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DB00265
|
Crotamiton
|
Crotamiton is a scabicidal and antipruritic agent available as a cream or lotion for topical use only. It is a colorless to slightly yellowish oil, having a faint amine-like odor. It is miscible with alcohol and with methanol.
|
liquid
|
For eradication of scabies (<i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i>) and for symptomatic treatment of pruritic skin.
|
Crotamiton is usually used to treat pruritis (itching of the skin) caused by scabies or sunburn. Crotamiton relieves itching by producing what is called a counter-irritation. As crotamiton evaporates from the skin, it produces a cooling effect. This cooling effect helps to divert your body's attention away from the itching. Due to this cooling effect it is also effective for the relief of sunburn. The drug is also believed to kill scabies through an unknown mechanism.
|
Crotamiton is an antiparasitic that is toxic to the scabies mite. Crotamiton also relieves itching by producing what is called a counter-irritation. As crotamiton evaporates from the skin, it produces a cooling effect. This cooling effect helps to divert your body's attention away from the itching.
|
10 % absorbed when applied locally.
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Anilides
|
[
"approved"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "51.99",
"description": "Eurax 10% Cream 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "54.21",
"description": "Eurax 10% Lotion 60 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "353.03",
"description": "Eurax 10% Lotion 454 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Eurax 10% cream",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
Crotamiton | Osm-9-like TRP channel 4 | OTRPC4 | Transient receptor potential protein 12 | TRP12 | TrpV4 | Vanilloid receptor-like channel 2 | Vanilloid receptor-like protein 2 | Vanilloid receptor-related osmotically-activated channel | VR-OAC | VRL-2 | VRL2 | VROAC
|
[
"Crotan",
"Eurax",
"Eurax",
"Eurax",
"Eurax",
"Eurax Cream 10%"
] |
[
"Crotamitex",
"Euracin"
] |
[] |
[
"Q9HBA0"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00266
|
Dicoumarol
|
Dicoumarol is an oral anticoagulant agent that works by interfering with the metabolism of vitamin K. In addition to its clinical use, it is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.
|
solid
|
For decreasing blood clotting. Often used along with heparin for treatment of deep vein thrombosis.
|
Dicumarol is an coumarin-like compound found in sweet clover. It is used as an oral anticoagulant and acts by inhibiting the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X).
|
Dicumarol inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decresed prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots.
| null | null |
LD<sub>50</sub>=233 mg/kg (orally in mice); LD<sub>50</sub>=250 mg/kg (orally in rats)
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
|
Coumarins and derivatives
|
Hydroxycoumarins
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"B01AA",
"B01A",
"B01",
"B"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
3,3'-methylen-bis(4-hydroxy-cumarin) | 3,3'-methylene-bis(4-hydroxycoumarine) | 3,3'-methylenebis(4-hydroxy-1,2-benzopyrone) | 3,3'-methylenebis(4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) | 3,3'-methylenebis(4-hydroxycoumarin) | bis-3,3'-(4-hydroxycoumarinyl)methane | bis-hydroxycoumarin | bis(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)methane | di-(4-hydroxy-3-coumarinyl)methane | Dicoumarol | Dicoumarolum | Dicumarol | 1.17.4.4 | Vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase subunit 1 | VKOR | 1.6.5.2 | Azoreductase | DIA4 | DT-diaphorase | DTD | Menadione reductase | NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 | NMOR1 | Phylloquinone reductase | QR1 | Quinone reductase 1 | 1.6.5.5 | NADPH:quinone reductase | Zeta-crystallin | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | Cyp2c-6 | CYPIIC6 | Cytochrome P450 PB1 | PTF2 | 1.14.14.1 | Cyp2c | Cyp2c-11 | CYPIIC11 | Cytochrome P-450(M-1) | Cytochrome P450-UT-2 | Cytochrome P450-UT-A | Cytochrome P450H
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q9BQB6",
"P15559",
"Q08257"
] |
[
"P11712"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00267
|
Cefmenoxime
|
Cefmenoxime is a novel broad-spectrum and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is typically used in the treatment of female gynecologic and obstetric infections. It is reported to exhibit high activity against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
|
solid
|
Used to treat female gynecologic and obstetric infections caused by susceptible aerobic (including the gonococcus) and anaerobic bacteria.
|
Cefmenoxime is a semisynthetic beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic with activity similar to that of cefotaxime. It has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
|
The bactericidal activity of cefmenoxime results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefmenoxime is stable in the presence of a variety of b-lactamases, including penicillinases and some cephalosporinases.
|
Bioavailability is approximately 100% following intramuscular injection.
|
Not appreciably metabolized.
|
Information on cefmenoxime overdosage in humans is not available. However, with other b-lactam antibiotics, adverse effects following overdosage have included nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhea, and convulsions.
|
1 hour
|
50-70%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Lactams
|
Beta lactams
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"S02AA",
"S02A",
"S02",
"S",
"J01DD",
"J01D",
"J01",
"J",
"S01AA",
"S01A",
"S01",
"S"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[] |
[] |
(6R,7R)-7-((Z)-2-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido)-3-((1-methyl-1H-5-tetraazolylthio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-2-carbonsaeure | (6R,7R)-7-[[(2E)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-3-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid | Cefmenoxima | Cefmenoxime | Cefmenoximum | CMX | 2.4.1.129 | PBP-3 | pbpB | Penicillin-binding protein 3 | Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase 3 | PBP1
|
[] |
[
"Bestcall",
"Cefmax",
"Tacef"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00268
|
Ropinirole
|
Ropinirole, also known as _ReQuip_, is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist used in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome [FDA label], [A174547]. It is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals. Ropinirole was initially approved in 1997 by the FDA [FDA label] for the management of Parkinson's disease. In 2005, it was the first drug approved in the US for the management of primary moderate to severe restless legs syndrome [A174547].
In 2008, the extended-release capsules of ropinirole were approved, allowing for less frequent dosing, therefore increased compliance, and offering a similar side effect profile and efficacy to previous formulations of ropinirole [A35711].
|
solid
|
For the treatment of the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease and for the treatment of primary moderate-severe restless legs syndrome [FDA label].
|
**Effects on Parkinson's and restless leg syndrome**
This drug promotes the relief or improvement of symptoms of Parkinson's or restless leg syndrome by stimulatory actions on dopamine receptors, which regulate movement.
**Effects on blood pressure**
Clinical experience with dopamine agonists, including ropinirole, suggests an association with impaired abilities in regulating blood pressure with resulting orthostatic hypotension, especially with patients undergoing dose escalation. In some patients in clinical studies, blood pressure changes were associated with orthostatic symptoms, bradycardia, and, in one case in a healthy volunteer, transient sinus arrest accompanied by syncope [FDA label]. The mechanism of orthostatic hypotension caused by ropinirole is assumed to be due to a D2-mediated blunting of noradrenergic response to a standing position, followed by a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. Nausea is also a frequent symptom which accompanies orthostatic signs and symptoms [FDA label].
**Effects on prolactin**
At oral doses as low as 0.2 mg, ropinirole suppressed serum prolactin concentrations in healthy male volunteers.
Ropinirole had no dose-related effect on ECG wave form and rhythm in young, healthy, male volunteers in the range of 0.01 to 2.5 mg [FDA label].
**Effects on QT interval**
Ropinirole had no dose- or exposure-related effect on average QT intervals in healthy male and female volunteers at doses up to 4 mg/day. The effect of ropinirole on QTc intervals at higher exposures reached either due to drug interactions, hepatic dysfunction, or at higher doses has not been adequately evaluated [FDA label].
|
Ropinirole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist. Ropinirole has the highest affinity at the D3 receptors, which are concentrated in the limbic areas of the brain and may be responsible for some of the neuropsychiatric effects [A35711]. The exact mechanism of action of ropinirole as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease is unknown, however, it is believed to be related to its ability to selectively stimulate dopamine D2 receptors within the caudate-putamen system in the brain. This system affects body movement. Negligible affinity is seen for ropinirole at α2 adrenoreceptors in the periphery and 5HT-1 receptor. Ropinirole has no affinity at the D1-like receptors, benzodiazepine or GABA receptors [A35711].
The precise mechanism of action of ropinirole as a treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome is unknown, however, it is believed to be related to its ability to stimulate dopamine receptors [FDA label].
|
Ropinirole is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak concentration in approximately 1 to 2 hours [FDA label], [A37840].
Absolute bioavailability was 45% to 55%, suggesting approximately 50% hepatic first-pass effect [FDA label]. The bioavailability of ropinirole prolonged release compared to the immediate release tablets is about 100% [A38215].
Ingestion of food does not affect the absorption of ropinirole, although its Tmax was increased by 2.5 hours and its Cmax was reduced by approximately 25% when the drug is taken with a high-fat meal [FDA label].
|
Ropinirole is heavily metabolized by the liver. The most important metabolic pathways are N despropylation and hydroxylation to form the _N-despropyl_ metabolite and _hydroxy_ metabolites [FDA label], both of which are inactive [A35711].
The _N-despropyl_ metabolite is then converted to _carbamyl glucuronide_, carboxylic acid, and _N-despropyl hydroxy_ metabolites. Following this process, the _hydroxy_ metabolite of ropinirole is glucuronidated at a rapid rate [FDA label].
_In vitro_ studies show that the major cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the metabolism of ropinirole is CYP1A2 [FDA label], [A37840].
|
**Overdose**
Symptoms of overdose include agitation, chest pain, confusion, drowsiness, facial muscle movements, grogginess, increased jerkiness of movement, symptoms of low blood pressure (dizziness, light-headedness)upon standing, nausea, and vomiting [FDA label].
**Carcinogenicity**
Two-year carcinogenicity studies of ropinirole were performed on animal models at oral doses of 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg/day and in rats at oral doses of 1.5, 15, and 50 mg/kg/day.
There was an increase in testicular Leydig cell adenomas at all doses tested in rats. The hormonal mechanisms thought to be involved in the development of these tumors in rats are not considered relevant to humans. In mice, there was an increase in benign uterine endometrial polyps at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. The highest dose not associated with this observation (15 mg/kg/day) is three times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis [FDA label].
**Mutagenesis**
Ropinirole was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic during in vitro assays, or in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test [FDA label].
**Effects on reproduction**
When given to female rats prior to and during mating and throughout pregnancy, ropinirole led to disruption of implantation at oral doses of 20 mg/kg/day (8 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis) or higher. This effect in rats is believed to be due to the prolactin-lowering effects of ropinirole.
**Use in Pregnancy**
Pregnancy Category C. There are no sufficient and well-controlled studies done in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, ropinirole has demonstrated adverse effects on embryo-fetal development, including teratogenicity [FDA label].
|
Approximately 6 hours [FDA label], [A37840].
|
40% bound to plasma proteins with a blood-to-plasma ratio of 1:1 [FDA label].
|
The majority of the absorbed dose is cleared by the liver [A35711].
In clinical trials, more than 88% of a radiolabeled dose was recovered in urine [FDA label].
Less than 10% of the administered dose is excreted as unchanged drug in urine. _N-despropyl ropinirole_ is the major metabolite found in the urine (40%), followed by the _carboxylic acid_ metabolite (10%), and the _glucuronide_ of the hydroxy metabolite (10%) [FDA label].
|
Ropinirole is found to be widely distributed throughout the body, with an apparent volume of distribution of **7.5 L/kg** [FDA label].
|
The clearance of ropinirole after oral administration is 47 L/h [FDA label].
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Indoles and derivatives
|
Indolines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N04BC",
"N04B",
"N04",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.28",
"description": "Requip 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.41",
"description": "Requip 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.8",
"description": "Co Ropinirole 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.8",
"description": "Pms-Ropinirole 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.8",
"description": "Ran-Ropinirole 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.8",
"description": "Ropinirole 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.55",
"description": "Ropinirole hcl 0.25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.55",
"description": "Ropinirole hcl 0.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.55",
"description": "Ropinirole hcl 1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.55",
"description": "Ropinirole hcl 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.65",
"description": "Ropinirole hcl 3 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.65",
"description": "Ropinirole hcl 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.65",
"description": "Ropinirole hcl 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.87",
"description": "Requip xl 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.29",
"description": "Requip 0.25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.29",
"description": "Requip 0.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.29",
"description": "Requip 1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.29",
"description": "Requip 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.41",
"description": "Requip 3 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.41",
"description": "Requip 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.41",
"description": "Requip 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.87",
"description": "Requip 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.74",
"description": "Requip xl 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.97",
"description": "Requip XL 4 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.61",
"description": "Requip xl 6 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.61",
"description": "Requip xl 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.96",
"description": "Requip XL 8 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "14.35",
"description": "Requip xl 12 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "14.92",
"description": "Requip XL 12 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Co Ropinirole 0.25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Pms-Ropinirole 0.25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Ran-Ropinirole 0.25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Ropinirole 0.25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.32",
"description": "Requip 0.25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Co Ropinirole 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Pms-Ropinirole 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Ran-Ropinirole 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Ropinirole 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Co Ropinirole 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Pms-Ropinirole 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Ran-Ropinirole 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Ropinirole 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1995-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-06-06",
"number": "5422123"
},
{
"approved": "2011-04-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-12-02",
"number": "7927624"
},
{
"approved": "2012-11-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-04-12",
"number": "8303986"
}
] |
Ropinirol | Ropinirole | Ropinirolum | Dopamine D3 receptor | Dopamine D2 receptor | D(2C) dopamine receptor | Dopamine D4 receptor | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | ADRA2L1 | ADRA2RL1 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2 | Alpha-2B adrenoceptor | Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2BAR | ADRA2L2 | ADRA2RL2 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4 | Alpha-2C adrenoceptor | Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2CAR | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase
|
[
"Apo-ropinirole",
"Apo-ropinirole",
"Apo-ropinirole",
"Apo-ropinirole",
"Apo-ropinirole",
"Apo-ropinirole",
"Apo-ropinirole",
"Dom-ropinirole",
"Dom-ropinirole",
"Dom-ropinirole",
"Dom-ropinirole",
"Dom-ropinirole",
"Jamp-ropinirole",
"Jamp-ropinirole",
"Jamp-ropinirole",
"Jamp-ropinirole",
"PHL-ropinirole",
"PHL-ropinirole",
"PHL-ropinirole",
"PHL-ropinirole",
"PHL-ropinirole",
"PMS-ropinirole",
"PMS-ropinirole",
"PMS-ropinirole",
"PMS-ropinirole",
"PMS-ropinirole",
"Ran-ropinirole",
"Ran-ropinirole",
"Ran-ropinirole",
"Ran-ropinirole",
"Ran-ropinirole",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Requip XL",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Hydrochloride",
"Ropinirole Tablets",
"Ropinirole Tablets",
"Ropinirole Tablets",
"Ropinirole Tablets",
"Ropinirole Tablets",
"Teva-ropinirole",
"Teva-ropinirole",
"Teva-ropinirole",
"Teva-ropinirole"
] |
[
"Adartrel",
"ReQuip CR",
"Ronirol"
] |
[
"Requip",
"Requip",
"Requip"
] |
[
"P35462",
"P14416",
"P21917",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100",
"P08913",
"P18089",
"P18825"
] |
[
"P05177"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00269
|
Chlorotrianisene
|
A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen. [PubChem]
|
solid
|
Used to treat symptoms of menopause, deficiencies in ovary function (including underdevelopment of female sexual characteristics and some types of infertility), and in rare cases, prostate cancer. Chlorotrianisene may also be used to prevent breast engorgement following childbirth.
