 F.2d at 18 ("[T]he likelihood of injury, whether or not that likelihood depends upon a single event or a chain of events, is properly a concern of the personal injury inquiry, not the causation injury.").
Here, appellants' claimed injury is the risk that the failure to prepare an EIS will cause serious environmental consequences to be overlooked. That harm flows directly from the Secretary's failure to prepare an EIS, notwithstanding the fact that other actors are needed for increased ethanol production to occur. Hence, the Secretary's reliance on Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984), and Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization, 426 U.S. 26, 96 S.Ct. 1917, 48 L.Ed.2d 450 (1975), is misplaced because neither case involved NEPA, where the cognizable injury is that the failure to comply with the statute creates the risk environmental harms will be overlooked and not that this failure necessarily causes the ultimate harm anticipated. Moreover, there appears to be a reasonable prospect that full consideration of the environmental consequences of the ETBE tax credit might prompt the Secretary to rescind or otherwise modify the tax credit because the Secretary emphasized, in proposing the rule extending the tax credit to ETBE, that several environmental benefits would result. See 54 Fed.Reg. at 48640. The causal nexus between the alleged injury and absence of an EIS is met by the prospect that the Secretary will rescind or otherwise modify the ETBE tax credit were the environmental consequences of the tax credit spelled out in more detail in an EIS. See Public Citizen v. National Highway Safety Administration, 848 F.2d at 263 n. 27; see also Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 572 n. 7, 112 S.Ct. at 2142 n. 7 ("There is much truth to the assertion that 'procedural rights' are special: The person who has been accorded a procedural right to protect his concrete interests can assert that right without meeting all the normal standards for redressability and immediacy.")
C.
Redressability. The nature of appellants' claimed injury demonstrates its redressability. Appellants have met their burden to show that the injury they claim — the risk that serious environmental harms were overlooked in promulgating the ETBE tax credit — will be redressed by having the Secretary conduct an EIS. Appellants need not establish that the Secretary would not have promulgated the ETBE tax credit had he conducted an EIS. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 572-73 n. 7, 112 S.Ct. at 2142-43 n. 7; Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1518; City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 499; Munoz-Mendoza v. Pierce, 711 F.2d 421, 428 (1st Cir.1983).
D.
Zone of Interest. In enacting NEPA, Congress declared that in view of:
the profound impact of man's activity on the interrelations of all components of the natural environment . [and] the critical importance of restoring and maintaining environmental quality to the overall welfare and development of man, . it is the continuing policy of the Federal Government . to use all practicable means and measures . in a manner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare. 42 U.S.C. § 4331(a). To carry out this policy, Congress directed that, "to the fullest extent possible, . all agencies of the Federal Government shall . include in every . major Federal action[ ] significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, a detailed [environmental impact statement ('EIS') ]." Id. § 4332. The environmental harms stemming from increased corn farming suggested by appellants' proffers, and no less by Ms. Jensen's sworn declaration, fall within the broad trusteeship established by NEPA. City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 495; 42 U.S.C. § 4331(b)(1).
Unlike the taxpayer standing cases on which the Secretary relies, appellants do not challenge the tax credit itself, but only the Secretary's failure to fulfill the continuing federal environmental policy adopted by Congress in NEPA. See 42 U.S.C. § 4331(a). As one of NEPA's sponsors forewarned, "It is far cheaper in human, social, and economic terms to anticipate these problems at an early stage and to find alternatives before they require .the massive expenditure we are now obligated to make to control air, water, and oil pollution." See 115 Cong.Rec. S3,700 (daily ed. Feb. 18, 1969) (statement of Sen. Jackson). Ms. Jensen has demonstrated her geographical nexus to lands that are likely to be affected by increased corn production by reason of the tax credit. The Secretary's suggestion, based on the categorical exemption under TD 75-02, that no one has standing to challenge the ETBE tax credit, not just that this case was brought by the wrong litigants, erroneously invokes his position on the merits as the reason to deny her (and the other appellants) standing, see Jacobs v. Barr, 959 F.2d 313, 316 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 113 S.Ct. 95, 121 L.Ed.2d 56 (1992), and we do not reach the merits here.
Accordingly, we hold that appellants have demonstrated that Ms. Jensen has standing to pursue declaratory and injunctive relief in the district court, and we reverse the grant of summary judgment to the Secretary and remand the case with instructions to grant appellants' cross-motion for summary judgment on standing insofar as Ms. Jensen has established standing.
. The other appellants are the Florida Audubon Society, the Florida Wildlife Federation, and the Friends of the Earth.
. Congress enacted § 40 as part of the Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980, Pub.L. No. 96-223, § 232(b)(1), in order "to encourage the development of energy sources other than petroleum products for use in motor fuels" by providing a refundable income tax credit on "alcohol (other than alcohol derived from petroleum, natural gas or coal) used in motor fuels." S.Rep. No. 394, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 91 (1979), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1980, pp. 410, 500.
. Informational injury alone is not enough to confer standing under NEPA. Foundation for Economic Trends v. Lyng, 943 F.2d 79, 84-85 (D.C.Cir.1991). Rather, appellants must establish that this deprivation has affected a concrete interest, which is met by establishing a geographical nexus.
. See Letter from Clayton Yeutter, Secretary of Agriculture, to Nicholas F. Brady, Secretary of the Treasury, (Mar. 20, 1989); Letter from Clayton Yeutter, Secretary of Agriculture, to Honorable J. Bennett Johnston, Chairman, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate (Nov. 2, 1989); Letter from Alan Kemper, President, National Corn Growers Ass'n, to the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, (Dec. 8, 1989); Letter from Criss Davis, President, Wisconsin Corn Growers Ass'n, to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Dec. 20, 1989); Outline of Comments on Tax Credits for ETBE, Frederick C. Spreyer, State of Hawaii, Dep't of Business and Economic Development; Letter of Daryl Reid, President Illinois Corn Growers Ass'n, to Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Dec. 12, 1989). See also Market Hinges on Favorable Treasury Dep't Ruling, Alcohol Week 6-7 (Oct. 24, 1988).
. Although the Secretary advises that the ETBE tax credit has yet to prompt domestic ETBE production, this can be explained in several ways and does not undercut appellants' standing. The Secretary of Agriculture, who supported promulgation of the credit because of its anticipated long-term effects on the corn and sugar markets, recognized that short-term prospects for increased demand were limited. See Letter from Clayton Yeutter, Secretary of Agriculture, to Nicholas F. Brady, Secretary of the Treasury, (Mar. 20, 1989). In addition, uncertainty about the tax credit's continued viability — stemming in part from this litigation — may explain the ethanol industry's decision to delay investment in ETBE production. Cf. Lawsuit Challenging Credit Still Alive; ETBE Credit Hangs in Balance as Congress Fails to Clarify Issue in Budget Bill, 11 Alcohol Week's New Fuels Report No. 44, at 1 (Nov. 5, 1990). Moreover, uncertainty regarding the timing and scope of the anticipated expansion in corn farming supports rather than defeats appellants' standing. See City of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d at 494.
. Furthermore, the Secretary bases his contention on the smallest acreage increase projected by Professor Berclc. He does not suggest that should a larger increase occur, the aggregate impact on com farming would be insignificant.
. Since 1985, Ms. Jensen has been employed by, and since 1987 has been a co-director of, the Minnesota branch of Clean Water Action, a national environmental organization that advocates protection of natural resources. She was a member of a 1989 advisory group that prepared legislation (later adopted by the state legislature) to protect groundwater in Minnesota, and has served, by appointment, on three state environmental advisory groups. In addition, since 1989 she has been the Minnesota State Governor's appointee to the Great Lakes Protection Fund Board. From 1990 to 1992, she served as the Governor's appointee to the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources, which administers the state soil and water conservation districts, county water planning and the state's farmland set-aside programs.
. Nothing in Wilderness Society v. Griles or Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation supports a contrary result. Both involved site-specific govern ment action that affected identifiable lands that plaintiffs did not claim to use. Griles did not arise under NEPA. National Wildlife Fed'n, 497 U.S. at 887-89, 110 S.Ct. at 3188-89; Griles, 824 F.2d at 13. Here, appellants challenge non-site specific agency action that threatens numerous locations.
. Appellants further contend that the district court erred in concluding that appellants other than Ms. Jensen have failed to establish a geographical nexus and improperly granted summary judgment given the disputed evidence concerning the likelihood that the ETBE tax credit will increase sugarcane production in Florida. Because of appellants' position on their standing claims and because we conclude that Ms. Jensen has met the standing requirements, we need not reach these issues.
. The Secretary' reliance on Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 and Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization, 426 U.S. at 32-33, 96 S.Ct. at 1921, this time for his contention that appellants' injury is not redressable, is again misplaced. Neither Allen nor Simon involved NEPA or a litigant's claim alleging a procedural injury that impacts a concrete interest. See also Idaho Conservation League, 956 F.2d at 1518.
. Cf. Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. at 759-61, 104 S.Ct. at 3329 (no third-party standing to challenge IRS grant of tax-exempt status to private schools); Simon v. Eastern Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. at 41, 96 S.Ct. at 1925-26 (no third-party standing to challenge IRS grant of tax-exempt status to particular hospitals); Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, 43 S.Ct. 597, 67 L.Ed. 1078 (1923); Fulani v. Brady, 935 F.2d 1324, 1327 (D.C.Cir.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1048, 112 S.Ct. 912) 116 L.Ed.2d 812 (1992)..
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Journal des ećonomistes; revue de la science économique et de la statistique
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Le recrutement enfin, qui appauvrit et dépeuple bien avant l'heure l'atelier, provoque les critiques des industriels de la Somme, de même que cela s'est vu pour l'Alsace et la Normandie. Reprodui sant les attaques de M. Pouyer-Quertier à l'adresse des traités de commerce, en ce qui touche la vie à bon marché, M. Vulfran MoUet accuse ceux qui ont pris cette initiative d'avoir opéré à re bours de sir Robert Peel. Celui-ci a fait baisser, par plus de pro duits et de richesse agricoles, le taux des salaires, tandis qu'en France le prix de la main-d'œuvre se serait élevé sans profit pour l'ouvrier, puisqu'il payait ce qui lui est nécessaire plus cher qu'au paravant. Aussi, la réduction de la journée des femmes à 10 heures, toute (( désirable » qu'elle puisse être, pourra peser aasez lourde ment sur la production, si l'on n'y prend garde. — Le président de la Chambre de commerce d'Amiens se déclare enfin, de même que Jes filateurs et tisseurs du Nord, absolument contraire au régime des admissions temporaires en franchise; il les regarde comme aussi funestes à l'industrie que les traités de commerce eux-mêmes. Ce fut une façon détournée de faire du libre^change^ et cela n'a pu profiter qu'à quelques maisons. Dans le cours de ce remarquable exposé, et où la Douane, les chemins de fer, le grand marché américain et celui de Londres, de Liverpool, les améliorations à introduire dans la législation inter nationale et la gestion des consulats, sont l'objet de critiques et de révélations aussi neuves que lucides, M. Vulfran-MoUet ne dissi mule pas l'intérêt qu'il porte à des monopoles tels que ceux des houilles, des constructeurs de machines et grands usiniers bénéfi ciant d'une protection qui se résoud en charge assez lourde pour la masse. — A l'exemple de M. Pouyer-Quertier, le président de la Chambre de commerce d'Amiens ne fcdt pas difliculté de regarder ces industries comme solidaires, et il ne saurait consentir à ce qu'on frappe celles-ci pour faire vivre celles-là. 70 JOURNAL DES ÉCONOMISTES. 3* Envisagée par MM. Piquçt, Bulan, Hubaiïlt, h un point de vne plus spécial, la question des tarifs pour la filature, le tissage et la tehrture dans la Somme, amène des conclusions plus précises par cela moine. — Ces déposants sont d'accord avec M. Vnlfran Mollet pour déclarer qu^'ensuite de la protection insuffisante dont jouissent leurs produits, la fabrique débordée par l'importation dffS ïnanufacturés anglais, allemands, belges, a successivement décliné; ^'ainsi, il ne se fait presque plus de velours de coton dits veivets, tandis que la moleskine^ moins maltraitée, lutte dans de mauvaises conditions. Ils demandent que le tarif soit porté pour les cardes et taoleskines à 30 c. en sus de ce qui existe actuellement, de feçoa que le droit ressorte en somme à 90 c. sur ces articles. Pour les velveis ou velours lisses, les causes d'infériorité étant plus mar quées, on réclame une addition de 60 c. au droit de 83 c. existant actuellement par kilo. Cette infériorité, sans parler des frais de transport, des avantages que présente sur cehii du Havre le marché de Liverpool, s'affirmerait par réqart des salaires, plus élevés à Amiens qu'en Angleterre. Aussi, l'Anglais peut-il vendre ses produits en France 25 à 3S^ c. meilleur marché; c'est ce qui s'est vu journelle ment dans la Somme. Il l'emporte par le prix de ses métiers et par les avantages que présente en Angleterre la spécialisation pratiquée Sur une large échelle. C'est ainsi que des maisons dont rindaslrie conîsiste dans Amiens à acheter des tissus écrus, à leur faire subir les opératronB de la coupe, de la teinture, etc., vendent ensuite sur place ces manufacturés à des écarts de prix considérables auxquels fe productem!* tiationàl ne saurait descendre. — Ces déposants in sistent, enfin, pout que les commentaires en douane soient mieux ftiits; que le vérificateur puisse se rendre un compte plus exact de la nature de Particle importé, et ne pas tomber dans les erreurs si gnalées par M. Piquet. Il serait utile d'avoir des échantillons ou types auxquels les Chambres de commerce, plus pourvues de lu mières, pourraient, dans l'occasion, se reporter. On ne risquertit pâte ainsr de* prendre un velours lisse, ou velvet^ pour du calicot. A la suite de cet exposé se placent les dépositions écrites ds MM. Adhotdat Lkfèvrb et C®, ikbricants de velours de cotoû à" Amiens, ainsi que de MM. Watinne et Pruvost, filature et ^eto^ dage d'Auchy-lès-Hesdin (Pas-de-Calais). —Ces dépositions confl^ ment par plus d'un point ce que la région industrielle d'Amiens déclare par l'organe de sa Chambre de commerce. La fabrique des velours de coton a d'autant plus décliné f^ue le tiers de l'ancienne production, tant en écrus qu'en tissus teints, arrive du dehors. En 186^, c'étaient surtout les velours veiveis qui se trouvaient pré judiciés et supplantés. — Comme les déposants' dô* Lille, de Rou ENQUÊTE PARLEMENTAIRE SUR LE RÉGIME ÉCONOMIQUE. 71 baix, de Tourcoing, la filature d'Auchy-lès-Hesdin se plaîn( de l'in suffisance du tarif; du reste et de môme qu'Amiens, c'est au bassin du Pas-de-CaJais qu'on s'approvisionne préférablement de combus tible. -^ La perte dans le retordage varierait de 0 fr. 79 à 1 fr. 45 par kilog., selon le immévo des fliés, ce qui tiendrait c6mme aflleurs surtout à PîtopDSsîbîIHê de spécialiser ètr grand poiir aS livrer à où seul genre'; tfans cette même séance du 20' inaî, la Commission a cru devoir profiter des derniers instants pour entendre deux déposants, dont l'un, M. Delamare, représente les teinturiers de Rouen et ses en vironSf tandis que le second, M. SitLAnm, est filateur et tisseur à Nancy; M. Delamare pourrait se passer de protection daim la ctdoration des matières filées, et la concurrence étrangère n'a rieri qui l'ef fraye, quelque avaïitagè qtf elle tire dé cèrt^iihes cîrootifstaticès, io tamtneût en prix de la mam-d'ôetrvre. Sèulem«nt, le sbrt de M tein ture été!nt lié à Celui de là fàbrîcatioù deè tissùV <jtri M nfèt en œuvre, il serait naturellement amené à défendre lès droits, les îrfté rèts de la protection ici réclamée (?). La Peinture à d'ailleurs ttn riôle important à Rouen, el qu'il convient de ne pas voir disparaître faute d'aliment. Quant à M. Saladin, de Nancy, après avoir engagé des capitaux considérables, 800,<X)0 fr.y dans une fabrique où Foutillage a été sans cesse s'améliorant, la ruinfe s'est abattue en quelques années, , à partir surtout de 1866, sUr cette propriété de famille. Aujour d'hui, les directeurs l'exploTtcnf en qualité de simples employés de feurs ôréanciers. Ni. Saladin impute surtout le mal doût sa famille a trop souffert à Fadmîssion temporaire. Cela supprimé, il croît que l'industrie pourrait marcher. SEA17CES ]>ÉS 23 BT 2S MAI (I). SôshfArttTB. — Déprjsrtiôn de M. Feray, fîlàtcùr à Essonne. — Il adhère aux décMi^atîôhs dteS divers déj^bsatits du Nord et do r Alsaifte, signalant ^infériorité dé la filature indigène vis-à-vis de la fabrique anglaise où suisse. — Esê^liiiatibn dé ce nofaftîe écart. — Séparation ei deux ser vices indépendants l'un dô Fautre des chemins de fer 6t des canaux. — Caractère arbitraire de Timpôt des patentes ; réformes à opérer. — Causes d'infériorité imminente où que rien ne saurait faire disj^arattre. U tarif de W. E. Baroéhe. S^8 de là guerre â^Améri(^u6 en France et en Acgleténfe ; embarras (0 V. pages 618, 666 et suiv., iOe fatdeuk. 72 JOURNAL DES ÉCONOMISTES. et pertes que l'industrie natiodale a dû subir beaucoup plus tard.— In fluence nulle des tissus mélangés de laine. — Progrès de rindustrie cotonnière en France depuis moins de trente ans ; chiffres produits dans le sens de la réduction du prix. — Question de M. Johnstoa sur les éléments de Técart successivement relevé. — Observation de M. de Forcade. — De l'admission en franchise temporaire. Déposition de M. Raoul Duval, de la maison Guillou, à Rouen. — Etat réel de la filature, dont Taspect serait moins décourageant qu'il semble. — Bénéfices recueillis par le déposant en très-peu de temps. — Partie historique et résultats. —Années 1867-68 et 69 : changement de sys tème en cours d'achat de la matière première ; de la place que cela tient dans l'indu trie du coton ; prix de revient. — Gk}nséquences de ce changement. — M. G. Guillou intervient au débat ; il confirme la plupart des faits exposés par son associé et combat la surélévation de tarif réclamée parla Normandie. Continuation de l'exposé de M. Raoul Duval pour les années 1868-69.— Confirmation de celui fait par M. Le Cesne sur les avantages que présente le marché du Havre comparé à celui de Liverpool ; écart mé diocre dans ces derniers temps, sinon nul. — Prix de la broche tirant peu ou point à conséquence dans le coût des manufacturés. — Ecart exagéré, à l'endroit du combustible, dans les deux pays. Déclaration conforme de M. Deseilligny. — Partie théarique ; rôle de l'élément commercial. — Danger des achats de coton brut au jour le jour, au fur et à mesure des besoins : de la place que tient ici le travail indns^ triel. — Observations de MM. Dalioz et Géliot à ce propos. — De Tin térôt et de l'amortissement considérés comme éléments du prix de revient dans la théorie de M. Raoul Duval. Observations de M. Hartmann de Munster à rencontre de la thèse exposée par M. Raoul Duval sur la place qu'occuperait l'élément commercial.^ Réponse : l'immoralité serait, suivant M. Duval, dans le parti qa'on tire d'une protection tombant à la charge de la masse. M. Feray fournit quelques éclaircissements à propos du déchet.— Ob servation de M. de Forcade et réponse de M. Feray en ce qui toachela fabrique Guillou. — M. Géliot, juge et partie, en sa double qualité de filateur et de commissaire à l'enquête, se mêle au débat. — Confir mation par M. Feray, en ce qui concerne l'Angleterre, de la thèse commerciale développée par M. Raoul Duval. — Observation de M. Gaillard sur le coût de la broche dans la maison Guillou. Déposition de M. Laumalier, filateur et retordeur à Saint-Gennain-«n Laye. — Il adhère aux déclarations généralement faites par M. Feray. — Etat anormal de la protection. — Perte constante. Déposition de M. Delavallée, retordeur et filateur à Pantin et dansTEcuv* — Mêmes griefs que dessus au prolit de la retorderie. Doublement du tarif nécessaire. — Le déposant emploie exclusivement tous les oo méros en filés français. Ecart de 15 à 20 0/0 avec l'étranger. — Métng^ national obligatoire pour l'importateur anglais. — Loi de 1866_sur les eolonies condamnée. ENQUÊTE PARLEMENTAIRE SUR LE RÉGIME ECONOMIQUE. 73 Dépositions de MM. Leguay-Lebaillif, filateur, et Emile Gautier, fabri cant de bonneterie à Falaise. — Insuffisance pour la Basse-Normandie du projet de tarif formulé par M* Lamer et nécessité d'en élever le chiffre, — Reproches adressés par M. E. Gautier au tarif rendu illu soire par suite des fausses déclarations qui se produisent. — Concur rence de la Saxe chaque jour plus fatale à la bonneterie de Troyes. Ecart notable en faveur de l'étranger expliqué. — Nécessité d'une pro tection plus forte. Dépositions de MM. Fontaine et Douine, ûlateurs à Troyes et membres de la Chambre de commerce. — Accroissement d'outillage et de pro duction de la filature dans l'Aube depuis 1860 et consommation plus forte. — Influence sur la filature de la concurrence suisse plus fevorable ment placée. — Tarification insuffisante autant que défectueuse à l'en droit des séries. — Condamnation de l'admission en franchise tempo raire.— Prix de revient au dehors impossible à préciser. — Concurrence active et redoutable de la Saxe. — Déclin de la filature des cotons mé langée à la carde depuis 1860. — Confirmation de la thèse exposée par M. Raoul Duval, tant sur le rôle de la matière première qu'à raison de l'importance du déchet ; explications de M. Douine à ce propos. — Augmentation de droits réclamée par M. Fontaine ; plan de tarifi cation et séries. Les dépositions particulièrement intéressantes de MM. Fsrat, filateur à Essones, et Raoul Duval, commanditaire de là filature Guillou, à Rouen, ont presque rempli en entier ces séances. C'est ce qui ne permet pas de scinder un débat dont les parties se répon dent.— M. Peray, membre de la maison Feray et Ce, exploite avec ses fils la filature fondée en 1804, par son grand-père, Oberkampf de Jouy, établissement que son père Louis Peray lui a transmis comme un héritage de famille. Cette filature de 20,000 broches aurait vu son matériel et ses moteurs u plusieurs fois renouvelés. » Voici ce qui ressort, du reste, au point de vue économique et indus triel, des déclarations du déposant : 1° M. Peray adhère à ce que MM, Pouyer-Quertier, Lamer, G. Denis, et les filateurs d'Alsace groupés autour de M. Auguste Dollfus, ont pu dire sur l'infériorité de la filature française com parée à l'Angleterre et à la Suisse. L'écart de prix , par broche et par an, serait môme un peu su périeur à celui de 4.25 qui ressort dos chiffres de M. Lamer. Cela va à 5 fr., et l'on est resté fort modéré en s'arrêtant à 4.60 comme expression de notre infériorité vis-à-vis de la Suisse. Gaz, trans ports, combustible, main-d'œuvre, débouchés, impôts divers, l'étranger a ici l'avantage, de môme que pour le coût et l'appro visionnement du coton. 2* Ici se présente une distinction capitale que M. Feray déclare lui 74 JOURNAL DES ÈCONOTtlSTES. être èriirérement propre. — De ces causes d'infériorité, les unes sont susceptibles d'atténuation et peuvent même à la longue disparaître^ tandis que d'autres doivent persister. C'est ainsi que le prix du combustible, rendu excessif par les droits de navigation , par Tétat de» oftnaux et celui de la Haute-Seine, peut se réduire dans quel que notable mesure. Il y aurait là une surcharge qui rie serait pas moindre de 50 0/0. M. Peray, qui remarque non sans raison que nos routes n'impliquent aucune taxe pour celui qui en use , fit que les dft)itâ excèdent généralement de 4/5*** les frais d'entretien de ces môinèâ canaux. De là vient que Rouen paye cher, en s'adres sant à l'Angleterre, ce qu'on pourrait tirer de Belgique ou du Nord à meilleur marché, en bonne qualité. lilême baisse de prix si la navigation du centre était complétée. Il faudrait de plus ra cheter les canaux appartenant aux particuliers. Elnfin, à l'exemple de M. Pouyer-Quertier et autres déposants, M. Peray voudrait voir s'opéi^er le dédoublement des deux grands services aiyourd'hui plaoés dans' la même nirninf, chemins de fer et caûatix, ceux<=ci se trouvant fort mal d'un tel voisinage. Autre cause de cherté qui pourrait être atténuée : le prix des transports par chemins de fer. Le déposant reproduit à cet endroit^ pour le transit comme pour les parcours â l'intérieur, les' critiqut^s déjà entendues. Mêmes plaintes sur les. effets de la conscription. — Quant à l'impôt, et notamment pour celui des patentes, il doit signaler le caractère particulièrement vexatoire de cette èon fribution inégalement répartie. L'administration opérerait en plein arbitraire à l'endroit du dénombrement des broches et de la valeur locative. Celle-ci devrait être remplacée par un impôt fixe de tant par broche, le même pour chaque département. Pourquoi d'ailleurs ici un impôt variable, alors que l'agriculture est imposée fixement? Enfin , Thonorable déposant signale l'instabilité politique dont le pays a souffert bien plus que l'étranger, depuis soixante ans; il espère que la sagesse <( du souverain » nous épargnera le retour de ces calamités , et que nous rC aurons plus « ni invasions, ni révolu tions )) (I!). — Il insiste sur ce dernier point. 3o Quant aux causes immuables et permanentes dUnégalité, les voici : la mine, le combustible à pied-d'œuvre pour rAngleterre; des débouchés immenses et tels qu'on ne peut les rêver pour la France ; l'impossibilité dans le salaire de toucher à la dur^ de b journée de travail, sans élever du môme coup les prix de la fabrique, d'où la nécessité de tarifs compensateurs plus élevés. 4^ Ces diverses causes d'infériorité avaient frappé M. Émest Baroche : tarif calculé en^ conséquence ei basé sur un éeart de 4 à 5 fr. par broche et par an« Ce tarif modéré n'avait que le défaut 'ENQUÊTE PARLEMENTAIRE SUR LE RÉGIME ÉCONOMIQUE. 73 (le n'avoir pas fait « assez de classes. » M. Peray est partîsafi, comme plusieurs de ses confrères, d'un classement multipliant les séries, ce qui prévient les fausses déclarations, et rend l'écart, bien moindre. C'est la tarification actuelle qui a surtout ùuî à l'in dustrie cotonnière, et non la guerre d'Amérique. Celle-cî a plutôt profité, dès l'abord, aux filateurs et tisseurs français approvisionnés de plus longue main qu'en Angleterre, où l'on opère au plus près, et par cela même moins à l'avance, La concurrence anglaise ne date que de 1866 , et c'est de là aussi que datent nos pertes. C'est alors qu'abandonnant les numéros fins on dut se rejeter sur les numéros ordinaires, suivant que cela a été dit. — Reproduction ici des plaintes et des chiffres exposés par la région de l'Est. La spéculation sur le coton, ni les écarts de prix dont on paHe, n'eu rent aucune action; et, quant à la détresse anglaise, elle est si peu i^elle que le manufacturier est assez engagé pour que les prix du coton conservent la meilleure tenue. Voilà ce qu'écrit à M. Peray, son commissionnaire de Liverpool. — Môme dénégation touchant l'inQuence des tissus mélangés de laine ; l'Angleterre en aurait s^iufTert non moins que nous. Non-seulement cela n'est pas, mais, comme ici elle est plus habile et la première en date, elle a sur notre marché de grands avantages et importe beaucoup. 5" L'honorable déposant repousse, en terminant, le reproche adressé à l'industrie cotonnière, par les auteurs du traité de com merce, de n'avoir progressé qu'avec lenteur. Il prend plusieurs pé riodes, à partir de 1840, et s'efforce do montrer par des différences de prix entre la matière première et le produit fabriqué, fll de coton, que ce dernier a sans cesse pu s'établir à meilleur marché. De 1841 à Ï845, la diffiérence est de 176 fr. les 100 kil., soit 1.76*par kil. de coton filé, déchet compris. De 1846 à 1850, cette différence des cendait à 146.25, soit 1.46 par kil., môme numéro. De 1851 k 185^, l'on n'a plus qu'un écart de 129.52, soit 1.29 par kil. Enfiù, pour 1860, cette différence s'affirme par 118 fr. 49, soit iA6 pai* kil. Au jourd'hui, cela ressort à 0.99, mais on est en détresse, et « Tin dustrie se meurt. » On voit par là les progrès accomplis, remarque M. Feray. — Ici un membre de la Commission, M. Johnston, dési rerait connaître les divers éléments constitutifs de cet écart suc cessif : combustible, main-d'œuvre ou frais généraux. Mais Pho norable déposant n'a pas fait ce calcul qu'il regarde d'ailleurs comme inutile (?). Il fournit là-dessus des éclaircissements qui laissent ce point à peu près indécis. — M. de Porcade fait d^abord remarquer, ce qu^ est contredit par le déposant, qu'il conviendrait de tenir compte, dans rabaissement d'écart à 90 c. de la protection de 2D 6. qui urète à la frontière les produits anglais* Si ce droit nWstait pasj 76 JOURNAL DES ECONOMISTES. Tétranger offrirait évidemment, au-dessous de 99 c, ce que le fila teur délivre et cote sur ce pied-là. Donc, l'action sur le taux de récart serait manifeste? M. Peray, après avoir représenté l'épisode du traité de 1860, comme exclusif du contrôle de Tindusl pie nationale, et les Anglais, sous la conduite de R. Cobden, ayant uls accès près du Gouverne ment français, conclut par réclamer, avec M. G. Denis, de la Mayenne, les droits proposés pour les n~ 15 à 25 sur les colons filés, en même temps qu'il déclare se rallier, pour les n^ 40 et aa dessus, au tarif des fllateurs de Lille. — Quant aux admissions tem poraires, M. Feray, sans se prononcer ouvertement, incline à ren contre d'un régime qui paraît surtout profiter à un petit nombre de maisons d'ailleurs fort honorables et tros-habilement conduites. M. Raoul DuvAL , associé commanditaire dans la filature de M. Georges Guillou, à Rouen, succède à M. Peray. — L'honorable déposant fait un historique de son entrée dans la filature, qui pré sente cette industrie sous un jour beaucoup moins sombre qae celui présenté par MM. Seillière, Pouyer-Quertier et la plupart de leurs confrères de l'Est ou du Nord. Gomme il répugnait en 1865 à mettre ses capitaux dans des entreprises en apparence fort peu productives, sinon en détresse, M. Guillou dut triompher de ses répugnances, et il n'a pas à le regretter» En effet, la filature lui aurait finalement donné des bénéfices au bout de peu de temps, c'est-à-dire de 1867 à 1869 inclusivement. Non-seulement M.DuvtiI n'éprouve ici aucun regret; mais si l'on désire un nouvel apport de capitaux , lui déjà môle comme bailleur de fonds à d'autres afiaires, notamment à une extraction de houilles, outre la situation qu'il occupe comme administrateur de la Compagnie du Gaz , il est parfaitement prêt à augmenter sa mise de fonds. U est donc plus que jamais persuadé que M. Guillou était dans la vérité lors que, pour le décider à lui confier des capitaux, ce filateur fort expert ajoutait que bon nombre d'industriels avaient gagné, même depuis 1860, « des sommes considérables dans cette partie. » CTcst là, cgoutait M. Guillou, une simple question « de procédé méca nique » dont il était « maître. » — La déposition de M. Raoul Duval, outre son caractère exceptionnel, a un accent qui est de na ture à impressionner des juges impartiaux. On reconnaît l'homme, non-seulement mêlé à de grandes affaires et sans parti pris, niais l'industriel qui n'accepte pas volontiers ce que les affaires mal con duites ont pu donner de faussesjjumières. Ceci doit aisément res sortir de l'analyse qui suit : 10 Pabtib historique. — Résultats. — La filature de M. Guillou débutait à la fin de 1866, elle comprend 10,224 broches filant les ENQUÊTE PARLEMICNTAIRB 6UR LE RÉGIME ÉCONOMIQUE. 77 Ho» 16 à 30 destinés à la bonneterie : capital engagé, 400,000 fr. — Les machines achetées en Angleterre ont dû acquitter, à l'en trée, sur 236,000 fr., un droit de 18 0/0, soit 40,200 fr. L'exploita tion comprend trois années : 1867, 68 et 69. La première année donna de la perte, ce que M. Duval explique par l'application à la filature de procédés commerciaux qui consistaient à éviter avec soin tout ce qui touche de près ou de loin à la spéculation, et à n'acheter le coton brut qu'au fur et à mesure des besoins, en môme temps qu'on ne prenait pour la vente des manufacturés que des engagements restreints. On achetait mal dans ce système, et l'on vendait parfois plus mal encore. Les prix ayant incessamment dé cliné en 1867, M. Raoul Duval fait le décompte des éléments du prix de revient, eu égard à 100 fr. de matières filées pour cette période. Il en résulte que l'achat de la matière première entre pour 80 fr. 57 dans ce chiffre, la main-d'œuvre et le charbon, etc., ainsi que les frais généraux formant moins de 1/5"*, soit 19 fr. 43. Ce résultat, pour 1867, conduisit à changer de système, et l'on ré solut d'opérer commercialement, tant dans l'achat du coton que pour la vente des produits fabriqués. De là d'assez grands pro fits dans les deux années suivantes. — Ici intervient l'associé de M. Duval, qui, tout en exprimant quelque regret de voir son établissement soumis à l'épreuve de ce débat public, n'en déclare pas moins borner son ambition, comme filateur, à un mode de taxation plus normal pour les nu méros produits par la Normandie. Il s'écarte du programme de M. Lamer en ce sens que le tarif actuel serait plus que suffisant et ne comporterait pas une grande surélévation de droits. Toute aug mentation un peu notable dispenserait de faire des efforts, remarque M. Guillou, et il faut en faire pour se rapprocher de nos concur rents étrangers. L'honorable déposant abonde en conséquence dans le sens des déclarations de son associé pour répéter que la partie reste ingrate fatalement pendant des années encore, si Ton ne demande pas à la pratique commerciale de compenser les désavantages que présente le côté purement industriel. M. Guillou, en un mot, est convaincu que des efforts intelligents venant se combiner avec une protection moindre que celle réclamée par la Normandie, il n'y aurait pas lieu de désespérer de l'avenir. M. Raoul Duval, reprenant sa déposition, donne un aperçu du prix de revient par 100 kil. de coton filé pour 1868 et 1869. Cela s'écarte médiocrement des chiffres déjà exposés, et tout ce qu'on remarque, c'est que le combustible mieux conduit, outre qu'il baisse de prix, tient ici une moins grande place, — Les tableaux dressés par M. Duval pour les prix du coton sont loin, d'autre 1 78 JÛURNiyL DES ^CONOMISTflS. pj^r|i, f^'pffrir J'jêcart constant dont il a été tant parlé entre le mar ché du H«|.vrç et celui de LiyerpooL Loin de 1^, on a pu constater, pendant Ijbs jLrois années 4867 è 4869, d'énormes variations de prix. Ces variations sont allées, en 1869, du simple au double, Cf fpù est dfi gr^Lj^le conséquence Ih où la matière première forme les 4/5 du prix /ie revient. Le déposant donne sur ces écarts comparés .des détails précis et qui montrent comment le Havre balanœ par fois, pour Tapprovisionnemept de l'industriel, le§ avantages offeris par Liyerpool. — Pans rétablissement de MM. Guillou et Raoul Duval, le prix de la broche, relativement élevé, ressort à 56 francs environ. Cela p'a pas empêché ces industriels pl'avoir fait d'assez bpaiix bénéfices en 1868 et 1869, et d'exprimer aujourd'hui l'opi nion qu'on peut, avec de l'habilité, gagner encore beaucoup darg^-^t d^ns cpttp partie. Il sujïït, pour cela, dp ne pas donner è rélémen» indiisiriel, ici fort secondaire, plus de place qu'il n'en occupe en récité dans la pratique. On a d'jaillei^rs fort exagéré, h qualités égales, l'écart du prix existant entre le combustible anglais et français. Cet écart n'est pas du simple au quintuple, mais de 1 à 2, et parfois à 3. Or, la pro tection de 20 cent, couvre suffisamment cette différence là où la Repense est de 8 cent, au lieu fie 3 cent. « Je ne me sens pas bien à plaindre, ajpi^te M. Raoul Puyal, )> qui est, on le sait, un spécia liste ép)éritp, en sa qualité d'intéressé dans plus d'une houillère. En Angleterre, la première qualité de charbon ressortirait à 13 et 14 fr. « à la niine, » au lieu des prix fort atténués dont on parle. Le prix de transport fait ici l'unique différence. Ce que nous payons, chez nous, ^2 ou 13 fr., se vend, en Angleterre, 8 à 9 fr. Ajoutez k cela le transport et les prix se nivèlent entre les c^eux pays. Si M. Pouyer-Quertier craint que, pour les laines arrivant de la Plala, les prix du fret tombent notablement avant peu, pourquoi n'en serait-il pas ainsi pour le charbon? — M. Deseiligny confirme cfô chiffres. Du reste, l'honorable associé de M. Guillou déclare, comme intéressé dans des mines de houille, qu'il ne veut pas plus ici de cette force factice qui s'appelle la protection que dans la filature. Il se contentera d'un droit simplement « fiscal. » Partie théorique. — JRôle 4c F élément commercial dans Tifubatrie co^onntère. — M. Raoul Duval, qui se déclare opposé, comme in dustriel, à toute idée de spéculation, ne pense pas que, dans une partie où la matière première tient, au regard du prix de revient, tant de plac^, on puisse acheter indifféremment au jour le jour et au fur et à mesure des besoins. Ici, peut-être plus qu'ailleurs, il s-agit de bien apheter et de bien vencjro, en se précautionnant à ENQUÊTE PARLEtfPNTAIRB SUR LE RÉGIME ÉCONOMIQUE. 79 l'avance. P'est L'applic^tign die cette loi qui ^ ,donné à la filature dans Içupielle il a des capitaux un résultat infiniment supérieur, en 1868 et 1869, à ce que 1867 avait produit. — Aujourd'hui, re ma^^que à ce propos M. de Forcade, ceux oui n'achètent pas bien dans l'industrie du coton sont, « par la force des choses, » dans une position telle, quel que soit le prix de revient, qu'ils risquent de faire « de mauvaises aflaires. » Telle est la théorie de M. Du val, prouvée par les faits. Ce qu^ domine )à, « c'est une opération com merciale, en raison môme de la faible additiofi que le travail méca nique .ajoute à la valeur de la paatière élaborée. » Le déposant forme successivement une double hypothèse, dans laquelle l'indus triel achète cher et vend mal, tandis qu'un autre s'attache à faire ',111 • • > . • ' •. le contraire; et il n'a pas de peine à prouver, non-seulemeijt que la pratique confirme ici la théorie, mais qu'il y a place entre ces deux hypothèses, pour les cas intermédiaires qui constituent rindustriêl en perte ou en pénéûc^. p^ résultat û^al tient ^oi^t peu à 1^ qp^s tien de fabricatior^y çt pre^up entièrement « à 1^ questipn compiçi: ciale. » Ainsi, celuj qui yit d^ns un coin écarté des Vosges, et qui n'a pas l'œil Rx,é sur le^ pr|x du coton po^r s'approylsiqni^er ^ propoi^, çst exposé j^ a de§ syrpi^ises gerpétuj^Ues. ^ l] fait p.e que tt nous avons fai^ en 1867* ?> Ces déclarations frappent vivement la Ppn^ission, t^nf. par suite du nouvel aspect donné au débat que par l'accei^jt de firanc^ise dppt ces paroles ^einblent pn^preintes. MM. Di^joz et Géliot ^'p)i mpn7 trent plus particulièrement préoccupés. — L'un d'p^x, M. P^llq?. demande ce que la Compaission est venue fipiire, si l'on ^dmet l^ théorie de 1!^ Raoul Du val? Si les conditions de fabricp.tion ne doi-' vent être comptées « pour rien » en présepce (|es prijc si variables d'une matière première qui tient tant (Je place, i} est évident que ses travaux, ses investigations n'ont plus (ie raison jd'ôtre? M. pé liot niet, d'autre pjart, eij avant des hypothèses taxées d'impos sibles; celle, par exemple, où le prix du coton serait ffxe pt tPU jours « également le môme. » Aussi M. ^aoul puval fait-il fiisé ment ji^stice de l'objection. En résumé, il verrai), à regret une surélévation de droit dans cettq industrie. Cet ^rpissement de protection serait saiis portée, à moins d'être excessif; le majnMen du tarif actj^el autorise d'ailleurs ^ provoquer des jiiodératîons dp taxe nécesisaires à l'endroit des machines, des frais de transport et autres charges exagérées. Le prix dqs produits de l'industrie cotpn nière serait renchéri, ce qui profilerait ^ la laine et ^ l'emploi plus grand des tissus mélangés. Enfin, ce retour plus marqué au système protecleur,c'estla cherté créant au profit4equelcjuesproducleursune firospérit^ factice don^ chac^Ilil^Ipn^eQpnlp^e^flV^use^souf^r^. 80 JOURNAL DES ÉCONOMISTES. M. Raoul Duval s'occupe, en terminant, de IMntérôt et de Tamor: tissement considérés comme éléments du prix de revient dans l'ordre industriel. Il croit devoir déclarer que, dans sa pensée, Tin térôt, qui n'est que la rémunération du capital, ne saurait s'ajouter au prix de revient. C'est là simplement un gain qui se réduit, s'é lève ou disparaît suivant que l'entreprise réussit ou perd de Tar gent. Môme remarque à Tendroit de l'amortissement, lequel est parfaitement représenté par les frais d'entretien qui rentrent dans les prix de revient réels. A la liquidation, il se trouve qu'en réalité le fonds qu'on possède, et qui est amorti en tout ou en partie, n*» représente, en fin de compte, qu'un bénéfice dont la distribution a été suspendue, différée, et dont la liquidation fournit a la quo tité. » Cela ne saurait figurer dans des prix de revient compa rables (?). M. Frédéric Hartbcann, de Munster, présente quelques obsen'a tions en réponse à ce qu'il appelle la théorie « toute nouvelle» qu'on vient de voir se dérouler. Si l'on s'en tenait à cette théorie, qui substitue l'entente « des opérations commerciales, » sinon même la spéculation, élément fort aléatoire, u aux conditions économiques du travail industriel, » on prononcerait la condamnation de l'indus trie elle-môme. Il y a mieux, cgoute M. Hartmann, dans ce sys tème, l'industriel disparaît pour céder la place au simple commis sionnaire. — M. Raoul Duval déclare que sa pensée est ici mal corn prise, dénaturée, et il se réserve de le démontrer dans la séance qui I va suivre. — C'est ce qui avait lieu, en effet, au début de cette séana, où M. Duval rétablit sa pensée tout entière. Il s'applique à faire voir qu'un homme qui cherche à acheter au prix le plus bas po&-| sible, et à réaliser le fruit de son travail aux meilleures conditions, n'est pas un « spéculateur; » il fait au contraire, chose louable r-î, utile à son pays. C'est là un effort moral. Il en est tout auln> ment de celui qui, gardant toutes ses chances de gros bénéflc^ industriels et commerciaux, cherche à diminuer ses faibles chanc de perte en faisant frapper d'un droit « très-^levé » les produit rivaux venus de l'étranger. C'est imposer le consommateur a quel on fait payer ces mômes frais. Cela n'est ni juste ni mor*:-| En conséquence, le déposant persiste dans ses précédentes à rations. Le déchet, que M. Raoul Duval, parlant du prix de revient, a ne pas constituer une perte sèche, fournit à M. Peray Yoccbs^ d'entrer h cet égard dans quelques développements. Il distint deux déchets : celui etnployable et celui qui aboutirait à une ^^ sèche. Mais comme, sur l'observation de M. de Porcade, Yho^ ENQWÉTE PARLEMENTAIRE SUR LE RÉGIME ÉCONOMIQUE. 81 rable déposant reconnaît que ce qui a lieu chez nous se rencontre également en Angleterre, la distinction reste par cela même sans intérêt. M. Feray croit d'ailleurs savoir que la maison Guillou, au nom de laquelle M. Raoul Duval a formulé une théorie que le déposant repousse, aurait joint à sa filature Tachât et la vente des déchets des établissements voisins, c^ qui expliquerait des chiffres relativement considérables dans un établissement « peu impor tant» (l). Cette particularité des déchets paraît vivement préoccuper M. Gé liot, membre de la commission d'enquête et intéressé, comme da teur, dans la question. Cet honorable commissaire estime, avec M. Feray, que le chiffre des déchets accusé par M. Raoul Duval est trop élevé pour ne pas devoir être uniquement attribué à « un commerce spécial. » Cela ne saurait être confondu avec les résultats mêmes d'une filature. Il s'appuie ici de sa propre expérience, et donne des chiffres qui se dérobent, d'ailleurs, à tout contrôle. — M. Géliot perd, ce semble, de vue qu'il est membre d'une commission d'enquête; il prend à partie M. Raoul Duval, discute ses hypo thèses et ses chiffres avec la liberté dont pourrait user le simple particulier défendant pied à pied son industrie. « A Mulhouse, dé bute M. Géliot, il y a des maisons considérables qui spéculent sur les déchets; quant aux miens ^ je les vends à la même maison de puis plusieurs années et mois par mois »(!!!). M. Feray, qui reprend le cours de ces nouvelles observations, est d'ailleurs amené à reconnaître, sur l'interpellation de M. Kolb Bernaid, qu'en Angleterre les choses se passent exactement comme Ta exposé pour la filature, dans laquelle il est intéressé, M. Raoul Duval : « les fabricants sont obligés d'être négociants. » Seulement, l'honorable industriel déclare que la France est placée, sous ce rap port, dans des conditions de réelle infériorité, vu qu'on n'y est pas en contact journalier avec un grand marché tel que celui de Liver pool. M. Feray faisant ici intervenir les télégrammes, il semble que ce moyen supprime également pour chacun l'inconvénient de la distance? — M. Géliot reconnaît d'ailleurs l'exactitude de ce que dit ici M. Feray sur le fabricant anglais doublé d'un négociant , (I) Si l'on veut se reporter aux chiffres mêmes des déchets mentionnés par M. Raoul Duval et que relève in extenso le compte-rendu sténogra phique. on verra que ces rebuts n'ont rien d'excessif. Ils varient, en pffet, entre 40 et 12 0/0 du prix de la matière brute, ce qui ressort parfois, d'après M. Feray lui-môme et [de l'aveu de M. Géliot, à 14 et 15 0/0 comme matière employnble, P. C. 3« sÈAiK, U XXII. — iS avril 1871. % J Si JOURNAL DES ÉCONOMISTES. ce qui laissori^it int^ola la thèse de M. Raoul Duval. -^Le^ébal dos Bur ce point, M» Gaillard, appelé à déposer, demande à placer une observation k propos de ce qu'aurait dit M. Raoul Duval du prix de la broche dans la âlatura Guillou. Seulement, il ne g'agirait point ici de 70 Ir. par broche, comme paraît le croire rintervenanl, mais d'un prix bien moindre, soit. 56 francs. M. Laumalier, fîlateur et retordeur à Saint-Gcrmain-en-Layc, qui est ensuite admis h déposer, se réfère en grande partie aux déclarations de M. Feray. Il s'étonne seulement que la protection accordée à la retorderie soit inférieure h cplle dont jouit la filature, eu égard aux diverses opérations et à la main-d'œuvre que l'une et l'autre exigent. Le tarif serait tout à fait « anormal. » Aussi le dé posant est-il constamment en perte. Constitué pour utiliser un plus grand nombre de broches, il a dû s'arrôter h moitié chemin dans son installation. M. Dblav ALLÉE, retordeur et fllateur, flxé à Paris, avec fabrique à Pantin do 2,000 broches, outre les 3,000 qu'il exploite à Livet, dans l'Eure, succède à ^I. Laumalier, dont il reproduit en partie les plaintes.— T Avec des IVais d'établissement et d'entretien semblables et quelquefois supérieurs à ceux de la filature, le déposant s'étonne de ne pas jouir d'une protection égale. Il entre à cet égard dans des détails qui tendraient à prouver que plus le nombre de fils s'accroît dans le retors, moins le tarif est avantageux et équitable ; il resterait le môme quand la dépense augmente. D'où un écart avec lesimple fllé, de plus en plus marqué. C!e qu'il demande, c'est une protection de iO 4/Ô à il 0/0, nu lieu des 6 0/0 qui existent. Moyennant ce supplé ment, la lutte est possible. Il ressort de sa déclaration cette par ticularité notable, qui sera d'ailleurs plus accentuée dans les dépo sitions de Falaise et de Troyes, que M. Delavallée s'approvisionne exclrnivenieni en France de filés, soit pour les gros numéros, soit pour les numéros fins. L'Alsace lui fournirait ces derniers. Du reste, il existe un écart de 45 à 30 0/0 entre les prix français et les prix suisses. La confiance que lui inspire la fourniture nationale fait qu'il lui donne la préférence. Ce sont les maisons Nicolas Schlumberger et C«, Boucart et autres, qui, en Alsace, filent le n^ 150. M. Delavallée voudrait, comme de précédents déposants, voir l'Anglais soumis au métrage que subit forcément l'industrie française. C'est une question d'égalité qui s'impose. Il voudrait, de môme que plusieurs de ses confrères, voir les colonies soumises au régime de la métropole quant aux droits d'entrée. Les çlt'positiong de MM. Leguay-Lsoailuf, fllateur, et Émil« ENQUÊTE Parlementaire' sir le régime économique. S3 Oautisr, fabricant de bonneterie à Falaise, tons deux délégués, Tun par la bonneterie de cette localité, l'autre par le comité indus triel de Gondé-sur-Noireau, et qui joint à ce titre celui de président de la chambre des arts et manuAictures de Falaise, ont mis parti culièrement en relief les points ci-après : 1* M. Leguay-Lebaillif trouve insuffisantes, à plusieurs égards, les bases du tarif proposé par M. Lamer pour ce qui regarderait la Bass&> Normandie. Il faut une protection relativement plus forte, en suite des écarts qui se rencontrent tant sur le prix du combus tible qu'à l'endroit des frais d'installation. M. Lamer aurait môme commis plus d'un oubli dommageable îi l'industrie de Condénsur Noireau. Ces lacunes et ces redressements considérés, M. Leguay Lebaillif conclut en fusionnant pour plus de ftcilitéles deux tarife, h une protection de 14 0/0. Ce chiffre pourra surprendre la commis sion ; mais cet impôt est nécessaire autant que légitime dans Tordre d'idées qui admet la charge de la conscription. Les États-Unis, au surplus, nous donnent ici l'exemple. — Suivent des considérations générales déjà exposées au cours de l'enquôle dans ce même sens. 2* Quant à M. Emile Gautier, qui déclare se placer à un autre point de vue que la bonneterie de Troyes, il attaque surtout comme illusoire le tarif actuel. Les fausses déclarations seraient fréquentes. Avec M. Delavallée, il constate que les filés achetés directement aux fllateurs sont exclusivement Avançais, et « ce serait le plus grand nombre. » Mais la Saxe fait une désastreuse concurrence à la bon neterie; cela s'est accru en quatre ans dans la proportion de 11 0/0.
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Paris-spectacles : programme quotidien des théâtres, concerts, cirques, skatings
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E M»» CONCERT DELA SCALA Ouverture. des bureaux 9^ k 8 heures’ On commencera à 8 h. Ij2 Première Partie "Les petits Postillons. Entrée par toiis les clowns Les Chars romains, par Mlles Hatterley, Lumetet Renaud. Barre fixe, par William et J. Bull. Filière, jument percheronne sauteuse présentée parM. Legav Début des Cradas acrobates Course plate par Mlles Jeannet Louise, Agathe, Lisette Irma, Derett, Les Sœurs Lawrence, g^mnasiarques américaines Début de M. L. Wulff, qui présentera 12 chevaux Trakaines dressés en liberté et son cheval de feu Miranda DEUXIÈME PARTIE Les petits Delevanti, exercices sur fil de fer. Les Radjahs l’aiîtominir éqiaestre Padmini. Lé Grand Radjah, Dulau-Boule Son fils, Dulau Le Chef des Bonzes Lord Homard. Sa femme. Le Majordome »■ grand spectacle Mlle Brambilla MM. Corner .. Vanora .. Mattews .. Antonio .. Philippe .. Th. Mattews POLIÇEMENS. Benhamo, William, Bob.et James ESPIONS. Fratelllini et Ldmet. Divertissement Réglé par Mme Mariquüa PROLOGUE Départ de ;Lord Homard pour son Gouvernement des Indes PREMIÈRE PARTIE Padmini et les Etrangleurs conspirent contre les Anglais. Des hommes de po ice sont à la recherche du Trésor du Grand Radjah Dulau-Boule. Survient le Grand Radjah qni va faire connaîtr > son fils majeur depuis la veille, la cachette où sont renfermées les richesses de la famille. Il tait venir les Bonzes, gardiens de son Trésor et leur fait enfouir une grande quantité d’or. Les hommes de police connaissent le souterrain. Il faut chasser les Bonzes pour s’en rendre maître. Ils appellent des charmeurs qui leurs procui ent des serpents qu’ils jettem dans la retraite des Bonzes. Ils se retirent ensuite précipitamment à la vue du fils du Grand Radjah. Le Fis du Grand Radjah, ayant dérobé à son père la clé du Trésor arrive en joyeuse compagnie. Il aime Padmani et se propose de l’éblouir avec les richesses dont il sera maître BALLF* Interrompu par la brusque apparition des Bonzes, qui poursuivent les danseurs avec des serpents. Padmini reste seule avec Dulau fils: Dulau fils apporte des bijoux dont il pare celle qu’il aime. Il veut l’entrainer dans le soi terrain. Elle appelle. A la vue des étrangleurs, Dulau se réfugie dans le souterrain. Grande satisfaction des policemen. Ils enfument le Prince. Incendie du Trésor, Dulau-Boule secourt son fils. Arrivée des Pompiers qui seraient maîtres du feu sans l’arrivée des Tigres qui les mettent en fuite. Malgré les Etrangleurs, les Policemen sont maîtres du Trésor Entrée de 1 armée anglaise conduite par Lord Homard. Les Radjahs font leur soumission. Grand Défilé Orchestre de 50 musiciens dirigé par Wittmann L administration se réserve le droit de faire subir toute modification au programme MARDI et VENDREDI courses d’Hommes et de Femmes 1° — 3 courses d’hommes, 3 tours de piste,environ 500 mèt, 2° — 1 course de Daines, 2 tours de piste, environ 330 mèt. Homme*» | i Femmes le Prix 50 francs J 1er Prix 50 francs 2e Prix 25 francs | 2e Prix 25 francs 3®|— Course des vainqueurs, 2 tours de piste, environ 330 m. 50 francs au premier 13. 9onlevppd «le Si*a.«lSs©'Hurg, 1$. On commencera à 8 heures Orchestre de 30 musiciens dtri. é par -Rcichestein M. FICHAT Faut que je danse.— Gig-Gigue. —Voulez vous un époux,— Paris Dansant — En revenant des Lilas— L’incroyable danseur —Je pars à Panama.— Gomme élastique.— Grain de Sel BRUNET Nos Pipelettes. Mieux que ça Les Changements L’Opportuniste Les intelligents Le Radical — Divorçons J’peux pas dire cela devant le monde L’Assommoir. En Fourrière LEDOIJ Eh [pourquoi ça A Suzette * Béquillard Je ne m’marierai jamais J’ons pas de chance Dis-moi que tu m’aime Faux pas que papa le sache. Ya pas d’danger Le plaisir d’être garçon Je reviens de Bagnolet Le plaisir d’ètre garçon ’ J’ons marié Thérèse Mamzelle si vous vouliez... , HERVIER Je la connais. — Muselez ça R’gardez-y Le ces de Beaucrétin L’Article à Treize Mais à part ça.— Beaucrétin C’est la mode à présent BRUANT Mamaelie Clignançourt Sur le Boulevard La Légende des Chinois Couin-Couin — La France Le 113® Ousqu’cst i’pain ROUSSEL Le Chalet — L’Insensé Buvons à la Jeunesse Vive le vin de France Viens dans ma nacelle. Quand je suis gris Hommage à Kléber Mme PATRY Guillaume Tell.— L’Africaine.— Robert-le-Diable. La Fille du Régiment. Hernani. Le Trouvère. Galathée. Mignon. Charles VI. Le Freyschutz. La Part du Diable. Les Noces de Figaro. Les Vêpres Siciliennes. La Chanson arabe. Roland à Roncevaux. Barque jolie. Premier Rêve de Bonheur Sérénade des Oisr aux LULLI Grain de Beauté Pleure pas A Travers les Rideaux Le petit Clos de Grand’Papa, Pi-Houit Marquise des Rues La Chanson des Amoureux M ARGUE R1TA Martyrs de l’hiver. Lisbeth La main dans la main Voici l’hiver Les Etoiles de l’Art Pauvre Madeleine. VERNAY Valse des Etincelles Rêve d’une nuit d’Eté Reviens — Endormez-vous Saison d’Or L’Amour est la Le cabaret de Meudon Le Réveil des beaux jours La dernière nuit d’Orgie BLOCKETTE Venez le dire à papa Un petit baher ., La Petite Fleuriste Il pleut des baisers Théophile et sa cousine Rappel des Amours Les Eaux de opérette de Jouée par MM. Hervier, Salon couvert en cas de mauvais temps société générale de, concerts j T. 24," RUE RICHER | AQ dÆ la ^ ■ ■■. -H, ■ ■ V ^ T’TS ïTous Iss Soirs, de 8 à lî heures j LLOTl H U ÂiNNL Wouveaut cîùturëa » 3 i dans les Jardins du PALAIS-ROYAL a*8 *rjb atr? ,£& è lil* fl 1 il II — PROGRAMME PREMIÈRE PARTIE Canon dit PaVs-ftoyal; orch. et chœurs Poujade et Gros Obéron, ouverture ' W-ber Songe d’une nuit d’Eté. chœur des Chasseurs Ambr. Thomas Polka des Tambourins W<>ldteufel Symphonie pour 2 violons Altard Les Hedropathes, valse Gung’l DEUXIÈME PARTIE Marche Indienne Ouverture de la v JPorza del Destino Les Cloches de Corneville Ernani, septuor et final, orch. chœurs soli Khroumir, polka Sellenick Verdi Planquette. Verdi Poujade et Gros Alida PERLY Baiser d’Amour Vous serez contente L’amour des joujoux Le DernierTrain Les Adieux La Fête àGrégoire A près la, Noce. — Les Adieux Le Ruban rosé Dis-moi toujours je t’aime Mme ADAM Mignon revoit le ciel de sa patrie Rêvé d’une Créole Le Yacht Ma mie Brune — Nâdhinah Zhorafi la Mauresque LAMBERTI Cocodett e et Casino LIOVENT Ce que veut Jeannette Théophile Une fois n’est, pas coutume L’amour est un petit serpent Je n’oserai*jamais J’suis paysanne Questions d’amour L’amour est un petit serpent L’amour, connais ^as Ma Meunière de Val-Sazon Noisy-le-Sec Jauhaud Brunet,et Mme Perly Chefs d’Opcliestre J. WEIL, mus. instrumentale. POUJADE, musique de genre E. VASSEUR, chef des chœurs Solistes Mlles Béranger, Landais, Mirka MM. Béranger, Hourdin,Violette, Montardon (lerviolon solo), Péreuil {2e 1er violon),.Farnole (hautbois), Sidi-Bel,clarinette Bergin, flûtiste; Bernard, piston; Frémaux, violoncelle Delamour, contre-basse; Frank, harpiste Théâtre Défi 8 fi. 1|4 LA BANDE des COUSES BLAK( Ya., de ville 1 acte r b' MAL de Ja 11 ai .s et M Joué par MAI. Pnka, Carboni Miii^s fi Enuerv et 1 NOS BELLES PET fantaisie perhûmn en 3 actés et 4 tables de MM. de Jallais et M; CHATELET Exupère Beauventru Trouillet Frantz Cordonnet * Un Clerc Sandoval Anna Mmes Ida de Moussv Oltivier Perlefine Mme Tronillet Henriette Camille Dumo Vavas Dorga Schop Oscar Mérig Vizent Rique iuihei G. Rio Cestie Cheva D’En m Fillioi Bureau à 7 h. Ij4 Rideau à 7 3{4 Michel Strogoff Pièce en 5 actes et 16 tableaux de D’Ennery et J nies Verne f iMicbel Strogofï’ Marais tableaux 1. Une soirée chez Ida 2. Cascade et Cascadeur 3. Une loge d’actrice. 4. les caprices parisiens LES CASCADES DE TAUPIN Vaudeville en 1 acte de Jouhaud, joué par MM. Bérod, Brune Ledoux et Mlle Liovent UN HOMME COMME IL FAUT vaud. 1. a. de Jouhaud joué par Hervier Bérod, Ledoux, Mlle Liovent EN MANCHE DE CHEMISE opérette de Lahiche, Lefranc, Nyon, mus. de Villebichot Jouée par M. Hervier et Mme Perly JARDIN HABILLE 89, avenue Montaigne, 89 Tous les Soirs, Concert et Bal Mercredis et Samedis> Grandes Fêtes Blouht Montbars Jolivet Joumard Wassi i Fedor Colombier capii. tartare Raymond gèn. Kissoff Frnmence maître de police Donato maître de poste V-vier empl.du téiégr. Debray Ivan Ohareff P. Deshayes grand duc Bouyer gouv.de Moscou Rosni l’émir Féofar Romani gèn.Woronzoff Raymond le grand prêtre Vülart Maria Stmgoff M mea Laurent Nadia Fedor Marie Augé Sangarre P. Deshayes Les autres rôles par Sam son, Andrieux, Degny,Branche, Auguste, Cartereau,Audureau. Tableaux: 1. le palais d’hiver.— 2.Fête populaire à Moscou.— 3. le relai de poste. — 4. l’Isba du Télégraphe — 5. le champ de bataille. — 6. la tente d’Ivan Ogareff. — 7. le champ de Féofar.— 8. la fête tartare. — 9. la clairière. — 10^ le radeau. — les bords du lac Angara.— 12. Paysages sibériens,— 13. le fleuve de Naahte. -— 14 la ville en feu. —15. le palais du grand duc. — 16. le siège è. Irkoust et l’armée de secours. Deux grands ballets nouveaux Au l« r Acte LES TZIGANES Musique de M. Artus Au 3® Acte LA FETE TARTARE Musique de M. Guilhaud Mme Vittouna Fonterello premier e danseuse j Mlles Marie Gardés et Odin I secondes premières danseuses i Mmes Aurélie, Carlier, Duîay, Guilia Longhi secondes danseuses Mmes Rosa, Claire, Bossy Dorviile, Bonnet, Durand Pestel, Dedieu, Caban E.etA. Mazuet, Adèle^Sophia Welleda, Norton, Joséphine Longhi, Lina, Camfranc Eugénie, Marguerite, Héloïse et Laure. et 120 Dames du corps de ballet is, Pai Au 2® Tableau LA RETRAITE AUX FLAMBEAUX par les Fifres et les Tambours du régiment de Préobragensk MARCHE TARTARE par 30 Trompettes des Chevaliers-Gardes CORTÈGE DE l’ÉMIR FÉOFAR Eclaireurs — Soldats Porte-Etendards — Prêtres Derviches-Mendiants V alets de chiens--F auconniers Eunuques-Porteurs deiitières Gardes de l’Emir—Bayadères Femmes du Sérail—Suivantes Trompettes Grands-Officiers du Palas LES VACANCES DE BEAUTENDOL Pièce en 5 actes mélé chant de Mif. Eug, Gi et Emile Abraham Beautendon Lebrun Anatole Jolivet Guÿon Bidard Léon N St-Galmier Brunei De Champrosô Gérard J ackson Romani Landerneau Denoyei Crampon Ponsi Bob Hérissh Mme Beautendon Aubryi Angèle Cassoth, Gervaise Blanche Gabrielle Varenne Célestine Mariana Françoise C. Lebru Mistress Jackson Philil Jonathan la petite Solai PLUSDETETESCHAU 1 vaud. 1 acte Valcomblé Boisverny Du gazon Eléonore Angélique Léon No Guyon fi Gérard Cassothj Blanch/ f AYBf flfiPTÏÏMf DEMANDEZ • LA CLEF DE L’UNION FINANCIERE I H ri I M J? U il A y êl M êm mVmMAi, mm lu* r«e Rtefaeile», P^Si>,(taT9l P 4» k *•*.»» der™*» ctt,o mm cv* LE s loniaii Fiaanaisr, lndiîp 8 a&«(bl@ & ïoes le* fetwa» A» ËGrts DÉFENSEUR DES INTÉRÊTS FRANÇAIS Combattes Smpwti étrangers si futvsstss é lf Las Àb*aa eme.ats sont roc os aane frais, S0, Avostss d« 1*0^ Fssl ST DAfes TOUS LSS BÜRlAÜÏ DI P 0 SÏ 2 DS FRAJ 5 GB TES XJ AUTORISATION DE L’ÉTAS [approbatior de l’académie' DS MÉDKCmi NATUfiàliLII L» P*rl« des E aux de Table MÉDAILLE EXCEPTIONNELLE ^ A l’exposition üniv» !ïb 1878 ] MÉDAILLE A L'EXPOSITION DS MELUN 1880 Près VAIS par M OMC (Ardèche) l’Ses 4 * YMMBT * 9 t Us plut gazeuse <Ut Bonis Minérales françaises, la plus rieh* st te SWÎkwra ies Baux it Tablt connues en Francs et à l’B franger, DÉPÔTS PRINC8PAUX a Par» : 13, me Latayatte et 30, Avenue de l’Opéra. A] Sifaeaiar las^ids4«t à USeriiU SW.rili des Prsdaiti RAOUL BRAVAIS al 4an Eaei SiaéraUi Ailoralla», 26. Avenue de l ! Opéra. VI ' «31 g r&ü&t SffÉlSSOS SURE ET tAPIBI SÂUDIIl'“$i|8iTIi ET DE L PE A U OOCîTSB’ ^ 3 Bstis, m» ® eatlfiMeDâ t êe 5 tidi À àîîit SSÊSff® SPÊÎS. CURAÇÀ0-TONIQUE AU QUINQUINA De ROUSSEAU-TRUBEItT, Pharmacien ^tlNER^ #> SS I ITc pfy Le Flacon 3 francs Le Spécifique le plus certain contre l’ANÉMIfc les maladies nerveuses de l’estomac. Digestions difficiles, Flueurs blanches, Pâles couleurs, Epuisements. C «st le pies agréable, le plus efficace et le plu éeoacmiçie <es Toniqaes. Dépôt Génér. Pharm. Rue SUHonoré, Et toutes les bonnes Pharmacies. Envoi franco dam toute la France par 6 flacon.» c . mandat. Xeei. d’Àrg. 1877 b os. 1878 Maison MCADSSE & CRU HUittmr #«* Pmpwlua tfs /# Société pif toit?* edmssê* -L@ f A.V@XÎ. 1 © dl.€ï i’Dpêra, O 67 , rue Roch.ech.ou.atrt, 67 , PARIS Traitement par l'Absorption cutanée et pulmonaire Guérison certaine de l’Eczéma, de la «îoqueMche, de la Goutte, des Rhumatismes, des Maladies du Foie, du Larynx et des Poumons, Anémie, etc, SIX SALLES D’INHALATION Cinq Médecins attachés à l’Établissement. MLA.IQOÏT AUTORlSÉa PAR X J ’AlD2ÆIlTISTI?,A.TIOI>r STTF'éR.XElTTRB Résultats constatés par Rapport officiel nu Ministre de l'Intérieur en 1869. DE L’ESTOMAC.
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N o será preciso, pues, atravesar p o r u n período caótico d e m a s i a d o l a r g o p a r a p u r g a r al h o m b r e d e la p e r e z a i n m o r a l c o n q u e la s o c i e d a d h i s t ó r i c a le h a v i c i a d o. E n n u e s t r o s días los m i l ojos d e la c o l e c t i v i d a d c o n s p i r a n c o n t r a el i n d i v i d u o i m p i d i é n d o l e s e r g e n e r o s o , p o r q u e si lo fue r a sería s a q u e a d o al m o m e n t o p o r l o s i n t e r e s e s a n t a g ó n i cos d e los s e m e j a n t e s e d u c a d o s e n la idea d e e m a n c i p a r se e c o n ó m i c a m e n t e p a r a v i v i r s i n t r a b a j a r ; e n el m e d i o social q u e esta p r e t e n s i ó n sea d e s a r r a i g a d a p o r el o p r o b i o colectivo q u e la combata como la peor práctica antisocial q i i e ^ u e d a ^ c u r r í r s e l e a u n i n d i v i d u o , el d e b e r d e t r a b a j a r 36 11» puede menos que conquistar a todos y ser practicado por todos como imperiosa necesidad de satisfacer u n deseo cuyo ejercicio produce el sublime deleite que disfruta el que se da porque ama. Su filosofía del socialismo es una filosofía general y comprende varias doctrinas distintas subordinadas... {Entre estas el anarquismo)... Políticamente somos anarquistas, y económicamente comunistas o socialistas. FiSCHER LA ANARQUÍA La anarquía no es una teoría nueva. La palabra misma, tomada en su acepción de «ausencia de gobierno», de ((sociedad sin jefes», es de origen antiguo y fué empleada nmcho antes de Proudhon. Por otra parte, ¿qué importan las palabras? Antes de los anarquistas, existieron «ácratas)) y se habían sucedido ya muchas generaciones cuando éstos imaginaron su nombre de formación erudita. Siempre ha habido hombres libres, despreciadores de la ley, gentes que han vivido sin amos, según el derecho primordial de su existencia y de su pensamiento. A u n en los primitivos tiempos, encontramos en todas partes tribus compuestas de hombres rigiéndose a su modo, sin leyes impuestas ni otra regla de conducta que (¡su querer y libre voluntad», como dijo Rabelais, e impulsados también por el deseo de fundar la «fe profunda», como los ¡(caballeros tan bizarros)) y las «damas tan graciosas» que se reunieron en la abadía de Theléme. Pero si la anarquía es tan antigua como la humanidad, al menos los que la representan aportan algo nuevo, puesto que tienen la conciencia precisa del fin que se proponen y desde un extremo al otro de la tierra están de acuerdo dentro de su ideal para rechazar toda forma de gobierno. El sueño en la libertad del mundo ha dejado de ser una pura utopía filosófica y literaria, como lo era para los fundadores de las ciudades del Sol o de las nuevas Jerusalén; y ha llegado a ser el fin práctico, activamente buscado por multitudes de hombres unidos y resueltos, colaboran al advenimiento de una sociedad en la que no habrá amos, ni conservadores oficiales de la moral pública, ni carceleros, ni verdugos, ni ricos, ni pobres, sino hermanos que tendrán todos su pan cotidiano, iguales en derechos, manteniéndose en paz y en cordial unión, no por obediencia a las leyes, acompañadas siempre de terribles amenazas, sino por el respeto mutuo de intereses y por la observación científica de las leyes naturales. 3S E l n i ñ o q u e bosteza H e m o s visto a u n pobrecito nene anémico andar a la zaga de su mamá, una pobre anémica y harapienta. Iba el pequeño con sus velas de moco colgando, mirando indecisamente a todas partes, viendo cómo las gentes más felices sonreían y comentaban la festividad del día. La madre del niño miraba también a los mortales felices, que pasaban y miraban al niño. ((¡ Ay !—pensábamos que sollozaba la mujer harapienta—. Los hijos de esos hombres y de esas señoras que pasan junto a mí vivirán tan felices como todos los días.» Se dice esto la mujer con lágrimas en los ojos, y el niño, sin que la madre se lo diga, lo comprende. E l niño, con sus cinco años de tristeza sobre su corazón, comprende toda la filosofía del infortunio ; conoce ya todas las renunciaciones y ha sufrido todos los desprecios. Cinco años y no cree en Dios ni en la Virgen. T a n sólo cree que los hombres no son buenos y que la vida no es m u y agradable. Los hombres le hacen llorar cuando necesita comer o se le antoja u n juguete o u n confite. E l niño ya se ha hecho a muchos golpes y es por eso que se resigna estoicamente con su desgracia y va, tras la mujer que le echó a este picaro m u n d o , con su desgracia a cuestas. E l niño, fatalmente herido por la nefasta organización social, mira tristemente, con justificado rencor, a los hombres felices que pasan sonrientes y sigue, como u n apéndice trágico, tirado por la madre dolorida. E l niño sólo tiene u n a dolorosa curiosidad : mirar las vitrinas y escaparates de los establecimientos públicos. E l niño contempla los juguetes y l l o r a ; contempla los confites y manjares, y abre la boca en significativo bostezo. La Anarquía es la libre federación de los seres libres, de los productores libremente asociados. Labigaud 39 Principio sociológico por efecto d e costumlire E n el instante en que empezamos a vivir vamos acostumbrándonos a las vicisitudes y peripecias de la vida, casi sin darnos cuenta de las irregularidades y molestias de nuestro estado y situación... ¡ Algo inconscientes aceptamos entonces todo lo q u e nos rodea y nos dicen!... De este modo es como encarnan en nosotros lo equívoco, lo utópico y lo apócrifo, lo inverosímil y lo conveniente, resultando ineficaz toda resistencia de reproche contra lo existente : normas ritos y costumbres. Pues lo legalizado en licitud de admisión se sobrepone a los deseos y caprichos de nuestra voluntad rebelde por naturaleza contra el presidio de las costumbres. Ea Ley impone respeto y obediencia por la razón de la fuerza. Así principia el dominio de la llamada Justicid en nosotros. Y así comienza la formalidad del Deber para dar fe de moral en nuestra conducta a seguir. E s u n a exigencia impuesta por las relaciones sociales, porque el trato sin urbanidad en los componentes vivos de la •sociedad sería u n continuo reproche al Estado capitalista, al orden, u n a ofensa a la ley y u n peligro para la paz, que, según el Estado, asegura la plácida tranquilidad de los p u e b l o s ; orden, ley y paz con hipocresía que todo lo tergiversa y adultera, que todo lo esclaviza y disciplina a familia socialista. La idea revolucionaria fundamental, como la de los colectivistas, es la necesidad de modificar la actual repartición de las riquezas aboliendo de un modo más o menos completo la propiedad individual. EMILIO ROYER 40 41 LA ERA DE LOS MONSTRUOS Además del interés general que despiertan las ideas y las concepciones nuevas hay también cierta fascinación por descubrir el pasado y conocer aqueles períodos geológicos que precedieron a la conquista y dominio de la tierra por el hombre. Cuando contemplamos los restos de los monstruos que vagaron por las selvas de América hace 200.000, 500.000 o tal vez u n millón de años, nos parece estar frente a lo increíble. Sin embargo, las osamentas descubiertas en el rancho de la Brea, cerca de los Angeles, Cal., que se exhiben en el Museo de Historia, Ciencias y Artes de aquella ciudad, y cuanto se ha publicado acerca de la colección, proporcionan detalles de inestimable valor para la ciencia y de grandísimo interés para todos. E n ninguna parte se habían encontrado, en tal cantidad, despojos de la fauna correspondiente al período Plioceno, pues en esta colección hay tanto material como el que pudiera encontrarse en las colecciones de todos los museos del m u n d o , reunidas. Eos trabajos de investigación llevados a cabo por los paleontólogos h a n permitido reconstruir, de las toneladas de huesos exhumados de las minas de asfalto de Ea Brea, muchas formas de vida animal, tal como existió en aquella época remota, cuando el colmillo feroz y la garra potente dominaban sobre la tierra. A u n cuando las minas se encuentran en el área reducida de unos cuantos acres, se han encntrado en ellas los despojos de 2.000 lobos, 2.000 tigres, 20 elefantes y mastodontes, 75 caballos, 60 camehos, 150 búfalos, 60 perezosos gigantes, 20 leones e innumerables bestias menores y aves de presa. Muchos de los animales de este período fueron de enorme tamaño, pues sus esqueletos indican que los mastodontes y los elefantes tenían 5 pies más que los elefan- 43 tes de África; los leones fueron una tercera parte más grandes que los mayores que se conocen; los tigres como del doble de u n jaguar, y las aves de presa tenían una longitud de alas como del doble de la más grande que se conoce. Todos estos animales vagaron por las selvas que existieron donde hoy se levanta la ciudad de Los Angeles, Cal. Lo que maravilla a los liombres de ciencia es la admirable conservación de los fósiles. 44 Patentiza esta teoría el hallazgo de heléchos y otras plantas embalsamadas—de las más extraordinarias especies que se han visto—en las excavaciones de las minas de asfalto de Santa Bárbara Cal., cuyo descubrimiento indica que esta región fué antes una intrincada selva. Ni una sola de las plantas de aquel tiempo crece hoy en esos lugares. Se impone la pregunta ¿por qué se extinguieron las especies a que pertenecían estas enormes bestias? Se presume que durante muchos miles de años del período Plioceno, las condiciones climatéricas fueron favorables para su desarrollo; pero, no pudiendo adaptarse a los cambios posteriores, se extinguieron. De las fieras encontradas en La Brea, una de las más diferentes a la generalidad de su especie es el tigre. Quizás tal nombre no sea del todo apropiado pues ese animal tiene más semejanza con un enorme gato montes. El esqueleto, ya montado, muestra los caninos superiores semejantes a filosos puñales, y por ello le han dado el nombre de «sabre-tooth tiger», con que se le designa. Los huesos de sus cuartos indican que tenía una tremenda fuerza muscular que le permitía atacar a los más grandes animales, cayendo sobre sus lomos o causándoles, en partes nobles, profundas heridas con sus enormes y afilados dientes. Como la desproporción de esos dientes debe haberle impedido comer la carne de sus [iresas, es probable que esta fiera se alimentara únicamente bebiendo la sangre de sus víctimas; y la causa por la cual se extinguió fué la desaparición de los grandes cuadrúpedos que le servían de presa. Algunos zoólogos afirman que el camello y el caballo son originarios de la América del Norte, y que se extinron allí cuando ya se habían diseminado por otras partes del mundo. Sin discutir su origen, podemos afirmar que abundaban en América, a juzgar por el gran número de esqueletos encontrados en las minas de asfalto. Los caballos cuyos esqueletos fvieron encontrados en las minas de asfalto, habían llegado completamente a la etapa en que la pezuña sustituyó a la pata con dedos, y pertenecen a una especie ya extinguida, que se asemeja mucho al caballo de nuestros días. La causa de su extinción en América y Europp y la supervivencia de la especie en Asia y en África, es aún desconocida. 46 Sombría y decisa pasa m i embarcación entre silbatos e imprecaciones d e los fariseos q u e e n la o r i l l a se a m a s a n . Feroz una esperanza los a n i m a , y sus rostros r e f l e j a n el p l a c e r d e v e r m e h u n d i d o e n el f o n d o d e l m a r. L e j a n o , al h o r i z o n t e , y a h a d e s a p a r e c i d o el t r o c i t o d e p a t r i a . U l u l a el v i e n t o i m p e t u o s o , y el cielo está negro de nubes. E n el p a l o m a e s t r o t a m b a l e a la b a n d e r a r o j a y n e g r a de las almas rebeldes, cual desafío al r a y o . S o m b r í a y decisa, con desplegada su blanca vela, hacia nuevos destinos, e n la n o c h e p r o f u n d a avanza mi navio que relámpagos guían. Monstruos escamosos me circundan y esperan q u e el n a u f r a g i o se c u m p l a para morder mi cuerpo horriblemente. ¿Qué me importa? Si en esta tempestad mi barco audaz. 47 p o r l a s o l a s v e n c i d o y p o r los v i e n t o s , quedara destrozado, yo m e hundiré con é l ; y la b a n d e r a de v e n g a n z a y de paz, roja de s a n g r e y n e g r a d e dolor, en los abismos de la m u e r t e v e n d r í a para cubrir mi cuerpo mientras unos barcos seguirán su camino, g u i a d o s p o r los rayos fiel c o m p a ñ e r a , ya sin vida, de bravos tripulantes vengadores,. hacia la victoria, h a c i a el t é r m i n o a n s i a d o d e la revolución libérrima, victoriosamente. FLOR DE CANALLA 4S t Tragedias I entre animales r 'Jf U n cirujano sabe exactamente dónde puede encontrar u n órgano de su paciente, pero gasta muchos años d e estudios para obtener esos conocimientos, y las personas, en general, sólo tienen una idea vaga de dónde se e n cuentran colocados los órganos más importantes del cuerpo. Haciendo contraste con la ignorancia de la humanidad, la mayoría del reino animal, desde el insecto hasta e l mamífero, nacen con una maravillosa sabiduría de s u propia anatomía y la de los animales con los que tienen que tratar. E s sorprendente que todos los lobos y los p e rros sepan que u n mordisco en la vena yugular e s d e cisivo. La boa-constrictor de Sudamérica mata y come el cocodrilo cuando tiene la suerte de subírsele encima. La gran boa no se ocupa de prenderse de la nariz, y esta aparente despreocupación no proviene de ignorancia, sino de sabiduría. La boa comprende que es muy prudente mantenerse alejada de las mandíbulas del cocodrilo, porque si se cerraran en una de sus vueltas, sería desastroso. Algo que los médicos nunca han podido llegar a perfeccionar es inyectar narcóticos en la espina dorsal. U n e s túpido insecto lo hace perfectamente la primera vez que lo prueba. Cierta clase de avispa hembra, cuando p o n e sus huevos, tiene que hacer frente al problema del almacenaje de carne fresca para las larvas cuando salgan del cascarón tres o cuatro días más tarde. Como esto sucede en verano, presenta u n problema científico del más alto orden. La avispa madre comienza la caza de saltamontes o grillos. Matarlos sería u n a cosa fácil, pero lo que ella hace es difícil, casi imposible d e imaginar. Durante el forcejeo de su víctima introduce la aguja hipodérmica tres veces en el mismo lugar, e n el ganglio, para paralizar a la víctima sin causarle la muerte. U n a vez hecho esto, la avispa lleva a s u prisionero a su 49 madriguera y pone u n huevo sobre él, dejándolo así enterrado vivo para esperar su horrible destino. El grillo mismo, aunque indefenso con la avispa, es un furioso luchador y asesino entre su propia clase. Si dos machos se encuentran frente a una hembra, es casi seguro que tendrán u n duelo. Si se encuentran sin ninguna señora grillo, pelearán igual. El grillo tiene la cabeza y el pecho bien protegidos. Pero su abdomen es vulnerable y las poderosas pinzas de su rival bien pueden cortarle las antenas y hasta las patas. Los insectos luchan cabeza a cabeza, haciendo fintas y pases con las patas, tratando de poner las patas y antenas de su contrario al alcance de sus pinzas mortales. Cuando uno de los duelistas pierde una antena o un pedazo de pierna, se retira, mientras el otro queda cantando victoria. La guerra es muy común entre los .reptiles. Algunas serpientes matan sólo por placer, mientras que otras son caníbales y se comen a sus víctimas. Las peleas de camellos son muy populares eu Turquía. Este extraño animal lucha de un modo original. E l camello puede morder, pero sabe que le llevaría todo un día para poner a su adversario fuera de combate de este m o d o ; no puede tampoco patear, porque sus patas son muy suaves, y no tiene cuernos. El camello, por lo tanto, trata de poner su joroba debajo del otro a n i m a l ; su ambición consiste en levantarse debajo de su enemigo y tirarlo sobre la espalda. Entre las hormigas blancas hay unas que llevan una jeringa en la cabeza. Otras hormigas las atacan y entonces las blancas sueltan una materia pegajosa de las jeringas, con la que dejan a las otras pegadas al suelo. H a y también los escarabajos que bombardean. Cuando otro insecto los ofende, el escarabajo hace fuego. El escarabajo bombardista despide u n vapor volátil que explota al mezclarse con el aire, y la sacudida voltea al enemigo. Tal vez una de las existencias más desgraciadas en este mundo es la de los machos de muchas de las arañas tejedoras. La araña masculina es pequeña y anémica y tiene que depender siempre de su compañera. No puede tejer tela y no tiene armas para matar al insecto más pequeño. Por lo tanto, para poder comer debe ser admitido en la casa de alguna hembra. Un aspecto del telescopio gigante del Observatorio de Berlln-Treptow, que mide 21 metros de longitud j es el más grande de los instalados en Europa Elogio de la ociosidad Como casi todas las gentes de mi generación, yo fui educado dentro de la máxima de que la ociosidad es madre de todos los vicios. Como niño m u y virtuoso que fui, creía cuanto se me decía, y adquirí una conciencia que me ha hecho trabajar con empeño hasta el presente, pero aunque ha controlado mis acciones y mis opiniones, h a sufrido u n a revolución. Ahora pienso que hay demasiado trabajo en el m u n d o , y que se causa inmenso daño al difundir la creencia de que el trabajo es virtud, ho que se necesita predicar hoy en los países industriosos es lo contrario de lo que se ha venido predicando. U n inglés en Ñapóles vio doce mendigos alagartados al sol (antes de Mussolini, se entiende) y ofreció u n a lira al más perezoso : once lanzáronse a reclamarla; él la d i o al que se quedó tendido. Hizo bien. Pero en los países sin sol mediterráneo, la ociosidad es más difícil y se necesita u n a propaganda seria para ponerla de moda. Los líderes de la Y. M. C. A. debían inaugurarla, induciendo a los jóvenes a no hacer nada. Si logro esto, no habré vivido en vano. Cuando alguien que tiene con qué vivir se propone trabajar y abre u n a escuela, por ejemplo, se dice que le está quitando el p a n a los que lo necesitan. Al decir esto se olvida que usualmente todo lo que u n hombre gana lo gasta, y que gastando da p a n a otros. El verdadero villano, desde este p u n t o de vista, es el que economiza. Si guarda sus ahorros en u n calcetín, como el proverbial campesino francés, es obvio que le quita el pan a muchos. Si invierte sus ahorros, el caso varía. U n o d e los empleos más comunes de los ahorros es brindar préstamos a los gobiernos. Como la mayor parte de los gastos de los más civilizados gobiernos consiste en pagar guerras pasadas y preparar futuras, el que invierte así sus ahorros queda en la situación del hombre malo q u e se ocupa, según Shakespeare, en alquilar asesinos. E l último resultado del hábito del ahorro sería aumentar las fuerzas beligerantes; mejor sería que el prestamista gastase su dinero en beber o jugar. Si se invierte en empresas industriales, cuando tienen éxito, no hay n o v e d a d ; pero nadie negará que en estos días casi todas fallan. Esto significa que gran parte de los ahorros se convierten en máquinas y fábricas que, al producir, dejan ociosos a millares y no pagan n i a sus propios dueños. E l accionista perjudica a otros y a sí mismo. Eo mismo sucede si gasta en ferrocarriles o empresas que no hacen falta ni nadie desea y que acaban por quebrar. Sin embargo, hay la ventaja de que el que se arruina de este modo, es mirado socialmente con simpatía, como una víctima, mientras no hay quien se apiade del que no ha hecho mal a nadie con su dinero, sino que lo despilfarra gozosamente. Debo insistir en que el camino de la prosperidad y la felicidad está en una organizada disminución del trabajo en todas partes. ¿ Q u é es el trabajo? Alterar la posición de la materia, con relación a otra materia, en la superficie de la tierra o cerca de ella, o decir a otros que lo hagan. La primera clase de trabajo es desagradable y, además, mal p a g a d a ; la segunda es grata y bien pagada. Esta segunda clase es susceptible de extensión indefinida : no sólo hay los que dan órdenes, sino los que las transmiten y aconsejan. Cuando las órdenes son dadas simultáneamente por diferentes cuerpos y en contradicción entre sí, reciben el nombre de política. L a habilidad que se necesita en este caso, consiste en conocer el arte de persuadir hablando y escribiendo, es decir, la publicidad. E l ocio es indispensable a la civilización. La técnica moderna ha hecho posible disminuir mucho el trabajo necesario para producir lo indispensable a la vida de cada uno. Esto se evidenció durante la g u e r r a ; a pesar de que millones de gentes se quedaron sin trabajo, el nivel general de bienestar y salarios fué más elevado. Si al fin de la guerra se hubiera conservado la misma organización, todo habría marchado bien. Pero se restauró el viejo caos. ¿ P o r q u é ? Porque el trabajo es u n deber. E l resultado ha sido desastroso. L a mitad de los hombres están actualmente ociosos, mientras la otra mitad está abrumada de trabajo. La idea de que los pobres deben gozar del ocio, choca a los ricos. E n el m u n d o actual, en todas partes, sólo escapan al H deber de fesafclr lo qué coilsufflen, los que heredan y los que se casan por dinero. Si cada uno trabajara cuatro horas diarias, sería bastante para todos y no habría hombres sin trabajo. Sin u n tiempo razonable de ocio, se priva al hombre de sus mejores cosas. La victoria del proletariado en Rusia tiene esto en común con la victoria del feminismo : tanto se había predicado la santidad y dignidad^del trabajo, que ahora los obreros y las muj e r e s ' q u i e r e n trabajar voluntariamente hasta el límite. E n Ocidente, donde no tenemos que pensar en justicia económica, la mayor parte del total producido pertenece a u n a pequeña minoría que no trabaja. Producimos pirámides de cosas innecesarias; tenemos u n porcentaje soberbio de gentes sin trabajo, y cuando ya no puede continuar todo esto, se hace la guerra. E l hombre actual piensa que todo debe hacerse por buscar algo y nada por su propio gusto. Ea noción de que las actividades útiles son las que ^aprovechan, trastorna todo. E n general, se juzga que el dinero es bueno y que gastarlo es malo. E l individuo trabaja para su beneficio, pero el propósito social es el consumo. E s t e divorcio entre el individuo y la sociedad, hace difícil pensar claro, en el m u n d o en que la ganacia es el incentivo. E l resultado es que ya no se juzga la producción por el placer de consumirla, sino por el provecho. A n t i g u a m e n t e hubo una clase ociosa, reducida, y una gran clase trabajadora. Ea clase privilegiada inventó teorías para justificar su situación, pero, a pesar de todo, creó lo que llamamos civilización : artes, ciencias, libros, filosofías y refinadas relaciones sociales. H a s t a pensó en la liberación de los oprimidos. Sin ese ocio, la h u m a n i dad jamás habría salido de la barbarie. Si se trabajara menos, cuatro horas por día, los que tienen curiosidad científica, los jóvenes escritores, los economistas, tendrían tiempo de hacer obra útil cuando sienten alientos para ello, y no, al fin, cuando han conquistado su independencia económica, es decir, cuando ya ni pueden pensar siquiera por cuenta propia. Sobre todo, si se rabajara mucho menos, habría felicidad y goce de la vida, en vez de nervios de p u n t a , fatiga y dispepsia. Habría personas que con frescura y originalidad, podrían investigar cosas de importancia pública ; la gente, hombres y mujeres, seríamos más amables y menos inclinados a la sospecha. Se desvanecería 55 el gusto por la guerra que es u n trabajo rudo para to dos. E l buen natural es producto de facilidad y segu ridad y no de arduo esfuerzo. Eos métodos modernos de producción, nos permiten esa facilidad y seguridad; pero nos equivocamos y seguimos, la mitad de nosotros, so brecargados de trabajo, y la otra mitad, muriéndonos de hambre. Neciamente hemos resuelto seguir siendo tan enérgicos como cuando no había máquinas; pero no hay razón alguna para seguir siendo locos a perpetuidad. BERTRAND RUSSEEE EL FILOSOFO. — Escultura del belga C. Heunleí Ha nacido u n niño H a nacido u n niño. No importa determinar el sitio. H a sido m u y cerca de nosotros. E n una zahúrda proletaria. Eos proletarios se pintan solos para engendrar hi-. jos. Por eso son proletarios. E s el estigma de u n a clase escarnecida. E l niño que ha nacido llegó enhoramala. El padre no trabaja y la madre ya tiene bastante con seis criaturas, la mayor de ocho años. Nació el niño en mala época. Nadie vendrá a sonreirle ni a adorarle. N i pastores ni obreros vendrán a agasajarle. El anarquismo reyes, sin clases; es una libre una sociedad sociedad de sin soberanos económica como Anarquisy vi- en la que la libertad de todos ofrecerían base y condición mo o socialismo de la sociedad la abolición cios y crímenes y la igualdad un sólido equilibrio significa la de orden natural. sobre principios reorganización científicos de las causas que producen A . SPIES 5S i Claridad J. • Por los caminos del m u n d o el H o m b r e anda solo. Mascullando rabia, tramando venganzas, despertando envidias, borbotando odios siempre es u n solo hombre enconado hecho de multitudes sedientas. Tambalea, cae y se enloda en otras pasiones más sucias aun, y se va multiplicando en maldades con el desgarramiento del pecho envilecido. Y el H o m b r e no tiene u n a mano limpia tendida a su encuentro, y no tiene u n regazo adonde refugiarse, y no tiene u n apoyo para cobrar aliento y rehacer su vida por u n camino n u e v o ! Y el m u n d o se funde, se pierde. El H o m b r e está ciego. Ea voz enronquecida de vicios, maldiciente y dañina enmudece casi. Enroscadas al cuerpo lo oprimen las sierpes del rencor tenaz y del crimen tremendo. Ea voz enronquecida ensaya u n ruego que la impotencia castró. Y el H o m b r e está ciego. ¿De dónde le llegarán fuerzas para sostenerse y recuperar el equilibrio salvador del m u n d o ? Eas manos que en la sombra espesa de culpas no encueutran otras manos limpias, se crispan y desgarran la boca que aulla el salvaje dolor de estar solo entre t a n t a miseria... Y el aullido enorme cual fuego purificador, se extiende por los caminos del m u n d o arrasando todo lo malo que encuentra. Y el hombre enconado, hecho de multitudes sedientas, es u n grito potente que estremece al Universo entero. ¡ Amor, A m o r ! Margarita del C A M P O. La violencia es la comadrona de toda vieja sociedad en cinta de otra nueva. \La violencia es un factor económicol C. MARX i ESCLAVOS DE LA TIERRA, por M. FOIX Esclavos de la tierra. Sombras grises de la producción que curvados por el sufrimiento arrastran el peso del trabajo y de la seruidambre. A la frialdad del crudo invierno seguirá la primavera y en sus corazones florecerá también la esperanza que les hará marchar decididos a la conquista de lat tierras y de los castillos señoriales. dO ^ *^ El nacimiento y la^ muerte de las estrellas H a y q u e r e c o n o c e r q u e e n t r e los defensores de las reli giones los h a y q u e d i s c u r r e n con lógica, poseen vastos conocimientos científicos y defienden sus ideas c o n u n a b u e n a fe a b s o l u t a. U n o d e e l l o s , q u e a d e m á s d e s e r u n c u m p l i d o c a b a l l e r o , es u n t e ó l o g o y u n a s t r ó n o m o e r u d i t o , m e dio, n o h a c e m u c h o t i e m p o , u n a r a z ó n p o d e r o sísima y v e r d a d e r a m e n t e original e n favor d e la hipótesis de la Creación q u e rechazan los racionalistas como yo. «vSi l a m a t e r i a , m e d i j o , f u e r a i n c r e a d a y , p o r lo t a n t o , e t e r n a , y si u n c u e r p o t i e n d e a a u m e n t a r c u a n t o m a y o r es s u m a s a , y a s e g u i r a u m e n t a n d o a m e d i d a q u e e s t a a u m e n t a , se h a b r í a n formado, desde u n a e t e r n i d a d , astros m a y o r e s q u e t o d o lo q u e u s t e d p u e d a concebir, y este re sultado n o aparece por n i n g u n a parte. H a y estrellas como Sirio, A r c t u r o o C a n o p u s , q u e son, i n d u d a b l e m e n t e , cen t e n a r e s , millares de veces a l g u n a s de ellas, m a y o r e s q u e el S o l , s i u s t e d q u i e r e , p e r o n o b i l l o n e s , o t r i l l o n e s c o m o debiera r e s u l t a r d e lo e x p u e s t o. D e b e u s t e d , p u e s , reco n o c e r , o b i e n q u e l a m a t e r i a n o es e t e r n a , y h a s i d o , p o r lo t a n t o , creada, o b i e n q u e son falsas las leyes f u n d a m e n tales d e la M e c á n i c a. » C o n f i e s o q u e n o h u b i e r a s a b i d o q u é c o n t e s t a r si n o h u b i e r a l e í d o , p o c o a n t e s , el l i b r o a d m i r a b l e d e C l e m e n c i a R o y e r , e n el q u e d e m u e s t r a l a i n s i g n e ^escritora f r a n c e s a q u e al Uegar la m a s a d e los astros a cierto límite, a d q u i e r e n u n a t e m p e r a t u r a suficiente p a r a q u e se volatilicen todos sus elementos. Se desintegra la estrella, del m i s m o modo_ q u e s e d e s i n t e g r a , p o r m o t i v o s a n á l o g o s — a u n q u e n o i d é n t i c o s — , e s e a s t r o m i c r o c ó s m i c o q u e s e U a m a el á t o m o del r a d i u m. Estos astros misteriosos han tenido g r a n importancia en la historia de la Astronomía. Por Plinio sabemos que la aparición de u n a estrella de este género decidió a Hiparco a catalogarlas. Ea brillante estrella que se manifestó de repente en 1572, y cuya aparición aterrorizó a las gentes permitió a Tycho-Brahe dar la primera explicación científica del fenómeno. Durante algunos meses la nueva estrella flameó en el cielo, llegando en u n momento dado a superar el brillo de Venus, lo que dio lugar a que los supersticiosos inventaran mil disparates, descollando entre todos la crencia de que se trataba de la estrella que guió a los magos al portal d e Belén. Poco a poco fué palideciendo hasta que desapareció por completo. Aquélla y la Nova Persei, son las únicas entre las estrellas temporales que h a n alcanzado la primera m a g n i t u d . Otras dos estrellas temporales hubo en el siglo X V I I , no apareciendo n i n g u n a de este género hasta 1848, y ésta fué de quinta magnitud. E n 1860 se vieron dos de séptima y novena magnitud, como la que se descubrió en 1863. E n 1866 apareció u n a de segunda, y en 1876, otra que excedió la tercera m a g n i t u d . Ea que se descubrió en 1892 cayó pronto de la quinta e n la sexta m a g n i t u d y desapareció. De las recientes, la más importante ha sido la referida Nova, en la constelación de Perseo. * * * N o deben confundirse las estrellas temporales con las variables, las cuales pasan sucesivamente por fases de luz y opacidad, y varían desde las primeras a las últimas magnitudes. Conócense de éstas algunos centenares, y de eUas hay lo menos doscientas cuyo período es conocido. La longitud de éste varía entre algunas horas y muchos años. L a hermosa estrella Algol, la Estrella-Demonio de los árabes, varía diez veces al mes entre la segunda y la tercera magnitud. Hace ya mucho tiempo que se abandonó la crencia de que u n a nueva estrella era u n a unidad añadida a la familia estelar. Téngase entendido que cuando hablamos de u n a estrella nueva queremos decir u n astro cuya luz era nula o insuficiente para llegar hasta nosotros y que por u n fenómeno cualquiera obtiene, en u n momento dado, u n aumento considerable de energía luminosa. Digamos de paso que si la teoría de la creación del m u n d o tuviese necesidad de ser rebatida seriamente en la_ actualidad, encontraríase u n a refutación de las más precisas en el hecho de que n i n g u n a de esas nuevas estrellas ha conservado su brillo primitivo. * * * Según una teoría generalmente admitida, las estrellas temporales son como sonibras de estrellas muertas que vuelven repentinamente a presentarse a nuestros ojos y a seducir nuestra imaginación ; vueltas a la vida en virtud de una causa accidental y pasajera desaparecen al mismo ; tiempo que la causa que les había renovado la vida. E s t a explicación podrá ser poética, pero es vaga y anticien- ; tífica. Otra teoría quiere que el fenómeno sea el resultado de | u n choque entre dos astros. * Ea teoría, que puede llamarse térmica, de la señora Royer, da, a mi juicio, una explicación mucho más clara del fenómeno, con la ventaja, además, de que suministra al mismo tiempo u n a explicación satisfactoria de la variabilidad de ciertas estrellas. Se ha querido atribuir la instabilidad del brillo en las estrellas variables a simples ocultaciones ; mas para esto sería preciso suponer que entre cada uno de esos astros y la Tierra, sobre las líneas que juntan, .sus centros al de nuestro globo, existen enormes cuerpos opacos que se alejan periódica y pausadamente. Creemos con la señora Royer que es esta u n a hipótesis de u n a improbabilidad equivalente a una imposibilidad, si se tiene en cuenta la velocidad de los astros, sus grandes distancias y el ángulo abierto por la menor rapidez de uno de estos cuerpos con relación a los otros dos. Prodúcense ocultaciones, sin duda, pero monaentáneas y no periódicas ; para que lo fueran se necesitaría u n cuerpo excesivamente grande o colocado m u y cerca de la Tierra. E n esta última hipótesis, la luz del Sol que aquel cuerpo reflejaría nos revelaría su presencia ; en cuanto a la primera es imposible, según la teoría térmica, admitir la existencia de cuerpos opacos de dimenisones gigantescas, porque el mismo exceso de calor desarrollado por esas enormes masas sería bastante intenso para volatilizar el astro y hacerle incandescente. La señora Royer admite más bien la teoría que sostiene que alrededor de ciertas estrellas sus planetas arden a cada uno de sus pasos por el perihelio. F. Tarrida del Mármol. Coa que ia d e c l a r a n 1 Cea « l í ec o ne l l as e emittuecen El anarquismo, mo <w cimiento finalista, frente a l a reacción Cada vez que nos toca hacer u n examen del espectáculo que rodea a la vida del hombre necesariamente llegamos a la conclusión de que, éste vive y muere eir la mayor indigencia e ignorancia, por la escasa cultura que siempre supo cuidar de la sociedad capitalista, de suerte que el h u milde paria no pudiera explicarse el gran fenómeno que lo rodea. Felizmente el hombre no se conformó con sim])les sueños, porque se agita, sufre los rigores de la injusticia h u m a n a , sino que se vio influenciado por la acción culturalista •— porque la cultura está vinculada con los intereses h u m a n o s — y entonces consiguió formarse u n concepto racionalista de la vida. Descorazonado, el hombre, ante el espectáculo de la vida donde se ríe ante el cantar de las distintas ideas que palpitan en el pueblo, surge el ideal redencionista por excelencia para hacerle reflexionar del triste porvenir que le espera en la sociedad capitalista si no se emancipa de los convencionalismos que le rodean. E s así, que el hombre, siente el placer intelectual en el momento que dirije su visual, en gran parte, hacia el sendero del análisis, aspira y lucha por la emancipación humana que la observa floreciente y pujante. E l anarquismo ha contagiado grandemente a las poblaciones h u m a n a s. Eas ideas sociales viven y se agitan en el corazón de los distintos pueblos, y fueron justamente el principio anarquista el que influyó para orientar las formidables manifestaciones h u m a n a s que laboran por verse libre de la injusticia social. No importa que el hombre no obedezca en absoluto al anarquismo cuando entendemos que esto es imposible si tenemos en cuenta el factor convencionalismo que entor- pece su mentalidad. L,o importante es que el hombre haya llegado a racionalizar el ideario anárquico al objeto de que pueda concebir la organización y reconstrucción de la nueva sociedad. A esa dirección se dirige la acción anar quista tendiente a dar forma al hombre como factor pro ductor, y elevarlo, por otra parte, a u n nivel superior mo ral e intelectual a fin de que pudiera ser útil a la sociedad y sus semejantes. La base moral del anarquismo reside en el derecho y deber que acuerde el hornbre para el libre desenvolvimiento de la producción y consumo dentro de los marcos de una sociedad justa y libre. Pero, para plas mar en realidad este propósito es menester superar la obra anarquista de tal modo que las poblaciones h u m a n a s puedan formarse conciencia y u n concepto claro de la concepción que le agita, a fin de que pueda ser u n objeto útil a los fines reconstructivos de la sociedad anarquista. No es necesario hacer vastas y complicadas reflexiones del porvenir anarquista cuando difícilmente lograremos satisfacer al hombre que se aparta temeroso de toda con cepción ideológica ante el temor de experimentar una nueva decepción si no utilizamos el argumento convincen te, sincei-o, tan característico en la militancia anarquista, más bien materialista, a esta altura de tiempo para que el pueblo pudiera ser intérprete de su propia felicidad y so lamente entonces podrá luchar titánicamente contra la in justicia social; es necesario explicar, exento de toda me táfora, el pensamiento h u m a n o que ha de ser la condición para ayudar al hombre a resolver el problema de su eman cipación. E l anarquismo en América está en condiciones excep cionales. A conquistado cerebros y corazones, el observa dor más insignificante contempla la trascendencia actual y futura del anarquismo en la vida de los pueblos de Amé rica. Verdaderamente el Estado es el enemigo más terrible del anarquismo si tenemos en cuenta que es el que vela por los intereses antihumanitarios de la sociedad capita lista, pero no es menos cierto que éste también viene tra bajando el cerebro de las multitudes para su destrucción completa, razón por la cual busca eliminarlo de la vida combativa.
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TUB THE. EUROPEAN ELAN MORNING APPEAL. Thursday. ....August 35 1887 A KEMtESESTA-TIVE. The fo'lowinj; interesting hit of news to NevaJans is from the Washington Capitol of August 14, and may he particularly interesting to the political associates of the in dividual nnder discussion : 'No paper that I have seen d ur ine the past week has commented on the facts which have come to light in regaro. to Mr. Merrill, who represents this Government at Hon olula. It is stated that at a dinner given hy an English gentleman at Honolulu., at which a numlter of English and United States naval officers were present, Mr. Merrill was so enthusiastic that the host felt obliged to bring the festive oc casion to a very abrupt end. The correspondent who describes the af fair thinks it very unfortunate that just at this junction, when a revo lution is taking place in the Ilwaian Islands, we should be represented there by a man who is not possessed of sufficient self-respect to maintain the dignity of his office. It se.?m to be another il lustration of the folly of letting poli tics have anything whatever to do with our diplomn'ic service." (El i BULLION and EXCDANVt BANK. CAItSO J CITY, XEV. Capital (Fully paid up. lOO.tMX .SSO.OOW Absolutely Pure. nn v, A nvpr vnrlpa. A marvel of purity, Mreiiem una Tgnieauninim. Mure economical man ine "ru mnrj i.i.i .4 ...... n . .t t.A a lit in mmiwll tI"'. " - I iton w tn the multitnde of low les , short, wplehtnlum or rior-te owd?s Sold only in cans oib d.iiv DKHl o. lOtt V l 1 M. 1 THE EfffiCT OF HIGH TEMPEKATUHE. -TO THE DIRECTORS faob Klein President Evan Williams Vice PrMWen' Trenmor Coffin. Theodore IL. Hofer SeeretarT and Cashier Receive Deposits and transact a gen eral Banking business. Mining Stocks Bought and Sold. BULLION BOUGHT. Bullion and Ore Assays Hade. THE ORMSBY HOUSE. CARSON - - - NEV. mniH iioteij which ha 1 been for years liked with the his- torv of Nevada has been leased by int and will henceforth be conducted on tb popular European Plan. A FINE RESTAURANT Connected with the Hotel. Open Day an' Kiht. Entrance from Main Street. This space reserved for the opening -OF THE- Board anl'Lodsing NeW StOfe Of A. 0. MCf & BlU On llMxoaable Terms. Knltes of Itooms for JKamllies: With or Without Board. THE BAR Is Stocked with the Best of Wines, CI gar and Liquors TTavinz o. owed the restaurant bnsi dcrs In Carson City for many yearn, i need not state that I tnoronghly under on.t ihn wnntA of the DUbllc. and ti will b mv aim to maintain and im prove the reputation of the Pioneer Ho tel of Ormsby County. No Chinese hired in this Hotel. octl D. KAISER Proprletorr a.:ar- & nn.ml Tnstiranefl AsrenCT IS also conneeieu who iuj Cheaper than ths Cheapest! "THE OZARK" The Chicago Tribune publishes a curious list of the events of July in he United States by way of illustrat ing the untoward influence of an Abnormally hih temperature upon buman blood and brain. There were 230 murders, a great increase over any other monthly total for many years. There was an average of eight suicides a day. There were J 73 persons killed by railroad aeci dents, and also 200 were badly in iured thereby. There were 293 persons drowned, exceeding bv 100 per cent, the number dying in that way in a month for many years There were seventy-eight persons burned to death, sixty-four killed by lightning, fifty by powder ex- tilosious, aad thirty by mine acci dents. The fire losses amounted to $15,000,000, exceeding the totals of any other month since the Chi cago fire seventeen years ago When the atmospheric temperature exceeds that of human blood at its normal range the resultant eleva tion of tne latter appears to make it a dangerous compound. HAVIi JIST KETi:nSF.D from Han Francisco with a fine sieck f 4oods. I propose to sell them at th LOWEST-GOISG-RATES! TOssale and Retail Liquor Store. CORNER OPPOSITE L B. RAIL'S. CARSON CITY, NEVADA. A. LIVINGSTON, AGENT. ALSO An nnnaaally fine assortment OF- foa tnxx satisfy yourself s to the truth ot the same by calling and Pricing UOOUS, uuuaiituuK m rw r j n r -i I nrxncH ni.tti &honmed plMCwlth a UreSS $ bUSIneSS OUIIS, full atock of tHe standard Brands of Wines, Whistles, tsranaies, i., w w had in the San Francisco Market; also imirti Ales and Porters: San Fran cisco Stock Ale and Porter; Milwaukee, Rrw.a utiii narann Beers: California Clar et and White Wines; n fact, a complete stock In detail it. the line of business. which I will sell in quantities to suit. Tea Rstaii. Dbtamubmt xiela any in Nevada: nothing but the very choicest placed before patron. LUXCDES A SPECIALTY, t 4ii kinds of Sandwiches stall hour. Call and see me. Ail orders promptly attended to. u Gents' Furnishing Goods Etc.. Etc., Etc. Joseph. Xflatt. UNION MAiiKET. 80GTHCARS0X STBEET. George Dies - - - Proorietor Blacksmith, ne BCy NEVADA LAND. Carson is having its own land boom in a small way. It is stated that within the last week or two all the unapplied for land lying bet weea this city nd Boss's ranch bas been taken up. It seems oar people are beginning to realize that Nevada will have a boom some day and that land in almost any part of the State can be taken up with good prospects ot realizing a large profit on it at a not very distant day. So many people, however, are lured to buy land in California by the recent rapid rise in ita value that they Uk eairerly invest their money there. The boom in that State is spasmodic, and there is danger that the impet uous speculator may pay more for the land than be will ever be able to sell it for again. The Aitkal jrould ai'vise its readers to buy Ne vada land, which will rise on its own value without the need of syn dicates to boom it. H . -mim-muM-. Drnrniuvil O V Mr" John Rosser the business of i.h. Pioneer Meat Market of Caison, we propose to ke? always on hand the very beat BEEF VEAL. PORK, 1TOTT0I, Also all kinds of sausage made by ws. We are butcher and Intend do ing our own work. All orders left at the OLD STAND will be punctually attended to. The delivery wagon win can on cus tomers daily. CaK and leave your orders. Jan S OLIVER CROMWELL. . DEALER IX FItUIT; VEGETABLE, The public debt reached its blithest point in August, 1865, just! twenty-two years ago, when it was $2,381,530,295. It is now, not in cluding the Pacific liailroad bonds, $1,001,976,850. In other words more than one half of the debt has been paid within that period. It bas been reduced at the average rate of $61,706,975 each year, $5,- 225,581 each month, $174,186 each day, $7,253 each Lour, and $120.47 for every minute of the en tire twenty-two years. Messrs Anderson and Littler of the Pacific Railway investigation Commission . left San , Francisco Monday evening ever the California and Oregon road for Portland and other Northern points. Chairman Pattison is en route to Pennsyl- TOBACCO, GROCERIES Just Opened on Slain Stree Next to Scott H&loon s2tf MT. ST. MARY'S ACADEMY, RENO, NEVADA. CONDUCTED BY Sisters of St. Dominic. Stndles Will Be Resumed A Till Isistitatln On W snday Awa-wst the Z9th. Far Terms WAGON WORK. - ha fnnnri mi thn ahop lormerlT o eajaed by MoCKlMMON opposits ths old Drtss- bscb Block BLACKSMITH1NG, REPAIRING, PAINTING AND FINISHING OF WAGONS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, ETC., In first-class style and at prices te suit a present ba times. I also keeo on hand New Wagons, Back boards, Carriages etc excelled hy none in the State, for sale CHEAP FOE CASH. I have mperlor advantages for horse and mole shoe- j ng, bavin In my employ one of the bestsnoers in Nerad. Grateful for liberal patronage heretofore bestowed. 1 intend to merit its jon- tinuance by air dealing:, good worlcmansH tnd low charges. XV. I). TORBEYsOX. marcuJ LIVERY & FEED STABLE, CAGWIN & NOTEWARE. Stationers, Booksellers AND News Agents. Dealers in Legislative. Official and School Supplies, School Books, Tablets, Diaries, Pocket Cutlery, Guns, Amuti tion, Cur tains. Cornices, Pictures and Frames, Mouldings Sewing Machine Ag'ts, Fancy Goods, Novelties, Musical Instruments and Music, And 1001 articles not enumerated above We suddIt all Daily and Weekly ow.- mill MnEulnei. at Lowest Kates. by Carrier or Mail. tmbikmi unt tn and oDDOsltetbe Postoffice, Carson Street. feblU CARSON EXCHANGE HOTEL, OFF. JK, . DEPOT. I. Clree, Proprietor. I Also private booses to rent, furnished and on. furnished. Connected wim tne bow, : and under the same manacemcat. DMIB gfflEEILIL I- Rprp'mnn is about tr ffo to San Francisco to purchase new Spring goods. On his ret rn this space will contain nis new annuunuciuciu. mchl5tf D. CIRCE'S LIVERY MID FEED STABLKS, Opposite the Mint Wmmt and tstyliali Tunovt Ff ashed at any Hour or ue Day or Night. Hsrses boarded by the dy, week mr month on reaooaanie tems Octo7 LEETE & LEARY BLACKSMITHING AND HURSE SHOEING CARRIAGE AND VAGON WORK Hones Shod in a WorUmanlllie and Thorough Blanner One Block from Main St.. Nortn-eas f .the Opera House. May 7 Bneeessora to KET8EB A ELROD. FIRST-CLASS LINE Or STOCK IstylUlt Tura-oata aad Saddle Horeea Always mm. Daad. Horses boarded by the day or ttk Prompt attendants always on all. JOB STERNBERG DEADER IN TOYS AND NOTIONS, Tobacco and Cigars, Fishing Tackle at - Lowest Rates. California Fruit a Specialty. Job Bterarr OppHtm tbe MEAT MARKET, GEORGE HARK, Beef, Lamb, Mutton, Veal, Sausage, eto My facilities for purchasing feed teef are ee ond to none in the State, and customers can I ways be assured of the best in the market a22 AIL, CARSON CITY. The Old Reliable House, where you can find everything yo want, ana at prices mat win iuo juu HaidwarsandSbeltOouds. 8t0Ve".?fni,0T! .w- Windows. DoorsVBUnds, Redwood 8hijrlea, Laths, Crocker T Glassware Ohinaware, OhandeUers, ndture . Barrixtures, Oojl TMe and Pocket Cutler. , Silver PUtod Ooods. Nickel and Plain Arite Ware, plain and Stamped Tin re Guns, Ftotola, Powder, Shot. Cartndtf., c. BlrdCaees, BaakeU, Wood and willow-ware Paints, Oil, WhOe Lead, Paint Fancy dolors. Varnish Paint Brnahes, Broooae Castor Oil, TurpeaUne, Bentlne sndRuid, Coal Oil. lronlsteil,KtoneCoal. Kote Twn, Cord aod Wire. Plowa Reaoers. Howera. Binders, Rakes. Threshers, P10HGm wJw Pipe Etc, Sheet Iron. Oalvanid-war. Waeons. Bnerles. Carts and Backboards, ouK Wire, GalTanijed Fence .Wire. Blaatinir Powder. Wedge, and Hledea, &m Hose, nd Fanoets. Belong and Rubber Goods. AGENT FOR Champion Machines and other machines, Ol iver's Chilled Plows and Other Plows, Eureka Hose, Buck Stoves. Medallion and Model Ranges, and many other poods in my line Will fill all special orders at low prices. Tinners and Plumb constantly on hand io do wor: on short notice. CARSON DAIRY (OPt-OSITE OPERA HOUSE CARSON, NEVADA.) Renovated, and. Reopened. E. BRYAN ----- Proprietor. ...i.i rpHIS EXTENSIVE RESTAURANT HAS BEEN J- enlarged and newly fitted throughout, and will be supplied' with home-raised poultry, fresh eggs, milk and butter from Sweeny's ranch. The culinary de partment is in the hands of a professional. Oysters in eyery style, day and night. Private room for families and parties. Meal orders attended to and sent to any partof the city. Ev ery dej Anient first-class. Apply Vmdr Sapertwr. An, loir. UTOBaRBSOS., ftsprtstaM 3 Bt3J vaaia. VP' "I.
| 37,567 |
https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3
|
Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
कंब रामायण
|
https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=कंब रामायण&action=history
|
Hindi
|
Spoken
| 1,069 | 4,626 |
रामावतारम् या कंब रामायण तमिल साहित्य की सर्वोत्कृष्ट कृति एवं एक बृहत् ग्रंथ है। इसके रचयिता कंबन "कविचक्रवर्ती" की उपाधि से प्रसिद्ध हैं। कंबन की सर्वोत्तम रचनाओं के रचनाकाल के विषय में मतैक्य नहीं है। राघव आयंगर की बहुमूल्य खोजों के आधार पर यह मान लिया गया है कि रामवतारम् ११७८ ई. में समाप्त हुआ और इसका प्रकाशन ११८५ में हुआ। श्री वी.वी.एस. अय्यर के अनुसार "कंब रामायण विश्वसाहित्य में उत्तम कृति है। इलियड, पैराडाइज़ लॉस्ट और महाभारत से ही नहीं, वरन् आदिकाव्य वाल्मीकि रामायण की तुलना में भी यह अधिक सुन्दर है।"
कंबन चोल राजा कुलोतुंग तृतीय (११७८-१२०२ ई.) के दरबार में थे। उन्होंने रामायण की रचना अपने संरक्षक सदयप्पा वल्लाल के प्रोत्साहन से की। उनका जन्म तिरॅवेन्नैनलुर, जिला तंजौर (मद्रास) में हुआ। उनका संरक्षण कृपालु सदयप्पा ने किया जिनका उल्लेख कंबन की रचनाओं में बहुधा मिलता है। कंबन विरुतम काव्य में दक्ष थे। उनकी समृद्धि उस काल में हुई जब भक्तिपन्थ नयनमरों तथा आलवरों द्वारा लोकप्रिय हे रहा था। उत्कट वैष्णव होते हुए भी कंबन का दृष्टिकोण यथेष्ट उदार था। उन्होंने भगवान् शिव की प्रशंसा अपनी रामायण में की है। उनके युग में कई उत्कृष्ट ग्रंथों की रचना हुई किन्तु उनका 'रामवतारम्' उनमें सर्वोपरि है।
परिचय
उपलब्ध ग्रंथ में 10,050 पद्य हैं और बालकाण्ड से युद्धकाण्ड तक छह काण्डों का विस्तार इसमें मिलता है। इससे संबंधित एक उत्तरकांड भी प्राप्त है जिसके रचयिता कंबन के समसामयिक एक अन्य महाकवि "ओट्टककूत्तन" माने जाते हैं। पौराणिकों के कारण कंब रामायण में अनेक प्रक्षेप भी जुड़ गए हैं किन्तु इन्हें बड़ी आसानी से पहचाना जा सकता है क्योंकि कंबन की सशक्त भाषा और विलक्षण प्रतिपादन शैली का अनुकरण शक्य नहीं है।
कम्ब रामायण के छः काण्ड निम्नलिखित हैं-
बालकाण्डम्
अयोध्या काण्डम्
अरण्यकाण्डम्
किष्किन्धा काण्डम्
सुन्दर काण्डम्
युद्ध काण्डम्
कम्ब ने उत्तर काण्ड के विषय में कुछ नहीं लिखा और उनकी रामायण राम के राज्याभिषेक पर समाप्त हो जाती है। इसमें १२३ पादम् (अध्याय) हैं।
कंब रामायण का कथानक वाल्मीकि रामायण से लिया गया है, परन्तु कंबन ने मूल रामायण का अनुवाद अथवा छायानुवाद न करके, अपनी दृष्टि और मान्यता के अनुसार घटनाओं में सैकड़ों परिवर्तन किए हैं। विविध परिस्थितियों के प्रस्तुतीकरण, घटनाओं के चित्रण, पात्रों के संवाद, प्राकृतिक दृश्यों के उपस्थापन तथा पात्रों की मनोभावनाओं की अभिव्यक्ति में पदे-पदे मौलिकता मिलती है। तमिल भाषा की अभिव्यक्ति और संप्रेषणीयता को सशक्त बनाने के लिए भी कवि ने अनेक नए प्रयोग किए हैं। छंदोविधान, अलंकारप्रयोग तथा शब्दनियोजन के माध्यम से कंबन ने अनुपम सौंदर्य की सृष्टि की है। सीता-राम-विवाह, शूर्पणखा प्रसंग, बालिवध, हनुमान द्वारा सीता संदर्शन, इंद्रजीतवध, राम-रावण-युद्ध आदि प्रसंग अपने-अपने काव्यात्मक सौंदर्य के कारण विशेष आकर्षक हैं। लगता है, प्रत्येक प्रसंग अपने में पूर्ण है और नाटकीयता से ओतप्रोत है। घटनाओं के विकास के सुनिश्चित क्रम हैं। प्रत्येक घटना आरंभ, विकास और परिसमाप्ति में एक विशिष्ट शिल्पविधान लेकर सामने आती है।
वाल्मीकि ने राम के रूप में "पुरुष पुरातन" का नहीं, अपितु "महामानव का चित्र उपस्थित किया था, जबकि कंबन ने अपने युगादर्श के अनुरूप राम को परमात्मा के अवतार के साथ आदर्श महामानव के रूप में भी प्रतिष्ठित किया। वैष्णव भक्ति तत्कालीन मान्यताओं और जनता की भक्तिपूत भावनाओं से जुड़े रहकर इस महाकवि ने राम के चरित्र को महत्तापूरित एवं परमपूर्णत्व समन्वित ऐसे आयामों में प्रस्तुत किया जिनकी इयत्ता और ईदृक्ता सहज ग्राह्य होते हुए भी अकल्पनीय रूप से मनोहर किंवा मनोरम थी। यह निश्चित ही कंबन जैसा अनन्य सुलभ प्रतिभावान् महाकवि ही कर सकता था।
रामायण के चरित्रों के चित्रण में कंबन ने तमिल संस्कृति, परंपरा तथा रीति रिवाज ग्रहण किया। एक तमिल परंपरा एंव रुचि को ग्रहण करने के कारण कंबन चरित्रचित्रण में वाल्मीकि रामायण से विलग हो गए हैं। उदाहरणार्थ वाल्मीकि के अनुसार सुग्रीव ने बालि की विधवा से विवाह किया जब कि कंबन के अनुसार रत्न तथा सौभाग्य के बिना वह माता जैसी लगती थी। वाल्मीकि के अनुसार रावण ने सीता का हरण पंचवटी से किया लेकिन कंबन का कथन है कि रावण ने सम्पूर्ण आश्रम ही पृथ्वी से उठा लिया था। ब्रह्मा के शाप के कारण उसने सीता का स्पर्श नहीं किया। वाल्मीकि ने कहा है कि राक्षस ने सीता को लंका में कैद किया। कंबन एक बात और जोड़ के कहते हैं कि सीता लंकेश के हृदय में भी कैद थीं। कंबन अंगद के शरणस्थल के विषय में भी लिखते हैं, जबकि इसका कोई उल्लेख वाल्मीकि ने नहीं किया। वाल्मीकि मौन हैं पर कंबन ने राम तथा सीता के प्रथम प्रेम के जन्म का भी वर्णन किया है जो राम सीता के प्रथम साक्षात्कार के समय हुआ, जब राम विश्वामित्र और लक्ष्मण के साथ मिथिला जा रहे थे।
कंबन के राजनीतिक विचार, जो रामावतारम् में पाए जाते हैं और भी महत्वपूर्ण हैं। वह दो प्रकार के शासन का वर्णन करते हैं। पहला न्याययुक्त शासन जो सत्कार्यों पर आधारित होता है। दूसरा शक्तिशासन जिसका आधार साहस होता है। अयोध्या में न्याययुक्त शासन था जबकि लंका में शक्तिशासन था। न्याययुक्त शासक अपने मंत्रियों की मंत्रणा मानता है जबकि शक्तिशासक उसकी उपेक्षा करता है। कंबन अनुभव करते हैं कि एक आदर्श शासक का उद्देश्य सर्वहित होना चाहिए। मुदालियर की कंबन रामायण व्याख्या उत्कृष्ठ है।
कंबन का काव्य उपमा तथा अर्थ की गूढ़ता में अतुलनीय है। महान् तमिल विद्वान् प्रो॰ सेल्वकेसवरयर ने ठीक ही कहा है कि "तमिल भाषा के केवल दो लौह स्तम्भ हैं। वे है कंबन और तिरुवल्लुवर।
कंब रामायण का प्रचार प्रसार केवल तमिलनाडु में ही नहीं, उसके बाहर भी हुआ। तंजौर जिले में स्थित तिरुप्पणांदाल मठ की एक शाखा वाराणसी में है। लगभग 350 वर्ष पूर्व कुमारगुरुपर नाम के एक संत उक्त मठ में रहते थे। संध्यावेला में वे नित्यप्रति गंगातट पर आकर कंब रामायण की व्याख्या हिंदी में सुनाया करते थे। गोस्वामी तुलसीदास उन दिनों काशी में ही थे और संभवत: रामचरितमानस की रचना कर रहे थे। दक्षिण में जनविश्वास प्रचलित है कि तुलसीदास ने कंब रामायण से प्ररेणा ही प्राप्त नहीं की, अपितु मानस में कई स्थलों पर अपने ढंग से, उसकी सामग्री का उपयोग भी किया। यद्यपि उक्त विश्वास की प्रामाणिकता विवादास्पद है, तो भी इतना सच है कि तुलसी और कंबन की रचनाओं में कई स्थलों पर आश्चर्यजनक समानता मिलती है।
महत्व
बहुत से लोग पूजा में कम्ब रामायण का पाठ करते हैं। कुछ घरों में तमिल मास 'आदि' (मध्य जुलाई से मध्य अगस्त) में इस महाकाव्य का एक बार सम्पूर्ण पाठ करते हैं। हिन्दू मन्दिरों में इसका पाठ किया जाता है। बहुत से धार्मिक संघ भी इसका नियमित पाठ करते हैं। इसका सुन्दरकाण्डम् विशेष रूप से पवित्र माना जाता है और अत्यन्त लोकप्रिय है।
सन्दर्भ
इन्हे भी देखें
विभिन्न भाषाओं में रामायण
कम्बन
तमिल साहित्य
तमिल साहित्य
तमिल ग्रंथ
| 19,241 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44130483
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
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Innocentspirit, Mike W, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6544083, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7109969
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English
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Spoken
| 204 | 467 |
Substitute variable in an array from another array
Using groovy, how can I substitute the value of an array in another array variable?
For eg.:
def Env = [
'Env1',
'Env2',
'Env3'
]
def Job = [
[
name: "Job1",
label: "<$Env>",
action: #!/usr/bin/bash
blah
blah
],
[
name: "Job2",
label: "<$Env>",
action: #!/usr/bin/bash
blah
blah
]
]
I want the label field in the second array Job to be populated by every item in Env
Your code above should do that https://groovyconsole.appspot.com/script/5170432558759936
It is substituting $Env with all values in Env at once, I want it to do it one at a time, first Env1 and then Env2 and so on
So Job1 label should be Env1, Job2 label = Env2...?
I want Job1 and Job2 to first have Env1 and then Job1 and Job2 to have Env2 and so on until it gets to the end of all Envs. Hope this makes sense
If the code isn't dynamic you can just do:
def Env = ['Env1','Env2', 'Env3']
def Job = [
[
name: "Job1",
label: "<${Env[0]}>",
action: '#!/usr/bin/bash'
],
[
name: "Job2",
label: "<${Env[1]}>",
action: '#!/usr/bin/bash'
]
]
If it's dynamic you can do:
Job.eachWithIndex{ obj, idx ->
obj.label = Env[idx]
}
| 34,286 |
92cda5bd0a80f68cc8741df448c7ee7d
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,018 |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20180038_01711.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 85 | 260 |
e
150 année. - N°38
Samedi 22 septembre 2018
D.I.L.A
serialNumber=S6910003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE
DILA,2.5.4.97=#0C144E545246522D3133303030393138363030303131,OU=0002
13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2018-09-22 09:00:57
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Fondations partenariales
Annonce n° 1711
93 - Seine-Saint-Denis
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture du Raincy
NDOMBOSCHOOL.
Objet : promotion de la culture musicale congolaise
Siège social : 88, avenue de l'Oasis, 93270 Sevran.
Site internet : http://ndomboschool.com.
Date de la déclaration : 14 septembre 2018.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 39,368 |
https://github.com/ashigeru/asakusafw-legacy/blob/master/thundergate-project/asakusa-thundergate-plugin/src/main/java/com/asakusafw/compiler/bulkloader/BulkLoaderScript.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
asakusafw-legacy
|
ashigeru
|
Java
|
Code
| 2,648 | 8,535 |
/**
* Copyright 2011-2016 Asakusa Framework Team.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.asakusafw.compiler.bulkloader;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Properties;
import com.asakusafw.compiler.flow.Location;
import com.asakusafw.utils.collections.Lists;
/**
* バルクローダーの処理に関する情報。
*/
public class BulkLoaderScript {
private final List<ImportTable> importTargetTables;
private final List<ExportTable> exportTargetTables;
/**
* インスタンスを生成する。
* @param importTargetTables インポート対象の情報一覧
* @param exportTargetTables エクスポート対象の情報一覧
* @throws IllegalArgumentException 引数に{@code null}が指定された場合
*/
public BulkLoaderScript(
List<ImportTable> importTargetTables,
List<ExportTable> exportTargetTables) {
if (importTargetTables == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("importTargetTables must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (exportTargetTables == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("exportTargetTables must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
this.importTargetTables = importTargetTables;
this.exportTargetTables = exportTargetTables;
}
/**
* インポーターの設定情報を返す。
* @return インポーターの設定情報
*/
public List<ImportTable> getImportTargetTables() {
return importTargetTables;
}
/**
* エクスポーターの設定情報を返す。
* @return エクスポーターの設定情報
*/
public List<ExportTable> getExportTargetTables() {
return exportTargetTables;
}
/**
* インポーターの設定情報を返す。
* @return インポーターの設定情報
*/
public Properties getImporterProperties() {
return ImportTable.toProperties(importTargetTables);
}
/**
* エクスポーターの設定情報を返す。
* @return エクスポーターの設定情報
*/
public Properties getExporterProperties() {
return ExportTable.toProperties(exportTargetTables);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + exportTargetTables.hashCode();
result = prime * result + importTargetTables.hashCode();
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
return false;
}
BulkLoaderScript other = (BulkLoaderScript) obj;
if (exportTargetTables.equals(other.exportTargetTables) == false) {
return false;
}
if (importTargetTables.equals(other.importTargetTables) == false) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
static List<String> toNames(List<? extends Table> tables) {
assert tables != null;
List<String> results = Lists.create();
for (Table table : tables) {
results.add(table.getName());
}
return results;
}
static String toPath(Location location) {
assert location != null;
return location.toPath('/');
}
static Location fromPath(String path) {
assert path != null;
return Location.fromPath(path, '/');
}
static List<String> toPaths(List<Location> locations) {
assert locations != null;
List<String> results = Lists.create();
for (Location location : locations) {
results.add(toPath(location));
}
return results;
}
static List<Location> fromPaths(List<String> paths) {
assert paths != null;
List<Location> results = Lists.create();
for (String path : paths) {
results.add(fromPath(path));
}
return results;
}
static String join(List<String> fields) {
assert fields != null;
if (fields.isEmpty()) {
return "";
}
if (fields.size() == 1) {
return fields.get(0);
}
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
Iterator<String> iter = fields.iterator();
assert iter.hasNext();
buf.append(iter.next());
while (iter.hasNext()) {
buf.append(',');
buf.append(iter.next());
}
return buf.toString();
}
static List<String> split(String fields) {
assert fields != null;
if (fields.isEmpty()) {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
List<String> results = Lists.create();
int start = 0;
while (true) {
int end = fields.indexOf(',', start);
if (end < 0) {
break;
}
results.add(fields.substring(start, end));
start = end + 1;
}
results.add(fields.substring(start));
return results;
}
static String get(Properties properties, String keyName, boolean mandatory) {
assert properties != null;
assert keyName != null;
String value = properties.getProperty(keyName);
if (value == null && mandatory) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(keyName);
}
return value;
}
/**
* インポートまたはエクスポート対象のテーブル情報。
*/
public abstract static class Table {
private final Class<?> modelClass;
private final String name;
private final List<String> targetColumns;
/**
* インスタンスを生成する。
* @param modelClass テーブルと対応づけられたモデルクラス
* @param name 対象テーブルの名前
* @param targetColumns 処理対象のカラム一覧
* @throws IllegalArgumentException 引数に{@code null}が指定された場合
*/
protected Table(
Class<?> modelClass,
String name,
List<String> targetColumns) {
if (modelClass == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"modelClass must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (name == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"name must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (targetColumns == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"targetColumns must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
this.modelClass = modelClass;
this.name = name;
this.targetColumns = targetColumns;
}
/**
* このテーブルの名前を返す。
* @return このテーブルの名前
*/
public String getName() {
return name;
}
/**
* このテーブルに対応するモデルクラスを返す。
* @return このテーブルに対応するモデルクラス
*/
public Class<?> getModelClass() {
return modelClass;
}
/**
* 処理対象とするカラム名の一覧を返す。
* @return 処理対象とするカラム名の一覧
*/
public List<String> getTsvColumns() {
return targetColumns;
}
/**
* このオブジェクトに対するプロパティ一覧を返す。
* @return このオブジェクトに対するプロパティ一覧
*/
public abstract Properties toProperties();
}
/**
* インポート対象のテーブル情報。
*/
public static class ImportTable extends Table {
private static final String K_TARGET_TABLES = "import.target-table";
private static final String P_TSV_COLUMNS = ".target-column";
private static final String P_SEARCH_CONDITION = ".search-condition";
private static final String P_CACHE_ID = ".cache-id";
private static final String P_LOCK_TYPE = ".lock-type";
private static final String P_LOCKED_OPERATION = ".locked-operation";
private static final String P_BEAN_NAME = ".bean-name";
private static final String P_DESTINATION = ".hdfs-import-file";
private final String searchConditionOrNull;
private final String cacheId;
private final LockType lockType;
private final LockedOperation lockedOperation;
private final Location destination;
/**
* インスタンスを生成する。
* @param modelClass テーブルと対応づけられたモデルクラス
* @param name 対象テーブルの名前
* @param targetColumns 処理対象のカラム一覧
* @param searchConditionOrNull 検索条件、利用しない場合は{@code null}
* @param cacheId キャッシュID (利用しない場合は{@code null})
* @param lockType ロックの種類
* @param lockedOperation 処理対象がロックされていた際の動作
* @param destination 出力先の位置
* @throws IllegalArgumentException 引数に{@code null}が指定された場合
*/
public ImportTable(
Class<?> modelClass,
String name,
List<String> targetColumns,
String searchConditionOrNull,
String cacheId,
LockType lockType,
LockedOperation lockedOperation,
Location destination) {
super(modelClass, name, targetColumns);
if (lockType == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"lockType must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (lockedOperation == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"lockedOperation must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (destination == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"destination must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
this.searchConditionOrNull = searchConditionOrNull;
this.cacheId = cacheId;
this.lockType = lockType;
this.lockedOperation = lockedOperation;
this.destination = destination;
}
/**
* 出力先の位置を返す。
* @return 出力先の位置
*/
public Location getDestination() {
return destination;
}
static Properties toProperties(List<ImportTable> list) {
assert list != null;
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.setProperty(K_TARGET_TABLES, join(toNames(list)));
for (ImportTable table : list) {
properties.putAll(table.toProperties());
}
return properties;
}
@Override
public Properties toProperties() {
String prefix = getName();
Properties p = new Properties();
p.setProperty(prefix + P_TSV_COLUMNS, join(getTsvColumns()));
if (searchConditionOrNull != null) {
p.setProperty(prefix + P_SEARCH_CONDITION, searchConditionOrNull);
}
if (cacheId != null) {
p.setProperty(prefix + P_CACHE_ID, String.valueOf(cacheId));
}
p.setProperty(prefix + P_LOCK_TYPE, String.valueOf(lockType.id));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_LOCKED_OPERATION, String.valueOf(lockedOperation.id));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_BEAN_NAME, String.valueOf(getModelClass().getName()));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_DESTINATION, String.valueOf(toPath(destination)));
return p;
}
/**
* 指定のプロパティに対するこのクラスのインスタンス一覧を返す。
* @param properties 対象のプロパティ
* @param loaderOrNull モデルをロードする際のクラスローダー
* @return 対応するインスタンス一覧
* @throws IllegalArgumentException プロパティを解析できなかった場合
*/
public static List<ImportTable> fromProperties(
Properties properties,
ClassLoader loaderOrNull) {
if (properties == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"properties must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
ClassLoader loader = (loaderOrNull == null)
? BulkLoaderScript.class.getClassLoader()
: loaderOrNull;
List<ImportTable> results = Lists.create();
for (String prefix : split(get(properties, K_TARGET_TABLES, true))) {
results.add(fromProperties(properties, prefix, loader));
}
return results;
}
private static ImportTable fromProperties(
Properties p,
String name,
ClassLoader loader) {
assert p != null;
assert name != null;
assert loader != null;
Class<?> modelClass;
try {
modelClass = Class.forName(
get(p, name + P_BEAN_NAME, true),
false,
loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
}
List<String> targetColumns = split(get(p, name + P_TSV_COLUMNS, true));
String searchConditionOrNull = get(p, name + P_SEARCH_CONDITION, false);
String cacheId = get(p, name + P_CACHE_ID, false);
LockType lockType = LockType.idOf(get(p, name + P_LOCK_TYPE, true));
LockedOperation lockedOperation = LockedOperation.idOf(get(p, name + P_LOCKED_OPERATION, true));
Location destination = fromPath(get(p, name + P_DESTINATION, true));
return new ImportTable(
modelClass,
name,
targetColumns,
searchConditionOrNull,
cacheId,
lockType,
lockedOperation,
destination);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + getModelClass().hashCode();
result = prime * result + getName().hashCode();
result = prime * result + getTsvColumns().hashCode();
result = prime * result + destination.hashCode();
result = prime * result + lockType.hashCode();
result = prime * result + lockedOperation.hashCode();
result = prime * result + ((searchConditionOrNull == null) ? 0 : searchConditionOrNull.hashCode());
result = prime * result + ((cacheId == null) ? 0 : cacheId.hashCode());
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
return false;
}
ImportTable other = (ImportTable) obj;
if (getModelClass() != other.getModelClass()) {
return false;
}
if (getName().equals(other.getName()) == false) {
return false;
}
if (getTsvColumns().equals(other.getTsvColumns()) == false) {
return false;
}
if (destination.equals(other.destination) == false) {
return false;
}
if (lockType != other.lockType) {
return false;
}
if (lockedOperation != other.lockedOperation) {
return false;
}
if (searchConditionOrNull == null) {
if (other.searchConditionOrNull != null) {
return false;
}
} else if (searchConditionOrNull.equals(other.searchConditionOrNull) == false) {
return false;
}
if (cacheId == null) {
if (other.cacheId != null) {
return false;
}
} else if (cacheId.equals(other.cacheId) == false) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
/**
* エクスポート対象のテーブル情報。
*/
public static class ExportTable extends Table {
private static final String K_TARGET_TABLES = "export.target-table";
private static final String P_BEAN_NAME = ".bean-name";
private static final String P_TSV_COLUMNS = ".tsv-column";
private static final String P_TARGET_COLUMNS = ".export-table-column";
private static final String P_SOURCES = ".hdfs-export-file";
private final List<String> exportColumns;
private final List<Location> sources;
private final DuplicateRecordErrorTable duplicateRecordError;
/**
* インスタンスを生成する。
* @param modelClass テーブルと対応づけられたモデルクラス
* @param name 対象テーブルの名前
* @param tsvColumns 処理対象のカラム一覧
* @param exportColumns 正常エクスポート時に利用するカラム一覧
* @param duplicateRecordError ユニーク制約のエラー、不要の場合は{@code null}
* @param sources 読み出し元のディレクトリ一覧
* @throws IllegalArgumentException 引数に{@code null}が指定された場合
*/
public ExportTable(
Class<?> modelClass,
String name,
List<String> tsvColumns,
List<String> exportColumns,
DuplicateRecordErrorTable duplicateRecordError,
List<Location> sources) {
super(modelClass, name, tsvColumns);
this.sources = sources;
this.exportColumns = exportColumns;
this.duplicateRecordError = duplicateRecordError;
}
/**
* 読み出し元のディレクトリ一覧を返す。
* @return 読み出し元のディレクトリ一覧
*/
public List<Location> getSources() {
return sources;
}
static Properties toProperties(List<ExportTable> list) {
assert list != null;
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.setProperty(K_TARGET_TABLES, join(toNames(list)));
for (ExportTable table : list) {
properties.putAll(table.toProperties());
}
return properties;
}
@Override
public Properties toProperties() {
String prefix = getName();
Properties p = new Properties();
p.setProperty(prefix + P_TSV_COLUMNS, join(getTsvColumns()));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_TARGET_COLUMNS, join(exportColumns));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_BEAN_NAME, String.valueOf(getModelClass().getName()));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_SOURCES, String.valueOf(join(toPaths(sources))));
if (duplicateRecordError != null) {
Properties sub = duplicateRecordError.toProperties(prefix);
p.putAll(sub);
}
return p;
}
/**
* 指定のプロパティに対するこのクラスのインスタンス一覧を返す。
* @param properties 対象のプロパティ
* @param loaderOrNull モデルをロードする際のクラスローダー
* @return 対応するインスタンス一覧
* @throws IllegalArgumentException プロパティを解析できなかった場合
*/
public static List<ExportTable> fromProperties(
Properties properties,
ClassLoader loaderOrNull) {
if (properties == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"properties must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
ClassLoader loader = (loaderOrNull == null)
? BulkLoaderScript.class.getClassLoader()
: loaderOrNull;
List<ExportTable> results = Lists.create();
for (String prefix : split(get(properties, K_TARGET_TABLES, true))) {
results.add(fromProperties(properties, prefix, loader));
}
return results;
}
private static ExportTable fromProperties(
Properties p,
String name,
ClassLoader loader) {
assert p != null;
assert name != null;
assert loader != null;
Class<?> modelClass;
try {
modelClass = Class.forName(
get(p, name + P_BEAN_NAME, true),
false,
loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
}
List<String> tsvColumns = split(get(p, name + P_TSV_COLUMNS, true));
List<String> exportColumns = split(get(p, name + P_TARGET_COLUMNS, true));
List<Location> sources = fromPaths(split(get(p, name + P_SOURCES, true)));
DuplicateRecordErrorTable ucError = DuplicateRecordErrorTable.fromProperties(p, name);
return new ExportTable(
modelClass,
name,
tsvColumns,
exportColumns,
ucError,
sources);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + getModelClass().hashCode();
result = prime * result + getName().hashCode();
result = prime * result + getTsvColumns().hashCode();
result = prime * result + exportColumns.hashCode();
result = prime * result
+ (duplicateRecordError == null ? 0 : duplicateRecordError.hashCode());
result = prime * result + sources.hashCode();
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
return false;
}
ExportTable other = (ExportTable) obj;
if (getModelClass() != other.getModelClass()) {
return false;
}
if (getName().equals(other.getName()) == false) {
return false;
}
if (getTsvColumns().equals(other.getTsvColumns()) == false) {
return false;
}
if (exportColumns.equals(other.exportColumns) == false) {
return false;
}
if (duplicateRecordError == null) {
if (other.duplicateRecordError != null) {
return false;
}
} else if (duplicateRecordError.equals(other.duplicateRecordError) == false) {
return false;
}
if (sources.equals(other.sources) == false) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
/**
* エクスポート時の重複レコードエラーに関する情報。
*/
public static class DuplicateRecordErrorTable {
private static final String P_TABLE_NAME = ".error-table";
private static final String P_TARGET_COLUMNS = ".error-table-column";
private static final String P_KEY_COLUMNS = ".key-column";
private static final String P_ERROR_CODE_COLUMN = ".error-column";
private static final String P_ERROR_CODE_VALUE = ".error-code";
private final List<String> targetColumns;
private final List<String> keyColumns;
private final String errorCodeColumn;
private final String errorCodeValue;
private final String tableName;
/**
* インスタンスを生成する。
* @param tableName エラー情報のテーブル名
* @param targetColumns エラー情報のカラム一覧
* @param keyColumns ユニーク制約に利用するカラムの一覧
* @param errorCodeColumn エラーコードのカラム名
* @param errorCodeValue エラーコードの値
* @throws IllegalArgumentException 引数に{@code null}が指定された場合
*/
public DuplicateRecordErrorTable(
String tableName,
List<String> targetColumns,
List<String> keyColumns,
String errorCodeColumn,
String errorCodeValue) {
if (tableName == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"tableName must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (targetColumns == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("targetColumns must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (keyColumns == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("keyColumns must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (errorCodeColumn == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("errorCodeColumn must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
if (errorCodeValue == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("errorCodeValue must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
this.tableName = tableName;
this.targetColumns = targetColumns;
this.keyColumns = keyColumns;
this.errorCodeColumn = errorCodeColumn;
this.errorCodeValue = errorCodeValue;
}
/**
* このオブジェクトに対するプロパティ一覧を返す。
* @param prefix 設定項目の接頭辞
* @return このオブジェクトに対するプロパティ一覧
*/
public Properties toProperties(String prefix) {
if (prefix == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("prefix must not be null"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
Properties p = new Properties();
p.setProperty(prefix + P_TABLE_NAME, tableName);
p.setProperty(prefix + P_TARGET_COLUMNS, join(targetColumns));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_KEY_COLUMNS, join(keyColumns));
p.setProperty(prefix + P_ERROR_CODE_COLUMN, errorCodeColumn);
p.setProperty(prefix + P_ERROR_CODE_VALUE, errorCodeValue);
return p;
}
static DuplicateRecordErrorTable fromProperties(Properties p, String name) {
assert p != null;
assert name != null;
String tableName = get(p, name + P_TABLE_NAME, false);
String rawTargetColumns = get(p, name + P_TARGET_COLUMNS, false);
String rawKeyColumns = get(p, name + P_KEY_COLUMNS, false);
String errorColumn = get(p, name + P_ERROR_CODE_COLUMN, false);
String errorCode = get(p, name + P_ERROR_CODE_VALUE, false);
if (tableName == null || tableName.isEmpty()) {
return null;
}
checkProperties(name, rawTargetColumns, rawKeyColumns, errorColumn, errorCode);
List<String> targetColumns = split(rawTargetColumns);
List<String> keyColumns = split(rawKeyColumns);
return new DuplicateRecordErrorTable(
tableName,
targetColumns,
keyColumns,
errorColumn,
errorCode);
}
private static void checkProperties(
String name,
String rawTargetColumns,
String rawKeyColumns,
String errorColumn,
String errorCode) {
if (rawTargetColumns == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(
"{0}.{1}の指定がありません",
name,
P_TARGET_COLUMNS));
}
if (rawKeyColumns == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(
"{0}.{1}の指定がありません",
name,
P_KEY_COLUMNS));
}
if (errorColumn == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(
"{0}.{1}の指定がありません",
name,
P_ERROR_CODE_COLUMN));
}
if (errorCode == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(
"{0}.{1}の指定がありません",
name,
P_ERROR_CODE_VALUE));
}
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + tableName.hashCode();
result = prime * result + targetColumns.hashCode();
result = prime * result + keyColumns.hashCode();
result = prime * result + errorCodeColumn.hashCode();
result = prime * result + errorCodeValue.hashCode();
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
return false;
}
DuplicateRecordErrorTable other = (DuplicateRecordErrorTable) obj;
if (!tableName.equals(other.tableName)) {
return false;
}
if (!targetColumns.equals(other.targetColumns)) {
return false;
}
if (!keyColumns.equals(other.keyColumns)) {
return false;
}
if (!errorCodeColumn.equals(other.errorCodeColumn)) {
return false;
}
if (!errorCodeValue.equals(other.errorCodeValue)) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
/**
* ロック取得のタイプ。
*/
public enum LockType {
/**
* テーブルロック。
*/
TABLE(1),
/**
* 行ロック。
*/
ROW(2),
/**
* ロックしない。
*/
UNLOCKED(3),
;
/**
* この項目の識別子。
*/
public final int id;
LockType(int identifier) {
this.id = identifier;
}
static LockType idOf(String id) {
assert id != null;
int idNum;
try {
idNum = Integer.parseInt(id);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(id);
}
for (LockType constant : values()) {
if (constant.id == idNum) {
return constant;
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException(id);
}
}
/**
* 対象のレコードがロック済みの場合の取り扱い。
*/
public enum LockedOperation {
/**
* 処理対象から外す。
*/
SKIP(1),
/**
* ロックの有無にかかわらず処理対象とする。
*/
FORCE(2),
/**
* エラーとする。
*/
ERROR(3),
;
/**
* この項目の識別子。
*/
public final int id;
LockedOperation(int identifier) {
this.id = identifier;
}
static LockedOperation idOf(String id) {
assert id != null;
int idNum;
try {
idNum = Integer.parseInt(id);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(id);
}
for (LockedOperation constant : values()) {
if (constant.id == idNum) {
return constant;
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException(id);
}
}
}
| 3,022 |
2009121202271
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
| 2,009 |
MA MIA PRODUCTIONS.
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ASSOCIATIONS
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French
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Spoken
| 30 | 45 |
production, édition et vente de supports discographiques, organisation de spectacles, management artistique (sous toutes formes et tous supports) et communication événementielles (prestation de service en communication et régie de spectacles).
| 3,888 |
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Reins
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
In the Reins
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https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In the Reins&action=history
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Croatian
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Spoken
| 366 | 874 |
{{Infookvir album
|ime_albuma = In the Reins
|ime_glazbenika = Iron & Wine i Calexico
|vrsta = EP
|slika = IntheReins.gif
|žanr = folk rock, tex-mex
|datum = 12. rujna 2005.
|snimanje =
|trajanje = 27:41
|izdavač = Overcoat Recordings
|producent = Craig Schumacher, Nick Luca
|recenzija = All Music
|album_prije = Convict Pool
|godina0 = 2004.
|godina = 2005.
|album_poslije = Garden Ruin
|godina2 = 2006.
}}
In the Reins je zajednički EP Calexica i Iron & Winea, objavljen u izdanju Overcoat Recordingsa 13. rujna 2005.
Povijest
Sam Beam iz Iron & Winea napisao je i otpjevao sve pjesme, dok je Calexico poslužio kao prateći sastav. Album je snimljen u Wavelab Studiosu u Tucsonu. Oba su sastava kasnije surađivala na obradi "Dark Eyes" Boba Dylana za soundtrack filma Nema me, dok se Joey Burns iz Calexica pojavio na trećem LP-u Iron & Winea, The Shepherd's Dog.
Zauzeo je 135. poziciju na ljestvici Billboard 200 i 12. na ljestvici Independent Albums. Uvršten je na osmu poziciju najboljih americana albuma godine u izboru časopisa Mojo.
Popis pjesama
Osoblje
Sam Beam
Joey Burns
John Convertino
Salvador Duran
Nick Luca
Paul Niehaus
Ryan Roscoe
Craig Schumacher
Jacob Valenzuela
Martin Wenk
Natalie Wyatts
Volker Zander
Produkcija
Craig Schumacher – snimanje, miksanje
Nick Luca – tehničar
Chris Schultz – tehničar
Recenzije
Kritički osvrti bili su iznimno pozitivni. Prema podacima s Metacritica, na temelju 22 prikupljene recenzije, 77 posto njih je bilo pozitivno.
Michael Metivier s PopMattersa napisao je kako je Iron & Wine, ovaj put uz pratnju Calexica, dostavio još jedan intimni melodični folk EP čiji broj premašuje broj studijskih albuma. "In the Reins označava korak naprijed u produkciji -- dokazuje da [Beamove] pjesme, iako prekrasne i savršeno funkcionalne kao ogoljene snimke na kazetofonu, mogu podržati težu instrumentaciju bez gubitka svoje snage i efikasnosti."
U recenziji Rolling Stonea našla se usporedba sa starijim uzorom: "Zvuči kao indie verzija Nebraske Brucea Springsteena preseljene 300 milja jugozapadno." Joe Tangari s Pitchforka bio je oduševljen suradnjom: "Ako Iron & Wine i Calexico ikad odluče nastaviti se na ovo drugom suradnjom (držimo fige), jasno je da su oba izvođača jača zbog suradnje jednih s drugima."
Izvori
Vanjske poveznice
Albumi Calexica
Albumi Calexica
Albumi iz 2005.
EP
| 30,059 |
US-3762302-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,002 |
None
|
None
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English
|
Spoken
| 5,373 | 6,447 |
Liquid crystal display having a plurality of polarizing plates having the same polarization degree
ABSTRACT
A liquid crystal display including a liquid crystal layer having first and second surfaces opposite to each other; a first polarizing plate opposed to the first surface of the liquid crystal layer and having a first polarization axis; and a second polarizing plate opposed to the second surface of the liquid crystal layer and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to the first polarization axis and given polarization degree. The liquid crystal display further includes a third polarizing plate opposed to the first polarizing plate and having the second polarization axis and the given polarization degree.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally known is a liquid crystal display including a transmission type liquid crystal panel and a backlight unit arranged on the back side of the liquid crystal panel in parallel thereto for illuminating the liquid crystal panel from the back side thereof. The backlight unit has the same shape as that of the liquid crystal panel. The liquid crystal panel is configured by sealing a liquid crystal material between a pair of transparent electrode substrates opposed to each other through a seal, spacer, etc. A polarizing plate is bonded to each transparent electrode substrate of the liquid crystal panel.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a general liquid crystal display in the prior art. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, light emitted from a backlight unit 2 is directed on a polarizing plate 4 having a first polarization axis. The polarizing plate 4 transmits only a part of the incident light oscillating in a direction parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizing plate 4, and absorbs the remaining part of the incident light. As a result, the transmitted light through the polarizing plate 4 becomes linearly polarized light. In the display state of maximum gray level, i.e., in the white display state shown in FIG. 1, the polarization plane of the above linearly polarized light is rotated 90° by a liquid crystal layer 6 as shown by reference numeral 7 to enter a polarizing plate 8 located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer 6. The polarizing plate 8 has a second polarization axis perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing plate 4, so that the incident light on the polarizing plate 8 from the liquid crystal layer 6 is transmitted through the polarizing plate 8 to display a white image. Conversely, in the display state of zero gray level, i.e., in the black display state shown in FIG. 2, the polarization plane of the transmitted light through the polarizing plate 4 is not rotated by the liquid crystal layer 6, but the outgoing light from the polarizing plate 4 is transmitted through the liquid crystal layer 6 as it is. Since the polarization plane of the transmitted light through the liquid crystal layer 6 is perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing plate 8, the transmitted light through the liquid crystal layer 6 is almost absorbed by the polarizing plate 8 to display a black image.
In a recent liquid crystal display, the luminance has become higher year after year, and the contrast has also been improved. With an increase in luminance, the amount of light 9 leaked from the polarizing plate 8 in the black display state as shown in FIG. 2 increases to result in an increase in luminance in the black display state, causing a problem in display quality. This phenomenon is referred to as dark defect. For example, a movie picture stored in a digital versatile disk (DVD) includes many dark images. If the dark images are displayed with brightness due to the above dark defect, the display quality of the movie picture is degraded and the movie picture is accordingly very hard to view. Such a problem is caused by the imbalance in performance between a light source (backlight unit) and polarizing plates.
The ability of the backlight unit continues to be improved year after year to achieve a high luminance. However, although the luminance of the backlight in the zero gray level has been improved, the light shielding ability of the polarizing plate has not yet been sufficient. That is, in the structure that a pair of polarizing plates having perpendicular polarization axes are located on the opposite sides of a liquid crystal layer, the leakage of light from the polarizing plate located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer in the black display state cannot be completely prevented. Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2000-180843 discloses a liquid crystal display including a plurality of polarizing plates arranged on the entrance side of a liquid crystal panel to improve heat resistance and light resistance. By arranging such a plurality of polarizing plates on the entrance side of the liquid crystal panel, most of unwanted light can be absorbed by the first polarizing plate (rearmost polarizing plate) to thereby reduce a thermal burden on the next polarizing plate, thus improving heat resistance and light resistance. However, this structure is considered to have little effect in preventing the leakage of light in the black display state to improve the contrast.
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 10-133196 discloses a liquid crystal display including a plurality of polarizing plates arranged on the exit side of a liquid crystal panel, wherein the polarizing plates have the same polarization axis. In this structure, the inside polarizing plate adjacent to the liquid crystal panel has a low polarization degree and the outside polarizing plate has a high polarization degree, thereby dispersing heat generated in the polarizing plates. This liquid crystal display is effective for a liquid crystal projector having a high heating value. However, a plurality of polarizing plates each having a high polarization degree are required for the improvement in contrast, so that the this liquid crystal display is not suitable for the improvement in total contrast, i.e., the improvement in display quality.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display which can be improved in contrast to thereby improve the display quality.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display comprising a liquid crystal layer having first and second surfaces opposite to each other; a first polarizing plate opposed to said first surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a first polarization axis; a second polarizing plate opposed to said second surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to said first polarization axis and a given polarization degree; and a third polarizing plate opposed to said second polarizing plate and having said second polarization axis and said given polarization degree.
Thus, the second and third polarizing plates having the same polarization axis and polarization degree are arranged on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer, so that the transmittance of the front (outside) polarizing plate in the black display state can be suppressed. Furthermore, a reduction in transmittance of the front polarizing plate in the display state other than the black display state can be minimized. As a result, the contrast of a display image can be improved, and the viewing angle can also be improved by the improvement in contrast.
Preferably, said third polarizing plate is bonded to said second polarizing plate to form a polarizing plate unit. The polarizing plate unit comprises a first adhesive layer opposed to said liquid crystal layer, a first protective layer formed on said first adhesive layer, a first polarizer formed on said first protective layer, a second protective layer formed on said first polarizer, a second adhesive layer formed on said second protective layer, a third protective layer formed on said second adhesive layer, a second polarizer formed on said third protective layer, a fourth protective layer formed on said second polarizer, and a protective film formed on said fourth protective layer. Preferably, the liquid crystal display further comprises a touch panel interposed between said second polarizing plate and said third polarizing plate; said touch panel being bonded to said second polarizing plate; said third polarizing plate being bonded to said touch panel.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display comprising a liquid crystal panel having a pair of transparent substrates and a liquid crystal layer sealed between said transparent substrates; a first polarizing plate opposed to one of said transparent substrates and having a first polarization axis; a second polarizing plate opposed to the other transparent substrate and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to said first polarization axis and a given polarization degree; and a third polarizing plate opposed to said second polarizing plate and having said second polarization axis and said given polarization degree.
Preferably, the liquid crystal display further comprises a touch panel interposed between said second polarizing plate and said third polarizing plate; said second polarizing plate being bonded to said liquid crystal panel; said touch panel being bonded to said second polarizing plate; said third polarizing plate being bonded to said touch panel.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided electronic equipment having a liquid crystal display, said liquid crystal display comprising a liquid crystal layer having first and second surfaces opposite to each other; a first polarizing plate opposed to said first surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a first polarization axis; a second polarizing plate opposed to said second surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to said first polarization axis and a given polarization degree; and a third polarizing plate opposed to said second polarizing plate and having said second polarization axis and said given polarization degree.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention and the manner of realizing them will become more apparent, and the invention itself will best be understood from a study of the following description and appended claims with reference to the attached drawings showing some preferred embodiments of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating the operation of a conventional liquid crystal display in the white display state;
FIG. 2 is a view, similar to FIG. 1, illustrating the operation in the black display state;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing the principle of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a backlight unit;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a polarizing plate;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view illustrating the luminance in the white display state according to the liquid crystal display of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8A is a sectional view of a polarizing plate unit;
FIG. 8B is a sectional view of a modification of the polarizing plate unit;
FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11A is a front view of an LCD monitor adopting the present invention;
FIG. 11B is a perspective view of a notebook personal computer adopting the present invention;
FIG. 11C is a front view of a PDA adopting the present invention; and
FIG. 11D is a perspective view of a mobile telephone adopting the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The principle of the present invention will first be described with reference to FIG. 3. Light emitted from a backlight unit 2 is directed on a polarizing plate 4 having a first polarization axis. The polarizing plate 4 transmits only a part of the incident light oscillating in a direction parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizing plate 4, and absorbs the remaining part of the incident light. As a result, the transmitted light through the polarizing plate 4 becomes linearly polarized light. In the display state of zero gray level, i.e., in the black display state, the polarization plane of the transmitted light through the polarizing plate 4 is not rotated by a liquid crystal layer 6, but the outgoing light from the polarizing plate 4 is transmitted through the liquid crystal layer 6 as it is. A polarizing plate 8 located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer 6 has a second polarization axis perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing plate 4, and has a given polarization degree (e.g., 99.95%).