|
Chlorotrianisene is a nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen. After menopause, when the body no longer produces estrogen, chlorotrianisene is used as a simple replacement of estrogen. The estrogen-stimulated endometrium may bleed within 48-72 hours after discontinuance of estrogen therapy. Paradoxically, prolonged estrogen therapy may cause shrinkage of the endometrium and an increase in size of the myometrium. Estrogens have a weak anabolic effect and may cause sodium retention with associated fluid retention and edema. Estrogens may also decrease elevated blood cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations. Estrogens affect bone by increasing calcium deposition and accelerating epiphyseal closure, following initial growth stimulation. During the preovulatory or nonovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen is the principal determinant in the onset of menstruation. A decline of estrogenic activity at the end of the menstrual cycle also may induce menstruation; however, the cessation of progesterone secretion is the most important factor during the mature ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. The benefit derived from estrogen therapy in the prevention of postpartum breast engorgement must be carefully weighed against the potential increased risk of puerperal thromboembolism associated with the use of large doses of estrogens.
|
Chlorotrianisene binds to the estrogen receptor on various estrogen receptor bearing cells. Target cells include cells in the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
|
Absorption following oral administration is rapid.
|
Metabolized principally in the liver, although the kidneys, gonads, and muscle tissues may be involved to some extent. The metabolic fate of the synthetic estrogens has not been fully elucidated.
|
Acute overdosage of large doses of oral contraceptives in chidren reportedly produces almost no toxicity except nausea and vomiting. Acute overdosage of estrogens may cause nausea, and withdrawal bleeding may occur in females.
| null |
50-80%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
|
Stilbenes
| null |
[
"investigational",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"G03CA",
"G03C",
"G03",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Chloortrianisestrol | Chlorestrolo | Chlorotrianisene | Chlorotrianisenum | Chlorotrianisine | Chlorotrianizen | Chlortrianisen | Chlortrianisestrol | Chlortrianisoestrolum | Chlortrianizen | Clorotrianiseno | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | 1.14.14.14 | ARO1 | CYAR | CYP19 | CYPXIX | Cytochrome P-450AROM | Cytochrome P450 19A1 | Estrogen synthase
|
[] |
[
"Merbentul",
"Tace",
"Tace FN",
"Triagen"
] |
[] |
[
"P03372"
] |
[
"P11511"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00270
|
Isradipine
|
Isradipine belongs to the dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), the most widely used class of CCBs. It is structurally related to felodipine, nifedipine, and nimodipine and is the most potent calcium-channel blocking agent of the DHP class. Isradipine binds to calcium channels with high affinity and specificity and inhibits calcium flux into cardiac and arterial smooth muscle cells. It exhibits greater selectivity towards arterial smooth muscle cells owing to alternative splicing of the alpha-1 subunit of the channel and increased prevalence of inactive channels in smooth muscle cells. Isradipine may be used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension.
|
solid
|
For the management of mild to moderate essential hypertension. It may be used alone or concurrently with thiazide-type diuretics.
|
Isradipine decreases arterial smooth muscle contractility and subsequent vasoconstriction by inhibiting the influx of calcium ions through L-type calcium channels. Calcium ions entering the cell through these channels bind to calmodulin. Calcium-bound calmodulin then binds to and activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Activated MLCK catalyzes the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain subunit of myosin, a key step in muscle contraction. Signal amplification is achieved by calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors. Inhibition of the initial influx of calcium decreases the contractile activity of arterial smooth muscle cells and results in vasodilation. The vasodilatory effects of isradipine result in an overall decrease in blood pressure.
|
Isradipine belongs to the dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), the most widely used class of CCBs. There are at least five different types of calcium channels in <i>Homo sapiens</i>: L-, N-, P/Q-, R- and T-type. CCBs target L-type calcium channels, the major channel in muscle cells that mediates contraction. Similar to other DHP CCBs, isradipine binds directly to inactive calcium channels stabilizing their inactive conformation. Since arterial smooth muscle depolarizations are longer in duration than cardiac muscle depolarizations, inactive channels are more prevalent in smooth muscle cells. Alternative splicing of the alpha-1 subunit of the channel gives isradipine additional arterial selectivity. At therapeutic sub-toxic concentrations, isradipine has little effect on cardiac myocytes and conduction cells.
|
Isradipine is 90%-95% absorbed and is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism, resulting in a bioavailability of about 15%-24%.
|
Hepatic. Completely metabolized prior to excretion and no unchanged drug is detected in the urine.
|
Symptoms of overdose include lethargy, sinus tachycardia, and transient hypotension. Significant lethality was observed in mice given oral doses of over 200 mg/kg and rabbits given about 50 mg/kg of isradipine. Rats tolerated doses of over 2000 mg/kg without effects on survival.
|
8 hours
|
95%
|
Approximately 60% to 65% of an administered dose is excreted in the urine and 25% to 30% in the feces.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzoxadiazoles
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C08CA",
"C08C",
"C08",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.39",
"description": "Isradipine 2.5 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.59",
"description": "DynaCirc 2.5 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.0",
"description": "Isradipine 5 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.31",
"description": "DynaCirc 5 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.88",
"description": "Dynacirc cr 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.0",
"description": "DynaCirc CR 5 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.41",
"description": "Dynacirc cr 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.59",
"description": "DynaCirc CR 10 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Isradipine | Isradipino | Isradipinum | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CACNL2A | CCHL2A | MHS3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 | CAB2 | CACNLB2 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 2 | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antigen B | MYSB | Low-voltage-activated calcium channel alpha1 3.2 subunit | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.2 | KIAA0558 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 | CACH3 | CACN4 | CACNL1A2 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 2 | CCHL1A2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.3 | CACH1 | CACN1 | CACNL1A3 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 3, skeletal muscle | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"DynaCirc",
"DynaCirc",
"DynaCirc",
"DynaCirc",
"DynaCirc",
"DynaCirc",
"Dynacirc CR",
"Dynacirc CR",
"Dynacirc CR",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine",
"Isradipine"
] |
[
"Clivoten",
"Esradin",
"Lomir",
"Prescal"
] |
[] |
[
"Q13936",
"P54289",
"Q08289",
"O95180",
"Q9NY47",
"Q01668",
"Q13698"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"O95342"
] |
DB00271
|
Diatrizoate
|
A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As diatrizoate meglumine and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.
|
solid
|
Used, alone or in combination, for a wide variety of diagnostic imaging methods, including angiography, urography, cholangiography, computed tomography, hysterosalpingography, and retrograde pyelography. It can be used for imaging the gastrointestinal tract in patients allergic to barium.
|
Diatrizoate is the most commonly used water-soluble, iodinated, radiopaque x-ray contrast medium. Radiopaque agents are drugs used to help diagnose certain medical problems. They contain iodine, which blocks x-rays. Depending on how the radiopaque agent is given, it localizes or builds up in certain areas of the body. The resulting high level of iodine allows the x-rays to make a "picture" of the area. The areas of the body in which the radiopaque agent localizes will appear white on the x-ray film. This creates the needed distinction, or contrast, between one organ and other tissues. The contrast will help the doctor see any special conditions that may exist in that organ or part of the body.
|
Diatrizoate is an iodine-containing X-ray contrast agent. Iodated contrast agents were among the first contrast agents developed. Iodine is known to be particular electron-dense and to effectively scatter or stop X-rays. A good contrast agent requires a high density of electron-dense atoms. Therefore, the more iodine, the more "dense" the x-ray effect. Iodine based contrast media are water soluble and harmless to the body. These contrast agents are sold as clear colorless water solutions, the concentration is usually expressed as mg I/ml. Modern iodinated contrast agents can be used almost anywhere in the body. Most often they are used intravenously, but for various purposes they can also be used intraarterially, intrathecally (the spine) and intraabdominally - just about any body cavity or potential space.
| null | null |
High osmolal radiocontrast agents like diatrizoate are cytotoxic to renal cells. The toxic effects include apoptosis, cellular energy failure, disruption of calcium homeostasis, and disturbance of tubular cell polarity, and are thought to be linked to oxidative stress.
| null | null |
However, it is not metabolized but excreted unchanged in the urine, each diatrizoate molecule remaining "obligated" to its sodium moiety. The liver and small intestine provide the major alternate route of excretion for diatrizoate. Injectable radiopaque diagnostic agents are excreted unchanged in human milk. Saliva is a minor secretory pathway for injectable radiopaque diagnostic agents.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzoic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"V08AA",
"V08A",
"V08",
"V"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "0.11",
"description": "Cysto-conray 17.2% vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.13",
"description": "Cystografin-dilute 18% btl",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Conray-30 infusion bottle",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Hypaque 41.66% liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.2",
"description": "Conray-43 vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.22",
"description": "Cystografin 30% infus. btl",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Conray 60% vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "Hypaque sodium oral powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.92",
"description": "Gastrografin 66-10 solution",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
2,4,6-Triiodo-3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid | 3,5-Bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid | 3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid | Acide amidotrizoique | Acidum amidotrizoicum | Acidum diacetylaminotrijodbenzoicum | Amidotrizoate | Amidotrizoic Acid | Amidotrizoic acid (anhydrous) | Diatrizoesaure | Diatrizoic acid | Diatrizoic acid (anhydrous) | Methalamic acid | Triombrin | Urografin acid | Urogranoic acid
|
[
"Cystografin",
"Cystografin Dilute",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin Liq",
"Gastrografin Liq",
"Hypaque",
"Hypaque",
"Hypaque",
"Hypaque",
"Hypaque - Cysto",
"Hypaque Oral Liquid - 50g/120ml",
"Hypaque Oral Liquid 50gm/120ml",
"Hypaque Oral Powder",
"Hypaque Oral Powder 0.9974g/g",
"Hypaque Pwr 100%",
"Hypaque Sodium",
"Hypaque Sodium",
"Hypaque Sodium",
"Hypaque Sodium",
"Hypaque Sodium",
"Hypaque Sodium",
"Hypaque Sodium 50% - Liq IV",
"Hypaque Sodium 50% Liq",
"Hypaque Sodium Liq 50%",
"Hypaque-M 18%",
"Hypaque-M 18% Liq",
"Hypaque-M 30%",
"Hypaque-M 30% Liq",
"Hypaque-M 60%",
"Hypaque-M 60% Liq",
"Hypaque-M 76%",
"Hypaque-M 76%",
"Hypaque-M 76% Liq",
"Hypaque-M 76% Liq",
"Hypaque-M Liq 76% USP",
"Hypaque-M Liq 76% USP",
"Md Gastroview",
"Md Gastroview",
"Md-60",
"Md-60",
"Md-76",
"Md-76",
"Md-76r",
"Md-76r",
"Reno-30",
"Reno-60",
"Reno-60",
"Reno-dip",
"Reno-dip",
"Reno-M-60",
"Reno-M-dip Liq 30%",
"RenoCal-76",
"RenoCal-76",
"RenoCal-76",
"RenoCal-76",
"Renografin-60",
"Renografin-60",
"Renografin-60 - Liq IV",
"Renografin-60 - Liq IV",
"Renografin-60 Liq",
"Renografin-60 Liq",
"Renografin-76 - Liq IV",
"Renografin-76 - Liq IV",
"Renografin-76 Liq",
"Renografin-76 Liq",
"Sinografin",
"Sinografin",
"Sinografin - Liq Iu"
] |
[
"Cardiografin",
"Odiston",
"Urovison",
"Urovist"
] |
[
"Hypaque",
"Hypaque",
"Hypaque",
"Hypaque",
"Renografin-60",
"Renografin-60",
"RenoCal-76",
"RenoCal-76",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Sinografin",
"Md-76r",
"Md-76r",
"Md Gastroview",
"Md Gastroview",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Gastrografin",
"Hypaque-M Liq 76% USP",
"Hypaque-M Liq 76% USP",
"Gastrografin Liq",
"Gastrografin Liq",
"Renografin-76 Liq",
"Renografin-76 Liq",
"Renografin-60 Liq",
"Renografin-60 Liq",
"Hypaque-M 76% Liq",
"Hypaque-M 76% Liq",
"Hypaque-M 76%",
"Hypaque-M 76%",
"Renografin-60 - Liq IV",
"Renografin-60 - Liq IV",
"Renografin-76 - Liq IV",
"Renografin-76 - Liq IV",
"Md-76",
"Md-76",
"Md-60",
"Md-60",
"RenoCal-76",
"RenoCal-76",
"Sinografin",
"Sinografin - Liq Iu",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium",
"Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrizoate Sodium"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00272
|
Betazole
|
A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.
|
liquid
|
For use clinically to test gastric secretory function.
|
Betazole is a histamine H2 agonist used in a test for measuring maximal production of gastric acidity or anacidity. This measurement can be used to diagnose diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, whereby the volume of gastric and basal secretions is measured following betazole administration (greater than 60% of the maximal acid secretion following betazole stimulation). In another test, gastritis can be diagnosed given late absence of gastric acid which is unresponsive to betazole stimulation. Betazole can be used as a gastric secretory stimulant instead of histamine with the advantage of not provoking side effects and thus not requiring the use of antihistaminic compounds.
|
Betazole is a histamine analogue. It produces the same effects as histamine, binding the H2 receptor which is a mediator of gastric acid secretion. This agonist action thereby results in an increase in the volume of gastric acid produced.
|
Rapid and complete.
| null | null | null |
> 99%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic nitrogen compounds
|
Organonitrogen compounds
|
Amines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"V04CG",
"V04C",
"V04",
"V"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
1H-pyrazole-3-ethanamine | 2-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)ethanamine | 2-(3-pyrazolyl)ethylamine | 3-(2-aminoethyl)pyrazole | 3-(beta-aminoethyl)pyrazole | 3-(β-aminoethyl)pyrazole | Ametazole | Betazol | Betazole | Betazolum | Gastric receptor I | H2R | HH2R
|
[] |
[
"Gastramine",
"Histalog"
] |
[] |
[
"P25021"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00273
|
Topiramate
|
Topiramate is a anti-epileptic drug used to manage seizures and prevent migraines.[A175249] It was initially approved by the FDA in 1996. In 2004, topiramate was approved for the prevention of migraine in adults.[A188309,L10544,L43478] Since 2012, the extended-release formulation has been approved in combination with [phentermine] for chronic weight management therapy in adults.[L10550]
Characteristics that distinguish topiramate from other antiepileptic drugs are a monosaccharide chemical structure containing a sulfamate, and 40% of its mass accounted for by oxygen.[A175249] Interestingly, topiramate was discovered by chance when attempts were made to formulate a novel antidiabetic drug.[A188330]
|
solid
|
Topiramate is indicated for the following conditions: 1)Monotherapy for partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures for patients 2 years of age and above 2)Adjunctive therapy for partial onset seizures or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures for both adult and pediatric patients above 2 years old 3)Adjunctive therapy for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients above 2 years of age 4)Prophylaxis of migraine in children 12 years of age and older and adults.[L10544]
Topiramate is also used off-label as an adjunct therapy for weight management[L10550] and for mood disorders.[A188312]
|
Topiramate prevents the occurrence of seizures and prevents migraine symptoms by reducing neural pathway excitability.[A188330,L10544] It is important to note that this drug may cause metabolic acidosis, mood changes, suicidal thoughts and attempts, as well as kidney stones. When topiramate is combined with [valproic acid], it is known to cause hypothermia.[L10544]
|
A seizure is an abnormal and unregulated electrical discharge occurring in the brain. This leads to transient interruption in brain function, manifested by reduced alertness, abnormal sensations, and focal involuntary movements or convulsions. Several types of seizures exist, with common types including tonic-clonic seizures and partial onset seizures.[L5548]
The exact mechanisms by which topiramate exerts pharmacological actions on seizures and migraines are currently not fully characterized.[A188336,L10544] Several properties of this drug, however, are likely to contribute to its therapeutic effects. Topiramate has been observed to exert actions on voltage-dependent sodium channels, GABA receptors, and glutamate receptors.[A175249,L10544]
Topiramate stimulates GABA-A receptor activity at brain non-benzodiazepine receptor sites and reduces glutamate activity at both AMPA and kainate receptors. Normally, GABA-A receptors are inhibitory and glutaminergic receptors are stimulatory for neuronal activity.[A175243,T752] By increasing GABA activity and inhibiting glutamate activity, topiramate blocks neuronal excitability, preventing seizures and migraines.[A188333,A188309,L10544] Additionally, it blocks the voltage-dependent sodium channels, further blocking seizure activity.[A175243] Topiramate has been shown to inhibit various carbonic anhydrase isozymes, but the clinical significance of this is unknown at this time.[A10342,A10348,A20066,L10544]
|
After a 400mg dose in one clinical trial, topiramate reached maximal concentrations within 1.8-4.3 hours and ranged from 1.73-28.7 ug/mL. Food did not significantly affect the extent of absorption, despite delaying time to peak concentration. In patients with normal creatinine clearance, steady state concentrations are reached within 4 days.[A175246] The bioavailability of topiramate in tablet form is about 80% compared to a topiramate solution.[L10544]
|
The metabolites of topiramate are not known to be active.[A175237] The metabolism of topiramate is characterized by reactions of glucuronidation, hydroxylation and hydrolysis that lead to the production of six minor metabolites.[L10544] Some of topiramate's metabolites include 2,3-desisopropylidene topiramate, 4,5-desisopropylidene topiramate, 9-hydroxy topiramate, and 10-hydroxy topiramate.[A175282]
|
The LD50 of intraperitoneal topiramate in the rat is above 1500 mg/kg.[L10547]
Overdose information
In a study of 4 healthy adult women taking topiramate, the severity of clinical effects following an overdose ranged from asymptomatic to severe, with no deaths reported.[A175258] According to the FDA prescribing information for topiramate, an overdose may cause hypotension, severe metabolic acidosis, coma, abdominal pain, visual disturbances, convulsions, drowsiness, speech abnormalities, impaired mentation and coordination, stupor, agitation, dizziness, as well as depression.[L10544]
In the case of a recent ingestion of topiramate, the stomach contents should be emptied through the induction of emesis or gastric lavage. Offer supportive treatment, including activated charcoal and hemodialysis.[L10544]
|
The elimination half-life is reported to be in the range of 19-23 hours.[A175246] If topiramate is given with enzyme-inducers, the half-life can be reduced to 12-15 hours because of increased metabolism.[A175246]
|
Topiramate is not highly bound to plasma proteins, with an estimated plasma protein binding of 9-17% according to some studies.[A175246,A175249] The FDA label indicates that the protein binding of topiramate is 15-41%.[L10544]
|
Topiramate is mainly eliminated through the kidneys.[A175243] About 70-80% of the eliminated dose is found unchanged in the urine.[A175246,L10544]
|
The mean apparent volume of distribution of topiramate ranges from 0.6-0.8 L/kg when doses of 100mg to 1200mg are given.[A175246] Topiramate readily crosses the blood-brain barrier.[A175249]
|
The mean oral plasma clearance of topiramate ranges from 22-36 mL/min while the renal clearance is 17-18 mL/min, according to one pharmacokinetic study.[A175246] The FDA label for topiramate indicates a similar oral plasma clearance of approximately 20 to 30 mL/min in adults.[L10544]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Dioxolopyrans
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"A08AA",
"A08A",
"A08",
"A",
"N03AX",
"N03A",
"N03",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.05",
"description": "Pms-Topiramate 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.29",
"description": "Topamax Sprinkle 15 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Co Topiramate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Mylan-Topiramate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Novo-Topiramate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Phl-Topiramate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Pms-Topiramate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Ratio-Topiramate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Sandoz Topiramate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.35",
"description": "Topamax Sprinkle 25 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Co Topiramate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Mylan-Topiramate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Novo-Topiramate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Phl-Topiramate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Pms-Topiramate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Ratio-Topiramate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Sandoz Topiramate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.46",
"description": "Topamax 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.52",
"description": "Topiramate 15 mg Sprinkle Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.59",
"description": "Topiramate 99.7% powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "2.61",
"description": "Topiramate 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.04",
"description": "Topiramate 25 mg Sprinkle Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.21",
"description": "Topiramate 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.96",
"description": "Topamax 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.31",
"description": "Topamax 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.11",
"description": "Topiramate 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.68",
"description": "Topamax 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.32",
"description": "Topiramate 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Co Topiramate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Mylan-Topiramate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Novo-Topiramate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Phl-Topiramate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Pms-Topiramate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Ratio-Topiramate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Sandoz Topiramate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2005-07-26",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2019-03-01",
"number": "2322644"
},
{
"approved": "1999-12-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-04-13",
"number": "5998380"
},
{
"approved": "2003-01-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-04-13",
"number": "6503884"
},
{
"approved": "2006-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-04-13",
"number": "7018983"
},
{
"approved": "2009-03-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-04-13",
"number": "7498311"
},
{
"approved": "2006-10-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-09-01",
"number": "7125560"
},
{
"approved": "2000-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-06-23",
"number": "6071537"
},
{
"approved": "2014-11-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-06-09",
"number": "8895057"
},
{
"approved": "2006-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-14",
"number": "7056890"
},
{
"approved": "2009-06-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-14",
"number": "7553818"
},
{
"approved": "2010-02-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-14",
"number": "7659256"
},
{
"approved": "2010-03-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-14",
"number": "7674776"
},
{
"approved": "2013-11-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-06-14",
"number": "8580299"
},
{
"approved": "2015-04-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-06-09",
"number": "9011906"
},
{
"approved": "2015-04-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-06-09",
"number": "9011905"
},
{
"approved": "2014-11-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-06-09",
"number": "8895058"
},
{
"approved": "2013-11-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-05-15",
"number": "8580298"
},
{
"approved": "2015-08-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-03-19",
"number": "9101545"
},
{
"approved": "2014-02-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-03-19",
"number": "8652527"
},
{
"approved": "2014-11-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-03-19",
"number": "8889190"
},
{
"approved": "2014-11-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "8889191"
},
{
"approved": "2012-10-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "8298580"
},
{
"approved": "2014-03-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "8663683"
},
{
"approved": "2014-11-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "8877248"
},
{
"approved": "2012-10-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-04-04",
"number": "8298576"
},
{
"approved": "2015-03-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "8992989"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-03-19",
"number": "9555005"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "9549940"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "9555004"
},
{
"approved": "2017-04-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "9622983"
},
{
"approved": "2019-06-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-11-16",
"number": "10314790"
},
{
"approved": "2019-07-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-03-19",
"number": "10363224"
},
{
"approved": "2020-08-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2040-08-21",
"number": "11433046"
},
{
"approved": "2020-08-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2040-08-21",
"number": "11633374"
},
{
"approved": "2020-08-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2040-08-21",
"number": "11826343"
},
{
"approved": "2020-08-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2040-08-21",
"number": "11911362"
}
] |
2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate | 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate | Tipiramate | Tipiramato | Topiramate | Topiramato | Topiramatum | TPM | EAA3 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 3 | GluK1 | GluR-5 | GLUR5 | Glutamate receptor 5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | NAC1 | SCN1 | Sodium channel protein brain I subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type I subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.1 | hPN3 | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 3 | PN3 | Sodium channel protein type X subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.8 | hNaN | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 5 | PN5 | SCN12A | Sensory neuron sodium channel 2 | SNS2 | Sodium channel protein type XI subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.9 | HBA | HBSC II | NAC2 | SCN2A1 | SCN2A2 | Sodium channel protein brain II subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type II subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.2 | KIAA1356 | NAC3 | Sodium channel protein brain III subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type III subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subtype III | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.3 | SkM1 | Sodium channel protein skeletal muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type IV subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.4 | hH1 | Sodium channel protein cardiac muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type V subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.5 | Atypical sodium channel Nav2.1 | Nax channel | SCN6A | Sodium channel protein type VII subunit alpha | MED | Sodium channel protein type VIII subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.6 | hNE-Na | NENA | Neuroendocrine sodium channel | Peripheral sodium channel 1 | PN1 | Sodium channel protein type IX subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.7 | EAA3 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 3 | GluK1 | GluR-5 | GLUR5 | Glutamate receptor 5 | EAA4 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 4 | GluK2 | GluR-6 | GLUR6 | Glutamate receptor 6 | EAA5 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 5 | GluK3 | GluR-7 | GLUR7 | Glutamate receptor 7 | EAA1 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 1 | GluK4 | Glutamate receptor KA-1 | GRIK | KA1 | EAA2 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 2 | GluK5 | Glutamate receptor KA-2 | GRIK2 | KA2 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-II | CAC | Carbonate dehydratase II | Carbonic anhydrase C | Carbonic anhydrase II | Cyanamide hydratase CA2 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-IV | Carbonate dehydratase IV | Carbonic anhydrase IV | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CACH3 | CACN4 | CACNL1A2 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 2 | CCHL1A2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.3 | CACNAF1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.4 | CACH1 | CACN1 | CACNL1A3 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 3, skeletal muscle | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.1 | CAB1 | CACNLB1 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 1 | CAB2 | CACNLB2 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 2 | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antigen B | MYSB | CAB3 | CACNLB3 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 3 | CAB4 | CACNLB4 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 4 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-I | CAB | Carbonate dehydratase I | Carbonic anhydrase B | Carbonic anhydrase I | Cyanamide hydratase CA1 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-III | Carbonate dehydratase III | Carbonic anhydrase III | BII | Brain calcium channel II | CACH6 | CACNL1A6 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 6 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 2.7.11.1 | ACACA kinase | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase | AMPK subunit alpha-1 | AMPK1 | HMGCR kinase | Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase | Tau-protein kinase PRKAA1 | 2.7.11.1 | ACACA kinase | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase | AMPK | AMPK subunit alpha-2 | AMPK2 | HMGCR kinase | Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase | AMPK | AMPK subunit beta-1 | AMPKb | AMPK subunit beta-2 | AMPK gamma1 | AMPK subunit gamma-1 | AMPKg | AMPK gamma2 | AMPK subunit gamma-2 | H91620p | AMPK gamma3 | AMPK subunit gamma-3 | AMPKG3
|
[
"Abbott-topiramate",
"Abbott-topiramate",
"Abbott-topiramate",
"Accel-topiramate",
"Accel-topiramate",
"Accel-topiramate",
"Ach-topiramate",
"Ach-topiramate",
"Ach-topiramate",
"Ag-topiramate",
"Ag-topiramate",
"Ag-topiramate",
"Ag-topiramate Tablets",
"Ag-topiramate Tablets",
"Ag-topiramate Tablets",
"Ag-topiramate Tablets",
"Apo-topiramate",
"Apo-topiramate",
"Apo-topiramate",
"Apo-topiramate",
"Auro-topiramate",
"Auro-topiramate",
"Auro-topiramate",
"Auro-topiramate",
"Ava-topiramate",
"Ava-topiramate",
"Ava-topiramate",
"Dom-topiramate",
"Dom-topiramate",
"Dom-topiramate",
"Eprontia",
"Gd-topiramate",
"Gd-topiramate",
"Gd-topiramate",
"Gln-topiramate",
"Gln-topiramate",
"Gln-topiramate",
"Gln-topiramate",
"Gln-topiramate",
"Gln-topiramate",
"Ipg-topiramate",
"Ipg-topiramate",
"Ipg-topiramate",
"Jamp Topiramate Tablets",
"Jamp Topiramate Tablets",
"Jamp Topiramate Tablets",
"Jamp Topiramate Tablets",
"Jamp-topiramate",
"Jamp-topiramate",
"Jamp-topiramate",
"Mar-topiramate",
"Mar-topiramate",
"Mar-topiramate",
"Mint-topiramate",
"Mint-topiramate",
"Mint-topiramate",
"Mylan-topiramate",
"Mylan-topiramate",
"Mylan-topiramate",
"Nra-topiramate",
"Nra-topiramate",
"Nra-topiramate",
"Nu-topiramate",
"Nu-topiramate",
"Nu-topiramate",
"Nu-topiramate",
"PHL-topiramate",
"PHL-topiramate",
"PHL-topiramate",
"PMS-topiramate",
"PMS-topiramate",
"PMS-topiramate",
"PMS-topiramate",
"Pro-topiramate",
"Pro-topiramate",
"Pro-topiramate",
"Q-topiramate",
"Q-topiramate",
"Q-topiramate",
"Qsymia",
"Qsymia",
"Qsymia",
"Qsymia",
"Qudexy XR",
"Qudexy XR",
"Qudexy XR",
"Qudexy XR",
"Qudexy XR",
"Ran-topiramate",
"Ran-topiramate",
"Ran-topiramate",
"Ratio-topiramate",
"Ratio-topiramate",
"Ratio-topiramate",
"Sandoz Topiramate",
"Sandoz Topiramate",
"Sandoz Topiramate",
"Sandoz Topiramate Tablets",
"Sandoz Topiramate Tablets",
"Sandoz Topiramate Tablets",
"Teva-topiramate",
"Teva-topiramate",
"Teva-topiramate",
"Toiramate",
"Toiramate",
"Toiramate",
"Toiramate",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax",
"Topamax 100mg",
"Topamax 200mg",
"Topamax 25mg",
"Topiragen",
"Topiragen",
"Topiragen",
"Topiragen",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
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"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate",
"Topiramate Tablets USP",
"Topiramate Tablets USP",
"Topiramate Tablets USP",
"Trokendi XR",
"Trokendi XR",
"Trokendi XR",
"Trokendi XR",
"Van-topiramate",
"Van-topiramate",
"Van-topiramate",
"Zym-topiramate",
"Zym-topiramate",
"Zym-topiramate"
] |
[] |
[
"Qsymia",
"Qsymia",
"Qsymia",
"Qsymia"
] |
[
"P39086",
"P14867",
"P35498",
"Q9Y5Y9",
"Q9UI33",
"Q99250",
"Q9NY46",
"P35499",
"Q14524",
"Q01118",
"Q9UQD0",
"Q15858",
"P39086",
"Q13002",
"Q13003",
"Q16099",
"Q16478",
"P00918",
"P22748",
"Q13936",
"Q01668",
"O60840",
"Q13698",
"Q02641",
"Q08289",
"P54284",
"O00305",
"P00915",
"P07451",
"Q15878"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P33261"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183",
"Q13131",
"P54646",
"Q9Y478",
"O43741",
"P54619",
"Q9UGJ0",
"Q9UGI9"
] |
DB00274
|
Cefmetazole
|
A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms.