The above configuration is similar to that of the conventional liquid crystal display shown in FIG. 2. The present invention is characterized in that an additional polarizing plate 10 having the same polarization axis and polarization degree as those of the polarizing plate 8 is located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer 6 in proximity to the polarizing plate 8. With the configuration that the polarizing plate 10 having the same polarization axis and polarization degree as those of the polarizing plate 8 is located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer 6, light 9 leaked from the polarizing plate 8 in the black display state can be completely blocked by the polarizing plate 10, thereby preventing an increase in luminance in the black display state. As a result, the contrast of the liquid crystal display can be improved to thereby improve the display quality.
FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view of the backlight unit 2. Reference numeral 12 denotes a light guide plate. Light emitted from a cold-cathode tube 14 enters the light guide plate 12 from its side surface directly or after reflection by a reflector 16. The light having entered the light guide plate 12 repeats multiple reflection inside the light guide plate 12 and on a reflection plate (not shown) provided on a rear surface of the light guide plate 12, thereafter outgoing from a front surface of the light guide plate 12. Reference numeral 18 denotes a plastic frame.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the polarizing plate 8 or 10. The polarizing plate 8 or 10 is composed of an adhesive layer 20, a protective layer 22 formed on the adhesive layer 20, a polarizer 24 formed on the protective layer 22, a protective layer 26 formed on the polarizer 24, and a protective film 28 formed on the protective layer 26. The protective layer 22 is formed of triacetyl cellulose, for example. The polarizer 24 is formed from a polyvinyl alcohol film. It is important to improve the transmittance and polarization degree of a polarizing plate for the improvement of the polarizing plate. The transmittance may be classified generally into three kinds as shown in Table according to the manner of use of polarizing plates, that is, the manner of combination of polarizing plates.
TABLE Transmittance (%) Polarization Single Parallel Perpendicular Degree (%) 43.2 37.5 0.02 99.95
In Table, “Single” means the case where a single polarizing plate is used, and “Polarization Degree” is the ratio of polarized light to transmitted light through the polarizing plate. That is, the transmitted light is partially polarized light, which is regarded as the composition of natural light and and polarized light. In this regard, the polarization degree is a value represented by Ip/(Ip+In) where In is the intensity of natural light and Ip is the intensity of polarized light. In Table, “Parallel” means the case where two polarizing plates having parallel polarization axes are arranged. This case corresponds to the white display state in a liquid crystal display. In Table, “Perpendicular” means the case where two polarizing plates are arranged so that their polarization axes are perpendicular to each other. This case corresponds to the black display state in a liquid crystal display.
The polarization degree depends on the uniformity of molecular alignment in a polarizer as a basic element of the polarizing plate. While the uniformity of molecular alignment has conventionally been improved by making various considerations on a drawing method, molecule permeation method, etc. in a manufacturing process for a polarizing plate, the maximum polarization degree at present is about 99.97%. The increase in the polarization degree causes a reduction in transmittance, so that the improvement both in the polarization degree and in the transmittance is difficult. According to the present invention, a plurality of polarizing plates are arranged on the exit side of a liquid crystal layer so that the polarization axis of these polarizing plates are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the polarization axis of a polarizing plate located on the entrance side of the liquid crystal layer, thereby preventing the leakage of light from the front polarizing plate in the black display state. Further, the polarization degrees of the polarizing plates arranged on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer are set equal to each other, thereby minimizing the reduction in the transmittance of the front polarizing plate in the display state other than the black display state.
As shown in FIG. 6, the polarizing plates 4, 8, and 10 having the characteristics shown in Table 1 are arranged on the opposite sides of the liquid crystal layer 6 in such a manner that the polarizing plate 4 is located on the entrance side of the liquid crystal layer 6 and the polarizing plates 8 and 10 are located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer 6. The polarization axes of the polarizing plates 8 and 10 are parallel to each other, and they have the same polarization degree of 99.95%. The polarization axis of the polarizing plate 4 is perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing plates 8 and 10. The polarization degree of the polarizing plate 4 is also 99.95%.
The contrast is known as a degree of display sharpness, and it is defined as the ratio of the luminance in the white display state to the luminance in the black display state. Assuming that the luminance of incident light from the light source (backlight unit) onto the polarizing plate 4 is 500 cd/m² and that the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer 6 is 100%, the luminance of light transmitted through the polarizing plate 8 is calculated as follows:
The luminance in the white display state, i.e., in the parallel condition is 500 cd/m²×0.375=187.5 cd/m².
The luminance in the black display state, i.e., in the perpendicular condition is 500 cd/m²×0.0002=0.1 cd/m².
Accordingly, the contrast is 187.5/0.1=1875.
By adding the polarizing plate 10, the final luminance of the liquid crystal display becomes as follows:
It is assumed that 99.95% of the incident light from the polarizing plate 8 onto the polarizing plate 10 is polarized and 0.05% of this incident light is unpolarized to be absorbed by the polarizing plate 10. In the case that light is transmitted through the polarizing plates 8 and 10 having the same polarization axis, the transmission loss is suppressed as 0.375/0.432=86.8%. Accordingly, the luminance in the white display state is 187.5 cd/m²×0.868×0.9995=162.7 cd/m².
In the black display state, the polarization axis of the transmitted light through the polarizing plate 8 is different from the polarization axis of the polarizing plate 10, and a transmission loss in the polarizing plate 10 as a single member is produced. Accordingly, the luminance in the black display state is 0.1 cd/m²×0.432=0.0432 cd/m².
As a result, the contrast is 162.7/0.0432=3766. Thus, the contrast can be greatly improved by the addition of the polarizing plate 10. In this case, the final transmittance of the liquid crystal display shown in FIG. 6 becomes as follows:
The final transmittance in the white display state is 162.7/500=32.54%.
The final transmittance in the black display state is 0.0432/500=0.00864%.
Thus, the final transmittance in the black display state can be greatly suppressed to 0.00864% by the addition of the polarizing plate 10 in comparison with the fact that the final transmittance in the case of only the polarizing plate 8 is 0.1/500=0.02%.
In the present invention, a polarizing plate having a polarization degree as high as 99.95% is suitable as each polarizing plate located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer as in this preferred embodiment. By locating a plurality of polarizing plates having a high polarization degree and the same polarization axis on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer, the transmittance in the black display state can be greatly suppressed. Accordingly, the dark defect can be suppressed to thereby improve the contrast. Further, the viewing angle can also be improved by the improvement in contrast.
While the two polarizing plates 8 and 10 are arranged on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer 6 in this preferred embodiment, three or more polarizing plates may be arranged on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer according to specifications required. In this case, however, a reduction in luminance in the white display state is unavoidable, so attention must be paid in this case. It is desirable to minimize the spacing between the adjacent polarizing plates located on the exit side of the liquid crystal layer from the viewpoint of prevention of light scattering. Preferably, the two polarizing plates 8 and 10 are bonded together.
FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display 30 according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. Reference numeral 32 denotes a liquid crystal panel composed of a pair of glass substrates 34 and 36 and a liquid crystal layer 38 sealed between the glass substrates 34 and 36. As well known in the art, a transparent electrode is formed on the surface of each of the glass substrates 34 and 36. A polarizing plate 40 having a first polarization axis is bonded to the entrance side of the liquid crystal panel 32, and a polarizing plate unit 46 is bonded to the exit side of the liquid crystal panel 32. The polarizing plate unit 46 is configured by bonding two polarizing plates 42 and 44 each having a second polarization axis perpendicular to the first polarization axis of the polarizing plate 40. The polarizing plates 42 and 44 have the same polarization degree, e.g., 99.95%.
FIG. 8A is a sectional view of the polarizing plate unit 46. The polarizing plate unit 46 has a multilayer structure consisting of a first adhesive layer 20 opposed to the liquid crystal panel 32, a first protective layer 22 formed on the first adhesive layer 20, a first polarizer 24 formed on the first protective layer 22, a second protective layer 26 formed on the first polarizer 24, a second adhesive layer 20 formed on the second protective layer 26, a third protective layer 22 formed on the second adhesive layer 20, a second polarizer 24 formed on the third protective layer 22, a fourth protective layer 26 formed on the second polarizer 24, and a protective film 28 formed on the fourth protective layer 26. That is, the first adhesive layer 20, the first protective layer 22, the first polarizer 24, and the second protective layer 26 constitute the polarizing plate 42. The second adhesive layer 20, the third protective layer 22, the second polarizer 24, the fourth protective layer 26, and the protective layer 28 constitute the polarizing plate 44. Each protective layer 22 is formed of triacetyl cellulose, for example, and each polarizer 24 is formed from a polyvinyl alcohol film, for example. The adhesive layer 20 of the polarizing plate 42 is bonded to the liquid crystal panel 32. The adhesive layer 20 of the polarizing plate 44 is bonded to the protective layer 26 of the polarizing plate 42. FIG. 8B shows a modification 46′ of the polarizing plate unit 46. The polarizing plate unit 46′ shown in FIG. 8B further includes an additional protective film 28 formed on the protective layer 26 of the polarizing plate 42. In this case, the adhesive layer 20 of the polarizing plate 44 is bonded to the protective film 28 of the polarizing plate 42.
FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display 30A according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal display 30A is composed of a liquid crystal panel 32, a polarizing plate 40 bonded to the entrance side of the liquid crystal panel 32, and a polarizing plate unit 48 bonded to the exit side of the liquid crystal panel 32. The polarizing plate unit 48 is composed of a polarizing plate 42 bonded to the liquid crystal panel 32, a touch panel glass substrate 50 bonded to the polarizing plate 42, and a polarizing plate 44 bonded to the touch panel glass substrate 50. As in the first preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the polarizing plates 42 and 44 have the same polarization axis and polarization degree, and the polarization axis of each of the polarizing plates 42 and 44 is perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing plate 40. According to the liquid crystal displays 30 and 30A of the first and second preferred embodiments, the transmittance of the polarizing plates 42 and 44 in the black display state can be greatly suppressed to thereby prevent the dark defect and improve the contrast.
FIG. 10 is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display 30B according to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this preferred embodiment, two polarizing plates 40 and 52 having parallel polarization axes are arranged on the entrance side of the liquid crystal panel 32. The polarizing plate 52 is bonded to the liquid crystal panel 32, and the polarizing plate 40 is bonded to the polarizing plate 52. Also in this preferred embodiment wherein the plural polarizing plates 40 and 52 are located on the entrance side of the liquid crystal panel 32, a similar effect can be exhibited. However, the transmitted light through the polarizing plate 52 scatters during passing through the liquid crystal layer 38 and the glass substrates 34 and 36 until reaching the polarizing plate 42 located on the exit side of the liquid crystal panel 32. Accordingly, the effect is less than that in the configuration of the first or second preferred embodiment wherein a plurality of polarizing plates are located on the exit side of the liquid crystal panel.
FIGS. 11A to 11D illustrate various kinds of electronic equipment adopting the liquid crystal display of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 11A, a liquid crystal display 56 according to the present invention is adopted as a display of an LCD monitor 54. AS shown in FIG. 11B, a liquid crystal display 60 according to the present invention is adopted as a display of a notebook personal computer 58. As shown in FIG. 11C, a liquid crystal display 64 according to the present invention is adopted as a display of a PDA 62. As shown in FIG. 11D, a liquid crystal display 68 according to the present invention is adopted as a display of a mobile telephone 66.
According to the present invention as described above, black-level light can be suppressed without a reduction in transmittance in the white display state, so that the contrast of a display image can be improved and the viewing angle can also be improved by the improvement in contrast.
The present invention is not limited to the details of the above described preferred embodiments. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and all changes and modifications as fall within the equivalence of the scope of the claims are therefore to be embraced by the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal layer having first and second surfaces opposite to each other; a first polarizing plate opposed to said first surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a first polarization axis; a second polarizing plate opposed to said second surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to said first polarization axis and a given polarization degree; and a third polarizing plate opposed to said second polarizing plate and having said second polarization axis and said given polarization degree, wherein said third polarizing plate is bonded to said second polarizing plate to form a polarizing plate unit, and wherein said polarizing plate unit comprises a first adhesive layer opposed to said liquid crystal layer, a first protective layer formed on said first adhesive layer, a first polarizer formed on said first protective layer, a second protective layer formed on said first polarizer, a second adhesive layer formed on said second protective layer, a third protective layer formed on said second adhesive layer, a second polarizer formed on said third protective layer, a fourth protective layer formed on said second polarizer, and a first protective film formed on said fourth protective layer.
2. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said polarizing plate unit further comprises a second protective film interposed between said second protective layer and said second adhesive layer.
3. A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal layer having first and second surfaces opposite to each other; a first polarizing plate opposed to said first surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a first polarization axis; a second polarizing plate opposed to said second surface of said liquid crystal layer and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to said first polarization axis and a given polarization degree; a third polarizing plate opposed to said second polarizing plate and having said second polarization axis and said given polarization degree; and a touch panel interposed between said second polarizing plate and said third polarizing plate, wherein said touch panel is bonded to said second polarizing plate; and wherein said third polarizing plate is bonded to said touch panel.
4. A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal panel having a pair of transparent substrates and a liquid crystal layer sealed between said transparent substrates; a first polarizing plate opposed to one of said transparent substrates and having a first polarization axis; a second polarizing plate opposed to the other transparent substrate and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to said first polarization axis and a given polarization degree; and a third polarizing plate opposed to said second polarizing elate and having said second polarization axis and said given polarization degree, wherein said third polarizing elate is bonded to said second polarizing plate to form a polarizing plate unit, and wherein said polarizing plate unit comprises a first adhesive layer opposed to said liquid crystal panel, a first protective layer formed on said first adhesive layer, a first polarizer formed on said first protective layer, a second protective layer formed on said first polarizer, a second adhesive layer formed on said second protective layer, a third protective layer formed on said second adhesive layer, a second polarizer formed on said third protective layer, a fourth protective layer formed on said second polarizer, and a protective film formed on said fourth protective layer.
5. A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal panel having a pair of transparent substrates and a liquid crystal layer sealed between said transparent substrates; a first polarizing plate opposed to one of said transparent substrates and having a first polarization axis; a second polarizing plate opposed to the other transparent substrate and having a second polarization axis perpendicular to said first polarization axis and a given polarization degree; a third polarizing plate opposed to said second polarizing plate and having said second polarization axis and said given polarization degree; and a touch panel interposed between said second polarizing plate and said third polarizing plate, wherein said second polarizing plate is bonded to said liquid crystal panel; wherein said touch panel is bonded to said second polarizing plate; and wherein said third polarizing plate is bonded to said touch panel..
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https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%83%20%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%20%28%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%29
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ДогӀу Чанакчи (Сур)
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https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ДогӀу Чанакчи (Сур)&action=history
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Chechen
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Spoken
| 41 | 183 |
ДогӀу Чанакчи () — Туркойчоьнан Къилба-Малхбален Анатоли регионан Дийарбакир провинцин (ил) Сурнан кӀоштара эвла/микрокӀошт ().
Географи
Истори
Бахархой
Билгалдахарш
Хьажоргаш
Дийарбакир провинцин нах беха меттигаш
Дийарбакир провинцин микрокӀошташ
Сурнан микрокӀошташ
Сурнан кӀоштан нах беха меттигаш
Туркойчоьнан микрокӀошташ
Туркойчоьнан нах беха меттигаш
| 30,174 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23480664
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
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EM-Creations, Skyyy, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1695458, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2803557, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3605576, user3605576
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English
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Spoken
| 350 | 585 |
html audio tags not working in .php file
This is my code. I am trying to play audio file inside a .php file running it on xaamp server but the audio bar appears but is totally disabled please help
<audio controls>
<source src="ypousaf.mp3" autoplay />
Your browser does not support the audio tag.
</audio>
Where is the .mp3 file located? Is it in the same directory as this PHP file?
There is no PHP here.
yes it is in the same directory
Mp3 file is supported by IE only.
To play audio files in other browsers you need to convert it in other formats
Here is the list of supported formats by different browsers.
You can find more at http://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_audio.asp
Audio Formats and Browser Support
Currently, there are 3 supported file formats for the element: MP3, Wav, and Ogg:
Browser MP3 Wav Ogg
Internet Explorer YES NO NO
Chrome YES YES YES
Firefox NO
Update: Firefox 21 running on Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Vista, and Android now supports MP3 YES YES
Safari YES YES NO
Opera NO YES YES
Here is the code i used ...
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><body>
<audio controls>
<source src="Ellie Goulding - Burn - YouTube.mp3" autoplay />
Your browser does not support the audio tag.
</audio>
<audio controls>
<source src="Ellie Goulding - Burn - YouTube.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" autoplay>
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
</body>
</html>
Works perfect in both extensions with firefox 29 and the mp3 file is only supported by firefox only.
but its working perfectly fine in .html the errors occur in .php extensionhttp #sky-kumar
Try using type attribute type="audio/mpeg"
I tried in my pc with .php and .html and found that ie and chrome are not supporting mp3 files but the information i provided you shows it supports those formats..
I tried it with Firefox 29 and it is working fine with both php and html extensions
I think the problem is with the browsers try switching browsers test it in it..
Different browsers support different audio formats so you need to convert a single file in to many formats.
| 205 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliophanus%20imperator
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Heliophanus imperator
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliophanus imperator&action=history
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Swedish
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Spoken
| 30 | 65 |
Heliophanus imperator är en spindelart som beskrevs av Wesolowska 1986. Heliophanus imperator ingår i släktet Heliophanus och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Hoppspindlar
imperator
| 42,407 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coballes
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Coballes
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https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coballes&action=history
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Spanish
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Spoken
| 553 | 902 |
Coballes es una aldea y una parroquia del concejo asturiano de Caso, en España. Se encuentra a una distancia de 4 km de la capital del concejo, Campo de Caso.
En sus 8,65 km² habitan un total de 109 personas (2006) repartidas entre las aldeas de Buspriz y Coballes y las caserías de Barrial y Fumequín. Antiguamente había otras, Cansinos, La Coviella, Santa Gaia, Los Escobios, el Puente, el Llanu la Puente y Treslesvegues, que en la actualidad se encuentran bajo las aguas de un pantano, conocido como el embalse de Tanes, siendo este un pueblo vecino, pero sin duda el pueblo que más afectado se vio fue el de Coballes, ya que las aguas acabaron con su industria.
La aldea de Coballes es una de las 22 que forman el concejo de Caso. Consta de un total de 74 viviendas, con 88 personas. Se halla a unos 550 metros de altitud, en la confluencia del río Nalón con el río Caleao. La distancia de este núcleo a la capital del concejo es de 4,5 km.
En el pueblo se pueden observar, entre muchas cosas, sus viviendas de corte antiguo, muchas de ellas construidas con la roca caliza muy abundante en la zona, y también con corredores y balcones de madera obtenida en los bosques. Muchas paredes están formadas por cebatu, que es un entramado de palos que después se recubría con cal para así formar la pared. Es un pueblo que cuenta con abundantes fuentes y abrevaderos y desde el pueblo se puede disfrutar del parque natural de Redes en su máximo esplendor gracias a la magnífica vista paronámica con la que cuenta el pueblo, un enclave natural en el que predominan los jabalíes, venados y corzos y carnívoros como el lobo, tejón, marta, zorro. Asimismo hay ejemplares de urogallo y de vez en cuando se avista algún oso pardo. Como especies arbóreas predomina la haya, localizándose en el parque uno de los mayores hayedos de Asturias. Entre los árboles frutales cabe destacar la abundancia de avellanos y castaños.
Economía
Su principal fuente de ingresos proviene de la agricultura y de la ganadería, ante todo bovina. Entre el ganado bovino de la zona destacan las razas asturiana de los valles y asturiana de la montaña o casina, de las que se extrae la leche empleada para hacer un queso denominado queso Casín, caracterizado por su laboriosa producción y por su alto contenido graso.
Fiestas
En el pueblo de Coballes se celebran varias fiestas, la de San Pedro que se celebra el 29 de junio de cada año, aunque se suele cambiar al fin de semana más próximo a este día.
La de Nuestra señora del Rosario, que se recuperó en el año 2005 tras medio siglo sin celebrarse. Hace años se celebraba el último fin de semana de agosto y en la actualidad, a pesar de ser el 7 de octubre, la fiesta se celebra a lo largo del mes de septiembre.
Se celebra también el asado-romería de los cubanos, organizado por la Sociedad de amigos de la sociedad casina de La Habana para recaudar fondos para la gente del concejo que emigró a Cuba.
Barrios
Buspriz
Coballes
Geografía
Altitud: 741 metros.
Latitud: 43º 12' 00" N
Longitud: 005º 22' 59" O
Enlaces externos
Web del pueblo de Coballes
Parroquias de Caso
| 11,786 |
bpt6k7786306_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,891 |
L'Intransigeant
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 9,152 | 16,206 |
— CSTJO Centimes ; •Ssinnsàt «Avril iS9r' r JT m-B-SS— BBgsaam SUREAUX DU JOURNAL : 142, Rue Montmartre PRIX DE L'ABONNEMENT : QèparV et Algérie : 3 mois : 8 fr. —6 mois : 15fr.— 1. an: 28fr. un Si L’CMOH rosuu : 3 au. 42 fr. ; « Bois, 22fr.; u », 42 Ir. rom LA BÉDACTION, S’ADRESSE» A U. A7BAQD-DEGSORGS Secrétaire de la rédaction. Rédacteur en chef : HENRI ROCHEFORT LES ANNONCES SONT REÇUES : • ù, l’AGENCE PARISIENNE DE PUBLICITÉ, 7, Rue WqUfllfll Stun ns SoecornlM h lâjoa.lyoo, lindllt, Met, et iDZBBBUOX CD 10UBKAI , Annonces : 3 fp. — Réclames i ? te. 50 — Faits divers a SQ f|ÿ J .. Adresses Lbttbss bt Mandats a m. ERNEST VAÜGHA» ADMINISTRATEUR. ...i...u m, — , ■ ■ ET SOMNAMBULES Constans se vengé sur les forains de n’avoir pu faire du Pari mutuel une institution nationale, et puisqu’on l’empêche de se livrer à la danse des écus, il-interdit la danse du ventre. Cet homme,qui n’a pas assez de croix d’honneur pour les directeurs des journaux pornographiques, considère comme profondément immoraux les trémoussements de quelques fausses aimées qui gagnent leur vie en tricotant des jambes, faute d’avoir appris à tricoter des bas. Jouer des hanches, c’est encore du. jeu, et depuis que l’ancien croupier indo-chinois a été -obligé par un vote parlementaire de cesser son commerce, il a juré d’interdire jusqu’au jeu de macarons, sur lequel d’ailleurs le vieil usurier ne pourrait opérer qu’un prélèvement insignifiant.. Il a ordonné,enimême tenîips,la fermeture des cabinets de somnambules, probablement de peur que l’une d’elles, plus particulièrement extra-lucide, ne, devinât où sont passés les deux millions destinés à l’Assistance publique et dont il a obstinément refusé d’opérer la restitution. Rien, en effet, ne serait gênant pour lui comme d’entendre tout à coup une” femme plongée dans le somçaeil léthargique s’écrier devant cinq cents personnes : « C’est lui ! Il monte en bateau ! Oh ! le malheureux ! Voilà le criminel qui se jette sur lui ! Dieu ! il le pousse hors de la barque ! il le précipite dans l’eau ! La victime se débat 1 Ah ! c’est horrible ! » Nous ferons cependant observer à Constans que lorsque les marchands de lorgnettes du Radical vendent aux imbéciles, moyennant dix francs, des prédictions hippiques, ces filous exercent publiquement le métier de somnambules, puisqu’ils émettent la prétention de lire dans l’avenir le nom du cheval qui doit arriver premier. ' Or, les pauvres nécromanciennes de la foire au pain d’épice prennent tout au plus trois francs pour le « grand jeu », dans lequel elles vous annoncent à peu près invariablement que vous arriverez à la fortune, aux honneurs et que vous épouserez l’objet de vos rêves. C’est là une industrie autrement inoffensive que'celle des. escrocs qui prennent d’abord dix francs à leurs clients, pour les pousser ensuite à aller en risquer trois ou quatre cents sur une bête qui gagne d’autant moins qu’on a placé plus d’argent sur elle. ’ Supprimer l’état de somnambule et permettre la profession de vendeur , de pronostics, il faut être Constans pour se livrer à de pareilles contradictions. Il est vrai que les infortunées qui lisent votre destinée à travers un mouchoir de poche noué sur les yeux, ne peuvent être d’aucune utilité au ministre, tandis que les journalistes d’antichambre ou d’cscaïier à qui il concède le privilège de voler le public lui rendent en bassesses et en services inavouables ces Ignominieuses faveurs. Quelle imprudence de faire ainsi la r chasse aux cartomanciennes et aux prestidigitateurs, juste au moment tdù M. Le Myre de Vilers, ex-résiïdent général à .Madagascar, est con traint d’avouer que l’escamoteur Cazeneuve a rendu, grâce à l’influenpe qu’il avait prise' sur la reine de l’île avec ses. séances* de magie blanche, d’énormes services au gouvernement colonial ! Ce que nos diplomates — dé la carrière — n’avaient jamais pu obtenir, ce jongleur y est arrivé avec la plus grande aisance. On en est même à se demander si notre personnel diplomatique, généralement si maladroit, ne gagnerait pas considérablement à être désormais composé d’hommes particulièrement versés dans les tours d’adresse. Croyez-yous, par exemple, qu’il n’y aurait pas tout profit pour notre honneur en Europe, et surtout en Allemagne, à ce que M. Herbette, notré ambassadeur à Berlin, fût remplacé par le même Cazeneuve? Un amateur qui fait si adroitement passer les muscades ne se laisserait pas facilement dorer la pilule et aurait certainement dissuadé l’impératrice ^Frédéric d’aller à Paris remporter la série de vestes -que nos peintres se sont fait un devoir de lui offrir. D’ailleurs, si l’on se met à persécuter les saltimbanques, lés préfets n’ose-, rontplus recevoir les pitres de l’espèce d’Yves Guyot, ce garçon chocolatier qui aujourd’hui n’entre dans une ville qu’au bruit éclatant de. cent et une salves d’artillerie. Et le jongleur Quesnay, cet ancien mousquetaire de l’impératrice, on veut donc briser instantanément sa carrière ? Quand un gouvernement possède der pareils bateleurs dans sa. troupe, il devrait avoir le bon goût de considérer comme des confrères et de traiter avec indulgence les phénomènes, nécromants, aztèques, phoques savants, et veaux, à deux têtes de la foire au pain d’épice et de la fête de SaintCloud. HENRI ROCHEFORT ^ ' ♦ • PETITE BOURSE DU SOIR 3 0/0. 9515, 16, 15 Extérieure 77 15/32, 1/2,7/16 Hongrois.... 951/16,95 Rio-Tinto 598 75, 600,597 50 Banque ottomane. 617 50, 616 87 Douane — 166 25 --■-t. -'. Turc ...18 90 Lots turcs........ 76 50 Egypte 195 Portugais......... 57 1/1, 3/16 — ; — —~» —' -i m. NOUVELLES DE MINUIT MW Terrible incendie de forêts. — Saumwr, S avril : ' ,, Un grand incendie, dont on ne connaît pas les causes, a dévoré quatre lieues carrées de landes et de bois appartenant an marquis de Brezé et à divers propriétaires des communes de Fontevrault, Saint-Cyr, Brezé, Bizay et Epieds. Les troupes de la maison centrale de Fontevrault .et les colons de. Saint-Hilaire ont combattu le feu, qui s’était déclaré hier à deux heures et n’a été éteint qu’aujourd’hui à midi. On n’a pas eu d’accident de personnes à déplorer. Les pertes sont évaluées à 300,000 fr. Les lueurs de ce terrible incendie s’apercevaient de huit lieues à la ronde. a—/ L’incendie do Bonneville, u. Bonneville, S avril : Cette nuit les habitants de Cluses ont été mis en émoi par un violent incendie, qui a fait craindre un moment la destruction presque complète de cette ville. Toutefois, grâce à la promptitude des secours, on est parvenu à se rendre maître des flammes. Il n'y a pas d’accident de personnes à signaler. Les dépâts sont considérables. — Affaires de Bulgarie. — Sofia, S avril : La Svoboda annonce que le gouvernement a décidé d’user d’une grande indulgence envers toute personne qui, ayant eu connaissance de l’assassinat de M. Beltchef, dénoncerait les criminels. En outre, il promet pleine amnistie aux personnes compromises indirectement dans l’assassinat, leur réservant le droit de recevoir la récompense promise si, bien entendu, ils dénoncent les principaux criminels. — Vienne. — S avril ; On assure que le gouvernement turc aurait fait arrêter plusieurs émigrés bulgares réfugiés à Constantinople, et non un seul, comme on le disait, à l’instigation du gouvernement de Sofia. Vol de dynamite. Explications e m barrassées. —. On demande un démenti Plusieurs journaux officieux du soir ont ; essayé d’expliquer la fugue.de l'amiral Duperré allant conspirer à San-Remo avec 1 l’ex-impératrice Eugénie. On voudrait insinuer, aujourd’hui, que l’amiral Duperré était, le 29 mars, à son poste, à bord du Formidable, et qu’il avait cru devoir ne pas appareiller pour le golfe Juan à cause de l’absence de l’amiral J Hopskins, qui ne devait — paraît-il — arriver que le 31 mars avec ses deux bâtiments pour saluer la reine Victoria. Or, ce récit est un véritable tissu de mensonges. Le conspirateur Duperré avait parfaitement filé sur l’Italie, abandonnant son escadre. Il n’étalt pas encore rentré le SB mars à Toulon. v Fait important à noter.: jusqu’à présent on n’a pu se mettre d’accord, dans les bureaux de la rue Royale, sur le texte de la ’ note officieuse à communiquer à l’agence j Havas, r Du reste, ne nous étonnons pas que M. ? Duperré invoque la personnalité de l’amiral Hopskins pour couvrir sa responsabilité dans cette triste histoire : C’est, sans doute; pendant" la guerre de 1870 que l’ex-aide de camp de l’impératrice s’est lié avec cet officier anglais, pendant que ses camarades de la marine combattaient les Prussiens dans les rangs de l’armée française. La parole est à M. Barbey de Mazamet. La traite en Irolle-CaMro LA BARDE ÉTIENNE Le jour n’est pas éloigné, croyons-nous, où les plus graves révélations se produiront contre le ministre Etienne, qui, d’accord avec Rouvier, se fait lç complice tantôt de grosses maisons marseillaises, tantôt de la haute finance internationale. • Déjà l’on sait que la désastreuse campagne du-Dahomey a été entreprise surtout afin de favoriser certains armateurs de Marseille. On aurait donc dépensé des millions, on aurait sacrifié des hommes, pour servir des intérêts particuliers. En Algérie, même tactique, la bande exploite cyniquement le pays. On nous signale enfin de Nouvelle-Calédonie et d’Indo-Chine, des faits nouveaux d’une importance exceptionnelle qui dé* montrent bien comment le sous-secrétaire d’Etat Etienne comprend l’administration des colonies. La société-des mines de nickel L’Intransigeant a déjà signalé plusieurs fois l’odieux trafic de chair humaine qui se fait en Nouvelle-Calédonie au profit de la grande Société des Mines de Nickel. Le gouvernement met à la disposition de celle-ci de véritables esclaves menés militairement et qui travaillent à prix réduit. La Compagnie du Nickel recrutait avec peine les ouvriers chargés de l’extraction • du minerai. Elle trouvait surtout les sa. laires beaucoup trop élevés. Afin de réaliser de plus gros bénéfices, elle s’adressa donc au gouvernement et de r : manda qu’un certain nombre de condamnés fussent mis à sa disposition pour travailler à la mine. Ce nombre était encore insuffisant. On eut alors recours au compère Etienne, devenu sous-secrétaire d’Etat aux colonies; et le ministre de la République, le ministre d’un pays qui a proclamé l’abolition de l’esclavage, traita avec les tout-puissants seigneurs de la finance pour une livraison considérable et périodique de chair humaine. Une cargaison humaine Où recruter ces ouvriers? M. Etienne ne fut pas longtemps embarrassé. N’avait-il pas en Indo-Chine une population entière mise à sa merci. Et d’abord les prisonniers de guerre, tous les Tonkinois ou Annamites arrêtés dans quelque rencontre ou dans quelque simple bagarre. On fit appel aùx résidents et vice-résidents qui, incapables d’administrer le pays, pouvaient du moins, au premier prétexte habilement provoqué, faire arrêter en masse des indigènes et les livrer au sous-secrétaire d’Etat. Nous n’exagérons rien en disant que plus d’un millier d’individus ont déjà été ainsi arrachés au sol natal, sans jugement aucun, transportés et entassés à bord de vaisseaux et expédiés en Nouvelle-Calédonie. L’Avenir de Nouméa annonce l’arrivée dans cette ville, à' bord du Chéribon, dé 800 travailleurs in^o-chinois, tous déportés par ordre du sous-secrétaire d’Etat aux colonies. Ces hommes sont d’ores et déjà ven dus à là Compagnie du Nickel, ; pour le travail dès mines. L’affaire a été traitée entre M. Etienne, d’une part, et M. de Greslan, de l’autre, représentant ladite Société. ■ Il ÿ a contrat et un ministre français, un ministre républicain est partie contractante dans -cet immonde trafic. Vaines protestations En Nouvelle-Calédonie, une opération aus-> si honteuse pour notre gouvernement est déjà l’objet de vives protestations. La presse fait remarquer qu’en rétablissant ainsi l’es*clavage,M. Etiénne avilit le prix de la maind’œuvre dans la colonie. Eri‘ Indo-Chine, les journaux les plus modérés déclarent que cette déportation en masse produit le plus déplorable effet : Des raisons-politiques, dit 17 ndo-Chine française, nous imposent parfois l’éloignement momentané d’un assez, grand nombre d’indigènes de nos possessions de Tlndo-Chine. Les Annamites eux-mêmes le reconnaissent, et ils savent mourir bravement lorsque des circonstances encore plus graves nous font un devoir de leur enlever la vie ; mais ce qu’ils ne comprendraient pas, ce qui soulèverait, contre nous le mécontentement de la grande famille annamite, c’est l’idée que nos autorités ont pu, dans un intérêt particulier, et pour permettre à un monsieur quelconque de réaliser quelques économies; traiter comme de simples galériens dçs hommes qui, en nous faisant de l’opposition, sont persuadés qu’ils luttent pour l’indépendance de leur pays; et qui ne craindront jamais dé faire à' cette conviction très respectable lé sacrifice de leur vie. Dans un intérêt de sécurité publique, nous avons le droit de déporter des Annamites A-Obock ou en Algérie; nous n’avons pas le droit de les livrer à l’exploitation d’un industriel. Il est si peu douteux que les déportations dont nous parlons sont de véritables marchés d’esclaves, qu’un délégué de la Société des Mines du Nickel s’est rendu tout exprès au Tonkin pour veiller à l’exécutiori de cet épouvantable contrat, et désigner peut-être lui-même les sujets vigoureux, capables de faire le travail auquel ils sont destinés. Voici ce que disait le même journal, en apprenant l’arrivée du représentant de la Compagnie en Indo-Chine :. La. nouvelle do. cette arrivée, dit lo mémo journal, s’est répandue avec une rapidité effrayante;-et l’effet produit est loin de nous être favorable. En ce moment, nous nous faisons l’écho d’un grand nombre d’indigènes de nos .amis. Ils ne voudraient pas voir encore augmenter, aujourd’hui surtout, le nombre déjà trop grand des critiques ou des reproches quo les lettrés de la cour de Hué exploitent contre nous. Une dernière fois, nous prions le gouvernement de ne pas laisser supposer à nos sujets annamites que nous .envoyons leurs pères ou leurs fils en Nouvelle-Calédonie, pour les faire mourir dans des trous de mine. t ' On n’a tenu aucun compte de ces réclamations, et, à l’heure actuelle; par ordre de M. Etienne, la cargaison humaine a été livrée. La vente des prisonniers Nous n’insisterons pas sur ce qu’il y a d’odieux dans la vente de prisonniers ,dé guerre consentie, au nom de la France, par Tinmercanti habitué à faire argent de tout et devenu sous-secrétaire d’Etat. Le torpilleur gouvernemental, auxprises avec lè O’Higgins; no put égalenvjnt lutter longtemps et il fut coulé bas par Tartillerie de ce dernier. • . , • Pendant le combat; lesbatteries de; terre réussirent à envoyer quelques projectiles contre les navires insurgés. Le O’Higgins fut ainsi touché à son tour deux fois. Un canon éclata et tua neuf marins ; mais l’artillerie ne put empêcher les, deux bâtiments victorieux du parti révolutionnaire de gagner la haute mer.. LE SUCCESSEUR DE 5Ï. BÛCHER M. d’Haussonville, qui avait été appelé à Villamanrigue, auprès du comte de Paris, est rentré à Paris, après une absence d’une quinzaine de jours. La succession de M. Bocher lui est définitivement échue* Grand bien lui fasse ! Ajoutons que le comte de. Paris, à l’occasion de cé remplacement, a éprouvé le besoin d’apprendre aux populations pourquoi il avait fait choix dejf. d’Haussonville. Une lettre de lui sera doncpubliée aujourd’hui dans les organes royalistes pour annoncer cette grrrrande nouvelle. Qui diable cela peut-il intéresser? DEMANDER PARTOUT IGIANT II Huit pages : 5 Centimes r SOMMAIRE DD 29* NUMÉRO Chronique....... Jacques La.Gaule. Les Dépravés (suite) Henri Roquefort. Le Boucher de Meudon : ■ (suite) i Jules Mary. Fromont jeune et Risler aîné (suite )............. Alphonse Daudet. La Folle ; G. de Maupassant. ’ La Lettre.. Georges Ohnet. Le vieux Moulin Paul Lacour, Calendes d’avril E. d’Herviuly. Los Œufs de Pâques de Julie.. Breuillê. ' Histoire de voleurs Jacques Lozère. Les Raseurs Jules Moinaux. Finftnoo.— La MAriaein du foyer.— Cuisine. — Connaissances pratiques.— L’Esprit de la semaine. — Questions récréatives. — Grand concours annuel do l’IiWIlANSMaEAlVT ILLCfiTBÉ. CHANSON La Maîtresse brune, paroles de Foussard, musique de Marcel Legay; (Fouquet, éditeur, 9, boulevard Saint-Denis) GRAVURES l ra page : Un Drame au couvent. A* page : lies Dépravés. 5 e . page : Musique. . 8' page : H.e Crime d’iïerblay. L'ESCADRE FRANÇAISE A CRONSTÂDT On annonce,que les officiers de l’escadre française attendue prochainement à Cronstadfc seront reçus en grande pompe par la famille impériale. Après une audience solennelle dans laquelle ils seront présentés.au czar, celui-ci, accompagné de l’impératrice, se rendra à bord des yaisseaux français. De nombreux banquets et des fêtes populaires seront donnés en l’honneur des marins français pendant leur séjour dans le grand port de guerre russe. , ■ ■ <» • ; •——• Depuis deux jours, le Moniteur universel, jdurnal ultra-catholique, brûlait un encens de choix sous le nez sale de Crassus Maret, et il le félicitait chaudement, hier encore, d’avoir ridiculisé, dans son dernier article du Matinales républicains qui prétendent « chasser Dieu du ciel et de la terre. » Voici, du reste, le passage do l’article qui a si fort réjoui la pieuse rédaction du Moniteur universel t Nom somme! extraordinaires, déclare Crassus. Nous voulons et nous ne voulons pas. Nous admettons la chose, non les conséquences de la chose. Nous chassons Dieu du ciel ; nous ne voulons plus ifânic ni d’autre vie ; nous bafouons les prêtres et les cultes ; nous ne croyons qu’à la matière, force inconsciente. Puis, quand tout cela est convenu, quand l’édifice est renversé, quand il n’y a plus rien, nous conservons avec le plus grand soin toutes les poésies et toutes les morales qu’ont enfantées les croyances que nous avons tuées ; et nous disons très sérieusement : « Ah 1 non, il faudrait aviser à garder tout cela. » Calino n’était pas plus stupide le jour où, démolissant les murs de sa maison, il parut tout étonné que le toit lui tombât sur la tête. Et le Moniteur universel, vivement touché des sentiments si pieusement' exprimés par le rédacteur en chef du RadicalSport, célèbre avec transports la rentrée do Crassus au bercail religieux: Son article d’aujourd’hui, dit le Moniteur, rentre dans sa manière d’autrefois. C’était la bonne. « Sa manière d’autrefois », les lecteurs dé 1 ’Intransigeant la connaissent. Nous leur avons d.onné des extraits édifiants des. w* ' «t ' 1 • • ’r „ * l j f ' ‘ ’i _ r, “ ’ 'ticles bonapartistes et cléricaux pubiïSifja»' dis dans' l’Illustration par le jeune calotiu^aret, qui célébrait indifféremment la, « chignon, d’br »,.de l’impératrice et Iq| •blanche cornette des sœurs de l’Hôtebr' Dieu... LA FAIVil NE A MA SSAOUAB Rome, 2 avril. Une dépêche de Màssouah annonce que la. famine fait d’horribles ravages dans la colonie -italienne, surtout dans le Harrar et le3‘ J provinces avoisinantes. Le durah, céréale africaine, se vend Sc* tuellement 50 fr. le quintal, tandis qu'en*! 1889 il coûtait seulement 5 fr; ■ : " ■ L'INFAMIE DU FISCf Nous ayons signalé déjà le cas de M.Ernesfc. èegout, détend, comme on sait, à SaintePélagie, pour un simple délit de presse. à été condamné à quinze mois de prison^*dont il a déjà accompli la plus grande par-; tie. Mais il ne suffit-pas qu’il ait payé cetta ; dette injustifiée : il est en outre sous la ma-)' nace d’une saisie, d’une vente mobitière et‘ de la contrainte par corps, s’il ne verse pas la somme de 7,5A0 francs, montant total ,de. l’amende qui lui a été infligée par surcroît et des frais^de son procès. r : Voilà un homme enfermé dans une cel«! Iule, et par conséquent hors d’état de gagner sa vie, puisque, journaliste, il ne peut’ collaborer à aucun journal; et l’on exige da lui qu’il se <jépouille de ce qu’il no posséda pas pour satisfaire à l’avidité du fisc ! Vous, avouerez que o’est une persécution abomi* jzcüblo» ■ Et remarquez que la conscience publiqua a déjà violemmeut protesté, dès qu’a été* révélé ce nouvel exploit administratif. Mais cela n’a pas empêché l’action de se pour-, suivre, et hier, notre confrère a reçu un commandement qui ne lui laisse plus qu’ua' répit de cinq jours pour liquider sa situation. ' ' C’est dérisoire. Lui fournira-t-on les moyens de réunir; l’argent nécessaire ? On ne le mettra mêma pas en liberté provisoire, pour lui permettre. de parer, aux éventualités qui la pressent. Il est sans défense, il n’a pas da‘ recours, et c’est ainsi que son mobilier sera dispersé aux-quatre vents, dans l’im«v puissance où il est de se procurer les fonds;; indispensables à sa libération vis-à-vis da son odieux créancier. Les anarchistes, dont il est l’ami, ne se sont jamais conduits aussi' brutalement que l’Etat én cette circons-;' tance. Car, c’est évidemment le vol et la? pillage organisés sous le couvert de la loi.Sous l’Empire,—M. Ranc en témoigne,—orr n’a jamais osé pousser si loin les choses. OnJ attendait àu moins l’expiration de la peina 1 avant de faire intervenir les gens du Tré»; sor. ITALIENS ET YANKEES? Les Yankees ont la main rude et ils ne pèchent pas par excès de sentimentalité. Us l’ont bien fait voir à la Nouvelle-Orléans 1 ,? quand, pour extirper de leur sol la redou< table société secrète qui a nom la Maffia, ils ont lynché onze Italiens plus ou moins convaincus de meurtre. L’Italie, qui met volontiers le poing sur Iaf hanche, surtout depuis qu’elle est l’alliée da l’Allemagne, a fait aux Etats-Unis de cava<. lières réclamations, et, sans attendre le ré.' sultat de l’enquête promise, elle a donné, , l’ordre à son ambassadeur de présenter ses lettres de rappel. Ce n’est pas un ultimatum, mais c’est une rupture des relations diplomatiques entrer les deux pays. Qu’en adviendra-t-il? Rien. Le gouvernement des Etats-Unis a déclaré au gouvernement italien, comme on le verra, dans les dépêches que nous publions plus? loin, qu’il avait un sincère regret du dépaçt de l’ambassadeur, qu’il admettrait le principe d’une indemnité, mais.qu’il ne pouvait promettre que les « coupables » seraient châtiés; car" tout dépendra de la décision dés tribunaux. Une pareille réponse est polie, mais w eue : on en conviendra sans peine. Mais i ? ..-j'Srtj: _ $fyg%i/0&F*' rie '■«>'** *S*V ^ » faudra bien que l’Italie s’en contente. Malgré ses gros cuirassés, ellc^ne s&xiàquerait pas à aller bombarder, même avec la permission de Guillaume II, lesports de l’Amérique du Nord. Ce n’est pas l’envie qui lui en manque. Seulement, elle n’ignore paajque les Yankees, gens expéditifs en toutes choses, et d’ailleurs bien pourvus de dollars, ce nerf de la guerre,= ne seraient pas longs à se procurer les navires dont ils pourraient .avoir besoin. Un conflit armé -aveugles. Etats-Unis, .ce. serait., aulreraeni-. grave pour l’Italie qu’une rencontre, déjà pas commode, avec un négus abyssin; ' Certes,les citoyens de. la NpùvelIeOrè léans.se .sont conduits assez brutalement,' bien qü’if soit à peu jorès avéré que les Italiens lynchés 1 -appartenaient à la.Maffidf'ét que r s’ils.Jur.ent acquitté s, ç’es t. quê'ie jurÿ" était terrorisé par lés’ menâcés r "des autres membres de cette société. Le procès pouvait être confié à un autre tribunal, pour cause de suspicion légitime, ainsi qye cela se pratique en. Italie même, dans l’île dè Sicile, à l’égard des bandits de la Maffia et de la Câmorra; tandis qu’en appliquant la cruelle loi de Lynch, on risquait de frapper des innocents. C’est là un procédé, indigne d’un peuple civilisé. Quant à l’Italie, tout le monde, estimera Telle n’a pas mis .toute la circonspection, désirable', : qu’èllè k manqué à son habileté traditionnelle en prenant trop nettement lait' et cause pour la Maffia, sous prétexte 'que ce sont ses. nationaux. qui composent cette société, alors que de n’ést qu’une racaille dont elle devrait être heureuse de Se voir débarrassée. En' faisant .aux Etatsdnis dë sages représentations tendant à laire protéger scs nationaux honnêtes émigrés en Amérique, l’Italie n’èût pu qu’être approuvée, et le cabinet de Washington eût îté forcé de s’incliner; tandis que sa rodomontade vis^à-vis du colosse Jonathan ne peut prêter qu’à rire. ' ' " Sutter-Lanmann. ■ que ceux-ci ont été chargés d’élaborer un projet de statuts de fédération internatio-, •'natc. Les Anglais protestent et leur J âttîtudô semble démontrer qu’ils ne sont, pas partisans de la grève générale. Un délégué français fait alors une proposition : « Puisque les Anglais, dit-il, s’obstinent à flous obliger à déposer les premiers un projet do fédération internationale, bien qu’ils aient^tout préparé, un projet, je demande qu’on reporté la première question des Belges à la cinquième question des Anglais. Ces deux questions sont absolument les. mêmes ftoutes, deux ne. traiteni..qua.d.e l’organisation d’une fédération. Nous aurons' ainsi. le-'temps "de préparer, nous aussi, Français, Allemands, .Belges, Un projet qui viendra en discussion avec" celui, présenté par les Anglais. .».. Le citoyen Cavrof, 'dèiéguè’belge,-appuie cetteapcoposiiionf-Æ^ais lorsqu’on la traduit! aux Anglais, ceux-ci se lôvenb-tous et crient. ‘ LE LEGS PRUVOST On. croyait cette affaire terminée, le Conïeilmunicipal ayant fait taire ses scrupules et accepté, ,1e legs de l’ancien-directeur de maison... hospitalière. > " •. Mais voici qu’un.a dame Hennion réclame, «a part dans la fortune de Pruvost... Mme Hennion dit que Pruvost était, au moment, do sa morjt, sous le Coup d’ûnfe inst.ructiozi correctionnelle 'pour escroquerie de MX),000 francs .commise au préjudice de son époux défunt, -M. Sylvain Hennion. • Là réclamante en profite'-pour donner certains renseignements peuédifiants sur ie bienfaiteur Pruvost, -l’ex-ami de feu Joffrin. C’est ainsi que, avant de, devenir « loueur dé dames », ce gentil’ citoyen avait -étémarchand d'hommes, àl’époque du remplacement.militaire;: L’action .correctionnelle tombant de fait par la mort de Pruvost; Mme Hennion pour r , ■suit civilement pour rentrer en possession := de la somme que, selon elle, Pruvost lui à escroquée. f , ■ • Qui aura l’argent? Sera-ce la Ville.de Paris ôu bien la clame Hennion 7 / Le pro.cès ne manquera Certainement pas 'd’incidents piquants. y...., ■ a..,. h. !..... ^. t Congrès inter national te mineurs -/ Séance du jeudi-2 avril Lq, cinquième séance a été ouverte à neuf Ijeures et demie du matin.Au uoiiui.,' ujl» acieuuiS anglais annonce que'le citoyen B. Pickard, député, secréSaire général du congrès, est. malade et -obligé de garder la chambre. , Sont nommés ensuite présidents pour la journée les citoyens Burt, député (Anglais) ; Schrœder (Allemand), et Callewaërt (Belge), i' Plusieurs dépêches ont été envoyées par les mineurs allemands. Ceux du bassin de : 3a Saàr annoncent que tous les minéurs qui )se sont occupés de faire de la propagande «n faveur du congrès, qui ont fait des ■collectes,. recueilli des fonds, etc., ont été chassés par les propiétaires des mines. La question du mode de votation, laissée en. suspens la veille, est de nouveau, discutée. Le vote par nationalité est finalement adopté. — , î Fédération internationale ' 'tin.-délégué allemand, -le citoyen Bunte, deuiande pourquoi l’on ne donne pas lecture du projet de fédération internationale élaboré dans les précédents congrès.; Les Allemands, dit-il, sont prêts à voter une fédération internationale quand même,'mais ce qu’il faut, avant tout, c’est fonder une caisse internationale des mineurs. Lç citoyen John Wilson, député anglais, fait remarquer que la première question à l’orflre du jour est celle-ci : Propositions belges.-'—N° 1. Constitution d’une fédéra■tion internationale. — Il invite donc les délégués belges à donner -connaissance "du .projet de statuts do cette fédération. Tous les. délégués anglais applaudissent et rient bruyamment. Les Beiges se plaignent alors d’être tournés en dérision par les Anglais, et affirment vent lésés est naturelle, mais la justice, pour être équitable, n’admet pas la. précipitation". v-'--'-. y'/' ". Nouvelle note de l’îtalie , * Romo,2 avril. ! M. Imperiali, chargé d’affaires d’Italie à Washington, a reçu l’ordre de remettre à M. Blaine, en réponse à sa note d’hier, la note suivante :. Le gouvernement italien n’a pas demandé autre; chose qii’une prompte ouverture de poursuites judiciaires régulières.. 11 eût été .ajisüjçde., de prétendre .à une^-punition..sans ,1a : "garautrè' d’ûn 'jugemënï^^giffiëîCtiTîâfié¥ê-^|: nouvelle la même demande. L’incident diplomatique pourra être considéré terminé sçutemeatjquand^e aou-« vérnemènt fédéral aura déclaré, ■' d’une' façon précise, qu’ùn-fugenwûf'Sera ‘ btentôtwra+ert. % i ts. XKecü .forent « No:l ■ noi.» PlusienTSx< ; ^trûr[.^tmc:indenmi t é-.gsfrdn.fcaax;famifi^des-yi,cfs eux lancent des interruptions. , 1 " A l’heure du déjeuner la séance est levée. Repr jsedestravaux.-—-Lagr^vô .* .générale . , /•'La séance est ouverte à. detix heures'de l’après-midi,-i Le président belge Callewaert, abordant la question de"la grève générale, rappelle qu’au congrès de Jolimont, les Anglais ont fait ajourner cette question à un an, alors: que toutes les autres nationalités étaient d’accord pour organiser immédiatement cette.grève générale. "■ .« Cette -fois; conclut-il," il 'faut ! qu’oh' ■prenne une décision définitive relativement a cette .question de grève générale. Les mineurs du continent, surtout ceux fie la Belgique, sont à bout dè patience; » Les citoyens Cavrot et Defuisseaux, délégués belges, font cette proposition u ■ • » Que la -grève générale éclate avant là 1“ mai. » ; ■ Le délégué allemandBrodam a la patrole. ... LE OESASIBE.DE IBAN1P0ÜR A -Æj «gel... Londres, 2 avril. Suivant une dépêche^-efliciellq deManipour, datée du.2 avrivl'èi*ji'èrlës'^ddnniiéS 4 jusqu’à présent sont d’un, officier et de quinze hommes tués, d’un officier et de vingt hommes blessés. Cent six hommes ont dispuduir;'i-.-. -i’-: o;u,'tiq'uT "«rOTOVÊLCES -TSrlï AT MAW Devant la mairie du sixième : l .' -Uqfulur^poux aperçoit wft-mariage affidié-sous • ( ïé treillage traditionnel ; < ■ î . ’. Pas. encore marié,, sîécrie-t-il et déjà La plupart des mineurs allemands, dit-il, sont-on principè 'pârtisans' do la grève génér! raie. Mais il faut bien réfléchir. Elle est peutêtre prématurée. ■' . ' On peut préparer la grèvegénérale pour-un momeut qui sera.. favorable, . mais nous ne croyons pas qu’on puisse la déclarer avant la 1°* mai. Un délégué français dit. à son tour : . Nous sommes partisans de la grève ‘ générale, mai9 nos chambres syndicales n'étant pas suffisamment organisées, nous estimons, comme les Allemands, qu'on doit roculer après 1© 1" mai la date de-cette grève générale. -■ Un délégué anglais fait alors la déclarai tiôn suivante :. , .. Bien que nous ne soyons pas partisans de la. .grève générale dans le' royaume britannique, nous agirons oependant comme la majorité des ! meneurs-et nous ferons fa grévftjsi elle est ordonnée. ■ • . ■ • ' ■ . Dés que là traduction est faite decedis-, cours, les délégations française^ belge et ^allemande applaudissent frénétiquement. ; -.Le citoyen Bauër, délégué allemand,.dit ;qu’i'l faut voter la grèye.générâle, mais sans en fixer la date. -h: ’ a Le citoyen Defnet, délégué' belge,'dépose d’amendement suivant. Le congrès international, des. mineurs, réuni .le 31mars et jours suivants, à la Bourse du Travail de Paris, estime qu’une grève général© des mineurs d’Angleterre, de France, do Belgique, d’Autriche Hongrie et d'Allemagne, s’impose pour conquérir là journée de. huit; heures. . Le congrès charge le comité international dë prendre toutes les mesures, nécessaires afin de faire éclater cette grève générale à bref délai. On décide que cet amendement sera traduit et imprimé dans les différentes i»rxgués et, distribué aux délégués, qui l’étui" dieront et statueront à la séance d’aujourd’hui vendredi. ; La séance est levée dix minutes. à cinq heures. moins /ITALIE La réponse du cabinet américain. Washington, 2 avril, M. Blaine vient d’adresser à M. Imperiali de Villafranca,,chargé d’affaires d’Italie, une lettre dans laquelle il exprime le regret sincère que. lui. cause le départ-de M, de Fava. _ i Le gouvernement américain ne voit pas de raison suffisante à. ce départ. Son regret s’accentue par, la croyance que M. de. Fava est rappelé à la suite d’un malentendu, les faits ayant été jugés d’une façon erronée parle gouvernement italien. Le gouvernement américain a essayé de montrer qu’il n’avait pas le droit de donner l’assurance, demandée par l’Italie, que les coupables seraient punis. En effet, la Constitution des Etats-Unis porte que tout accusé a droit à un jugement prompt par un jury impartial. Or cette impartialité est incompatible avec la promesse qu’on voulait obtenir du gouvernement. Mais celui-ci admet le principe .d’une indemnité qui est formellement inscrit dans le traité de février 1871 ; il attendra donc que chaque fait essentiel soit établi par un jugement correct et par l’autorité légalement constituée. L’impatience de .ceux qui se trou. Lai grève de Morewéod Combat entre grévistes et gardiens.,.-? Onze grévistes tués, vingt-sept. blessés. ’ ■ Philadelphie,’^ avril. On annoncé -qu’un combat a eu fieu ce matin, à Morewood (Pensylvanie), entre les ouvriers mineurs. en grève et des gardes armés. , ... ... Trois ou quatre centsgrévistes, ayant marché sur les usines de Frick Coke Com+ panu, ont commencé à enfoncer les portes, de l’usihè. Ils tirèrent sur les gardes dont* plusieurs furent blessés légèrement. -■«' Les gardes ripostèrent avec leurs fusils* Remington, et.onze grévistes furent tués. Vingt-sept autres ont été blessés. Toiitcs.les 'victimes sont de nationalité étrangère. ‘ ?" INFORMATIONS. : FRANCE, 7 jLes ministres qui, sont présents à Paris: se -sent réunis hier matin en conseil de ..cabinet;? au ministère de la guerro,. .sous la présidence dé M. de Freycinet. La séance a été exclusivement, consacrée à l’expédition des affaires courantes. ■Eh bien, tant mieux 1 ? J'.' .! ■ " ’l ",V,?! Il paraît que M. de Freycinet va partir pour la région de' l’Est .avant la fin .des vacances,' , parlementaires.. , /Le ministre de la guerro ira inspecter les , placos fortes de certe région. ■ ' -■ Ht * .... tention d’abdiquer sous peu en faveur de son fils aîné, le prince Louis, qui est marie à l’arÔbMûcheSSC. Marie-Thérèse, ‘une nièce, du feu duc dè Modéne. ' r . Le prfuce-régent est âgé de soixante-àix ans, il souffre horriblement do rhumatismes. *** MM. Emile Zola et Pierre Loti ne serontpas les seuls candidats à l’élection qui aura lieu le mois prochain 4 l’Académie française en remplacement de M. Octave Feuillet. ; , Une nouvelle candidature vient en effet dè se produire : "celle" d’un certain M.'" Auguste Bastier, un célébré inconnu. —uni,, , . —MË—-v—• -, M. de Mohrenheim, ambassadeur de Russie à Paris, se rendra à la fin <3u mois à Moscou. Il ’ ifoii àssisfëF’ü l’inauguration de l’Exposition "•’ai^isTique; frknça3se qui -'doft s’CfïArlr tfaiis lés' premiers j ours dé mai! “ ’ ' ■ £ en (A. üâniiestatiimJ nlematiûB alB du f Mai Le-cbmité général, dans sa séance du l” r avril, a décidé d’envoyer à la commission d’organisation, çt, de propagande toutes les propositions relatives 4 Iâ'maniféstation du 1 er mai. ' '• "Le secrétariat, invite tous .lçè grpupémenls, chaihbres syndicales, groupes corporatifs, cor-’ c&s d’étudés qui auraient des propositions a fdrmuler à les envoyer d la commission, qui' së -réuuit demain samedi, sâlIé Bortin, 35,'rué Pastourelle, afin dé présenter ün travail d’ensemble 4 la réunion qûi aura fieu, mercredi 8 avril, salle Légbr,' 108, rue du Temple'. ‘ ' ’ " A LHO SPICE D’IVRY ■Il y a quelques jours, uii' vieillard dë séixante-dix-huit ans, M. Boulevert, pensionnaire à i’hospice d’Ivry, se pendait à l’aide de son foulard. Nous: avons signalé ce suicide dans notre. numéro daté du 3Q .mars." :. ■ ' ■ ;■■■ , ' /Au 1 sujet dè ce drame, on nous fournit dès renseignements inouïs sur la 'façon dont l’hospioe d’Ivry est administré. ■ La nourriture donnée chaquo jour aux pensionnaires est parfois répugnante et* toujours détestable. Quant'aux soins, cela ne vaut pas la peine d’en parlera L’incurie règne dans tous les services.-Le directeur, , M;. Laboueyrie, est d’une faiblesse de carac, tore et d’uine incapacité notoires. -C’est à ces causes multiples que sont dus les drames semblables à celui que nous avons signalé. ÜL Boulevert, qui s’est. donné .la mort,. occupait le lit n° .8 dë la salle Gaillard. Il était fàtisméde subir sans cesse les tracasséries de l’administration et là privation de nourriture et de soins. L’Assistance publique attendra-t-elle que beaucoup de ses pensionnaires aient imité l’exemple de M. Boulevert pour remédier à cette déplorable situation? -quatre iÉTRANGER L’armement de l’infanterie italienne ; Une dépêche do Rome nous apprend que le ministère de ia guerre, aurait donné des instructions pour suspendre la fabrication des fusils d3 petit calibre. Ceux actuellement fabriqués au nombre de quelques milliers, seraient distribués à quelques régiments alpins et aux bersaglieri. *** ~ On annonce à Munich, que lè prince-régent Luitpold de Bavière, héritier du trône, a l’in LE SOCIALISME EN ITALIE Perquisitions en Sicile, — troubles à Cataue. — Lia propagande. socialiste : , ' Palernie, 2 avril. M. Pouyer-Quertier rie fut pas" réélu à'U' ■^Janvier dernier et il éprouva un nouvel échec, TiTya quelques;ëômainèâ, dans le département de l’Eure. On annonce également la mort i De M. Dubail, ancien maire du dixième arrondissement pendant le siège de.Paris; Du docteur Bourguet, membre associé de l’Académie de médecine';. ■ ' ; De Mme Craven, auteur d’un certain nombre d’ouvrages littéraires ' % De Rainiharivony, héritier du premier ministre malgache, ministre, .de. Ja guerre, deMatTaga'scârr*"”■ ' ■'—•"— De M. Thomâs, Baring,direçteur.gérant do la célèbre maison Bàring'ffèré'sV'QÔ'céaé à Rome. ' ”* : " , i..%*•• TRIBUNAUX NÉCROLOGIE M. POUYER-QUERTIER M. Pouyer-Quçrtier, ancien. ministre de M. Tliiers, ancien sénateur, vient de mourir à Rouen; il étàit âgé do soixante et onze 4 ns. .... Grand manufacturier, ' membre /de la chambre de commerce de Rouen, il était entré 'au Corps législatif, .en 1857, comme candidat officiel de l’Empire. Protectionniste à outrance, il combattit les opinions libre-éehangistes deTEippirC; et fut battu aux élections de 1809. Aux élections du 8 février 1871, il fut élu député de la Seine-Inférieure à l’Assemblée nationale.Il entra comme ministre dès finances dans le premier cabinet de M. Thiers, et en cette qualité il fut chargé des négociations financières avec l’Allemagne et de la conclusion définitive du traité de Francfort. 11 dut se retirer du ministère en mars 1872 après le procès de M. Janvier de la Motte, ancien préfet impérial, dans lequel il défendit la fameuse théorie des virements. M, Pouyer-Quertier appartenait au parti réactionnaire, qu’il représenta do 1876 à 1891., Une jolie famille C’est un bien ignoble spectacle que celui qu’offrait Talmitième chambro-correctionnelle. Une hnèro "accusait son fils de tenta-; ■tivo.d’assassiàat sur sa personne^ et le /fils répondait par des insolences e£ a’ddieuses •accusations." La mère, Mme Raveau, âgée aujourd’hui de cinquante-trois ans, a été abandonné par son mari", il y a environ vingt-huit ans./ Sans enfant, à cette époque, elle nouait des. relations .avec un sieur Grard, rentier à Bry-sur-Marne. Elle en eut deux fils qui furent jqsçrite à. l’état civil sous le, nom 4e Ràveau. * r ■" " j. "*• J 1 L’aîné, Emile, âgé de virjgt-sept ans, ha? bite encore ayec s'amère chez le sieur Grard.: ' Le-plus jéiine, Louis, le-prévenu, hahite à; Charenton ayec la fille Chagnat. „ Voici lès faits quioritamené LoUis Raveaù sûr les bancs de la correctionnelle. C’est la femme Raveau qui les rapporte :. Lè 2 janvier,.vers sept heures du soir,'j’éfais dans ma chambrej.au, premier étage; pendant que.M. Grard se reposait dans la sienne, située au rez-de-chaussée./ Nous étions seuls à :1a maison. , J’entendis que quelqu’un, essayait d’ouyrir une porte au rez-dc-chaussée. Ne sachant à qüoi attribuer ce bruit; je descendis sans lumière en, criant dans l’escalier; « Il y a du moede par là. » N’ôntendant plus rien, je remontai* quand je vis s’ouvrir la porte dé jà'chambres contiguë.à.celle de M* Grard, et tout aus-Z sitôt, je reconnus mon fils 'Louis'qui, 'avant même , que j’aie pu prononcer, un mot, me porta spr-la tête un,coup violent. Je tombai a terre et je le.vis qui S'enfuyait par la porte du jardin; puis, je perdis connaissance..., —. Dans qüelje intention pensez-vous que, votre fils était venu chez voüs ?. — Son .dessein était évidemment de sur-, prendre M. Grayd au moment /où il le sa,?/ voit seul dans la' chambre. ^.-Pourtant ilvous en voulait aussi à vous?. —Un peu; il croyait que c’était moi qui empêchait M.. Grard de lui avancer de l’ar-. gcht sur la somme de .10,000 francs qu’il.lui* avait laissée après sa mort. / —‘ Jë suis innocent,, je j’ai toujours dît et! jèle répéterai toujours. Tnne te. souviens plus de Tien, car tu tegrises souvent.Quànd, tu as bu tu tombes du haut-mal et la 'blessure dont .tu te plains. t.u te .l’es faite en; toiubant.-Né me force pas à te renier pour ma mère.’ Tii m’accuses, parce que. tu m’en veux, à cause de la donation de 10.000 fraiies que m’a faite M. Grard. ; Tu aurais voulu* que, ces ,10,009 francs te fussent donnés. ■ ?Je persiste à dire que j’ai formelle-: ment reconnu mon fils, et je suis prête à lé déclarer partout, quelles que puissent être? les conséquences de mon témoignage, / Je suis innocent. r Une jongue .discussion s’élève entre divers témoins sur l’heure à laquelle le prévenu s’est présenté chez eux. Suivant, l’une ou l’autre version," l’alibi/ invoqué par le prévenu devait être ou non admis. M° Adam a présenté,la défense.du prévénu, qui a été condamné 4 deux ans de prison Æt'50 francs d’amende. nomment socialiste et rensieiiste. Réunion du comité socialiste révolution-, naire du treiziéme arrondissement, adhérent au Comité central socialiste révolutionnaire, ce soir,-a huit Jieures et demie, au local.habituel. : ; ... —Réunion du comité révolutionnaire'ci es premier et deuxième arrondissements, adhérent au Comité çeutral socialiste révolutionnaire, 4 neuf heures, au local habituel. —— Réunion du comité républicain socialiste intransigeant de Montmartre, aujourd’hui vendredi, d huit heures et demie, .salle Char* les, boulevard Barbés, 2. ' —~ Neuvième arrondissement. — Comité républicain national révisionniste. — Réunion samedi fc avril, rue et brasserie dès Martyrs'.—. La question ouvrière, chambres syndicales, les prud’hommes. —■ Réunion du comité -socialiste révolutionnaire du onzième arrondissement, adhérent au Comité central socialiste révolutionnaire, ce "soir/ à huit heures et demie, au local habituel. —— Dans leur dernière séance, les comités républicains socialistes révisionnistes du douzième arrondissement, adhérents au Comité central socialiste révolutionnaire, ont décidé d'organiser une grande réunion privée pour le "lundi G àvril, salle Mâziri", àvcc'îb"concours/iee ' citoyens Ernest Roche, député, Marguorittes et Breuille. 5..,t divers Variations àtnfoiphériqncs d’hier : A 7 heures matin. 3° 1/2 au-dessus de C A 11 heures matin. 8° »/» A 1 h. après-midi,^ 11« »/» A 7 heuresjioir... 10° 1/2 —. A 9. ... ....... 9°. »/n ' ;. A 11" " '— ' ' ,‘7° »/«'■'■ " -* •' ; Dert-*."enfanté • almnkoWnék» kl'Hier " , àprôSrtûjdi,.,le : concierge du numéro 1A2, -faubourg Saint-Denis,.-apercevait;; ayec suri 'î prise, dans là cour do cet immeuble, deuÿ , enfants, urié jolie / peti'te. T iUle„#t up pçtit .«àTQPA .ao quàti-O àns.-.ëiiviroiï, tous'deux très proprement vêtus.. Xes enfants -semc"tuaient abandonnés. La pëtitë fille pleurait a chaudes larmes, appelant : — Maman ! Maman ! Le concierge s’approcha : * — Où est-alie, ta maman ? — Sais'pas. — Et où demeures-tu ? — Sais pas. Il fut Impossible de tirer autre chose que cette réponse négative .dos deux pauvres petits; „ Us ont été emmenés chez le commissaire de police du quartier, en attendant que ce mystère soit éclairci. Les voyageurs excentriques. — Après avoir,; éii ࣠subir! d’àsieZ pénibles éprouves, 'l’échassierSylvain : Dornon' est arrivé à Berlin, merpredi, "à uùè heure .avancée dé :1a' nuit. Quant à l’homme au .mulet, il continue son petit bonhomme de. chemin et traverse en ce moment l’Espagrie. La série des voyages extraordinaires, n’est pas encore close.. On équilibriste, -nommé L. Couture, en représentation au Havre, se déclare' tout ' disposé à accepter le pari de " se.; rendre de Paris à Madrid, sur les mains il! -.t .. •. Il s’engage à parcourir -la distance, qu# est d’environ 1,200 kilomètres, à raison de U kilomètres par jour. Le .voyage se fera en un an, en tenant compte des mauvais, temps, do la difficulté dje'certaines routes; etc.■■ ! ' : ;: ' , A quand le voyage sur la tête?. ' .... Leréeuinolssouhcmcnt. tic le Seine. — C’est après-demain, dimanche, è trois heures, qu’aura lieu, à Marly, cette .intéressânteopération, sous la direction, • de. : M. Jousset de Bellesme, directeur de l’aqua^ rlum du Trocàdéro. Ainsi que nous l’avons dit,.50,000 •aie-. -. vins seront jetés dans la Seine pour rem-, placer les poissons tués par les ■ explosions de; dynamite, explosions qui avaient pour but de briser-les glaces. MM. Jozan;'ingénieur des ponts et chaussées, et Moreau, conducteur, le bateau de. ■ celui-ci et sonporsonnelont été invités parleministre dont ils relèventà«resterremisés». Il ne se passera donc aucun'.incident ..et’. cette opération curieuse, qui nécessite di grands soins, • pourra s’effectuer convenablément. ; <■. t < finnircstatton pour riec. — Plusieurs ’ journaux ont raconté que.les socialistes de., ‘SAvTftfi. fl.nMn,înn.nt. siip In ninn.H’oafflf'inn ‘ j VV qu'uno collision avec la police en était ré. sultéo. Renseignements pris, il ne s’agissait nullement.d’une manifestation socialiste, mais d’une' prômonade d’enfants et de jeunes ' gens, faisant partie d’un-patçonago. Ce n’est-ni la Carmagnole,. ni le Ça Ira, comme on l*à‘ dit, qu’ils chantaient, mais la chanson du Fromage au lait et Un éléphant, ça trompe... En fait de drapeaux, ils avaient, tout simplement arboré leurs mouchoirs au. bout de leurs cannes ou do leurs para• pluies. ‘ L’erreur commise a été due à l'excès de zèle d’un agent,-que de trop copieuses libations avaient vivement « ému », et qui, se précipitant sur les élèves, avait émis la prétention d’on emmener un au-poste. ■ U a fallu l’intervention d’un adjoint de Sô.V-res pour mettre un terme à ce grotesque : scandale. Telle est, réduite à ses justes proportions, cette affaire.autour de laquelle on a mené ■ un certain bruit,. ' .. OisparUiou ëuu garçon de recettes*.— Le nommé Petit, employé comme garçon de recettes de la délégation des huissiers qui a son siège au Comptoir d’Escompte, avait été chargé, avant-hier,' d’encaisser pour 70,000 francs d’effets commerciaux.'Dans la soirée, il ne vint pas apporter au, caissier principal le montant de. sa re' Cette et| hier matin, il n’àvait pas reparu à son domicile, II, rue du Marché-Saint-Honoré. Mais lequel? Bien que la combinaison imaginée par Emile lui semblât un peu hardie, elle était ingénieuse, et elle-même n’en trouverait sans doute pas l’équivalent. En somme, si M. Favinières ne se conduisait pas en galant homme, elle était de force à se défendre. Cependant, une considération l’arrêtait : l’heure indiquée. Pourquoi avoir choisi la nuit? Toute la soirée elle hésita et, ne sachant à quel parti s’arrêter, elle remit sa décision au lendemain. Mais, à son réveil, le3 tergiversations recommencèrent. ✓ ' Ne pas répondre, c’était consentir, et le temps s’écoulait. Enfin, elle s’imagina avoir trouvé une solution satisfaisante. Vite elle prit une feuille de papier à lettre et y traça ces lignes : ' « Je ne puis refuser de vous entendre, puisque vous m’affirmez qu’il s’agit de choses graves et sérieuses. Jeudi, à deux heures, je serai seule à la maison^ mon père est à son bureau, et ma mère conduit ma sœur à une leçon. Descendez, et je vous recevrai. Ce sera plus convenable et moins dangereux. » A vous de cœur, Jacqueline. » En sortant l’après-midi avec sa mère, elle glissala lettre dans une boîte, sans être vue. Emile la reçut le soir en rentrant. Ce n’était pas ce qu’il voulait, mais cela valait mieux que rien. A l’heure où il bâtissait d’âvance millè projets pour son entrevue, la maison Ballaguey tout entière le bénissait. Son tuyau avait réussi. Avec 1U francs, Ballagùey'en avaît'gàgné 72. Le sort en était jeté. Ballaguey allait s’initier aux secrets des courses et essayer d’y faire fortune, comme son fils. Justement, il reçut ce soir-là la visite de Valentin, qui lui apportait à son tour un renseignement. — Le lendemain, comme la veille, il passa, en se rendant place Vendôme, à l’agence Rigobert. Il y retrouva les niêmes figures, les mêmes habitués : un garçon de café du voisinage, qui engouffrait là tous ses pourboires; un petit boutiquier, fabricant de malles, qui, à la veille de faire faillite, espérait se. sauver par. un coup; un jeune employé, aux vêtements râpés, qui se privait souvent de déjeuner pour mettre ses quarante sous sur un cheval; un ouvrier à la mine hâve, dont la semaine achevait de s’engloutir, tandis que sa femme et ses enfants crevaient de misère dans ùn taudis; d’autres encore, tous victimes de cette effroyable passion» du jeu. Une femme même se mêlait à ce mélange-interlope de toutes les classes sociales et discutait avec les hommes, en camarade, les chances des concurrents de la journée. C’était une petite marchande de lingerie de la rue Taitbqut, vertu facile,-"qui mangeait en paris maladroits les doubles produits de sa boutique et de sa galanterie. Le spectacle écœurant de ces épaves du vice aurait dû faire impression sur Ballaguey, le détourner de la maison mauditè.. Mais, il y a longtemps que les philosophes l’,ont dit, la passion ne raisonne guère. Le sous-chef mit vingt francs sur le cheval que lui avait désigné Valentin. C’était la série à la veine. Il gagna et toucha 113 francs 20. Le jour même, Mme Ballaguey commanda des robes pour elle et pour ses filles. Son mari lui promit, escomptant les bénéfices futurs, de lui acheter des boucles d’oreilles et une broche. Elle avait envie de ces bijoux depuis son mariage et n’avàit jamais pu les avoir. Mais son troisième coup ne fut pas heureux. Un petit mot de Valentin lui ayant dit de prendre deux chevaux le jour suivant, l’un premier, l’autre premier èt placé, celui qu’il avait pris premier fut battu, l’autre placé seulement. Par bonheur, il se rattrapa brillam-, ment le lendemain sur un nouveau conseil de son fils et surtout le surlendemain, grâce à un cheval d’Emile, que celui-ci, avait donné comme sûr. Ces premiers succès l’ayant enhardi, il ’ tenta. un ■ gros coud , qui réussit égale! ment. Alors, les cadeaux affluèrènt rue Nollet. On aurait dit que le Pérou jetait ses pépites au sous-chef. Mme Ballaguey voulut avoir sa bourse de jeu à elle. Jacqueline joua aussi, et Totor lui-même risqua le dimanche ses économies à. l’agence'Rigobert. On ne s’occupait plus que de jeu dans la maison. Lucie plaisantait les projets.de son" père, qui parlait déjà de donner congé et de se choisir un appartement plus grand. Elle acceptait les cadeaux en disant : — C’est toujours ça qu’on ne reperdra pas. Elle conseillait, même de ne pas tout dépenser, de faire quelques économies et de les placer en valeurs auxquelles ou ne toucherait pas. Mais sa voix ne fut pas écoutée. Un soir qu’il avait réalisé uu gain sérieux, Ballaguey rencontra rue de la Cliflussé&ïd’Antln une petite femme fort appétissante, dont les œillades assassines étaient très éloquentes. Ballaguey avait trente ans de vertu à son actif. Bref, il rendit visite à là petite femme,' et il y retourna souvent. Aussi, bientôt les bénéfices ne suffirent plus. Il voulut alors augmenter ses mises et jouer sur des chevaux qu’on lui indiquaitseulement comme probables. La dégringolade ne tarda pas à arriver. En quelques jours, il reperdit tout ce qu’il avait mis en réserve. Le 13 juillet, il n’avait plus un souvaillant. Plus rien pour jouer, plus rien pour .les dépenses de la maison. Il parla de mettre au Mont-de-Piété, afin de se rattraper, les bijoux qu’il avait donnés à sa femme. Mais celle-ci lui refusa net. .. — Je les ai, je les garde, répondit-elle. Arrange-toi. Le soir, le. sous-chef emprunta quarante francs à son fils, qui n’osa les lui refuser, mais l’engagea a être plus pru-dent. Une consolation lui fut ménagée, ce* pendant. Emile vint lui annoncer que sa nomination comme chevalier de la' Légion d’honneur paraîtrait le lendemain matu. à l’Officiel. AndréVERVOORTV (Atuv/re.) ; ' V absenté pendant efreiron idjysttj •minutes, -des malfaiteurs ' après avoir oü-^ ■vert à l’aide d’un 1 clou la porte fermée seulement au bec-de-cane, se sont introduits dans le magasin. Grâce aux papiers dé soie dont on recouvre pendânt la nuit les bijoux, exposés dans la vitrine, ils ont pu opérer sans être remarqués. Ils ont enlevé tcois baguiers représentant une valeur de AO,000 francs, des broches en brillants, des épingles de grand prix, etc. M. Golav estime le vol à 80,000 francs. Les voleurs n’ont laissé aucun indice. _ . Le garçon de magasin s’absentait ainsi chaque matin ' pour aller prendre un verreshez le marchand, de vin en compagnie d’autres domestiqués. Toutefois, .il me y 'être allé hier et prétend que son absence a cté causée par des coliques hépatiques qui Font surpris tout à coup. • Un drame de la misère. — Il y a dix? Luit,mois environ, un sieürV...', commisvoÿàgeur, venait s’établir dans un pavillon, rue des Vinaigriers, à Vanves, avpc.sa inaîAressé.Ta dame R...,et ses six enfants eh bas sîge. N.• ■ * i Mme R... avait quitté son mari depuis ‘^quatorze ans et le divorce , yenait d’être ‘prononéé: . Pendant quelque temps tout aila bien. Le ’fcngnage, ..très ,uni )r vjvai.t heu peux. .Mai»,-, brusquement, "V... perdît'sa'placé et ïh.mi-. partait chaque? jour ^cber<die<d’une place'et -rentrait lesoirç déisolé, n’àyant rien trouvé. Cette Situation idura un an. ■ ît II y a quelques jours, à la suite d’une fecène violente, V... annonçait à sa maîtresse [que cette vie n’était plus" possible, qu’il allait la quitter et se marier. f II partit, en effet, et no revint plus.■ Le crédit étant épuisé depuis longtemps, malheureuse famille né vivait plus que (du pain que lui fournissait encore' un boulanger du pays/ 'émii de cette lamentable ïïnisère. *1 ; Mme Rv... résolut de mourir .Avant-hier majptin, elle avala lo contenu d’un flacon de çnoix vomique. Bientôt elle se tordit dans [d’atroces convulsions. Des voisins accouruprent et lui donnèrent'les premiers soins. Un anédecin la fit transporter à l’hôpital Nec-■ iker. j Son .étal; est désespéré. i Les voisins ont recueilli les pauvres per dits enfants et ont promis do s’en occuper iet ‘de les nourrir jusqu’à ce qu’ils soient admis dans un asile: *~ , On est' sans nouvelles de leur père, : liés ïiljoux. à fourrés ». — Depuis '/quelque temps déjà, des inspecteurs du service de la garantie avaient observé que Mes bijoux étaient d’un poids plus lourd jquè celui indiqué ,par le contrôle. Unc.enm.ète eut lieu ; quelques-uns de ces bijoux jurent brisés et on acquit la certitude que ieur enveloppe en or renfermait du ciment'dans plusieurs parties, f Dans l’après-midi d’hier, MM. Guénin, commissaire de police du quartier delà Shaussée-d’Antin, et Duprat, inspecteur de ja garantie, ont qnéré des perquisitions xhez un certain nombre de bijoutiers. Une K<ea tramway» & vapeur. — A la suite de l’accident que nous avons signalé hier, la Compagnie des omnibus a' supprimé les tramways à vapeur qui faisaient le service; du Trocadéro à la place Pigalle. La Compagnie des omnibus n’aime rpas (ries--innovations. Le progrès l’effraie, et. quand, -poussée par l’opinion publique,elle est obligée de modifier ses modes de trans■ port, elle s’arrange de façon à ce que les, essais produisent des résultats fâcheux, | pour pouvoir-retourner au mode ancien-.* Cètte fois encore elle a réussi à avoir raison®; des réclamations justes des voyageurs, et Kdes tramways traînés par des chevaux ont ' remplacé depuis Mirer Tes tramways à vaPeurw.:-*’f ;.<-,1 *•-•-/ ! -'• r *T j Le public sera encore lourdement ballotté etlo trajet’durera une demi-heure‘de plus/ /NJais la rjehissime-compagnie préfère celai que .do .modifier-ses véhicules, modification. 1 '.qui .entraînerait ; pqur,elle la; : ,8iiflpressipiï ‘dif productif trafic qü'éil.e fait sur .les. che#vaux. >. .■ • , ; .. . ..
| 35,227 |
https://github.com/igorrarruda/ControleDeCustos/blob/master/aspnet-core/src/ControleDeCustos.Application/Funcionarios/IFuncionarioAppService.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ControleDeCustos
|
igorrarruda
|
C#
|
Code
| 30 | 170 |
using Abp.Application.Services;
using Abp.Application.Services.Dto;
using ControleDeCustos.Departamentos.Dto;
using ControleDeCustos.Funcionarios.Dto;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ControleDeCustos.Funcionarios
{
public interface IFuncionarioAppService : IAsyncCrudAppService<FuncionarioDto, int, PagedResultRequestDto, CreateFuncionarioDto, FuncionarioDto>
{
Task<ListResultDto<DepartamentoDto>> GetAllDepartamentos();
Task<ListResultDto<DepartamentoDto>> GetDepartamentosById(EntityDto<int> input);
}
}
| 30,184 |
https://github.com/dither001/WNDev1.14.4/blob/master/src/main/java/com/matez/wildnature/world/gen/feature/LavenderFeature.java
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
WNDev1.14.4
|
dither001
|
Java
|
Code
| 138 | 617 |
package com.matez.wildnature.world.gen.feature;
import com.matez.wildnature.Main;
import com.matez.wildnature.other.Utilities;
import com.matez.wildnature.blocks.FloweringBushBase;
import com.mojang.datafixers.Dynamic;
import net.minecraft.block.BlockState;
import net.minecraft.util.math.BlockPos;
import net.minecraft.world.IWorld;
import net.minecraft.world.gen.ChunkGenerator;
import net.minecraft.world.gen.GenerationSettings;
import net.minecraft.world.gen.feature.Feature;
import net.minecraft.world.gen.feature.NoFeatureConfig;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.function.Function;
public class LavenderFeature extends Feature<NoFeatureConfig> {
public LavenderFeature(Function<Dynamic<?>, ? extends NoFeatureConfig> p_i49876_1_) {
super(p_i49876_1_, false);
}
public boolean place(IWorld worldIn, ChunkGenerator<? extends GenerationSettings> generator, Random rand, BlockPos pos, NoFeatureConfig config) {
if(!worldIn.getDimension().isSurfaceWorld()){
return false;
}
BlockState blockstate = this.getRandomFlower(rand, pos);
int i = 0;
for(int j = 0; j < 512; ++j) {
BlockPos blockpos = pos.add(rand.nextInt(8) - rand.nextInt(8), rand.nextInt(4) - rand.nextInt(4), rand.nextInt(8) - rand.nextInt(8));
int x = blockpos.getX();
String lastXNum = (("" + x).charAt((""+x).length()-1)+"");
if(Utilities.isStringEqual(lastXNum,"0","1","2","5","6","7")) {
if (worldIn.isAirBlock(blockpos) && blockpos.getY() < 255 && blockstate.isValidPosition(worldIn, blockpos)) {
worldIn.setBlockState(blockpos, blockstate, 2);
++i;
}
}
}
return i > 0;
}
public BlockState getRandomFlower(Random random, BlockPos pos) {
return Main.getBlockByID("wildnature:lavender").getDefaultState().with(FloweringBushBase.FLOWERING,true);
}
}
| 7,944 |
5747482_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 799 | 1,135 |
Peters, J.