|
Cefmetazole is a second-generation cephalosporin. The cephalosporins are bactericidal drugs with both gram-positive and gram-negative activity. They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis in a way similar to the penicillins. Cefmetazole is more active than 1st-generation cephalosporins against indole-positive <i>Proteus</i>, <i>Serratia</i>, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli (including <i>B. fragilis</i>), and some <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, and <i>P. mirabilis</i>, but is less active than cefoxitin or cefotetan against most gram-negative bacilli.
|
The bactericidal activity of cefmetazole results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
|
Bioavailability is approximately 100% following intramuscular injection.
|
No appreciable metabolism.
|
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is 3,204 mg/kg. With other b-lactam antibiotics, adverse effects following overdosage have included nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhea, and convulsions.
|
1.50 ±0.14 hours
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J01DC",
"J01D",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[] |
[] |
(6R,7S)-7-({[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino)-7-methoxy-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid | Cefmetazole | Cefmetazolo | Cefmetazolum | PBP-1a | ponA | Murein polymerase | PBP-1b | pbpF | ponB | 2.4.1.129 | PBP-3 | pbpB | Penicillin-binding protein 3 | Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase 3 | 3.4.16.4 | Beta-lactamase | DD-carboxypeptidase | PBP-5 | Penicillin-binding protein 5 | pfv | 3.4.16.4 | DD-carboxypeptidase | PBP-6 | Penicillin-binding protein 6 | Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform | PEPT1 | Peptide transporter 1 | Kidney H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform | PEPT2 | Peptide transporter 2
|
[] |
[
"Zefazone"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"P46059",
"Q16348"
] |
DB00275
|
Olmesartan
|
Olmesartan belongs to the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) family of drugs, which also includes [telmisartan], [candesartan], [losartan], [valsartan], and [irbesartan]. ARBs selectively bind to angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) and prevent the protein angiotensin II from binding and exerting its hypertensive effects, which include vasoconstriction, stimulation and synthesis of aldosterone and ADH, cardiac stimulation, and renal reabsorption of sodium, among others. Overall, olmesartan's physiologic effects lead to reduced blood pressure, lower aldosterone levels, reduced cardiac activity, and increased excretion of sodium.
Olmesartan also affects the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), which plays an important role in hemostasis and regulation of kidney, vascular, and cardiac functions. Pharmacological blockade of RAAS via AT1 receptor blockade inhibits negative regulatory feedback within RAAS, which is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and renal disease. In particular, heart failure is associated with chronic activation of RAAS, leading to inappropriate fluid retention, vasoconstriction, and ultimately a further decline in left ventricular function. ARBs have been shown to have a protective effect on the heart by improving cardiac function, reducing afterload, increasing cardiac output and preventing ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling.[A174154]
By comparison, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) class of medications (which includes drugs such as [ramipril], [lisinopril], and [perindopril]) inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II through inhibition of the ACE enzyme. However, this does not prevent the formation of all angiotensin II within the body. The angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) family of drugs unique in that it blocks all angiotensin II activity, regardless of where or how it was synthesized.
Olmesartan is commonly used for the management of hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes-associated nephropathy, particularly in patients who are unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors. ARBs such as olmesartan have been shown in a number of large-scale clinical outcomes trials to improve cardiovascular outcomes including reducing risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, the progression of heart failure, and hospitalization.[A174124,A178153,A173869,A185324,A185327,A185333,A185342,A185345] Like other ARBs, olmesartan blockade of RAAS slows the progression of diabetic nephropathy due to its renoprotective effects.[A185906,A185909,A185912]
Orally available olmesartan is produced as the prodrug olmesartan medoxomil which is rapidly converted _in vivo_ to the pharmacologically active olmesartan.[A175330] It was developed by Daiichi Sankyo Pharmaceuticals and approved in 2002.[A175345, L12882]
|
solid
|
Olmesartan is indicated for the treatment of hypertension either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.[F4709,F4712,A173869]
Olmesartan is also used off-label for the management Type 2 Diabetes-associated nephropathy, heart failure, and post-myocardial infarction, particularly in patients who are unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors.[A178153,A185912,A185915] ARBs such as olmesartan have been shown in a number of large-scale clinical outcomes trials to improve cardiovascular outcomes including reducing risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, the progression of heart failure, and hospitalization.[A174124,A178153,A173869,A185324,A185327,A185333,A185342,A185345] Like other ARBs, olmesartan blockade of RAAS slows the progression of diabetic nephropathy due to its renoprotective effects.[A185906,A185909,A185912]
|
Overall, olmesartan's physiologic effects lead to reduced blood pressure, lower aldosterone levels, reduced cardiac activity, and increased excretion of sodium.
**Hypotension in Volume- or Salt-Depleted Patients**
In patients with an activated renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, such as volume-and/or salt-depleted patients (e.g., those being treated with high doses of diuretics), symptomatic hypotension may be anticipated after initiation of treatment with olmesartan. Initiate treatment under close medical supervision. If hypotension does occur, place the patient in the supine position and, if necessary, give an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further treatment, which usually can be continued without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized.[F4709,F4712]
Valvular Stenosis: there is concern on theoretical grounds that patients with aortic stenosis might be at a particular risk of decreased coronary perfusion, because they do not develop as much afterload reduction.[F4712]
**Impaired Renal Function**
As a consequence of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals treated with olmesartan. In patients whose renal function may depend upon the activity of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system (e.g., patients with severe congestive heart failure), treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists has been associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia and rarely with acute renal failure and/or death. Similar results may be anticipated in patients treated with olmesartan.
In studies of ACE inhibitors in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, increases in serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) have been reported. There has been no long-term use of olmesartan medoxomil in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, but similar results may be expected.[F4709,F4712]
**Sprue-like Enteropathy**
Severe, chronic diarrhea with substantial weight loss has been reported in patients taking olmesartan months to years after drug initiation. Intestinal biopsies of patients often demonstrated villous atrophy. If a patient develops these symptoms during treatment with olmesartan, exclude other etiologies. Consider discontinuation of olmesartan medoxomil in cases where no other etiology is identified.[F4709,F4712]
**Electrolyte Imbalances**
Olmesartan medoxomil contains olmesartan, a drug that inhibits the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Drugs that inhibit the RAS can cause hyperkalemia. Monitor serum electrolytes periodically.[F4709,F4712]
|
Olmesartan belongs to the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) family of drugs, which also includes [telmisartan], [candesartan], [losartan], [valsartan], and [irbesartan]. ARBs selectively bind to angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) and prevent the protein angiotensin II from binding and exerting its hypertensive effects. As the principal pressor agent of the renin-angiotensin system, Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, stimulation of synthesis and release of aldosterone, cardiac stimulation and renal reabsorption of sodium. Olmesartan blocks the vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle. Its action is, therefore, independent of the pathways for angiotensin II synthesis.[F4709] Overall, olmesartan's physiologic effects lead to reduced blood pressure, lower aldosterone levels, reduced cardiac activity, and increased excretion of sodium.
Olmesartan also effects on the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in hemostasis and regulation of kidney, vascular, and cardiac functions. Pharmacological blockade of RAAS via AT1 receptor blockade inhibits negative regulatory feedback within RAAS, which is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and renal disease. In particular, heart failure is associated with chronic activation of RAAS, leading to inappropriate fluid retention, vasoconstriction, and ultimately a further decline in left ventricular function. ARBs have been shown to have a protective effect on the heart by improving cardiac function, reducing afterload, increasing cardiac output and preventing ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling.[A174154]
|
When taken orally, the prodrug olmesartan medoxomil is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized to olmesartan. The esterification with medoxomil was created with the intention of increasing olmesartan bioavailability from 4.5% to 28.6%.[A175330]
Oral administration of 10-160 mg of olmesartan has been shown to reach peak plasma concentration of 0.22-2.1 mg/L after 1-3 hours with an AUC of 1.6-19.9mgh/L.[A175342] The pharmacokinetic profile of olmesartan has been observed to be nearly linear and dose-dependent under the therapeutic range.[A175330] The steady-state level of olmesartan is achieved after once a day dosing during 3 to 5 days.[L5566]
|
Olmesartan medoxomil is rapidly and completely bioactivated by ester hydrolysis to olmesartan during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. This rapid first-pass metabolism was confirmed by the lack of measurable amounts of olmesartan medoxomil in plasma or excreta.[A175330] This first-pass metabolism is not driven by cytochrome enzymes and hence it is not expected to interact with other drugs via this mechanism.[A175342]
The pharmacologically active moiety does not appear to undergo further metabolism.[A175330,L12882]
|
The reported LD50 of olmesartan in dogs was reported to be greater of 1500 mg/kg. Overdose is expressed as hypotension, tachycardia, and bradycardia when there is parasympathetic stimulation. In case of overdose, supportive treatment is recommended.[FDA label]
Olmesartan was shown to be safe on carcinogenic and fertility studies. However, in _in vitro_ mutagenic studies showed a potential to induce chromosomal aberrations in cells and it tested positive for thymidine kinase mutations in the mouse lymphoma assay.[FDA label]
|
The mean plasma olmesartan half-life is reported to be from 10-15 hours after multiple oral administration.[A175330]
|
Olmesartan is highly bound to plasma proteins. 99% of the administered dose is found in a bound state with no penetration in red blood cells.[L5566]
|
The main elimination route of olmesartan is in the unchanged form through the feces. From the systemically bioavailable dose, about 10-16% is eliminated in the urine.[A175330]
|
17 L[L5566]
|
Total plasma clearance is 1.3 L/h and the renal clearance is 0.6 L/h.[L5566]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Biphenyls and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C09DA",
"C09D",
"C09",
"C",
"C09DX",
"C09D",
"C09",
"C",
"C09CA",
"C09C",
"C09",
"C",
"C09DB",
"C09D",
"C09",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.04",
"description": "Olmetec 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.04",
"description": "Olmetec 40 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.97",
"description": "Benicar 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.74",
"description": "Benicar 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.94",
"description": "Benicar hct 20-12.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.67",
"description": "Benicar hct 40-12.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.93",
"description": "Benicar hct 40-25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "12.81",
"description": "Benicar 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1999-01-19",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-02-20",
"number": "2061607"
},
{
"approved": "1997-04-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-10-25",
"number": "5616599"
},
{
"approved": "2005-04-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-05-19",
"number": "6878703"
}
] |
4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-propyl-1-{[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid | 4-(hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-propyl-1-{[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid | Olmesartan | AGTR1A | AGTR1B | Angiotensin II type-1 receptor | AT1 receptor | AT1AR | AT1BR | AT2R1 | AT2R1B | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 2 | LST-2 | LST2 | OATP-8 | OATP1B3 | OATP8 | Organic anion transporter 8 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 8 | SLC21A8 | Solute carrier family 21 member 8 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"Ach-olmesartan",
"Ach-olmesartan",
"Ach-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ach-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ach-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ag-olmesartan",
"Ag-olmesartan",
"Ag-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ag-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ag-olmesartan Hctz",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Apo-olmesartan",
"Apo-olmesartan",
"Apo-olmesartan",
"Apo-olmesartan/hctz",
"Apo-olmesartan/hctz",
"Apo-olmesartan/hctz",
"Auro-olmesartan",
"Auro-olmesartan",
"Auro-olmesartan",
"Auro-olmesartan Hctz",
"Auro-olmesartan Hctz",
"Auro-olmesartan Hctz",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Gln-olmesartan",
"Gln-olmesartan",
"Gln-olmesartan Hctz",
"Gln-olmesartan Hctz",
"Gln-olmesartan Hctz",
"Jamp Olmesartan",
"Jamp Olmesartan",
"Jamp-olmesartan Hctz",
"Jamp-olmesartan Hctz",
"Jamp-olmesartan Hctz",
"M-olmesartan",
"M-olmesartan",
"Med-olmesartan",
"Med-olmesartan",
"Nra-olmesartan",
"Nra-olmesartan",
"Nra-olmesartan Hctz",
"Nra-olmesartan Hctz",
"Nra-olmesartan Hctz",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil-hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil-hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil-hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 20/5/12.5 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/10/12.5 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/10/25 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/5/12.5 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/5/25 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/5/25 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil/hctz",
"Olmesartan/hctz",
"Olmesartan/hctz",
"Olmesartan/hctz",
"Olmetec",
"Olmetec",
"Olmetec",
"Olmetec Plus",
"Olmetec Plus",
"Olmetec Plus",
"PMS-olmesartan",
"PMS-olmesartan",
"PMS-olmesartan-hctz",
"PMS-olmesartan-hctz",
"PMS-olmesartan-hctz",
"Prz-olmesartan",
"Prz-olmesartan",
"Prz-olmesartan/hctz",
"Prz-olmesartan/hctz",
"Prz-olmesartan/hctz",
"Riva-olmesartan",
"Riva-olmesartan",
"Sandoz Olmesartan",
"Sandoz Olmesartan",
"Sandoz Olmesartan",
"Sandoz Olmesartan Hctz",
"Sandoz Olmesartan Hctz",
"Sandoz Olmesartan Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan",
"Teva-olmesartan",
"Teva-olmesartan / Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan / Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan / Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan/hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan/hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan/hctz",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor"
] |
[
"Erastapex",
"Golme",
"Olmy",
"Olsar",
"Olvance",
"WinBP"
] |
[
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar HCT",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"Benicar Hct",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"AMLODIPINE and OLMESARTAN medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil/hctz",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartran medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 20/5/12.5 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/5/12.5 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/5/25 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/10/12.5 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/10/25 mg",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and olmesartan medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide 40/5/25 mg",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxmil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmetec Plus",
"Olmetec Plus",
"Olmetec Plus",
"Apo-olmesartan/hctz",
"Apo-olmesartan/hctz",
"Jamp-olmesartan Hctz",
"Jamp-olmesartan Hctz",
"Jamp-olmesartan Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan/hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan/hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan/hctz",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Apo-olmesartan/hctz",
"PMS-olmesartan-hctz",
"PMS-olmesartan-hctz",
"PMS-olmesartan-hctz",
"Ach-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ach-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ach-olmesartan Hctz",
"Sandoz Olmesartan Hctz",
"Sandoz Olmesartan Hctz",
"Sandoz Olmesartan Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan / Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan / Hctz",
"Teva-olmesartan / Hctz",
"Auro-olmesartan Hctz",
"Auro-olmesartan Hctz",
"Auro-olmesartan Hctz",
"Gln-olmesartan Hctz",
"Gln-olmesartan Hctz",
"Gln-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ag-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ag-olmesartan Hctz",
"Ag-olmesartan Hctz",
"Nra-olmesartan Hctz",
"Nra-olmesartan Hctz",
"Nra-olmesartan Hctz",
"Olmesartan/hctz",
"Olmesartan/hctz",
"Olmesartan/hctz",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Prz-olmesartan/hctz",
"Prz-olmesartan/hctz",
"Prz-olmesartan/hctz",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Tribenzor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Azor",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Benicar HCT",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil-hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil-hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil-hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine Besylate and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil",
"Olmesartan Medoxomil / Amlodipine Besylate / Hydrochlorothiazide",
"OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE"
] |
[
"P30556"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q92887",
"Q9NPD5",
"Q9Y6L6",
"O95342"
] |
DB00276
|
Amsacrine
|
Aminoacridine derivative that is a potent intercalating antineoplastic agent. It is effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas, but has poor activity in the treatment of solid tumors. It is frequently used in combination with other antineoplastic agents in chemotherapy protocols. It produces consistent but acceptable myelosuppression and cardiotoxic effects.
|
solid
|
For treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia.
|
Amsacrine is an aminoacridine derivative that is a potent intercalating antineoplastic agent. It is effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas, but has poor activity in the treatment of solid tumors. It is frequently used in combination with other antineoplastic agents in chemotherapy protocols. It produces consistent but acceptable myelosuppression and cardiotoxic effects.
|
Amsacrine binds to DNA through intercalation and external binding. It has a base specificity for A-T pairs. Rapidly dividing cells are two to four times more sensitive to amsacrine than are resting cells. Amsacrine appears to cleave DNA by inducing double stranded breaks. Amsacrine also targets and inhibits topoisomerase II. Cytotoxicity is greatest during the S phase of the cell cycle when topoisomerase levels are at a maximum.
|
Poorly absorbed
|
Extensive, primarily hepatic, converted to glutathione conjugate.
|
Symptoms of overdose include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, some cardiotoxicity (rarely).
|
8-9 hours
|
96-98%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Quinolines and derivatives
|
Benzoquinolines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01XX",
"L01X",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
4'-(9-Acridinylamino)-3'-methoxymethanesulfonanilide | 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide | 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-meta-anisidide | 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidide | Acridinyl anisidide | Amsacrina | Amsacrine | Amsacrinum | m-AMSA | mAMSA | 5.6.2.2 | DNA topoisomerase II, beta isozyme | 5.6.2.2 | DNA topoisomerase II, alpha isozyme | TOP2 | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Amsa Pd"
] |
[
"Amekrin",
"AMSA P-D",
"Amsidine",
"Amsidyl"
] |
[] |
[
"Q02880",
"P11388",
"Q12809",
"P02763",
"P02768"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00278
|
Argatroban
|
Argatroban is a direct, selective thrombin inhibitor. The American College of Cardiologists (ACC) recommend using bivalirudin or argatroban in patients who have had, or at risk for, heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Argatroban is a non-heparin anticoagulant shown to both normalize platelet count in patients with HIT and prevent the formation of thrombi. Parental anticoagulants must be stopped and a baseline activated partial thromboplastin time must be obtained prior to administering argatroban.
|
solid
|
Argatroban is indicated for prevention and treatment of thrombosis caused by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It is also indicated for use in patients with, or at risk for, HIT who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
|
Argatroban is a synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor derived from L-arginine indicated as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor that reversibly binds to the thrombin active site. Argatroban does not require the co-factor antithrombin III for antithrombotic activity. Argatroban exerts its anticoagulant effects by inhibiting thrombin-catalyzed or -induced reactions, including fibrin formation; activation of coagulation factors V, VIII, and XIII; protein C; and platelet aggregation. Argatroban is highly selective for thrombin with an inhibitory constant (K<sub>i</sub>) of 0.04 µM. At therapeutic concentrations, Argatroban has little or no effect on related serine proteases (trypsin, factor Xa, plasmin, and kallikrein).
Argatroban is capable of inhibiting the action of both free and clot-associated thrombin.
|
Argatroban exerts its anticoagulant effects by inhibiting thrombin-catalyzed or -induced reactions, including fibrin formation; activation of coagulation factors V, VIII, and XIII; protein C; and platelet aggregation.
|
Bioavailability is 100% (intravenous).
|
Liver via hydroxylation and aromatization of the 3-methyltetrahydroquinoline ring. Age and gender do not substantially affect the pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic profile of argatroban.
|
Excessive bleeding
|
39 and 51 minutes
|
54%
|
Argatroban is excreted primarily in the feces (65%), presumably through biliary secretion; 22% is eliminated via urine.
|
* 174 mL/kg
* 12.18 L [70-kg adult]
|
* 5.1 L/kg/hr [infusion doses up to 40 mcg/kg/min]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"B01AE",
"B01A",
"B01",
"B"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "743.49",
"description": "Argatroban 100 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1546.46",
"description": "Argatroban 100 mg/ml Solution 2.5ml Vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1993-05-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2014-06-30",
"number": "5214052"
},
{
"approved": "2009-09-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-09-26",
"number": "7589106"
},
{
"approved": "2010-03-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-09-26",
"number": "7687516"
}
] |
Argatroban | Argatroban anhydrous | 3.4.21.5 | Coagulation factor II | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2
|
[
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban",
"Argatroban"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P00734"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P20815"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763",
"P19652"
] |
[] |
DB00280
|
Disopyramide
|
A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of documented ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular pre-excitation and cardiac dysrhythmias. It is a Class Ia antiarrhythmic drug.
|
Disopyramide is an anti-arrhythmic drug indicated for the treatment of documented ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia that are life-threatening. At therapeutic plasma levels, disopyramide shortens the sinus node recovery time, lengthens the effective refractory period of the atrium, and has a minimal effect on the effective refractory period of the AV node. Little effect has been shown on AV-nodal and His-Purkinje conduction times or QRS duration. However, prolongation of conduction in accessory pathways occurs.
|
Disopyramide is a Type 1A antiarrhythmic drug (ie, similar to procainamide and quinidine). It inhibits the fast sodium channels. In animal studies Disopyramide decreases the rate of diastolic depolarization (phase 4) in cells with augmented automaticity, decreases the upstroke velocity (phase 0) and increases the action potential duration of normal cardiac cells, decreases the disparity in refractoriness between infarcted and adjacent normally perfused myocardium, and has no effect on alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors.
|
Nearly complete
|
Hepatic
|
LD<sub>50</sub>=580 mg/kg in rats
|
6.7 hours (range 4-10 hours)
|
50%-65%
|
In healthy men, about 50% of a given dose of disopyramide is excreted in the urine as the unchanged drug, about 20% as the mono-N-dealkylated metabolite and 10% as the other metabolites.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Pyridines and derivatives
|
Pheniramines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"C01BA",
"C01B",
"C01",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.62",
"description": "Norpace 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.91",
"description": "Norpace cr 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.94",
"description": "Norpace 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.98",
"description": "Norpace CR 100 mg 12 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.26",
"description": "Norpace cr 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.35",
"description": "Norpace CR 150 mg 12 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.3",
"description": "Rythmodan 100 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Rythmodan 150 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Disopyramide 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Disopyramide Phosphate 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.82",
"description": "Disopyramide 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Disopyramide Phosphate 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[] |
Disopiramida | Disopyramide | Disopyramidum | hH1 | Sodium channel protein cardiac muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type V subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.5 | KIAA1044 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv4.2 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv4.3 | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1 | hOCT2 | OCT2 | Organic cation transporter 2
|
[
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate",
"Disopyramide Phosphate ER",
"Norpace",
"Norpace",
"Norpace",
"Norpace",
"Norpace",
"Norpace Cap 100mg",
"Norpace Cap 150mg",
"Norpace CR",
"Norpace CR",
"Norpace CR 150mg",
"Rythmodan",
"Rythmodan",
"Rythmodan Cap 100mg",
"Rythmodan Cap 150mg",
"Rythmodan Capsules 100mg",
"Rythmodan Capsules 150mg",
"Rythmodan LA Tab 250mg",
"Rythmodan-LA",
"Rythmodan-LA 250mg"
] |
[
"Dicorantil",
"Isorythm",
"Lispine",
"Ritmodan"
] |
[] |
[
"Q14524",
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"Q9NZV8",
"Q9UK17",
"Q12809",
"P19652"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P08684"
] |
[
"P02763"
] |
[
"O15245",
"O15244"
] |
DB00281
|
Lidocaine
|
Ever since its discovery and availability for sale and use in the late 1940s, lidocaine has become an exceptionally commonly used medication [T583]. In particular, lidocaine's principal mode of action in acting as a local anesthetic that numbs the sensations of tissues means the agent is indicated for facilitating local anesthesia for a large variety of surgical procedures [F4349, L5930, L5948]. It ultimately elicits its numbing activity by blocking sodium channels so that the neurons of local tissues that have the medication applied on are transiently incapable of signaling the brain regarding sensations [F4349, L5930, L5948]. In doing so, however, it can block or decrease muscle contractile, resulting in effects like vasodilation, hypotension, and irregular heart rate, among others [F4349, L5930, L5948]. As a result, lidocaine is also considered a class Ib anti-arrhythmic agent [L5930, L5948, F4468]. Nevertheless, lidocaine's local anesthetic action sees its use in many medical situations or circumstances that may benefit from its action, including the treatment of premature ejaculation [A177625].
Regardless, lidocaine is currently available as a relatively non-expensive generic medication that is written for in millions of prescriptions internationally on a yearly basis. It is even included in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines [L6055].
|
solid
|
Lidocaine is an anesthetic of the amide group indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks [F4349, L5930].
|
Excessive blood levels of lidocaine can cause changes in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and mean arterial pressure [F4349, L5930]. With central neural blockade these changes may be attributable to the block of autonomic fibers, a direct depressant effect of the local anesthetic agent on various components of the cardiovascular system, and/or the beta-adrenergic receptor stimulating action of epinephrine when present [F4349, L5930]. The net effect is normally a modest hypotension when the recommended dosages are not exceeded [F4349, L5930].
In particular, such cardiac effects are likely associated with the principal effect that lidocaine elicits when it binds and blocks sodium channels, inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of electrical action potential impulses necessary to facilitate muscle contraction [F4349, L5930, L5948]. Subsequently, in cardiac myocytes, lidocaine can potentially block or otherwise slow the rise of cardiac action potentials and their associated cardiac myocyte contractions, resulting in possible effects like hypotension, bradycardia, myocardial depression, cardiac arrhythmias, and perhaps cardiac arrest or circulatory collapse [F4349, L5930, L5948].
Moreover, lidocaine possesses a dissociation constant (pKa) of 7.7 and is considered a weak base [L5948]. As a result, about 25% of lidocaine molecules will be un-ionized and available at the physiological pH of 7.4 to translocate inside nerve cells, which means lidocaine elicits an onset of action more rapidly than other local anesthetics that have higher pKa values [L5948]. This rapid onset of action is demonstrated in about one minute following intravenous injection and fifteen minutes following intramuscular injection [L5930]. The administered lidocaine subsequently spreads rapidly through the surrounding tissues and the anesthetic effect lasts approximately ten to twenty minutes when given intravenously and about sixty to ninety minutes after intramuscular injection [L5930].
Nevertheless, it appears that the efficacy of lidocaine may be minimized in the presence of inflammation [L5948]. This effect could be due to acidosis decreasing the amount of un-ionized lidocaine molecules, a more rapid reduction in lidocaine concentration as a result of increased blood flow, or potentially also because of increased production of inflammatory mediators like peroxynitrite that elicit direct actions on sodium channels [L5948].
|
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic of the amide type [F4349, L5930, L5948]. It is used to provide local anesthesia by nerve blockade at various sites in the body [F4349, L5930, L5948]. It does so by stabilizing the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action [F4349, L5930, L5948]. In particular, the lidocaine agent acts on sodium ion channels located on the internal surface of nerve cell membranes [F4349, L5930, L5948]. At these channels, neutral uncharged lidocaine molecules diffuse through neural sheaths into the axoplasm where they are subsequently ionized by joining with hydrogen ions [F4349, L5930, L5948]. The resultant lidocaine cations are then capable of reversibly binding the sodium channels from the inside, keeping them locked in an open state that prevents nerve depolarization [F4349, L5930, L5948]. As a result, with sufficient blockage, the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron will ultimately not depolarize and will thus fail to transmit an action potential [F4349, L5930, L5948]. This facilitates an anesthetic effect by not merely preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain but by aborting their generation in the first place [F4349, L5930, L5948].
In addition to blocking conduction in nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system, lidocaine has important effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system [F4349, L5930, L5948]. After absorption, lidocaine may cause stimulation of the CNS followed by depression and in the cardiovascular system, it acts primarily on the myocardium where it may produce decreases in electrical excitability, conduction rate, and force of contraction [F4349, L5930, L5948].
|
In general, lidocaine is readily absorbed across mucous membranes and damaged skin but poorly through intact skin [F4468]. The agent is quickly absorbed from the upper airway, tracheobronchial tree, and alveoli into the bloodstream [F4468]. And although lidocaine is also well absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract the oral bioavailability is only about 35% as a result of a high degree of first-pass metabolism [F4468]. After injection into tissues, lidocaine is also rapidly absorbed and the absorption rate is affected by both vascularity and the presence of tissue and fat capable of binding lidocaine in the particular tissues [F4468].
The concentration of lidocaine in the blood is subsequently affected by a variety of aspects, including its rate of absorption from the site of injection, the rate of tissue distribution, and the rate of metabolism and excretion [F4349, L5930, L5948]. Subsequently, the systemic absorption of lidocaine is determined by the site of injection, the dosage given, and its pharmacological profile [F4349, L5930, L5948]. The maximum blood concentration occurs following intercostal nerve blockade followed in order of decreasing concentration, the lumbar epidural space, brachial plexus site, and subcutaneous tissue [F4349, L5930, L5948]. The total dose injected regardless of the site is the primary determinant of the absorption rate and blood levels achieved [F4349, L5930, L5948]. There is a linear relationship between the amount of lidocaine injected and the resultant peak anesthetic blood levels [F4349, L5930, L5948].
Nevertheless, it has been observed that lidocaine hydrochloride is completely absorbed following parenteral administration, its rate of absorption depending also on lipid solubility and the presence or absence of a vasoconstrictor agent [F4349, L5930, L5948]. Except for intravascular administration, the highest blood levels are obtained following intercostal nerve block and the lowest after subcutaneous administration [F4349, L5930, L5948].