ITW Mortgage Investments I\( Inc. (hereinafter ITW) owned six separately assessed parcels which comprised Clifton Park Center, a shopping center in the Town of Clifton Park, Saratoga County. In 2004, ITW commenced an RPTL article 7 proceeding seeking to reduce respondent Town of Clifton Park’s total assessment of $30 million on three of the six parcels for the 2004 tax year. Thereafter, ITW and the Town agreed to discontinue the proceeding pursuant to certain terms and conditions. ITW and the respondents therein, agreed, on July 24, 2004, that the assessment for the 2004-2005, 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 tax years will be set at $30 million for those three parcels. In so doing, the parties acknowledged that the provisions of RPTL 727 were inapplicable. To the extent that the assessments on those remaining tax years were also set at $30 million for those three parcels, the parties agreed that no “protests or petitions claiming overvaluation” would be commenced.*
With a March 1 taxable status date (see RPTL 301, 302), petitioner purchased the six shopping center parcels in April 2006 for $11.1 million. The purchase contract stated that ITW “has not initiated any proceedings to reduce the real estate tax assessment of the [p]roperty which will continue to be pending on the date of the [cjlosing” and that ITW expressly disclaimed *942an assignment of its rights or obligations under the stipulation. Thereafter, petitioner sought to secure a reduction of the 2006 assessment from respondent Board of Assessment Review of the Town of Clifton Park, despite the fact that the three parcels identified in the stipulation were assessed a total of $30 million. In that application, petitioner alleged that the properties were overvalued and unequally assessed (see RPTL 706; see generally RPTL 701 [4], [8]). When petitioner failed to secure a reduction due to a lack of proof, petitioner commenced this RPTL article 7 proceeding. Before any discovery was commenced, petitioner moved for summary judgment, primarily relying upon its purchase price, multiplied by the Town’s 2006 equalization rate. Respondents cross-moved to dismiss the petition, contending that petitioner was bound by the stipulation. Supreme Court denied petitioner’s motion and partially granted respondents’ cross motion by dismissing any challenge to the three parcels identified in the stipulation. Petitioner appeals.
Limiting our review to the issues raised before Supreme Court, we first address whether the stipulation between ITW and the Town precludes petitioner from challenging the 2006 assessment of the three parcels identified in the stipulation. Recognizing that ITW was the record owner of the subject property as of the March 1, 2006 taxable status date, we conclude that the stipulation of settlement applies (see RPTL 302; Long Is. Power Auth. v Shoreham-Wading Riv. Cent. School Dist., 88 NY2d 503, 512 [1996]; Matter of Alexander’s Dept. Store of Val. Stream v Board of Assessors, 227 AD2d 549, 549 [1996]; Spiegel v Board of Assessors, 161 AD2d 627, 629 [1990], lv dismissed 76 NY2d 889 [1990]). The Town assigned the assessed value contemplated by the stipulation.
We next review the terms of that stipulation to determine if the challenges made by petitioner survive. Viewing the clear and unambiguous language of the stipulation as solely precluding a challenge to an assessment based upon a claim of “overvaluation pursuant to [the] Real Property Tax Law,” we find that while the overvaluation claim is precluded, the claim of unequal assessment on those three parcels is not (see RPTL 706). Next addressing whether petitioner sustained its prima facie burden to have judgment granted to it as a matter of law on that issue (see CPLR 3212; Zuckerman v City of New York, 49 NY2d 557 [1980]), we find its proffer insufficient. While we acknowledge the submission of evidence supporting its contention that it purchased the shopping center in 2006 in an arm’s length transaction which is “not explained away as abnormal in any fashion” (Plaza Hotel Assoc. v Wellington Assoc., 37 NY2d *943273, 277 [1975]), and that such evidence may well be “the best evidence of value” (Matter of Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. v Town of Moreau Assessor, 307 AD2d 669, 670 [2003]), petitioner failed to submit sufficient evidence to establish its claim of unequal assessment on these three parcels (see RPTL 706; Matter of Sofia v Assessor of Town of Eastchester, 294 AD2d 509, 509-510 [2002]).
Mercure, J.P., Spain, Carpinello and Lahtinen, JJ., concur. Ordered that the order is modified, on the law, without costs, by reversing so much thereof as precluded a challenge to the assessment of the three parcels identified in the stipulation on the basis of unequal assessment, and, as so modified, affirmed.
Petitioner also reserved its right to commence the appropriate proceedings should the assessment “exceed $30,000,000 for either 2005/06 and/or 2006/07 tax year(s), or should the subject property be destroyed or substantially damaged.”.
| 36,374 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra%20Engine
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Hydra Engine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydra Engine&action=history
|
English
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Spoken
| 191 | 273 |
HYDRA Engine is a brand name for a multi-GPU developed by Lucid Logix. Similar to nVidia's SLI and ATI's Crossfire-technologies, Hydra allows linking several video cards together producing a single output and higher performance. Unlike SLI and CrossFire however, Hydra allows video cards from different chip manufactures to be linked together. Lucid claims it can do so with near to linear scaling of performance, i.e. two video cards equals twice the performance. The technology consists of both hardware on the motherboard and device drivers.
Currently there are two chips released under the Hydra Engine brand: Hydra 100 and Hydra 200. The basic concept behind the hardware is to intercept Microsoft DirectX or OpenGL sent to the video cards from the CPU and split these up to divide the calculation task fairly common amongst the present GPUs.
Reception
SweClockers.com, when testing the MSI Big Bang Fusion which features Hydra 200, gave it very poor ratings citing the following: Poor drivers, poor game support, small if any performance gain over a single video card, graphical artifacts, unstable gameplay and a high price tag.
See also
Scalable Link Interface
ATI CrossFire
References
Graphics cards
| 23,371 |
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/167
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
167
|
https://bar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=167&action=history
|
Bavarian
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Spoken
| 57 | 141 |
Des is a Iwablick iwas Joar 167.
Wos is gscheng?
Mitkoasa Lucius Verus und Marcus Ummidius Quadratus san remische Konsuln.
af d Wäid kema
Xiahou En, kinesischa Generoi († 208)
Zhang Fei, kinesischa Generoi († 221)
Zhang He, kinesischa Generoi († 231)
Zhang Yi, kinesischea Beomta († 230)
um 167: Pupienus, remischa Koasa († 238)
Im Netz
| 22,381 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18183128
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Norasundet
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None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 430 | 1,146 |
Norasundet
Norasundet instans av insjö
Norasundet instans av sjövattenförekomst
Norasundet inom det administrativa området Kramfors kommun
Norasundet land Sverige
Norasundet geografiska koordinater
Norasundet Sjöid (Sverige) 697543-161611
Norasundet vattenförekomst-ID SE697543-161611
Norasundet Geonames-ID 2689453
Norasundet signifikant miljöpåverkan näringsförorening, tidpunkt 2016
Norasundet signifikant miljöpåverkan kemisk förorening, tidpunkt 2016
Norasundet signifikant miljöpåverkan ändrade habitat (på grund av morfologiska förändringar), tidpunkt 2016
Norasundet WFD Ekologisk status WFD Ekologisk status: Måttlig, tidpunkt 2016
Norasundet del av Bottenhavets vattendistrikt
Norasundet area
Norasundet WFD Kemisk status WFD Kemisk status: Otillfredsställande, tidpunkt 2016
Norasundet djup
Norasundet volym
Norasundet omkrets
Norasundet höjd över havet
Norasundet GNS-ID -2507147
Norasundet bild Nora - KMB - 16000300023066.jpg, mediabeskrivning
Norasundet OpenStreetMap relations-ID 2825419
Norasundet
lac suédois
Norasundet nature de l’élément lac
Norasundet nature de l’élément masse d'eau d'un lac
Norasundet localisation administrative Kramfors
Norasundet pays Suède
Norasundet coordonnées géographiques
Norasundet identifiant Vatteninformationssystem Sverige 697543-161611
Norasundet identifiant Surface Water Body Code SE697543-161611
Norasundet identifiant GeoNames 2689453
Norasundet problème environnemental pollution par les nutriments, date 2016
Norasundet problème environnemental pollution chimique, date 2016
Norasundet état écologique DCE moyen, date 2016
Norasundet superficie
Norasundet état chimique DCE mauvais, date 2016
Norasundet profondeur
Norasundet volume
Norasundet périmètre
Norasundet altitude
Norasundet identifiant GNS Unique Feature -2507147
Norasundet image Nora - KMB - 16000300023066.jpg, légende de média
Norasundet identifiant d'une relation OpenStreetMap 2825419
Norasundet
Norasundet
lake in Kramfors Municipality, Sweden
Norasundet instance of lake
Norasundet instance of lake water body
Norasundet located in the administrative territorial entity Kramfors Municipality
Norasundet country Sweden
Norasundet coordinate location
Norasundet Lake ID (Sweden) 697543-161611
Norasundet EU Surface Water Body Code SE697543-161611
Norasundet GeoNames ID 2689453
Norasundet significant environmental impact nutrient pollution, point in time 2016
Norasundet significant environmental impact chemical pollution, point in time 2016
Norasundet significant environmental impact altered habitats (due to morphological changes), point in time 2016
Norasundet WFD Ecological status WFD Ecological status: Moderate status, point in time 2016
Norasundet part of Bothnian Sea Water District
Norasundet area
Norasundet WFD Chemical status WFD Chemical status: Poor status, point in time 2016
Norasundet vertical depth
Norasundet volume as quantity
Norasundet perimeter
Norasundet elevation above sea level
Norasundet GNS Unique Feature ID -2507147
Norasundet image Nora - KMB - 16000300023066.jpg, media legend
Norasundet OpenStreetMap relation ID 2825419
Норасундет
Норасундет екземпляр на езеро
Норасундет в административно-териториалната единица Крамфорш
Норасундет държава Швеция
Норасундет географски координати
Норасундет GeoNames ID 2689453
Норасундет площ
Норасундет вертикална дълбочина
Норасундет обем
Норасундет периметър
Норасундет надморска височина
Норасундет изображение Nora - KMB - 16000300023066.jpg, описание
بحيره نوراسونديت
بحيره نوراسونديت واحد من بحيره
بحيره نوراسونديت بتقع فى التقسيم الادارى بلدية كرامفورس
بحيره نوراسونديت الحجم
بحيره نوراسونديت الصوره Nora - KMB - 16000300023066.jpg
| 11,414 |
<urn:uuid:43358b1b-d394-4b22-8177-c95f9a83c7e3>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.ugap.fr/sante-3/dispositifs-medicaux-84337/instrumentation-medico-chirurgicale-114579/instrumentation-resterilisable-17525/instrumentation-cormedica-27068/doyen-speculum-fig-2-85x35mm-p3520276
|
ugap.fr
|
Hungarian
|
Spoken
| 54 | 121 |
Magazine Acheter Juste / Nos produits et services / Santé /.../ Instrumentation restérilisable / Instrumentation CORMEDICA Instrumentation ORL Instrumentation pour ophtalmologie Instrumentation MEDLANE Instrumentation LANDANGER Instrumentation B BRAUN AESCULAP Instrumentation SCANLAN Maintenance instrumentation médico-chirurgicale DOYEN speculum fig. 2 85x35mm Références : UGAP : 3520276 |
Fournisseur : 70.301.02 |
Constructeur : 70.301.02 Fournisseur :
| 8,259 |
US-201816479767-A_1
|
USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,018 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,730 | 14,646 |
Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles, fabrication methods and cancer therapeutic methods
ABSTRACT
Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles, methods of fabrication and methods of treatment are provided. A method of fabrication includes mixing dried gooseberry product or mango peel product or phytochemical existent therein, into a liquid medium to form a reducing agent solution. Gold salts are mixed into the reducing agent solution. Reaction of the gold salts proceeds, in the absence of any other reducing agent, to form a nanoparticle solution of stabilized, biocompatible Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles. An Ayurvedic medicine consists of a non-radioactive gold nanoparticle encapsulated with phytochemical existent in mango peal or gooseberry in a capsule with curcumin extract and gum Arabic.
PRIORITY CLAIM AND REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 and all applicablestatutes and treaties from prior provisional application Ser. No.62/459,388, which was filed on Feb. 15, 2017.
FIELD
Fields of the invention include gold nanoparticles, nanomedicine andcancer therapy. An example application of the invention is immunotherapyfor the treatment of prostate cancer and other cancers.
BACKGROUND
Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient healing modality having roots of itsorigin in India about 5,000 years ago. This is the oldest medical systemin the world, advocating holistic medicine principles aimed at achievingprevention and curative therapies to restore balance in the human bodyin order to prevent long-term illness and to promote natural wellness.In most countries, Ayurvedic medicine is still considered to be an“alternative” medical modality. However, in the United States, Japan,Germany, and many countries, Ayurveda is gaining prominence because ofits inherent power of providing a healing mechanism addressing theentire human body to treat diseases by identifying primary causes ofillness—all with minimal or no toxic side effects. Known Ayurvedicmedicines are administered in combination with a plethora of herbs,metals and metal ions in the form of ash, referred to as ‘Bhasma’ in theAyurvedic literature. Gold ash (Swarna Bhasma), mixed with cocktail ofherbs, has been extensively used in the treatment of cancer, arthritis(both Osteo and rheumatoid), various infectious diseases and in clearingblocked arteries in cardiovascular therapy. Gold ash formulations arealso used in treating various neurological disorders.
The undefined chemical formulations of gold ash make the preparationsunpredictable. Irreproducible chemical species cause highunpredictability in administering well-defined active ingredientsthrough scientifically acceptable measured doses. These challenges haveoften resulted in high toxicity of metallic species, as well assub-optimal bioavailability of biologically active species. This resultsin significant challenges for wider acceptability of Ayurvedic medicinesby regulatory agencies such as the US/European Food and DrugAdministrations (FDAs).
Patients with localized prostate cancer are often successfully treatedvia surgery or radiotherapy, while those with metastatic conditions aretreated through androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). See, A. J. Chang, K.A. Autio, M. Roach, 3rd and H. I. Scher, “High-risk prostatecancer-classification and therapy,” Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 11:308-23(2014). There is an emerging consensus that current therapies are lesseffective for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC),where the disease manifests from an asymptomatic or minimallysymptomatic, non-metastatic disease to symptomatic or highly metastaticcondition. (depending on the time of diagnosis with significantinterpatient variation). The United States FDA has approved severalchemotherapeutic agents including docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone,and enzalutamide for treating such patients. Drug resistanceattributable to modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)is seen in a significant proportion of patients. See, Y. Rong, C. H.Yuan, Z. Qu, H. Zhou, Q. Guan, N. Yang, et al., “Doxorubicin resistantcancer cells activate myeloid-derived suppressor cells by releasingPGE2,” Sci Rep. 6:23824 (2016). MDSCs induce an immune suppressivemicroenvironment and promote M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs) that support angiogenesis and metastasis. Numerous studies haveshown that tissue and serum exosomes from prostate cancer patientsinduced high levels of macrophage polarization into an alternativelyactivated M2 phenotype. See, P. C. Chen, H. C. Cheng, J. Wang, S. W.Wang, H. C. Tai, C. W. Lin, et al., “Prostate cancer-derived CCN3induces M2 macrophage infiltration and contributes to angiogenesis inprostate cancer microenvironment” Oncotarget, 5:1595-608 (2014).Therefore, a cancer treatment emphasizing personalized therapy throughprecision medicine, with an immune checkpoint blockade that targets M2macrophages, would be distinguished from a plethora of “commondenominator” treatment approaches in current use. There is an urgent andunmet clinical need that might be met by combining differentimmunotherapeutic approaches, reaping synergistic therapeutic benefitsfor cancer patient populations. In developing novel therapies fortreating drug resistant CRPC, effective targeting of TAMs assumes acentral focus. Experimental results indicate that TAMs are majorcontributors to drug- and radio-protective effects, and that an elevatednumber of TAMs and their M2 profiles are correlated with failure oftherapy and poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. See, B. Ruffelland L. M. Coussens, “Macrophages and therapeutic resistance in cancer,”Cancer Cell. 27:462-72 (2015).
Prostate and most solid tumors have elevated NF-κB signaling,upregulated by the release of cytokines by M2 macrophages in the tumormicroenvironment. Compelling evidence shows that chemotherapeutictreatment of solid cancers in general, and prostate tumors inparticular, activates NF-κB, a key transcription factor which plays acritical role in the development and progression of cancer andconsequently aiding chemo and multi therapy drug resistance. UpregulatedNF-κB activity can upregulate pro-survival pathways, including BCL-2.Mangiferin (MGF) has been shown in independent studies to inhibit bothNF-κB and BCL-2 when administered orally. See, F. Gold-Smith, A.Fernandez and K. Bishop, “Mangiferin and Cancer: Mechanisms of Action,”Nutrients. 8 (2016). The authors noted that other anti-cancer agents hadbeen encapsulated to improve pharmacokinetic properties. The authorsalso discussed, on page 19, the need for a “smart vehicle” formangiferin delivery to tumor cells, while noting that such a vehicle didnot exist and that such a vehicle would have to be unique to mangiferin.
Recent studies have shown the relationship of the presence of NF-κB tothe survival of cancer cells and the response of immune cells to cancercells. B. Kuhnemuth, L. Muhlberg, M. Schipper, H. Griesmann, A. Neesse,N. Milosevic, et al., “CUX1 modulates polarization of tumor-associatedmacrophages by antagonizing NF-kappaB signaling,” Oncogene. 34:177-87(2015). Cancer stem cells also manifest activated NF-κB, thuscontributing to the promotion of a pro-inflammatory environment leadingto inhibition of apoptosis. Activated NF-κB polarizes macrophagestowards the alternatively activated M2 phenotype responsible forcatalyzing tumor growth and even bringing about resistance to drugtreatment. The direct correlation of NF-κB in triggering M2 macrophagesin prostate tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression,and chemotherapeutic treatment resistance singularly and collectivelymakes a compelling case for the design of NF-κB- andTAM-M2-macrophage-targeting drug.
Increasing evidence from clinical data has lead the present inventors tohypothesize that macrophages in human prostate cancer patientscontribute both to the primary tumor growth and to the subsequentdevelopment of metastasis. In patients with Gleason Score (GS) 7-10 andpT3a stages, higher density of macrophages found in primary prostatetumor sites were characterized to be of the M2 macrophage phenotype. M2macrophages within the tumor microenvironment promote angiogenesis,tumor growth, and metastasis ultimately leading to the transition intoCRPCa and poor prognostic disease state. Several investigations haveconcluded that, to achieve effective immunomodulatory effects byimmunotherapeutic agents, it is important to develop intratumoraldelivery technologies of immunotherapeutic agents to reach theimmune-suppressive effector cells, including M2 macrophages, which arelocalized within the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, there ispreclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that therapeutic, systemic,antitumor immune response is improved when immunotherapeutic agents aredelivered through intratumoral immunomodulation rather thansystemically. See, K. Van der Jeught, L. Bialkowski, L. Daszkiewicz, K.Broos, C. Goyvaerts, D. Renmans, et al., “Targeting the tumormicroenvironment to enhance antitumor immune responses” Oncotarget6:1359-81 (2015). Classical methods such as catheterization forcontinuous delivery or slow-release of PEGylated drugs intratumorallyare re-gaining favor as an approach. Nanomolecule immunotherapeuticplatforms, which allow efficient penetration across the tumorvasculature due to their size, as well as active (receptor mediated) andpassive (enhanced permeation and retention (EPR)) targeting, are beingdeveloped to achieve uptake and retention of optimal doses are beingdeveloped.
The present inventors and colleagues have previously developedstabilized gold nanoparticles encapsulated with proteins, peptides andsmall molecules. See, M. Khoobchandani, K. Katti, A. Maxwell, W. P. Fayand K. V. Katti, “Laminin Receptor-Avid Nanotherapeutic EGCg-AuNPs as aPotential Alternative Therapeutic Approach to Prevent Restenosis,” Int JMol Sci. 17, (2016); R. Shukla, N. Chanda, A. Zambre, A. Upendran, K.Katti, R. R. Kulkarni, et al., “Laminin receptor specific therapeuticgold nanoparticles (198AuNP-EGCg) show efficacy in treating prostatecancer,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109:12426-3 (2012). Such nanoparticleswere demonstrated to be retained in tumors through measurement of thegamma emission of Au-198 encapsulated nanoparticles, which allowedprecise estimation of gold within tumor cells/tumor tissues down to subnanomolar concentrations through scintigraphic counting techniques.
The present inventors have also previously demonstrated the effects ofstabilized gold nanoparticles that were encapsulated withpolyphenol—flavonoids. Katti et al US Patent Publication US 2012/0134918discloses Gum Arabic coated ¹⁹⁸Au nanoparticles, a method of makingthem, and their use as a therapeutic and imaging agent. Katti et al.U.S. Pat. No. 8,333,994 discloses formation of gold nanoparticles viareduction using black tea, turmeric, curcumin or cinnamon, and/orsimilar naturally occurring polyphenol- or flavanoid-rich plantmaterial. Katti U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,310 discloses stabilized,biocompatible gold nanoparticles that are stabilized with material fromepigallocatechin Gallate (EGCg). These patents demonstrate thatpolyphenol- or flavonoid-rich plant material can be used to reduce goldsalts and produce stabilized gold nanoparticles.
Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-D glucoside) is a xanthonoidthat is attached to a sugar. It is a polyphenolfunctionalized-D-glucoside-xanthone family of phytochemical found inabundance the Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae family of plant species,especially in mangoes skin and honeybush tea. See, F. Gold-Smith, A.Fernandez and K. Bishop, “Mangiferin and Cancer: Mechanisms of Action,”Nutrients. 8 (2016). Mango leaves have been ingested as a naturalmedicine for centuries in various cultures. Recent in vitro and in vivobroad spectrum antitumor investigations of mangiferin have been notedfor its versatile anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, cell cyclearrest, anti-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative,anti-genotoxic, and anti-viral characteristics. Gold-Smith et al.,supra. A study has attributed mangiferin with a reduction in tumorvolumes in comparable magnitude, and identified it as a possibleD-glucoside-xanthone structural motif for cancer therapy. Gold-Smith etal., supra. Anti-angiogenesis, pro-apoptotic and cumulative antitumorproperties have been theorized to result from the immunomodulatroyability of this phytochemical to inhibit NFκB, and target TAM anddownstream signaling pathways responsible for tumor progression andmetastases. Gold-Smith et al., supra. Ingestion of mangiferin has beenshown to produce mild to non-existent side effects. While a possiblecancer therapeutic utility has been recognized for mangiferin, rapidmetabolic degradation of this phytochemical in vivo has remained asignificant barrier to achieving clinically relevant levels foreffective cancer therapy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the invention is a method of fabrication that includesmixing dried gooseberry product, mango peel product, or other productwith the phytochemical existent therein, into a liquid medium to form areducing agent solution. Gold salts are mixed into the reducing agentsolution. Reaction of the gold salts proceeds, in the absence of anyother reducing agent, to form a nanoparticle solution of stabilized,biocompatible, Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles. The liquidmedium consists of an alcoholic medium or a mixture of water andalcohol, or distilled (and/or de-ionized) water. The gold salts arenon-radioactive gold salts. After reaction, preferred embodimentsadditionally mix in either mango peel or gooseberry phytochemicals,curcumin extract, and Gum Arabic.
Another preferred embodiment is an Ayurvedic medicine that consists of anon-radioactive gold nanoparticle, encapsulated with phytochemicalexistent in mango peal or gooseberry, in a capsule with curcumin extractand gum Arabic.
Preferred therapy methods include obtaining a solution of Ayurvedicencapsulated gold nanoparticles, and intraperitoneally injecting,intravenously injecting, or orally administering the solution into asubject having cancer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A-1C represent data of UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis, aTEM (transmission electron microscopy) image, and a core sizedistribution of experimental gooseberry product gold nanoparticles,respectively
FIGS. 2A-2C represent data of UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis, aTEM image, and a core size distribution of experimental complexAyurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles (gooseberry product/gum Arabicgold nanoparticles)GA-GB-AuNP) respectively;
FIG. 3 is image data of core size distribution of experimental complexAyurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles (gooseberry product/mangoproduct/curcumin extract/gum Arabic gold nanoparticles)(GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D); Where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=GumArabic.
FIG. 4 is UV-Vis spectra data showing the in vitro stability ofGA-GB-AuNPs in aqueous solutions after 24 hours of incubation
FIG. 5 is UV-Vis spectra data showing the in vitro stability ofGA-GB-AuNPs at various dilutions
FIGS. 6A-6D are dark field cytoviva microscopic images from an in vitro(endocytosis) analysis of GB-AuNPs where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel,C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIG. 7 is a TEM image from cellular internalization analysis of GB-AuNPs
FIGS. 8A-8B are efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on breast cancer cells(MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin,D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 9A-9B are efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on pancreatic cancercells (PANC-1 and MIA-PACA-1; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel,C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 10A-10B are efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D human prostatecancer cells (PC-3 and LNCaP) cells; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel,C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIG. 11 is efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on dog prostate cancer(ACE-1) cells; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=GumArabic;
FIG. 12 is efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on human colon cancer cells(SW-480) cells; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=GumArabic;
FIGS. 13A-13B are efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on breast cancercells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7); where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel,C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 14A-14B are efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on pancreatic cancercells (MIA-PACA-1 and PANC-1); where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel,C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 15A-15B are efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on human prostatecancer cells (PC-3 and LNCaP) cells; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel,C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIG. 16 is efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on dog prostate cancer(ACE-1) cells viability; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin,D=Gum Arabic;
FIG. 17 is efficacy data of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D on human colon cancer cells(SW-480) cells; where: A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=GumArabic;
FIG. 18 illustrates a method for synthesis of mangiferin from mango pealphytochemical conjugated gold nanoparticles (MP-AuNPs);
FIG. 19 is UV-Vis spectra data of MP-AuNPs;
FIGS. 20A-20B are UV-Visible spectrum data of MP-AuNPs 2× and a coresize distribution shown by TEM image;
FIGS. 21A-21C are data including a TEM core size distribution image ofMP-AuNPs A+B+C+D, a TEM image showing the lattice structure of MP-AuNPs,and a graph demonstrating presence of MP-AuNPs A+B+C+D by EELS (ElectronEnergy Loss Spectroscopy); this confirms the presence of gold metal inthe overall drug formulation prepared from mixing; where: A=Gooseberry,B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 22A-22B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs 1× on prostate cancer (PC-3)cell viability;
FIGS. 23A-23B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs 2× on PC-3 cell viability;
FIGS. 24A-24B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free mangiferin(MGF) as a control on prostate cancer (PC-3) cells viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 25A-25B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on prostate cancer (LNCaP) cell viability; where: A=Gooseberry,B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 26A-26B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on dog prostate cancer (ACE-1) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 27A-27B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on breast cancer (MCF-7) cell viability; where: A=Gooseberry,B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 28A-28B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 29A-29B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on pancreatic cancer (PANC-1) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 30A-30B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on pancreatic cancer (MIA-PACA-1) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 31A-31B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on colon cancer (SW-480) cell viability; where: A=Gooseberry,B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 32A-32C are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on normal endothelial cells (HAECs) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 33A-33B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on prostate cancer (PC-3) cell viability; where: A=Gooseberry,B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 34A-34B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-G+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on prostate cancer (LNCaP) cell viability; where: A=Gooseberry,B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 35A-35B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-G+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on dog prostate cancer (ACE-1) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 36A-36B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-G+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on breast cancer (MCF-7) cell viability; where: A=Gooseberry,B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 37A-37B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 38A-38B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-G+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on pancreatic cancer (PANC-1) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. 39A-39B are efficacy data of MP-AuNPs-G+B+C+D and free MGF as acontrol on pancreatic cancer (MIA-PACA-1) cell viability; where:A=Gooseberry, B=Mango peel, C=curcumin, D=Gum Arabic;
FIGS. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention provides reproducible encapsulated goldnanoparticles through herbally-initiated, green nanotechnology-derivedproduction methods, achieved via a method of fabrication that applies“Ayurvedic Principles” (no use of any toxic or manmade chemicals).Single encapsulated and complex encapsulated gold nanoparticles can beformed. Preferred single Ayurvedic encapsulated particles and apreferred treatment drug consist of gooseberry product encapsulated goldnanoparticles in a solution or dried drug material for delivery to apatient. Additional preferred single Ayurvedic encapsulated particlesinclude mangiferin encapsulated particles. Preferred complex Ayurvedicencapsulated gold particles and a preferred treatment drug consist ofgooseberry product, mango product, curcumin product, gum Arabic andencapsulated gold nanoparticles in a solution or dried drug material fordelivery to a patient. The gooseberry or mango products are a cocktailof phytochemicals from gooseberry or mango peels. Acorollary would be acocktail of phytochemicals that are existent in gooseberry or mangopeels, and are derived from one or more other comparable plants thathave some combination of a plurality of the existent phytochemicalcocktails obtained from gooseberry or mango peels. Additional preferredsingle Ayurvedic enacapsulated particles and a preferred treatment drugconsist of mango peel and gooseberry product encapsulated goldnanoparticles in a solution or dried drug material for delivery to apatient. Preferred complex Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles anda preferred treatment drug consist of mango peel product, gooseberryproduct, curcumin product, gum Arabic and gold nanoparticles in asolution or dried drug material for delivery to a patient. The reactionto create the Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles is conducted inthe absence of any other reducing agent, and forms a nanoparticlesolution of stabilized, biocompatible Ayurvedic encapsulated goldnanoparticles, either single or complex. The gold nanoparticles are notradioactive, and preferred methods for administration of both single andcomplex Ayurvedic encapsulated particles include oral administration,intravenous injection and/or intraperitoneal injection.
A preferred method for making gooseberry product encapsulated goldnanoparticles includes mixing of homemade dry gooseberry powder withgold salt in water. The cocktail of electron rich Phytochemicals fromgooseberry reduces gold salt to produce gold nanoparticles in a 100%reproducible form. This process can be scaled for commercial production.The gooseberry product encapsulated gold nanoparticles in a solution fordelivery to a patient are expected to have application for treating amyriad of human diseases and disorders, including diseases and disordersoften addressed by traditional Ayurvedic medicine.
A preferred method for making complex Ayurvedic coated goldnanoparticles includes mixing of homemade dry gooseberry powder to goldsalt in water followed by the addition of gum Arabic or a combination ofmango peel phytochemicals, Curcumin extract, and gum Arabic. Mixing ofthese components is conducted. Dried drug material can be obtained byremoving excess water, e.g., by lyophilizing.
Experiments have demonstrated that the present drug materials haveefficacy for the treatment of human cancers. The effect of the presentdrug materials was tested on breast cancer cells, pancreatic cancercells, prostate cancer cells (human and dog), and colon cancer cells.
The present invention provides a surprising result in view of prior workof the present inventors and colleagues using polyphenols such asepigallocatechin Gallate (EGCg) and flavonoid-rich plant materials,which have the propensity to reduce gold salt, and to produce thecorresponding gold nanoparticles. Mangiferin, which has xanthanoid andglucose chemical functionalities, is expected to behave differently. Theglucose end of mangiferin is expected to reduce gold salt, as is thexanthanoid. The combined reducing power of both xanthanoid and glucoseunits is strong, and such chemical reactions are expected to result inthe complete conversion of gold salt into the corresponding gold metal.Contrary to this expectation, the present invention demonstrated inexperiments that xanthanoid and glucose units in magiferin work insynergy to transform gold salt into the corresponding gold nanoparticleswith subsequent stabilization of gold nanoparticles. The mangiferin in asolution acts as a reducing agent in the absence of any other reducingagent. No harsh chemicals are required. Gooseberry is a reservoir of aspectrum of phytochemicals, including ascorbic acid, alkaloids,benzenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, carbohydrates, gallic acid, emblicaninA, emblicanin B, chebulagic acid, corilagin, mucic acid, pedunculagin,quercetin, kaempferol and sterols. The combination of phytochemicals ingooseberry provide a cumulative high antioxidant capacity for use intreating a large number of diseases including cancer, as well as variousinflammatory diseases and disorders. The presence of a large amount ofVitamin C in gooseberry is unique,and experimental evidence suggest thatthe effects of this strong anti-oxidant are not lost after boilingcocktails of phytochemical solutions, nor by storing the extracts forextended periods of time. This is in sharp contrast with the highlyunstable antioxidant effects of Epigallo Catechin Gallate (EGCG) fromtea, and phytochemicals from other plant sources.These substancesdecompose rapidly in solution when stored at room temperature.Therefore, EGCg is not a reliable source for scavenging hydroxyl andsuperoxide radicals to stimulate several antioxidant enzyme systems,including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathioneperoxidase.These systems serve important anti-tumor and antipyretic,analgesic, antitussive, antiatherogenic, adaptogenic, cardioprotective,gastroprotective, antianemia, antihypercholesterolemia, wound healing,antidiarrheal, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective,and neuroprotective needs. Additionally, the high anti-oxidant effectsof phytochemicals such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, pyrogallol, somenorsesquiterpenoids, corilagin, geraniin, elaeocarpusin, andprodelphinidins B1 and B2 from gooseberry provide antineoplasticeffects. The anti-oxidant and cell signaling modulatory effects ofgooseberry phytochemicals are significantly different compared to anyother phytochemicals, and thus offer new medical uses, includingradiomodulatory, chemomodulatory, and chemopreventive applications.Overall, the robust antioxidant capacity of a cocktail of phytochemicalsfrom gooseberry and mango peel is completely unexpected tospecialists/non-specialists in the field. A preferred therapeutic method of the invention is intravenous injectionof Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles into a subject havingcancer or an inflammatory disease. Therefore, this invention provides anew modality for prostate cancer treatment through an innovativenanotechnological-phytomedicine direct injection.
The present inventors have recognized that, when designing new treatmentmodalities for prostate cancer, the cross-talk between NF-κBtranscription factor and the macrophages in the tumor microenvironmentis of paramount importance, and have discovered that the Ayurvedicencapsulated gold nanoparticles are an effective modality forsuppressing this cross-talk, especially with intraperitoneal injection,which also is a model for oral ingestion and intravenous injection.Experiments provide evidence of efficacy.
Example conjugated Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles includeimmunomodulating αvβ3-integrin and laminin-receptor-targetingnanoparticles. The present Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticlesprovide a clinically significant pathway to amplify: (i) tumorcell-specific cytotoxicity; (ii) immunomodulatory suppression of NF-κBactivation, and (iii) targeting tumor associated alternatively activatedM2 macrophages.
Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be discussed withrespect to experiments. Artisans will recognize broader aspects of theinvention from the experiments.
Without being bound to the theory or the theory being necessary topractice the present invention, the inventors believe that mangiferinfunctionalized gold nanoparticles home in on tumor cells/tumor tissuethrough at least three different mechanisms. A first mechanism isattributed to the size and charge of these nanoparticles, which aidpermeation and retention effects. A second mechanism is attributed tothe high metabolism of sugars into tumor cells. Mangiferin includes asugar structure. A third mechanism is attributed to the fact that thexanthanoid unit in mangiferin provides additional armamentarium forenhanced affinity of MGF-AuNPs toward tumor cells. The inventors believethat these three mechanisms work in tandem to provide unprecedentedaffinity for and retention of MGF-AuNPs into tumor cells, which has beendemonstrated through experiments.
Example experimental gooseberry product encapsulated gold nanoparticles(GB-AuNP) were synthesized and characterized. The GB-AuNPs werecharacterized by combination of techniques including UV-VisibleSpectrophotometry and TEM (Transmission electron microscopy). TheUV-visible spectrophotometric analysis confirmed the surface plasmonresonance (SPR) of GB-AuNPs at 530±3 nm, which is shown in FIG. 1A, withFIGS. 1B1C showing a TEM image and a core size distribution histrogramrespectively.
Example complex Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles includedgooseberry product/gum Arabic gold nanoparticles (GA-GB-AuNPs), whichwere characterized by multiple techniques including UV-VisibleSpectrophotometry and TEM. The UV-visible spectrophotometric analysisconfirmed the SPR of GA-GB-AuNPs at 530±3 nm, which is shown in FIG. 2A,with FIGS. 2B-2C showing a TEM image and a core size distributionhistogram. The results obtained by dynamic light scattering instrumentrevealed that GA-GB-AuNPs showed hydrodynamic size of 137±5 nm (Table1).
TABLE 1 Physiochemical data parameters of (GB-AuNPs). UV visible Au concSample spectrophotometry DLS Charge TEM by AAS GB-AuNPs 530 ± 3 nm 65 ±10 nm −18.8 ± 3 mV 25 ± 8 nm 237 ppm GA-GB-AuNPs 530 ± 3 nm 137 ± 5 nm −18.8 ± 3 mV 20 ± 10 nm 237 ppm
FIG. 3 shows the core size distribution of experimental complexAyurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles (GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+DNano-Ayurvedic drug). This preferred formulation added the followingexcipients into the GA-GB-AuNPs- (A) Gooseberry phytochemicals, (B)Mango peel phytochemicals, (C) Curcumin extract, (D) Gum arabic. TheGB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug was characterized by a TEMtechnique for qualitative analysis of GA-GB-AuNPs in drug formulation.The core size of GA-GB-AuNPs, obtained from data gathered by TEM,indicates that the nanoparticles are spherical, mono-dispersed andhomogenous, with a core size of 26±5 nm, as shown from the FIG. 3.
The in vitro stability of GA-GB-AuNPs was confirmed by mixing 1 ml ofgold nanoparticles to 0.5 ml of aqueous solutions of 1% NaCl, 0.5%cysteine, 0.2 M histidine, pH7, and pH9 separately. The stability of theconjugates was measured by monitoring the UV absorbance over a period of1 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 1 week. A negligible change in UV-vis plasmonband confirmed the retention of nanoparticulate composition in allmixtures, as shown in FIG. 4. The stability of GA-GB-AuNPs at differentdilutions was also measured by UV-visible spectrophotometry, as shown inFIG. 5. This latter stability property is very important for biomedicalapplications, which require variation in dilutions/concentrations. TheFIG. 5 data show that the absorbance intensity is proportional linearlywith GA-GB-AuNPs concentration, with R²=0.99.
Experiments studied in vitro cellular internalization (endocytosis)analysis by dark field microscopy. In one experiment, GB-AuNPs wereanalyzed by a dark field cytoviva microscopic technique. Ultra clean andsterile cover slips were kept in 6 well plates. The PC-3 and PANC-1(5×10⁵ cells) were seeded into the 6 well plates in RPMI and DMEM mediaseparately, and incubated for 24 hr in a CO₂ incubator at 37° C.GB-AuNPs in solution (100 μL/mL) were added to cells followed by 4 hoursand 24 hours of incubation at 37° C. Images were captured via DageImaging Software. Dark field microscopic images unequivocally delineatethat GB-AuNPs internalize effectively within PC-3 and PANC-1 cellswithin 4 and 24 hours of incubation time, as shown in FIGS. 6A-6D.
The PC-3 cells (5×10⁵ cells) were seeded into 6 well plates in RPMImedia and allowed to adhere for 24 hours in a CO2 incubator at 37° C.The media was replaced with GB-AuNPs in solution (100 μL/mL) containingmedium and incubated for 2 hours at 37° C. The cellular samples wereexamined for endocytosis of GB-AuNPs on a JEOL 1400 TEM microscope. TEMimages unambiguously indicated that these nanoparticles are internalizedinto vacuoles and lysosomes of the PC-3 cell line within 24 hours, asshown in the image of FIG. 7.
To test in vitro antitumor efficacy of GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedicdrug, the stock solution was prepared by mixing 4 mg of dry powder drugmaterial in 1 mL of DI water. The mixture was stirred for 18-20 hours atroom temperature to obtain the desired phytochemicals in DI water. Thesolution was then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min at 30° C. to obtainthe drug solution, and a pellet. The drug solution contains combinationsof ascorbic acid, alkaloids, benzenoids, flavonoids, terpenes,carbohydrates, gallic acid, emblicanin A, emblicanin B, chebulagic acid,corilagin, mucic acid, pedunculagin, quercetin, kaempferol and sterols.To estimate the amount of released phytochemicals in the drug mixture,the pellet was further dried using a lyophilizer and the dry weight wasmeasured to be 2 mg. The weight of released phytochemicals is 2 mg. Thedrug mixture includes varying mixtures of phytochemicals in gooseberry:ascorbic acid, alkaloids, benzenoids, flavonoids, terpenes,carbohydrates, gallic acid, emblicanin A and B, chebulagic acid,corilagin, mucic acid, pedunculagin, quercetin, kaempferol and sterols.
To verify the amount of phytochemicals in the drug solution, the waterextract was dried using rotary evaporation. The weight of phytochemicalswas measured to be 2 mg, indicating that 4 mg of drug mixture provided 2mg of phytochemicals.
Serial dilutions were prepared in RPMI/DMEM media to treat respectivecells. The cell viability profile of a GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedicdrug was evaluated with respect to prostate cancer cells (PC-3, LNCap,ACE-1), breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), pancreatic cancercells (PANC-1 and MIA-PACA-1), and colon cancer cells (SW-480) by MTTassay. The cell viability profiles demonstrated that GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+DNano-Ayurvedic drug exhibited dose dependent efficacy in cell death ofcancer cells. This is shown in in FIGS. 8A-17, which demonstrate adecrease in cancer cell viability with increasing concentration of theGB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug over periods of 48 and 72 hours.Every concentration reduced cell viability compared to a control andstrong reductions were demonstrated between 50-100 μg/mL, and a 90 tonearly 100% fatality of cells was achieved with concentrations of100-200 μg/mL.
The serial dilution doses were designed based on the amount of goldpresent in the GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D. The amount of gold was analyzed by anAAS (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry) technique. The cell viabilityprofiles demonstrated that a GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drugexhibited dose dependent efficacy in cell death of cancer cells. Theseparticles are formed from a combination of both encapsulation andattachment. Every ingredient need not directly attach or interact withthe gold nano-metal surface. The attachment/encapsulation will happen inat least two different ways. Initially, MP or GB will attach with thegold nanoparticles surface. Then when A, B, C and D are mixed they caninteract with GB (or MP), which are already bound to the gold surface,through hydrogen bonding or through direct interactions with the goldmetal surface.
Materials and Additional Experimental Details.
All chemicals used in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and cellculture, e.g. Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate, RPMI (RoswellPark Memorial Institute medium, commonly referred to as RPMI medium, isa form of medium used in cell culture and tissue culture) and MEM(Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), one of the most widely used of allsynthetic cell culture media), Trypan blue, and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium], DAPI(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) dyes were obtained from Sigma (St.Louis, Mo., USA). Fetal calf serum and TrypIE were obtained from LifeInvitrogen, USA. Human prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and LNCaP), dogprostate cancer (ACE-1), breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231),pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA-PACA-1), and colon cancer cells(SW-480) were obtained from Cytology Core facilities of the Universityof Missouri, Columbia. Double distilled water was used throughout theexperiments. Homemade gooseberry dry powder was used in all of theformulations. The gooseberry powder was prepared from freshgooseberries, which were washed with cold and hot water. The berrieswere cut into small pieces after separating the berry content from theseeds. The cut slices were dried under shade until the piecestransformed into crisp solids. The dried gooseberry pieces were powderedusing industry grade polarizers. Quality control showed a particle size:100-150 microns. The product was free of endotoxins with a total platecount less than 1000 per gram; yeast and mould—less than 10 per gram; EColi content: Absent.
TEM images were obtained on a JEOL 1400 TEM (JEOL, LTE, Tokyo, Japan).The absorption measurements were done using a Varian Cary 50 UV-Visspectrophotometer. The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential wereobtained using Zetasizer Nano S90 (Malvern Instruments Ltd. USA). Theconcentration of gold metal was calculated by Atomic absorptionspectrometry.
The GB-AuNP and GB-GA-AuNP were formed by the following procedure. To a20 ml vial, 6 ml of doubly deionized (DI) water was added, followed bythe addition of homemade gooseberry dry powder (GB powder) (10 mg) withand without gum arabic (12 mg), and stirred at room temperature for 1hr. With 6 ml DI water, a range of 8-15 mg for the GB and the gum Arabicis suitable. One hundred microliter of NaAuCl₄ solution (0.1 M) wasadded in the reaction mixture and stirred for another 3 hours at roomtemperature. The color changed to ruby-red within 5 minutes, confirmingthe formation of nanoparticles. The solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpmfor 3 min to get a clear AuNPs solution by removing unreacted materials.As a variation, one could use double the volume, for example of 200microliters of 0.1 m of NaAuCl₄ solution (0.1 M). When the volume ofNaAuCl₄ is doubled, the amount of GB would increase proportionately. Thevolumes can also be varied with expected proportional effects within oroutside of the example ranges.
The GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug was formulated using the sameprocedure as used to form GB-AuNPs. For drug formulation, the followingexcipients were added into the 20 mL of GB-AuNPs; (A) Gooseberryphytochemicals (2 gm), (B) Mango peel phytochemicals (4 gm), (C)Curcumin extract (1 gm), and (D) gum arabic (0.5 gm). With 20 mL ofGB-AuNPs, suitable amounts are: for the gooseberry phytochemicals (2-2.5gm), (B) Mango peel phytochemicals (4-5 gm), (C) Curcumin extract (1-1.5gm), and (D) gum arabic (0.5-1.0 gm). All the excipients were added intothe GB-AuNPs and mixed for 30-45 minutes at room temperature. Themixture was lyophilized to remove the excess water and to obtain drydrug material, the yield was 6 gm. The sample was stored in tightcontainer at 4-8° C., and used for further antitumor cell biologystudies. The mixture was lyophilized to remove the excess water and toobtain dry drug material. The yield was 6.5-7.5 gm. The sample wasstored in tight container at 4° C., and used for further antitumor cellbiology studies.
Research has shown that gooseberry is a reservoir of several strongantioxidant phytochemicals which include p-coumaric acid, isorhammetinglycoside, kaempferol, and quercetin. Therefore, the combinedanti-oxidant effects of a cocktail of these phytochemicals would beresponsible for the transformation of gold salt into gold nanoparticles.Ayurvedic medicine formulations are based on cocktail effects ofphytochemicals. We have optimized the weight of gooseberry powderrequired for specific weight of gold salt to achieve completetransformation of gold salt into gold nanoparticles. For gold weight inthe range 4-8 mg, 6-10 mg of gooseberry powder is optimum to performcomplete reactions in 6- 10 ml distilled water at 25-28° C.
The stability studies of GB-AuNPs were conducted by mixing goldnanoparticles with various biological solutions, such as aqueoussolutions of 1% NaCl, 0.5% cysteine, 0.2 M histidine and pH7 separately.The stability of the conjugates was measured by monitoring the SPR atdifferent time points for a week. A negligible change in SPR bandconfirmed the retention of nanoparticulate composition in all mixtures.The GB-AuNPs were also tested for their stability at differentconcentrations in water, and stability was measured by UV-visiblespectrophotometry.
The endocytosis mode was investigated by incubating simple and complexAyurvedic AuNPs with prostate and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Theoptimum dose and incubation time was determined with different dilutionsfor different time points. The concentrations are indicated in thefigures. The samples were prepared using the following techniques.
The dark field data was obtained as follows. After incubation, cellswere washed 10 times with 1× PBS, and fixed with 4% para-formaldehyde(PFA). Cells were further washed 2 times with 1× PBS and slides wereprepared by using DAPI nuclear dye and observed with Cytoviva dark fieldmicroscope coupled with dual mode fluorescence. Cell morphology wasinitially observed, followed by the uptake of nanoparticles. Images werecaptured via Dage Imaging Software.
The TEM images were obtained as follows. After incubation, cells werewashed 10 times with PBS, centrifuged into pellets, and fixed with 2%glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde in a sodium cacodylate buffer (0.1M). The cells were further fixed with 1% buffered osmium tetraoxide in a2-Mercaptoethanol buffer, and then dehydrated in graded acetone seriesand embeded in Epon-Spurr epoxy resin. Sections were cut at 85 nm usinga diamond knife (Diatome, Hatfield Pa.). The sections were stained withSato's triple lead stain and 5% aqueous uranyl acetate for organellevisualization. The prepared samples were examined on JEOL 1400 TEMmicroscope (JEOL, Peabody, Mass.) operated at 80 kV at the University ofMissouri's Electron Microscopy Core Facility.
Cell viability assays for the effect of a GB-AuNPs-A+B+C+DNano-Ayurvedic drug on prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and LNCaP), dogprostate cancer (ACE-1), breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231),pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA-PACA-1), and colon cancer cells(SW-480) cell viability was determined using MTT assay (Sigma Aldrich).The intensity of developed color was measured by a micro plate reader(Molecular device, USA) operating at 570 nm wavelength. Percent cellviability was calculated by using the following formula: (T/C)×100,where C=Absorbance of control, and T=Absorbance of treatment. The IC-50values were calculated using Origin software.
Mango peel phytochemcial conjugated gold nanoparticles (MP-AuNPs) weresynthesized using the optimum reduction capabilities of the strongelectron rich-antioxidant phytochemicals in mango peel. The procedure isshown in FIG. 18. The production of MP-AuNPs was confirmed by theobservation of color change of solutions from pale yellow to redreaction mixtures. The phytochemicals present in mango peel are powerfulelectron injectors. These phytochemicals also create coating on a goldnanoparticle surface, and therefore the phytochemicals play asignificant role in the production and stabilization of goldnanoparticles. The AuNPs were characterized by combination of techniquesincluding UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, DLS, and TEM. The UV-visiblespectrophotometric analysis confirmed the SPR of MP-AuNPs was at 535±2nm, which is shown in FIG. 19. This concluded the successful synthesisof MP-AuNPs. The core size of MP-AuNPs, obtained by TEM, indicated thatthe nanoparticles are spherical, mono-dispersed, and homogenous with thecore size of 35±5 nm. The results obtained by dynamic light scatteringinstrument revealed that MP-AuNPs showed hydrodynamic size of 65±5 nmand a zeta potential (ζ) of −20±2 mV. The negative zeta potentialprovides the necessary repulsive forces required for the nanoparticlesto remain stable in solution. MP-AuNPs are stable in solution for over 3years. Phytochemical constitution in mango peel includes glucose,xanthones, mangiferin, quercetin, kaepferol, catechins, rhamnetin and ahost of phytonutrients. Mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone(1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-beta-D-glucoside), is a glucosefunctionalized xanthonoid found in abundance in mango fruit peel.
FIGS. 21A-21C show data to characterize a MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+DNano-Ayurvedic drug. The core size of MP-AuNPs, obtained by TEM, STEMand EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy), indicates that thenanoparticles are spherical, mono-dispersed, and homogenous with a coresize of 35±5 nm. For drug formulation, the following excipients wereadded into the MP-AuNPs 1×; (A) Gooseberry phytochemicals, (B) mangopeel phytochemicals, (C) Curcumin extract, and (D) gum arabic.
The cell viability profile of MP-AuNPs 1× and 2× was evaluated againstprostate cancer (PC-3) and pancreatic cells (PANC-1) by MTT assay. Theindividual cells were treated with various dilutions of MP-AuNPs andfree phytochemicals of mango peel (MP extract). Measurements of cellviability are presented in FIGS. 22A-23B. Cell viability profilesdemonstrated that MP-AuNPs exhibited dose dependent efficacy in celldeath of PC-3 cells. Among MP-AuNPs 1× and 2×.(single and doubleconcentration of MP), 2× power used during the synthesis of MP-AuNPshowed more effect on inhibition of prostate cancer cell viability,which is apparent by comparing the FIGS. 22A and 22B data to the data inFIGS. 23A and 23B. A MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug was testedwith various cancer cells. To test in vitro antitumor efficacy of aMP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug, a stock solution was prepared bymixing 4 mg of dry powder of drug material in 1 mL of DI water. Thestock solution is a solution obtained by mixing 4 mg of dry powder ofMP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D drug material in 1 mL of DI water. Drug material refersto mixtures of MP AuNP with A+B+C+D. The mixture was stirred overnightfor 18 hours at room temperature to obtain the desired phytochemicals inDI water. The solution was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min at 30° C.to obtain the drug solution, and a pellet. To estimate the amount ofreleased phytochemicals in the drug mixture, the pellet was furtherdried using a lyophilizer and the dry weight was measured to be 2 mg.The mass of released phytochemicals was 2 mg. The initial total amountof the drug used in the formulation was 4mg. When this solution (withtotal 4mg) was centrifuged, it produced a pellet weighing 2 mg. Thesupernatant liquid that remained behind should contain the reminder 2mg. That is exactly what was obtained upon evaporation of water from thesupernatant, and the dry weight of the mass left behind was found to be2 mg. This demonstrates no drug was lost. The experiment as indicatedconfirms that 4 mg of drug mixture provides 2 mg.
To verify the amount of phytochemicals in the drug water extract, thewater extract was dried using rotary evaporation. The weight ofphytochemicals was measured to be 2 mg. This indicated that 4 mg of drugmixture provides 2 mg of phytochemicals.
Serial dilutions were prepared in RPMI/DMEM media to treat respectivecells. The cell viability profile of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedicdrug was evaluated against prostate cancer cells (PC-3, LNCap, ACE-1),breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), pancreatic cancer cells(PANC-1 and MIA-PACA-1), colon cancer cells (SW-480) and normalendothelial cells (HAECs) by MTT assay (FIGS. 24-32). The cell viabilityprofiles demonstrated that a MP-AuNPs-G+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drugexhibited dose dependent efficacy in cell death of cancer cells. Theresults corroborated that a MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug showedminimal or no toxicity against a normal cell line (FIG. 32).
The cell viability profile of a MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug wasevaluated against prostate cancer cells (PC-3, LNCap, ACE-1), breastcancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 andMIA-PACA-1), colon cancer cell line (SW480) and normal endothelial cellline (HAECs) by MTT assay (FIGS. 33A-41B). The serial dilution doseswere designed based on the amount of gold present in theMP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D. The amount of gold was analyzed by an AAS technique.
The cell viability profiles demonstrated that a MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+DNano-Ayurvedic drug exhibited dose dependent efficacy in cell death ofcancer cells.
PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with MP-AuNPs. Dark fieldimaging was conducted and the results revealed that MP-AuNPsinternalized into PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells within 4 hours of incubationtime (FIGS. 42A-42D).
The data about simple (MP-AuNP) and complex (MP-AuNP-A+B+C+D)nanoparticles indicate much higher efficacy than free MGF. In additionthe tests show that, for various cancer types including prostate,pancreatic, breast, lung, and colon, as well as in normal cells, theconcentration ranges for gold content range from 0.03 micro gram/ml to0.40 micro gram/ml. This translates to concentration range for theoverall drug to 12.5 to 200 micro gram/ml.
For the preparation of simple and complex MP nanoparticles, mango(Mangifera indica) purchased from a local grocery shop were used in allthe experiments. Mango peel was removed from mango and washed withdoubly ionized water to remove any contaminants or dust particles andincubated at 50° C. (40-60° C.) for 4 hours and then ground to obtaindry powder. Powder was stored at room temperature and used forsubsequent gold nanoparticle synthesis.
To synthesize MP-AuNP, dry mango peel powder of weight 30 mg was addedto 6 ml of DI water in a 20 ml vial and stirred for 10 min at RoomTemperature to create a homogenous suspension. Then, 100 μl of 0.1 MNaAuCl₄ solution was added, and the color of the solution turnedruby-red within 2 min, indicating the formation of gold nanoparticles.Generally, for 25-30 mg, peel powder 6-10 ml of DI water and stirringfor 10-20 minutes, and 80-100 μl of 0.1 M NaAuCl₄ was used. The solutionwas filtered to remove the remaining insoluble mango peel powder. Moregenerally, the nanoparticles can be stored at 5 to −20° C., which is arecommended for storage after production and prior to therapeutic use.
2× concentration MP-AuNPs were prepared by using twice the mass of mangopeel powder (60 mg) dissolved into 6 mL of DI water. The reactionmixture was stirred on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for 18hours. 0.1 M NaAuCl4 (100 μL) was added to the reaction mixture. Themixture color changed from yellow to ruby red, indicating the formationof MP-AuNPs 2×.
The production of a MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D Nano-Ayurvedic drug formulation wasconducted as follows. MP-AuNPs 2× was prepared as discussed in theprevious paragraph. For drug formulation, the following excipients wereadded into the 20 mL of MP-AuNPs 2×—(A) Gooseberry phytochemicals (2gm), (B) Mango peel phytochemicals (4 gm), (C) Curcumin extract (1 gm),and (D) gum arabic (0.5 gm). All the excipients were added into theMP-AuNPs and mixed for 30 min at room temperature. The mixture waslyophilized to remove the excess water and to obtain a dry drugmaterial. The yield was 6 gm. The sample was stored in an air-tightcontainer at 4° C. More generally, suitable ranges for 20 mL of MP-AuNPs2× include Gooseberry phytochemicals (2-2.5 gm), (B) Mango peelphytochemicals (4-5 gm), (C) Curcumin extract (1-1.5 gm), (D) gum arabic(0.5-1.0 gm). In the experiments, all the excipients were added into theMP-AuNPs and mixed for 30-45 min at room temperature. The mixture waslyophilized to remove the excess water and to obtain dry drug material,the yield was 6 gm. The sample was stored in tight container at 4-8° C.,and used for further antitumor cell biology studies.
FIG. 43 is data showing therapeutic effects of MGF-AuNPs to control orreduce tumor size in human prostate tumor bearing SCID mice. Animalswere randomized and treated intraperitoneally on day 0. Treatment wasgiven intraperitoneally twice per week; n=5; mean±STE. Statisticalcomparison was made between different groups. For p=0.07 saline treatedvs MGF-AuNPs 0.27 mg/kg bw, results were statistically not significant;For p=0.021 saline treated vs MGF-AuNPs 0.53 mg /kg bw, results werevery statistically significant; For p=0.0009 saline treated vs MGF 0.8mg/kg bw, results were extremely statistically significant.
Specific embodiments include drug preparations optimized for theproduction of capsules for human consumption. A preferred overallprocedure for drug formulation MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D is stated below.MP-AuNPs 2× was prepared as discussed in paragraph 102. For drugformulation, the following excipients were added into the 10 mL ofMP-AuNPs 2×; (A) Gooseberry phytochemicals (5 gm), (B) Mango peelphytochemicals (10 gm), (C) Curcumin extract (1 gm), and (D) gum arabic(2.5 gm). All of the excipients were added into the MP-AuNPs 2× andmixed for 30 min at room temperature. The mixture was dried at 40° C. toremove excess water and to obtain dry drug material. The yield was 17gm. The sample was stored in an air-tight container at 4° C. Moregenerally, suitable ranges for mixture with 10 mL of MP-AuNPs 2× include(A) Gooseberry phytochemicals (5-6 gm), (B) Mango peel phytochemicals(10-12 gm), (C) Curcumin extract (1-1.5 gm), and (D) gum arabic (2.5-3.0gm). In the experiments, excipients were added into the MP-AuNPs-2× andmixed for 30-45 min at room temperature. The mixture was dried at 40° C.to remove excess water and to obtain dry drug material, and the yieldwas 16-17 gm. The sample was stored in an air-tight container at 4-8°C., and used for further antitumor in vivo animal studies.
FIG. 44 is data showing the Therapeutic effects of MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D tocontrol or reduce tumor size in human prostate tumor bearing SCID mice.Animals were randomized and treated orally on day 0. Treatment was giventwice per week; n=5, where MPD=MP-AuNPs-A+B+C+D drug.
While specific embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed, it should be understood that other modifications,substitutions and alternatives are apparent to one of ordinary skill inthe art. Such modifications, substitutions and alternatives can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, whichshould be determined from the appended claims.
Various features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
1. A method for forming Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles, themethod comprising: mixing dried gooseberry product or mango peel productor phytochemical existent therein into a liquid medium to form areducing agent solution; mixing gold salts into the reducing agentsolution; permitting reaction of the gold salts, in the absence of anyother reducing agent, to form a nanoparticle solution of stabilized,biocompatible Ayurvedic encapsulated gold nanoparticles.
2. The methodof claim 1, wherein said mixing comprises mixing dried gooseberryproduct or mango peel product.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein theliquid medium consists of distilled (and/or de-ionized water) water, analcoholic medium or a mixture of water and alcohol.
4. (canceled)
5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the gold salts consist of non-radioactiveAuCl4.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of gooseberryproduct in the reducing agent solution is in the range of 1-3 or 100-200mM.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the concentration for gold saltweight is in the range of 4-8 mg, with 6-10 mg of gooseberry powder, in6-10 ml distilled water.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein saidpermitting reaction is conducted at an agent solution temperature of 25°C.-28° C.
| 43,508 |
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82%20%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%20%28%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Δημήτριος Σταύρου (μεταφραστής)
|
https://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Δημήτριος Σταύρου (μεταφραστής)&action=history
|
Greek
|
Spoken
| 116 | 398 |
Ο Δημήτριος Σταύρου (1899-1973) είναι μεταφραστής αγγλόφωνων κυρίως συγγραφέων. Είναι αδελφός του φιλολόγου, ποιητή και μεταφραστή Θρασύβουλου Σταύρου.
Γεννήθηκε στην Πέτρα Λέσβου και μετά τις σπουδές του στη Σχολή Μπάξτερ της Σμύρνης ασχολήθηκε με εμπορικές επιχειρήσεις. Δημοσίευε τις μεταφράσεις του στα περιοδικά Ζωή της Κωνσταντινούπολης και Χαραυγή της Λέσβου. Μετά τη Μικρασιατική καταστροφή εγκαταστάθηκε στην Αθήνα.
Εξέδωσε τα έργα Άγγλοι λυρικοί (1944), Σύγχρονοι αμερικανοί και άγγλοι λυρικοί (1946), Νέγροι ποιητές (1966), Δύο έγχρωμοι ποιητές (1970). Μετέφρασε Ιγκόρ Γκουζένκο (1954) και πολλά θεατρικά του Τζων Μίλιγκτον (1934-1970). Μεταφράσεις του υπάρχουν στα περιοδικά Κύκλος και Νέα Εστία.
Πέθανε στην Αθήνα σε ηλικία 74 ετών. Η σύζυγός του Τατιάνα, το γένος Αδαμαντιάδου (παντρεύτηκαν το 1929), ήταν συγγραφέας.
Σταυρου, Δημητρι
| 8,429 |
https://github.com/LazaroPinheiro/DSS/blob/master/MediaCenter/mavenproject1/src/main/java/Business/Main.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
DSS
|
LazaroPinheiro
|
Java
|
Code
| 222 | 1,510 |
/*
* To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
* To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/
package Business;
import Exceptions.AdministradorNaoAutenticadoException;
import Exceptions.ConteudoDuplicadoPessoalException;
import Exceptions.FormatoInvalidoException;
import Exceptions.PasswordsIncompativeisException;
import Exceptions.UtilizadorInexistenteException;
import Exceptions.UtilizadorJaExistenteException;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
/**
*
* @author lazaropinheiro
*/
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
MediaCenter_Facade facade = new MediaCenter_Facade();
try{
facade.loginUtilizador("ruben@gmail.com", "ruben");
//List<String> l = facade.colecaoPessoal.getListaConteudo();
facade.imprimeColecaoPessoal();
}
catch(UtilizadorInexistenteException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch(PasswordsIncompativeisException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
/*public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
MediaCenter_Facade facade = new MediaCenter_Facade();
facade.loginUtilizador("lazaro@gmail.com","lazaro");
facade.uploadConteudo("/Users/lazaropinheiro/Downloads/kygo.mp3");
facade.uploadConteudo("/Users/lazaropinheiro/Downloads/Bocejo_SONY_g.mp4");
facade.terminarSessao();
facade.loginUtilizador("lazaro","1234");
facade.uploadConteudo("/Users/lazaropinheiro/Downloads/Bocejo_SONY_g.mp4");
facade.uploadConteudo("/Users/lazaropinheiro/Downloads/carlos_t.mp3");
facade.imprimeColecaoPessoal();
facade.imprimeColecaoCasa();
String[] opcoes = {"aleatorio"};
Playlist p = facade.criarPlaylist(opcoes);
p.reproduzir();*/
/*facade.terminarSessao();
facade.loginUtilizador("lazaro","1234");
facade.uploadConteudo("/Users/lazaropinheiro/Downloads/Bocejo_SONY_g.mp4");
facade.uploadConteudo("/Users/lazaropinheiro/Downloads/carlos_t.mp3");*/
//facade.removerConteudo(1);*/
//facade.mudarCategoriaNova(1,"Caganeira");
//facade.loginUtilizador("tone","123");
//facade.removerUtilizador("lazaro", "1234");
/*facade.imprimeColecoesPessoais();
facade.imprimeColecaoCasa();
facade.terminarSessao();*/
/*String[] opcoes = {"aleatorio"};
Playlist p = facade.criarPlaylist(opcoes);
p.reproduzir();*/
/*Administrador admin = new Administrador("x","x","x");
facade.utilizadorLogado = admin;
System.out.println(facade.utilizadorLogado.toString());
facade.criarUtilizador("lazaro","1234","lazaro","Administrador");
facade.loginUtilizador("lazaro","1234");
//facade.removerUtilizador("lazaro","1234");
//facade.imprimeUtilizadores();
//facade.loginUtilizador("lazaro","1234");
//facade.validaOperacao("123");
//facade.mudarNome("Antonio");
//facade.imprimeUtilizadores();
//System.out.println("\n\n\n" + facade.utilizadorLogado.toString());
//facade.mudarPassword("zezoca","zezoca");
//facade.imprimeUtilizadores();
//System.out.println("\n\n\n" + facade.utilizadorLogado.toString());*/
/*}catch(UtilizadorJaExistenteException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}catch(AdministradorNaoAutenticadoException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}catch(UtilizadorInexistenteException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}catch(ConteudoDuplicadoPessoalException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}catch(FormatoInvalidoException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}*/
/*catch(UtilizadorInexistenteException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}*//*catch(UtilizadorJaExistenteException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}*//*catch(AdministradorNaoAutenticadoException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}*//*catch(PasswordsIncompativeisException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}*/
/*Path p = Paths.get("/Users/lazaropinheiro/Downloads/Bocejo_SONY_g.mp4");
try {
Conteudo.validaConteudo(p.toString());
//m.reproduzirConteudo();
}catch(FormatoInvalidoException | FileNotFoundException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}*/
| 43,024 |
https://github.com/spaceavocado/svelte-router/blob/master/src/history.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
svelte-router
|
spaceavocado
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 181 | 453 |
/**
* Svelte Router history module.
* @module svelte-router/history
*/
// Reference: https://www.npmjs.com/package/history
import {createBrowserHistory, createHashHistory} from 'history';
/**
* History modes.
*/
enum HISTORY_MODE {
/** History mode. */
HISTORY = 'HISTORY',
/** Hash mode. */
HASH = 'HASH',
}
/**
* History actions.
*/
enum HISTORY_ACTION {
/** Push into location. */
PUSH = 'PUSH',
/** Replace in location. */
REPLACE = 'REPLACE',
/** Pop from the location. */
POP = 'POP',
};
/**
* History hash types
*/
enum HASH_TYPE {
/** The default. */
SLASH = 'SLASH',
/** Omit the leading slash. */
NOSLASH = 'NOSLASH',
/** Google's legacy AJAX URL format. */
HASHBANG = 'HASHBANG',
};
/**
* Create a new history wrapper.
* @param {HISTORY_MODE} mode history mode,
* defaults to HISTORY_MODE.HISTORY.
* @param {object} opts options of individual modes,
* see https://github.com/ReactTraining/history.
* @return {object}
*/
const history = (mode: HISTORY_MODE, opts: object): object => {
opts = opts || {};
switch (mode) {
case HISTORY_MODE.HISTORY:
return createBrowserHistory(opts);
case HISTORY_MODE.HASH:
default:
return createHashHistory(opts);
}
};
export {
HISTORY_MODE,
HISTORY_ACTION,
HASH_TYPE,
};
export default history;
| 44,936 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt%20Bridge%20Creek%20%28suba%20sa%20Tinipong%20Bansa%2C%20Montana%2C%20Sanders%20County%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Burnt Bridge Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Sanders County)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burnt Bridge Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Sanders County)&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 79 | 115 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Burnt Bridge Creek.
Suba ang Burnt Bridge Creek sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Sanders County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. Ang Burnt Bridge Creek mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Columbia River ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Columbia River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Montana (estado)
| 15,178 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4816182
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 26 | 39 |
Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway
Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway country United States of America
Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway Freebase ID /m/06bgk1
| 19,043 |
https://github.com/bracikaa/openproject/blob/master/frontend/src/global_styles/content/work_packages/fullscreen/_fullscreen.sass
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-3.0
| 2,021 |
openproject
|
bracikaa
|
Sass
|
Code
| 15 | 59 |
// Add padding to edit actions
.work-packages--show-view .work-packages--edit-actions
padding-top: 20px
.work-packages--edit-actions
.in_modal &
width: 100%
| 49,120 |
US-26743288-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,988 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,468 | 1,841 |
Ceramic heating plate
ABSTRACT
A ceramic heating plate which comprises a planar body including a ceramic substratum covered with a far-infrared ceramic layer on the top surface; a heating sheet attached to the back surface of the substratum, the heating sheet including a pair of lead terminals through which the heating plate is connected to a source of power; and wherein the ceramic layer contains a single layer of ceramic particles exposed above the surface thereof so that far-infrared rays are radiated outside directly therefrom.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a heating plate of ceramic, and more particularly, to a ceramic heating plate for being built in a panel heater, the heating plate generating far-infrared rays at an elevated temperature.
As is generally known, there is a ceramic known in the art as generating far-infrared rays when it becomes heated. Such ceramics are recently used as a source of energy for a variety of purposes.
A well-known application is a concealed heating system in which a number of heating plates are built in floors and walls of a building. An advantage of the ceramic heating plates is that they warm the rooms by radiation of heat. Radiation heats objects rather than air so that heat loss due to convection (which causes a higher temperature near the ceiling then at the floor) is greatly reduced. Also radiation phenomena is a lesser user of energy than convection phenomena for transference of heat. The far-infrared rays has a good permeability of heat through a human body, and even if the entire room temperature is low on a thermometer, the receivers of heat feel sufficiently warm. This is the reason why the far-infrared rays save energy.
In general, to generate far-infrared rays alumina is used to make heating plates, because alumina is relatively easy to procure and inexpensive, and also easy to produce a smooth planar surface. However, the problem is that the ceramic substratum must contain a special ceramic capable of generating far-infrared rays of a required wavelength. To satisfy this requirement, the plates become thick and heavy. The thick and heavy heating plates lead to a thick and heavy panel heater. In addition, the thick plates take time to become heated, thereby increasing the consumption of electricity.
The present invention is directed toward an improved ceramic heating plate, which solves the problems discussed above with respect to the known ceramic far-infrared ray plates. Thus an object of the present invention is to provide a thin and lightweight ceramic heating plate without trading off the efficiency of generating far-infrared rays.
This object is achieved by providing a ceramic heating plate which comprises a planar body including a ceramic substratum covered with a far-infrared ceramic layer on its top surface; a heating sheet attached to the back surface of the substratum, the heating sheet including a pair of lead terminals through which the heating plate is connected to a source of power; and wherein the ceramic layer contains ceramic particles exposed above the surface thereof so that far-infrared rays are radiated outside directly therefrom.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which show, for the purpose of illustration only, one embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-section through a heating plate according to the present invention;
FIG. 1A shows an enlargement of that portion of the plate of FIG. 1 that is enclosed by a circle;
FIG. 2 is an analytical perspective view showing the heating plate of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-section through a panel heater constituted by an assembly of the heating plates of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-section showing an example of embodiment for comparison.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 there is provided a heating plate (P), which comprises a planar body 1 and a heating sheet 2. The planar body 1 comprises a ceramic substratum 4, and a far-infrared ray ceramic layer 5. As shown in FIG. 1, the ceramic layer 5 contains ceramic particles 6 whose top portions are exposed. The heating sheet 2 is connected to another heating plate (P) through terminals 3 thereof, which will be described in greater detail below.
The planar body 1 is fabricated as follows:
96% of alumina and 4% of silica are mixed together, and the mixture is sintered in a known manner. At this stage the thickness of the substratum 4 can be determined as desired, which means that the final heating plate (P) can have a desired thickness. Then it is coated with a glaze of glass and ceramic powder (e.g. iron oxide) by means of a brush or a spray gun. The coated substratum 4 is again sintered at 600° to 1200° C. In this way the substratum 4 is glazed with the ceramic layer 5, in which, as shown in FIG. 1A a glass layer 7 sinks and the ceramic particles 6 are exposed above it. The planar body 1 is normally square with sides of 10 cm and a thickness of 0.7 mm. The ceramic layer 5 is 1/10 times as thick as the substratum 4. In one embodiment the substratum 4 was 0.635 mm thick, and the ceramic layer 5 was 0.065 mm thick.
The heating sheet 2 comprises a heating element coated with a heat-proof adhesive 8, which is covered with a releasable sheet 9. When the heating sheet 2 is to be attached to the planar body 1, the releasable sheet 9 is removed, and the adhesive layer 8 is adhered to the ceramic substratum 4. The terminals 3 are led out for electrical connection to another heating plate (P).
Referring to FIG. 3, the assemblage of heating plates (P) into a panel heater (A) is conducted as follow:
A required number of heating plates (P) are placed side by side in a framework 12 having a bottom 3 and side walls 11 with an insulting board 13 interposed on the bottom 10. The heating plates (P) are electrically connected to one after another through the respective terminals 3, wherein the connected terminals 3 are sealed by a sealing substance 15. The framework 12, the insulating board 13 and the heating plates (P) are jointed to each other in a known manner so as to form an entity.
The panel heater (A) is concealed in floors of a building. Because of the relatively thin heating plates (P) (normally 0.7 mm thick) the ceramic layers 5 quickly become heated. Since the top portions of the ceramic particles 6 project above the surface of the layer 5, the far-infrared rays are directly radiated therefrom. This will be better understood by comparison with the example shown in FIG. 4, where the ceramic particles 6 are completely concealed in the glass layer 7, thereby radiating far-infrared rays through the glass layer 7.
Experiments have demonstrated that the panel heater (A) produces a comfortable warm atmosphere with the temperature being 27° to 30° C. near the floor, and the room temperature being 16° to 18° C. No appreciable differences in temperature were recognized between the floor and the ceiling.
The panel heater (A) is built in walls and/or ceilings. Alternately, it can be built in a standard, which is positioned in place in a room. The heating plate (P), the heating sheet 2 and the terminals 3 can be united immediately before the heating panels are assembled into a panel heater (A).
The far-infrared ray layer can be made of matallic oxides (e.g. iron oxide, manganese oxide, copper oxide, cobalt oxide, alumina, calsia, magnesia, zirconia, cordierite), carbonized oxides or nitrated oxides or a composite of these.
What is claimed is:
1. A ceramic heating plate comprising:a planar body including a ceramic substratum sintered together with a far-infrared ceramic layer on the top surface thereof; and means for heating said substratum; wherein said far infrared ceramic layer contains a single layer of ceramic particles which emit far infrared radiation when heated, each of said particles being in contact with said ceramic substratum and also having an area exposed at the outside surface of said far infrared ceramic layer so that far infrared rays are radiated outside directly from the exposed areas of the particles.
2. A ceramic heating plate as defined in claim 1, wherein said means for heating comprises a heating sheet attached to said substratum, said heating sheet having a pair of lead terminals through which the heating plate is connected to a source of power.