Additionally, lidocaine crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers, presumably by passive diffusion [F4349].
|
Lidocaine is metabolized predominantly and rapidly by the liver, and metabolites and unchanged drug are excreted by the kidneys [F4349, L5930]. Biotransformation includes oxidative N-dealkylation, ring hydroxylation, cleavage of the amide linkage, and conjugation [F4349, L5930]. N-dealkylation, a major pathway of biotransformation, yields the metabolites monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide [F4349, L5930]. The pharmacological/toxicological actions of these metabolites are similar to, but less potent than, those of lidocaine HCl [F4349, L5930]. Approximately 90% of lidocaine HCl administered is excreted in the form of various metabolites, and less than 10% is excreted unchanged [F4349, L5930]. The primary metabolite in urine is a conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline [F4349, L5930].
|
Symptoms of overdose and/or acute systemic toxicity involves central nervous system toxicity that presents with symptoms of increasing severity [L5930]. Patients may present initially with circumoral paraesthesia, numbness of the tongue, light-headedness, hyperacusis, and tinnitus [L5930]. Visual disturbance and muscular tremors or muscle twitching are more serious and precede the onset of generalized convulsions [L5930]. These signs must not be mistaken for neurotic behavior [L5930]. Unconsciousness and grand mal convulsions may follow, which may last from a few seconds to several minutes [L5930]. Hypoxia and hypercapnia occur rapidly following convulsions due to increased muscular activity, together with the interference with normal respiration and loss of the airway [L5930]. In severe cases, apnoea may occur. Acidosis increases the toxic effects of local anesthetics [L5930]. Effects on the cardiovascular system may be seen in severe cases [L5930]. Hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia and cardiac arrest may occur as a result of high systemic concentrations, with potentially fatal outcome [L5930].
Pregnancy Category B has been established for the use of lidocaine in pregnancy, although there are no formal, adequate, and well-controlled studies in pregnant women [F4349]. General consideration should be given to this fact before administering lidocaine to women of childbearing potential, especially during early pregnancy when maximum organogenesis takes place [F4349]. Ultimately, although animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus, lidocaine should not be administered during early pregnancy unless the benefits are considered to outweigh the risks [L5930]. Lidocaine readily crosses the placental barrier after epidural or intravenous administration to the mother [L5930]. The ratio of umbilical to maternal venous concentration is 0.5 to 0.6 [L5930]. The fetus appears to be capable of metabolizing lidocaine at term [L5930]. The elimination half-life in the newborn of the drug received in utero is about three hours, compared with 100 minutes in the adult [L5930]. Elevated lidocaine levels may persist in the newborn for at least 48 hours after delivery [L5930]. Fetal bradycardia or tachycardia, neonatal bradycardia, hypotonia or respiratory depression may occur [L5930].
Local anesthetics rapidly cross the placenta and when used for epidural, paracervical, pudendal or caudal block anesthesia, can cause varying degrees of maternal, fetal and neonatal toxicity [F4349]. The potential for toxicity depends upon the procedure performed, the type and amount of drug used, and the technique of drug administration [F4349]. Adverse reactions in the parturient, fetus and neonate involve alterations of the central nervous system, peripheral vascular tone, and cardiac function [F4349].
Maternal hypotension has resulted from regional anesthesia [F4349]. Local anesthetics produce vasodilation by blocking sympathetic nerves [F4349]. Elevating the patient’s legs and positioning her on her left side will help prevent decreases in blood pressure [F4349]. The fetal heart rate also should be monitored continuously, and electronic fetal monitoring is highly advisable [F4349].
Epidural, spinal, paracervical, or pudendal anesthesia may alter the forces of parturition through changes in uterine contractility or maternal expulsive efforts [F4349]. In one study, paracervical block anesthesia was associated with a decrease in the mean duration of first stage labor and facilitation of cervical dilation [F4349]. However, spinal and epidural anesthesia have also been reported to prolong the second stage of labor by removing the parturient’s reflex urge to bear down or by interfering with motor function [F4349]. The use of obstetrical anesthesia may increase the need for forceps assistance [F4349].
The use of some local anesthetic drug products during labor and delivery may be followed by diminished muscle strength and tone for the first day or two of life [F4349]. The long-term significance of these observations is unknown [F4349]. Fetal bradycardia may occur in 20 to 30 percent of patients receiving paracervical nerve block anesthesia with the amide-type local anesthetics and may be associated with fetal acidosis [F4349]. Fetal heart rate should always be monitored during paracervical anesthesia [F4349]. The physician should weigh the possible advantages against risks when considering a paracervical block in prematurity, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal distress [F4349]. Careful adherence to the recommended dosage is of the utmost importance in obstetrical paracervical block [F4349]. Failure to achieve adequate analgesia with recommended doses should arouse suspicion of intravascular or fetal intracranial injection [F4349]. Cases compatible with unintended fetal intracranial injection of local anesthetic solution have been reported following intended paracervical or pudendal block or both. Babies so affected present with unexplained neonatal depression at birth, which correlates with high local anesthetic serum levels, and often manifest seizures within six hours [F4349]. Prompt use of supportive measures combined with forced urinary excretion of the local anesthetic has been used successfully to manage this complication [F4349].
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk [F4349]. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when lidocaine is administered to a nursing woman [F4349].
Dosages in children should be reduced, commensurate with age, body weight and physical condition [F4349].
The oral LD 50 of lidocaine HCl in non-fasted female rats is 459 (346-773) mg/kg (as the salt) and 214 (159-324) mg/kg (as the salt) in fasted female rats [F4349].
|
The elimination half-life of lidocaine hydrochloride following an intravenous bolus injection is typically 1.5 to 2.0 hours [F4349]. Because of the rapid rate at which lidocaine hydrochloride is metabolized, any condition that affects liver function may alter lidocaine HCl kinetics [F4349]. The half-life may be prolonged two-fold or more in patients with liver dysfunction [F4349].
|
The protein binding recorded for lidocaine is about 60 to 80% and is dependent upon the plasma concentration of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein [F4349, L5948]. Such percentage protein binding bestows lidocaine with a medium duration of action when placed in comparison to other local anesthetic agents [L5948].
|
The excretion of unchanged lidocaine and its metabolites occurs predominantly via the kidney with less than 5% in the unchanged form appearing in the urine [F4349, L5930]. The renal clearance is inversely related to its protein binding affinity and the pH of the urine [L5930]. This suggests by the latter that excretion of lidocaine occurs by non-ionic diffusion [L5930].
|
The volume of distribution determined for lidocaine is 0.7 to 1.5 L/kg [L5948].
In particular, lidocaine is distributed throughout the total body water [L5930]. Its rate of disappearance from the blood can be described by a two or possibly even three-compartment model [L5930]. There is a rapid disappearance (alpha phase) which is believed to be related to uptake by rapidly equilibrating tissues (tissues with high vascular perfusion, for example) [L5930]. The slower phase is related to distribution to slowly equilibrating tissues (beta phase) and to its metabolism and excretion (gamma phase) [L5930].
Lidocaine's distribution is ultimately throughout all body tissues [L5930]. In general, the more highly perfused organs will show higher concentrations of the agent [L5930]. The highest percentage of this drug will be found in skeletal muscle, mainly due to the mass of muscle rather than an affinity [L5930].
|
The mean systemic clearance observed for intravenously administered lidocaine in a study of 15 adults was approximately 0.64 +/- 0.18 L/min [F4444].
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Xylenes
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"S01HA",
"S01H",
"S01",
"S",
"D04AB",
"D04A",
"D04",
"D",
"R02AD",
"R02A",
"R02",
"R",
"C01BB",
"C01B",
"C01",
"C",
"S02DA",
"S02D",
"S02",
"S",
"N01BB",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N",
"C05AD",
"C05A",
"C05",
"C",
"N01BB",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.03",
"description": "Lidamantle 3% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "2.91",
"description": "Lidocaine 3% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "3.06",
"description": "Lidocaine 5% in d7.5w ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "7.5",
"description": "Akten 3.5% drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "8.03",
"description": "Lidoderm 1 Box = 30 Patches",
"unit": "patch"
},
{
"cost": "9.42",
"description": "Lidocaine HCl 4% Solution 4ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "9.76",
"description": "Lidocaine hcl 1% syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "13.99",
"description": "Lidocaine Viscous 2% Solution 100ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "16.99",
"description": "Lidocaine HCl 4% Solution 50ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "17.99",
"description": "Lidocaine HCl 2% Gel 10ml Syringe",
"unit": "syringe"
},
{
"cost": "17.99",
"description": "Lidocaine HCl 2% Gel 30ml Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "47.79",
"description": "Lidocaine-Prilocaine 2.5-2.5% Cream 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "58.4",
"description": "EMLA 2.5-2.5% Cream 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "62.02",
"description": "Rocephin 1 gm vial",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "97.5",
"description": "Rocephin 2 gm vial",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "230.3",
"description": "Lidocaine HCl 3% Lotion 177ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "478.32",
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{
"cost": "0.03",
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},
{
"cost": "0.06",
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},
{
"cost": "0.06",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"cost": "0.22",
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{
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{
"cost": "0.24",
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{
"cost": "0.29",
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{
"cost": "0.34",
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{
"cost": "0.41",
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{
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{
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{
"cost": "0.68",
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"unit": "ml"
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{
"cost": "0.99",
"description": "Zilactin-l cold sore liquid",
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[
{
"approved": "1993-08-10",
"country": "United States",
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"number": "5234957"
},
{
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"number": "5827529"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-05-04",
"number": "5899880"
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{
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"number": "6031007"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"number": "6306431"
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{
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"number": "5919479"
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{
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{
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}
] |
2-(Diethylamino)-2',6'-acetoxylidide | 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide | alpha-diethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide | Lidocaína | Lidocaina | Lidocaine | Lidocainum | Lignocaine | α-diethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide | hNaN | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 5 | PN5 | SCN12A | Sensory neuron sodium channel 2 | SNS2 | Sodium channel protein type XI subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.9 | hPN3 | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 3 | PN3 | Sodium channel protein type X subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.8 | hNE-Na | NENA | Neuroendocrine sodium channel | Peripheral sodium channel 1 | PN1 | Sodium channel protein type IX subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.7 | hH1 | Sodium channel protein cardiac muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type V subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.5 | 2.7.10.1 | ERBB | ERBB1 | HER1 | Proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1 | Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1 | SkM1 | Sodium channel protein skeletal muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type IV subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.4 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"0.4% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection",