3. A ceramic heating plate as defined in claim 1, wherein said heating plate has a thickness of 0.6 to 15 mm..
| 5,736 |
https://github.com/LikeLion-CAU-9th/Philo-coders/blob/master/.gitignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Philo-coders
|
LikeLion-CAU-9th
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 21 | 73 |
### Virtualenv ###
myvenv
venv
### Django ###
*.log
*.pot
*.pyc
__pycache__/
local_settings.py
db.sqlite3
db.sqlite3-journal
media
### Secret key ###
secrets.json
| 33,363 |
https://github.com/jacmoe/c64adventures/blob/master/C64StepByStep/book1/40randomgraphics.bas
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,021 |
c64adventures
|
jacmoe
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 37 | 117 |
5 rem plots ramdom graphics to the screen
10 print chr$(147);chr$(5)
20 poke 53280,5 : poke 53281,0
30 for n=1 to 1000
40 col=rnd(0)*15
50 x=int(rnd(0)*40)
60 y=int(rnd(0)*23)
70 poke 1024+y*40+x,90+rnd(1)*2 : poke 55296+y*40+x,col
80 next n
| 47,344 |
https://github.com/choerodon/choerodon-front-agile/blob/master/agile/src/app/agile/components/CreateBranch/CreateBranch.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
choerodon-front-agile
|
choerodon
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 755 | 3,195 |
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import _ from 'lodash';
import {
Modal, Form, Input, Select, Icon,
} from 'choerodon-ui';
import { stores, Content, axios } from 'choerodon-front-boot';
import './CreateBranch.scss';
import './commom.scss';
const { AppState } = stores;
const { Sidebar } = Modal;
const { Option, OptGroup } = Select;
const FormItem = Form.Item;
const MAP = {
bug: 'bugfix',
task: 'feature',
story: 'feature',
issue_epic: 'feature',
sub_task: 'feature',
};
class CreateBranch extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
// name: 'feature',
// value: '',
confirmLoading: false,
selectLoading: true,
branchLoading: true,
originApps: [],
branchs: [],
// branchsShowMore: false,
branchsInput: '',
branchsSize: 5,
branchsObj: {},
tags: [],
// tagsShowMore: false,
tagsSize: 5,
tagsObj: {},
};
}
handleOk = (e) => {
e.preventDefault();
const { form, issueId, onOk } = this.props;
form.validateFieldsAndScroll((err, values) => {
if (!err) {
const devopsBranchDTO = {
branchName: values.type === 'custom' ? values.name : `${values.type}-${values.name}`,
issueId,
originBranch: values.branch,
};
const applicationId = values.app;
const projectId = AppState.currentMenuType.id;
this.setState({
confirmLoading: true,
});
axios.post(`/devops/v1/projects/${projectId}/apps/${applicationId}/git/branch`, devopsBranchDTO)
.then((res) => {
this.setState({
confirmLoading: false,
});
onOk();
})
.catch((error) => {
this.setState({
confirmLoading: false,
});
});
}
});
};
checkName =(rule, value, callback) => {
// eslint-disable-next-line no-useless-escape
const endWith = /(\/|\.|\.lock)$/;
const contain = /(\s|~|\^|:|\?|\*|\[|\\|\.\.|@\{|\/{2,}){1}/;
const single = /^@+$/;
if (endWith.test(value)) {
callback('不能以"/"、"."、".lock"结尾');
} else if (contain.test(value) || single.test(value)) {
callback('只能包含字母、数字、\'——\'、\'_\'');
} else {
callback();
}
};
onApplicationNameChange = () => {
// this.setState({ selectLoading: true });
axios.get(`/devops/v1/projects/${AppState.currentMenuType.id}/apps`)
.then((res) => {
this.setState({
originApps: res,
selectLoading: false,
branchLoading: true,
});
});
};
render() {
const {
visible, store, form, form: { getFieldDecorator },
onCancel, issueNum, typeCode,
} = this.props;
const {
confirmLoading, selectLoading, branchLoading,
originApps, branchs, branchsObj, branchsSize,
branchsInput, tags, tagsObj, tagsSize,
} = this.state;
return (
<Sidebar
className="c7n-createBranch"
title="创建分支"
visible={visible}
onOk={this.handleOk}
onCancel={onCancel}
okText="创建"
cancelText="取消"
confirmLoading={confirmLoading}
>
<Content
style={{
padding: 0,
width: 512,
}}
title={`对问题“${issueNum}”创建分支`}
description="您可以在此选择应用、分支来源，可以修改默认的分支类型及分支名称，即可为该问题创建关联的分支。"
link="http://v0-16.choerodon.io/zh/docs/user-guide/agile/issue/manage-branch/"
>
<Form layout="vertical" className="c7n-sidebar-form">
<div className="branch-formItem-icon">
<span className="icon icon-widgets" />
</div>
<FormItem className="branch-formItem">
{getFieldDecorator('app', {
rules: [{ required: true, message: '请选择应用' }],
})(
<Select
label="应用名称"
allowClear
onFocus={this.onApplicationNameChange}
filter
optionFilterProp="children"
filterOption={
(input, option) => option.props.children.toLowerCase()
.indexOf(input.toLowerCase()) >= 0
}
loading={selectLoading}
>
{originApps.map(app => (
<Option value={app.id} key={app.id}>{app.name}</Option>
))}
</Select>,
)}
</FormItem>
<div className="branch-formItem-icon">
<span className="icon icon-wrap_text" />
</div>
<FormItem className="branch-formItem">
{getFieldDecorator('branch', {
rules: [{ required: true, message: '请选择分支来源' }],
})(
<Select
label="分支来源"
allowClear
disabled={!form.getFieldValue('app')}
filter
filterOption={false}
optionLabelProp="value"
loading={branchLoading}
onFilterChange={(input) => {
this.setState({
branchsInput: input,
});
axios.post(`/devops/v1/projects/${AppState.currentMenuType.id}/apps/${form.getFieldValue('app')}/git/branches?page=0&size=5`, {
searchParam: {
branchName: [input],
},
param: '',
})
.then((res) => {
if (res && !res.failed) {
this.setState({
branchs: res.content,
branchsSize: res.numberOfElements,
// branchsShowMore: res.totalPages !== 1,
branchsObj: res,
branchLoading: false,
});
} else {
Choerodon.prompt(res.message);
}
});
axios.post(`/devops/v1/projects/${AppState.currentMenuType.id}/apps/${form.getFieldValue('app')}/git/tags_list_options?page=0&size=5`, {
searchParam: {
tagName: [input],
},
param: '',
})
.then((res) => {
if (res && !res.failed) {
this.setState({
tags: res.content || [],
tagsSize: res.numberOfElements,
// tagsShowMore: res.totalPages !== 1,
tagsObj: res,
});
} else {
Choerodon.prompt(res.message);
}
});
}}
>
<OptGroup label="分支" key="branchGroup">
{branchs.map(s => (
<Option value={s.branchName} key={s.branchName}>
<Icon type="branch" />
{s.branchName}
</Option>
))}
{
branchsObj.totalElements > branchsObj.numberOfElements
&& branchsObj.numberOfElements > 0 ? (
<Option key="more">
<div
role="none"
style={{
margin: '-4px -20px',
padding: '4px 20px',
}}
onClick={(e) => {
e.stopPropagation();
axios.post(`/devops/v1/projects/${AppState.currentMenuType.id}/apps/${form.getFieldValue('app')}/git/branches?page=0&size=${branchsSize + 5}`, {
searchParam: {
branchName: [branchsInput],
},
param: null,
})
.then((res) => {
if (res && !res.failed) {
this.setState({
branchs: res.content || [],
branchsSize: res.numberOfElements,
// branchsShowMore: res.totalPages !== 1,
branchsObj: res,
});
} else {
Choerodon.prompt(res.message);
}
});
}}
>
查看更多
</div>
</Option>
) : null
}
</OptGroup>
<OptGroup label="tag" key="tagGroup">
{tags.map(s => (
<Option value={s.tagName} key={s.tagName}>
<Icon type="local_offer" />
{s.tagName}
</Option>
))}
{
tagsObj.totalElements > branchsObj.numberOfElements
&& branchsObj.numberOfElements > 0 ? (
<Option key="more">
<div
role="none"
style={{
margin: '-4px -20px',
padding: '4px 20px',
}}
onClick={(e) => {
e.stopPropagation();
axios.post(`/devops/v1/projects/${AppState.currentMenuType.id}/apps/${form.getFieldValue('app')}/git/tags_list_options?page=0&size=${tagsSize + 5}`, {
searchParam: {
tagName: [branchsInput],
},
param: null,
})
.then((res) => {
if (res && !res.failed) {
this.setState({
tags: res.content || [],
tagsSize: res.numberOfElements,
// tagsShowMore: res.totalPages !== 1,
tagsObj: res,
});
} else {
Choerodon.prompt(res.message);
}
});
}}
>
查看更多
</div>
</Option>
) : null
}
</OptGroup>
</Select>,
)}
</FormItem>
<div className="branch-formItem-icon">
<span className="icon icon-branch" />
</div>
<FormItem className="c7n-formItem_180">
{getFieldDecorator('type', {
rules: [{ required: true, message: '请选择分支类型' }],
initialValue: MAP[typeCode || 'task'],
})(
<Select
allowClear
label="分支类型"
>
{['feature', 'bugfix', 'release', 'hotfix', 'custom'].map(s => (
<Option value={s} key={s}>
<span className={`c7n-branch-icon icon-${s === 'bugfix' ? 'develop' : s}`}>
{s.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
</span>
<span>{s}</span>
</Option>
))}
</Select>,
)}
</FormItem>
<FormItem className="c7n-formItem_281">
{getFieldDecorator('name', {
rules: [{
required: true,
message: '请输入分支名称',
}, {
validator: this.checkName,
}],
initialValue: issueNum,
})(
<Input
label="分支名称"
prefix={form.getFieldValue('type') === 'custom' || !form.getFieldValue('type') ? '' : `${form.getFieldValue('type')}-`}
maxLength={30}
/>,
)}
</FormItem>
</Form>
</Content>
</Sidebar>
);
}
}
export default Form.create({})(CreateBranch);
| 8,128 |
historicalparal02goog_36
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,846 |
Historical parallels
|
Malkin, Arthur Thomas
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,036 | 11,130 |
The second subject which we have proposed to notice belongs to a period of much interest m British history, that of the fruitless attempt of Charles II. to re-impose episcopacy upon the Scottish nation. Few spectacles are more elevating and more improving than the patient endurance of evU for conscience' sake even in an indi- vidual ; and it is'still more impressive, where a multitude are actuated by common feelings and a common principle. Such was the case with the persecuted body of the Scot- tish Presbetyrian recusants ; and if there be any to whom the questions, whether a written ritual or eztemporaneou prayer should be used, whether the Episcopal or Presby- terian form of church government should prevail, appear Digitized by VjOOQ IC 258 HUTOUCAI. PJJLyEJLEM. iii8ii£Biaeiit groimdfl of dispute to justify % oivil wmt, k is to be remembered that in this caee the aggresskm was entirely on the side of the goveinraait; that Chnries II. had m<M*e than once taken me Covenant, the mere lefosal to abjure which was now thought worthy of deni^ ; that the rebebf if that name be applkalde to them, sou^t nothing more than liberty to serve God a£ter their a^im consciences; and further, that the arbitrary Yioleoce which would have annulled the established chorch of Scotland, to sabstitote another which the bulk of the nation hated, was only one of that series of mistaken and criminal measures which led to the expulsion of the Hoose of Stuart irom the throne. Upwards of three hundred minivers were driven from their livings in one day, to derive a scanty maintenance from their poor but zecuoos hearers : but these men neitiier ofierea reastaooe:, nor preached rebellion, until they were ddbarred from per- forming their pastoral office. And even when tfaey and their followers did take arms, it was origiaaUy in self- defence, to protect meetings for the peaceable puipose of divine wcMrship, held in the wildest recesses of the' tratkr^ less hills, from the fary of a most lieeatioos sotdieiy, which even that strict concealment could not mitigato or elude. That the better cause was disgraced by some extravagances and crimes, and that it gave nse in some to a morose and gloomy spirit of &nalacism, will not sur- prise any who have considered the e£fect of persecution, which, the very converse of mercy, is twice onsed in its operation, a curse on him who inflicts, as on kirn who suffers. Driven to assemble in moss and mountain, girt with their swords, and prepared to defend life and faith by the strong hand, it is no wonder if these men turned in preference to the warlike pages of the sacred records, and in Ume, and conduct, and phraseolcgy imitated the martial leaders and reformers of Judaea, rather than the milder teachers of the religion which it was their boast to hold fast in its utmost purity. Continually oeoupied by the thought of death, engaged in a constant struggle to subdue their natuial fears and a:ffi^ons into the re^ution to serve the Lord after what they deemed the only true Digitized by VjOOQ IC SCOTCH TRESBTTJURIASS. 259 fnth, and to abide in him to the uttermost, it is no wonder tluit Cameron, Cargill, Peden, and other zealous preach* ess, whose rade and stem eloquence roused the Scottish peasant to the indurance of martyrdom, m many instances KMt nght of reason in enthusiasm, and m some, them* s^ves or their foUowers, oemmitted acts which rendered ^«D jDstly amenable to legal punishment.* It forms, * The mvrder of Arehbishop Sharpe isthemost celebrated and remarkable of these iastanoes or perverted enthusiasm, mistaken api^ieadons of the Old Testament, and determina'* tion to see a special Providence in passing events. Burley, Balhillet, and their associates, when they met on the Magus Muir, had no thought of harming Sharpe: butwhoi his coach passed that way, they concluded that the Lord had deliyered him into their hands ; and therefore they killed him. For the eflfect of the persecuti<ni, see Fox's Hist, of James II. ** This system of government, and especially the rigour with which those eencemed in the late insurrectioDS» the excommunication of the king, or the other outrages com- plained o^ were pursued and hunted, sometimes by blood- hounds, sometimes by soldiers almost equally savage, and afterwards shot like wild beasts, drove some of tiiose secta- nes who were styled Cameronians, and other proscribed persons, to measures of absohite desperation. They made a declaration, which they caused to be affixed to different chBrdies, impordng that they would use the law of retaliation, and * 108 wilU said they, ^puniah as enemies to God, and to the Covenant y such persons as shallmake it their work to imbrue their hands in our blood ; and chiefly, if they shall continue obstinatdy and with habitucd malice to proceed against us:* with more to the like effect Upon such an occasion, the interference of government became necessary* The govern- ment did indeed interfere, and by a vote dT council ordered, that whoever owned, or refused to disown, the declaration on oath, should be put to death, in the presence of two witnesses, though unarmed when taken. Tlie execution of this massacre, in the twelve counties which were principally oonocrBed, was committed to the mUitaij, and exceeded, if poaable, the ordnr itself. however, no part of oar sabject to enter into a def^raice of their conduct or doctrine. The lofty spirit of resig- nation in which they met their fate is the only point in their histwy which admits of comparison with the sab- ject-matter of this chanter: and in this respect, the Athenian philosopher haa no adyantage over the humblest of these unlettered peasants. The stories of their resig- nation, nay of their exultation in the hour of trial, have been preserved by tradition ; and their scattered graves in the wild moorlands of Southern Scotland are still regarded with veneration and affiection. May it be long before a feeling dies away, so well calculated to keep alive a hatred of op^H'ession, and a strong sense of the importance of religion I There is extant a singular and affecting account of the able emplovment, were drowned. The habitations, as well of tiiose who had fled to save themselves, as of those who suffered, were burnt and destroyed. Such members of the £unilies of the delinquents as were above twelve years old, were imprisoned for the purpose of being afterwards] trans- ported. The brutality of the soldiers was such as might be expected from an army let loose from all restraint, and em- ployed to execute the royal justice, as it was called, upon wretches. Graham, who has been mentioned before, and who, under the titie of Lord Dundee (a tide which was pro- bably conferred on him by James for these or sinular services), was afterwards esteemed such a hero among the Jacobite party, particularly distiuguished himself. Of six unarmed fugitives whom he seized, he caused four to be shot in his presence, nor did the remaining two^ experience any other mercy from him than a delay of their doom ; and at another time, having intercepted the flight of one of these victims, he had him shown to his family, and then muadered in the arms of his wife. The example of persons of such high rank, and who must be presumed to have had an educa- tion in some degree corresponding to their station, could not fail of operating upon men of a lower order in societjr. The former of these two, by name John Brown, was a small fanner and carrier, resident at Priesthill, in the parish of Muirkirk, an upland district on the borders of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire ; " a man " says Wodrow, " of shining piety, who had great measures of solid digested knowledge and experience, and a singular talent of a most plain and affecting way of communicating his knowledge to others." This man was orderly, s^ate, and discreet, and nowise obnoxious to the ruling party, except as a conscientious and inflexible seceder from the Episcopalian worship atteMOted to be imposed. Our tale is taken from a pubyH|on entitled the ' Life of Mr. Alexander Peden,' ptAiHied about the year 1720.* " In the beginning of May, 1686, he (Mr. Alexander Peden) came to the house of John Brown and Marion Weir, whom he married before he went to Ireland, where he stsud all night, and in the morning, when he took farewell, he came out of the door, saying to himself, ' Poor woman, a fearful morning,' twice over ; ' A dark misty morning.' The next morning, between five and six hours, the said John Brown having performed the worship of God in his family, was going with a spade in his hand to make ready some peat ground : the mist being very dark, he knew not until cruel and bloody * The following passage, with 'other interesting particu- lars relative to these times, is to be found in Scott* s * Min- strelsy of the Scottish Border.' It is hardly necessary to refer to ' Old Mortality,' as a most vivid and affecting pic- ture of this interesting period of our history, though coloured by the author's prejudices in favour of the dominant party. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 262 HISTOSICAI. PABAliLELS. ClaTerfaoufie com^aased him vitfa three tio<mB of korae^ brought him to his howe, and then exammed him ; irbo, though he was a maa of a gtammering speech, yet answered hhn distinctly and aolidlj; which raadeOlcrar- hoose to examine tibose whom he had taken to be his guide through die mmn, if ever they heard him preach. They answered. No, no ; he was never a preacher. He said, < If he has not preached, midde has he prayed in his time/ He said to John, * Go to your prayers, for you shall immecKately die/ When he was praying, ClaTerhouse interrupted him three times : one tnne that he stopt him, he was pleading that tiie Lord woidd spore a remnant, and not nuJce a full end in the day of his anger. Claverhoose said, ' I gave you time to pray, and ye are begun to preach:' he tmrned about upon his knees and said, ' Sir, you know neither the nature of preaching or praymg, that calls this preaching.' Then continued without conibsion ; when ended, Claverfaoose said, ' Take good-night of your wife and children/ His wife standing by wim her cMld in her arms that she had brought forth to him, and i^|feer chiki of his first wife^s, he came to her, and said, ^!(pkr Marion, the day is come, that I told you would come when I first Sjrake to you of marrying me.' She said, ^ Indeed, John, I can willingly pai*t with you.' ' Then,' he said, ' thb is all I desire, I nave no more to do but to die.' He kissed his wife and bairns, and wished purchased and promised blessings to be multiplied upon them, and his Uesong. Claverhoose ordered six soldiers to shoot him i* the most part of the bullets came upon his head, which scattered his brains on the ground. Claverhouse said to his wife, ' What tfainkest thou of thy husband now, woman ? ' She said, ' I thought ever much of him, and now as mudi as ever.' He said, ' It were justice to lay thee beside him.' She said, * If ye were permitted, I doubt not but that your cruelde would go that length ; but how will ye make answer for this morning's work ? ' He said, * To man I can be ' * Wodrow says that the soldiers hentated, or refused to fire, and that ClaTerhouse shot Brown with his own hands. Digitized by VjOOQ IC BROWsr. 263 answerable ; and for Grod, I will take him in my own hand.' ClATerhouse mounted his horse, and marched, and left her with the corpse of her dead husband lying there ; she set the bairn upon the ground, and gathered his brams, and lied up his head, and straiffhted his body, and covered him in ner plaid, and sat down and wept over him. It being a very desolate place, where never verdure grew, and far from neighbours, it was some time before any friends came to her ; the first that came was a very fit hand, that old singular Christian woman in the Cummerhead, named Elizabeth Menzies, three miles distant, who had been tried with the violent death of her husband at Fentland, afterwards of two worthy sons, Thomas Weir, who was killed at Drumclog, and David Steel, who was suddenly shot afterwards when taken. The said Marion Weir sitting upon her husband's grave, told me, that before that, she coiud see no blood but what she was in danger to faint ; and yet she was helped to be a witness to all this, without either fainting or confusion, except when the shots were let ofi^, her eyes dazzled. His corpse was buried at the end of his house, where h was slain, with this inscription on his grave-stone : — In earth's cold bed, the dusty part here lies Of one who did the earth as dust despise I Here in this place, from earth he tobk departure ; — Now he has got the garland of the martyr. This murder was committed between six and seven in the morning: Mr. Peden was about ten or eleven miles distant, having been in the fields all night ; he came to the house between seven and eight, and desired to call in the family, that he might pray amongst them. When praying, he said, ' Lord, when wilt thou avenge Brown's blood ? Oh 1 let Brown's blood be precious in thy sight ! and hasten the day when thou wilt avenge it, with Cameron's, Cargill's, and many others of our martyrs' names; and oh! for that day, when the Lord would avenge all their bloods.' *'When ended, John Muirhead inquired what he meant by Brown's blood ? He swd twice over, * What Digitized by VjOOQ IC 264 HISTOUCAIi PARALLELS. do I mean ? Claverfaooae has been at the Priesthill this morning, and has arueWy murdered John Brown : his corpse was lying at the end of his house, and his poor wife sitting weeping by his corpse, and not a soul to speak a word comfortably to her.' " It b not to be supposed that this atrocity was single or singular in its nature, or that it and others rest upon doubt- ful testimony. '' No historical facts," says Mr. Pox, '' are better ascertained than the account of these instances of cruelty which are to be found in Wodrow." And the extent to which they were carried may be appreciated from the number of militanr executions or murders re- corded by that author,* in the two first months only of the year in which the above tragedy was enacted. Neither must it be supposed that these were the unwar- ranted excesses of a brutal soldiery: the Privy Council, the chief executive power of Scotland, clearly pointed out the line of conduct to be pursued in its instructions ;t * We give an abstract, to show both the number and nature of the crimes whidi were punished with death. Jan. 23. Six persons shot, surprised in prayer, in the parish of Monigan, Galloway. Jan. 31. One person sho( taken in hiding, in Durisdeer, Nithsdale. Jan. 31. Four shot, for refudng the oath of abjuration. Straiton, Ayrshire. Feb. 19. Four shot and two hanged, taken in hiding. Orr, Galloway. Feb. 21. Five killed at Kirkonnel. Feb. 28. One killed at Barr, in Carrick. Ten odiers killed in the above month, at different times, dates uncertain, facts certain. And so on, through the year, but especially the first half. All these, it will be observed, are military executions solely, not men slain in fighting, nor men condenmed by the civil power. Wodrow, book iii. chap. 9. § 6. t Instructions to General-lieutenant Drummond for marching to the southern and western ^ires. Edinb. April 21, 1685, " Imo. You are to employ all his majesties standing forces, in the southern and western shires, or so numy of them as Digitized by VjOOQ IC OCTHSIK. ^5 and in its dealines with the prisonen brought before it, showed equally chearly that the ezoeeding of Uieir orders in severity would not be harshly construed. There are few who do not recollect the scene in < Old Mortality,' in which the preacher Macbriar is examined before the Council : and the fiction does go one step beyond the reality, as detailed in the authentic pages of Wodrow. Those who did not perish by shot or sword, had often reason to wish that their sui^ngs had been ended by the summary method of military execution. Torture was pitilessly used to extract confession ; and branding, banishment, and hanging, were largely employed, not only against the Tiolent spirits whom persecution had driven you shall find expedient, for pursuing, suppressing, and utterly destroying ail such fugitive rebels as resist, and dis- turb the peace and quiet of his majesties government : and you are to cause immediately shoot such of them to deaths as you immediately find in arms. ** 2do. You shall give order to apprehend all persdns sus- pect for harbourers, or resetters of rebels, and fugitive vaga* bonds : and punish such as you find guilty, according to law." He is farther warranted to take free quarters, for all per- sons under his command (not bein^ of his majesty's forces)^ in all places where rebels, and fugitives, and vagabonds are suspected of being reset, harboured, or connived at. There is sometibing at once ludicrous and revolting in the following complaint, and the remedy applied to the grievance. It is a good specimen of the way in which the Council ex- ercised their inquisitorial functions : — ** July 14. The magistrates of Glasgow present a petition to the council, showing that fheir toll^th is pestered with many silly old women, who are a ^reat charge to the town. The council order them to be whipped and burnt on the cheek severely, who are guilty of reset and converse ; and such as are ffuilty of ill principles, that they be whipped and all dismissed." Wodrow, Hist, of Sufierings of Church of Scotland, vol. iii. chap. ix. } 3. Beset .and converse are the* harbouring and intercourse with proscribed persons : guilty of ill principles is a phrase of convenient latitude ; but must be understood to signify affection to the kirk and covenant Digitized by VjOOQ IC 266 HISTOBICAX. PABALLELS. to aasume armSy but against those who offered none but passive reaistanoe. And this sererity was the cause, not the consequence, of the moie vioknt sects rising in arms: it was the result <^ a premeditated seheoie to oppres, if not to root oat, FresoTteiiuiisra, as tending to keep alive a spirit of indepenaence, eivil as well as religious. With this intention, the ministiffl^ and other prominent persons were first attacked under fonn of law : it was not until their finaness proved to be HMKpi^;nable, that the act of assembling for worship was itself proscribed. Even so eariy as 1661, Mr. Janes Guthrie, one of the most emineiit mmisters ef the Scottish church, a man of moderation and discretioA, as well as seal, learning, and piety, was singled out as a victim. Hume's account of this transaction is a good specimen of the spirit in which he treats of this period of histoiy. " It was deemed political to hold over men's heads for some time the terror of punishment, till they should have made the requisite compliances with the new government. Though neither the king's temper nor plan of administration led him to severity, some examples, after such a Uoody and triumphant rebellion, seemed necessary ; and the Mar- onis of Argyle^ and one Guthrie were pitched upon as tae victims. . . Gutiirie was a seditions preacher, and had personally affitmted the king : his punishment gave surprise to nobody." On this passage, we have to ob- serve, that Guthrie was not a person unknown or insig- nificant, to be spoken of thus contemptuously (one Guthrie) ; and in denial the latter statements, to quote the following extract from Wodrow, whose testimony we do not hesitate to prefer to that of Hume, neither quoting their authority. *^ The king himself was so sensible of his (Guthrie's) good services to Inm and his interest when at the lowest, and of the severity of this sentence, that when he got notice of it, he asked with some warmth, * And what have you done with Mr. Patrick Gillespie?' It was answered that Mr. Gil- lespie had so many friends in the house, his life could not be taken. * Well,' said the king, * if I had known you would have spared Mr. Gillespie, I would have Digitized by VjOOQ IC GUTHBIB. 267 Spared Mr. Gutibie/* And indeed there was reason for it, as to one who had been so £rm and zealous a sappcn-ter of hhi Majesties title and interest, and had sulP<»red so nracfa for his eentiniied opposition to, and disownkkg of the fingiish umi^tion." And lar from being an insigniieant person, whose death nnght be passed over as a matter of no acemurt, the greatest pains were taken to induce him to s»re has life bjf making cfflBoesdons, with tiie Taioe of wbidi, as coming from him, the court party were well acquainted. But his o£fence and the reason for pursinng him to death are not ob- scm<dly hinted at m the frst seotenoe of our extract from Hmne : he had stoed up agnnst invaBion of the rights of tiw Presbyterian kiric, wlddi the king, in swearing to the Coyenanty had boand himself to uphold ; and there- fore he was made an example, ^*to hold over men's heads the terror of punishment, tHi they shouki have made the requisite compliances with the new govern- ment." The dbarge ag^nst him was treason and sedi- tion, founded prindpaUy on the language of a petition adopted by a meeting of mittisters, Augost 23, 1660, of which he was one, and on two publications, the * West- em Remonstrance,* and < Causes of God's Wrath,' in the sentiments of both of which he expressed his con- ciurence on his trial : and in his last speech he acknow- ledged hhnself the aathor of the latter. From one of his speeches before the pariiament, we extract the fol- lowing passage, which is worth the attention of those who thixik that opinions are to be stifled by vioience. ^^ My lord, my conscience I caiineot submit, Imt this : *^Wodrow, book L, chap. 2, § 4. ' f Burnet says, " he gave no advantage to those that wished to have saved him, by the least step towards any submission, but much to the contrary. I saw him suffer. He was so far from showing any fear, that he rather expressed a con- tempt of death. He spoke an hour on the ladder with the composedness of one that was delivering a sermon, rather than his last words. He justified all that had been done, and exhorted all people to adhere to the Covenant, which he magnified highly." Burnet, Hist of his own Times. Digitized by VjOOQIC 268 HISTOKICAI. PABAIXEL8. old crazy body, and mortal flesh I do submit, to do with it whatsoever you will, whether by desth, or banishment, or impiisonment, or anything else ; only I beseech you to ponder well what profit tli^ is in my blood : it is not the extinguishing of me or many others that wiU extin- guish the Covenant and work of reformation since the year 1638. My blood, bondage, or banishment will contribute more for the propagation of those things than my life or liberty could do, though I should live many years."* His death, however, was resolved on; and in spite of the; vigour of his defence, and the kxness of the charges against him, on which no lawyer since the Revolution would have dared to build a charge of constructive treason, be was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged ; which sentence was carried into effect June 1, 1661. H6. commenced his dying speech in these words : — ** Men and brethren, I fear many of you are come hither to gaze, rather liian to be edified by the carriage and last words of a dying man ; but if any have an ear to hear, as I hope some of thb great confluence have, I desire your audience to a few words. I am come hither to lay down this earthly tabernacle and mortal flesh of mine, and, I bless God, through his grace, I do it will- ingly, and not by constraint. I say, I suffer willingly: if I had been so minded, I might have made a division, and not been a prisoner ; but l^ing conscious to myself of nothing worthy of death or bonds, I could not stain my innocency with the suspicion of gmltiness, by my withdrawing ; neither have I wanted opportunities and advantages to escape since I was prisoner, — not by the fault of my keepers, God knoweth, but otherwise ; but neither for this had I light or liberty, lest I should reflect upon the Lord's name, and offend the generation of the righteous : and if some men have not been mistaken, or dealt deceitfully in telling me so, I might have avoided not only the severity of the sentence, but also had much * Wodrow, book i. chap, 2. Digitized by Google GCTHRDS. 269 favour and countenance hi compljing with the courses of the times. But I durst not redeem niy life with the loss of my integrity, God knoweth I durst not ; and that since I was prisoner, he hath so holden me by the hand, that he never suffered me to bring it in debate in my in- ward thoughts, much less to propose or hearken to any overture of that kind. I did judge it better to suffer than to sin ; and therefore I am come hither to lay down my life this day." 'He proceeded to justify his own loyalty, and the con- duct for which he was condemned, as in no way treason- able or seditious, but a conscientious upholding of the rights and privileges of the church : and bearing testimony to the sacredness of the Covenant, and to his own adhe- rence to it, and to the doctrine and discipline of the Presbyterian church, he concluded in an exalted strain of piety and thankfulness, and met his death,, according to the testimony of Burnet, above quoted, with the utmost tranquillity. " It was very confidently asserted at this time, that some weeks after Mr. Guthrie's head had been set up on the Netherbow Port in Edinburgh, the commissioner's coach coming down that way, several drops of blood fell from the head upon the coach, which all their art and diligence could not wipe off. I have it very confidently affirmed, that physicians were called, and inquired if any natural cause could be assigned for the blood dropping so long after the head was put up, and especially for it not washing out of the leather ; and they could give none. This odd incident beginning to be talked of, and all other methods being tried, at length the leather was removed, and a new cover put on : this was much sooner done than the wiping off tne guilt of this great and good man's blood ht>m the shedders of it, and this poor nation. The above report I shall say no more of; it was generally spoken of at the time, and is yet firmly believed by many : at this distance I cannot fully vouch it as certain ; per- haps it may be thought too miraculous for the age we are now in : but this I will afiirm, that Mr. Guthrie's blood was of so crying a nature, that even Sir George vol" HI. Digitized by Go^gk 870 HISTOBICAI. FAHAIXELS. Mackenzie was sensible tbtt all his rhetoric, though he was a great master in that sort, had not been sufficient to drown it, for which CMise he very wisely passed it over in silence.'** This is rather a remarkable instance of a common aoperstition. The reader who will consult the original authorities, will be struck by the elevated tone of joyitil anticipation with which the sufierers of this period id most uniformly met death. See the accounts of King, Mac- kail, Renwick, and many othera. Compare these deaths with those of Socrates or Cato, and we have the best exemplification of the practical difference between Chris- tianity and Heathenism, even in its purest forms. '* The Heathen looked on death witheut fear, the Christian exHlted."t The English reader will naturally look in a chapter devoted to the subjects by which this is oecupiedy lor tome account of the persecution of the reformed church of his own country in the reign of Mary. This is a period very different in character from that persecution of the Scottish Presbyterians, which we have just de- scribed, bat not inferior in interest* Their stubborn opposition for conscience' sake is well contrasted by the mild submission of the* English reformers for eon« science' sake also ; as the ascetic lives, and in many cases the stem and gloomy tenets of the former are am- trasted with the innocent and decent cheerfulness, and more attractive doctrines, encouraged, practfeed, and preached, by the latter. These differences may be explained by various causes, arising from a difference of national character and natural circumstances. The Scotch have always been a people not lightly moved, but stem in temper, and stubbom in endurance when roused into action : and their wild county and defensible fastnesses rendered it easy, in the first instance, to with- draw from vexatious interference, in the second^ when pursued, to oppose violence successfully. And besides, the resolute resistance of the Cameronians and others was the fruit of a spirit of independence of tong growth, * Wodrow, book i. chap. 2. + Last Days of Pompeii. Digitized by VjOOQ IC BBFOSMATION IN ENGLAND. 271 fostered by long contests ^ith the crown, both in Sngland and Scotland ; and the civil wars had efiectually broken down the notion, that it was forbidden to take up arms, even for conscience' sake, against the powers that be. That their conduct, if not always judicious, was in its main princij^es worthy of honour and admiration, we have already stated to be our opinion : but w^e are not on that account less ready to admire the calm submission of the English reformers, coupled with their resolute up- holding of the truth. The Scottish zealots had studied the Old Testament till they had imbibed rather too much of the Jewish temper : the conduct of the fathers of our church was full of the very spirit of Christianity. The latter were not more distinguished than the former for uprightness of life, devotion to the truth, as they received it, or readiness to seal their adherence to it by death. But they had the advantage in depth of learning, in a more temperate gravity of conduct, and soundness of judgment : and it is on these accounts, as well as by reason of the more eminent station wluch they filled in the eyes of the world, that they have always been re- ver^iced as shining lights ; while the persecuted sects of Scotland were long regarded by those who were but generally acquainted with that period of our history, either with hatred or contempt in proportion as the cruel extravagances of a few, or the so-called moroseness, and puritanical precision of the many, made most impression. The stories of Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, and others high in rank, are familiarly known even to children, in whose limited circle ot historical reading the horrors of this period have been suffered to hold too prominent a place. Less known to fame, yet not mferior to any, it should seem, in the qualities of the heart and the understanding, was he whose memorable death we have selected for narration; and in whose rustic simplidty of deportment, and somewhat coarse jocularity, and grotesque contour of person (a circum- stance which is to be inferred from various parts of the narrative), we trace a resemblance, slight, and unim- portant, yet not uninteresting, to the Athenian philoso- Digitizedby VjOOQIC 272 HISTOKICAI. PARALLELS. pher, as well as in his care, retained to the last, for the feelings and welfare of his friends, and his resolute refusal to compromise the goodness of his cause by flight. ** Ot Rowland Taylor (says Bishop Heber) neither the name nor the misfortunes are obscure. He was distinguished among the divines of the Reformation for his abilities, his learning, and piety; and he suf- fered death at the stake on Aldham Common, near Hadleigh, in the third year of Queen Mary, amid the blessings and lamentations of his parishioners, and with a courageous and kindly cheerinlness which has scarcely its parallel, even in those days of religious heroism." ** There is nothing indeed more beautiful, in the whole beautiful Book of Martyrs, than the account which Fox has given of Rowland Taylor, whether in the discharge of his duty as a parish priest, or in the more arduous moments when he was called on to bear his cross in the cause of religion. His warmth of heart, his simplicity of manners, 3ie total absence of the false stimulants of enthusiasm or pride, and the abundant overflow of better and holier feelings, are delineated, no less than his cou- rage in death, and the buoyant cheerfulness with which he encountered it, with a spirit only inferior to the elo- quence and dignity of the Pheedon. Something, indeed, must be allowed for the manners of the age, before we can be reconciled to the coarse vigour of his pleasantry, his jocose menace to Bonner, and his jests with the Sheriff on his own stature and corpulency. But nothing can be more delightfully told than his refusal to fly from the Lord Chancellor's officers ; his dignified yet modest determination to await death in the discharge of his duty ; and his affectionate and courageous parting with his wife and children. His recollection, when led to the stake, of ' the blind man and woman,' his pensioners, is of the same delightful character ; nor has Plato anything more touching than the lamentation of his parishioners over his dishonoured head and long white beard, and his ovm meek rebuke to the wretch who drew blood from that venerable countenance. Let not my^readers blame me Digitized by VjOOQ IC ROWLAND TAYLOR. 273 for this digression. '* In the beginning of this rage of Antichrist (1663), a certain petie genUeman, after the sort of a lawyer, ♦ Heber's * Life of Bishop Taylor,»the worthy descendant of this excellent man. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 274 HISTOSICAI. PABAUJiXS. called Foster, a bitter persecutor in those days, with one John Clerk, of Hadley, conspired to bring in tiie Pope and his maumetrie* again into Hadley Church. To this purpose they builded up \^ith all haste passifole the altar, intending to bring in their masse againe, about the Palme Sunday. Bui this their device toc^ none eftect ; for ia the night the altar was beaten down ; wherefore tiiey built it up againe the second time, smd laid diligent watch, lest any should againe break it down. *' On the day Ic^lowing came Foster and John Clerk, bringing with thera their Popish saerifioer, who brought with him all his implements and garments to play^ his Popish pageant, whom they and their men guafded with iswords and bocklers, lest^any man should distorbe him n his missail sacrifice. ** When Dr. Taylor, who (acc(»xiing to his custome) sat at his booke studying the word of God, heard the beis ring, bee arose, and went into the ch«u«h, suppo^ng something had been there to be done, according to his pastorall office : and oomiag to the churdi, he found the church doores shut, and fast barred, saying ike chancel doore, which was only iatched, where he entering, and comming into the ohancell, saw a Popish sacrificer in his robes, with a broad new shaven crown, ready to begin his Popish fiacrifice, beset about with drawn swords and bucklers, lest any man should approach to disturbe him. « Then said Dr. Tayior, * Thou divell, who made thee so bold to enter into this church of Christ, to pro- phane and defile it with this atxnninable idolatry?' * By a singular spedunen of ignorance, our ancestors, who held the Mahometans in pious abomination, chose to consider that sect, which holds images in abomination, as idolaters. Hence the word mawmet, or maumet, and maumetry, are continually used in our early writers for idol, and idolatry. "Unleful worschipping of mawmetis.** — Wiclif, 1 Pet. iv. 3. « When the Byshop Amphiarax sodeynly fell down into hell/* according to Lydgate, Story of Thebes, it was the *' Mede of ydolatrie, Of rightes olde, and false mammenti^e." — Caxtm's edition. Digitized by VjOOQ IC BOVi;.AKI> TATJXJB. 276 With that start up Fo&ter, and, with an ireful and furious countenance, said to Dr. Taylor, ' Thou traitor, what doest thou here, to let and disturb the Queene^s Eroceediu^ ?' Dr, Taylor answered, * I am no traitor, ut I am the shej^erd that God, my Lord Christ, hath appointed to feed this his flock ; whenefore I have good authority to bee here, aad I command thee, thou Popish wolf, in the name of God, to avoid hence, and nqt to presume here with such Popish idolatry to poison Chiist's Taylor being violently put out of the church, the mass was continued. But he was a man to be feared for his integrity, courage, and ability, and therefore to be destroyed : and in those times, the transaction which we have just related furnished means of proceeding against him under ctAoui of law. In a few days, upon complaint of Clerk and Foster, he was cited to appear before Gar- diner, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord Chancellor. " When his friends heard this, they eajTiestly counselled him to depart and flye ; alledging and declaring unto him, that he could neither be indiiierently heard to speak his conscience and mind, nor yet look for justice or favour at the said Chancellor's hands, who, as it was well knowne, was most fierce and cruell ; but must needs ^if he went up to him) wait for imprisonment and cruell death at his hands." " Then said Dr. Taylor to his friends, ^ Dear friends, I most heartily thank you that you have so tender a care over mee ; and although I, know that there is neither justice nor. truth to be looked for at my adversaries' hands, but rather imprisonment and cruell death, yet I know my cause to be so good and righteous, and the truth so strong on my side, that I will, by G^'s gi*ace, go and appear before them, and to their beards resist their false doings.* '* In this mind, thou^ strongly urged to fly, he conti- nued, and took, his journey to London on horseback, with a trusty servant named John Hull, who on the way ^' laboured to counsel and perswade him very earnestly to fly, and not to come to the Bishop ; ma proffered Digitized by VjOOQ IC 276 HISTORICAL PARALLELS. himselfe to go with him to save him, and in all perils to venture his Hfe for him and with him. But in no wise would Dr. Taylor consent or agree thereunto. Thus they came up to London , and shortly after, Taylor pre- sented himself before the Bishop of Winchester." The account of this conference is amusing as well as interesting, but it is both too long and too theolo- gical to extract. Taylor, however, according to the reporter, had altogether the best of it, except in the conclusion, which was effected by what Fox, in his marginal note, quaintly calls ** Winchester's strong argu- ment, Carry him to prison." He remained in the King's Bench about a year and three-quarters, " in the which time the Papists got certain old tyrannous lawes, which were put down by King Henry VIII. and by King Edward, to be revived agsdn by Parliament, so that now they might, ex officio, cite whom they would upon their own suspicion, and charge him with what articles they lusted, and, except they in all things agreed to their purpose, bume them. When these laws were once established, they sent for Dr. Taylor, with certain other prisoners, which were againe convened before the Chancellor, and other Commissioners, about the 22d of January, 1665. The purport and effect of which talke between them, because it is sufficiently described. by himselfe in his owne letter, written to a friend of his, I have annexed the said letter here under, as followeth*. •. After that Dr. Taylor thus, with * The principal question argued in this letter is the mar- riage of priests. The following extract, which is of Taylors own writing, gives a good notion of the way in which such examinations might be carried on : — ** Then my Lord Chancellor said, * Diddest thou never read the book that I set forth of the sacrament ? ' I answered, * That I had read it.' Then hee said, * How likest thou that book ? ' With that one of the Councell (whose name I know not),^ said, * My Lord, that is a good question, for I sure that book stoppeA all their mouths.' Then said I, *'His right name might bee Sir John Clawbacke."— Fox\p marginal note Digitized by VjOOQ IC BOWLAXD TATLOE. 277 greut spirit and courage, had answered for himselfe, and stoutly rebuked his adversaries for breaking their oath made before to King Henry, and to King Edward his ' My Lord, I think many things be £9irre wide of the trut^i of God's word in that book/ " Then my Lord ;said, * Thou art a very varlet/ To that I answered, 'That is as bad as Bacha, or Fatue/^ Then my Lord said, thou art an ignorant beetlebrow/ " To that I answered, * I have read over and over again the Holy Scriptures, and St. Augustine's works through, and Cyprian, Eusebios, Origene, Gregory Nazianzene, with divers other books, through once ; therefore I thank God I am not utterly ignorant Besides these, my Lord, I pro- fessed the Civill Laws, as your Lordship did, and I have ' read over the Canon Law also.' "Then my Lord said, *With a corrujpt judgment thou readest all things. Touching my profession, it is divinity, in which I have written diverse bookes.' * Then,' said I, • my Lord, ye did write one booke, JDe vera ohedientia : I would ye had been constant in that ; for indeed ye did never declare a good conscience, that I heard of, but in that one booke.' ''Then my Lord said, 'Tut, tut, tut, I wrote against Bucer in Priests' marriages; but such bookes please not such wretches as thou art, which hast been married many yeares.' ** To that I answered, * I am married indeed, and I have had nine children in holy matrimony, I thank God : and this I am sure of, that your proceedmgs now at present in this realme, against priests' marriages, is the maintenance of the doctrine of divells, against naturall law, civill law, canon law, generall councells, canons of the Apostles, ancient Doctors, and Grod's lawes.' " Then my Lord Chancellor said, * Thou falsifiest the generall councell : for there is express mention in the said decree, that priests should be divorced from their wives, which be married.' •* * Then,' swd I, * if those words be there, as you say, then am I content to lose this great head of mine. Let the book be fetched.' " ^ Ta3rlor had once before twitted the Bishop with his turn for calling hard names. Sonne, and for betraying the realme into the power of the Roman Bishop ; they, ftero^ving that in no ease could he be stirred to their wills and purpose, committed him thereupon to prison againe, where he endured till the last of January." On that day he was again brought before Winchester and other Inshops, and condemn^ to death. Being a priest, howerer, be was to be de^aded before he was delivered to the ci?il power, and Bonner was ap»nnted to perform that office. <^Well," quoth the bishop, *' I am come to degrade you ; wheref<H« put on th^ vestures."* " No," quoth Dr. Taylor, " I will not" '<Wilt thou not?" said the Bidiop. <' I shall make thee, ere I go." Quoth Dr. Taylor, " You shall not, by the grace of Gk)d." Then he cluu'ged him upon his obedience to do it ; but he would not do it for him. ''So he willed another to put them on his backe ; and when he was thoroughly furnished therewith, he set his hands to his side, walking up and down, and said, ' How say you, my Lord, am I not a goodly foole ? How sav you, my Masters? If I were in Cheiqpe, should I not have boyes enow to laugh at these apish toyes and toying trumpery V So the Bishop scraped his fingers, thumbes, ami the crowne of his head, and did the rest of such like divellish observances. *' At the last, when he should have given Dr. Taylor a stroke on the breast with his crosier-staffe, the Bishop's Chaplain said, * My Lord, strike him not, for he will sure strike againe.' * Yea, by St Peter, will I,* quoth Dr. Taylor, 'the cause is Christ's, and I were no good Christian if I would not fight in my Master's quarrell.' So the Bishop laid his curse on him, but struck him not • . . And when hee came up, he told Master Bradford (for then both lay in one chamber) that he had made the Bishop of London afraid : ' for,' saith * The garments of a Roman Catholic priest, which were to be put on that he might be stripped of them, and thus symbolically deprived of his pastoral office. The scraping mentioned below was performed on the parts which were anointed in the Roman ritual of ordination. Digitized by VjOOQ IC XOWIiAlO) TATLOB. 279 he laughinarly, * his Chaplain gave him counsell not to strike me with his crosier-stafle, for that I would strike againe ; and, by my troth,* said he, rubbing his hands, ' I made him believe I would doe so indeed.* *' After tTiis ceremony he was delivered to the secular power. His last interview with his family is thus simply told. " Now when the Sheriffe and his company came- against St. Botolph church (in Aldgate), Elizabeth cried, saying, * O my deare Father 1 Mother, Mother, here is my father led away.' Then cried his wife,^' Rowland, Kowland, where art thou ?* for it was a verie darke morn- ing, that the one could not see the other. Dr. Taylor answered, ' Deare wife, I am here,* and staid. The SherifFe*s men would have led him forth, but the Sherifie said, ' Stay a little, maisters, I praie you, and let him speake to his wife ;* and so they staled-.
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l'écho GRAND QI JOTII )P:::N D'INFORMATION DU CENTRE-OUEST 5, Rus da Périgueux, Angoulême. — Tél. 13-75 et 13-78 C.C.P. Bordeaux 549-9a Bureaux de Paris : 1?, rue Blanche, Paris S0 — Tél. Pigalle 61-48 721 année — 613, — 1 FRANC Sam. 2 et Dim. 3 Octobre 194? Tarif dey abonnements : 1 en, '250 Ir, ; 6 mois. 130 fr. ; 3 mois, 70 fr.. Le problème de la viande compte parmi les plus difficiles à résoudre M. Max BONNAFOUS attend beaucoup des mesures qu'il vient de prendre Paris, 1er octobre. — Le problème de la viande est assurément fun des plus graves et dzz plus diUidlcs parmi ceux qui se posent à l'administration du navitaillemçnt. JSl actuellement la situation Ii. 'Paris, et plus généralement dans les grands ceiilies, ne parait pas 'e M. Max Bonnafous. ministre de "l'Agriculture et du Ravitaillement d fourni à un journaliste parisien quei'qiies précisons sur celle si-tU.1!ion. C'est surtout depuis le mois de •juillet, époque de vacances, que Ha carence des expédiions s'est aggravée et que les producteurs ont failli à satisfaire à leurs impositions. Et df citer quelques chiffres édifiants : de cinq départements on attendait à Paris 4.?15 hœufs, il en est venu J )¡:-;::; ; deux départements devaient livrer 4.7S0 (Veaux, ils en ont livré 3. « Il est patent, ajoute f. Bnn-tiafous, que certains préfets Ilésitent à mécontenter Tes paysans ■et redoutent de déchaîner des désortIre" dans l"s canniaows. Mais croient-ils que le maintien (Jp l'or-idre soit 'néc.cssaire. à Paris, à Lyon, à Marseille ? « Pour remédier à cet état de choses, poursuit le ministre j'ai pris deux mesures. Tout d'abord, j'ai institué dans chaque département, une commission d'évaluation du bétail sous la présidence et la responsabilité du syndic. Ainsi les producteurs auront la garantie d'impositions équitables et, du même coup. nous pourrons véritablement établir les bases d'une po)iti<)ue du hélail dont la France a grand besoin... Et on saura où, le prendre. « La deuxième mesure, foute réconte, c'est l'interdiction de la circulation du bélail. H nc peut l'l'US sortir librement de son département d'origine. A rinlérieu.' mÔme de.-ce département, il n,(> peut se déplacer d'une commune Il l'aufre sans un ]aisse/-passcr spécial.. j Vous saisissez l'intérêt de ces deux arrêtés. Les commissions d'achat, éclairées d'une part. par la commission d.'évai'ualion, trouveront d'aulre part, grâce à l'inlrrdicl ¡onde, circuler, le. bétail là 01' il doit être. Bœufs, veaux et moutons auront plus de difficultés pour s'évanouir. Ainsi parviendrons-nous peut-être à un résultat meilleur. » Avant le 15 octobre peuvent être déclarés les stocks industriels... Vichy, 1er octobre. — Les sanctions frappant les infractions aux règles de ï a répartition des produits industriels ont été aggravées par une loi eu 29 juillet dernier. Toutefois, afin d'appliquer ce .texte dans toute sa rigueur, les pouvoirs publics ont voulu donner aux entreprises et aux particuliers tenus à des déclarations, la possibilité, de se mettre en règle en rectifiant les déclarations .jnexactes qu'ils auraient anlérirllrement souscrites. Les fausses déclarations ainsi rectifiées ne donneront lieu fi aucune sanction. ' Les .déclarations antérieures de dtocks devront être rectifiées par 'lettre postée le 15 octobre. 1913 au ..plus tard. De même les personnes qui n'auraient pas encore, effectué l,es déclarations prescrites devrontrégulariser leur situation avant cette date. Les rectifications devront faire apparaître les stocks existant au 30 septembre 1913. Le .bénéfice de ces' ,(fipo¡;itions ne s'étendra pas aux infraclions constatées avant la publication de la décision. ...et doivent être déclarés les stocks de carburants Vichy, 1er octobre. — Par décision du répartiteur chef de la section du pétrole et des carburants, ,un décret paru ce matin au J.O. dit que les stocks existant à la 4ate du 80 sep-înmbre devront être déclares, ,f)ar qualité, avant le 15 octobre 19'3 8 la Préfecture de la localité où ils se trouvent. Cstto déclaration dev-a être souscrite par le propriétaire ou détenteur de stocks, que ceux-r.l a innt fait l'objet ou non d'une dé.elaratlon précédente, en vertu de -quelque texte que ce soit. Elle s'ap-Clique à toutes les quantités, même A celles avant déjà fait l'objet d'un blocage du répartiteur. Cette décia.ration devra mentionner de façon distincte : a) Les quantités dont le souscripteur est propriétaire; b) Les quantités qu'il détient n:ur le compte de tiers, avec le nom et (l'adresse des propriétaires. Sont dispersés de cette déclaration les stocks inférieurs à 100 litres-ou 400 kilos Pa, qualité. Ces minima 80nt réduits à 50 kilos pour les lu.brifiants de toute nature. Les stork-, disséminés appartenant à un même propriétaire doivent être déclarés même sI, Isolément. Ils n'atteignent lias les minima ci-dessus lorsque leur total les dépasse. Le marché de la viande est devenu libre en Espagne Madrid, 1er octobre. — Le ravitaillement en viande s'a-méliorant, le gouvernement espagnol a décidé de supprimer le rationnement et de rendre la liberté au marché. Actualités IL Y A ACQUEREUR pour un peu de corde de chanvre LES innombrables démarches d'abord, puis les îiiui'tiples formalités, discussions, papiers à produire, enfin les difficultés sans nombre qui. s'imposent lorsque la nécessité vous oblige à courir mendier en votre Mairie, un bon autorisant l'achat de costume, chaussures, linge ou tout ce qui est vêlement, font que parfois on est bien obligé du se débrouiller autrement, c'cst-a-dire en marge de ce qui est points, tickets ou bons d'achat. Pas d'aulre solution, si l'on tient à rester décent. « Chi va piano, ,a sano ! » évidemment, on le prétend, mais les vêtements, eux ne tiennent pas compte des maximes et filent avec 1.111<->, rapidité déconcertante. Un moyen pour en sortir est do posséder du sucre, du beurre, du t.'ibac, des pneus de vÍ'io. Avec ces produits on a des chances de pouvoir s'habitler, à condition de ne pas émettra ?juparavanf. la CII-Iriosilé do savoir exactement le prix de revient de la paire de godasses 011 de la chemise a acheter, car c.e sont de tels calculs, qu'f-natlfli, Itli-même, ne pourrait s'y retrouver. Mais nous autres Citadin-!, dé-pourvus de ces monnaies d'échangl sommes bien obliges d'avoir recours à l'unique solution qui nous soit offerte •: nous adresser à ces commerçants débrouillards et compatissants qui, par phil'anlhro-Ipie trouvent tout ce qui nous mantjuc. I Deux jeunes gens, qui désiraient se vêtir à l'occasion d'une cérémonie, m'ont fait assister il une discussion avec !'un d.e ces commerçants honorables et discrets (car ils n'ont pas de boutique, et rrçoivent les commandes en un café quelconque'). Voici donc quel était ie devis proposé : I Pour Monsieur : Costume sur mesure 10.000 Chaussures 7.000 Chapeau 7:10 Çi;mls r»oo Ceinturo cuir ;,(H) 1 Cravate ;-;80 Chemise CI()() jciiaussell.es V50 Caleçon Ji:-. Mouchoir S0 Soit ?o:n:; Pour -Madame * : Tailleur su[' mesure 7.500 Blouse 1.800 Chapeau 1 -"00 Chaussures 5.000 Gants 500 Ceinture cuir 500 lias ::;00 Parure ... 1.800 <;ai))H ?onn Sac 5,000 Mouchoir 80 Parfumerie 1.000 I Soit * * * * » n.lso Le tout. sans tickets, sans bons, sans facture évidemment et paiement comptant. Comme je faisais timidement remarquer que le rotai' représentait le prix d'une maison de campagne. — Bah ! me fut-il répondu, à peine une journée de travàil, et devant mon étonnement cette précision me fut ajoutée : — C'est le bénéfice de la vente de deux porcs tout au plus, simplement ce qu'il est possible de tirer d'une seule andouille ! — D'une. andouille ? — Oui, d'un client si vous préférez î J'ai omis de demander à ce sub-, til marchand, si par hasard il ne vendait pas de la corde de chanvre, j'en achèterais volontiers pour lui offrir un collier à lui et à ses frères. Jacques LARCHER. CITE DU VATICAN — On anses aunonce que le Pape partir reprend du 1er ocdiences régulières b tobre. LES LIENS DE CHAINE LE LIVRE D'UN PRISONNIER par Robert GAILLARD 2-3-43 — N' 42 Un peu plus tard, nous nous arrêtions, en effet, devant une vaste grange, à la porte de laquelle flot, tait l'a petit drapeau blanc et rouage du service de santé. Un médecin-lieutenant, qui fumait tranquillement sa pipe dans la rue, s'avança vers nous, en homme habi-jtué aux conjonctures graves. — Alors ? Des blessés ? Beaucoup ?... — Non. Deux morts... — Des morts ! Des morts ! 'est-ce que vous voulez que I S'en fasse des morts ? Non, mais! cre vous le demande un peu ?... On n'a plus rien, plus une seule bande, plus un médicament pour les blessés... Je ne m'appela pas le Bon Dieu pour les ressusciter, Vos macchabées ! — C'étaient des copains, mon lieutenant... On ne voulait pas les laisser sur la route... Il haussa le? épaules d'un air (Jécollragé, mais commençant h prendre son parti de ce nouvel ennui : — Je sais bien !... Je vou< comprends !... Mais vous-mêmes, bon fj3ng ! essayez de comprendre ma situation ! .T'onparti°ns ail 8...e pToupe sanitaire divisionnaire... B0n ! On m'a laissé lli avec six infirmiers et une dizaine do blessés. Nous attendons les Allemands^ Us seront là d'un moment A l'autre, Ils étaient prés de Ll1npvi110 ee mnUn... Alnr=, vos morts, vous penspz si je m'en fous '... Je suis ici pour 1|PS blessés... Et les Aile, tnands sont b deux pas... Alors ? — Je le sais. Nous les avons ivus à Nancy. — A quelle formation appnrle-BCZ-voms ? ■— ï" e CSD de secteur fortifié. w Après tout, ie veux bien les firendre vos morts... On les codera avec Ips « rnoriluri » rf) n(, sera fias gênant, ! ("n,i fout jpeux faire.., D'aburd, vou? ng de / vriez pas évacuer sur mon poste de secours... Est-ce (ue vous le savez ? < — J'ai perdu mon GSD mon lieutenant !... Auriez-vous par hasard une idée de l'endroit où il a pu se rendre ? — Aucune ! C'est la retraite... une retraite en débandade... On quitte un village sans savoir pour quel patelin. Un ordre vous parvient en cours de route... Cela dépend des endroits où l'on se bat... Vous devriez voir vers Raon-l'Etape, vers Rosières... Peut-être vers Bruyères... Est-ce que je sais ? — Pour aller à Gerbéviller, quel chemin faut-il prendre ? — Prenez la première route à votre gauche... Tenez, venez voir la carte. Vous comprendrez mieux. Une chance que j'aie pu la conserver, c'te carte !... Eh puis ! te-nez, je vous la donne, elle ne peut plus me servir. !... Nous sortîmes les branenrds avec les corps sanglants qu'ils supportaient et nous '.tes rangrtlmes d'un côté cie la grange, dans un angle nové d'ombre où rfi-i'aienl déjà quelques blessés dont J'él"1 ne permettait plus aucune intervention ^t ne laissait pas d'espoir. C'étaient les « morituri » ceux dont on allend la fin sans pouvoir rien faire pour eu:", sans pouvoir tenter d'alléger ni d'ahré-ger leurs souffrances, Il ne s'élevait de ce coin sinistre que de faibles plaintes, des halètements roi. des suffocations d'asphyxiés, des ronronnements comateux semblables, aux ronfi'ements des dormeurs. Le sang coulait goutte goutte des brancards placés en rangs f,,,i paille Rèdli' s'en imbibait doucement, ce qui lui faisait faire sous nos pas comme un pré-sillemenf. Je jetai deur vieilles l';:¡roli'!'' roide.s rtf) boue et de sang sur les corps de mes smig.. JA SUIVBE.) " ; La ville de SMOLENSK n'est plus qu'un souvenir L'évacuation des forces militaires et de la population civile SE FIT SANS HATE EXAGÉRÉE écrit un correspondant de guerre Berlin, 1er octobre. — Smolensk a disparu de la sur.face du globe et si, déclare un correspondant de guerre allemand, qui fut témoin de l'évacuation de cette ville son nom est encore indiqué sur les cartes, personne ne la verra plus, car elle a totalement disparu. L'évacuation a été effectuée exactement selon les plans prévus. Ce furent d'abord les hcJpitaux qui ont été transférés vers l'arrière, suivis de près par les dépùls de munitions et de ravitaillement. 300.000 tonnes de vivres ont élé ainsi ramenées vers l'arrière. Les bureaux de l'administration militaire, puis la population civii'c quittèrent la ville 'l des dates déterminées. Les trains de marchandises furent évacues les uns après les autres. Le dernier train transportait l',lppa.rf'ÍII,lgr de signalisation de la gare elle-même. L'évacuation était en plein Mveloppement lorsque le correspondant de guerre revint fI Smol'ehgk après une courte absence. « J'ai effectué un parcours de kilomètres sur la route Minsk-Moscou, écrit-il, en direction de l'est, vers Smolensk. Sur ces 125 kilomètres s'allongeaient des files de camions qui prenaient la direction inverse, -Nioii trajet dura à I)Cin-, 3 heures mais les colonnes rIe transport roulaient -déjà depuis des jours et des nuits. A j'extrême droite de la route, se déplaçait une file interminable de petits transports hippomobiles. Ces véhicules étaient chargés en partie de maté riel mililairc..en partie d'ir-licles de ménage appartenant à la populati'on' civile qui suivait les troupes. Cette i'ongue fi le de véhicules était coupée par des troupeaux de vaches et de chevaux. 1 De la fumée, des flammes « J'eus l'impression que l'on évacuait non seulement Smo!cngk mais également toutes les localités avoisinanlcs.. Tout ,sc déroulait dans un ordre exemplaire. Aucune hâte exagérée. Enfin je. vis Smolensk. ou plutôt non, seulement l'a vallée encaissée 'dans laquelle était Smolensk. On avait déjà procédé aux destruction; à 1:1 dynamite et -i l'incendié des maisons. D'epais-cs colonnesde fumée mêlaient de la vii'le, et les flammes attisées par une violente tempête se propageaient rapidement parmi les nombreuses bâtisses en bois. De'£; exposions se faisaient entendre. On faisait d'abord sauter les edinces des quartiers extrêmes de la ville. puis ceux du-centre. Jusqu'au dernier moment, on ménagea les principales artères afin de ne pas gêner les troupes allemandes qui se retiraient. La centrale hydraulique, la centrale électrique, iea installations ferroviaires devaient sauter les 'dernières, Ma dernière vision de Smolensk. fut des patrouilles militaires qui rlirÏgeaient les derniers civils vers la kommandantur où ils trouvaient des voitures prêtes à les évacuer. » Les Soviets cherchent une décision avant la période des pluies Berlin, 1er octobre. — La mise en ligne de nouvelles divisions soviétiques d'infanterie et de chars sur la tête de pont du Kouban, au nord de la mer d'Azov, devant les têtes de pont du Dniéper et dans les régions de Tchcrhïgov et Gomel, vise, selon toute vraisemblance-à obtenir, avant la période des pluies, une décision que recherche déjà depuis 3 mois, le commandement soviétique décision susceptible d'avoir une influcnce sur les opérations ulléricu-L'es. Les milieux militaires allemands précisent que les troupes du Ucich se sont montrées sous tous les rapports à la hauteur de ces nouvelles tentatives de l'ennemi. Au moyen d'attaques massives elles ont réussi à déjouer les plans d *(,iicerclement et do percée ennemis. Angoulême. — Un inspccteurde la .sûreté' bordelaise. M: Cellerier, il été abattu de deux coups de revolvcr: alors qu'il procédait a l'arrestation d uu malfaiteur. Son état est désespéré. Le bandit a été ar rété. MADRID. — Le J.O. epagnol public la promotion des généraux de division Yagu et Monastérlo. au grade de commandants d'armé. Cliché Record. L'AIDE AUX VILLES SINISTREES. — Garçons et filles d'Arras parcourent les rues de la ville quêtant mobilier et vêtements pour les sinistrés du Portel. Les voici quit. tant le siège du Secours National. Au sud-est de ZAPORODJE les troupes allemandes ont remporté UN SUCCES DEFENSIF TOTAL Les Soviets ont perdu 140 chars sur les 250 engagés déclare le communiqué allemand Chargés de leurs armes automatiques, ces soldats allemands vont occuper la position qui leur a été désignée. G.Q.G. du Führer, 1er oc-j tobre. Le Haut-CommanJ dement des forces armées al-lemandes communique : Sur le front terrestre de la tête de pont du Kouban, nos troupes ont repoussé plusieurs violentes attaques soviétiques. Des détachements ennemis, qui tentaient à nouveau de débarquer ont été anéantis. a Au sud-est de Zaporodje, les combats d'hier ont abouti à un succès défensif total. Les lenla-ti-ves .de percée d" l'adversaire, entreprises avec de très puissantes forces d infanterie C'l drchars ont été repoussées. Les Soviets ont subi de très lourdes pertes. Sur ?jlJ chars assaillants, HO ont été détruits. Sur le Dniéper. moyen, des combats acharnés se poursuivent au-foifr de fêtes de pont isolées ennemies: En divers secteurs du centre et du nord du front de l'Est, des attaques locales soviétiques ont été repoussées. _Des formations , massives d'avions de combat, de stukas el d'avions de bataille de j'a LlIrhnff" sont intervenues avec efficacité dans les combats au sud-est de Xapprodje,. et sur le Dniéper moyen... , En Mer Noire, un sous-marin a coulé un vapeur ennemi de800 tonnes. Sur le front de l'Italie du sud. il' n'y a eu hier de combats notabIP", qu'au s "d du Vésuve où des raids de chars britanniques ont clé repoussés. .E,n Méditerranée, la Luftwaffe a atteint en plein deux bateaux de guerre enemm's qui ont été gravement endommagés.. Les chasseurs d'accompagnement, ont abattu 3 appareils. j Au co'urs de ces attaques aériennes du ?9 septembre et de la nuit: du 29 au "30, ,";¡dvers;¡irr' a perdu li avions abattus maigre, 1(' mauvais temps au-dessus de l'ouest de ]'Allemagne et des côtes néerlandaises. Les pertes navales des alliés, en septembre ont été trés lourdes Au cours du lois de septembre,] la marine de guerre et l'aviation] ont. coûte : ,Ull cuirassé, o croi-. seurs, 20 contre-lorpilïeurs 3 -tor-î piitcur?, 13 'cdc,tlcs rapides un] sous-marin, plusieurs .sous-marms de poche, 2 détecteurs de mines, j 2 garde-côtes et 20 péniches de dé-j barquement. Ont été endommagés:*1 un c'uira.c-.c. 18 croiseurs. 17 con-l Ire-lorpilleiirs, un torpilleur, 8 ve-j délies rapides, 13 péniches de dé-1 )'ar<)uemf'nt d. 5 autres bâtiments d'j. guerre. En outre, 55 navires de commerce, jaugeant au tolal 315.700 tonnes cI. un voilier de * transport, ont élé coulés ou anean-, tis. 133 ,aùlres. bateaux je/gennt plus de fiOO.OOO tonnes-ont été en-j dommages, un grand nombre de j navires de guerre et. d-e commerce ' ont été si gravement alleints] qu'une partie d'entre eux peut être! considérée comme anéantie. I La levée du corps de M. Julius RITTER a eu lieu hier au Musée de l'Orangerie Paris, 1er octobre. — Ce matin, à 11 h., a u Musée, de l'Orangerie, ~a"eu liefi' ' la, levée du corps du vice-président JUlil15 Ritter. S.S. Slandartenfuhrer, représentant ('11 France du Commissariat à la main-j d'oeuvre, tombé le 29 septembre dernier, victime d'un attentat terroriste. La dépouille du haut fonction-, naire allemand r.vait élé déposée sur des Irélaux recouvert» de draperies noires, et pi."&ce dans l'encadrement de la petite salle du fond. Sur le cercuieil', enveloppé de longs voiles noir?. une couronne de roses, celle du Futu'er. D'innom-brables fleurs, jonchaient la salle qu'avive le feu des cierges. Lue immense draperie noire, des drapeaux crêpes et, au centre. J'ai-gi'e impérial suspendant son vol sur une Croix gammée telle est dans un apparat qui se veut dépoui!te.la técoralion funéraire. Parmi l'assislanc,(> très Doiiil)i,piisc, on remarque I)résenc(, des haules. personnalités allemandes en France, et le représentant du gou vernement français, M. Calhala, ministre des Finances. Un seul discours-est -prononcé par le professeur Borger, Conseilicr d'Etat, qui fait l'éloge funèbre du défunt. Un orchestre symphonique. dissimulé derrière les tentures, exécute en sourdine des marches funèbres. Des officier? allemands, en cran-:de tenue, transportent sur leurs épaules le corps de r. Ri lier, et gagnent à pas lents le fourgon funéraire. CONTRE LES TERRORISTES Paris, :'1 septembre. — Les servi.ces de Police allemands, en collaboration étroite avec la police et la gendarmerie françaises réussissent chaque jour davantage à dépister les organisations terroristes. La po.pulation, qui condamne leur activité criminelle, à également contrl.bué pour une large part à la neutralisation de leurs tentatives d«agression ou de sabotage, Un grand nombre de projets cri.minels ont pu d2 cette manière être déjoués pour la plupart après un court laps dO! tsmos, et les coupahies ont été déférés ne,x tribunaux militaires compétente et, anrès que leur culpabilité a été établie, Ils ont reçu ln. i-'-!Stim*nt correspondant à la gravité dO! leurs actes. Dans les semaines à venir, nlu.sIeurs noératlnns d'envergure vent être entreprises contre un grand nnmbre di terroristes Leur crime sera châtié comme Il le mérite. Après Gina Manès, le Dr Roger Spessardy Paris, 1er octobre. — All cours de la présentation de ses laurcs hier, aIL Grand Palais, le Dr Ro-(1er Spessardy, dUc! de 40 ans, a été blessé par un tiqre, le même qui il jt a quelques mois blessa qrièt,,tment l'actrice Gina-Manès. Le Docteur porte une longue déchirure à la poitrine mais son état n'est pas grave. ^ TARIS. — Le Cardinal Suh&rd, archevêque de Paris, a présidé ce matin à la basililque du Sacré-Coeur, 'aux obsèques d" Mgr Charlrs Fa us, rectrur de la basilique, décédé 1" 18 spptem-ore dernier & Angelès (Hautes-Pyré~ nées). Cl. Record. Dans la nuit du 3 au 4 octobre, à 3 heures du matin, l'heure légale sera retardée d'une heure. Les jours se suivent — ORSQUE Sir Sigismund g ^ Wa/ey fui envoyé à Washington comme représentant permanent du Trésor britannique, il n'y eut (lil une voix dans les milieux compétents -pour,, mdçç]arcr qu'il était l'homme de ce poste important. Dans la controverse des changes qui opposait les deux pays, Sir Sigis-muid devait, dès le début, soutenir vigoureusement le plan anglais, dû à Lord Key-nes. La guerre des changes w ES milieux financiers Jff ^ britanniques restent toujours très sceptiques quant aux plans américains. Le plan White revisé présentait, il est vrai, disait-O'l, quelques concessions, mais qui, en pratique, ne rignif[aient pas grand chose. Après comme avant, il était loisible (lUX Etals-Unis, d'après la teneur dudit plan, de s'opposer à une diminution de la parité des devises, même si la majorité des adhérents au système cambisie proposé, la tenait pour nécessaire et inévitable. Ce plan. qui veut stabiliser le cour.: du change ml niveau du 1er juillet 1943, marque nettement la prétention américaine de matnLenin le dollar aIl cours inférieur. La presse financière brilall-niiii.,o, ne cache pas que si, un cours des deux prochains mois une solution n'est pas intervemie, il faudra se borner, pour cette question, ri. un compromis anglo-américain. Il est peu vraisemblable, en effet, que le gouvernement des Wals-Unis soit disposé à faire acs concessions substaucielle s pendant l'année électorale. S'il n est pas possible d arriver, d'io la fin de l année, à une décision, il faudra, sons aucun douir attendre jusqu'en no-tembre 1944, après ! élection présidentielle. Il vaut mieux dais ces cOlldfifuTZ), csiime-L oii d'i côté anglais, suspendre louie,s coizvers(zt;,,)Y;s a ce sujet, SA MAJESTÉ L'ARGENT par XAVIER de MONTÉPIN 2-3-10-43 — N. Mme de. la Tour -(Iti -Roy rentra par la petite porte donnant sur le parc Monceau. gravit avec une impétuosité fébrile l'escalier dérobé de l'hôtel l'a s'enferma dans sa chambre. Jamais la fureur atteignant sen paroxysme ne mit une empreinte plus visible sur ujie face humaine contractée. Lazarine tenait un mouchoir brodé aux moins do la Tour-duljoy f't garni de dentelles de malines. Elle mordit ce mouchoir, le dcjhira, lu mit en lambeaux. puis elle se laissa tomber sur un siège en se tordant les main? Ses lèvres agitées prononçaient des mots sans suite. Elle se débattait comme en un mauvais réve contre ta situation qui l'écrasait. Quoi ! l'homme dont elle s'était fait un instrument de fortune, l'homme dont ia complicité inconsciente avait mis en ses mains l'hérltago du marquis, cet homme devenait un persécuteur I., 11 l'obsédait, Il troublait sa vie, 11 t'emprisonnait dans son amour, il creusait un abime entre elle et une fortune plus liante.. Etait ce admissible V Etait-ce acceptable ? Cent fois non! Cet .homme avait dit railleusement : — Mot mort, vous serez libre. — C'est sor. arrêt qu il a prononcé. pensa Mme de la Tour-du-lloy On suppiime un obstacle, on peut bien supprimer un ennemi. Et ie suis dans le cas de légitime défense. Elle se calma tout A. coup ct.. pro nant une feuille de papier sans ur.moiries. cite écrivit : le J'Omis folle Ja vous offre la paix Oubliez tout, et attendez moi demain soir au lieu et à l'Heure hu,bituels )> Kilo traça sur l'eiiveioppo 1 a-diesse rie Marcel i:aiu;ier, puis, sonnant ru femme de 'chambre, III, leter cette 'ettre il la J1OStO XIV La sui prise et. la jo1e de Marcel, )u).s()u')[ reçut ce billet de deux Il.gnes, ne se peuvent oaprimer. Co!u me tons les amoureux, il ne demandait (ju'A se laisser convaincre Marcel n'eut aucune peine A se per suader que Lawl'llH' )'!))n'att. encore Il «e reprit A esperer; )':)vo))h'. si noir quelques minutes n')pat-ua))t. s'éclaira pour lui de lueurs roses i Luzal ine fut exacte et se montra douce ut bonne, ui'fectueuse et simple, fteu un abandon tout a. la fois pius tendre et plus scricu que d8 ¡;UutUtlle, — li faut nous accoraer un pardon réciproque, llIun ami, dit-elle en souriant, eu" nous avons eu tort tous les deux, vous par des exigences trop impérieusement foi,lilLiteL;à. llIui par une révulte, juste au tond, mais dont je sens bien aujuurd tsui que la l'orme était âpre et blessante Soyez raisonnable dcsu)'nniis. )8 vous eu prie, connue je veux l'être moi-même, l't, au lieu de nous taire de mutuelles blessures, demandons a. notre amour tout ce qu il peut nous donner de bonheur N attendez pas de moi plus que je no puis vous donner, Ne soyez point jaloux du monde dont je fais partie ni des obligations qu'il m'impose et auxquelles je ne peux ni ne veux me soustraire. Vous êtes aimé, votre part est belle Je ferai tout pour * Ille rendre libre quand Je saurai que vous comptez sur moi: mais dan» ^existence d'une femme entourée comme je le suis. certains obstacles, frivoles en appurel)cP, 1USUrnl('Illlibles el) rhtlllé, peuvent surgir a ritnproviMH. Quand l'un de ces obstacles me retiendra malgré mol loin de vous, promettez-moi de rester calme, de vous dire que je re. grette et que je pense A vous et de n'avoir enfin ni colère ni soupçons. Pron)('tt('/-vous cela T.. — Ccit.es, ie le promets 1 s*eerli% Marcel en couvrant de baisers les mains de la marquise — 'tt.s). plus rie d'Tmnco t — Une fol sans limite — Plus oe lettres blessantes T Je n't'-r-rtraj que les tendresses dont mon crur est rempli. Plus de menaces de forcer m* porte ou de venir m'épier dans le monde ? — ::1I);als — Alors tout ira bien, vous ôtes pardonne I.a/arine pardonnatt. Et Marcet t.aug'er, trouvant tout simple, neceptait ce pardon avec reconnaissance Pendant tes premières semâmes nul snivrent. cette PÎHrevur, Ma roi fut un homme heureux, l.azartne, fl. 'lèle A ses promesses, s'était m^*a-inorphoscc de façon si comptée qurt son amant no la reconnaissait point sana jetno ï* SUtVRt). LA VIE LITTÉRAIRE A TRAVERS TEMPS ET CONTINENTS « Il est difficile de ne pas céder un jour à l'appel de quelque pays... ».. Cette phrase par laquelle s'ouvre i'infroduction au livre fie, Uaymond Lalarjet « Laponie » (René Juiliard-Scquana, éditeur) vient bercer la mélancolie qui nous assaille, en celle fin d'été, à la penser de restrictions étendues jusqu'aux vacances et aux dcpL'jccIIlcnl;o:. Ce récit est en effet celui du beau voyage effectué en 19.',9 ail pays des lapons par trois syrnpathiques jetin(-,.Q gens dont l'auteur et Palll-Emii'e Victor, déjà célèbre par ses explorations au Groenïand. Cette longue route, tantôt terrestre tantôt, maritime qui va des Iles Lofolen Kiruna, la capitale du fer n élé, suivie, par les héros de relie avr'r)turr*, avec courage et bonne humeur, elle nous est raconlée avec esprit par fauteur-participant. _T! existe Vp'cidémenl une façon bien agréable <!0 voyAger autour de sa chambre J Par exemple en i'isant le « Magellan » de lludolph Haun'garttt (lJenoÜI), Cet ouvrage noua entraîne en eff't, non seulement à travers l'espace, mais aussi il travers le tcn)j)<. L'esprit. demeure confondu devant l'histoire épique du premier voyage autour du monde, accompli par ce petit seigneur portugais passé au service de rKspaffn* : l'expédition n dure mille cent vingl-quatre jours ; sur deux cf'nt. soixante-cinq mrll'ini", Ironte-qiiatre teni'cmen! sont l'rn très Magellan )u)-)n<'')nf a perdu la vie et conquis l'immortalilé dans t'.irfatrc. Merveilleusement documentée, écrite et IrniJiJÍlr. celle biographie est d'onc lecture passioh));)nto et Ionique, Du niftnie auteur, vient do pa raître « Les Colonnes du Temple » suite d'études sur les génies créaleurs Ùe l'Allemagne au XIXo sièele. Avec une allègre érudition, <j"'i ne laisse la place aucun pé.riantisme. l'historien lait défiler devant nos yeux la galerie vivante des << grands ancêtres » allemands d'iiardenberg h Cosima Wagner, Lui aussi exceli'emment traduit cet ouvrage est également fort bien édité et illustré par Albin Michel. C'est A l'étude d'une nuire exis<r'nca pa?sinnn<''(;. celle de « Prou-(ilion' » que nous invite ..Jacques !!ou[-c;c.')f (Donoël). Son -livre MlI-dit" At. ,sérieux conible unelacune en nous offrant une vucexacte de la personnajilô et, Ite. Ta doctrine du théoricien socialislg qui fut surtout un prodigieux autodidacte et un véhément polémiste. Toujours dans le domaine de l'histoire, E. Beau de Loménie examine les responsabilités des « Dynasties bourgeoises i) dais les malheurs, de noire pays. Entendez qu'il ouvre )'ar,c3h)nnt procès d,'s « deux cents familles » issue dl' in Révolution CfV df Drll-maire qui, à force de reniements, arrivèrent à se maintenir au pouvoir sous tous les rocime?, pour leur plus grand profit et pour le plus grand dommage dl' la France fDënoël)_ * Nou<s nous en voudrions fil' clore cette chronique sans signaler à 11011 lecteurs l'essai de qualité consacré par Philippe Ar'i¡¡¡ aux ff. Traditions sociales dans les pnyc dp France » faux éditions de La NOllvl'j'k France).. » L.'nutr'ur étudiant la 'pfrciptr'nrr' des élémenls qui' donnent h nos provihees ¡l'm' physionomie propre, jette''W bases d'un régionalisme dégagé des « a-priori » folhIoriqL1c8! J. P. Aujourd'hui CAMOUFLAGE DES LUMIERES. De 20 h. 20 fi. 7 h. 20. FAMILY. — « Monsieur des Lour-dines », 14 h. 45 et 20 h. APOLLO. — « Phares dans le brouillard », 14 h. 45 et 20 h. SELECT. — « L'enfer de la Forêt Vierge », 14 h. 45. TIVOLI. — « L'Avion de minuit », & 20 heures. FOOTBALL. — Stade Lacroix fi 1G heures 30 ! US. Municipale contre Trésorerie générale. Demain CAMOUFLAGE DES LUMIERES. -• De 20 h. 10 à 7 h. 30. MEDECIN DE SERVICE. — Docteur Suant, 6, rempart de l'Est, tél. 8-16. PHARMACIEN. — M. Dognon, 40, tue Marengo, tél. 3-26. > FAMILY. — « Monsieur des Lour-dines », perman. et soirée. SELECT. — « L'enfer de la forêt Vierge », permanent. TIVOLI. — « L'avion de minuit Jt, matinée et soirée. THEATRE. — A 14 h. et 19 h. 4!1, « Carmen », opéra-comique. FOOTBALL. — Stade des Alsaciennes (honneur), UF. Barbezieux contre Gallia à 15 heures ; Gallia (3) contre Soyaux (R) & 13 h. 30. STADE DE LA RUE ROSE. — So-* yaux contre Nersac. — Stade Lebon (honneur), ASDO. (2) contre Ga1Iia (2). PETITS ECHOS D'ACTUALITE En marge des affaires d'avortement Deux sensationnelles affaires de manœuvres abortives, dont l'une aura sans doute son épilogue devant le Tribunal d'Etat, défrayent actuellement la chronique angou-moisine, bien chargée en vérité en faits-divers de tous genres. L'usage — un usage contre lequel pour notre part nous entendons nous élever — veut qu'on passe un peu sous silence les affaires de ce genre. De même que dans certains milieux, on rougit presque de pro-nonoer le mot de syphilis — cette maladie qui constitue aujourd'hui le péril numéro 1 et qui fait plus de mal à l'humanité que la guerre la plus meurtrière — de même une pudeur mal placée incite nombre de gens à fermer les yeux et à se boucher les oreilles dès qu'on parle d'avortement. Et pourtant, en présence de la dénatalité qui sévit en France et du nombre des avortements — plus de 400.000 par an — il est indisnensa-ble de se pencher sur un problème dont la gravité ne souffre pas de discussion. Ce n'est pas. n'en dé-Plaise au le lecteur indigné i) qui ' nous écrivait hier, en faisant le silence autour des criminels agisse.ments des matrones et des médecins marrons qu'on arrivera à faire comprendre aux femmes oublieuses de leur devoir que l'avortement — crime, car l'enfant pré-natal vit — ?st mille fois plus redoutable pour leur santé qu'une grossesse même I difficile. Ce n'est pas l'attitude de l'autruche qui écarte un péril. Le devoir de la presse, le devoir de tous ceux qui, sous une forme quelconque ont une part de responsabilité sociale, estde mener contre l'avortement une lutte de tous les instants. COQUILLES La coquille est l'ennemie numéro 1 du journaliste. Sans cesse détruite, avant même qu'éclose, par la ténacité du correcteur, sans cesse elle réapparaît, se dissimulant du mieux qu'elle peut dans les colonnes du plomb qui sort brûlant des linotypes. Ainsi Phenix renaissait de ses cendres... La coquille est partout. Tantôt facétieuse, tantôt rosse, elle ne res.pecte rien ni personne et les grands de ce monde ne trouvent point grâce devant elle. Est-il besoin de dire que notre presse locale et régionale l'accueille avec abondance ? Deux magnifiques If coquilles » viennent ces jours derniers de s'a.jouter à une liste qui ne sera close que lorsque les journaux auront cessé de paraître. A tout seigneur, tout honneur ! Dans un récent numéro de « l'écho » (édition de Charente-Mariti-me) on pouvait lire le compte ren.du dune fête donnée au bénéfice des « ventres d'entr aide ». Le contexte, fort heureusement, aura permis, selon la formule consacrée, au lec.teur de rectifier de lui-même et de comprendre qu'il'ne s'agissait point d une manifestation organisée en faveur d'une maternité. Plus irrespectueuse est la coquille qui s est glissée subreptloement chez un de nos confrères au début ?L!e,fe»Semaine dans le compte rendu — ô combien lyrique d'une cérémonie de fiançailles dans une petite commune charentaise. N'y Il.sait-on pas que M. de X... conduirait bientôt d'un pas tranquille sa fille à l'hôtel ? Comme dit Gavroche, ce sont des choses qui n' se disent pas ! Une distribution imprévue Une information de presse nous apprend qu'on vient de distribuer ces jours-ci à la population de Royan... des masques J, gaz ! Le moindre grain de mil aurait gans doute été mieux accueilli par les intéressés. N'empêche que cette distribution est véritablement sympto-matique. Elle prouve une fois de plus que tout vient pour qui sait attendre. Heureux habitants de Royan ! Maintenant qu'ils ont des masques, if va falloir leur apprendre à s'en servir. Gageons qu'un service administratif va être créé qui permettra, en cette période oiv la main-d'œuvre est abondante, d'employer un nombreux personnel à l'entretien et à la vérification des masques. Et maintenant, à tlul le tour ? Le habitants d'Angoulême, jaloux, attendent avec Impatience le leurs » masques. Car enfin pourquoi n'en auraient-ils pas eux aussi ? P «RM BRASSERIE H »*»^ace du Champ de Mars m — Dimanche 3 Octobre ™ début de l'orchestre fémi ni n 5 upaulette Mf RA TI n avec la célèbre chanteuse S Mme ZACHARIEi D'un jour à l'autre PLUS DE VALISE. Le docteur Louis Jalras, domicilié 11, rue La-ferrière, s'est fait voler sa valise qui contenait des dossiers. Il l'avait déposée à la pare d'Angoulême. UNE DE PLUS. — On a volé la bicyclette de Mme Dubernet, demeurant « Chez Chauvin », chemin des Remberges. LES LAPINS. — Quatre lapins ont disparu du clapier de M. Maurice Chagnollaud, 45, rue Broquisse. Plainte a été déposée contre le renard à deux pattes. 1 APRES LA BROUILLE. — Dernièrement, M. René Drier, domicilié, 16, rue ,de la Grand-Font, a porté plainte contre une nommép Eugénie LebrauH pour un vol de linge. Les services de la sûreté ont interrogé cette dernière Les faits ne sont pas graves. Le dossier de l'affaire sera néanmoins trans mis au Parquet. Il est arrivé Place -du Champ-de-Mars Le géant français De ST-ALBAN 'e plus grand du monde ! 2 m. 28 de haut — 297 1!2.kgs Pointures Chaussures : 59 INCROYABLE ! ! ! 1 Etat civil NAISSANCES A1afn Perard, rue des Juif.'!, 9 ; Gé rard Laur, avenue Wilson, 51 ; Thé-rèsp Rmaudet. rue d, Montbron, 210. MARIAGE Marne! Lérb ,1 rt AvHrêr Cornut. PUBLICATIONS Michel B"ntz, in^rilpi.ir rue Font-.chaud^rp. 99 f't Hfl?-n/' Robin, s, p.. & Saint-VHMx fChar-nte). Jean Or>:"na'n. substitut du procureur 4e l'Etat Français, 7, avenue des Maréchaux, et Jacqueline Roufflgnae, sp. i L'1. Couronnp (Charente). DECES Jeanne Itouss"*u, veuve Delage, 71 fgtffl. TUf' 'lul-^-Durandeau. 132 ; Serfs tooucet,, 7. mois, boulevard Sud-d,' ArtillerIe, 27. CHAT SIAMOIS isffl Collier rouge. PERDU jeudi g soir. FORTE RÉCOMPENSE à qui le rapportera ou rensei§ gnera : 18, Rempart de l'Est, Il Angoulême. Tél. 6-37. El ilHIBIBiaiMIBIDIKIBIHIBIHlBI! Les indélicatesses d'un aide-comptable d'Angoulême Dans notre numéro du 27 septembre nous avons relaté le trafio malhonnête d'un comptable employé dans une maiosn de commerce de notre ville Le dossier de cette affaire dont s'est occupée la police judiciaire, étant terminé, nous sommes en mesure d'indiquer les principaux faits de l'indélicat comptable. TI s'agit du nommé Emile Picard, âgé de 49 ans, employé depuis environ deux ans à la Revision fiscrule du Sud-Ouest dont le directeur est M. Dupuy. COMMENT OPERAIT LE COMPTABLE Certes les sommes que Picard avait soustrait à. diverses reprises à la caisse n'étaient pas très élevées, 1.000, 2.000 francs représentaient le maximum des agissements malhonnêtes du comptable. La plus forte somme jusqu'à présent détournée per Picard et dont fut victime un boulanger du Gond-Pontouvre, s'élève à près de 4.000 francs. Il encaissait généralement les factures, délivrait un reçu à son nom personnel et oubliait parfois de verser l'argent dans la caisse de la Revision fiscale. La multiplicité de ces encaissements personnels peut, malgré tout, atteindre une somme assez élevée nue M. Dupuy n'est pas encore à même de situer. COMMENT FURENT DECOUVERTES LES INDELICATESSES On sait que les bureaux de la Revision fiscale du Sud-Ouest occupent le premier étage du Café du Commerce. Or, dans ce café eut lieu, il y a quelques jours, le vol d'un portefeuille qui contenait 4,000 francs. La police Judiciaire ayant procédé à l'interrogatoire du personnel de l'établissement, Emile Picard fut, de ce fait, interrogé. Avant de signer Te procès-verbal, le comptable auquel on aurait reproché ses dépenses, qui n'étaient pas en ranport avec son gain mensuel, avoua lui-même au'il avait gardé sur lut une somme d'argent qu'il aurait dû normalement verser plus tôt dans la caisse de la maison de commerce. M. Dupuy mentionna qu'il s'était aperçu au'à diverses reprises son eomp table n'avait pas versé le montant intéo-ral des factures. Il attendait un, vérification plus complète de la coryin tnl)ilit,& ponr porter plainte, chose qu'il n'a pas encore fait. Dç,vant. pa.r un de ses amis de Bordeaux, rembourser la difrArrrc(,, le comntable a été laissé pn liberté proVlSOJre. Res!iercieni«cîs M et Mme Emile Pnstnrand: le Dr et Mme Louis Rrl1Jx et leurs enfants remercient toutes les personnes qui ieur cnt manifesté leur sympathie à l'occasion du décès de Madame Vve Jean PASTURAUD Ecoutez aujourd'hui... RADIO-PARIS. — 12 b, 45 : Deprin-Ce et son ensemble. — 13 h. 20 : Ri-char Blareau. — 15 h. 15 : « Les Ondes joyeuses ». — 19 h. 40: Quintin Verdu. — 20 h. 20 ; 'c VI, Fille de Madame Anpot Il, olyéra-cotnique. — 22 h. 20 : L'heure du cabaret. — 23 heure» ?0 r Musique japonaise. RADIO-NATIONALE. — 11 h. 35 : Musique de la garde. 12 h. 47 : Jazz. 14 h. 45 : Musique de chambre. — 15 h. 30 : Emission dramatique. — 19 h. 50 : IC La Fille de Madame Angot ». — 2t h. 15 : Musique tzigane. et demain RADIO PARIS .. 9 h 15 : Ce d!s.que est pour vous. 12 h. : Concert sympbon'nue. — 14 h. 15 : Ballade l'n sol mineur. 18 h. 15 : Les vedettes de la chanson. 20 h. 20 : L'orchestre de casino. — 22 h. 20 : Muslriue, d, rhambn». RADIO-NATIONALE. — 11 h. 10 : Concert. — 13 h. 5o : Variétés musica.les. — 14 h. 57 : « Dédé n, op;'¥ette. — 17 h. 11(1 : Concert Lilmonrcmr. 19 h. S2 : T,a Banlieue qui thante. — 21 h. 15 i Disques. A Angoulême, un individu abat un policier qui voulait l'arrêter Angoulême, 1er octobre, (O.F.I.) 'Sur le point d'êire arrêté dans un restaurant d'Angoulême, un dangereux malfaiteur a blessé de deux coups de révolver à la poitrine et à l'abdomen un inspecteur de la sûreté bordelaise, M. Alldré Cellerier, 39 ans. Le bandit qui a pu être appréhendé a été trouvé porteur de 3 cartes d'identité. L'étal du policier est désespéré. IIW Aux actualités cette semaine : Le serment de fidélité au jeune souverain bulgare. Une fête moyenâ.geuse en Espagne. Une exposition d'oeuvres de prisonniers à Lille, Le salon d'automne. Hommage à Bal.zac. Les sports, la guerre. La libération du Duce. "" Le gendarme Barraud, de la brigade d'Angoulême, vient de prendre sa retraite. Ilk Nous apprenons le prochain mariage de M, Jean Guilmain, substitut du Procureur de la Répub Il., que près le Tribunal d'Angoulême, avec Mlle Jacqueline Rouffignac, fille du docteur Rouffignac, de La Couronne. Nos meilleurs compliments. %. La Chambre professionnelle départementale de l'industrie hôtelière a fait un don de 10.000 francs pour les hôteliers-restaurateurs et I débitants de boissons sinistrés de la ville de Nantes. Ce matin, en l'église Saint-André, à 11 heures, sera célébrée la messe du Saint-Esprit, à l'occasion de la rentrée des Tribunaux. M. Kerlan, avoué à Angoulê.me, vient d'avoir la douleur de perdre sa mère, sa belle-soeur et son neveu lors du récent bombardement aérien de Nantes. Nos respectueuses condoléances. ^ M. Redor, Commissaire-priseur, à Angoulême, a perdu son oncle au cours du même bombardement. Nos condoléances attristées. 1. Les tournées Collière présenteront mercredi 6 octobre, au Théâtre Municipal : cc Ferdinand le Noceur ». avec le comique Despuech. ^ On nous annonce le récital fixé au dimanche 17 octobre du pianiste Vyron Bellas, d'origine grecque, élève du maître Yves Nat. La semaine prochaine sur nos écrans : cc Mademoiselle Béatrice J) (Gaby Morlay, André Luguet); tr Le Voyageur de la Toussaint J) (Jules Berry) « Cavalleria n (Isa Pola et Carlo Nlnchl) ; « Simplet » (Fer-nandel). ifc. M. Daguerre, Préfet rte 1... Charente, s'est rendu hier dans 1... soirée à l'hôoitaI de Girac au chevet de l'ïnspecte*ir Cellerier. Il était accompagné de M. le Procureur de la Rénubliaue. 1% M. Michel Desohamps. t'act!? animateur des cinémas angoumol-slnf, vient d'organiser au Canon et au Cap Ferret (Arcachon) devant des publics de pêcheurs, des Ratas de cinéma au bénéf;ee des prisonniers. Avec des talles de 900 et de 100 auditeurs. M. Deschamps a récotte 61.000 francs et 18.000 francs. Matrnïfiaue résultat ouï témo'p:ne de la dqS Arcachdnnais. Elle est arrivée Place du Champ-de-Mars LA COLOSSE CORREZIENNE Mlle MARYSE la plus grosse du monde ! 366 1/2 kgs, 2 m. 14 de tour de taille, 1 m. 05 de tour de cuisse FORMIDABLE ! ! ! Les visites de M, le Préfet M. Daguerre, préfet de la Charente, se rendra le mardi 5 octobre à Saint-Amant-de-Boixe, à 11 heures et à Mansle à 15 h. 30, où il s'entretiendra à la mairie du chef-lieu avec les maires de ces cantcns. Jeudi 7 octobre, M. Dasruerre Ira 4 Aigre à 11 heures et à Villefagnan à 15 h. 30 " GAZOGENES A BOIS é RENAULT IMBERT I Equipez votre TRACTEUR AGRICOLE g ou votre CAMION RENAULTUL T | pa.' des Spécialistes MONTAGE I■ RÉPARATION II MISE AU POINT H à la Succursale REMAULT Route d~ P.ris, LI JE Dans l'arrondissement CHAMPNIERS AVIS D'OBSEQUES M et Mme Alclde Chabrout. Mme Vve Georges Vallat et ses enfants, Mme Rulliat, Mme Lamy et toute la famille ont la douleur de vous faire part du décès de Madame LAMY. née Valérie VALLAT Et vous prient d assister à ses obsèques qui auront lieu en l'église de Magnac, â 15 h. 30, le samedi 2 octobre Départ de la maison mortuaire à 14 heures, à Chez-Suraud de Champniers LA ROCHEFOUCAULD CINEMA-THEATRE. — Samedi 2 (soirée) et dimanche 3 (matinée et soirée) : les actualités et un grand film « Défense d'aimer » avec Mora Gova CAISSE D'EPARGNE. — Les bureaux seront ouverts dimanche 3 octobre, aux heures habituelles, salle de l'Hôtel de Villa. PHARMACIE DE SERVICE. — La permanence sera assurée le d'imauche 3 octobre par M. Petit, rue des H a ll es.
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https://github.com/runejo/statbus/blob/master/src/nscreg.Data/Entities/UnitStatus.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
statbus
|
runejo
|
C#
|
Code
| 32 | 92 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using nscreg.Data.Entities.History;
namespace nscreg.Data.Entities
{
/// <summary>
/// Stat Unit status classificator
/// </summary>
public class UnitStatus : CodeLookupBase
{
public virtual List<EnterpriseGroupHistory> EnterpriseGroupHistories { get; set; }
}
}
| 44,469 |
https://github.com/novoselrok/doddle-model/blob/master/src/main/scala/com/picnicml/doddlemodel/dummy/classification/StratifiedClassifier.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
doddle-model
|
novoselrok
|
Scala
|
Code
| 158 | 543 |
package com.picnicml.doddlemodel.dummy.classification
import breeze.linalg.DenseVector
import breeze.stats.distributions.Multinomial
import com.picnicml.doddlemodel.base.Classifier
import com.picnicml.doddlemodel.data.{Features, RealVector, Simplex, Target}
/** An immutable dummy classifier that samples predictions from a stratified categorical distribution.
*
* Examples:
* val model = StratifiedClassifier()
*/
@SerialVersionUID(1L)
class StratifiedClassifier private (val numClasses: Option[Int], targetDistr: Option[Multinomial[RealVector, Int]])
extends Classifier[StratifiedClassifier] with Serializable {
override def isFitted: Boolean = this.targetDistr.isDefined
override protected def copy(numClasses: Int): StratifiedClassifier =
new StratifiedClassifier(Some(numClasses), this.targetDistr)
override protected def fitSafe(x: Features, y: Target): StratifiedClassifier = {
val probs = y.activeValuesIterator.foldLeft(Map[Double, Int]()) { (acc, x) =>
if (acc.contains(x)) acc + (x -> (acc(x) + 1)) else acc + (x -> 1)
}.toArray.sortBy(_._1).map(_._2 / y.length.toDouble)
new StratifiedClassifier(this.numClasses, Some(Multinomial[RealVector, Int](DenseVector(probs))))
}
override protected def predictSafe(x: Features): Target =
DenseVector(Array.ofDim[Double](x.rows).map(_ => this.targetDistr.get.draw.toDouble))
override protected def predictProbaSafe(x: Features): Simplex = throw new NotImplementedError()
def getTargetDistributionParams: RealVector = {
require(this.isFitted, "Called getTargetDistributionParams on a model that is not trained yet")
targetDistr.get.params.copy
}
}
object StratifiedClassifier {
def apply(): StratifiedClassifier = new StratifiedClassifier(None, None)
}
| 4,463 |
revuemilitaires04offigoog_41
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,856 |
Revue militaire suisse : RMS
|
Revue militaire suisse (Lausanne ), Schweizerische Offiziersgesellschaft
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,397 | 15,047 |
Art. j. Règles tie la )ioHiiiori. Repos. Les monvements de tnains InnclNïs et mains-biLS, n<tranclit-s. Arl. ;i, Conversion iniliviil(ik.'lie. h>inl de changf^munl. Art. (. AliiinBineitts. Les mouTemenb It'te-droile (i^anclie) retran elles. Tous les alii^nemetils se font en ordre serré, promiéreiiient sur un ran^, ansutle sur daut (on n'aligne plus en arrière]. Arl.^. Pon»atîoii sur deux rangs, l'oint de cbangcmc>n(. Arl. 6 et 7. iÀ<lonne (tar liles et se rooietlrc de TrouL Point d« changeiQcnl. Art. 8. tsprci» de pas. Les pas sont do HO cealimêtres au liou de 7K: le |>as en arri<^e a tO cent, m place do 30. Art. 0. Marche de front, l'nint de citangoniont. Art. 10. M.ir.:lie oliljijtje. Idem. Art. II. Marche en colonne par files. Point d« changemenl. Art. 18. iUtHïer>ion individuelle pendant la marche, l'oint ilc rliao gemeol. Art. 13. Paâ gymnasiimie. Nënies principes. Art. U. Chaiigemenl a*i direction. U^nies priociptis. Arl. 13. CnitversioD. On a supprimé le mnavenietit de : Av^mrez l'épaule droite (ou gauclie). Art. 16. Se mettre à genoux. Se coucher à terre. Oa a supprimé les oiouveoraols : Accroupi et assis. Art. 17. Se mettre en ligne, roînt do changement. — 4:14 — Art. IH. Riini|»ri l.(*s lilc*^ liitiililfut lio ^iiih* imi (ihli'iiunl »*l ««ji (flil l«* ;:iiit|i.' p.'ir II' |ilu> l'iMirt iIiimiiiii. ;:fiii»'iil. Alt. i. Mi'tlri* et n'iiii'ltii* l.i li.ihiiiiirlti'. iNuiil ij»' •li.iii^fdif'ril Ail. .$. K«»riiii'r ll•^ rii*«iMii. r«»>ti v> ^Af^. lAnu. {. i. MillH'Ilii'Iit ij.il IIM-^. Il .1 t|ll('l>|rir<« |irlili"« iIltTiT'i.* •■« «iir.* riinit'c ili'< tiintivfiiki'til** i|iii M' '«iiii"il «II* 1.1 iii.iii:i*ii* *«iii inlf . V'*tx^i ariiii'^' Hi'|niM'/ .iniif* • S:i^|mmi«|i*/ .irnn*'^ * «!•■ r.i?iiir .iii [Hfl K» j-» SfZ ariiii'N 1 Sll^|MMnl••/ ."iMiii's ' i|ii |Mirt ir.iriiii'^ rnrl«v .miif' i. l'aniif <ii^|i»'nflni*. Sur rt'|i:iiilt* •liuiti ainii"»' |»»»rlf/ aiiii»-* it. 'i. Kiii|i|i>i tlii fn^il l'HiiiiiK* arin»' l>l.irirli«*. I i>>i<»tv -«nui"* ' H* |iiim7. arnii"« ' iNutiti'/. un' V^mW/. i imul un' a ilnMii* |iirr/ uii ' l»u |iar(7.-(iii ! A la iiah»niii'Ui'. MhiIh'. ni.tnlic ' rl. r» |i|iii''li'r raniit*. i.i «tin;:»* l.f-» intiut'iiii*t>|N : i.ri.iij«; .-i avsis, MTtitiM ariii('<« ' M>nl ^u|i|tiMiii"«. nn aiirn* «I'ImmiI r{ .% ^r• <! rdiiniii' avant. rhar^'i*. au lii*u d l'-ln* iiLui-^ .tv.nil. r.liar^i'/ II* m i/.i*^in ' on irith>.|uil lu r irli'Ui ln*^. I»t^ iim U* ri. i ^'asiii *'>{ l'Iiar^i* un rr|uiMiil r.iiini* au pii'<l l'nur fliai,:i*r ]•• fu-^il l'ii'»«|ui* r^ in •Mit>>ii< lit"« s,ii,i tj.in^ {»• nii^» Ml) il y iMi a uiif ilaii<« N* ti.in^|Hirti'ur un rMiniii iTi>|f : I Uai^^*/ ..,r .. llia;:a'«in' nii fui W^ iii<«ui'ini'iit^ il .i|i|iri Iim lirnn'. *^ !»• iiii <" tlliMit ilu •'iili>lli* |Hirir fiiii* l'iitrc: iilif i iiliit]<)ii' <ltri« li i h i'mI*'* i*;irt«ti|i lit<» « »rj |iim|| .iM--»! ( ili» ■ !i »: .• I ■!•■ ' i • ir|. :.!;»■♦•. !•■ . ' i' nii'Ml |iir i|i-*M* "'I l'i! •■ !•■ I II. j' •: '•''!. • ' -I I i,:r I .it n? • liirii lii' i|ir.* If I iTiii'.. |ini^ ••[. ii-ihiii-»-" K ■ iii-lfi I i">-f/ !•■ Il r hi li:f/ ■ tr'-Mj. Iir' !■!••/ "■■ rii^i-'.f, * ■! . ^" , II-* iri< Uif" ' "iLin i' !i'ln''i,'« il * I i-[. |, 1-^ |ii'ir FiM 'I •' • 'I i-«:i •■' M-«' T I I !• . Ii r .• • • • ' ll H I i'^ '.■ | I'.» :• .'X ■)'.• !•■* f J I ' -l'i.-» .11 . ■■:.!:;, I l"f I -II" * i ' ' N. , Il .■.. ,t [!|. ■ { ' , . ■ . 1 . . :. aux ,••■ .• i. I' • '■ I .' I" î. '■■ !■' . i I . I r I » ,» . ■ frll ii'i I l'Ilifli i»i!' J ••' f I l'itiir î jI »■ • ■ .'• ■ ■• .'• . •!■• :'•■ •■•■•. Il !■ I I f| ■!•■ M« ■■■ i Ni "l '1 l' ' I' (I I'.. I î . ■ .'■ >•■•■ '!. !•• 'il !i I ! ■ I *■ : ■ / iti i . fi» •r '. , ' i: j : i' ■ r .■ i I • .■ J I ■ • ■ î' I •' III I : I'. : 1 : V'î i fl r. . !i .■ '. I. r : î. ■ I I î I î li ■■ 1 ! ! ; I. ■ ■ • ."I . , . • . I • , I" .•■. ii •. i»r; lîii" r ' I ■ ' .; t i.--. . *: ^.. !. •■ I |ilu^ ait! j»»ri l'.'MiUiii. !♦• !•• I*' | •■; <! h. *i % I ' *•• ! iii^ I 435 lenaol le 2" peloton el la 3« section, le plus ancieo lieuionant la 2* section (avant c'était le sergent-majttr), le 2* lieutenant commande la 4< section. Le sct^ent-niajor se place en serre-files, k deux pas derriiSre ta se conde nie de la l'' serlion. la rourriur à deux pas uerrière ta !<■ de la 1" soclinn. Les taiulimrrs ift Ironipetteit sur un rang â dix pas dernûre l'aile gaiic)it> du 1" peloton, el les <|iiatru pionniers ii deux ()a.i der< riiire eux. Si la section a plu!i de ii hontinûs on la divise en quatre groiipes. Le nombre des sims-oriiriers est changi! : 8 sergents, (C ra ttoraux, li Irnmpetles el2 tambours, 4 pionniers (suit sapeurs], I in lirmier (soit Trater). L'etTectif de la compagnie a t8S hommes au lieu de 100 a 120. Alignement. Chaqae chef de section aligne sa section. Si on alit^ne par la gauche le capitaine aligne la i*. le cher de la i' aligne la 3' et ainsi de suite. Chefs de section sur la ligne! en place de : chefs de peloton. Les feux. On commande : Feu de salve, compagnie annesl etc. Marche de front. Point de changement. Marche on colonne par Gles. l'rmit de changement. Conversion ttidividnelle en marche. Point de chatigement. Ciiangoinenf de directiim. Point de changement. lï* section, Colonne i dislance. l'oint de changement. 80 mettre en ligne. On a ajouté par groupes à gauche ou a droite en ligne. Rompre. On a aioitt^ par groupes, rompez à droite ou k gauche. Pour rom|>re par lileii, on double les rangs en obliquant et on mar che ]tar In diagonal» dans lu nouvelle direction. Conversions de pied. ferme et en marche; ou a ajouté : par [groupes tournez à droite ou à gauche. Narrhe on colonne a distance. Point de changement. Changement de direction. l'oiut de changomenl. La cmitre-marcho est supprimée. Miirche k vokmti'< en colonne. Point de changement. III' section La colonne serrée se fait normalement par section, a 10 pas (par peloton est l'exception); on peut serrer à moins do 10 pas. Déploiement. 11 reste le mt>me. Le ciief de la section de tête s'a vance de cinq pas pour aligner. Changement de direction de la colonne serrée étant de front. On no commande plus : avancez t'épaule droite ou gauche I mais ; tournez demi à droite ou gauche, marche 1 Pour prendre la distance el serrer. Point de changement. Fonnation contre la cavalerie. Point de changement. IV' section. On a introduit dans l'école de compagnie l'école de liraiilp'"^ ■^"'i '•■ itirfde l* section. L'r ' ■■' L'imi^me, avec une rédaction un pou dilTérente. Pi < ll>^'4. On rerommande toujours la maixeuvra i>ar gruiif" i l'exceplion), les soutiens et la réierte une fois exposas .'ui ft^ij l'i [it-Linl pas couverts sunisamment doivent so former sur on rang, en commandant: Sur nn rang, marche t Le mouvement — 434 — Art. 18. Rompre. Les files doublent de suite eu obliquant et sui vent le guide par le plus court chemin. Ile section. Art. 1'"". Position normale avec le fusil. Point de chan gement. Art. 2. Mettre et remettre la baïonnette. Point de changement. Art. 3. Former les faisceaux. Poser les sacs. Idem. Art. i. Maniement d*armes. Il y a quelques petites différences dans Tordre des mouvements qui se suivent de la manière suivante : Portez armes ! Reposez armes ! Suspendez armes I (de Tarme au pied.) Repo sez armes! Suspendez armes I (du port d'armes.) Portez armes! (de Tarme suspendue.) Sur fépaule droite armes ! portez armes. Art. 5. Emploi du fusil comme arme blanche. Croisez armes ! Re posez armes! Pointez-uni Pointez à fond-un! à droite parez-un! Tête parez-un ! A la baïonnette. Marche, marche I Art. 6. Apprêter l'arme. La charge. Les mouvements : Accroupi et assis, section armes ! sont supprimés. On arme debout et à genoux comme avant. Les exercices pour mettre en joue et pour viser sont placés après la charge, au lieu d'être placés avant. Chargez le magasin I On y introduit 10 cartouches. Dés que le ma gasin est chargé on reprend l'arme au pied. Pour charger le fusil lorsque les 10 cartouches sont dans le maga sin (il y en a une dans le transporteur) on commande : Chargez par le magasin! on fait les mouvements d'apprêter l'arme, puis le manie ment du cylindre pour faire entrer une cartouche dans la chambre à cartouches. On peut aussi faire charger de la cartouchière, le charge ment par dessus ; on baisse le transporteur et on introduit une car touche dans le canon, puis on repousse le cylindre. Cessez le feu! Retirez la cartouche! Videz le magasin! sont restés les mêmes commandements. Art. 7. Exercices pour mettre enjoué et viser. Point de changement. Art. 8. Les feux. Pour exécuter les feux de salves on commande: 10 Feu de salves I 2® Section, armes! 3^ A... mètres, joue (ou bien : aux genoux, poitrine tête joue). 4® Feu. Pour faire continuer le feb on commande : Joue feu ! Pour faire exécuter le feu de vitesse on commande : i"" Feu de vitesse! 2° Section armes ! S"" Commencez le feu I Pour faire exécuter un feu sur quatre rangs on commande : Seconde subdivision serrez, marche! puis section, armes! IIP section. Instruction sur les sapeurs (pionniers). Point de chan gement. Art. 1". Maniement de la hache. Point de changement. Art. 2. Maniement du sabre. Idem. Ecole de compagnie. Ancienne : une introduction, i sections, 23 articles, 295 paragr. Nouvelle : » 5 » 30 » 302 > P section. Organisation. Le capitaine est chef, le 1^' lieutenant le plus ancien commande le 1^ peloton et la 1^ section, le 2* I*' lieu 437 V« section. Art. 1«'. Formation de la con»[ML;iii«» [lour rins[»»M'linfi. Les tambours et trompettes ii cinq pas de l'aile droite, au prtMnicr rang, les pionniers derrière eux, à hauteur du second ran^^. Art. 2. Honneurs à rendre. Il n'y a point de clian^MMnrnt. Art. 3. Ouvrir et serrer les rangs. Pas de oliangenienl. Art. t. Dêlilé. Pas de changement. Nolic*^ : Les lrom|)elles se placent devant les tambours. Ecole fie Imtaillon, Ancienne : une introduction, •> sections, | appendicts 2i articles, 458 paragraphes. Nouvelle ; une introtluclion, (> sections, ii articles, 4i7 |>arajzr. L'introduction reste la même. L'ètat-major de bataillon est composé connue suit : I commandant, avec grade de major; 1 adjudant, avec grade de capitaine; 1 (piartier-maitre, dit conunissaire; 2 médecins; OlViciers, :> I porte-drapeau, adjudant sous-ollicier ; I sous-oflicier d'armement ; I )» de pionnier; 1 ^ du train ; 6 soldats du train ; I caporal trompette; I sous-oflicier inlîrmier ; ï infirmiers; 1 sous-oiTicier brancardier ; t brancardiers; 2 armuriers ; 29 4 compagnies k 485 hommes, 740 Total du bataillon, 774 Art. 1^. Se mettre en rangs. Le bataillon se forme ordinairement en colonne double, qui est l'ancierme colonne d'attaque. Art. i. AlignemenL Comme avant, avec cette diiïérence que l'on commande : Chefs de sections sur la ligne! en place de chefs de pelotons. Formation du bataillon. Le bataillon se compose de quatre ccmi pagnies, lesquelles se numérotent de 4, et les pelotons de I 8, l'escorte du drapeau tie 5 soldats avec, l'adjudant sous-ollicier, les trouqtettes qui n'ont pas im but spécial à 20 |ias derrière le front, le caporal trompette derrière le commandant, les tandtours, trom pettes restent à leurs compagnies, à moins que le commaïuiant ne les réunisse sur un seul point ; si le bataillon est en ligne, les capi taines se placent ii 10 pas devant le front ; le commandant devafit le front et l'adjudant à sa gauche, un peu en arrière. Art. 3. Les feux. Comme dans Pêcole de compagnie. Art. 4. Marche de front. Pas de changement. Art. 5. Colonne par files. Pas de changement. 436 s*exécute par le centre, les hommes prennent un pas de distance enlr'enx, et après on les fait coucher. Art. 1^'. Manière de conduire les tirailleurs et signaux. Point de changement. Art. i. Déploiement. Les commandements sont changés. On com mande : Kii avant, k droile ou puche, en groupes, marche I Pour déployer sur la ligne de front, c'est à-dire sur la base, on commande : En groupes (pas gymnastique), marche I ou à droite ;ii gauche) en groupes, marche I La distance entre deux hommes est d'un pas. La dislance entre deux groupes est un peu moins grande que la moitié du front d'un groupe déployé. ArL 3. Mouvements. Ils sont les suivants: En avant! En retraite! Halte! En essaim à moi, marche! Rappel! Rappel! Rappel! AH. 4. Renforcer la ligne de feu. On commande au soutien : En ti railleurs! ou on expédie une ordonnance. Les diverses manières de renforcer n'ont |)as changé. Art. 5. Ralliement. On commande: Rappel! Tous les groupes ser rent sur le centre. Si on veut rallier sur une aile, on commande sur l'aile droile (gauche) : ra|)pel ! Art. G. Les feux. Instruction sur la manière de profiter du terrain. Le signal de : feu ! ne s'adresse pas aux soldats, mais aux chefs de groupes, lesquels ordonnent à quelques hommes ou peut-être à tous leurs groupes de commencer le feu, en indiquant le point, la dis tance el combien de coups. Pour faire exécuter le feu de vitesse à toute la ligne, on com mande : Feu de vitesse ! ou on fait répéter le signal de feu plusieurs fois. Art. 7. Attaque à la baïonnette. On commande : A la baïonnette! ou on fait donner le signal. Au moment d'aborder l'ennemi, le com mandant pousse le cri de : En avant! et la troupe le répète à pleine voix. Au commandement de : Halte ! les groupes se remettent en or dre, s'abritent et recommencent le feu sans en attendre l'ordre. Les principes tactiques restent les mêmes : attaquer avec une cer taine force, pas moins d'une section ; ce qui vaut encore mieux, c'est par demi-compagnie el en ordre serré. Art. 8. Défense contre la cavalerie. On forme les masses au signal : Rappel ! Ra|)pel ! Rappel ! ou au commandement : Cavalerie ! Elles doivent être de la force d'au moins d'une section ; si on a plusieurs masses, on les place si possible en échelons. Les hommes qui n'ont pas pu rejoindre se couchent. Pour exécuter les feux de masse, il n'y a pas de changement. Com pagnie, armes! Face d'avant, d'arrière, de droite, de gauche. Joue! Feu! Pour faire marcher la masse, on commande, après être sorti de la masse dans la direction où on veut la faire marcher : En masse k moi! Marche! Pour reformer les tirailleurs, on commande: Formez les groupes ! Pour reformer la ligne, on commande : Formez la ligne I — 439 — Art. *>. Maiûère do diriger les colonnes de compagnies. Pas de changement. Art. Ci. Formation de combat. On conmiande : Première ligne en lirailhuirs I Les compagnies de première ligne déploient chacune leur peloton de devant et l'autre peloton reste comme soutien, et les deux compagnies de seconde ligne comme réserve, et erdin on manœuvre d'après les principes de Tècole de tirailleurs en grand. V section. Méthode de combat du bataillon ; — Tattaque, la dé fense. Mo section. — Art. 1*^. Formation du bataillon pour Tinspection. (a)mme avant. Art. 2. Aller chercher le drapeau. Pas de changement. Art. 3. Honneurs à rendre. Pas de changement. Art. 4. Ouvrir et serrer les rangs. Pas de changement. Art. 5. Le défilé. Pas de changement. S0GI£T£ MILITAIRE FËDfiRALE Quetiioni au concourt. Lnsuite d'une décision de l'assemblée générale «lu 19 juillet 1875, à Frauenfeld, la Société militaire fédérale a mis au concours, en an niMirant comme terme fatal le l**' décembre 1875, les questions sui Nanles : r Nos règlements d'exercices pour Tinfanterie répondent-ils aux exi«îcnces tactiques de la science actuelle de la guerre, et l'indépen dance des comniandants subordonnés y est-elle assez prise en consi dération ? i" Jusqu'à ipiel point peut être réduite la charge du fantassin, principalenœnt le contenu du havresac? '^" ouelles sont les formes et H«,aires de cibles d'infanterie les plus |»ratiipies, aussi bien pour ce q^ui ctmcerne le tir en campagne que [tour l'assendilage des résultats de tir et pour la comparaison de ces dernières avec celles em|>lovées jusqu'à ce jour? i" De quelle manière sêrait-il possible d'instruire en ëquitation, avec l'aide de l'Ktat et d'après le système introduit dans la cavalerie, les dilTèrents états majors et oificiers montés de l'infanterie, du génie et de l'arlillerie? •">" Introduction d'im manuel d'infanterie pour les sous-otliciers. Les travaux envoés au concours seront [irimès d'après les futures taxatioïis de la Société, et le ('omilè central se rèsen'e de pouvoir s'entendre avec la section cantonale bernoise en ce qui concerne la partici|)ation aux primes |)our le mamiel de poche de sousoiliciers d'infanterie. Sur la tiemantle des |»artici|>ants, le terme fatal pour ce dernier ouvrage pourra Ttre |»rolongè. Frauenfeld, le 13 novembre 1875. Le Comité central (le la Société militaire «uûse. — 440 — D*apri>s une riinimiiniratKiii t|ut* pui Urn noii^ fairr II l«> lieui^iun rai<i>ifr ilii ('««iiiiîlr ronlnil •!•* la SN*i«'*if* inilitsirt* fi'*il««ral«*. t^n itjif tl^ V Il not*iiil>ri' |K7?i. le^" MHi^n|>liun!« |i()iir Ir fom/ /Iv/our rh 41 lairf S un f lit* « aiiiiiiiiriViH. |iriMVitiMii 1111*11 1 Ir V.M lli* M. IvriiLiiiol H. ;. A •* iU IV.* M. Il* iiijijur C à (# •• 100 [)<• la fterliuii ranlonali* de berut Ilftk ToUl fr. nOt PROJET DE NOUfEAD EtOLEMENT D'ADHIVISTIUTIOV r.HAPlTRF m. -■ llftbillrmé'nl, annrinrnl et ftjuiprmrnl pé liaiis n* rluipitri* «»ii a rt'|)nN|iii(, alin t|ii'il mhI roiii|»|p|, flis|Mi>ihiiii> (In ('lM|iilrt' r(iHr>|Miii(laiil ili* l.i li»i iii^.iriii|iu* fifiii:iri aitMil ili* |»lll^ :iiii|»l«'^ ilri'li»|i|MMiitMi!^. r.i» M»nl : l.a li:ilitMi «lu iioiiilin* ilrs jinir^ lii* m-iii-i* f*tT<N*lif a|»ri':< lt*> liitiiiiiii*^ :i>trt'iiil> .111 >rrirr |iciiwiil |»irlt«iiilri* à iiii 1 iiM'iil d'iitiji^lN (riialiitlf*iiit*itl tl iri'«|iii|M*iiiciil. Kn i'*riilii>fi rli' t iT (l(* l.'i loi ni^;iiiii|iii* I.'llltll'linilli* <i'fl|lll|MMll»'fll |Mil|r it'^ Mf|i«-ln^ ll«il|W>||l*|||l*|ll |Miiir IfH iiflirit*r*» iiiiMilf> 1*! |iniii li* r«*fiiiiif||i*fii«Mi! .iiin*> ui il(li*riiiiii»' i|i* jiMH'». r.ii f' iiilp'ii ilf r;irlnli' llM i(«* I iir, Ihllli.iilt' I i tiN.'ilhMi «II* t.i lli.iiih-i»' «Ml t.i<|iM'lli' !•'« i'.ii>!«iri« i|it|i**ri| 1 t ti.il'ilt* iiii'i t |>fr*iiiiti('l. I .il iiri-iii*'i.t •'( I • •|<ii|ii'iiic t Kr* •'* r.llt. I &(i (|r i lif^.ililvilltili Iliilll.illi' II* ti'li.iil t'I l.i ii'^tiliiliii'i i|i' 1 II tiMlli'iiii'iir lit"» II' iiiiiif^ >!• • tciil |tiHir li»iip;ttiii|><« .1 lilrii.,.i-i h.ih I •* • Il i|*!lii* l.t |iiir.< i|< lit t iiiii iiiti f«t I iii<>titiih'*i •! Mii«Hi*ii irii.(l'iri-iii>-:.l |iiiiit I II iii..!' I Kiii-» lif lM>i:|>«' f II fii^.itil «l'Iif pri>|<> <ili"' . i< I i iiiiiii*«!i<ii |iiil i|i' I i|i iii||i< i|i |riin|ii"« lUi iilit |if ii)«'i>ii|i |i|i> t|i!i' |t|i i tili'iiiii'fr ( .1 i|«' I* iM ni ..ilii«.tlii*'i iiili'rit'i.rt I •■! I iii.tr,«|ii til I i'iiipt'tt'rii*' I 1 II»-/ !ini* jii*']ii 1 II* j>«»ir. lr«'ii|"'^ ilh-ii'l.iirril tlh" liiiili!i''» *i>iii* i|#»* .u*ifMM • l •In r fiil l'I lu" *.i l'i'iil p I* * iifi ••Ht* mi''mi«'*, ••»'*! [•••■l'ij '1 t'!' «•■iivf-t |'••'n••'^ liri^li |ii-iiiirii* II i iifi.Mii'*«i>*ri <ri>.il>ilifiri*'r f !>:• ii| «Iti; r It ('•• Ip* 'If « .iij |i"i t i.ii ti .1 I i*riUi*!i«". '!•• I II •l'iMiin» il, •!•• I it* ,»'iin' l •'l i|i' I • «iiiii *'fi t'i.t I •• iMr|'* «•■ li»'i iiliiiiM* U' * lu»'; I' •: l'»i'lt liM'î.l ffif^M If* *i||->r!«' ■! .i'.'»" I *"i '•■* l'I ■! i:f. • I i-il'iitii liif'.t iii.r *iir.l ili*!:!! ■• • I" 'i I t" lr«ii»" # : !• iijj.* • • h • illi] i^hr I»»* t •M»' îîi I' . ■ !•' ■ »*t** ••■lîi»'! »•*! m !• ff«i If* f tli t < **i|fht thilii' « !• Ml ;tr« |>«.^.|t*'r* Ml'li* 'ir 1 1 fht-it 1 ^••lil * il l'iiil .!*••*• il:' 1! i|i* I l il I ••: j' t'i llrf . I' iTi f 'l'i* f" »llWi|i| p.'.fpllli". iMi'iiî* il »•" I liiî ["••ir If* iillr»-* hf I flli* iiuiii*-ri' jf iMr|>« ri • liji|i]i* luiliUirir ^iiit fii^j^* — m — nomie, et, ce qui est le principal, les corps apprennent à s*admi nislnM*. L'exrcution pourra au commencement rencontrer des difiicultés, parce (|uo les corps sauvegarderont éner(;iquement leurs int<'*rêls con tre les adminislralions; en cas de conflits la décision de l'autorité militaire supérieure reste naturellement réservée; la commission ne méconnaît pas qu'elle a, par sa proposition, posé le germe d'une insti tution susceptible de développement, suivant les expériences. Chapitre iv. — Matériel de guerre. A l'égard tic l'obli^^'ation de l'entretien du matériel de guerre on a aussi reproduit les prescriptions correspondantes de la loi organique; la commission mentionnée au chapitre précédent pouf l'habillement et l'écpiipement |K*rsonnel fonctionnerait pour l'éqmpement de corps. Ce chapitre donne encore l'indica'ion des objets d'équipement attri bués il chaque corps en campagne, ce cpii facilitera notablement les travaux d'administration en vue des mobilisations. Cjiapitke v. — Chevaux de $ervire. Les prescri|)tions réglementaires à l'égard des chevaux de service sont depuis longtemps reconnues comme insuflisantes; aussi le Con seil fédéral en a proposé la révision à l'Assemblée fédérale, déjà en lS()i. (x'tte haute autorité n'entra pas en matière, de sorte que les inconvénients continuèrent ii subsister. Le nouveau réghMuent contient à cet égard un ensemble de dispo sitions sur les qualités des chevaux, dispositions basées sur de lon gues ex|)ériences, et qui sont développées aux §S ir>7 à 170. Les prescriptions relatives à la fourniture des chevaux s'appuyent sur les articles de la loi organitpie. L'indemnité journalière de cheval d'uflicier a été norlée de 4 fr. à 5 fr. L'indemnité de lin de service de campagne, au lieu de se compter par un certain nombre de rations, a été lixée k 1 iO francs, l'ne telle indemnité pour chevaux de trait n'a pas été jugée nécessaire, vu que la Confédération achète ou loue ces chevaux. Les estimations et déiirérialions, aujourd'hui si épineuses, surtout ces dernières, potn* l'adminislralion, par les conflits d'intéiéts entre la Confédération et les pro|»riétaires de chevaux, seront facilitées par le projet, qui confie ces opératiims à une commission d'hommes spé ciaux, soit de deux vétérinaires et d'un commissaire des guerres. En outre, les corps de troupes auront un représentant dans cette com* mission [tour y faire valoir leurs intérêts. Four plus de garantie d'im partialité dans' les estimations et dé|)réciations les commissions seront nommées d'avance par le I)é()ariement militaire fédéral pour des places déterminées, et ensuite de préavis des autorités caïilonales. Dans les estin^ons on réserve, en faveur de la Confédération, le droit de renvoyer, encore pendant les huit jours subséquents, le che val qui aurait 'montré certains défauts ayant i'*cha|)pé ii la première expertise. En retour le propriétaire, pendant cinq jours après la sortie de service, a un droit de réclamation et de seconde expertise, pour le — 440 — D*après une communication que veul bien nous faire M . le lieutenant Siâhelin, caissier du Comité central de la Société militaire fédérale, en date de WeinfeMen, li novembre 1875, les souscriptions pour le Font/ Dii/biir montaient à ce jour aux chiffres ci-après : Sommes annoncées précédemment . . . . fr. 598 — De M. le colonel R. à A » ^0 — De U. le major C. i C » 100 — De la section cantonale de Berne » 1484 40 Total : fr. 2Î02 40 PROJET DE NOUVEAU RÈGLEMENT D'ADMINISTRATION [Suite ) Chapitre III. — Habillement, armement et équipement personnel. Dans ce chapitre on a teprodiiil, afin qtrii soil complel, quelques dispositions du chapitre correspondant de la loi organique ; d'autres demandaient de plus amples développements. Ce sont : La fixation du nombre des jours de service effectif après lesquels les hommes astreints au service peuvent prélendre à un remplace metïl d'objets d'habillement et d'équipement. (En exécution de l'arti cle 147 de la loi organique.) L'indemnité d'équipement pour les officiers nouvellement nommés, pour les officiers montés et pour le renotivellement ai)rès un nombre déterminé de jours. (En exécution de l'article H9 ae l'organisation militaire.) La fixation de la manière en laquelle les cantons doivent entretenir l'habillement personnel, l'armement et l'équipement. (En exécution de l'art. 1 46 de l'organisation militaire.) Le retrait et la restitution de l'habillement des hommes qui se ren dent pour longlem[)s à l'étranger. Dans cechapitie la principale nouveauté est l'institution d'une com mission d'habillentent pour chaoue corps de troupe. En faisant celte proposition, la commission part de l'idée que les corps de troupes auront beaucoup plus qtie précédemment à s'occuper de leur organisation intérieure. Ceci manquait complètement chez nous jusqu'à ce jour ; aussi les troupes attendaient-elles tout des soins des arsenaux et du commissa riat et ne savaient pas s'aider elles-mêmes, c'est pourquoi elles se sont souvent trouvées dans la pénurie. La commission d'habillement aurait donc la tâche de s'intéresser au bon état et à l'entretien de l'habillement, de l'armement personnel et de l'équipenr.ent. Le corps entier comme tel et non plus l'individu isolément recevra les subsides d'argent ou les pièces d'uniforme et d'équipement qui sont distribués pour l'entretien en temps de paix et en campagne. De celle manière le corps entier est intéressé à ce que les effets soient abîmés le moins possible. Malheur au militaire négli gent! il nuit à ses camarades et au corps entier, parce que plus un in dividu gaspille, moins il sera fait pour les autres. De cette manière le cor^^s et cliaque militaire sont engagée à l'éco — Ui — nomie, et, ce qui est le principal, les corps apprennent à s*admi nislriT. L'exrcution pourra an commencement rencontrer des difficultés, parce (|ne les corps sauvegarderont êner^iquement leurs intiTets con tre les administrations; en cas de conflits la décision de Tautorité militaire supérieure reste naturellement réservée; la commission ne méconnaît pas qu'elle a, par sa proposition, posé le germe d*une insti tution susceptible de développement, suivant les expériences. Chapitre iv. — Matériel de guerre. A regard de robli<;alion de l'entretien du matériel de guerre on a aussi reproduit les prescriptions correspondantes de la loi organique; la commission mentionnée au chapitre précédent pour Thabillement et réqui|)emi*nt personnel fonctionnerait pour l'équipement de corps. Ce chapitre dorme encore Tindicaion des objets d'équipement attri bués il chaque corps en campagne, ce qui facilitera notablement les travaux d'administration en vue des mobilisations. Chapitre v. — Chevaux de sercire. Les |)rescri|)lions réglementaires à Téganl des chevaux de service sont depuis liHigtemps reconnues comme insuffisantes; aussi le Con seil fédéral en a proposé la révision à TAssemblée fédérale, déjà en 1861. Cette haute autorité n'entra pas en matière, de sorte que les inconvénients continuèrent à subsister. Le nouveau règlement contient à cet égard un ensemble de dispo sitions sur les (pialités des chevaux, dispositions basées sur de lon gues expériences, et qui sont développées aux 88 107 à 170. Les [prescriptions relatives à la fourniture des chevaux s'appuyent sur les articles delà loi organique. L'indemnité journalière de cheval d^oflicier a été portée de 4 fr. à 5 fr. L'indemnité de fin de service de campagne, au lieu de se compter par un certain nombre de rations, a été tixée k liO francs. Une telle indemnité pour chevaux de trait n*a pas été jugée nécessaire, vu que la Confédération achète ou loue ces chevaux. Les estimations et dé|)rériations, aujourd'hui si épineuses, surtout ces dernières, poîn* radminislration, par les conllils d'inti-rèts entre la Confédération et les propriétaires de chevaux, seront facilitées par le projet, qui confie ces opératicms à une commission d'hommes spé ciaux, soit de deux vétérinaires et «l'un commissaire des guerres. En outre, les corps de troupes auront un représentant dans cette com mission pour y faire valoir leurs intérêts. Pour plus de garantie d*im partialité dans les estimations et dé|)réciations les commissions seront nommées d'avance par le l)é|)artement militaire fédéral pour des places déterminées, et ensiiile de [)réavis des autorités cantonales. Dans les estiu^ons on réserve, en faveur de la Confédération, le droit de renvoyer, encore pendant les huit jours subséquents, le che val 4|ui aurait montré certains défauts ayant échaftpé à la première expertise. En retour le propriétaire, pendant cinq jours après la sortie de service, a un droit de réclamation et de seconde expertise, pour le ii'2 r.'i> Mil mil* iMil.iilif iiiti'iit*iiii' riiiilr,ii-(''i* .iii sfuirr f. | iIit.hI i|t''|M-|-<-i:il|nt|. h ailli'iiiN le |in»jf| > ilT«»îrf i|i' |i miiriM un i*ivI«*iii»'!j! r liiriii'N U»> i}v>ui> jl'imlfiiiiiil»*. nii.iM«l i'i'>l |iMN*il»lt' 1 1 ili | rni'iiii' i|m|| ili'i'iilcr il'-tiiiiliiMiii'iil ili'« |iri-lt'iiliiiii<% iln |irti Hii.iiiil rt'la Ht' >r pi'iit, |i.«r «^mlf «li* I.i ii.itnM* ili* (i iii.il.i'litv ti'i|fi;i(inii «iMu'iif IfN rlii':tii t| hin hi<^ Ii''>|m1.iii. l'I i ytiv^ prrmit'it' i|i-|iiti-i;itiiin. «m |«i»h'i'i|i* ;i iiih* MTniiilf. iini .kIjh^ lal nii .1 II I.Miil' i|iT ihoii itii .m |tiM|iii.-|.ir(t' .isrr iirif ri'il.tri* l'ciiii.ilit II' ti;iit»-iiicii( ijii i'lii*.tl liial.itli' I.I r.oiifi i)' r.tli'iM r» |irii|ini'i:iiif ipii* l.i iiiMitn* tjii l<iir. AlIlM lt* |>li»Ji*l i»lTti' II* llinirli ijf ri'^iMlilli' |i|ittli|iUMlli*(|( I i|iii'^ll«»ii«», lii.tiiili'ii.tiit ^1 l»»ii,;n»''« l'I "1 I mili'ii*!'*, ilf^ «!• {•:• "«iiiiN il ri-%cii', il i-«l r.ii, i|iii' |r |ti>i|iri' t.iin* i|ii ilp'i.il .iil tt*iiliiiiis i:i|Ni<iiii.iii|(*N. l'<Hii t.i li'iii i.ilni'* i|>'*> rlif iM ili' iM.iti'iii jf^ |iM*M*n|>li' !••! iir^:ilil«|lli' rlil'lit ^urti^.ilili'^. i'( rnli il .1 1*11 |ii"»ii|ll «!';• 1 »'|ii|iiM'r fil >|Ur|.|ii> ^ |iiiMil« ^i't'i*t.«!;i|ii*«. I lit' ili^i* <^i(ii>ii iiiiiif'|l«' «'«t li-Mt «lu $ ITH. i|iii iir>«r-tf' If lli li'l|l<, «Ml II i|lll r<i|Mi'liii' I.I tnlll hltllli <lr-> i'ii>-Nii|. ■• :i.iiil.i;»"» i|M .1 !;i I .i.ili I If. l'^ni ipii «l'.-n.ii' Ir* ilillii'î'ît * • l'i'll^i'* illl •■< I 1 tiiiilii* jiil»;!^ illi'îi ili *!• ItMiir Mil ilii* il »•■■ I *r!|ii' l'I II |>|i--t iTiMii« ip!! hi i!i"iil 1 ij'i lli^l! !|. !i"ii . M If II' i|i' Il . .1'. f't I |i'. ! I nii'*i!| f i.r > h' ''r I ij!| ■ «|ii! ti ;•-. •• M> ||.| ! .|l|' ; ■ 'i »I ■! T ■ ' «■ 1 | Il .l'h h "■:!i«' ' • . ( I . I ■ ■ . . . ■ . . i 1 1 ■ I , 1 : I ■ 1 1 1 • ■ I f III •MMl':!ll ■!'■ ' i -■■M'IM»' I •• l;''i «'. ■'• i-'i r ij'['"i 1 i • •■ !■ H |i : , îi|i . II'. ; I j ; j. :|i . |,. |.| |. *. ;. . .•■ !■■ I I M . ' .^ I I ■ f 1,1 !j '•'■ j. ■ .-1 •",1. M|. !■■ ■ I j i> ; ♦ . '■ ■ ;. -■ If. . 1 1 • î I ; : . ' • ,•'.■.: I | . ■ . ' i ' I • 1 • < I . I I , i II M I : I.' I /^ .' ii;i .f ' . . I I •■ . ■• |. .. • 4 ■ . I ' . . I .. fi I..: :' 1 . ' .' 1 ! ■ > 1 1 « 1 1 1 1. ■ II" î ï -. • 1 ■ ■ 1 ■ * H ■1 1 1 •. 1 ■1 ."' . !l. Il II ■J" • ■ • ■ 1 • • ! 1* ■ ■ , i i' ■ ' ■ ' 1 1 1-1 ■ ■ ; 1 1 ■ . . ! • I 1 1 1 • 1 I ■ I .' I ■ . ' l i I • ' I . • » . ■l'I I i .■ . l. ■ .'• I" :i ■ !• ' • I I ■ ■ ■ ■ I • I I < • •. 1 1 1 ; : » ■ î ■ • I •• f i|'p"" t ■! •■'!• 1:1 î • '• •' 1 > y 'i il r I i* .' 443 ment tto service, mais il appartient au rù;{lemenl d'administration de le compléter par miehpies dispositions de détail. Une nouvelle dis position est celle (lisant (pie les hommes à Tlmpital (|ui ne sont pas rentrés à l'époque du second rapport seront portés en diminution au corps; il cette occasicm, Ton supprime la solde d*li(*)pital |)our n'avoir plus (pie la solde légale. Le transfert dés le corps à l'hôpital et la sortie dés l'hôpital au corps ou il la maison seront n'fglés par des dispositions s[i('*ciales ou par l'introduction d'un passeport de malade, Chapitre VII. — Solde. l'ne mention particulière doit être faite des dis|)Ositions de ce cliapitre sur les indenuiités de voyage. (Ml sait que, jus(|u'à présent, la (lonfédération n'accordait d'indem nité de route qu'à ceux des militaires voyageant isolément, (lui se rendaient dans un cours spt'cial, et (pie les distances étaient ordinai rement comptées dés le chef-lieu du canton, le |)oinl de rassemble ment habituel. Mais comme le [irincipe de la concentration [)réalable et du licencie ment au chef-lieu du canton n'est plus conforme à la nouvelle loi militaire, et que les militaires doivent se rendre directement de leurs foyers à la |)lace de service, il faut tenir compte de cette circonstance et donner une indemnité individuelle aux militaires en remplacement iW celle i|ui précédtiinment ('tait accordée aux cantons piuir rassem hlt'iiuMit [préalable et licenciemrnt des corps. Cela donne (piehpic elrn>ion aux dis|H)siti(His concernant les indemnités de route. l.a conimission avait pensé à distinguer, conune c'était l'usage jusqu'ici, entre l(»s militaires voyageant isolément et les détache ments, r.ette distinction se fonderait sur ce qu'une petite troupe, par exemple de I), .*> militaires, ne peut pas être traitée comme tout un corps, |»our ce qui concerne les élai»es, les arrangements de trans ports, la solde, les subsistances. Les nais de trans|)ort pour le corps entier sont payés par la t'.onfédération. Pour les hommes voyageant isolément, le jin)jet distingue entre ceux a|»pclés à d(»s éccd'es spéciales et ceux rejoignant leur corps ou se HMidant aux (Voles de recrues. La distinction se justifie par le fait une le premier mode de vovage se rapporte aux écoles centrales, .ou (Ih cadres, ou à divers servfces extraordinaires, généralement sur de grandes dislances <pii exigent souvent plusieurs jours, tandis que le rassemblement d'unités de trouj»es et d't'coles de reçues aura lieu la [plupart du temps dans le cercle de la division d'armée. L'indemnité varie en ce que nour les cours de répétition et les écoles de recrues, les ii) premiers kilomètres parcourus le sont sans aucune indemnité de route, tandis (pie pour les autres services on «iccorde une indem nitt* de Lint par lieue. Cette indemnité est bien sullisante [lour couxrir les frais de route, en l'ajoutant à la journée de solde qui est |)ayée ii chaque homme au service [)0ur iour d'entrée et de sortie. Afin que les c(miptables connaissent les distances d'une loc;dité a une autre, on élaborera un indicateur des distances. Un comprend que celui-ci serait trop volumineux si l'on y mettait chaque com u iiiiihi*; aussi la riiniiiii^*«inii |>n»|MiM' ili* rninhliT lt■^ <li illl t'li»*f litMi ili* riTi'li* iHi lit* ilinliirl lii |i:ir 1»*^ |(i|n r.i ii § ilH, ou a |tnMi l.( ^iiiniiii* d'ar^t'iil rmiiitLi rnr|»^ lioil avtfir lui'* iliinr lr«r ^'fiH-rali* tW lrnii|ir wMiir aux prtMui«i> |ii'>iiiii<*. Miioti|irMii ait |Miiirwi, l'tail |HiN«*ili|i' i|'.iarii'i*, .1 lnul ri* i|iii ('diirrriif tt*^ ^u|i« soiiiriit* n'eu iiKiiiltMa p.i^ iihmii*» .1 I, '171,^00 fr.. a sa M ilii>i(iiis .1 fr. IIIT.HOO . . Kr. I,:iii iilrfN InnijM'N » ^ T.ilal. . Fr. 1,:«:i l>f* iiirnii* iin'iKi a ti«'-. il.iii^ tf l'Ii i|ii(i'i' i|i*h r.t|i|Mirl^ tjtiii ilu ra|»|Hirl il't*tT«*i'lir (ihi^ Ifs i|i ji^irs. I.i -.tililf ^ UltMil |i:il iltiMili*. If'N |0, in i-t r iliTiiiiM illl liini^ hf^ t'ir failN <la>i^ It* l'iiiiraiil i|t* ri*lti* .iniii t* mit iiiiinln i|r (il* '>i>til |i.iH tii<|i liMi^ui'^ ; il'ailh'iir <». il' lifMiiii (il* ht |»hi'» Illl <!' fiT;i l'îiriiff rifiiiiN *i"ilii" .isrt i.i >nli<«i«l.ii il.llili* <|llt' tiiiU^ |iln|Mi^iiii^. .r^ ju^titii'alhMiN tiiiuiiiialiM*^ il ^nl-l iniit*'ti|f tlll|< It'N illMIX IliMlN iMl iM!ll|>:i^'t|t* Illl I l.l tlll illlll M-| liifiiN il.'iiiH ririliTX.'il-i* ^1' fi'iit I iihlii* i|ttilt.iii''i* :i(*<' Il * il I I:«>I1iImi' tirs jnlH s i|i< «ci |. r r * liM||i|i|f iir-« lliillt ^i.nli' iii^i li'^ iiiilnri'"< *»'ii»! I iiiliiiti*'» » ^".il'-llitTil p» lUililllMMII. lai.iljN •|lii' !t'«i.|tillU it ll'^ ilili(l<-l*'« ^iTi'li l.l «iiii|il«' iiiiii(i|ili«'ali<>ii |i:ii lu. I l'N {ï :*S I 1*1 :^i ii'iili iii»'f:l. rii l'X»''ith'rr •l»'. rti. • !•■ Il '■'! i'i ^.iriiij'ji'. !f I'» -■ii|i(i"i ' ri 'i'-'iii'* -i,r I •■* i|i* I il ( :f|s ■ i l'I i|i lii I Mf'» -Il -îf i".'!» |iiiiir !i-H i-ii, i-. Il , ( II'. .1; j.f !»• »'i 'i|h|i rm*" I '!« * '' • 'f||i li'l "» . rpi'l j"-lir 11' ii.t'i-* i|i ;•,! ;i-« ■• •. ■;; [.' IjMi f.i'i < i.iMiif n «ir iii (ii| I !■> 'Il .jiii^lll..' * i!?! lî-'i l'i' .!l| «'lli, |ii « .-.Il iHi-i : . ^ S ! Il< |i-l " Il II . ii. I. . '!i 1 ï fi . .•! .|'. ->!; |.|. '1 I I .;. |Mi«lli>ir, ' {.■■i ■ |> i I ' I '. I " f I • ■ II" iii • • « .1 ..!!,• .. I -j. I I I . ' il I'» •■' . . -i. I .. . i.-.). I • • I • t ■ • ■)• ! I, " ■ if î •'.î Mil- I , -i',n,t I-. •' 1 * '. : ^ I !< n II.» Il I..I î ili •'! •!•■ w« » l I • I I i i. |i ^ r! .|i' I ' . ...-. l T .«» ■ f r.. -"t .il i. I ■ .fiit. -!.-»'.. • pi . !■• î'i! .-. |i I' ■■:>.■' j ' • . ■ ■ , |.^?r ,. I ■. Î..Î. !. i , ■ . .1 i . j. • !•• — ■ ' ; l' n . l'i . ' ■ : i' • • . ;. -. |l !• 1' » ! ff . • ■•-'•■ ; . , • , |. 41 .1 !■■ , ■ {.• lif •.■•■• fl;. j ■ * ' } l' ' ' • . • ' IMlj • f t'.' • 1 ••;• ' '■' • " i ' ■ I .'••.. ♦ I |l --Ir» l i f.r» ^' .Ml-.' •!•!■»■' I ■ ! I » I". 445 soll ensemble 128,50 grammes d'albumine, au lieu de 130 grammes qui, (ra|)rùs Molescliott, sont nécessaires à la ralion journalière d'un Iravailleur. Du reste, la nécessité d'augmenter la rali<m de viande était depuis longtemps reconnue, surtout par les expériences que tirent nos troupes dans des services d'hiver aux frontières et tians les montagnes. D'autre liart on a fait remar(|uer avec droit, dans le sein de la commission de réforme sanitaire, que notre oo|)ulation, dans sa grande majorité, n'était |)as habituée a un abondant usage de viande. Kn conséquence on a |)roposé de porter la ration de viande non à 500 grammes, comme on l'avait demandé précédennnent, mais à 375 grammes, et (Ml revanche d'ajouter un supplément de légume qui soit, par un bon choix, susceptible en même temps d'augmenter la quantité d'albu mine de 1^ ration totale et de varier salutairement la nourriture du soldat. De celte façon nous sommes arrivés à une combinaison de la ration de viande et de pain avec 150 grammes de légumes secs ou I i5 grammes de pâtes, ou 200 grammes de riz, ou enfin 500 gram mes de pommes ue terre. En examinant ces diverses combinaisons de rations dans leurs [irincipaux éléments nutritifs, nous obtenons le tableau comparatif suivant ^abstraction faite du sel et de la graisse) : AlbumiM Carboaa 375 grammes de viande donnent .... 59,25 750 ^ )► pain (ou 660 gr. farine) . 79,20 462,0 I. Ainsi la ration viande et pain contient . 138,45 462,0 150 grammes pois 32,0 81,0 Ration avec pois 170,45 543,0 II. Ration viande et pain 138,45 462,0 125 grammes pâtes 15,0 86,0 Ration avec pdtes .... 1 53,45 548,0 III. Ration viande et pain 138,45 462,0 200 grammes riz 10,0 166,0 Ration avec riz T48,45 628,0 IV. Ration viande et pain 138,45 462,0 500 grammes pommes de terre ... 7,0 117,0 Ration avec pommes de terre 145,45 579,0 D'après Molescliott, la ration normale d'un travailleur doit contenir 130 grammes d'albumine et 404 grammes de carbone. On voit donc |)ar les chifTres ci-dessus que notre future ration contiendra en tous cas d'une manière suffisante les principaux éléments nutritifs. Afin de pouvoir donner un supplément de subsistances aux troupes pour le cas de (grandes fatigues, les chefs supérieurs ont reçu des compétences particulières par les SS 298, 299, o07 et 308, pour dis tributions extraordinaires de laril, fromage et vin. Dans l'intérêt soit de la santé de la troupe, soit de la discipline, on a retranché l'eau-de-vie des moyens officiels de nourriture. 440 La ration exiraonliiiaire pro|)Os«V fralion de n^essiti* (laiirès l'arlirle 311 : 150 ^r. de viande ftiinêe. contenant environ 20,0 |«r. d'alli. 500 * biscuit, * » 78,0 » • 100 li |H>is ou bien' *• » « 21.0 » » l:iU » riz, » * ' 7,3 • » T«»lal . , . I in,8 gr7dalh J ou liien 105,5 » » t>la donne, en |»ro|Mirtiiin «bi |H»ids total de 7<MI à 7541 une ration très nourris>ante. f.4 Le Département militaire fédéral aut autorités mililaire tons : I^ plupart de» com de Iroupt"» ayanl l'U* orKanifeé«, e Gmieil fnU dans u si^ance du 8 courant et en sVn référant au f 41 de Tordmi mars dernier : d*auton««r l«* I^prtrment militairr à faire entrer e nouvelle formation d(« rorp^. des le H no%embre 1878. En tout rommuniipiant ce f|ui prérénle. ihiu* avoi» l'honneur ik v que la formation dea cor|M. Miitant le» anciens contnMet, est abmfpfe e|iOi|ue. 1a* clief du dêrartemeni militaii Wu-Ti. HODTCLLCS ET CHOHIQDC. Kn iUIp iIii h hii4«nitiri* •*i>>ir3iil. «ur l.i |irii|iii«iii<tri <lii H^^njririni II* C^iiiM'il f«'*i|t'*r.i1 .1 ai'ipli* un r* .tIimd-'iiI r forni.iiiiMi ilf*« rur^K ., ldii«lv^i*lir. i/i'!al»li%M'fiii'hl lii** riiiilri'»li'* «li» «••■^ »'.irji^ «Ir^ri Hr^ U {»*sTfr |inM'li.iiii. f I nif.iiiii'rif iii*vr.i. |it'i»>l.iiil un jiur v*uloriM'i«l. rim)|Hvni*''» *ur !•'« |»l.nv% •!•' r.i«M*inlili*iiii«nt, 311 uhfi% •!•* iiisr*. |*Kjr à U r<*i|f. •■! 311 lihM* «{'.iv il |»>iir fiVfi'iir |i>^ •■lTfl« <ri'*>]iJ<|a*;iif*(il ••! Hii ri'%.iii»'li«'. If* .irm* •.!•. » uU- n»* *«*riiui .i|.|«':>4*« |..ir .li-tji-fK 1 Mi*''fii«' l'til >|ir(iiM> l'ii«. iTiji^ Il iliim* «lii r.11%1 iiilil>r(i«Mil |>>iiirra ^|fi* rkiVi'i^«ilr, t II n lu*' .1 *h**i ; •ut" Kn 'rt'i •!•■ ti '*i iinliliir**, il Mi* %i-r.i ilxiti*. «i rifi«|»<l tn im iiHif. m «-I-I-. iii "«ilii't.ifi•• !•* r l'.îr ji'. j in Ii.mi *i .■• Ui* ii»«(»-^ ' itinffi'f ju^ju'i-i 1)1 ii%i<-iii j -«If Kitliii. < «ni jii«m a| plirj|i!«*4 t ti l di«|«>*ili'Mi<> •:<-ni*r iM*« l'ii|i|i -, . !•• ;{.*» j 1 1: JiTiinT rfljli«t*iijOiil a ij ii l^'> rfU'*^ •!•' 1 .^rtiil' rti> -l lintik-'ir In iM i» nr lii«ij li >* i* u • lift*. I<* r.«>ii«' li f«* j.-rjl. «;ir li |<r ;>i i! t i !•• ^ d 1> |.iri<Mi)''ht itr.iU r* •|ili Mjil l'ii Jjif Iti lO II •i':iih' |h7-% I l4«*« H tjiUt-rw--« lt • Jiii(>)^'ii< •I' lin>i*«*lir. p<* !-« i-»titiMi% il n Ci<iiftirtiH*iii»*nl J l'jrl 55 >i>* I 'r^'iiL^iti .ii nul 'Jifr. ^.i,t rt^fartin ^ rvrnm'' «uil 1** It^iw iii. I^ï'.jifi.' li • Vjul il* • • N»U'j rr III t •• ltrri.« — 447 — YI« » » » Zurich ; VII* » » » Thurgovie ; VIH* >> »> » Sl-Gall. 2^ Les 15 compagnies de position que les cantons doivent fournir è teneur du inAme article 55, formeront comme suit les divisions d*artillerie do position pré vues a l'art. 5i , lettre c : I" division : Compagnie n^ 16 de Genève ; » » 14 de Vaud ; » » 12 du Tessin.
| 11,890 |
https://github.com/steakknife/pcgeos/blob/master/Appl/Games/BJack/bjack.gp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
pcgeos
|
steakknife
|
Gnuplot
|
Code
| 330 | 610 |
##############################################################################
#
# Copyright (c) GeoWorks 1990 -- All Rights Reserved
#
# PROJECT: PC GEOS
# MODULE: GeoWorks BlackJack
# FILE: bjack.gp
#
# AUTHOR: Bryan Chow
#
# DESCRIPTION:
#
# RCS STAMP:
#$Id: bjack.gp,v 1.1 97/04/04 15:46:15 newdeal Exp $
#
##############################################################################
#
# Permanent name: is required by Glue to set the permanent name and extension
# of the geode. The permanent name of a library is what goes in the imported
# library table of a geode (along with the protocol number). It is also
# what Swat uses to name the patient.
#
name bjack.app
#
# Long filename: this name can displayed by geoManager, and is used to identify
# the application for inter-application communication.
#
longname "Black Jack"
#
# Specify geode type: is an application, will have its own process (thread),
# and is not multi-launchable.
#
type appl, process, single
#
# Specify heapspace requirement
#
heapspace 5000
#
#
# Specify class name for application process. Methods sent to the Application's
# process will be handled by the YodaProcessClass, which is defined in yoda.asm.
#
class BJackProcessClass
#
# Specify application object. This is the object in the .ui file which serves
# as the top-level UI object in the application. See yoda.ui.
#
appobj BJackApp
#
# Token: this four-letter name is used by geoManager to locate the icon for this
# application in the database.
#
tokenchars "BJAK"
tokenid 0
#
# Libraries: list which libraries are used by the application.
#
library geos
library ui
library game
library sound
library wav
library cards
#
# Resources: list all resource blocks which are used by the application.
# (standard discardable code resources can be ommitted).
#
resource AppResource ui-object
resource StuffResource object
resource Interface ui-object
#resource AppYMMonikerResource lmem shared read-only
resource AppMonikerResource lmem read-only shared
#
# Export classes: list classes which are defined by the application here.
#
export BJackGameClass
export MyDeckClass
export BJackHighScoreClass
export BJackInteractionClass
| 2,354 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46573790
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
KacproSo, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1601669, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6358084, jkraemer
|
English
|
Spoken
| 267 | 583 |
Email configuration in Redmine - undefined method `address='
I'm not an expert in Ruby and Redmine, but I'm trying to configure email notifications in redmine.
Redmine version 3.4
ruby 2.3.3p222
Phusion Passenger 5.1.7
In configuration.yml I have
production:
email_delivery:
delivery_method: :smtp
smtp_settings:
address: "xxxx.pl"
port: 587
authentication: :plain
domain: 'redmine.xxx.pl'
user_name: '.....@redmine.xxx.pl'
password: '......'
But I get this error:
Error ID: 54731089
Error details saved to: /tmp/passenger-error-WqNBmN.html
Message from application: undefined method `address=' for ActionMailer::Base:Class (NoMethodError)
I search little bit and figure out, that I have missing methods in application.rb file.
So in Redmine config/application.rb I add something like that:
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
address: "xxx.pl",
port: 587,
user_name: 'powiadomienia@redmine.xxx.pl',
password: '.....',
authentication: :plain
}
but still have the same error. Unfortunately I can't find any examples in Redmine configuration.
Can anyone help me?
You do not need to add your mailer config in application.rb. Redmine's configuration.yml is enough. The stack trace that belongs to your error message would be helpful in determining where exactly things go wrong.
Yes, but still have the same error. Even if I use default application.rb and configure email in configuration.yml, still have the same error and redmine won't start.
Make sure your configuration.yml is properly indented (use 2 spaces per level of indentation):
production:
email_delivery:
delivery_method: :smtp
smtp_settings:
address: 'example.org'
port: 587
The smtp settings (address, port etc) need to be keys in the smtp_settings hash. From the error you get I'd say they are keys on the same level as smtp_settings, which is wrong.
Damn, I newer though that space has so matter. Thanks jkraemer. That's solves thing.
| 12,300 |
https://github.com/risapav/FrontWebApp/blob/master/src/app/about/view.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
FrontWebApp
|
risapav
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 73 | 198 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Pavol Risa
* All rights reserved
*
* A marionettejs javascript demo application.