"0.4% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection USP",
"0.5% LIDOCAINE HCl",
"1% Lidocaine Hci",
"1% Lidocaine Hci",
"10 Person ANSI",
"1st Medxpatch With Lidocaine 4%",
"1st Medxpatch With Lidocaine 4%-rx",
"1st Medxpatch With Lidocaine 4%-rx",
"1st RELIEF TOPICAL",
"2% Lidocaine and Epinephrine 1:100,000 Injection USP",
"2% Lidocaine Hci",
"2% Lidocaine Hci",
"2% Lidocaine Hci",
"25 Person ANSI",
"2677 First Aid Burn Cream",
"3 Step First Aid Kit",
"3-Step First Aid Kit",
"4 Lidocaine Topical Anesthetic",
"4007 First Aid Kit",
"4013 First Aid Kit",
"4017 First Aid Kit",
"4017 First Aid Kit",
"4019 First Aid Kit",
"4022 First Aid Kit",
"4022 First Aid Kit",
"4032 First Aid Kit",
"4042 First Aid Kit",
"4043 First Aid Kit",
"4044 First Aid Kit",
"4045 First Aid Kit",
"4047 Fist Aid Kit",
"4048 Fist Aid Kit",
"4049 First Aid Kit",
"4050 First Aid Kit",
"4051 First Aid Kit",
"4051 First Aid Kit",
"4052 First Aid Kit",
"4052 First Aid Kit",
"4056 First Aid Kit",
"4056 First Aid Kit",
"4064 First Aid Kit",
"4065 First Aid Kit",
"4066 First Aid Kit",
"4067 First Aid Kit",
"4068 First Aid Kit",
"4068 First Aid Kit",
"4069 First Aid Kit",
"4069 First Aid Kit",
"4074 First Aid Kit",
"4076 First Aid Kit",
"4076 First Aid Kit",
"4078 First Aid Kit",
"4079 First Aid Kit",
"4081 First Aid Kit",
"4081 First Aid Kit",
"4082 First Aid Kit",
"4082 First Aid Kit",
"4083 First Aid Kit",
"4083 First Aid Kit",
"4084 First Aid Kit",
"4084 First Aid Kit",
"4085 First Aid Kit",
"4085 First Aid Kit",
"4086 First Aid Kit",
"4086 First Aid Kit",
"4087 First Aid Kit",
"4087 First Aid Kit",
"4088 First Aid Kit",
"4088 First Aid Kit",
"4089 First Aid Kit",
"4089 First Aid Kit",
"4090 First Aid Kit",
"4090 First Aid Kit",
"4097 First Aid Kit",
"4097 First Aid Kit",
"4098 First Aid Kit",
"4098 First Aid Kit",
"4099 First Aid Kit",
"4099 First Aid Kit",
"4100 First Aid Kit",
"4100 First Aid Kit",
"4101 First Aid Kit",
"4101 First Aid Kit",
"4102 First Aid Kit",
"4102 First Aid Kit",
"4103 First Aid Kit",
"4103 First Aid Kit",
"4104 First Aid Kit",
"4104 First Aid Kit",
"4105 First Aid Kit",
"4105 First Aid Kit",
"4106 First Aid Kit",
"4106 First Aid Kit",
"4107 First Aid Kit",
"4107 First Aid Kit",
"4108 First Aid Kit",
"4108 First Aid Kit",
"4109 First Aid Kit",
"4109 First Aid Kit",
"4110 First Aid Kit",
"4110 First Aid Kit",
"4111 First Aid Kit",
"4111 First Aid Kit",
"4112 First Aid Kit",
"4112 First Aid Kit",
"4113 First Aid Kit",
"4113 First Aid Kit",
"4114 First Aid Kit",
"4114 First Aid Kit",
"4115 First Aid Kit",
"4115 First Aid Kit",
"4116 First Aid Kit",
"4116 First Aid Kit",
"4117 First Aid Kit",
"4117 First Aid Kit",
"4118 First Aid Kit",
"4118 First Aid Kit",
"4119 First Aid Kit",
"4119 First Aid Kit",
"4120 First Aid Kit",
"4120 First Aid Kit",
"4121 First Aid Kit",
"4128 First Aid Kit",
"4129 First Aid Kit",
"4131 First Aid Kit",
"4131 First Aid Kit",
"4132 First Aid Kit",
"4132 First Aid Kit",
"4133 First Aid Kit",
"4133 First Aid Kit",
"4134 First Aid Kit",
"4136 First Aid Kit",
"4138 First Aid Kit",
"4138 First Aid Kit",
"4139 First Aid Kit",
"4140 First Aid Kit",
"4140 First Aid Kit",
"4141 First Aid Kit",
"4142 First Aid Kit",
"4144 First Aid Kit",
"4146 First Aid Kit",
"4146 First Aid Kit",
"4147 First Aid Kit",
"4147 First Aid Kit",
"4148 First Aid Kit",
"4149 First Aid Kit",
"4150 First Aid Kit",
"4151 First Aid Kit",
"4151 First Aid Kit",
"4152 First Aid Kit",
"4152 First Aid Kit",
"4153 First Aid Kit",
"4154 First Aid Kit",
"4155 First Aid Kit",
"4156 First Aid Kit",
"4157 First Aid Kit",
"4157 First Aid Kit",
"4159 First Aid Kit",
"4162 First Aid Kit",
"4162 First Aid Kit",
"4163 First Aid Kit",
"4166 First Aid Kit",
"4166 First Aid Kit",
"4167 First Aid Kit",
"4167 First Aid Kit",
"4168 First Aid Kit",
"4171 First Aid Kit",
"4172 First Aid Kit",
"4173 First Aid Kit",
"4184 First Aid Kit",
"4184 First Aid Kit",
"4185 First Aid Kit",
"4185 First Aid Kit",
"4186 First Aid Kit",
"4186 First Aid Kit",
"4187 First Aid Kit",
"4187 First Aid Kit",
"4187 First Aid Kit",
"4188 First Aid Kit",
"4189 First Aid Kit",
"4190 First Aid Kit",
"4191 First Aid Kit",
"4191 First Aid Kit",
"4192 First Aid Kit",
"4193 First Aid Kit",
"4194 First Aid Kit",
"4195 First Aid Kit",
"4196 First Aid Kit",
"4197 First Aid Kit",
"4197 First Aid Kit",
"4198 First Aid Kit",
"4198 First Aid Kit",
"4199 First Aid Kit",
"4199 First Aid Kit",
"4200 First Aid Kit",
"4200 First Aid Kit",
"4201 First Aid Kit",
"4201 First Aid Kit",
"4202 First Aid Kit",
"4202 First Aid Kit",
"4203 First Aid Kit",
"4204 First Aid Kit",
"4205 First Aid Kit",
"4206 First Aid Kit",
"4206 First Aid Kit",
"4207 First Aid Kit",
"4207 First Aid Kit",
"4208 First Aid Kit",
"4210 First Aid Kit",
"4212 First Aid Kit",
"4216 First Aid Kit",
"4218 First Aid Kit",
"4218 First Aid Kit",
"4219 First Aid Kit",
"4220 First Aid Kit",
"4220 First Aid Kit",
"4222 First Aid Kit",
"4223 First Aid Kit",
"4224 First Aid Kit",
"4225 First Aid Kit",
"4225 First Aid Kit",
"4227 First Aid Kit",
"4227 First Aid Kit",
"4228 First Aid Kit",
"4228 First Aid Kit",
"4231First Aid Kit",
"4234 First Aid Kit",
"4235 First Aid Kit",
"4235 First Aid Kit",
"4236 First Aid Kit",
"4237 First Aid Kit",
"4238 First Aid Kit",
"4238 First Aid Kit",
"4239 First Aid Kit",
"4239 First Aid Kit",
"4243 First Aid Kit",
"4245 First Aid Kit",
"4245 First Aid Kit",
"4246 First Aid Kit",
"4246 First Aid Kit",
"4247 First Aid Kit",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"4249 First Aid Kit",
"4250 First Aid Kit",
"4251 First Aid Kit",
"4251 First Aid Kit",
"4252 First Aid Kit",
"4252 First Aid Kit",
"4253 First Aid Kit",
"4253 First Aid Kit",
"4254 First Aid Kit",
"4254 First Aid Kit",
"4255 First Aid Kit",
"4255 First Aid Kit",
"4256 First Aid Kit",
"4257 First Aid Kit",
"4258 First Aid Kit",
"4259 First Aid Kit",
"4259 First Aid Kit",
"4260 First Aid Kit",
"4260 First Aid Kit",
"4261 First Aid Kit",
"4261 First Aid Kit",
"4264 First Aid Kit",
"4265 First Aid Kit",
"4266 First Aid Kit",
"4267 First Aid Kit",
"4269 First Aid Kit",
"4269 First Aid Kit",
"4270 First Aid Kit",
"4271 First Aid Kit",
"4271 First Aid Kit",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"4273 First Aid Kit",
"4274 First Aid Kit",
"4275 First Aid Kit",
"4276 First Aid Kit",
"4277 First Aid Kit",
"4278 First Aid Kit",
"4278 First Aid Kit",
"4279 First Aid Kit",
"4279 First Aid Kit",
"4280 First Aid Kit",
"4281 First Aid Kit",
"4282 First Aid Kit",
"4283 First Aid Kit",
"4284 First Aid Kit",
"4284 First Aid Kit",
"4285 First Aid Kit",
"4285 First Aid Kit",
"4286 First Aid Kit",
"4288 First Aid Kit",
"4289 First Aid Kit",
"4289 First Aid Kit",
"4290 First Aid Kit",
"4291 First Aid Kit",
"4293 First Aid Kit",
"4293 First Aid Kit",
"4295 First Aid Kit",
"4298 First Aid Kit",
"4299 First Aid Kit",
"4299 First Aid Kit",
"4300 First Aid Kit",
"4300 First Aid Kit",
"4301 First Aid Kit",
"4302 First Aid Kit",
"4302 First Aid Kit",
"4303 First Aid Kit",
"4304 First Aid Kit",
"4305 First Aid Kit",
"4306 First Aid Kit",
"4307 First Aid Kit",
"4308 First Aid Kit",
"4309 First Aid Kit",
"4310 First Aid Kit",
"4311 First Aid Kit",
"4311 First Aid Kit",
"4312 First Aid Kit",
"4313 First Aid Kit",
"4318 First Aid Kit",
"4318 First Aid Kit",
"4319 First Aid Kit",
"4319 First Aid Kit",
"4320 First Aid Kit",
"4321 First Aid Kit",
"4322 First Aid Kit",
"4323 First Aid Kit",
"4323 First Aid Kit",
"4326 First Aid Kit",
"4326 First Aid Kit",
"4327 First Aid Kit",
"4327 First Aid Kit",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"4330 First Aid Kit",
"4331 First Aid Kit",
"4332 First Aid Kit",
"4332 First Aid Kit",
"4333 First Aid Kit",
"4333 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"4335 First Aid Kit",
"4335 First Aid Kit",
"4336 First Aid Kit",
"4336 First Aid Kit",
"4337 First Aid Kit",
"4337 First Aid Kit",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"4340 First Aid Kit",
"4342 First Aid Kit",
"4344 First Aid Kit",
"4345 First Aid Kit",
"4346 First Aid Kit",
"4347 First Aid Kit",
"4347 First Aid Kit",
"4348 First Aid Kit",
"4349 First Aid Kit",
"4350 First Aid Kit",
"4351 First Aid Kit",
"4352 First Aid Kit",
"4353 First Aid Kit",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"4359 First Aid Kit",
"4360 First Aid Kit",
"4362 First Aid Kit",
"4363 First Aid Kit",
"4364 First Aid Kit",
"4364 First Aid Kit",
"4365 First Aid Kit",
"4365 First Aid Kit",
"4369 First Aid Kit",
"4369 First Aid Kit",
"4370 First Aid Kit",
"4370 First Aid Kit",
"4371 First Aid Kit",
"4372 First Aid Kit",
"4373 First Aid Kit",
"4374 First Aid Kit",
"4375 First Aid Kit",
"4376 First Aid Kit",
"4376 First Aid Kit",
"4378 First Aid Kit",
"4378 First Aid Kit",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4389 First Aid Kit",
"4390 First Aid Kit",
"4391 First Aid Kit",
"4392 First Aid Kit",
"4395 First Aid Kit",
"4396 First Aid Kit",
"4397 First Aid Kit",
"4397 First Aid Kit",
"4400 First Aid Kit",
"4401 First Aid Kit",
"4402 First Aid Kit",
"5% Xylocaine Mpf With Glucose 7.5% Injection",
"50 Person ANSI",
"7-Select After Sun Lidicaine HCl Pain-Relieving with Aloe Vera",
"ABREVA Rapid Pain Relief",
"Absorbine Jr Pro Cream",
"Absorbine Jr Pro No Mess Roll-on Plus",
"ABSORBINE jr.",
"Absorbine jr. Lidocaine",
"ACAT SUK Kit (Accelerated COVID-19 Antibody Test Single Use Kit)",
"Accucaine",
"Accucaine",
"Accucaine",
"ACME FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"Acme Home/Office/Auto Kit",
"ACME Small Cuts and Burns",
"ACT Kit (Accelerated COVID-19 Test Kit)",
"Activate Joint and Muscle Relief",
"ACTIVE-PAC with Gabapentin",
"Acunistat-30",
"Acunistat-60",
"Adazin",
"Adellina TATTOO NUMBING",
"Advanced DNA Medicated Collection",
"Advanced DNA Medicated Collection Kit II",
"Advanced DNA Medicated Collection Kit III",
"ADVANCED NUMB Topical Anesthetic",
"Advanced Seal Barrier plus Pain Relief",
"Aerowound Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Afassco Burn Gel",
"Afassco First Aid Burn Cream",
"Aflexeryl-LC",
"After Bite Wipe",
"After Bite Wipe",
"After Bite Wipe",
"After Burn",
"After Burn",
"After Cuts and Scrapes",
"After Sun Burn Relief Lidocaine Continuous Spray",
"After Sun Gel",
"After Sun Gel",
"After Sun Soothing Spray",
"AfterBurn",
"AfterBurn",
"Aftersun Cooling CVS",
"AgonEaze",
"AgonEaze",
"Akten",
"Akten",
"Albertson Lidocaine, Menthol Pain Relief Medicated Patch",
"Albertsons Pain Relief Patch",
"Alcoholada Gel Pain Relieving Pain",
"Alcoholada Pain Relieving",
"Alivio",
"Alocane",
"Alocane",
"Alocane",
"Alocane",
"Alocane Botanicals",
"Alocane Emergency Burn",
"Alocane Emergency Burn Pads",
"Alocane On The Go",
"Alocane Plus",
"Alocane Plus",
"Alocane Plus",
"Alocane Severe Sunburn",
"Aloe",
"Aloe Burn Relief",
"Aloe Gel Pain Reliever Well at Walgreens",
"Aloe Ice Sunburn Relief",
"Aloe Ice Sunburn Relief Jelly",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Amazon Basics Pain Relief Patch with 4% Lidocaine",
"Ambator Lidocaine Patch",
"American Safety First Aid",
"Amino Rip Muscle Pain Relief",
"Amniocentesis Tray 1%",
"Amour CBD",
"Ana-Lex",
"Analgesic",
"AnaMantle HC",
"Anecream",
"Anecream",
"Anecream",
"Anecream 5",
"Anesta",
"Anesta",
"Anestacon",
"Anestafoam",
"Anesthetic",
"Anodyne Ile",
"Anodyne LPT",
"AnodyneRx",
"Anorectal",
"Anorectal",
"Anorectal Equate",
"ANORECTAL Lidocaine Cream",
"Anorectal Walgreens",
"Antecubital Cent Venous Catheterization Kit",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"Antibiotic Cream for Kids",
"Antibiotic Cream for Kids",
"Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief for Kids",
"Antibiotic Free Wound Gel and Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Cream",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic Formula Filled Swab",
"AOBBIY Tattoo Numbing Cream",
"AOBBIY Tattoo Numbing Cream",
"Apicaine-X",
"Apr15",
"Aprizio Pak",
"Aprizio Pak II",
"Aramark Blood Clotting",
"Aramark Burn",
"Aramark Burn Cream",
"Aramark Burn Gel",
"Aramark Star Burn Gel",
"ARC Emergency Preparedness FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES Hardcase",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES",
"Aromalief Lidocaine Roll On",
"Arrow Central Venous Catheterization Kit",
"Arrow Multi-lumen Central Venous Catheter Kit",
"Arrow Pneumothorax Kit",
"Arrow Two-lumen Central Venous Cathetar Kit",
"Arrow Two-lumen Jugular Catheterization Kit",
"Arthrocare Maximum Arthritis Pain Relief",
"Arthrogram Tray 1%",
"Aspercreme",
"Aspercreme Lidocaine Foot (Diabetic)",
"Aspercreme Lidocaine No-Mess Bergamot Orange",
"Aspercreme Lidocaine No-Mess plus Lavender",
"Aspercreme Lidocaine with Eucalyptus Essential Oil",
"Aspercreme Lidocaine XL",
"Aspercreme with Lidocaine",
"Aspercreme with Lidocaine Dry",
"Aspercreme with Lidocaine Essential Oils Rosemary Mint",
"Aspercreme with Lidocaine Foot Pain Creme",
"Aspercreme with Lidocaine No-Mess Applicator",
"Aspercreme with Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Aspercreme with Lidocaine XL",
"AsperFlex",