* Works at frontend browser side
* Compiled under Webpack 2 tools
*/
define('about.view', [ 'backbone.marionette', 'backbone.radio' ],
function ( Mn, Ra ) {
//
return {
Msg: Mn.View.extend({
className: 'container',
template: require('ABOUT/msg.tpl'),
templateContext: function(){
// find App object
const App = Ra.request('app','this');
//
return {
prgname: App.getOption('prgname'),
version: App.getOption('version')
};
}
})
};
});
| 9,558 |
https://github.com/guilffer/dotfiles/blob/master/atom.symlink/compile-cache/coffee/ff063fd54ccbae2e6dec6d6d8e910377ebbd81d5.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
dotfiles
|
guilffer
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 295 | 1,034 |
(function() {
var GlobalVimState, StatusBarManager, VimMode, VimState, dispatchKeyboardEvent, dispatchTextEvent, getEditorElement, keydown, mockPlatform, unmockPlatform,
__slice = [].slice;
VimState = require('../lib/vim-state');
GlobalVimState = require('../lib/global-vim-state');
VimMode = require('../lib/vim-mode');
StatusBarManager = require('../lib/status-bar-manager');
beforeEach(function() {
return atom.workspace || (atom.workspace = {});
});
getEditorElement = function(callback) {
var textEditor;
textEditor = null;
waitsForPromise(function() {
return atom.project.open().then(function(e) {
return textEditor = e;
});
});
return runs(function() {
var element;
element = document.createElement("atom-text-editor");
element.setModel(textEditor);
element.classList.add('vim-mode');
element.vimState = new VimState(element, new StatusBarManager, new GlobalVimState);
element.addEventListener("keydown", function(e) {
return atom.keymaps.handleKeyboardEvent(e);
});
return callback(element);
});
};
mockPlatform = function(editorElement, platform) {
var wrapper;
wrapper = document.createElement('div');
wrapper.className = platform;
return wrapper.appendChild(editorElement);
};
unmockPlatform = function(editorElement) {
return editorElement.parentNode.removeChild(editorElement);
};
dispatchKeyboardEvent = function() {
var e, eventArgs, target;
target = arguments[0], eventArgs = 2 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 1) : [];
e = document.createEvent('KeyboardEvent');
e.initKeyboardEvent.apply(e, eventArgs);
if (e.keyCode === 0) {
Object.defineProperty(e, 'keyCode', {
get: function() {
return void 0;
}
});
}
return target.dispatchEvent(e);
};
dispatchTextEvent = function() {
var e, eventArgs, target;
target = arguments[0], eventArgs = 2 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 1) : [];
e = document.createEvent('TextEvent');
e.initTextEvent.apply(e, eventArgs);
return target.dispatchEvent(e);
};
keydown = function(key, _arg) {
var alt, canceled, ctrl, element, eventArgs, meta, raw, shift, _ref;
_ref = _arg != null ? _arg : {}, element = _ref.element, ctrl = _ref.ctrl, shift = _ref.shift, alt = _ref.alt, meta = _ref.meta, raw = _ref.raw;
if (!(key === 'escape' || (raw != null))) {
key = "U+" + (key.charCodeAt(0).toString(16));
}
element || (element = document.activeElement);
eventArgs = [true, true, null, key, 0, ctrl, alt, shift, meta];
canceled = !dispatchKeyboardEvent.apply(null, [element, 'keydown'].concat(__slice.call(eventArgs)));
dispatchKeyboardEvent.apply(null, [element, 'keypress'].concat(__slice.call(eventArgs)));
if (!canceled) {
if (dispatchTextEvent.apply(null, [element, 'textInput'].concat(__slice.call(eventArgs)))) {
element.value += key;
}
}
return dispatchKeyboardEvent.apply(null, [element, 'keyup'].concat(__slice.call(eventArgs)));
};
module.exports = {
keydown: keydown,
getEditorElement: getEditorElement,
mockPlatform: mockPlatform,
unmockPlatform: unmockPlatform
};
}).call(this);
| 30,715 |
https://github.com/ypchan/Scripts/blob/master/abspath.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Scripts
|
ypchan
|
Shell
|
Code
| 188 | 390 |
#!/usr/bin/env bash
function usage() {
echo "NAME:"
echo " print the absolte path of target File(s) or Folder(s)."
echo "SYNOPSIS:"
echo " abspath <target> ..."
echo "AUTHOR:"
echo " YP CHEN, 2020-08-05"
exit 1
}
if [[ '--help' =~ $1 ]]; then
if [[ $# -ne 0 ]]; then
usage
fi
fi
# If no argument, the current working directory will be print.
if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
pwd
else
# Multiple arguments
for fd in $@
do
if [[ -f $fd ]]; then
# If relative path of a file was supplied.
echo $fd | grep '/' > /dev/null
if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
cd $(dirname $fd) && echo $PWD/$(basename $fd) && cd - > /dev/null
else
echo $PWD/$fd
fi
elif [[ -d $fd ]]; then
# If realative path of a folder was supplied.
echo $fd | grep '/' > /dev/null
if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
cd $fd && echo $PWD && cd - > /dev/null
else
cd $fd && echo $PWD && cd - > /dev/null
fi
else
# Unknown arguments
echo "[ERROR] Invalid input: $fd"
fi
done
fi
| 36,988 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30688344
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Holländerkopf
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 88 | 284 |
Holländerkopf
Holländerkopf
hill in Germany
Holländerkopf GeoNames ID 2900678
Holländerkopf instance of hill
Holländerkopf country Germany
Holländerkopf GNS Unique Feature ID -1796087
Holländerkopf coordinate location
Holländerkopf located in the administrative territorial entity Saarland
Holländerkopf
heuvel in Saarland, Duitsland
Holländerkopf GeoNames-identificatiecode 2900678
Holländerkopf is een heuvel
Holländerkopf land Duitsland
Holländerkopf GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -1796087
Holländerkopf geografische locatie
Holländerkopf gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Saarland
Holländerkopf
Berg in Saarland
Holländerkopf GeoNames-Kennung 2900678
Holländerkopf ist ein(e) Hügel
Holländerkopf Staat Deutschland
Holländerkopf GEOnet-Names-Server-Kennung -1796087
Holländerkopf geographische Koordinaten
Holländerkopf liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Saarland
| 24,633 |
https://github.com/uwe-koeckemann/SpiderPlan/blob/master/domains/household/pddl/convert-problem.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
SpiderPlan
|
uwe-koeckemann
|
Python
|
Code
| 289 | 1,021 |
import sys
import glob
def files2problems(exp):
l = glob.glob(exp)
l.sort()
return l
f = open("fixed-relations.pddl")
fixedRelationsStr = f.read()
f.close()
f = open("preferences.pddl")
preferencesStr = f.read()
f.close()
problems = files2problems(sys.argv[1])
for fName in problems:
f = open(fName)
allContent = f.read()
f.close()
taskTypes = allContent.split("(:domain")[1].split("(:statement")[0].split("( enum robotTask ( list ")[1].split(")")[0].replace("\n"," ").replace("_","-") + " - robot-task"
s = "(define (problem "+fName.replace("/","-").replace(".","-")+")\n\t(:domain household)\n\t(:objects\n\t\t"+taskTypes+"\n\t)"
initialState = ""
statementMap = {}
for statement in allContent.split("(:statement")[1].split("(:goal")[0].split("\n"):
statement = statement.strip()
statement = statement.replace("\t","").replace("\n","")
if not (statement == "" or statement == ")"):
if "key" in statement and not "Batch" in statement:
initialStatePart = "\t\t(" + statement.split(" ( ")[1].replace(" ) "," ").replace(" )",")") + "\n"
#print initialStatePart
initialState +=initialStatePart
elif not "Batch" in statement:
key = statement.split("(")[1].split(" ( ")[0].strip()
#print key
var = "(" + statement.split(" ( ")[1].split(" true")[0].strip().replace(" )",")")
#print var
statementMap[key] = var.replace("humanActivity","human-activity").replace("out)","being-out)")
#print statement
#print "===="
for tc in allContent.split("(:temporal")[1].split("(:cost")[0].split("\n"):
tc = tc.strip()
if "( at" in tc and "] [" in tc:
key = tc.split("at ")[1].split(" [")[0]
tStart = tc.split("[")[1].split(" ")[0]
tEnd = tc.split("[")[2].split(" ")[0]
initialStatePart1 = "\t\t(at " + tStart + " " + statementMap[key] + ")"
initialStatePart2 = "\t\t(at " + tEnd + " (not " + statementMap[key] + "))"
initialState += initialStatePart1 + "\n"
initialState += initialStatePart2 + "\n"
goals = "\n\t(:goal (and"
for goal in allContent.split("(:goal")[1].split("(:temporal")[0].split("\n"):
goal = goal.strip()
if "state" in goal:
goal = "(" + goal.split(" ( ")[1].split(" ) ")[0] + " finished)"
#print goal
goals += "\n\t\t" + goal
#print key
#print tStart,tEnd
#print initialStatePart1
#print initialStatePart2
#print tc
#print "===="
#print goals
s += "\n\t(:init\n"
s += initialState + "\n"
s += fixedRelationsStr + "\n"
s += "\n\t)"
s += goals + "\n\t))\n"
s += preferencesStr + "\n"
s += "\n)" # closing (define
print s
| 6,185 |
lespionangloisou04unkn_3
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,779 |
L'Espion anglois, ou Correspondance secrete entre Milord All'Eye et Milord Alle'Ar [i.e. All'Ear]
|
unknown
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,497 | 11,587 |
tries & les plus onéreux. Pourquoi ccnlerv^r d„ gros appointemens encore à ceux qu’on exclud de ladmi niftration , & lurtout à un Le Rei de Chaumont , l’intendant , reconnu coupable de concuffions dans fa place, & à qui même M. de Saint-Germain la re¬ proché en arrivant au miniftere? Avec les feuls ho¬ noraires qu’on lui donne , on auroit entretenu à 1 hô 40 invalides O). Peut-être y avoit-il quelque choie de mieux a exécuter encore c’étoit d abolit abiolument cette inf¬ lation , quant au féjour de Paris ; de fupprimer ainli l’entretien énorme de l’hôtel, tout 1 état-major , t0Ut le gain des fourniffeurs & aunes lang-lues , s en âilTant de la" fubffftance deftinée au foldat , & de ré_ M. de Chaumont a 12,000 livres de penfion. Un invali. foldats & officiers compris , coûtoit au roi dix iept lots jour , l’un portanc l’autre , & fur ce pied , cette fomme C 53 > partir lamatfedes fonds (a) affeaés à cet cuMiiTemest en penfions , dont jouiroient chez eus les leîvkeurs da ici qui fe trouveroient dans le cas d’obtenir une retraite , foit à raifon de leurs bleffures , ou de leurs ma¬ ladies , ou de l’ancienneté de leurs fer vices, A Curé ment avec des fonds économies de la forte , il y auroit eu de quoi faire un traitement convenable à chacun de ces honnêtes gens , qui vivant dans ko campagnes , les vivifîeroient , pourroient cultiver leur champ, & y jouir d’une aifance qu’ils fe peu¬ vent rarement procurer à 1 hôtel. L’ E s p i o n. Oui: mais cet hôtel, que devïendroit-il ? Ce beau monument eft une choie à maintenir. Le Militaire. On en auroit fait ce qu’on auroit pu. Vous kvez qu’il y a eu un moment où l’on fongeoit à y tranf féreî l’hôtel Dieu ; que l’architecle Moreau ell venu le viliter , en prendre les dimenüons. On a trouvé que le changement n’étoîc pas poflibie i que ce lieu étoic trop éloigné de l’eau. L’ E s P i o N. On auroit pu lui rendre une de fus premières dciii nations , qui étoit de fervir pour le tombeau de vos rois» Le Militaire. j’aime les monumens tout comme vous , mais il a Ces fond s confident en une taxe de quatre derniers, qu on ' prélevé fur toutes les dépenfes du département de la guerre» C 3 C 54 )' faut que les hommes fubfiftent avant les édifices. Je ne demande pas mieux que de conferver celui-ci, fi l’on peut trouver des expédiens , fans faire tort a ceux auxquels il étoit deftiné.Je ne doute pas qus fous un miniftre ferme, vigilant, attentif à reprimer les brigandages, on ne pût concilier la gloire faftueu~ fe de Louis XIV avec l’objet d’humanité qui en a été le prétexte : mais fe n’aurois jamais voulu qu’on eût expulfé un feul malheureux de cet nfyle facré. L’ E s p i o n. M. de St. Germain motive fa dureté fur la néccfii té. Il déclare en outre qu’il ne fait que remettre cec établiffement fur le pied de fa création pour 1,500 invalides , & par une commifération digne de fa belle ame il les toléré à 1 ,8oo , dans ce moment , jufqu’à ce que la réduction s’en effectue parle laps du tems. Il fe conforme à cet égard à la circonftance la plus dé faftreufe du régné du fondateur, l’époque de la paix d’Ucrecht , où, après treize ans d’une guerre fanglan te, il n’y avoità l’hôtel que ce même nombre d’inva¬ lides , dont aoo officiers , & ils étoient 3000 , dont 500 officiers, au moment où a paru fon ordonnance. Le Militaire. Ils auroienc été dix mille A on auroit dû les laifïer ou de moins donner feulement l’option à ceux qui l auroient defiré. V E s P 1 0 N. Eft-ce que cela ne s’eft pas fait ainfi ? ( 65 ) Le Militairi. Si peu que , lorfqu’ils font partis un des chariots chargés de ces vieux foldacs s étant arrêté a la pi*ce des Victoires , ils en font defcendus, les yeux en pleurs ; ils fe font agenouillés devant la ftatue de Louis XIV , l’ont appellé leur pere , & fe font écriés qu’ils n’en avoîent plus : fi pêu que la plupart de ces malheureux ne font point parvenus a leur dchina* tion*, qu’ils fe font jettes, foie par befoin ou autre¬ ment , dans les hôpitaux fur la route , & n’en veu¬ lent point fortir. L’ E s P i o N. Quoi qu’il en foie , rien de plus fage que le prin¬ cipe par lequel on ne peut être admis à l'hôtel, à moins de bleffures ou d’infirmités qui rendent impo¬ tent au point de priver de tous les moyens de pour¬ voir , par fon travail ou fon induftrie , à fa fubfiftan ce , & à défaut des hommes ci detfus défignés , on ne doit accepter que ceux ayanr feptante ans révolus. Le Militaire. Il faudroit s’en tenir là , & , fans fixer le nombre de ceux qu’on recevroit à l’hôtel, le proportionner feu¬ lement à la quantité de ceux qui auroient befoin de ce repos abfolu , l’au gmenter ou le diminuer en con féquence , réferver pour des tems plus critiques ♦ comme ceux de la guerre , 1 économie qu on pourroix faire en tems de paix. L’ E s P i o N. Te vois dans l’ordonnance une difpontion qui, fans. ! C 4 être auffi précife , entre dans cet efprit-îà , du moins en partie. Elle porte , ce me femble , que S. M. en¬ tend que parmi les officiers , bas officiers & foldats défignés (_ a ) , il y ait , proportionnellement à leur grade , cent places vacantes , uniquement deftinces pendant le cours de chaque année, à ceux dont l’ad miffion à l’hôtel ne fauroit être différée , par le genre de leurs infirmités ou de leurs bleffures. Le Militaire. Vous avez raifon : mais ije n’aime pas ce nombre fixe, dont on peut fe prévaloir , luivant moi , pour iefufer ou pour accepter , en un mot , donnant lieu à la faveur , & aux abus conféquemment Enfin je voudrois furtout que les places de l'état-major ( b ) ne fuffent point accordées à des gens de cour , mais fuffent dévolues de droit, fuivant chaque grade, aux plus anciens entre les officiers invalides. L’ E s P i o n. Comment , n’ai je pas ouï dire que parmi les aides majoTs , on avoit placé un certain la Janniere , inf peéteur de police ? a „ S. M. déclare précédemment ne vouloir plus entrete ,, nir à l’hôtel que fix lieutenans-colonels , douze tomman 5, dans de bataillon ou majors , foixante capitaines de la pre miere & fécondé claffe, deux cens lieutenans , foixante „ maréchaux des logis, deux cens douze bas-officiers & neuf , cens foldats/' a L’ordonnance fixe legrand état-major , à un gouverneur 3 qui doit ccre choifà dans le nombre des officiers généraux: .» C 57 ) Le Militaire. Rien de plus vrai, & l’on y avoit vo avant le Sr* d'Hemmery. C’eft une imagination du lieutenant de police pour donner du relief à cette cohorte . la met¬ tre fur un pied militaire & faire avoir fucceffî veinent aux individus la croix de Saint-Louis. L’ E s p i o N. Oui , mais eft-ce qu’on fouffre à l’hôtel ces infïL mes fubalternes ? Le Militaire, Le premier n'ofoit pas trop venir , mais celuf d’aujourd’hui s’y montre le front levé ; il y faitmê me fes fondions impunément. L’ E s p i o N. Ce que vous m’apprenez-là , diminue de beaucoup l’intérêt que je prends à ces braves gens. Il faut qu’ils foient bien engourdis , bien lâches pour ne pas fougir d’une agrégation auffi honteufe , pour n’avoir pas réclamé contre , par l’organe de leurs chefs , où plutôt pouT ne s’être pas fait juftice eux mêmes en ccharpant ce vil fuppôt de police dès la première fois qu’il s’eft montré au milieu d’eux & leur a donné des ordres ! En quoi réfide donc l’honneur destfmilt taires François ? un directeur, choifi dans le nombre des commiiTaires des guerres ; un major , choifi dans le nombre des lieutenants-co¬ lonels ; quatreaides-majors, choifis dans le nombre de.« capi¬ taines ; un trélorier & un feerétaire , garde des archives. Le petit état-major eft également fixé par la meme ordonnance, C 5 < 5§ ) Le Militaire. Il eft fi inconfcquent que je ne faurois trop vous aligner où. L* E s p i o n. je fuis trop indigné de ce que vous m’apprenez ; n'en parlons plus. Mais avant de quitter ce qui con¬ cerne cette partie de vos troupes, donnez-moi une jdée de vos invalides dans le royaume. Comment eft-cn reconnu tel ? Quelavantage enrcfulte til pour ceux qui ne font pas à l’hôtel ? Quelles font leurs fonctions ? Le Militaire. Il y a environ 30,000 invalides. On eft reçu in¬ valide extraordinairement & fur le champ , par un accident ou mutilation à la guerre ou en fonctions mi¬ litaires , qui rendent effectivement tel. On l’eft tou¬ jours au bout de vingt cinq ans de fervice , établis par un certificat du colonel & de l’état-major du ré¬ giment d’où fort celui qui le demande. Quand on n’eft point dans le cas d’avoir encore l’hôtel , on prend ce qu’on appelle un grand congé; c’eft-à-dire , qu’on eft libre d’aller où l’on veut pendant trois ans; on fis repréfente apîès ce cems pour en obtenir un fécond ou pour réclamer la penfion. Indépendamment des invalides qui ont l’hôtel , il y a les compagnies détachées de l’hôtel (æ); compo a Le nombre en eft fixé par le §. 2. de l'ordonnance jfavoir ; feU 2 compagnies de bas officiers, huicdecanoniers & foixan C 59 ) fées de membres encore en état de fervir , & em¬ ployées à la garde des châteaux du roi à Paris St dans }es environs, ou dans l’intérieur du royaume aux lieux qui n’exigent pas les mêmes précautions que les places frontières. . L’ E s p i o N. > Me voilà parfaitement au fait de ce corps Je n’ai plus que quelques renfeignemens à vous demander concernant les nouvelles ordonnances qu’on a publiées ces joursci. Le Militaire. Il n’y en a que trois digues de s’y arrêter. La première ( a ) corceme quelques objets relatifs aux te cinq defufiliers. Onzedes feize compagnies de bas-officiers font deitmées à la garde des Tuilleries , du Louvre , de l’Ar* fenal , delà Baftïlle , du château de Vincennes , de l’Ecole militaire & de l’Hôtel , fans rien changer à leur compétition ni à leur lolde. Les cinq autres , qui doivent être détachées dans les provinces du royaume , font augmentées d’un troi¬ sième lieutenant. Les huit compagnies de canoniers , déta¬ chées fur les côtes , relient fur le meme pied. Celles de fuii liers détachées dans les villes & châteaux de l’intérieur du royaume, doivent être compofées de deux fergens, deux ca¬ poraux , deux appointés , quarante-trois fufiùers & un tam¬ bour , commandés par un capitaine & trois lieutenans. S. M. accorde au-capitaine , 1.000 livres par an ; au lieutenantqoô livres io fols : au fergent , ri fols , 2 deniers par jour ; au caporal 8 fols 2 deniers ; à l’appointé 7 fols 2 deniers ) au fu¬ silier & au tambour , 6 fols 2 deniers. u En date du 27 I uin. C 6 c 6o ) troupes du corps royal de l'artillerie , à la viîîte des arfenaux & des fortifications , aux enchères & adjudi¬ cations des ouvrages à faire , aux bâtimens militaires & aux fournitures des troupes S. M. , confidéranc qu’aucune partie du fervicc ne doit être étrangère à ceux qui font appellés au commandement de fes ar¬ mées, entend que les lieutenans-généraux comman dans dans les provinces , & ceux commandant les di¬ visons , fe fafient rendre compte de ces objets. Le motif en eft louable; il tend d'une part à arrêter da¬ vantage les friponneries & les abus > de l’autre à four¬ nir aux chefs , quoique tard , des eonnoi fiances donc ils manquent fouvîne. La fécondé eft une preuve bien fenfible de l’incon fnquence de M de Saint Germain ? & du peu de fia¬ bilité de fes dédiions. Vous avez ouï parler de fon projet de réforme des Suifies > comme trop or.éreux à l’état. Les cantons ne vouîoient pas confentir à une réduction d’appoïntemens de leurs troupes , plus cheres infiniment que les autres; il n’a pu y parve¬ nir , & la politique s’eft oppofie à cet arrangement* Aujourd’hui il a tellement dégénéré en moins d’un an de cette vigueur qu’il avoit msnifeftée dans le commencement de fon minifierc > qu’iî a des com plaifances qu’aucun de fes prcdécefieurs n’avoit eues. Par l’ordonnance en queftion (a) , il accorde aux â En date du sjuhlet 1776, / C 61 ) Cent-Suiiïes une faveur dont ils n’ont jamais joui: il les met fur le pied le plus refpettable, ce qui fait crier les autres corps de la maifon du roi , tous maltraites par ce miniftre» & ne regardant point celui-là comme un corps vraiment militaire , leurs fervices n’étant guere de cette nature. 1/ E s P i o N. Vous entendez par Cent Suilfes , ces hommes qui tirent leur nom de leu? nombre (æ), tous d’une tail¬ le extraordinaire, qui figurent à Verfailles , St y font décoration , comme autant de belles machines. Eh bien? Le Militaire. Par une innovation révoltante il leur donne un rang dans les troupes ( b ) ; ils auront la croix de Saint a La compagnie des cent gardes-fuiffies ordinaires du corps du roi a été créée en 1481. b Le capitaine-colonel aura rang de colonel d’infanterie du jour de la nomination à fa charge , pourvu qu'il ait alors huit ans de fervice au moins , dont trois comme officier fubalter 11e , & cinq comme capitaine. Les lieutenans ont rang de co¬ lonels d’infanterie , pourvu qu'ils aient alors au moirs dix ans de fervice comme officiers dans les troupes ,dontfepcen qua¬ lité de capitaines, ou comme officiers dans la compagnie. Les enleignes ont rangde lieutenant-colonel , du jour qu’j 's font pourvus de leurs charges , s’ils ont alors au moins huit ans de fervice comme officiers dans la compagnie ou dans les trou¬ pes , auffi comme officiers , en qualité de capitaine , & après quatre ans de fervice dens leurs charges , à compter de la date deleu^scommiffionsde lieutenant-colonel, ils ont rang decsr Louis de droit au terme prefcrit , & jouiront en usi mot des honneurs & prérogatives communs aux au¬ tres corps. Et cependant on obferve qu’ ils ne font point deftinés à aller en campagne; qu’ils ne mar¬ chent jamais qu’avec le roi;qu’alors ils efcortent es * Toute les bagages , & gardent les cuifines à l’armée , où ils ne remplirent aucune fonction militaire ; qu’en 1744 ils obtinrent pour la première fois que deux cent fuifies monteroient à la tranchée avec les gardes fuiffes, mais fans officier. On peut regarder cette — ,1 — — 1 ■ ***"""* W 1 1 l~ — — 1 i= g*.— r — — "" lonel. Les aides-majors , qui , par ieurs charges , ont le rang d’exempt , ont , du jour qu'ils font pourvus , le rang attribué à la charge d'exempt , & fucceffi veinent celui de lieutenant colonel on de colonel , quand S. M. jugera à propos de leur accorder le rang d’enfeigne ou de lieutenant dans la compag¬ nie , après toutefois avoir acquis l’ancienneté de fervice ré¬ glée pour rendre les officiers de chaque claffie fufceptibles de ces grâces. ( 63 ) ordonnance comme accordée au crédit du commets, dant de ce corps (a) ; ainfi que celle de la gendar¬ merie a été extorquée par M de Caftries, L’ E s P i o N. Je ne vois plus qu’une ordonnance importante a parcourir, fur laquelle j’ai encore befoin de vos lu¬ mières: c’eft celle concernant les foldats pionniers Le Militaire. L’invention de celle-là n’cft pas dûe au comte de Saint-Germain ; c’eft une idée de l’intendant de Pa¬ ris (c) , qui lui-mème l’a volée à un militaire ( d ) qui en avoit fait part au maréchal du Muy. L’origi¬ ne en eft dûe au nouveau projet de détruire la men¬ dicité. On avoit, en conféqucnce, créé des dépôts publics pour renfermer tous les vagabonds ; mais le nombre de ceux-ci étant confidérable , & les fonds pour leur entretien ne pouvant y fuffire, M. de Sar tine , alors lieutenant général de police, imagina d’employer ces gens à des travaux publics , aux envi¬ ions de Paris , où il étoit queftion de couper des terres (e); & comme il étoit à craindre qu’ils ne e M. le duc de CofTé , en furvivance du marquis de Cour tenvaux , qui ne fait plus de fonctions. b En date du ejuillet 1776. c Le fils de M. Berthier. d M. le baron d'Houdan. t Comme à l'endroit appellé l'étoile , où il y avoit beaucoup ceterresà enlever pourniveller le terrein d’un chemin non C 64 ) défertafient , il leur donna des chefs. Il fe trouva des militaires oifrfs, qui ne demandèrent pas mieux., que de les difcipliner. On appelle ce nouveau corps par dérifion , le régiment de la pioche . Depuis, le projet de fupprimer les corvées étant agité, différens faifeurs de fpéculations fermentèrent, & le miniftre a enfin donné une confiftance à ces plans particu¬ liers en faifant adopter celui-là par le roi. L’ E s p 1 o n. Ainfi l’objec de ces compagnies, récemment ins¬ tituées , eft d’être employées pendant la paix à des travaux publics , & de fervir , en te ms -de guerre, à }a fuite fde l’armée, pour recevoir leur deftination de l’état major. Quant au nombre, il n’eft pas déter¬ miné , mais chacun de ces corps a le fien arrêté (a) Et la fol de ? Le Militaire. Elle ne doit pas être onéreufe au roi , aélueile g Chaque corps doit être compofé de 2 bataillons ; cha¬ que bataillon de iêpt compagnies , commandées chacune par un capicaine3 un capitaine en fécond , un lieutenant, un fous-lieutenant , & co npofée de quatre fergens , de huit ca¬ poraux , d’un frater , de cent quarante quatre pionniers, dontdîx neuf ouvriers & deux tambours, forma ït un total de cent loixante t ois hommes, y compris les officiers. L’état-major de chaque corps eft compofé d uo comman¬ dant , ayant rang de lieutenant-colonel , d’un major, d'uo ingénieur ayant rang de lieutenant , d'uu quartier-maî¬ tre tréforier , d’un adjudant, d’une chirurgien major , d’un aumônier & d’un prévôt, 1 ( <$5 ) ment elle fera prélevée fur le produit des travaux auxquels ils feront employés (a) p ainfi que tous les autres frais de leur formation , établiffiement , en tretien, gratification & c. V E s p i o n. On ne peut qu’approuver une fi fage inftitution dont il me femble qu’on pourroit faire un ufage bien naturel pour vos corvées, qui caufent tant de piain a Les appointemens & folde réglés pour les officiers , bas officiers & foldats feront payés , en tems de paix , fur le pro¬ duit des travaux auxquels ils feront employés ; S. M. y pour¬ voira en tems de guerre , quand elle jugera à propos de les employer dans fes armées. Les fommes provenantes du prix des travaux de chaque compagnie , & qui excéderont celles néceffiaires à leur folde , formeront une malle générale , dont la moitié fera fpéciale ment affectée à l’entretien du linge, chaufture, habillement, équipement, armement,outils , meubles, logement & aux frais d’hôpitaux. Cette mafle fera adminifirée par Je capitai¬ ne, qui en rerdra compte à l’état-major & au commifiaire des guerres chargé de la police des dites compagnies. L’autre moitié , avec la retenue faite en tems de paix, d’un cinquième des appointemens de tous ies officiers des compa¬ gnies , formeront une fécondé maffie , adminifirée par l’étac major ,& employée au rembourfement des frais d 'établi fi ’e« ment &de formation des compagnies , au renouvellement des effets & aux dépenfes des recrues. Il fera prélevé fur la première maffe une fomme affectée pour les gratifications des fergens , caporaux & foldats qui en fe¬ ront fufceptibîes, proportionnément à leur travail ;& une au¬ tre gratification pour chacun des hommes qui en feront fuf cepcibles, a l’époque de l’expiration de leur congé. ( 66 ) tes, & qu’il eft queftion de remettre, depuis la dis¬ grâce de M. Turgot. Le Militaire. Vous avez raifon ; mais cela ne fera point i du moins je le crains, parce que c’eft une idée trop fimple. Je doute même que ces pionners ayent ja¬ mais une certaine confiftance , & que le corps s’en étende plus loin que dans la généralité de Paris* D’ailleurs nous avons aujourd'hui les galériens de ter¬ re* , qui peuvent remplir la même deilination à bien des égards, & qu'il faut commencer par employer. Et puis encore un coup, il faudroit un miniftere du¬ rable & uniforme pour confolider de pareils établifle mens , & nous ne voyons rien qui puifte nous le faire efpérer. L’ E s p i o N. Vous ne croyez donc pas davantage aux réformes des bureaux de la guerre (æ) , qu’on exalte tant ? a Par ordonnance du n Juillet 1776, concertant la réfor¬ me & nouvelle conftitution des bureaux delà guerre, non imprimée , & qui doit refter manufcrite en ces lieux. M. Char¬ iot a pour adjoint M de Saint Paul : le rer a 15,000 livres , le 2e , 10,000 livres. M. Sainireufe réunit à fon bureau celui desmaréchauflees. 9 des déferteurs & du contrôle des troupes. Il a pour adjoint M. Serin. Le bureau de M. de Fumeron réuni à celui de M. Marie 5 auquel il eft adjoint. Le bureau de M. Peit , pour le génie , eft réuni à celui de C 67 ) Le Militaire. Affurément non. Si les appointemens des premiers commis diminuent d’un côté , ils auront de l’autre des gratifications qui y fuppléeront , ou ils fauront bien s’en dédommager autrement. Croyez vous d ailleurs que les bureaux des divers départemens voient de bon œil une réduétion qui feroit une ceofure conti raftillerie. M. Saugnier refte premier commis des deux : M. Piet îe retire. , Le bureau des fubfiftances , qu’avoit M.delThe , eit reum à celui des hôpitaux , qu’avoit. M. Pacault. Mrs. de 1 Ifie & Pacaulc ont leur retraite. M. Fabre, fecrétaire deM. Sé nac de Meilhan , a ce bureau. Le bureau deM. Bannière , pour la partie des fonds, lui refte. Tons les premier.' commis font tenus de fe pourvoir d’une charge de commi flaire des guerres. En attendant , ils porte¬ ront l’uniforme & en prendront le titre. Leurs appointemens feront fixés à 15^000 livres. Leurs retraites feront fixées , pour les chefs de bureau , au quart de leurs appointemens après dix ans de fervice , au tiers après vingt ans , & à la moi tié après plus de vingt ans. # Le nombre descommis de chaquebureau eft fixé à quinze. I! y aura dans chaque bureau cinq éleves. Après cinq ans de fer vice ils auront la préférence pour acheter une charge de com mi flaire des guerres. Les commis qui ont des charges au ch⬠teau font tenus d’opter. Un commis ne pourra avoir deux années de fuite une gra¬ tification extraordinaire. IL y a quatre vingt-quatorze commis de réformes. Ces nou¬ veaux arrangement font une économie actuelle de 300,00® vres par an. , Chaque bureau coûtera en appointemens & frais de bureau 46,000 livres. C 68 ) nuclle de leur bien-être ? Enfin que penfer d’un ar¬ rangement par lequel on commence à procurer à ceux qui fe retirent un fort plus cher que n’eft celui des fujets en aftivité ? Auffi le bruit fe répand que S. M a dit à M. le comte de St. Germain qu’elle ne pou voit réfuter à toutes les importunités dont elle étoit accablée à cet égard ; qu elle aimoit mieux qu’il lui. en coûtât deux ou trois cens mille francs de plus , & ne plus entendre parler de tout cela ; qu’il fuffi roit de faire les réformes lorfque les places vien droient à vaquer. On fenc ce que cela fignifîe , car les follicitations auprès du monarque recommenceront à mefure , & il fera fans doute auffi embarraffé de refufer. Tel eft , Milord , le réfultat de ma dernîere confé¬ rence , pTopre à fixer vos idées fur les nouvelles or¬ donnances de M le comte de St. Germain. J’ai l’honneur d’être , &c. Paris , ce a6 Juillet 1776. LETTRE XLV. Sur la mort du Prince de Conti. L * Événement quieaufe le plus de fenfatton en ce moment, Milord, c’eft la mort du Prince de Conti. Il langutfibit depuis plus d’un an ; & par cette opïniâ ( 69 ) trecé qu’il a toujours eue fur tout , il a lui-meme ac¬ céléré fon terme fatal, en voulant le traiter à fa ma. niere. L’objet de fes conférences avec fes medecins, étoit moins de s’éclairer fur fon état, de profiter de leurs conreils pour y remédier , que de difputer avec eux. Enforte que l’inftanc le plus redouté par les gens attaches à ce prince, étoit celui où amvoient les doéleurs. Il iortoit 'toujours plus malade de leur confultation. Comme un fang enflammé par les veil¬ les , par les débauches de toute efpece , par les di ver fes paffîons dont il étoit agité , par la vie a&ive h turbulente qu’il avoit menée fans ceffe & qu’il mcnoit encore, étoit le principe des divers accidens qui 1 ont conduit au tombeau , les contradictions qu’il éprouvoit de leur part, nefaifoient que l'aigrir davantage*, & e réfultat étoit ordinairement de ne rien faire de ce qu’ils ordonnaient. C’eft ainfi qu il a trouvé le fe cret de miner infenfiblement le tempérament le mieux conftitué , & de périr encore dans la force de l’âge. Du relie , il a fini avec la même fermeté qu’il avoit montrée dans toutes les circonftances critiques de fa vie quoique fur de ne pouvoir guérir du mal qui le conlumoit, il n’a point perdu fa gaieté & la préfence d’efprit. Dans fon dernier voyage à fille-Adam (*)> il s’eft fait apporter fou cercueil de plomb, qu’ii a Le prince de Conci étoit de 1717. b Terre appartenance à ce prince. ( 7° ) a voit commandé; il s’y eft couché, & a pîaîfanté fur la gêne qu’il y éprouvoit. Une autre fois, voyant fe promener enfemble fon tréforier & fon aumônier; voilà j dit-il en riant , les deux hommes les plu» ,, inutiles de ma mai fon. ” Dans l’état des dépenfes lecrettes de fon intérieur , on trouve encore paffé en compte , au mois de Juin dernier, des foupers de fil¬ les, qu’il faifoit habituellement plufieurs fois par fe maine. Malgré ces écarts , qui n’étoient que ceux de fin tempérament , il étoit relié conftamrnent attaché de cceur à la marquife de Bouflers , pour laquelle il avoic les fentimens les plus finceres , les plus tendres & les plus inviolables. Il eft pafie , pour ainfi dire * entre fes bras, & la chronique fcandaleufe pourroîc dire encore mieux de lui que du régent (jl) , qu’il eft mort ajftfté de fon confejjeur ordinaire. Cette circonftance eft d’autant plus frappante, elle afflige d’autant plus le clergé , que M. le prince de Conti eft le premier de la maifon de Bourbon , tou¬ jours trés-édifiante au lit de la mort , fe voyant def fécher lentement, confervanc fa tête jufqu’au dernier inftant , perfiftanc dans fon impénitence finale, & re fufant conftamrnent de recevoir les fecours de l’églife. a A la mort de ce prince, une gazette étrangère affeéia de dire qu’il étoit mort aififté de fon confefleur ordinaire , par¬ ce que Madame de PhaUris , fa maîtrelTe , le trouvant avec lui au moment où il fut frappé d’apoplexie , lui avoic rend» les foins ordinaires en pareil cas. C 7 1 ) En eonfequence les incrédules ont voulu tirer parfai¬ tement au clair la certitude & les détails de ce triomphe. Yoici ce qui réfulte de leurs informations & du tappott des perfonnes attachées à fon alteffe. Dans fes derniers infians , l’archevêque de Paris , allarmé fur le fort de cette ouaille augufle, s’eft tranfporté à fon palais , a été brufquemenc introduit auprès du moribond. Celui-ci Y a reçu très-honnêtement , lui a témoigné une forte d’eftime , relativement à fes mœurs , quoique différant de lui dans fa façon de pen fer , foie en matière poétique , foit en matière refi gieufe. A l’égard de ce dernier objet, il a prié le prélat de ne point lui en parler, parce qu’il avoic mûrement examiné la choie & favoit à quoi s’en te¬ nir. Depuis, le prince fi doutant que M. de Beau¬ mont , fuivant le devoir de fon état , fe repréfenteroit pour le.pTêcher de nouveau, avoit défendu de le lais fer pénétrer; en forte qu’il a cté refufé deux fois par le fuilfe à la porte de la rue, fans être defeendu de fon caroffe , & en préfence d’un peuple immenfe , at¬ tentif aux démarches de l’archevêque. Les gens du métier reprochent à M. de Beaumont de n’avoir pas fauvé le fcandale, en y mettant un peu d’aftuce, en defeendant , en entrant dans la cour , & fe tenant en quelque endroit , pour en impofer au mois aux fpec tateurs , & qu’on crue qu’il avoit été admis auprès de S A Les fubaltemes fe font conduits avec plus d’a drefle. Piqués de voir ce prince leur échapper & té C 72 5 moigner ouvertement une façon de penfer qui pou voit taire exemple , ils ont cherché à fauver l’extérieur du mieux qu’lia ont pu. En conféquence , de concert avec des ierviteurs de la maifon dont ils ont intérelfé le zele , ils ont fuppofé qu’on étoit venu chercher les faintes huiles : ils les ont portées au Temple, font entrés par une porte & reffortis par l’autre , ou peuta être ils ont oint le malada, déjà mort. Si la marquife de Bouliers a été un fcandale pour les prêtres , furieux de ne pouvoir déterminer le mo¬ ribond à fe féparer de cet objet le plus*, cher à fon cœur , fa conduite n’en a pas pas moins cté approuvée des honnêtes gens. Elle avoit déterminé depuis quelque tems ce pere , irrité contre le comte de la Marche, à le recevoir, à fe reconcilier avec lui, & à fouffrir que ce prince lui rendît tous les foins d’une piété fi¬ liale. Il l’inftitue par fon teftament fon légataire univerfeî , & ce qui prouve la pureté de la façon de penfer de la marquife , c’eft qu’elle n’y eft pour rien (a). Cette piece ne contient, au furplus, que des difpofitions particulières à l’égard de fa maifon. Il lailfe à chacun , en penfion viagère , les appointe . ^ ' mens a On a prétendu que Madame la marquife de Bouliers ayant la délicacelfe de ne vouloir pas recevoir des bienfaits publics du prince deCond , n’en avoit pas refufé 30,000 livres de rentes qu'il lui a voit placées , & que le comte de la Marche en a depuis acquis la preuve. ✓ x ' /' / ■ 1 ' ' * t ' , * » ( 73 ) mens ou gages qu’il avoit. Mais les bienfaits immen fes donc il avoit comblé une multitude de créatu¬ res , font une charge confidérable pour fes héritiers. Il n'eft prefqu’aucune fille d’opéra qui n’aic un con¬ trat de lui, fans compter les autres. C’eft cette géné¬ ralité immenfe qui fait qu’en ce moment la recette dans les biens de fa fucceffion gale à peine U dépen fe II confefie par ce dernier afte deux enfans natu¬ rels , qu’il a chargé fon fils de recommander au roi , auxquels il procure un fort diftingué. O.i voit par ces détails qu’entre les princes galans de la mai fon de Bourbon , le défunt méritoit la première place. Mais s’il fe plongoit dans les voluptés & mcme dans la débauche' avec une luxure effrénée , ce vice ne faifoit point tort à. fes grandes qualités. Il avoit donné dans fa jeunefle des preuves de fa valeur & de fa capacité pour le commandement des armées (æ). Son averfion pour les gênes de la cour , fon peu d’c gards pour les maîtreffes de Louis XV , l’en avoient éloigné & l’avoiem empêché d’être employé depuis. Et , en général , la franchife de fon caraétere ne fym pathifoit point avec celui du monarque, qui fentoit la füpériorité de cette ame forte & énergique fur la Tienne. Comme il falloir un aliment continuel à fon activité, & que d’ailleurs il avoit le génie naturellement fier &faftieux,il avoit faili l’occafion des troubles du par a Dans la guerre de 1741 , il avoit commandé en Italie, forcé ie pallage des Alpes en 1744 & gagné la bataille de Coni. Tome HT H ( 74 ) lement avec le miniftere pour fe ligna 1er & fe for¬ mer un parti dans la magiftrature. Il fe jugeoic le feul entre les princes en état d’y figurer, par une grande connoiflance des affaires , & par la facilité à parler & à rendre fes idées. Vous avez vu , Milord» dans VObfervattUT Hollandois (æ) , le beau rôle qu’il * a joué durant la révolution. Il ne s’eft démenti en aucune circonftance. Quelques gens l’ont blâmé de n’avoir fait pendant la maladie du fe u roi aucune démarche pour rentrer en grâce auprès de S. M. & lui témoigner fa douleur de lui avoir déplu; mais le patriotifme devoit-il céder à fon affeélion parti¬ culière envers le monarque ? Il n’a manqué en rien aux aéles extérieurs de bienféance. On rapporte même à cette occaflon un trait original & vraiment dans fon caiaétere franc & pétulant. Il étoit aux prières de quarante heures à la paroiffe du Temple 9 jorfqu’on vint lui annoncer la mort de Louis XV. Oubliant i l’inftant le lieu où il étoit & la décence qu’il exigeoit , il donna ordre de renfermer le faine facrement dans le tabernacle, comme pour reprocher à Dieu l’inutilité des prières qu’on lui adreffoit, au grand fcandale du peuple, obligé de fe retirer fans bénediétion. Quelque défit qu’il eût de voir le jeune monarque & de s’y réunir, il n’a point voulu fe prêter à la dé a Voyez la lettre IV de l' Obfervatfiur Hollandais fur les princes du fang & la nobleffe. ( 75 ) marche préalable qu’on exigent de lui (a), c’eft-i* dire , à une lettre do foumiffion trop contraire à Tes principes &. ^ la façon de penfer : il ne reparut à îa cour qu’aprês le lit de jultice du 13 Novembre 1774. JA y étoic en quelque force inconnu , & le roi le pré fenta à Madame, & à Madame la comceffe d’Artois qu’il n’avoit pas encore vue du tout. Le rétabliiîement du parlement dans la forme qu’il s' eft effectué , & avec toutes les modifications appo¬ ses par l’autorité royale , n’étoit pas trop du goût du prince de Comi. Il prévoyoic que cet aéte de jufti ce apparent pourroit bien ne tendre qu'à confolider le defpotifme de fait. En conféquence il avoir, fait parlementer avec différens membres de la compagn'e pour réveiller ou exciter leur zele, leur promettant de les féconder de tous fes efforts, C’eft ce qui avoit donné lieu aux affemblées confécutives , dont le rc fultat fut de préfenter au roi des remontrances , quî a Madame la princefie deConti, famere, ayant fort à cœur de voir fon fils entrer en grâce avant fa mort fut trou¬ ver le roi à Choili , & lui porter une lettre , où ce prince té moignoit fon defir de rendre fes devoirt au monarque. Celui ci reçut très-bien la refpeétable douairière , la fit afleoir & refta debout. Il voulut avoir ie teins de la réflexion & fe confuîter vraifembîablement avant de répondre. Le réfuitac fut de preferire au prince de Conti une lettre de retr -, >,tion , dans le goût de celles écrites à Louis XV. par le prît;ce de Condc & par le duc d’Orléans. On voit cous ces détails dans 1 e journal hiftorique du rétablijjbn&nt de la Magiftrature , &e* volume premier. D â ( 76 ) liront fervi à rien qu’à mettre plus au jour î’impulf fance ou la foiblefle de la cour r fatiguée de fes Ion ✓ gués calamités. Le fameux procès du maréchal duc de Richelieu contre Madame la préfideqte de St. Vincent, avoic fourni au prince de Conti une autre occafion de fe fi g n ale r & de pérorer. On l’avoit admiré dans cet¬ te fcance où , s’élevant avec force contre les coups -d’autorité frappés au mépris des loix dans cette affai¬ re monftrueufe, il fe rëferva de mettre en délibération par quels moyens on pourroit s’oppofer à ces lettres de cachet , avec lefquelies on violoit fi impunément j;a libetté des citoyens de tous les ordres. On fe jdattoît qu’il travailleroit avec l'impartialité qu exigeoit fon miniltere à défendre l’innocence, & c’eft avec pei mt qu’on a vu l’intrigue d’un vieux courtifan blanchi dans l’art de la flatterie & des féduftions , pénétrer jufqu’à lui, l’obféder & le fubjuguer abfolument par rentremife d’une temme (fz) ? dont les charmes en¬ vers S  Séréniflime étoient d’autant plus indeftruc Êibles , qu’ils ne venoient point de fa figure , mais de fon-efpric. Dans le même tems , fon acharnement -contre M. Turgot & contre fes opérations les plus favorables au peuple, n’ont point fait plus d’honneur à cette alceffe, d’autant qu’on pouvoit îoupçonncr çue des vues d’intérêt la portoient à contrarier le $ Madame lamar%uife de Eoulers. C 71 ) imnïftre , par les perces quelle en pouvoit fôuffriï dans fes revenus (fl). Enfin fes bontés envers le Sr. de Beaumarchais 7 motivées fut l’utilité dont étok ce Proxenete aux pki» rfirs du prince, auioient dû relier plus fecretes; on "lui * reproché d’avoir trop montré fa bienveillance pour lui, de l’avoir couvert d’une prote&ion trop écla¬ tante au moment de fa flétîHtore (J) afFeftation vrai¬ ment louable, s’il Je fût agi efieffet de protéger l’in¬ nocence opprimée ; mais indécent à l’égard d’un homme diffamé depuis longtems par la voix publique, dont ceux mômes qui rioient le plus de fes farcaf me's (c) déteftoient la méchanceté , l’ impudence & la fcélcrateffe. On a prétendu qu il 1 avoit rrns eà œuvre pendant la révolution ; qu il avoit employé fa plume pour ces ouvrages qui ont fi fort defolu le chancelier & fes luppôts. Quoi qu il en fost de cette anecdote mal éclaircie, rien ne peut ju&ificrja familiarité que S. A. lui donna chez elle jufqu au der nier inftant , que le befoin qu’elle en avoir fur la fini pour s’égayer dans fa langueur & dans fes foufirances.’ Ce qui prouve cependant que le prince de Conti fa voip l’apprécier , &rougiffoit intérieurement de fa foi aV oyez la Lettre fur le lit de juftice. b Par jugement de la commifiïon du a8 Février 17.74 , p^X lequel il a été blâmé , amendé , &c. c Dans fes mémoires fi connus, rf Les Corvef^ondances. O 3 ( 78 ) blefTe , c’eft qu’il a évité d'en laifler fubfifter en quel Que for.e aucune trace , & que le récompenfant ma¬ nuellement, il n’a point voulu qu’on lût fon nom fur fon teftament , fur ce dernier aéte devant mettre le fceau à fa mémoire. M. le prince de Conti eft actuellement expofé fur fon lit ae parade , fuivant le privilège de ces auguf tes peifonnages , & le public eft admis à le voir. J’ai voulu jouir de ce fpeftacle affligeant, mais philofo phique ; je ne l.ui ai point trouvé la figure hideafe» elle m a pajct avoir encore la nobleffe & une forte de vie^ J’y ai rencontré un peintre (^occupé à l’ef o^iffer? je lui ai obfervé que ce moment n’étoic pas le plus favorable pour le rendre ; il m’a répondu que c’étoit le dernier à faifir, attendu que S. À. if avoit jamais voulu être peinte de fon vivant, bien différen¬ te en cela de fes femblables , dont la flatterie multi¬ plie fi fouvent l’effigie , prefque toujours à la fatis .faétion de leur amour-propre -, on ayoit , me dit-il , déterminé une feule fois le prince de Conti 2 figurer dans un tableau qu’il avoit commandé , & où il ne pouvoit fe difpenfer d’être: il s’agiffoit d’un déjeu¬ ner donné à tous les princes , mais il avoit exigé de l’arrivé de ne le montrer que par le dos. Le lieu de la feene étoit Y Ijle-j4dam, On y voit encore ce mor¬ ceau , où il fait les honneurs de toutes le maniérés. a Le chevalier de Lorge. à M. Olivier , de l’académie. (79 ) C’eft le parlement qui a mis les feellés chez le prince de Conti t & c’eft lui qui en fera la levée» Lè greffier de cette compagnie , affifté d’un fubüitut de M. le procureurgénéral j fervirent de notaires. Tel eft un autre privilège de fa naiflance. Cependant le parlement & les autres cours n’ont été ni iront lui porter l’eau-bénite pendant Ton expofition , parce que cet honneur n’appartient point aux princes de la fé¬ condé, ligne , c’eft-à-dire , à ceux qui ne coffipofent pas ce qu’on appelle la famille royale. Les dépouilles de S. A font déjà divifées. Le comte de la Marche prend fon nom , & s’appellera déformai# prince de Conti , d’après la déiîgnation du joi * qui l’a qualifié ainfi , lorfqu’il eft venu faire part à S. M. de la mort de fon pere. Le gouvernement de Poitou , dont il étoit pourvu*, eft donné au duc de Chartres , qui eft à la mer ; mais le roi en a fait por¬ ter la nouvelle à Madame la ducheffe > &il eft décidé qu’il en jouira fur le même pied que le prédécefîeur & dans toute fon intégrité; quoique par le nouveau réglement il fat réduit aux appoincemens de 300,000 li" vres , on y a déjà fait déroger S. M. en ce moment ci. jugez, en paffanc , Milord > quelle vigueur ont les operations économiques de M. de St. Germain 1 Quant au grand prieuré de France , le meilleur morceau que laiiïe le prince défunt, il occafïonne une grande fermentation à la cour, par le nombre & l’avidité des concurrens ; mais il y a grande ap¬ parence qu’il fera conféré à M. le duc d’Angoulême* D 4 ï'i.ï : ( 80 ) ' | Le comte d’Artois fcllicite fortement ce bénéfice au¬ près du roi fon frere , & il pafie pour confiant que S. M. le propofera au grand-maître de Malihe. Le pere compte en jouir fous le nom du fils , & quand celui. ci fera grand & en âge de fe marier, on ver¬ ra de plus loin y peut-ctre trouvera-t-on alors quel* que moyen auprès du faint pere , fe mitigeant de jour en jour, d’obtenir une difpenfe & de le conférer < dans cette branche. Cependant l’ordre murmure beaucoup de fe voir fruftrc d’un pareil bien, deve¬ nu depuis près d un fiecle l’appanage des princes lé* gitimes, & qui va l’être bientôt des chefs les plus auguftes du royaume. Pour i’appaifer, on parle de lui réunir les biens fupprimés des Antonins, éva¬ lues à 500,000 livres de rentes. Autre objet de ré¬ clamation de la parc du clergé, qui, n’ayant confen ti à cette extinélion que dans l’efpoir de jouir d’un tel accroilfement , eft furieux d’avoir été pris pour dupe & jette les hauts cris.
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935497_2003_6
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SEC
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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Spoken
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* Confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the Commission pursuant to an application for Confidential Treatment under Rule 24b-2 promulgated under the Securities Exchange act of 1934, as amended..
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892223_1
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Caselaw Access Project
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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English
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OPINION OF THE COURT
Jan H. Plumadore, J.
Plaintiffs move for summary judgment in this lien foreclosure action. The only opposition interposed, despite notice to other lienors who are not parties to this action, is by defendant Pyramid on a variety of grounds. One of the served nonparties, Ben Weitsman and Son, does not object to the relief sought but does object to consolidation of the various actions due to the nature of the relief sought and the varying procedural stages of each.
Pyramid objects on the ground that necessary parties (the other lienors) have not been joined in this action. They have, as noted, been noticed with this application and none has sought to appear or otherwise respond with the sole above-noted exception. There is additionally no real opposition to plaintiff's contention (and Weitsman's concession) that its lien has priority inasmuch as it is for wages and benefits (Lien Law § 13 [1]). This ground asserted is therefore without merit.
Equally without merit is Pyramid's assertion that this action should not be permitted to proceed as it will result in a double recovery due to plaintiff's pending claim in Markoff's bankruptcy. The Honorable Justin J. Mahoney lifted the automatic bankruptcy stay, not as an exercise in futility, but to expressly permit plaintiff to prosecute this action to conclusion. There can be no double recovery until there has first been one; once that has occurred it may be time for Pyramid to raise this objection in the remaining proceeding if plaintiff does not voluntarily discontinue same.
Plaintiff contends that Pyramid's attempts to charge the retained funds due Markoff for attorney's fees, administrative costs and bond premiums expended in contesting or discharging other liens are unauthorized, citing Willson & Adams Co. v Learner Realty Co. (236 App Div 709); Pyramid claims they are (Sealy Co. v Ards Bldg. Corp., 244 NY 565). Neither Willson nor Sealy cites any authority for its advanced proposition and Sealy was virtually a one-line aside. This court finds that, despite the obvious deleterious effects on the lien fund(s) and the subcontractors, Pyramid has the right to so charge.
Willson (supra, at 709) held that "[t]here is no statutory or other authority for the deduction of the amount of premiums paid on bonds for the discharge of the liens, or the legal expenses in connection therewith" (emphasis supplied). Here there is the "other" authority of Pyramid's contract with Markoff which so provides, and no express statutory (or other) prohibition. As is always the case with subcontractor's liens, they are subject to the contractual rights and obligations of and amount due the general at the time the lien was filed (3 Warren's Weed, New York Real Property, Mechanics' Liens, § 7.03, at 118, § 7.02, at 113 [4th ed]). Pyramid may therefore backcharge costs attributable to these items for which liability accrued (attorney's fees billed) or which were paid (bond premiums) prior to the filing of the notice of this lien.
The same rationale holds with respect to Pyramid's claims for chargebacks due to repairs of allegedly defective work. To the extent they affected the amount due the general (Markoff) at the time the lien was filed, Pyramid is entitled to assert them and will be given leave to plead them in an amended answer (see, 77 NY Jur 2d, Mechanics' Liens, § 274, 275; Jensen, Mechanics' Liens § 409). As with the other costs dealt with supra, to the extent Markoff was not chargeable therewith until after the lien was filed they cannot affect the amount of the fund available to plaintiff unless by the terms of Pyramid's and Markoff's contract they are sufficient in time (3 Warren's Weed, New York Real Property, Mechanics' Liens, § 7.02, at 113, 114) or size (3 Warren's Weed, op. cit, § 7.04 [substantial performance]) to affect whether any amount was then due. That appears to be a determination which can only be made after issue is rejoined and a trial date set.
Finally, the court finds that plaintiff is not entitled to claim a delinquency fee against Pyramid. Any such amount due is so solely from Markoff pursuant to its contract with plaintiff, and liens only attach to any amounts due from the owner to the general (id., § 7.02, 7.03).
On the matter of consolidation, in light of the within disposition it appears to be required notwithstanding the other lienors' lack of opposition to the other relief. While they were all noticed with this application, none of them are parties herein and all must be (Jensen, op. cit., § 349) despite plaintiff's apparent priority (and despite Weitsman's objection). Accordingly, by copies of the within decision to all counsel the court puts them on notice that it will order consolidation unless it is the consensus of all parties that it not do so.
Default judgment is granted against defendant Markoff..
| 30,107 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21778599
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Miltanay
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 98 | 264 |
Miltanay
Miltanay
Miltanay Geonames-ID 1435121
Miltanay instans av berg
Miltanay höjd över havet
Miltanay geografiska koordinater
Miltanay land Afghanistan
Miltanay GNS-ID 6208467
Miltanay inom det administrativa området Paktika
Miltanay
berg in Afghanistan
Miltanay GeoNames-identificatiecode 1435121
Miltanay is een berg
Miltanay hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Miltanay geografische locatie
Miltanay land Afghanistan
Miltanay GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode 6208467
Miltanay gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Paktika
Miltanay
mountain in Afghanistan
Miltanay GeoNames ID 1435121
Miltanay instance of mountain
Miltanay elevation above sea level
Miltanay coordinate location
Miltanay country Afghanistan
Miltanay GNS Unique Feature ID 6208467
Miltanay located in the administrative territorial entity Paktika
| 3,634 |
https://github.com/NeobilitySRL/adminjs/blob/master/packages/adminjs-demo/src/index.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
adminjs
|
NeobilitySRL
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 72 | 214 |
/* eslint-disable import/newline-after-import */
/* eslint-disable import/first */
import dotenv from 'dotenv-json'
dotenv({ path: 'cypress.env.json' })
import AdminJS from 'adminjs'
import AdminJSSequelize from '@adminjs/sequelize'
import { connect, sessionStore, authenticate, createAdmin } from './databases/sequelize'
import { listen } from './plugins/express'
import { options } from './admin/options'
AdminJS.registerAdapter(AdminJSSequelize)
const run = async (): Promise<void> => {
const sequelize = await connect()
const admin = new AdminJS(options)
await createAdmin()
admin.watch()
listen(admin, sessionStore(sequelize), authenticate)
}
run()
| 43,973 |
https://openalex.org/W2282063645
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi Jawa dan Sapi Peranakan Ongole di Brebes
|
Endang Purbowati
|
Indonesian
|
Spoken
| 3,021 | 7,695 |
The Digestive Tract Organs Weight and Length of Java and Ongole Crossbred Bulls
in Brebes E. Purbowati, E. Rianto, W. S. Dilaga, C. M. S. Lestari, dan R. Adiwinarti
Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian Universitas Diponegoro
Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH Kampus Tembalang Semarang,50275
e-mail: purbowati@hotmail.com
(Diterima: 15 November 2013; Disetujui: 6 Februari 2014) E. Purbowati, E. Rianto, W. S. Dilaga, C. M. S. Lestari, dan R. Adiwinarti
Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian Universitas Diponegoro
Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH Kampus Tembalang Semarang,50275
e-mail: purbowati@hotmail.com
(Diterima: 15 November 2013; Disetujui: 6 Februari 2014) ABSTRAK Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi bobot dan panjang saluran pencernaan sapi
Jawa dan sapi PO. Materi penelitian berupa saluran pencernaan sapi Jawa dan PO jantan, masing-
masing 6 buahdari RPH Brebes, Jawa Tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa bobot saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa (11,61kg), terdiri dari lambung, usus halus, dan usus besar masing-masing
6,21; 2,77; dan 2,63kg. Bobot saluran pencernaaan sapi PO (12,92kg), terdiri dari lambung, usus
halus, dan usus besar masing-masing 7,44; 2,70; dan 2,78kg. Panjang usus total sapi Jawa 26,45m
terdiri dari usus halus 20,52m dan usus besar 5,93m, sedangkan sapi PO 30,69m terdiri dari usus
halus 23,36m dan usus besar 7,33m. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bobot saluran pencernaan
sapi Jawa lebih rendah dari pada sapi PO. Panjang usus total sapi Jawa lebih pendek dari pada sapi
PO. Kata kunci : lambung, usus halus, usus besar, sapi Jawa, sapi PO Keywords : stomach, small intestine, colon, Java bulls, OC bulls Keywords : stomach, small intestine, colon, Java bulls, OC bulls Kata kunci : lambung, usus halus, usus besar, sapi Jawa, sapi PO ABSTRACT This study wanted to obtain information about weight and length of the digestive tract organs
of Java and OC bulls. Twelve pieces of the digestive tract of Java and OC bulls were used in this
experiment which was taken from Slaughter House in Brebes, Central Java. The results showed
that the digestive tract weight of Java bulls about 11.61 kg, consists of 6.21 kg stomach, 2.77 kg
small intestine, and 2.63 kg large intestine (colon). The digestive tract weight of OC bulls about
12.92 kg, consists of 7.44 kg stomach, 2.70 kg small intestine, and 2.78 kg colon. The length of
total intestine of Java bulls (26.45 m) consists of 20.52 m small intestine and 5.93 m colon, while
OC bulls (30.69 m) consists of 23.36 m small intestine and 7.33 m colon. It was concluded that the
digestive tract weight of Java bulls lower than OC bulls and the total intestine length of Java bulls
shorter than OC bulls. Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) Vol. 16(1) Vol. 16(1) Vol. 16(1) Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia, Februari 2014
ISSN 1907-1760 PENDAHULUAN Sapi Jawa umumnya dipelihara secara tradisi-
onal dengan pakan seadanya, sehingga tidak
terlihat potensinya sebagai ternak tipe peda-
ging. Keberhasilan program swasembada da-
ging sapi pada tahun 2014 akan tercapai kalau
seluruh sumber daya ternak di Indonesia
dieksplorasi untuk dikembangkan. Salah satu
kekayaan fauna yang dapat dieksplorasi untuk
dikembangkan dalam mendukung program
swasembada daging tersebut adalah sapi Jawa
yang merupakan plasma nutfah Indonesia. Oleh karena itu banyak peternak yang
beralih untuk memelihara bangsa sapi lain,
seperti sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO), sapi
Peranakan Simmental, dan sapi Peranakan
Limousine. Hal ini mengakibatkan keberada-
an sapi Jawa sebagai plasma nutfah Indonesia 15 Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) Vol. 16 (1) Vol. 16 (1) semakin terpinggirkan. Sapi Jawa dapat mem-
perlihatkan produktivitas yang lebih baik
dengan perbaikan jenis pakan yang diberikan. Purbowati et al. (2011a) melaporkan, bahwa
sapi Jawa yang hanya diberi jerami padi dan
dedak padi menghasilkan pertambahan bobot
badan harian (PBBH) 0,19 kg, sedangkan
yang diberi jerami padi, dedak padi, daun
gliricidia, dan mineral dapat menghasilkan
PBBH sebesar 0,63 kg. Lestari et al. (2012)
melaporkan, bahwa sapi Jawa yang diberi
konsentrat 30% menghasilkan PBBH 0,44 kg,
sedangkan
yang
diberi
konsentrat
70%
menghasilkan PBBH 0,64 kg. Hasil studi di
RPH Brebes (Purbowati et al., 2011b), rata-
rata bobot potong sapi Jawa betina adalah
214,33 kg menghasilkan karkas sebesar 113,6
kg (52,41% dari bobot potong), yang terdiri
dari tulang 0,47 kg (16,43%), daging 1,77 kg
(61,89%), dan lemak 0,62 kg (21,68%). potong hewan (RPH) di Brebes, Jawa Tengah,
yang diambil secara incidental sampling. Kedua bangsa sapi yang digunakan mem-
punyai latar belakang pemeliharaan yang
relatif sama yakni secara tradisional dengan
pakan berupa rumput lapangan, jerami padi,
dan jerami jagung, tanpa pemberian konsen-
trat. Kondisi gigi seri kedua bangsa sapi
tersebut sudah berganti sepasang (poel 1). Sebelum dipotong, sapi ditimbang bobot
badannya. Kemudian saluran pencernaan
diambil dan ditimbang. Setelah itu saluran
pencernaan dipisahkan berdasarkan organnya
yaitu lambung (rumen, retikulum, omasum
dan abomasum), usus halus dan usus besar,
dan masing-masing organ tersebut ditimbang. Isi masing-masing organ saluran pencernaan
dikeluarkan dan ditimbang. Selanjutnya usus
total diukur panjangnya, dipisahkan antara
usus halus dan usus besar, kemudian masing-
masing diukur panjangnya. Data yang di-
peroleh dianalisis dengan statistik sederhana
dan deskriptif. Besarnya meat bone ratio (tanpa lemak)
dan meat bone ratio (dengan lemak) sapi Jawa
betina tersebut yaitu 3,16 dan 3,83. PENDAHULUAN Produk-
tivitas tersebut merupakan hasil akhir dari
proses pencernaan pakan di dalam tubuh sapi. Kapasitas saluran pencernaan sapi perlu dike-
tahui agar manajemen pemberian pakan dapat
dilakukan dengan tepat. Namun informasi
tentang kapasitas saluran pencernaan sapi,
khususnya pada sapi Jawa masih jarang
diperoleh, bahkan boleh dikatakan tidak ada. Informasi yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini
akan menjadi dasar untuk melestarikan dan
mengembangkan sapi Jawa, sebagai bangsa
sapi lokal yang kompetitif. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Saluran pencernaan merupakan organ
yang berperan penting dalam mengubah pakan
yang diberikan untuk ternak sapi menjadi
produk daging. Hasil penelitian bobot, isi dan
ukuran saluran pencernaan disajikan pada
Tabel 1, 2 dan 3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa
bobot potong sapi Jawa jantan poel 1 (gigi seri
sudah menjadi gigi tetap sebanyak 1 pasang)
lebih rendah (207,32 kg) dari pada sapi PO
jantan poel 1 (241,86 kg). Hal ini yang
mengakibatkan bobot badan kosong dan bobot
saluran pencernaan sapi Jawa (170,34 dan
11,61 kg) juga lebih rendah dari pada sapi PO
(203,36 dan 12,92 kg). Fitri (2010) menya-
takan, bahwa hubungan antara bobot badan
dan bobot tubuh kosong positif dan nyata
dengan nilai r = 0,989, sehingga bobot badan
yang lebih tinggi akan menghasilkan bobot
tubuh kosong yang lebih tinggi pula. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
memperoleh informasi tentang kapasitas salu-
ran pencernaan sapi Jawa dan sapi PO. Pene-
litian tentang kapasitas saluran pencernaan
pada sapi Jawa, akan memberikan informasi
dasar tentang kemampuan sapi Jawa tersebut
dalam memanfaatkan pakan menjadi produk
daging. Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) METODE Bobot dan proporsi isi saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa dan PO
Jantan Poel 1
Parameter
Sapi Jawa Sapi PO
Bobot badan (kg)
207,32
241,86
Bobot isi saluran pen-
cernaan total (kg)
36,98
38,50
Proporsi isi saluran
pencernaan total
terhadap bobot badan
(%)
17,84
15,92
Bobot isi organ saluran
pencernaan (kg)
- Lambung
31,46
33,23
- Usus halus
3,32
3,09
- Usus besar
2,21
2,18
Proporsi isi organ
saluran pencernaan
terhadap bobot isi
saluran pencernaan total
(%)
- Lambung
85,06
86,31
- Usus halus
8,97
8,03
- Usus besar
5,96
5,65
Tabel 3. Panjang dan proporsi panjang usus
sapi Jawa dan POJantan Poel1
Parameter
Sapi Jawa
Sapi PO
Bobot badan (kg)
207,32
241,86
Panjang usus total (m)
26,45
30,69
Panjang usus (m)
-
Usus halus
20,52
23,36
-
Usus besar
5,93
7,33
Proporsi panjang organ
usus terhadap panjang
usus total (%)
-
Usus halus
77,59
76,12
-
Usus besar
22,41
23,88
Secara
proporsional,
persentase
isi
saluran pencernaan total terhadap bobot tetapi bobot usus halus sapi Jawa (2,77 kg)
lebih tinggi dari pada sapi PO (2,70 kg). Dilihat dari proporsi bobot organ saluran
pencernaan terhadap bobot badan kosong,
ternyata persentase lambung antara sapi Jawa
dan PO hampir sama, sedangkan persentase
usus halus dan usus besar sapi Jawa lebih
tinggi dari pada sapi PO. Hal ini karena bobot
badan kosong sapi Jawa lebih rendah dari
pada sapi PO. Demikian juga dengan proporsi
bobot organ saluran pencernaan terhadap bo-
bot saluran pencernaan total, persentase lam-
bung sapi Jawa lebih rendah (53,50%) dari
pada sapi PO (57,56%), tetapi persentase usus
halus dan usus besar sapi Jawa lebih tinggi
dari pada sapi PO. sapi PO. Fungsi usus halus adalah dalam
penyerapan nutrisi, sedangkan usus besar
adalah penyerapan air, sekresi beberapa mine-
ral seperti kalsium, tempat penampungan
pakan yang tidak tercerna, dan fermentasi oleh
bakteri. Tabel 2. Bobot dan proporsi isi saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa dan PO
Jantan Poel 1 Tabel 2. METODE Materi penelitian berupa 12 buah saluran
pencernaan yang terdiri atas 6 buah saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa jantan dan 6 buah
saluran pencernaan PO jantan dari rumah Ditinjau dari bobot organ saluran pen-
cernaan, terlihat bahwa bobot lambung dan
usus besar sapi Jawa (6,21 dan 2,63 kg) lebih
rendah dari pada sapi PO (7,44 dan 2,78 kg), Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) 16 Vol. 16 (1) Vol. 16 (1) Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.)
17
tetapi bobot usus halus sapi Jawa (2,77 kg)
lebih tinggi dari pada sapi PO (2,70 kg). Dilihat dari proporsi bobot organ saluran
pencernaan terhadap bobot badan kosong,
ternyata persentase lambung antara sapi Jawa
dan PO hampir sama, sedangkan persentase
usus halus dan usus besar sapi Jawa lebih
tinggi dari pada sapi PO. Hal ini karena bobot
badan kosong sapi Jawa lebih rendah dari
pada sapi PO. Demikian juga dengan proporsi
bobot organ saluran pencernaan terhadap bo-
bot saluran pencernaan total, persentase lam-
bung sapi Jawa lebih rendah (53,50%) dari
pada sapi PO (57,56%), tetapi persentase usus
halus dan usus besar sapi Jawa lebih tinggi
dari pada sapi PO. Tabel 1. Bobot
dan
proporsi
saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa dan PO
Jantan Poel 1
Parameter
Sapi Jawa Sapi PO
Bobot badan (kg)
207,32
241,86
Bobot badan kosong (kg)
170,34
203,36
Bobot saluran pencernaan
total (kg)
11,61
12,92
Bobot organ saluran pen-
cernaan (kg)
-
Lambung
6,21
7,44
-
Usus halus
2,77
2,70
-
Usus besar
2,63
2,78
Proporsi organ saluran
pencernaan terhadap bobot
badan kosong (%)
-
Lambung
3,65
3,66
-
Usus halus
1,63
1,33
-
Usus besar
1,54
1,37
Proporsi organ saluran
pencernaan terhadap bobot
saluran pencernaan total
(%)
-
Lambung
53,50
57,56
-
Usus halus
23,84
20,92
-
Usus besar
22,65
21,52
Kenaikan bobot usus halus disebabkan
pertumbuhan usus dirangsang oleh serat kasar
hijauan yang dikonsumsi, mengingat pakan
yang diberikan pada sapi Jawa oleh peternak
di Brebes umumnya adalah rumput dan jera-
mi, maka usus sapi Jawa lebih tinggi dari pada
sapi PO. Fungsi usus halus adalah dalam
penyerapan nutrisi, sedangkan usus besar
adalah penyerapan air, sekresi beberapa mine-
ral seperti kalsium, tempat penampungan
pakan yang tidak tercerna, dan fermentasi oleh
bakteri. Tabel 2. METODE Bobot dan proporsi isi saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa dan PO
Jantan Poel 1
Parameter
Sapi Jawa Sapi PO
Bobot badan (kg)
207,32
241,86
Bobot isi saluran pen-
cernaan total (kg)
36,98
38,50
Proporsi isi saluran
pencernaan total
terhadap bobot badan
(%)
17,84
15,92
Bobot isi organ saluran
pencernaan (kg)
- Lambung
31,46
33,23
- Usus halus
3,32
3,09
- Usus besar
2,21
2,18
Proporsi isi organ
saluran pencernaan
terhadap bobot isi
saluran pencernaan total
(%)
- Lambung
85,06
86,31
- Usus halus
8,97
8,03
- Usus besar
5,96
5,65
Tabel 3. Panjang dan proporsi panjang usus
sapi Jawa dan POJantan Poel1
Parameter
Sapi Jawa
Sapi PO
Bobot badan (kg)
207,32
241,86
Panjang usus total (m)
26,45
30,69
Panjang usus (m)
-
Usus halus
20,52
23,36
-
Usus besar
5,93
7,33
Proporsi panjang organ
usus terhadap panjang
usus total (%)
-
Usus halus
77,59
76,12
-
Usus besar
22,41
23,88
Secara
proporsional,
persentase
isi
saluran pencernaan total terhadap bobot Tabel 1. Bobot
dan
proporsi
saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa dan PO
Jantan Poel 1 Kenaikan bobot usus halus disebabkan
pertumbuhan usus dirangsang oleh serat kasar
hijauan yang dikonsumsi, mengingat pakan
yang diberikan pada sapi Jawa oleh peternak
di Brebes umumnya adalah rumput dan jera-
mi, maka usus sapi Jawa lebih tinggi dari pada Secara
proporsional,
persentase
isi
saluran pencernaan total terhadap bobot 17 Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) Vol. 16 (1) Vol. 16 (1) potong pada sapi Jawa (17,84%) lebih tinggi
dari pada sapi PO (15,92%). Hal ini menun-
jukkan, bahwa kapasitas tampung saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa lebih tinggi dari pada
sapi PO. Lestari et al. (2011) melaporkan
bahwa konsumsi bahan kering (BK) sapi Jawa
dan PO dengan pemeliharaan secara intensif
tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) yaitu 2,09 dan
2,11% dari bobot badan. Hasil penelitian
Adiwinarti et al. (2011) menunjukkan bahwa
konsumsi BK sapi Jawa dengan pakan jerami
padi dan konsentrat dengan level protein yang
berbeda, tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) yaitu
2,57% dari bobot badan. Sementara itu Rianto
et al. (2005) melaporkan, bahwa konsumsi BK
sapi PO dengan pakan rumput raja dan ampas
bir sebesar 2,59%. Purnomoadi et al. (2007)
menyatakan bahwa sapi PO jantan yang diberi
jerami padi 30% dan konsentrat 70% mampu
mengkonsumsi BK sebesar 2,60% dari bobot
badan. organ bagian usus (halus dan besar) yang lebih
rendah pada sapi Jawa dari pada sapi PO. KESIMPULAN Bobot isi saluran pencernaan terbesar
adalah pada lambung, baik pada sapi Jawa
(31,46 kg), maupun pada sapi PO (33,23 kg),
kemudian diikuti oleh isi usus halus dan isi
usus besar. Bobot isi usus, baik usus halus
maupun usus besar pada sapi Jawa lebih tinggi
dari pada sapi PO. Hal ini yang meng-
akibatkan persentase isi usus halus dan isi
usus besar terhadap isi saluran pencernaan
total pada sapi Jawa lebih tinggi dari pada sapi
PO. Lebih tingginya persentase isi saluran
pencernaan sapi Jawa dibandingkan sapi PO,
kemungkinan karena sapi Jawa dipelihara
dengan cara tradisional yaitu siang digemba-
lakan di hutan dan malam hari di kandangkan
dan diberi pakan rumput ataupun jerami,
sesuai dengan ketersediaan pakan yang ada
(Lestari et al., 2009 dan Munadi, 2010). Owens dan Goetsch (1993) ; Lyford (1993)
menyatakan, ukuran lambung ruminansia
antara lain berhubungan dengan tipe pakan-
nya. Owens dan Goetsch (1993) menyatakan
bahwa volume rumen akan lebih besar bila
pakan ternak mengandung lebih banyak pakan
kasar. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian ini adalah
bobot saluran pencernaan sapi Jawa lebih ren-
dah dari pada sapi PO. Saluran pencernaan
sapi Jawa tersebut terdiri dari lambung
53,50%, usus halus 23,84%, dan usus besar
22,65%, sehingga isi saluran pencernaan ter-
besar adalah lambung 85,06%, kemudian usus
halus 8,97%, dan usus besar 5,96%. Panjang
usus total sapi Jawa lebih pendek dari pada
sapi PO. Panjang usus halus dan usus besar
sapi Jawa adalah 77,59 dan 22,41% dari
panjang usus total. METODE Namun secara proporsi, persentase usus halus
sapi Jawa (77,59%) lebih tinggi dari pada sapi
PO (76,12%). Soeharsono et al. (2010),
menyatakan bahwa panjang usus halus,
sekum, dan kolon sapi/kerbau masing-masing
adalah 22,44 m (81%), 1,00 m (2%), dan 3,39
m (17%). Dibandingkan hasil penelitian
tersebut, panjang usus halus sapi Jawa lebih
rendah, tetapi panjang usus halus sapi PO
lebih tinggi, dan panjang usus besar lebih
tinggi baik pada sapi Jawa maupun sapi PO. Fitri (2010) melaporkan bahwa panjang usus
halus sapi Jawa adalah 20,92 m dan usus besar
adalah 6,17 m, lebih panjang dari pada hasil
penelitian ini, karena Fitri (2010) mengamati
sapi Jawa jantan dan betina mulai belum poel
hingga poel 4. UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Ucapan
terima
kasih
disampaikan
kepada Direktur Penelitian dan Pengabdian
kepada
Masyarakat,
Direktorat
Jenderal
Pendidikan Tinggi (DP2M Ditjen Dikti)
Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional yang telah
membiayai
penelitian
ini
melalui
dana
penelitian Hibah Fundamental pada tahun
anggaran
2011,
dengan
DIPA
Nomor:
0596/023-04.2-16/13/2011 tanggal 20 Desem-
ber 2010. Terima kasih pula kepada A.S. Suparno dan Yoga Hudoyo yang telah mem-
bantu dalam pengambilan data di lapangan. Panjang usus total (Tabel 3) sapi Jawa
(26,45 m) lebih rendah dari pada sapi PO
(30,69 m), demikian pula dengan panjang Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) 18 Vol. 16 (1) Vol. 16 (1) Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.) DAFTAR PUSTAKA ral Soedirman, Purwokerto. . ral Soedirman, Purwokerto. . ral Soedirman, Purwokerto. . Owens, F. N. dan A. L. Goetsch. 1993. Ruminal Fermentation. In Church (Ed). The
Ruminant
Animal. Digestive,
Physiology, and Nutrition. Waveland
Press, Inc., Englewood Cliffs. Fitri, N. 2010. Hubungan antara bobot badan
dengan proporsi organ pencernaan Sapi
Jawa pada berbagai umur. Fakultas
Peternakan,
Universitas
Diponegoro,
Semarang. Purbowati, E., R. Adiwinarti, C. M. S. Lestari,
E. Rianto, dan M. Arifin. 2011a. Live
weight gain and feed cost per gain of
Java Cattle with improved diet. The 3rd
International Conference on Sustainable
Animal Agriculture for Developing
Countries. School of Animal Production
Technology, Suranaree University of
Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 3000,
Thailand. Lestari, C. M. S., A. T. Yulianika, E. Pur-
bowati, R. Adiwinarti, M. Arifin, dan A. Purnomoadi. 2012. Produktivitas Sapi
Jawa-Brebes (Jabres) dengan pakan
jerami padi dan berbagai level kon-
sentrat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional
Berkelanjutan
IV. Hal:
215-220. Fakultas
Peternakan,
Universitas
Padjadjaran, Bandung. Lestari, C. M. S., Soedarsono, A. Purnomoadi
dan E. Pangestu. 2009. Status nutrisi
Sapi Jawa yang dipelihara petani pe-
ternak
Kecamatan
Bandarharjo
Kabupaten Brebes (studi pendahuluan). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi
Peternakan dan Veteriner. Hal: 269-274. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Peternakan, Bogor. Purbowati, E., A. Purnomoadi, C. M. S. Lestari, dan Kamiyatun. 2011b. Ka-
rakteristik karkas Sapi Jawa (Studi
Kasus di RPH Brebes Jawa Tengah). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi
Peternakan dan Veteriner. Hal: 353–361. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Peternakan, Bogor. Purnomoadi, A., B. C. Edy, R. Adiwinarti, dan
E. Rianto. 2007. The performance and
energy utilization of ongole crossbred
cattle raised under two level supplemen-
tations of concentrate to the rice straw. Journal of the Ind Trop Animal Agric. 32 (1): 1-5. Lyford, S. J., 1993. Growth and Development
of the Ruminant Digestive System. In
Church (Ed). The Ruminant Animal. Digestive, Physiology, and Nutrition. Waveland Press, Inc., Englewood Cliffs. Munadi. 2010. Potensi
dan
alternatif
pengembangan sapi Jawa khas Brebes
(Jabres). Prosiding Seminar Nasional. Perspektif Pengembangan Agribisnis
Peternakan di Indonesia. Hal.348-353
Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jende Rianto, E., A. S. Iswaldi, dan S. Dartosukarno. 2005. Penampilan produksi sapi PO dan
PO Limousin yang mendapat pakan
rumput raja dan ampas bir. Jurnal Ilmu-
Ilmu
Perta. XX
(2):
91-97. 19 Bobot dan Panjang Saluran Pencernaan Sapi … (E. Purbowati et al.)
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https://github.com/f0ntana/deployer/blob/master/resources/assets/less/common/pagination.less
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Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
deployer
|
f0ntana
|
Less
|
Code
| 156 | 551 |
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| 48,226 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3116824
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|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Smooth Rock Falls
|
None
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Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 3,087 | 8,658 |
Smooth Rock Falls
miasto w Ontario w Kanadzie
Smooth Rock Falls państwo Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls współrzędne geograficzne
Smooth Rock Falls znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Dystrykt Cochrane
Smooth Rock Falls jest to miasteczko
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator terytorium w MusicBrainz da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls ilustracja Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls liczba ludności , data 2016, metoda określenia spis statystyczny
Smooth Rock Falls powierzchnia
Smooth Rock Falls oficjalna strona internetowa https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls data utworzenia lub powstania 1916
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator LCCN n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator relacji OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls kategoria Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator CGNDB FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls identyfikator WorldCat Entities E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
ville de l'Ontario (Canada)
Smooth Rock Falls pays Canada
Smooth Rock Falls coordonnées géographiques
Smooth Rock Falls localisation administrative district de Cochrane
Smooth Rock Falls nature de l’élément petite ville
Smooth Rock Falls nature de l’élément municipalité à palier unique
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant MusicBrainz d'un lieu da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls image Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls limitrophe de Unorganized North Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls population , date 2016, méthode de détermination recensement de la population
Smooth Rock Falls superficie
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant Statistique Canada 3556048
Smooth Rock Falls site officiel https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls date de fondation ou de création 1916
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant Bibliothèque du Congrès n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant d'une relation OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls catégorie Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant Base de données toponymiques du Canada FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls identifiant WorldCat Entities E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls zemlja Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls koordinate lokacije
Smooth Rock Falls je(su) gradić
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase broj /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls GeoNames oznaka 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls slika Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls stanovništvo , trenutak u vremenu 2016, metoda određivanja popis stanovništva
Smooth Rock Falls površina
Smooth Rock Falls službeni veb-sajt https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls nastanak 1916
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF identifikator 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls kategorija na Commonsu Smooth Rock Falls
Smut Rok Fols
Smut Rok Fols država Kanada
Smut Rok Fols geografske koordinate
Smut Rok Fols je varošica
Smut Rok Fols Freebase identifikator /m/0c6555
Smut Rok Fols MusicBrainz identifikator oblasti da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smut Rok Fols slika Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smut Rok Fols naseljenost , trenutak u vremenu 2016
Smut Rok Fols zvanični sajt https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smut Rok Fols nastanak 1916
Smut Rok Fols LCCN identifikator n2007025845
Smut Rok Fols VIAF 127797291
Smut Rok Fols kategorija na Ostavi Smooth Rock Falls
Смут Рок Фолс
Смут Рок Фолс држава Канада
Смут Рок Фолс географске координате
Смут Рок Фолс је варошица
Смут Рок Фолс Freebase ID /m/0c6555
Смут Рок Фолс MusicBrainz идентификатор области da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Смут Рок Фолс слика Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Смут Рок Фолс насељеност , тренутак у времену 2016, начин одређивања попис становништва
Смут Рок Фолс површина
Смут Рок Фолс званични сајт https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Смут Рок Фолс настанак 1916
Смут Рок Фолс Library of Congress authority ID n2007025845
Смут Рок Фолс Who's on First ID 101735719
Смут Рок Фолс VIAF ID 127797291
Смут Рок Фолс категорија на Остави Smooth Rock Falls
Смут Рок Фолс CGNDB unique ID FCPNK
Смут Рок Фолс WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
town in Ontario, Canada
Smooth Rock Falls country Canada
Smooth Rock Falls coordinate location
Smooth Rock Falls located in the administrative territorial entity Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls instance of town
Smooth Rock Falls instance of single-tier municipality
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase ID /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls MusicBrainz area ID da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls GeoNames ID 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls image Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls shares border with Unorganized North Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls population , point in time 2016, determination method census
Smooth Rock Falls area
Smooth Rock Falls Statistics Canada Geographic code 3556048
Smooth Rock Falls official website https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls inception 1916
Smooth Rock Falls Library of Congress authority ID n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls Who's on First ID 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF ID 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls OpenStreetMap relation ID 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls Commons category Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls CGNDB unique ID FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
stad in Canada
Smooth Rock Falls land Canada
Smooth Rock Falls geografische locatie
Smooth Rock Falls gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls is een plaats
Smooth Rock Falls is een gemeente onder provincieniveau in Canada
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls MusicBrainz-identificatiecode voor gebied da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls GeoNames-identificatiecode 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls afbeelding Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls grenst aan Unorganized North Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls inwonertal , tijdstip 2016, methode van vaststelling volkstelling
Smooth Rock Falls oppervlakte
Smooth Rock Falls Statistics Canada-identificatiecode voor geografische eenheid 3556048
Smooth Rock Falls officiële website https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls datum van oprichting of creatie 1916
Smooth Rock Falls LCAuth-identificatiecode n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls Who's on First-identificatiecode 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF-identificatiecode 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls OpenStreetMap-identificatiecode voor relatie 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls Commonscategorie Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls CGNDB-identificatiecode FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Смут Рок Фолс
Смут Рок Фолс држава Канада
Смут Рок Фолс географске координате
Смут Рок Фолс је варошица
Смут Рок Фолс Фрибејз /m/0c6555
Смут Рок Фолс Мјузикбрејнц област da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Смут Рок Фолс Геонејмс 6150321
Смут Рок Фолс слика Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Смут Рок Фолс насељеност , тренутак у времену 2016, начин одређивања попис становништва
Смут Рок Фолс површина
Смут Рок Фолс званични веб-сајт https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Смут Рок Фолс настанак 1916
Смут Рок Фолс Конгресна библиотека n2007025845
Смут Рок Фолс WoF ID 101735719
Смут Рок Фолс VIAF 127797291
Смут Рок Фолс Опенстритмап однос 7588126
Смут Рок Фолс категорија на Остави Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls land Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls geografiska koordinater
Smooth Rock Falls inom det administrativa området Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls instans av småstad
Smooth Rock Falls instans av kommun direkt under provinsnivån
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase-ID /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls MusicBrainz områdes-ID da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls Geonames-ID 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls bild Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls folkmängd , tidpunkt 2016, bestämningsmetod folkräkning
Smooth Rock Falls area
Smooth Rock Falls officiell webbplats https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls datum för grundande eller skapande 1916
Smooth Rock Falls id-nummer i USA:s kongressbiblioteks katalog n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls Who's on First-identitet 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF-ID 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls OpenStreetMap relations-ID 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls Commons-kategori Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls CGNDB-ID FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
滑石瀑布鎮
滑石瀑布鎮 国家 加拿大
滑石瀑布鎮 地理坐标
滑石瀑布鎮 所在行政领土实体 科克倫區
滑石瀑布鎮 隶属于 镇
滑石瀑布鎮 隶属于 单层自治区
滑石瀑布鎮 Freebase標識符 /m/0c6555
滑石瀑布鎮 MusicBrainz地区编号 da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
滑石瀑布鎮 GeoNames編號 6150321
滑石瀑布鎮 图像 Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
滑石瀑布鎮 人口 , 时间点 2016, 确定方法 人口普查
滑石瀑布鎮 面积
滑石瀑布鎮 官方网站 https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
滑石瀑布鎮 成立或建立時間 1916
滑石瀑布鎮 美国国会图书馆规范标识符 n2007025845
滑石瀑布鎮 Who's on First编号 101735719
滑石瀑布鎮 VIAF标识符 127797291
滑石瀑布鎮 OSM关系标识符 7588126
滑石瀑布鎮 共享资源分类 Smooth Rock Falls
滑石瀑布鎮 WorldCat实体标识符 E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls adlaw sa pagkatukod 1916
滑石瀑布镇
滑石瀑布镇 国家 加拿大
滑石瀑布镇 地理坐标
滑石瀑布镇 隶属于 镇
滑石瀑布镇 Freebase标识符 /m/0c6555
滑石瀑布镇 MusicBrainz地区编号 da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
滑石瀑布镇 GeoNames编号 6150321
滑石瀑布镇 图片 Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
滑石瀑布镇 人口 , 时间点 2016, 断定方法 人口普查
滑石瀑布镇 面积
滑石瀑布镇 加拿大统计局地理代码 3556048
滑石瀑布镇 官方网站 https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
滑石瀑布镇 成立或创建时间 1916
滑石瀑布镇 美国国会图书馆规范标识符 n2007025845
滑石瀑布镇 虚拟国际规范文档标识符 127797291
滑石瀑布镇 OSM关系标识符 7588126
滑石瀑布镇 共享资源分类 Smooth Rock Falls
滑石瀑布镇 CGNDB唯一ID FCPNK
滑石瀑布镇 WorldCat实体标识符 E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
סמות' רוק פולס
עיירה בקנדה
סמות' רוק פולס מדינה קנדה
סמות' רוק פולס קואורדינטות
סמות' רוק פולס מופע של עיירה
סמות' רוק פולס מזהה Freebase /m/0c6555
סמות' רוק פולס מזהה אתר MusicBrainz לאזור da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
סמות' רוק פולס מזהה גאוגרפי (GeoNames) 6150321
סמות' רוק פולס תמונה Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
סמות' רוק פולס אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2016, הוגדר לפי מפקד אוכלוסין
סמות' רוק פולס שטח
סמות' רוק פולס אתר רשמי https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
סמות' רוק פולס תאריך הקמה או יצירה 1916
סמות' רוק פולס מזהה LCCN n2007025845
סמות' רוק פולס מזהה Who's on First 101735719
סמות' רוק פולס מזהה VIAF 127797291
סמות' רוק פולס מזהה OpenStreetMap 7588126
סמות' רוק פולס קטגוריה בוויקישיתוף Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls Stad Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls daveennoù douaroniel
Smooth Rock Falls natur an elfenn bourc'h
Smooth Rock Falls anaouder Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls anaouder MusicBrainz ul lec'h da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls anaouder GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls skeudenn Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls poblañs , deiziad 2016
Smooth Rock Falls gorread
Smooth Rock Falls lec'hienn ofisiel https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls deiziad krouiñ 1916
Smooth Rock Falls anaouder Levraoueg ar C'hendalc'h n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls anaouder Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls anaouder VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls darempred OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls rummad eus Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls paese Canadà
Smooth Rock Falls coordinati geugrafichi
Smooth Rock Falls imagine Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls categuria in Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls land Canada
Smooth Rock Falls geografiske koordinater
Smooth Rock Falls tilfælde af mindre by
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase-ID /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls MusicBrainz område-identifikator da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls GeoNames-ID 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls billede Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls indbyggertal , tidspunkt 2016, bestemmelsesmetode folketælling
Smooth Rock Falls areal
Smooth Rock Falls officiel hjemmeside https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls etablerings- / skabelsesdato 1916
Smooth Rock Falls LCAuth n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls Who's on First-ID 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls OpenStreetMap relation-ID 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls Commons-kategori Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Kleinstadt in Ontario, Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls Staat Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls geographische Koordinaten
Smooth Rock Falls liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls ist ein(e) Kleinstadt
Smooth Rock Falls ist ein(e) Einstufige Gemeinde in Ontario
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase-Kennung /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls MusicBrainz-Gebietskennung da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls GeoNames-Kennung 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls Bild Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls gemeinsame Grenze mit Unorganized North Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2016, Bestimmungsmethode Volkszählung
Smooth Rock Falls Fläche
Smooth Rock Falls Statistics Canada Geographic code 3556048
Smooth Rock Falls offizielle Website https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls Datum der Gründung, Erstellung, Entstehung, Erbauung 1916
Smooth Rock Falls LCAuth-Kennung n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls Who’s-on-First-Kennung 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF-Kennung 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls OpenStreetMap-Relationskennung 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls Commons-Kategorie Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls CGNDB-ID FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls WorldCat-Entitäten-Kennung E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls país Canadá
Smooth Rock Falls coordenadas
Smooth Rock Falls situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Cochrane
Smooth Rock Falls instancia de villa
Smooth Rock Falls instancia de municipalidad de nivel único
Smooth Rock Falls Identificador Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls identificador MusicBrainz de área da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls identificador GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls imagen Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls población , fecha 2016, método de determinación censo
Smooth Rock Falls superficie
Smooth Rock Falls código Standard Geographical Classification 3556048
Smooth Rock Falls página web oficial https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls fecha de fundación o creación 1916
Smooth Rock Falls identificador de autoridades de la Biblioteca del Congreso de EE. UU. n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls identificador Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls identificador VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls identificador de relación OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls categoría en Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls identificador CGNDB FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls negara Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls koordinat tempat
Smooth Rock Falls adalah kota kecil
Smooth Rock Falls penanda Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls penanda MusicBrainz da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls penanda GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls gambar Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls jumlah penduduk , pada waktu 2016, metode penentuan sensus
Smooth Rock Falls luas wilayah
Smooth Rock Falls laman resmi https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls sejak 1916
Smooth Rock Falls ID otoritas Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Serikat n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls ID Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls penanda VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls relasi di OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls kategori di Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls Paese Canada
Smooth Rock Falls coordinate geografiche
Smooth Rock Falls unità amministrativa in cui è situato Distretto di Cochrane
Smooth Rock Falls istanza di cittadina
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo MusicBrainz di un'area da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls immagine Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls confina con Unorganized North Cochrane District
Smooth Rock Falls popolazione , data 2016, metodo di determinazione censimento
Smooth Rock Falls superficie
Smooth Rock Falls sito web ufficiale https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls data di fondazione o creazione 1916
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo della Biblioteca del Congresso n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo relazione OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls categoria su Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls identificativo WorldCat Entities E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls Land Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls geograafsch Koordinaten
Smooth Rock Falls is en lüttjere Stadt
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase-Id /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls MusicBrainz-Rebeed-Id da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls Bild Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls Inwahnertall , Tied 2016, bestimmt dör de Methood Zensus
Smooth Rock Falls Rebeed
Smooth Rock Falls offizielle Websteed https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls Tied opstellt / grünnt 1916
Smooth Rock Falls LCCN n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls Openstreetmap-Relation-ID 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls Kategorie op Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls país Canadá
Smooth Rock Falls coordenadas geográficas
Smooth Rock Falls localizado na unidade administrativa Cochrane (distrito)
Smooth Rock Falls instância de vila
Smooth Rock Falls instância de município de nível único em Ontário
Smooth Rock Falls identificador Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls identificador de área no MusicBrainz da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls identificador em GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls imagem Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls população , data de ocorrência 2016, método de determinação censo demográfico
Smooth Rock Falls área
Smooth Rock Falls sítio web oficial https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls data de criação ou fundação 1916
Smooth Rock Falls número de controlo da Biblioteca do Congresso n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls identificador Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls identificador VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls identificador de relação em OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls categoria da Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls identificador CGNDB FCPNK
Smooth Rock Falls identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls țară Canada
Smooth Rock Falls coordonate
Smooth Rock Falls este un/o orășel
Smooth Rock Falls identificator Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls ID-ul locului pe MusicBrainz da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls identificator GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls imagine Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls populație , dată 2016, metoda de determinare recensământ
Smooth Rock Falls suprafață
Smooth Rock Falls site oficial https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls înființare 1916
Smooth Rock Falls identificator LCCN n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls Who's on First ID 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls identificator VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls identificator de relație OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls categorie la Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
سموت راک فالز
سموت راک فالز کشور کانادا
سموت راک فالز مختصات جغرافیایی
سموت راک فالز موقعیت در تقسیمات کشوری بخش کوکرین
سموت راک فالز نمونهای از شهرک
سموت راک فالز شناسهٔ فریبیس /m/0c6555
سموت راک فالز شناسه منطقه در موزیکبرینز da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
سموت راک فالز شناسهٔ جئونیمز 6150321
سموت راک فالز نگاره Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
سموت راک فالز جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2016, روش ارزیابی سرشماری
سموت راک فالز مساحت
سموت راک فالز وبگاه رسمی https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
سموت راک فالز تاریخ ساخت / تأسیس 1916
سموت راک فالز کد تائید کتابخانهٔ کنگره n2007025845
سموت راک فالز شناسۀ جاینامۀ نخستین نفر کیست 101735719
سموت راک فالز شناسه بم بم 127797291
سموت راک فالز شناسهٔ رابطه در OSM 7588126
سموت راک فالز ردهٔ ویکیانبار Smooth Rock Falls
سموت راک فالز شناسهٔ یکپارچهٔ CGNDB FCPNK
سموت راک فالز شناسه جوهرۀ ورلدکت E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Ontario oteno
Smooth Rock Falls askik Kanata
Smooth Rock Falls taciactek askik
Smooth Rock Falls masinasowin Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls e tacihaniwok
Smooth Rock Falls e irikikwak
Smooth Rock Falls tecipitakan https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls pitc ka tcimatakaniwok 1916
Смут-Рок-Фолс
Смут-Рок-Фолс государство Канада
Смут-Рок-Фолс географические координаты
Смут-Рок-Фолс административно-территориальная единица Округ Кокран
Смут-Рок-Фолс это частный случай понятия малый город
Смут-Рок-Фолс это частный случай понятия одноуровневый муниципалитет Онтарио
Смут-Рок-Фолс код Freebase /m/0c6555
Смут-Рок-Фолс код локации MusicBrainz da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Смут-Рок-Фолс код GeoNames 6150321
Смут-Рок-Фолс изображение Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Смут-Рок-Фолс численность населения , момент времени 2016, метод определения перепись населения
Смут-Рок-Фолс площадь
Смут-Рок-Фолс географический код Statistics Canada 3556048
Смут-Рок-Фолс официальный сайт https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Смут-Рок-Фолс дата основания, создания, возникновения 1916
Смут-Рок-Фолс код LCCN n2007025845
Смут-Рок-Фолс код Who's on First 101735719
Смут-Рок-Фолс код VIAF 127797291
Смут-Рок-Фолс ID отношения в OpenStreetMap 7588126
Смут-Рок-Фолс категория на Викискладе Smooth Rock Falls
Смут-Рок-Фолс уникальный код CGNDB FCPNK
Смут-Рок-Фолс код WorldCat Entities E39PBJg8BHJqcR3JVkxDXPyfMP
Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls país Canadá
Smooth Rock Falls coordenaes
Smooth Rock Falls instancia de villa
Smooth Rock Falls identificador en Freebase /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls identificador GeoNames 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls imaxe Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls población , data 2016, métodu de determinación censu de población
Smooth Rock Falls superficie
Smooth Rock Falls sitiu web oficial https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls data de creación o fundación 1916
Smooth Rock Falls identificador d'autoridá de la Biblioteca del Congresu d'EEXX n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls identificador Who's on First 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls identificador VIAF 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls identificador de rellación d'OpenStreetMap 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls categoría de Commons Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls
Kanada'da belediye
Smooth Rock Falls ülkesi Kanada
Smooth Rock Falls konum koordinatları
Smooth Rock Falls nedir kasaba
Smooth Rock Falls Freebase kimliği /m/0c6555
Smooth Rock Falls MusicBrainz alan kimliği da3a9829-f3d8-47d8-a730-e982a59e0c5b
Smooth Rock Falls GeoNames kimliği 6150321
Smooth Rock Falls görsel Smooth Rock Falls.JPG
Smooth Rock Falls nüfus , tarihi 2016, tespit yöntemi Nüfus sayımı
Smooth Rock Falls alanı
Smooth Rock Falls İstatistik Kanada Coğrafi kodu 3556048
Smooth Rock Falls resmî sitesi https://www.smoothrockfalls.ca/
Smooth Rock Falls kuruluşu 1916
Smooth Rock Falls ABD Kongre Kütüphanesi yetki kimliği n2007025845
Smooth Rock Falls Who's on First kimliği 101735719
Smooth Rock Falls VIAF kimliği 127797291
Smooth Rock Falls OpenStreetMap ilişki tanımlayıcı 7588126
Smooth Rock Falls Commons kategorisi Smooth Rock Falls
Smooth Rock Falls Kanada Coğrafi Adlar Veritabanı tanımlayıcısı FCPNK
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LA POLITIQUE DE SOUTIEN ET LE REFERENDUM SOCIALISTE D'après les premiers résultats, la majorité se prononcerait contre le ministère Painlevé PARIS, 23 juin. À la fin de l'après-midi, M. Renaudel fit connaître dans les couloirs de la Chambre que les réponses déjà parvenues au référendum organisé par le groupe socialiste au sujet de l'abandon de la politique de soutien donnent les résultats suivants pour la motion Compère-Morel, hostile à la politique de soutien, 40 voix; pour la motion Renaudel (politique de soutien sous conditions), 35; pour la motion Vincent Auriol (continuation de la politique de soutien), 11 voix. Si, comme tout le lait supposer, cette proportion n'était pas modifiée par les votes non encore connus, la motion Compère-Morel serait adoptée sans toutefois réunir la majorité absolue, les deux autres motions groupant un nombre de voix supérieur à celui obtenu par celle de M. Compère-Morel. On faisait observer que cela permettrait peut-être aux partisans de la motion Renaudel de soulever de nouveau la question devant le groupe parlementaire en vue de provoquer une nouvelle consultation. Voici pour mémoire le texte de la motion Compère-Morel Le groupe du parti socialiste et la commission permanente décident de cesser la "politique dite de soutien à l'égard du ministère actuel et de porter à la connaissance du Gouvernement, des groupes de gauche et de l'opinion publique les raisons pour lesquelles ils prennent cette décision. Ils désignent à cet effet une commission chargée de rédiger une déclaration dans ce sens. L'acetyloxyaminophenylarinate PARIS, juin. L'Académie des sciences a entendu cet après-midi deux communications du plus haut intérêt relatives, la première au traitement de la syphilis, qui serait enfin découvert; l'autre au traitement de la tuberculose externe. La première a été présentée par le docteur Roux, directeur de l'Institut Pasteur. M. Roux a relaté les expériences de l'un de ses collaborateurs, M. Levadite, qui a réalisé un corps nouveau qu'il nomme « l'acétyloxyaminophénylarinate basique de bismuth » et dans la composition duquel l'arsenic entre dans la proportion de 15 et le bismuth dans la proportion de 41. Expérimenté sur des lapins atteints de syphilis, ce corps fut démontré, dit le docteur Roux, un curatif remarquable. Après des injections intramusculaires d'une quantité relativement minime, les tréponèmes disparurent en 48 heures, quant aux accidents, ils furent cicatrisés en quatre ou cinq jours. Deux médecins, MM. Fournier et Schwartz eurent alors l'idée d'appliquer ce traitement à l'homme. Ils prirent trente malades auxquels ils firent des injections, intramusculaires de deux centimètres cubes. Ces injections furent seulement tolérées par l'organisme, mais ne causèrent aux patients pendant toute la durée du traitement, qui comprend les injections, ni douleur ni accident. PETITES NOUVELLES Clermont-Ferrand. A l'occasion d'un congrès eucharistique, le clergé d'Issoire, passant outre à un arrêté municipal datant de 1886, a fait une procession sur la voie publique. Procès-verbal a été dressé par la police. Quelques cris ont été poussés sur le passage du cortège interdit. Sydney (Nouvelles-Galles du Sud). Les inondations ont causé de grands dégâts dans les Nouvelles-Galles du Sud. Plusieurs villes sont menacées. On signale trois personnes disparues. PENDANT L'ÉTÉ La saveur fraîche et le parfum agréable de l'alcool de menthe de Ricqlès, jointes à ses qualités hygiéniques en font un produit indispensable. Très concentré, l'emploi du Ricqlès est économique. INFORMATIONS ASSOCIATIONS DÉCLARÉES. Association des mutilés, réformés, ascendants, veuves et orphelins de guerre de Bécon et environs Bécon-les-Granits (Maine-et-Loire) Association amicale des résinâtes des Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire. Saint-Nazaire. DANS LES TRÉSORIERS GÉNÉRAUX. M. Allain, trésorier-payeur général à La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée), a été nommé trésorier-payeur général du département de l'Aisne. M. Grillo, trésorier-payeur du Moyen Congo, a été nommé trésorier-payeur général du département de la Manche, en remplacement de M. Benoist, qui a été admis sur sa demande à faire valoir ses droits à la retraite. SAVON du CONGO Blancheur du Teint 50 Années de succès En vente partout, le pain. 1.95 Victor VAISSIER PARIS DANS L'ARMÉE ÉTAT-MAJOR GENERAL Le général de brigade Challeat, commandant l'artillerie du 8e corps d'armée, est nommé inspecteur Par intérim des études et experiences techniques de l'artillerie, en remplacement du général de brigade Lefebvre, placé dans la section de réserve. Le sous-intendant militaire de classe, Condaminas, est nommé au grade d'intendant militaire et placé, sur sa demande par anticipation, dans la section de réserve. Lithinés du Docteur Gustin Boisson alcaline. Lithine. Délicieuse à boire aux repas. On parle déjà du budget de 1926 Paris, 22 juin: La Commission des Finances a procédé cet après-midi à un échange de vues sur le projet du gouvernement, servant à apurer le plein équilibre du budget de 1926. M. Bokanowski a déclaré que le devoir du Parlement était de prendre des décisions d'ordre pratique. Il a en conséquence demandé à la Commission d'aborder sans délai l'examen des propositions dont elle est saisie d'une part par le gouvernement et d'autre part par le groupe socialiste. (prélèvement sur le capital). Un accord entre les métallurgistes français et allemands Berlin, 22 juin. (De notre correspondant particulier.) On annonce que les négociations entre les représentants français et allemands de l'industrie du fer, en vue de la conclusion d'une alliance devant servir de base au traité de commerce franco-allemand, ont parfaitement abouti. L'industrie allemande s'engage à emporter chaque année de l'Alsace-Lorraine, du Luxembourg et du bassin de la Sarre, un million 700 mille tonnes de fer. En échange, les industriels français ne s'opposent pas à l'application du tarif minimum aux machines allemandes à importer en France. Parmi les groupes allemands qui ont négocié cet accord, le groupe Thyssen, dont on sait l'importance, manquait, mais on ne croit pas qu'il soulèvera des objections. Dans les milieux politiques de Berlin, on espère maintenant voir aboutir rapidement les pourparlers pour le traité de commerce engagés à Paris. DEPECHES COMMERCIALES HALLES CENTRALES Paris, 22 juin. LE LAIT. Tendance Hausse de 0.30 sur les centrifuges Normandie, de 0.20 sur Bretagne au cours; de sur marchand, Bretagne. Pour les beurres en motes, ou cote le kilo: En marchands français Normandie, 15.40 à 15.60; Bretagne, 13.20 à 13.80; en centrifuges Normandie, 13.50 à 16.60; Bretagne, 13.50 à 16.40. Arrivages du jour, 6.450 kilos. Œufs. Tendance Hausse de 0.70 sur Normandes extra; de 0.10 sur Normands de choix; de 0.10 fr. sur Bretagne, choix et autres. On cote par colis de 1.000 œufs les extras de Normandie, 150 à 770; les gros, 420 à 450; les ordinaires, 350 à 380. Arrivages du jour, 6.450 kilos. FROMAGES. Les 100 kilos Camemberts Normandie, 300 à 1.000; divers, 40 à 180; Lisieux, bolles, à en vrac, 100 à 350; Gournay, 45 à Pont-l'Evêque, 60 à Arrivages, pâte molle, 69.388 kilos; pâte sèche, 72.176 kilos. COUTANCES, juin. Beurre, le kilo, 13.80 à œufs, la douz., à 6; poissons, la pièce, 1.80 à 2.10; poulets, la couple, 28 à 31; canards, 26 à 30; oies, 35 à 45; dindes, à 90: lapins gras, depuis 12; petits, 3 à 4; pommes de terre, le kilo, 1.20; carottes, la botte, 0.80; navets, 0.30; radis, 0.20; oignon blanc, 0.30. CHERBOURG, juin. Orge, 110 l'hecto; sarrasin 110: avoine, pommes de terre. 36 à 40 les 100 kilos; son. 78 à 80: beurre, 14 à 22; œufs, 6 à cidre, à suif, à 5.40; lard, 8; veau, 5.80 à agneau, 5.80 à 6. BOURSE DU COMMERCE BOURSE DE PARIS. Ouverture juin. Ouverture septembre, 3 d'octobre, 3 de novembre, Tous payés. Tendance renne. Ouverture septembre. 223-223.50; 3 d'octobre. 215.50; 3 de novembre. 219. Tous payés. Tendance faible. Cafés. Le Havre, 22 juin. Tendance soutenue. Ventes 1.000 sacs. Janvier, 131.30; février, 429.73; mars, 420; avril, 416; mai, 410; juin, juillet, août, 161.25; septembre, 456; octobre, novembre, 318.30; décembre, COTONS. Liverpool. 22 juin. Cotons américains. Juin, 13; juillet, 12.93; août, 12.51; septembre, octobre, 12.53; novembre, décembre, janvier, 12.11; février, mars, avril, mai, juin, 12.02. Sakellaridi. Juin, juillet, août, 28; septembre, 26.70; octobre, 26.75; novembre, 23.50; décembre, janvier, 22.60; février, et trois incidents. Le Havre, 22 février. Clôture tendance soutenue; ventes 1.700 battes. Janvier, 684; février, 687; mars, 689; avril, 691; mai, 693; juin, 670; juillet, 672; août, 679; septembre, 682; octobre, 678; novembre, 680; décembre, 680. HUILES DE LIN. Paris, 22 juin. Courant, 480 Acheteur; juillet, 480 Acheteur; juillet-août, 480; derniers, 470 Nominal. HUILES DE COLZA. Paris, 22 Juin. Courant, 300 Nominal; juillet, 505 Nominal; juillet-août, 505 Nominal; derniers, 75 Nominal. ALCOOLS LIBRES. Courant, Acheteur; juillet, 620 à 610; août, 620 à 650; septembre, 630 à 610; 3 d'octobre, 620 Acheteur. CEREALES. Paris, 22 juin. Blés. Base de liquidation, courant, et juillet, 119; juillet-août, à 119; septembre-octobre, 125; derniers, 121.75. Vins. Noires courant, 108; juillet, 101.73 Vendeur; juillet-août, Vendeur; septembre-octobre, 92 Vendeur; derniers, 92.75 et 93. Diverses courant, 93 Nominal; juillet, 99 Nominal; juillet-août, 91 Nominal; septembre-octobre, 88 Nominal; 1 derniers, 89 Nominal. Farines. Base de liquidation, courant, 168 Nominal; juillet, 168 Nominal; juillet-août, 168 Nominal; septembre-octobre, 131 Nominal; 4 derniers, 116. Cafés. Paris, 22 juin. Courant, juillet, 32.60 Vendeur; 3 de juillet, 31.50 Vendeur; août, 35.50 Vendeur; 3 d'octobre, 26.50 à 28; novembre, à 3 de janvier, 25 Acheteur; février, Acheteur. MARCHÉS DE LA VILLETTE Paris, juin. (De notre correspondant particulier). Temps redevenu chaud, après quelques jours de rafraîchissement qui ont permis une bonne vente aux abattoirs et aux halles. Il existait donc des besoins. GROS BÉTAIL Vente calme. Les tours ont été aisément maintenues durant la première partie de la réunion, mais par la suite les détenteurs se sont trouvés devant l'alternative de lâcher une sou ou de faire de la relève ce qui explique que l'on a renvoyé tête de gros bétail. Les neufs extrés ont été faits à la livre de viande nette Chariénais Charollais, 480 à Normands, à 460; Normands 100 à autres bonnes races, à 110 à autres Limousins, Sarmentais, Périgourdins Doréchaux à 110 à ordinaires de ces provenances, à bons Charollais, Nivernais, bourbonnais, Berrichons, Bourguignons, à ordinaires 1290 à 410, bons Normands 430 ordinaires à 460 à 4. À bons salers du Centre ou de Charente et rouges divers, à ordinaires 290 à bons gras de l'Ouest, Vendéens, Parthenais, Manceaux de Jarthe, Mayenne, Choletais, Nantais à 390 à 455; ordinaires, à bons Bretons 410 à ordinaires à 425; bœufs communs toutes races 1285. On à Cô extra Limousines, Charentaises, Charollaises, 445 à Normandes extra, 445 à Mancelles, Choletaises, rouges extra, à 420; Béotaines extra, à génisses ordinaires à 420; bonnes vaches à 390 à 450; vaches plus vieilles et médiocres, à 315 à viande à saucisse mou, 220 à 310. Taureaux jeunes de terme à 360 à 370; gros, à 425. La vente a été active avec une demande très régulière. Hausse de deux sous par livre dans la même marchandise. Les veaux les sortent extra des meilleures provenances ont été vendus au détail, la livre nette, 5,50 à 6,50 Gâtinais, Eure-et-Loir, Blesois, Eure, des rayons de Nouancy et de Damville, 5,50 ordinaires, 5,10 Tourangeaux de Richelieu, Sainte-Maure, à Tourangeaux de Chinon, Loudun, Loches, à Champenois de Homilly Sézanne, Nogent-sur-Seine, à autres rayons Champenois, il à 5,50; veaux à robe blanche, à Manceaux d'Ecommare, Mayet, Le Lude, Château-du-Loir, autres bons Sarthois, 5,10 à Manceaux communes de la Sarthe, notamment du rayon de Sablé, en provenance du Baugeois Angevin, 4,95 à Orne, des rayons de La Flèche ou Gaillon, 4,90 à 5,35; Deux-Sèvres, 5,30; Brettons d'Ille-et-Vilaine et Côtes-du-Doubs, à 5,50; veaux de service, 1,75 à 1,90; petits veaux, 1,50 à 1,60. Les affaires ont été calmes. La loucherie qui avait certains besoins n'a pas trop discuté sauf pour les animaux de qualité insuffisante et les cours se sont somme toute bien maintenus. Sauf indication contraire les cours ci-après s'entendent à la livre nette pour animaux en laine. Agneaux: Les agneaux extra Southdown ont valu, à 7,20; Croisés, 6,60 à 7,15; Beauce, Haute-de-France, 5,60 à 7,10; Charmois, 6,80 à 7,15; hivernais Bourbonnais mi-laine, 6,35 à 6,85; Bretons, à Sarthe, Mayenne, Vendée, à 6; Bourguignons maréchaux, 6,10 à 6,50. Veaux tondus: Haute-de-France, Beauce, 5,80 à Nivernais Bourbonnais, 5,60 à 6,30; Berrichons, 5,10 à Poitou, 5,50 à 6,35; Bretons, 5,10 à 5,90; Mayenne, Vendée, à Charente, à Limousins à 5,50; Auvergnats, 5 à 5,10; Bizets du Plateau Central, à Gascons, Aveyronnais, 5 à 5,75. Tondues. Beauce, Île-de-France, à 5; Berrichonnes 4,35 à Bretonnes. 1,30 à Aveyronnaises. Gasconnes, 4.30 à Mayenne, Vendée. 4 à 1,50; quantités usées. 3,75 à Vente calme; la bonne marchandisation a conservé son prix, mais les détenteurs ont éprouvé de la difficulté à placer les qualités secondaires qui émettent en surcharge par suite des arrivées importantes et des grosses réserves vivantes. Porcs maigres extra au kilogramme vif, à bons porcs de pays maigres, 5 à 6.10; petite marchandise, à 5,50; bons porcs gras de l’Ouest, à 6; gros gras et nourrisseurs, 5,20 à 5,90; cochons, 4 à 4,60; porcs creux, 5,80 à 6,10. ARRIVAGES PAR DÉPARTEMENTS Calvados 350 bœufs, vaches, 46 taureaux, porcs. Côte-du-Nord taureaux. 70 veaux. 70 porcs. Île-de-France vaches, 25 taureaux, veaux, 431 porcs. Finistère néant. Loire-inférieure bœufs, vaches, 3 taureaux, veaux, moutons 109 porcs. Morbihan néant. Sarthe-et-Louie bœufs, 140 vaches, taureaux, veaux, 406 porcs. bœufs, 60 vaches, taureaux, moutons, 23 porcs. Orne bœufs, vaches, taureaux, veaux. Seine bœufs, 100 vaches, 8 taureaux, 417 veaux, porcs. bœufs, 30 vaches, 76 taureaux, moutons, porcs. COURS OFFICIELS Cours de clôture au kilo de viande nette. Les chiffres s’entendent de la manière suivante amenés, invendus, 1er, 2e et 3e quai, extra. Bœufs 7,90, 6,80, Vaches 1,400. 8,70, 7,90 6,70, 9,70. Taureaux 18, 7, 6,80, 7,60. Veaux 6, 60, 9, Moutons 12,509. 120, Porcs néant, 5,72, 8,28. 7,58, 8,86. Cours approximatif au kilo. poids vif. Les chiffres s’entendent de la manière suivante 1er et 3e quai extra Vaches Taureaux 1,30, 2,60. Veaux 6,96. 6,00, 1,95, 7,68. Moutons: Porcs 6,10, 5,80. LE 7e CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL DES VINS, CIDRES, SPIRITUEUX ET LIQUEURS Paris, 22 Juin. Le matin s'est ouvert le 7e Congrès international du commerce des vins, cidres, spiritueux et liqueurs, organisé par le Comité international du commerce des vins. Dans la salle on remarqua les délégués de quinze nations, notamment de la Suisse, de l'Angleterre, du Portugal, de la Hollande, ainsi que de nombreux représentants des associations vinicoles françaises. En ouvrant le congrès, M. Bertrand de Mun, Président du comité international, après avoir remercié les nombreux délégués présents et les personnes qui ont bien voulu honorer le Congrès de leur présence, a montré la nécessité pour tous les pays de s'unir dans le but d'établir une réglementation unique des transports, de tarifs douaniers et des droits d'appellations d'origine des vins. L'assemblée a ensuite abordé son ordre du jour. MARCHÉS DE LA RÉGION OUEST, 30 juin. Marché faible, beaucoup de cultivateurs étant occupés à la récolte des foins. Hausse de par kilo sur le beurre et de 0,50 par douzaine sur les oeufs. Poulets, la couple, 33 à 35; poules, 26 à 30; canards, 22 à 35; lapins, 8 à 8,50; lapereaux, 3,50 à 6,50. Pommes de terre anciennes, 0,30 le demi-kilo; nouvelles, 0,60 à 0,75; carottes, le paquet, 0,40 à navets, 0,30 il le paquet; choux pommés, 0,30 à 1 fr. la pièce, suivant grosseur; choux-fleurs, à artichauts, 0,60 à suivant grosseur; laitue, 0,20 à 0,30 la tête; radis, 0,10 le paquet; cerises, 2,50 la livre; asperges, 1,50 la botte, suivant grosseur et espèce; pois d'épis, à la livre; nageots, 3 la livre; petits pois à écosser, 1,50 la livre fraîche, à 3 la livre. Beurré, le kilo, 10 à 12.25; œufs, la douzaine, 4.75; pain, le kilo, LES ARTICHAUTS Saint-Pol-de-Léon, juin. Aujourd'hui, les artichauts Saint-Pol-de-Léon, 22 juin. Les artichauts de terre ont été cotés de 42 à 45 francs le quintal. Pommes de terre, 22 juin. Très peu d'arrivages. Cours en hausse. Les pommes de terre ont été cotées de 25 à 30 francs les 50 kilos. Saint-Malo, 22 juin. Gros arrivages sur le marché de Rancehey. On a payé ce matin, de 31 à 36 francs les 50 kilos, l'après-midi, 40 et plus à BREST, 22 juin. Il a été amené aujourd'hui, place du Champ de Mars 150 charrettes portant 2.300 paniers. Prix moyens 30 à 39 fr. les 50 kilos. REINE des CRÈMES Crème de beauté merveilleuse Conservation indéfinie Parfum douce comme aux Messieurs EN VENTE PARTOUT À L'ÉQUINDÉE PARIS Les Auditions Radiotéléphoniques d'aujourd'hui RADIO-PARIS 1.750 m. P. W. 1. Marche estivale, 2. Omaïa, valse Cucciniello; 3. Czardas, fox-trot Stanley Chapelier; 4. Cuit, solo de violon (Kreisler): 5. L'amoureuse sérénade (E. Filigini); 6. L'élégie, solo de violoncelle (Massenet): 7. Grosz Matjas Tuncz (Marcelin); 8. Fête de l'humanité, suite d'orchestre (Faurie); 9. Danse matinale (C. Desormes): 10. Automne, solo de violon (Faure): 11. Fumérages, fox-trot (H. Moretti): 12. Alleluia, solo de violoncelle (Salumière); 13. Dulee Steamer (J. Bainville): 14. Chanson pour mon amour (Hervé Tavan): 15. Cours d'ouverture, Métro. Communiqué 16 h. Le radio-concert est provisoirement suspendu. Cours de clôture, Courses. Communiqué Havas. Radiocommuniqué littéraire par Radio-Liberté. 20 h. Radio-concert organisé par l'Association des Radioamateurs Français. 22 heures Radio-Partie par le famous blue Jazz, Marcel Kellerman, violon solo. TOUR EIFFEL 2.630 m. P. 5.100 W. 18 L. Radio-concert avec le concours de M. Paul Dermée, de Mme Wilhelmine Couday, cantatrice; de M. Georges Bathys, de l'Odéon; de M. de Campoënia, violoncelliste; du quatuor Ottette Malpaert, Mlle de Campoënia, et du compositeur M. Émile Bourdon. Les livres à lire. M. Paul Dermée, Ballade, pour violoncelle. Le Hiver à St-Verde chanté par Mme Wilhelmine Couday, et vin tant exécuté par M. R. Rér Bathys, de l'Odéon, et quatuor à cordes de Mlle Raynach (quatuor Julezieux). Les dernières nouvelles. 5:58 m. 450 w. 8:20 heures. Cours de langue anglaise pour débutants. 8:30 h. 30, Cours de perfectionnement. 8:40 h. 30, Cours de littérature anglaise, par les professeurs de l'École Benoit. 9 heures, Soirée de gala offerte par l'Association Générale des Auditeurs de T. S. F., avec le concours de Philips Radio, de Mlle Geneviève-Louise Corman, Mme Raymonde Hilbert, MM. René Frot, solo des Concerts Coloniaux; Gaymard, de la troupe de Barthelemy; Mlle Lucienne Mignon, Jane Gréval, Mlle Denise Lorival, MM. Louis Charpentier, Louis Brézé, Maurice Rieuault, et Vice Barthélemy et de l'orchestre symphonique de Paris. Orchestre symphonique de Paris, Sélection opéra en cinq actes de Ch. Gounod, donnée avec le concours de Mme Rolande Hilbert (Juliette), Marie-Louise Corman (Stephano), MM. René Prot, Hommes, Gaymard (Capitaine), et Félix Laurent. Ouverture de Roméo et Juliette par l'orchestre symphonique de Paris. Madrigal: Entrée de capulet; Valse; Cavatine. Ballet de Roméo et Juliette, par l'orchestre symphonique de Paris. Air du Parfum; Grand duo; Bénédiction et Quatuor. Orchestre symphonique de Paris: Audition des principales scènes de Bonbonnure, comédie en deux actes, de Courtoisie, donnée avec le concours de Mlles Louise Monnier, Jane Préval, Fernande Lorival, MM. Louis Charpentier, Louis Brézé, Maurice Rieuault, et Alec LONDRES 365 m. 760 W. 1 h. 25, Musique, transmis par toutes les stations. 11 h. 10, Une main de clavier en Palestine, transmis par toutes les stations. 7 h. 30, Acte 1 de l'opéra Les Mendiants, de Gavrochinque de Frédéric Austin. Relayé du théâtre lyrique d'Hammersmith, transmis par toutes les stations du Savoy Hotel, transmis par toutes les stations. TIRAGES FINANCIERS du lundi 22 juin MLLE DE PARIS Le numéro 187 est remboursé par 100 francs, Le numéro 487 est remboursé par 50 francs, Les numéros suivants sont remboursés chaque année par 300 francs 2,654,949, 2,653,537, 2,071,630, 2,344,683. Les numéros suivants sont remboursés chaque année par 3,500 francs 2,271,537, 1,216,689, 2,344,783, 3,579,253. Les 4 numéros suivants sont remboursés chacun par 100 francs 4. KS 45.996 61. DU 85.223 77.317 79. OVJ 70. 87. 103.035. 106.940 137.011 161.631 172.813 203.067 205.627 217.717. 261.716 271.430 271.610 270.710 290.628 303.945 313.018 336.301 319.875 319.731 353.713 373.136 361.486 401.068 410.931 410.105 169.967 297.997 524.796 530.100 531.931 337.601 561.811 577.301 372.513 511.616 601.361 650.510 665.791 690.85 710.925 712.611 752.608 760.935 761.815 782.650 804.335 805.893 858.967 959.915 985.543 980.586 988.017 989.914 1008.775 1015.578 1005.053 L'Avenir des Enfants. Le père de famille prévoyant ne s'efforce pas seulement de constituer, pour une époque déterminée, une dot à ses enfants. Il se préoccupe aussi de laisser après lui, dans le cas où il viendrait à disparaître prématurément, les ressources nécessaires pour assurer leur avenir. La Nationale-Vie (entreprise privée assujettie au contrôle de l'État) lui offre, à cet égard, ses intéressantes combinaisons d'Assurances dotales, d'Assurances familiales, d'assurances d'éducation et de dot, qui répondent à tout ce qu'il peut désirer. Tous renseignements confidentiels et gratuits sur ces combinaisons sont donnés sur demande au Siège social, 2, rue Pillet-Will, à PARIS, ou chez les Agents généraux en Province et notamment à M. LEFOL, 3, quai Lamartine, à Rennes; M. BREUILLOT, rue de la Gare, à Redon: M. IZAMBART, 21, rue Duperré, à Saint-Servan; M. CHEMINAN, 9, place de la Poissonnerie, à Vannes: MM. OUIZILLE frères, 23, Cours des Quais, à Lorient; M. QUATREBŒUF, à Montfort-sur-Meu; M. de PERRON, 7, rue du Château, à Dinan: MM. GUILHEN et RICHEUX, place de la Poste, à Saint-Brieuc; M. de L'ESCALE, à Pontivy: M. d'ETROYAT, à Cléguérec, par Pontivy: M. de KERVASDOUL, à Lannion; MM. HASTING et OLLIVRY, 11, rue Lafayette, dans l'immeuble de la Compagnie, à Nantes: M. ARCHE, 5, quai Sadi-Carnot à Laval: M. TIREL, rue de Sevigné, à Vitré: M. DEROSVILLE, 6, rue de Quimper, à Quimperlé. 1,272,051 1,285,811 1,206,721 1,309,102 1,310,867 1,330,522 1,372,236 1,384,815 1,367,120 1,476,750 1,386,559 1,183,339 1,867,117 1,876,529 1,527,817 1,526,103 1,316,911 1,363,823 1,564,851 1,685,110 1,791,350 1,915,915 1,936,507 1,903,150 1,809,971 1,825,076 1,827,587 1,815,727 1,857,672 1,897,562 1,909,356 1,915,852 1,910,835 1,939,871 1,998,509 1,928,913 1,919,117 1,899,091 5,031,175 2,073,110 2,197,901 2,225,730 2,237,529 2,252,503 2,237,728 2,292,829 2,234,711 2,245,467 2,314,773 2,335,851 2,331,670 2,370,477 2,325,356 2,629,656 2,650,231 2,631,112 2,663,841 2,692,911 2,704,919 2,715,616 2,717,425 5,718,883 2,812,733 2,851,968 2,821,085 2,813,220 2,839,967 2,840,798 2,856,936 2,858,708 2,895,837 2,985,719 2,995,519 2,981,519 2,985,019 3,037,508 3,060,031 3,016,169 3,058,839 3,019,451 2,998,733 3,037,501 6,073,364 3,037,538 3,060,031 3,096,316 3,467,736 3,068,410 3,102,551 3,119,456 3,129,899 Le numéro 50. VM. 196 est remboursé par fr. 1. numéro 195. 285 est remboursé par fr. Les trois suivants sont remboursés chacun par fr. Les numéros suivants sont remboursés chacun par 1.000 fr. 921 12.179 3=ses 6.7:1 1-XM ML-131 112.402 155 l'2S 167.512 1582 79 tSUit 28.052 3005W 60.563 102.119 328.598 369.0 441.837 l'feOiô 4.1.599 -181.113 463.372 161.239 197.019; COMMUNALES Le numéro est remboursé par 10.000 francs. Le numéro 305.08 est remboursé par 0.000 fr. Les deux suivants sont remboursés chacun par 5.000 francs. Les quatre numéros suivants sont remboursés chacun par 5.000 francs 115.3SO. 217.5<8, Les 10 numéros suivants sont remboursés chacun par 1.000 francs S.7l 21.Ô6l t:ii.j»s ii.2.631 ie.Wi y,i.;m iso.719 is7.auc 231.798 2.6I.4V.S 1.8 a«r..5<2 Ô50.5nn HK.-?. 10I.6-.M 0.'i 4.7.161 u.171 198.2S3 COMMUNALES 196. Le numéro est remboursé par 0.003 francs. Le numéro 200. est remboursé par 20.000 fr. Les huit numéros suivants sont remboursés chacun par 5.000 francs 973.6SÎ Les 100 numéros suivants sont remboursés chacun par 1.000 francs. 5t.0.S 1OO.a 1S4.988 199.988 609.7H 1W.925 2C9.611 2S5/111 239.i:S 5l'i.22 246.:Vi". 25Î.50S 3O7.3B1 3. ia 337.636 4O3.O4S MOjIJI 471.611 547.9JS 5.V1.75.) 66.').6I8 66i:"rm 6OI. 6D5.926 763.635 ̃772.682 S03.578 818. MO .<22.5»1 85r?.<7* 893.VI1 S0l.13.~t 9C9.I93 W-2.276 974.278 9?7.6:i6 997.500 999.66S 1.008.eC9 1,H10.:M9 1.0I6,»10 :1.C78,47O 1.1O3.S36 1.138.966 1.163.3M (t.166,819 1.181.676 .1.182.917 1.I92.SS» Les numéros sont remboursables au pair. EVIAN SOURCE CACHET PARfUMERIE Nouvelle ESSENCE-POUDRE-LOTION PR1 INTAIN EL< L-T-PIVER Faculté des Sciences de Rennes Examens des Certificats d'Etudes supérieures (Licence) Ont été définitivement reçus Calcul différentiel et intégral. MM. Cochet, Gex, Le Restif. Géométrie supérieure. MM. Baslé, Le Ménager. Mécanique rationnelle. MM. Abet, de Bodinat, Briand, Coulombier, Davy, Delas, Denis, Esparbet. Hanus, Kogan, Meyer, Olenzareff, Tchang, Thoravai, Gréciet, Nuss. Mécanique appliquée. MM. Boutet, Coifman, Perrin, Rilba, Tchang. Mathématiques générales. M. Blain, Cahour, Caubert, Cochet, Drouet, Féquet, Gilles, Gournay, Groabois, de Lacroix-Herpin, Lecurau, Lectard, Picquenard, Quéro, Thoraval, Trivousson, Tuffereau, Vauge, Volter, Bourkowsky, Cailleteau, Chevreau, Chow, Colombel, Cotellon, Falaiseau, Gaudin, Mérel, Redois. Mmes Caillère, Lambert, Larzul. Physique générale. M. Aumont, Bourdet, Cheneau, Derrichen, Fouré, Le Paytier, Nédélec, Regnault, Vène. Physique appliquée. M. Fiquemont, Nouet. Chimie générale. M. Cheneau, Le Paslier, Oisel, Taillandier; Mmes Baudoin, Cachot. Chimie appliquée à l'industrie. M. Lambert. Mme Ocadeau. Chimie appliquée à l'agriculture. M. Erne, de la Fleurière, Gâteau, Halopeau, Hauray, Morice, d'Oauville, Rarabaud, Roux Mmes Caillère, Le Mée, Pochat, Tromeur. Minéralogie. M. Bourges, Gouenay, Halton, Hauray, Nouet, Roger Mmes Caillère, Chantel, Le Mée, Orhan, Rouget. Géologie. M. Bard, Chariot. Zoologie générale. M. Allard, Benardeau, Gahéry, Hourcq, Join, Pichard. Anatomie comparée. M. Chappell, Colas. Zoologie agricole et industrielle.– M. Bernard, Caillet, Courgeon, Evin, Favre, Gahéry, Gérant, Herbert, Huchet, Josset, Le Carré, Muhé, Michallet, Montfort, Pan, Perro, Pichon, Ropars, Trivoli. Botanique. M. Chavaux, Corin, Toussard. Botanique agricole et industrielle. M. Bernard, Caillef, Chalaux, Courgeon, Favre, LES ANCIENS DU Excursion à Vandières Le Comité de la région parisienne d'accord avec le C.D., organise pour le 28 juin courant, une excursion à Vandières-sous-Chatillon (Marne). Voici le programme de la journée Départ, gare de l'Est, à 7 h. 51, arrivée à Dormans, 9 h. 38. Transport par camions au Château de Vandières. Prix 5 francs. À 11 heures. Inauguration de la plaque commémorative posée sur le château. À 11 h. 30. Service religieux à l'église de Vandières, à la mémoire des morts du 317e. À 13 heures (environ). Déjeuner au café Gallet, à Vandières (près le château). Prix --10 francs. Les camarades qui préfèrent emporter leur repas pourront manger, soit dans le parc que M. Desrousseaux met aimablement à leur disposition (les réparations du château :te sont pas terminées), soit dans une salle ;*servée à cet effet. Après-midi libre pour visiter le terrain. Dîner libre soit à Vnndièrcs on le café Cialtet Tiourra donner un repas froid, soit à Port-à-Binson '.Hôtel de la Gare. Hôtel du Soleil d'Or). Retour Retour à pied à Port-à-Binson (3 '•on.), train de 19 h. Arrivée à Paris. 22 h. 15. Il est .fort probable qu'une réduction sera iccordée par les chemins de f?r dn l'Est. 3rix du billet plein tarif, aller et retour, classe. Parts-Port-à-Biiison, 16 fr. 20. Si` la réduction est accordée par les Cheuns de Fer de l'Est, elle sera déduite et remboursée à l'intéressé ,Le général Henry et M. de Gramont-Les'arre assisteront à l'excursion. Pour tous renseignements, s'adresser au secrétaire. Aristide Lepront. 25, rue Goupil au Mans, qui recevra les adhésions jusqu'au 15 courant. (Communiqué). ŒCONCERT EN PLEIN AIR DE LA SOCIÉTÉ CHORALE Samedi soir : À la suite d'une heureuse initiative, la Société Chorale du Mans a donné, au kiosque des Jacobins, un concert parfaitement réussi, et qui a été fort apprécié par un nombreux public, attiré à la fête par l'agrément du programme et le charme du lieu. Les chœurs de la Société existent orchestraient, celui-ci et ceux-là, par M. Salbatoul, chef éminent, se sont fait applaudir tour à tour, pour leur remarquable ensemble et leur incontestable musicalité. Citons notamment l'interprétation très sûre de la Marche Lorraine (chœurs et orchestre) des Romains, chœur de l'Hérodiade, de Massenet, du la Chanson Alsacienne (choeur) de Maréchal, de l'Arlésienne, sélection par l'orchestre. des Cadets de Gascogne (chœur), des Crinquignes, divertissement par l'orchestre, enfin de l'Angélus de la Mer, de Goublier (chœur et orchestre). La partie chant était dévolue à Mlle Coquerel, dont le beau soprano dramatique se fit une fois de plus apprécier dans l'air de Brunnhilde de Sigurd, par M. Blanc, ténor à la voix bien posée qui chanta le Lombardo de Palladium, et par le baryton Arluiffo, organe chaleureux. Toutes nos félicitations à notre talentueuse société locale, dont les progrès et le succès vont croissant. Encore un accident d'automobile Hier matin, vers 2 h. 30, cinq mécaniciens de la maison Sizaire-Berwick, venant de la direction du pont Gambetta et se rendant à la gare de l'Etat, suivaient en auto le quai de l'Amiral Lalande lorsque, arrivés près du port, en face des établissements Deschamps-Houlbert, ils n'aperçurent pas le tournant brusque qui se trouvait à cet endroit. La voiture franchit alors le trottoir de gauche, heurta le parapet de fer, qui se trouva brisé sur une longueur d'une dizaine de mètres, et tomba sur l'embarcadère du port d'une hauteur d'environ trois mètres. La voiture se renversa dans sa chute sur le côté gauche. Trois des occupants, MM. Dupont, Viron et Mérv, se relevèrent indemnes ou avec des contusions sans gravité. Par contre, MM. Loublit Jean, 38 ans, domicilié Le Carré, Le Dosseur, Mahé, Morice, Pan, Perro, Pichon, Ropars, Tostivint, Trividic, Mlles Chantret, Kerdelant, Robigault. P. C. N. Supérieur, MM. Benardeau, Bernard, Boinot, Clérant, Hauray, Herbert Edmond, Herbert Jules, Morice, Richard, Poirier, Rambaud, Mlles Corteggiani, Omnès, Pochât, Robigault. Université de Caen LICENCE ÉS-LETTRES Ancien et nouveau régime (SESSION DE JUIN) Histoire et Géographie MM. Marie et Cardin. Certificat d'études supérieures Philosophie. Histoire générale de la philosophie M. Marseille. Psychologie: Mlle Périer et M. Maisonneuve. Philosophie générale et logique MM. Marseille et Marchand. Morale et sociologie Mlle Lemarchand, MM. Marchand et David. Lettres Études grecques M. l'abbé Leroy. Études latines MM. Bouvier, Giet, Mornière. Littérature française M. Cantineau. Grammaire et Philosophie Mlle Oré Marguerite et M. l'abbé Courtonne. Histoire et Géographie Histoire ancienne Mlle Breton, M. Delaunay. Histoire du Moyen-Âge M. Le Golbert. Moderne et contemporaine Mlles Hédiarl, Joly, Dulong. M. Lelay. Géographie Mlle Barreau, M. Manias. Langues vivantes Études littéraires classiques Mlle Piclin. Littérature étrangère M. Clerc, Michaudel, Péan. Philosophie M. Henri. Études M. Bataille, et M. Boehrn. Certificat d'études françaises. Sont reçus définitivement Mlle Sander (mention Très Honorable), Mlle Symons (mention Honorable). Diplôme élémentaire de français M. Smyth. À Courbevoie (Seine), qui conduisait la voiture, eut la poitrine fortement comprimée par le volant, et M. Rosa Henri, 31 ans, également domicilié à Courbevoie, eut une jambe brisée. Ces deux blessés, après avoir reçu les premiers soins de M. le docteur Maison, ont été transportés à l'Hôpital. La voiture est absolument hors d'usage. Une enquête est ouverte pour rechercher les causes exactes de l'accident. À L'UNION DÉPARTEMENTALE DES SAPEURS-POMPIERS L'assemblée générale. Le banquet. La manœuvre. Dimanche matin, à 9 heures 30, a eu lieu, à la salle des Conférences, place Saint-Pierre, l'Assemblée générale de l'Union des Sapeurs-Pompiers de la Sarthe, sous la présidence du commandant Merlan. 27 subdivisions groupant 300 délégués étaient représentés. Le président, après avoir annoncé que l'Union groupe actuellement plus de 400 adhérents, adressa un vibrant appel à tous ceux qui n'ont pas encore apporté une adhésion nécessaire à la force du groupement départmental, démontra le but et les avantages de la Société et fit procéder les désignations à la nomination du bureau. Celui-ci fut ainsi constitué président, commandant Merlan vice-président, capitaine Bardin, de Mumers capitaine De rouault, de La Fèche; capitaine Detaboudinière, du Mans; lieutenant Hatton, de Saint-Calais; secrétaire, lieutenant Lepelletier, de Sainte-Jume; secrétaire-adjoint, lieutenant Breton, du Mans; trésorier, lieutenant Veau, de Sillé-le-Guillaume. À l'unanimité M. Abrivard, commandant honoraire des sapeurs-pompiers de Saône, est nommé vice-président d'honneur. À midi, un banquet réunissant 300 convivants dont une vingtaine de dames, fut servi à l'Hôtel des Postes, par les soins de l'excellent traiteur M. Bondu. Au dessert, le commandant Merlan prit la parole pour remercier M. Lulé, adjoint, représentant de la municipalité, les représentants de la Presse, et adressa au capitaine Delaboudinière, au secrétaire et au trésorier, des félicitations méritées puis il leva son verre à la municipalité et tous les congressistes. M. Lulé apporta, au nom de la municipalité, les hommages de sympathie et de reconnaissance à la vaillante phalange que constitue le corps des sapeurs-pompiers et les assura que les efforts nécessaires seraient accomplis pour réaliser toutes les améliorations en matériel et équipement, sollicitées à la fois par les sapeurs-pompiers et par la population du Mans. À la fin du déjeuner qui fut cordial et gai, le capitaine Delaboudinière exhorta les congressistes à se rendre en cortège ordonné aux Jacobines, en vue de l'intéressante manœuvre prévue au programme de la journée. En présence de spectateurs environ, la Compagnie des sapeurs-pompiers, sous les ordres de son capitaine, exécuta le sauvetage d'une personne en péril au troisième étage du Théâtre Municipal, considéré comme incendié. La manœuvre s'accomplit avec rapidité et précision. La pompe municipale et les lances fonctionnèrent convenablement. MM. Le Feuvre et Lulé, adjoints, M. Camille Bollev, inventeur de la première pompe automobile à piston (1895), MM. Mailler, Saffray, Carré, Tuffier, conseillers municipaux, suivirent avec attention toutes les phases de la manœuvre. À son tour, l'auto-pompe Thirion, qui a apporté un si précieux concours lors de l'incendie récent de la prison militaire, fit une démonstration très remarquée. L'auto-pompe à pistons multiples Drouville, venue au Mans spécialement pour la circonstance, termina enfin de la façon la plus impressionnante, cette série d'utiles manœuvres : on admira le jet puissant de ses lances dépassant de beaucoup la toiture du Théâtre. Les pompes Drouville, dont l'agent au Mans est M. Legnier, 17, rue des Planches, ont été cassées hors concours et ont obtenu les plus hautes récompenses aux concours de la Fédération Nationale des Sapeurs-Pompiers de France. RENSEIGNEMENTS INFORMES (Les Procès Littéraires, etc.) sont envoyés par toute partie particulière en timbres adressés à l'Ouest-Eclair. LE MANS RÉDACTION. PUBLICITÉ K A.NNCÉS Bureaux 0, place Léon (tel.) LAVAL bureau. publicitaire. annonces ET ABONNEMENTS Bureaux 31, Quai d'Avesnes (Tél.) CAEN Bureau M. PANSAGEUL. rue Saint-Jean, PUBLICITÉ ET ANNONCES Agence CLAVAS. 7, rue Saint-Jean (Téléphone) SAINT-LO BÉDAillon M. VIDAL (Tel.) PUBLICATION ET ANNONCES M. LEMASSON, Libraire, 2, Place Gambetta. CHERBOURG AGENCE RÉGIONALE SALLE DE JEU. PUBLICITÉ ET ANNONCES rue Tour Carrée (Tél.) MATINÉES & SOIREE Les spectacles d'aujourd'hui Palace-Cinéma.– 8 h. 45. Principaux films: La Fille de l’Eau, comédie dramatique Le Stigmate (2 chapitre) Grandeur et Décadence, comique Gaumont-Actualités. Cinema-Pathé. 8 h. 45. Films principaux La Goutte de Sang, d’après le roman de Jules Mary Surcouf (épisode). VISITES AU POUBILIER ET AU JARDIN POTAGER. Dans la nuit du 21 au 22 juin, des malfaiteurs ont dérobé dans la basse cour de M. Bois, 18, place de la Mission, dix lapins et trois poules. Ces jours derniers un inconnu a pénétré dans un jardin situé chemin du halage, et appartenant à M. Desprès, employé de chemins de fer, demeurant rue de l’Espérance et lui a volé des légumes pour une somme de quinze francs environ. Des plaintes ont été portées et la police enquête. À LA CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE. Dans sa dernière séance, la Chambre de Commerce a émis les vœux suivants Impôts sur les bénéfices industriels et commerciaux. La Chambre émet le vœu « Que l’impôt perçu en 1925 sur les bénéfices industriels et commerciaux réalisés en 1924 soit à titre transitoire calculé sur un taux intermédiaire entre le taux actuel et celui qui sera fixé pour l’avenir. » Ajournement de la révision de l’évaluation de la propriété bâtie. La Chambre émet le vœu « Que la révision de l’évaluation de la propriété bâtie soit ajournée dans les mêmes conditions que celles de l’évaluation de la propriété non bâtie et jusque à la même date. » INCONSOLABLE, IL SE FEND Dans la soirée de dimanche, le nommé Louis Fraslin, 45 ans, demeurant, 85, rue de la Fuite, a été trouvé pendu à son domicile. Très affecté par la mort de sa femme, surveillée il y a quelque temps, Fraslin avait, à plusieurs reprises, manifesté l'intention de se donner la mort. NI. le commissaire de police du 3e arrondissement, a procédé aux constatations d'usage, assisté de M. le docteur Decais. EPAVES. Une pipe, réclamer à Mme Lignac, rue Porte Ste-Anne, après 13 h. Titre de reçu, réclamer à M. Steimacker, 87, avenue du Grand Cimetière; une petite boîte renfermant une certaine somme, réclamer à M. de Formigny de la Lande, château de la Lande par Cambes (Calvados); un collier en dentelles, réclamer à Mme Ouvrard, 118, avenue Rubillard (de midi à 1 heure); un porte-monnaie contenant une petite somme, réclamer à Mlle Joubert, 88, rue de Flore. ETAT-CIVIL du dimanche 21 juin ALSANCIA. Leroy Emilienne, rue Béranger, Décédé. Chauvin Marie, veuve Boigne, 53 ans, avenue Roulle, 1M; Coulon Gaude, veuve, 88 ans, rue du Bourg-Neuf. Massera François, cérémonaire, 84 ans, rue Montmartre. CONVOIS MORTUAIRE du mardi 23 juin 8 Heures M. Coulon, 88 ans, rue du Bourg-Neuf, K; Couture; Pontlieue. 9 h. 30 Mina Halffensau, 71 ans, rue Montmartre, 8; St-Julien; Grand Cimetière. 10 heures M. Beccard, garde l'Etat-civil; Grand Cimetière. 3 h. 30 Veuve Gentil, 83 ans, avenue Leon-Collie; Grand Cimetière. 3 h. 30 Kerven, 84 ans, chemin de Petite-Nasse; Pontlieue; Pontlieue. Le Lude ETAT-CIVIL. Naissances. Haran Germain, à Rambouillet; Foucher André, place du Mail; Hussin Hélène, rue du Bourg-Nouveau; Dupuy Eugène, au Vieux-Loir. Publications de mariage. Gautier Gilbert, employé de chemin de fer au Quesnoy (Nord), et Odiot Suzanne, conseillère, au Ludre; Baullin Toussaint, aide de culture, domicilié à Louerre (Maine-et-Loire), actuellement soldat eu 5e régiment d'infanterie, et Raine Clémentine, ouvrière d'usine, domiciliés au Ludre, résidant à Angers, 228. route de Paris. Décès: Callieau Louis, 74 ans, ancien cultivateur, veuve domicilié à Savigné, décédé au Ludre, rue du Bourg-Nouveau. En s'amusant avec des allumettes, le jeune Baillard Albert, pupille de l'Assistance Publique, a mis le feu à 3 charrettes de foin ainsi qu'à divers objets se trouvant dans la cour de la ferme de Boussard Epergne, commune de Pontvallain, appartenant à M. Lucien Follenfant, cultivateur. Le préjudice s'élève à 200 francs. LA PREVOYANCE FAMILIALE vend et achète de tous articles d'habillement, ameublement, ménage, etc. demande des COURIERS pour la campagne (8e servitude), y résidant autant que possible. Ecrire ou téléphoner 3 bis, rue Dutertre (rue des Minimes) Le gagneur. PERTES ET TROUVAILLES. Objets perdus une montre-bracelet argent; un étui cuir contenant lunettes doré; une petite pochette soie; une petite fourrure couleur; un sac à chapeau; un gant beige. Objets trouvés un calepin contenant des billets; une broche imitation "Toledo" un portefeuille contenant une forte somme; un phare d'auto. LIGUE AÉRONAUTIQUE. Tous les membres de la section d'Alençon de la Ligue Aéronautique de France sont priés de bien vouloir assister à la réunion du Comité qui se tiendra le mercredi 24 juin, à 17 heures, dans une salle de l'Hôtel de Ville. Objet de la réunion Organisation du meeting. On est prié de considérer le présent avis comme une convocation. COMITE DEPARTEMENTAL DES MUTILES. MM. Couilleaux François et Tremblin Fernand ont été élus membres du Comité départemental des Mutilés pour une période de quatre ans par scrutin de ballottage du 15 juin dernier. CONSULTATIONS DE NOURRISSONS. Par suite de la vente de l'immeuble Leclerc, situé rue de Sarthe, ouvre si utile de la consultation de nourrissons fonctionnera à la Mairie d'Alençon (Bureau d'Assistance et d'Hygiène) entrée par le square de la Mairie) à partir du mercredi juin courant, les consultations y auront lieu tous les mercredi de 3 à 4 heures. Gacé COMICE AGRICOLE CANTONAL. Les maires des communes du canton de Gacé et MM. les membres du Comice agricole cantonal sont invités à se réunir à la mairie de Gacé, le mardi 30 juin, à 11 heures, sous la présidence de M. le Président du Comice agricole cantonal, et de M. le Maire de Gacé. Objet de la réunion Organisation du Comice agricole cantonal et du Comice d'arrondissement. REUNION DES COMMERÇANTS. Le maire de Gacé a l'honneur de demander à tous les commerçants de bien vouloir assister à une réunion qui aura lieu dans la salle du théâtre, le mardi 23 juin, à 20 h. 30. Cette réunion aura surtout pour but de former pour chaque quartier de la ville des sections dont chacune aurait la charge, sous la direction d'un organisateur nommé par elle, de s'occuper de la décoration de la rue dans la partie qui lui serait attribuée. Nous pensons que cette idée, émise dans une récente réunion du Comité des fêtes, est appelée à donner de bons résultats. TRIBUNAL CORRECTIONNEL Auvray Lucien, âgé de 26 ans, cultivateur, né et demeurant à Saint-Cosme-des-Landes, a, le 16 mai, fait tomber son voisin Rouilly. 16 francs d'amende avec sursis. Défenseur, M. Ballot. Chouin Henri, 22 ans, boulanger à la Chapelle-au-Moine, né à Plumeçon, rencontrant les gendarmes le mai vers minuit, les outragea parce qu'ils lui dressaient procès-verbal pour défaut de lanterne et de plaque de contrôle. 100 francs d'amende avec sursis et deux amendes de 5 francs. Défenseur, NIGUESdon. Bonvallet Lucien, 32 ans, journalier, sans domicile fixe, Vannes, a été rencontré le 9 juin à Flers, sans carnet anthropométrique. Six jours de prison. Malinovsky Thomas, 28 ans, ouvrier mineur à Saint-Clair-de-Halouze, a soustrait une somme de 25 francs au préjudice de M. Dejaurès et porté des coups à M. Poujol, à Saint-Clair-de-Halouze, le 5 juin. Deux mois de prison. Défenseur, M. GUESDON. Bertrand Gustave, 31 ans, manœuvre, sans domicile fixe, né aux Herbiers (Vendée) a, le 30 mai, soustrait un portefeuille contenant 650 francs au préjudice de M. Porta Giacomo. Trois mois de prison. Flers, né à Caen, est condamné à 29 amendes de 1 franc pour infraction aux lois sur le travail. La Ferté-Macé CERTIFICAT D'ETUDES. Les examens du Certificat d'Etudes auront lieu à La Ferté-Macé Lundi 29 juin, à 7 h. 30 du matin, à l'école des garçons et filles des écoles de la ville. Mardi 30 juin, à 7 h. 30 du matin, à l'école des garçons et filles des écoles rurales du canton. CONSEIL MUNICIPAL. Le Conseil municipal est convoqué en session ordinaire pour jeudi prochain 25 courant, à 9 heures 30 du matin. UN BEL ŒUF. Ces jours derniers, L'Indépendant signalait que, dans une ferme de Normandie, une poule avait pondu un œuf pesant 109 grammes. Ce record vient d'être battu à Mortagne, chez M. Dian, blanchisseur au Cloître, qui a retiré de son poulailler un œuf pesant 111 grammes. MORT CHEZ LE COIFFEUR. Dimanche, vers 8 heures du matin, M. Martin, âge de 65 ans, demeurant à Préventaine, entrait chez M. Chaudron, coiffeur, rue Sainte-Croix, et prenait place sur la banquette. Quelques minutes plus tard il s'affaissait sur le sol. Relevé aussitôt et transporté dans la salle voisine, il succombait malgré tous les soins que lui prodigua M. Desliayes, gendre de M. le docteur Planchais, mandé aussitôt, ne put que constater le décès dus à une congestion cérébrale. M. Guichard transporta en auto le corps au domicile de M. Villette, gendre de M. Martin. FANFARE MUNICIPALE. La Commission administrative de la Fanfare, dans sa dernière réunion, a composé son bureau avec président, M. Farce; vice-président, M. Levallet; trésorier. M. Bunce; membres MM. Huberson, Duprey, Blanchard, Chevalier. Sous-chefs, J. Nicolas, Maignan, R. Chapelle et Haincourt. Dans cette même réunion, il a été décidé que la Société prendrait part au concours de Caen, qui a lieu le 9 août. La Société a déclaré que les territoires désignés ci-dessus sont déclarés infectés pour cause de typhus aphteux. Les communes de Saint-Hilaire-sur-Evre et Mâle, comprises entre la route de Longueau à Mâle, la route de la Rouge à Mâle, la route de Longueau au Theil et la limite des deux départements de l'Orne et de l'Eure-et-Loir, sont déclarées infectées. GRAVE ACCIDENT. M. Armand Chartier, 31 ans, employé chez M. Brulé, entrepreneur de transports, était monté sur un camion chargé d'arbres lorsque, en arrivant place de l'Église, à Montmirail, il voulut descendre avant l'arrêt du véhicule, mais il tomba sur le côté droit et se blessa grièvement. M. Brulé et son chauffeur, témoins de l'accident, le transportèrent à l'hospice, où le docteur Castaing qui lui donna ses soins constata une double fracture de côtes avec perforation du poumon gauche et fit transporter le blessé dans la clinique de Le Mans. M. Chartier, qui est marié et père d'un jeune enfant, est dans un état très grave. Les Médecins. ACCIDENT. Alors qu'il était monté sur une voiture de fourrage, M. Ménager, père, tomba sur le sol. Dans sa chute, il se fractura le sternum et un assez long repos sera nécessaire à son rétablissement.
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Martial Bourdin (1868 – 15 February 1894) was a French anarchist, who died on 15 February 1894 when chemical explosives that he was carrying prematurely detonated outside the Royal Observatory in Greenwich Park, London.
Although Bourdin sustained massive injuries, he remained alive and able to speak. He did not, however, reveal his name, specific target, or motives. He was carried to the Seamen's Hospital nearby, where he died 30 minutes later.
Later, police investigators discovered that Bourdin had left his room on Fitzroy Street in London and travelled by tram from Westminster to Greenwich Park. The police concluded that "some mischance or miscalculation or some clumsy bungling" had caused the bomb to explode in Bourdin's hand. Because he was found with a large sum of money, the police speculated that he had planned to leave for France immediately.
The police later raided the Club Autonomie in London, a popular club for foreign anarchists, including Bourdin.
Legacy
Bourdin's gruesome death and the mystery surrounding his attempted act inspired Joseph Conrad's 1907 novel, The Secret Agent. Some scholars believe T. S. Eliot references Bourdin in his Ariel poem "Animula" when he writes "Pray...// For Boudin, blown to pieces," although Eliot uses the spelling "Boudin" and may not have had the anarchist in mind.
Notes
References
Cronin, Isaac. Confronting Fear: A History of Terrorism (New York: Thunder's Mouth, 2002)
1868 births
1894 deaths
19th-century French criminals
Accidental deaths in London
Date of birth missing
Deaths by explosive device
French anarchists
Place of birth missing
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Деделер () — Төркия Җөмһүриятенең Мәрмәр бүлгесе Бурса иле Келес илчесенә караган бер мәхәллә ().
Географиясе
Халык саны
Искәрмәләр
Сылтамалар
Турция // Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т. / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2004—2017.]
Mahalle Nedir?
Kısaltmalar Dizini
Келес илчесе мәхәлләләре
Әлифба буенча торак пунктлар
Төркия торак пунктлары
Төркия мәхәлләләре
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<h1 class="heading-title mbt15">
{{ post.subject }}
<span class="f10" style="color:#888;font-family:Arial;">
{{ post.published|date('Y-m-d') }}
</span>
</h1>
</a>
<div class="wrap_panel material selectable light-material no-hover ml0 sub-block">
<div class="wrap_body pbt15 clearfix">
<div class="clearfix">
{% if post.file != '' %}
<div class="pull-left mr10 mb5">
<img class="opaci15" src="{{ post.file | imagine_filter('pic_blog_post_small') | dateCache }}" alt="{{ post.subject }}" />
</div>
<div class="pull-left tal">
{{ post.excerpt|raw }}
</div>
{% else %}
<div class="tal">
{{ post.excerpt|raw }}
</div>
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</article>
{% else %}
<article>
<h1 class="heading-title mbt15">
{{ 'front_blog_blog_noposts'|t }}
</h1>
</article>
{% endfor %}
{% if counter > 0 %}
<div id="paginator" class="pagination">
{{ pagerHtml|raw }}
</div>
{% endif %}
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top:45px;">
{% render(controller('JrkPortfolioFrontBundle:Block:rightMenu')) %}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</div>
{% endblock %}
| 13,351 |
https://github.com/pivotalhalogen/draper/blob/master/lib/draper.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,011 |
draper
|
pivotalhalogen
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 17 | 90 |
require "draper/version"
require 'draper/system'
require 'draper/base'
require 'draper/lazy_helpers'
require 'draper/model_support'
require 'draper/helper_support'
require 'draper/view_context'
require 'draper/decorated_enumerable_proxy'
Draper::System.setup
| 29,152 |
https://github.com/MaxPensel/ELastiq/blob/master/RelInsQuery/src/interpretation/generator/InterpretationGeneratorFactory.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
ELastiq
|
MaxPensel
|
Java
|
Code
| 105 | 376 |
package interpretation.generator;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import org.semanticweb.owlapi.model.OWLClassExpression;
public class InterpretationGeneratorFactory {
/**
* By default creates and returns an IterativeKBDomainElementGenerator
* with on-the-fly normalization.
* @return
*/
public static IInterpretationGenerator create(){
return create(true);
}
public static IInterpretationGenerator create(boolean normalize){
return create(normalize, Logger.getLogger("InterpretationGeneratorLogger"));
}
public static IInterpretationGenerator create(boolean normalize, Logger log){
IInterpretationGenerator gen = new IterativeKBInterpretationGenerator(normalize);
if(log != null)
gen.setLogger(log);
return gen;
}
public static IInterpretationGenerator create(OWLClassExpression query){
return create(query, true);
}
public static IInterpretationGenerator create(OWLClassExpression query, boolean normalize){
return create(query, normalize, Logger.getLogger("InterpretationGeneratorLogger"));
}
public static IInterpretationGenerator create(OWLClassExpression query, boolean normalize, Logger log){
IInterpretationGenerator gen = new IterativeQTBoxModelGenerator(query, normalize);
if(log != null)
gen.setLogger(log);
return gen;
}
}
| 27,969 |
https://github.com/hexlay/MovYeah/blob/master/app_tv/src/main/java/hexlay/movyeah/app_tv/fragments/watch/SubtitleWatchFragment.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| 2,021 |
MovYeah
|
hexlay
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 96 | 486 |
package hexlay.movyeah.app_tv.fragments.watch
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.leanback.app.GuidedStepSupportFragment
import androidx.leanback.widget.GuidanceStylist
import androidx.leanback.widget.GuidedAction
import hexlay.movyeah.api.models.attributes.Subtitle
import hexlay.movyeah.app_tv.R
import hexlay.movyeah.app_tv.helpers.translateLanguage
import hexlay.movyeah.app_tv.models.events.watch.WatchSubtitleChangeEvent
import org.greenrobot.eventbus.EventBus
import java.util.*
class SubtitleWatchFragment : GuidedStepSupportFragment() {
private var subtitles = mutableListOf<Subtitle>()
private var currentKey = "NONE"
override fun onCreateGuidance(savedInstanceState: Bundle?): GuidanceStylist.Guidance {
return GuidanceStylist.Guidance(getString(R.string.filter_change_lang), currentKey.translateLanguage(requireContext()), "", null)
}
override fun onCreateActions(actions: MutableList<GuidedAction>, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
subtitles.forEach {
actions.add(
GuidedAction.Builder(requireActivity())
.title(it.lang?.toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH)!!)
.build()
)
}
}
override fun onGuidedActionClicked(action: GuidedAction) {
EventBus.getDefault().post(WatchSubtitleChangeEvent(action.title.toString()))
parentFragmentManager.popBackStack()
}
companion object {
fun newInstance(key: String, subtitles: List<Subtitle>): SubtitleWatchFragment {
val fragment = SubtitleWatchFragment()
fragment.subtitles.addAll(subtitles)
fragment.currentKey = key
return fragment
}
}
}
| 41,380 |
https://github.com/DecipherNow/gm-ui-components/blob/master/src/components/Table/components/tests/TableHeader.test.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
gm-ui-components
|
DecipherNow
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 141 | 486 |
import React from "react";
import TableHeader from "../TableHeader";
let jestSpy = jest.fn();
describe("TableHeader", () => {
let TableHeaderWrap;
beforeEach(() => {
TableHeaderWrap = shallow(
<TableHeader columns={columns} onSort={jestSpy} />
);
});
test("matches snapshot", () => {
expect(TableHeaderWrap).toMatchSnapshot();
});
test("renders the correct Table elements", () => {
expect(TableHeaderWrap.find("thead")).toHaveLength(1);
expect(TableHeaderWrap.find("tr")).toHaveLength(1);
});
test("renders the correct number of header cells", () => {
expect(TableHeaderWrap.find("TableHeaderCell")).toHaveLength(4);
});
test("renders header cells in the correct order and with the correct text", () => {
TableHeaderWrap.find("TableCell").forEach((cell, i) => {
expect(cell.text()).toBe(columns[i].title);
});
});
test("invokes the onSort prop onClick", () => {
TableHeaderWrap.find("TableHeaderCell").at(0).simulate("click");
expect(jestSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
});
const columns = [
{
title: "Name",
dataIndex: "name",
key: "name",
width: "50%",
onSort: jestSpy
},
{
title: "Address",
dataIndex: "address",
key: "address",
width: "20%"
},
{
title: "Age",
dataIndex: "age",
key: "age",
width: "10%"
},
{
title: "Food",
dataIndex: "favfood",
key: "favfood",
width: "10%"
}
];
| 40,550 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedering
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Riedering
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riedering&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 22 | 46 |
Riedering é um município da Alemanha, no distrito de Rosenheim, na região administrativa de Oberbayern , estado de Baviera.
Municípios da Baviera
| 17,199 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.