"Asperflex 24hrs",
"AsperFlex MAX",
"Assured",
"Assured",
"Assured",
"Assured Bikini Smooth Cream",
"Assured Pain Relief",
"Assured Pain Relief",
"Astero",
"Astero",
"Astero",
"ASTONEA Burn Cream",
"Atelocollagen Implant",
"Atendia",
"Atozcup Tattoo Numbing",
"Aubio Life Sciences Lip",
"Auebliss",
"Australian Gold Aloe Freeze Gel with Lidocaine",
"Australian Gold Aloe Freeze Gel with Lidocaine",
"Australian Gold Aloe Gel with Lidocaine",
"Auto 157",
"AUVON LIDOCAINE MENTHOL Pain Relief",
"AvaDerm",
"AvaDerm",
"AvaDerm",
"Avalin External Analgesic Patch",
"Avalin-RX",
"Avon Foot Works Therapeutic Cracked Heel Relief Cream",
"Baciguent Plus Pain Reliever Ont",
"Bactine First Aid Spray",
"Bactine First Aid Spray Liq",
"Bactine Max",
"Bactine Max",
"Bactine Max",
"Bactine Max",
"Bactine Max Dry",
"Bactine Original First Aid",
"Bactine Original First Aid",
"Bactine Pain Relieving",
"Bactine Pain Relieving",
"Bakers Best Arthritis Pain Relief",
"Bakers Best Maximum Strength Pain Relief",
"BAKERS BEST Pain Relief with Pure Hemp Seed Oil",
"Banana Boat Sooth-A-caine Spray Gel",
"Banana Boat Sooth-A-caine W.moist.aloe V.gel",
"Banana Boat Soothacaine Spray Gel",
"Band Aid Antiseptic Cleansing Liquid",
"Band-aid Brand Antiseptic Wash",
"Band-Aid Brand Hurt-Free Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"Band-Aid Brand Hurt-Free Antiseptic Wash",
"Base Laboratories Base Numb Extra Strength Topical Anorectal",
"Base Laboratories Base Numb Topical Anorectal Cream",
"Base Laboratories Hemorrhoidal",
"Base Laboratories Lidocaine Anesthetic Pain Relief",
"Base Laboratories Numb Gel",
"Base Numb Topical Anesthetic",
"Base Numb Topical Anesthetic",
"Base Numb Topical Anorectal",
"Base Numb Topical Anorectal",
"Basic Biopsy Tray 1%",
"Basic Care Endure",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Beaueli",
"Bed Bug Instant Bite Relief",
"BeKoool Itch Relief",
"Bene Patch",
"BenePatch",
"BENGAY Ginger Citrus",
"BENGAY Tropical Jasmine",
"Benzalkonium Chloride and Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Benzalkonium Chloride and Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Beta Inject Kit",
"Betacaine Gel",
"Betalido Kit",
"Betalido Kit",
"Betalido-C",
"Bikini Relief",
"Bikini Zone",
"Bikini Zone Medicated",
"Bikini Zone Medicated CREME",
"Bikini Zone Medicated CREME",
"Bikini Zone Topical Analgesic Gel",
"Bio-Scriptives Lidum",
"Bio-Scriptives Lidum Hemorroidal (Anorectal)",
"Bio-Scriptives Lidum Topical Analgesic",
"biochemistry PAIN RELIEF FOOT ACTIVE",
"Biotic-Plus",
"Bite and Sting Relief Wipe",
"Bl",
"BL-Contrast",
"Black Label Anorectal Numbing Spray",
"Blackwork",
"Blackwork",
"Blockaid",
"Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Blt 2",
"BLT Skin Cream",
"BLT-25 Kit",
"BLUE ACME SLEEVE FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"Blue Gel Anesthetic",
"Blue Gel Anesthetic",
"Blue Gel Anesthetic",
"Blue Tube",
"Blue-Emu Lidocaine Dry",
"Blue-Emu Lidocaine Pain Relief Cream",
"BlueStop Max",
"BlueStop Max",
"BonaDur",
"Botanika Life Pain Relief Roller",
"Botanika Life Soothing Pain Serum",
"Botanika Life Ultra-Relief Pain Rub",
"Bottoms Up",
"Bottoms Up Health",
"Braline Patch",
"Brazzers Anal Desensitizing",
"Bruselix Cream",
"Bruselix Gel",
"Budpak First Aid",
"Bufferin Lidocaine Pain Numbing",
"Burn",
"Burn",
"Burn",
"Burn",
"Burn",
"Burn",
"Burn",
"Burn",
"Burn Cream",
"Burn Cream",
"Burn Cream",
"Burn Ease",
"Burn Ease",
"Burn Ease, 3.5g",
"Burn First Aid",
"Burn Gel",
"Burn Jel",
"Burn Jel",
"Burn Jel",
"Burn Jel 20 mg/g",
"Burn Jel Plus",
"Burn Jel Plus",
"Burn Mist",
"Burn N Bite",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief",
"Burn Relief Aloe",
"Burn relief aloe Daylogic",
"Burn Relief Aloe Vera Gel GNP",
"Burn Relief Continuous",
"Burn Relief Cream",
"Burn Relief CVS",
"Burn Relief Extra Strength Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Extra Strength Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Extra Strength Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Extra Strength Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Extra Strength Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Gel",
"Burn Relief Gel",
"Burn Relief Gel With Lidocaine",
"Burn Relief Kol-Down",
"Burn Relief Leader",
"Burn Relief Max Strength",
"Burn Relief Pain Reliever Well at Walgreens",
"Burn Relief Professional Bio-Kool",
"Burn Relief Professional Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Professional Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Professional Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Signature Care",
"Burn ReliefPreferred Plus Ph Preferred Plus Pharmacy",
"Burn ReliefRelief",
"Burn ReliefRelief",
"Burn Treatment",
"Burn with Aloe",
"Burn with Lidocaine",
"Burn with Lidocaine",
"Burncare Kit",
"Burncare Spray",
"Burnrelief",
"BurnX Pain Relieving Burn",
"BurnZone",
"Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"BZ Step Pain Relief Cream",
"Cacitrix",
"Cadira Compliant Blood Stat",
"CALEXOTICS Fuck Sauce Anal",
"Calm and Correct Serum with Lidocaine",
"CANNA NUMB Pain Relief",
"CANNA NUMB Roll On",
"Cannabicool Pain Relieving Lidocaine Roll-On",
"CANNAPRO xl",
"Care Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Careland Lidocaine 4 Pain Relieving Gel-Patches",
"Careland Lidocaine 4 Plus Menthol Pain Relieving Gel Patches for back, neck shoulders knees and elbows with border",
"Careland Lidocaine 4 plus menthol pain relieving gel-patches with border for knee",
"Careone Lidocaine Pain Relief",
"Caribbean Breeze Burn Relief",
"Caring Mills Relief Patch with Lidocaine",
"Carpal Comfort",
"Cathejell",
"CBD Clinic - Mild Pain Therapy",
"CBD Clinic Pain Relief - Level 1",
"CBD Clinic Pain Relief - Level 1",
"CBD Medic - Odor-Free Serious Relief",
"CBD MIST Topical Anesthetic",
"CBD Pain",
"CBD pain cream",
"CBD Pain Patches",
"CBD PAIN RELIEF Cream",
"Cbd-kings With Lidocaine 4%",
"Cbd-kings With Lidocaine 4%",
"Cbd4 Freeze Pump Vanishing Scent",
"CBD4 pain relief cream",
"CBDaF Topical Gel",
"CBDMEDIC Itch and Rash",
"Centipaine for Pain Control",
"Centipaine for Pain Control",
"Central Vein Catheterization Kit",
"Central Venous Catetherization Kit",
"Central Venous Catheter Expanded Kit",
"Chi-Myst Resolve Topical",
"Chi-Myst Resolve Topical",
"Chi-Myst Synergy Topical",
"Chi-Myst Synergy Topical",
"Cicloferon",
"Cicloferon",
"CidalEaze",
"Cimetidine 10% / Lidocaine 5% / Salicylic Acid 40%",
"CLIN-LIDO-Single Use Kit",
"CLM Patch",
"Cml",
"Coachs First Aid Contains 102 Pieces",
"Cold and Heat Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"Cold and Heat Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"Cold Sore TREATMENT",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Comfort EZ Extra Strength Pain Relief Patch",
"Comfort EZ Extra StrengthTransdermal Patch",
"Comfort EZ Pain Relief Patch",
"Comfortcaine",
"Comfortcaine",
"Comfortcaine",
"Comfortox Lidocaine",
"Complete Antibiotic Ointment",
"Continuous Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Cool and Heat Evora Labs",
"COOL CURE Pain Relief",
"Cool N Heat Lidocaine Dry",
"Cooling Gel",
"Coralite Lidocaine Pain Relief",
"Coralite Odor Free Pain Relief",
"Crane Safety Burn",
"Crane Safety Burn",
"Curacaine",
"Curacaine",
"curacaine Transdermal Corporation",
"Curist Hemorrhoid Relief",
"Curist Lidocaine Can",
"Curist Lidocaine Maximum Strength",
"Curist Lidocaine Numbing Relief",
"Curist Lidocaine Patch Maximum Strength",
"Curist Lidocaine Relief",
"Cutiecaine",
"Cutiecaine",
"Cutiecaine",
"Cutiecaine-5%",
"CVS All Purpose First Aid Kit",
"CVS Antiseptic Wash",
"CVS Bacitracin with Pain Relief",
"CVS Burn Relief w/Lido 8oz",
"CVS Cold and Hot",
"CVS First Aid Kit",
"CVS Health Aftersun Aloe Vera Cooling",
"CVS Health All Purpose Kit",
"CVS Health Antibiotic Free Wound and Pain Relief",
"CVS Health Antiseptic Wound Wash",
"CVS Health Cold and Hot Roll-On",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Cream",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain Relief",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain Relief",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain Relief Plus Menthol",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain-Relieving",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain-Relieving",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain-Relieving",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain-Relieving",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Plus Pain Relieving",
"CVS Health Maximum Strength Lidocaine Pain Relief Cream Plus Menthol",
"CVS Health Sunburn Relief Cooling Lidocaine 0.5 Pain-Relieving",
"CVS Health XL Lidocaine Pain Relief",
"CVS Lidocaine Maximum Strength",
"CVS Lidocaine Pain Relief Dry",
"CVS Maximum Strength LIDOCAINE PLUS",
"CVS Pain Relief",
"CVS Pain Relieving First Aid Antiseptic",
"CVSLidocaineAntisepticSpray",
"Cyclopak",
"CYHOT Cream with Lidocaine Well at WAlgreens",
"D-Care 100X",
"DAYMARK FAK-35 First Aid",
"Dbk",
"DCH Burn Relief",
"DCH Burn Relief",
"DCH Hemorrhoidal",
"DCH Nerve Pain Relief",
"DCH Nerve Pain Relief Roll-On",
"DCH Numbing Relief",
"DCH Pain Relief",
"DCH Pain Relief",
"DCH Pain Relief Roll-On",
"DCH Rapid Relief Hemorrhoidal",
"De La Cruz Mercurochrome",
"Deep Pain Relief",
"Deeveeant Numb",
"DentiPatch",
"Dentsply 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Dentsply 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"Depo-medrol With Lidocaine",
"Derma Gel Relief",
"DERMA ICE BURN RELIEF with Aloe Vera",
"Derma Numb",
"Derma Numb",
"Derma Numb Pain Relief",
"Derma-Caine",
"DermacinRx Cinlone-I CPI",
"DermacinRx Cinlone-II CPI",
"DermacinRx DPN Pak",
"DermacinRx Empricaine",
"DermacinRx Empricaine II",
"DermacinRx Lexifen",
"DermacinRx Lido V Pak",
"DermacinRx Lidotral",
"DermacinRx PHN Pak",
"DermacinRx Prikaan",
"DermacinRx Prizopak",
"DermacinRx ZRM Pak",
"Dermalid",
"DermaNumb Analgesic",
"DermaNumb Anesthetic Gel",
"DermaNumb Tattoo Anesthetic",
"DermaNumb Tattoo Anesthetic Gel",
"DermaRad Relief",
"DermaRad Relief",
"DermaRad Relief Post Radiation Calming",
"Dermatologic Relief",
"Dermatool Hemorrhoidal",
"Dermazyl",
"Desert Harvest RELEVEUM",
"Dexlido Kit",
"Dexlido M-C",
"Dexlido-M Kit",
"Dexlido-M Kit",
"DG health",
"DG Health Maximum Strength Cold n Hot",
"DG Health Maximum Strength Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"DG Health Pain Relieving",
"Diabetic First Aid Gel",
"Diabetic First Aid Gel Professional",
"Dibucaine HCl 0.5% / Lidocaine 15% / Phenylephrine HCl 1% / Prilocaine 5%",
"Diclocaine",
"Diclocaine",
"Diclona Gel",
"Diclona Gel",
"Diclona Gel",
"Diclona Patch",
"Diclona Patch",
"Diclona Patch",
"Diclovix",
"DiolPure Lidocaine Pain Relief Cream",
"DiolPure Lidocaine Pain Relief Cream",
"Diphen",
"Discount Drug Mart Pain Relief Patches",
"Disposable Convenience Kit (Single Shot Epidural)",
"Doans Pain Relieving",
"Doctor Butler Hemorrhoid and Fissure Advanced Formula",
"Doctor Butlers Hemorrhoid and Fissure External Pain Formula",
"Doctor Butlers Numb It All Cream",
"Doctor Ink Topical Antiseptic With Pain Relief",
"DOCTORS TOUCH Erase The Pain Lidocaine",
"Dollar General Pain Relieving Patch with Lidocaine",
"Dologesic Roll-On",
"Dolor-parche With Lidocaine-RX",
"Doloracin/l Rx With Lidocaine",
"Dolotranz",
"Dolotranz",
"Dr Butlers Hemorrhoid and Fissure PF",
"Dr Sabharwals",
"Dr Saymans Wonder Rub",
"Dr. Numb",
"Dr. Numb",
"Dr. Numb",
"Dr. Numb",
"Dr. Numb",
"Dr. Numb",
"Dr. Numb",
"Dr. Richs Numbing",
"Dr. Scholl's Cracked Heel Relief Cream",
"Dragon Pain Numbing Roll-On",
"Dragon Pain Numbing Topical Analgesic",
"Dragon Pain Relief",
"Duane Reade Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Duane Reade Burn Relief Pain Relieving Gel",
"Duloxicaine",
"Duocaine",
"DX1 OraGenomic Medicated DNA Collection Screen",
"DX2 OraGenomic Medicated DNA Collection Screen",
"DyNAmic Kit",
"DyNAmic Plus Pak Kit",
"Dynamo Delay",
"DYNAMO DELAY Black Label",
"Dynamo Delay Sample Bottle",
"Dynarex Burn Cream",
"Dyural 40 Kit",
"Dyural 40 Kit",
"Dyural 80 Kit",
"Dyural 80 Kit",
"Dyural 80 LM-C",
"Dyural 80-LM",
"Dyural 80-LM",
"Dyural L Kit",
"Dyural LM Kit",
"Dyural LM- C",
"Dyve Comfort L",
"Dzul - Lido Creme Maximum Strength",
"Ear Pain MD",
"Ear Pain MD",
"Ear Pain MD (E007)",
"Ear Pain MD for Kids",
"Easy Care First Aid - All Purpose",
"Easy Care First Aid AfterBurn",
"Easy Care First Aid AfterBurn",
"Easy Care First Aid Chest - Home and Workshop",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Comprehensive",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Comprehensive",
"Ebsl-5",
"Ebsl-5",
"Ebss-5",
"Eclipse Topical Anesthetic",
"Eclipse Topical Anesthetic",
"ECOLAB Blood Clotting",
"ECOLAB Burn",
"ECOLAB Burn Cream",
"Eha",
"Eha",
"Electrum Numb Anesthetic",
"Electrum Numb Foam",
"Elemar Patch",
"eLenza Patch",
"Elite",
"Elite PAIN RELIEF",
"Emla",
"Emla",
"Emla",
"Emla",
"Emla",
"Emla",
"Emla Cream",
"Emla Patch",
"EmReal",
"Endoxcin",
"Endurance Rx Male Desensitizer",
"Endure",
"ENDURE Male Genital Desensitizing",
"EPIC Burn Cream",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Equaline Lidocaine",
"Equate After Sun Gel With Lidocaine",
"Equate Hemorrhoid Relief",
"Equate Lidocaine Cool and Heat",
"Equate Pain Relief Cream",
"Equate Pain Relieving Cream Lidocaine",
"Equate Pain Relieving Patches",
"Equate Pain Relieving Patches",
"EQUATE Sunburn relief with Aloe After Sun",
"Ever Ready First Aid",
"Everyday Medical Everyday Numb Topical Anesthetic Cream",
"Exchange Select Burn Relief Pain Relieving",
"Exigence One Patch",
"Exigence One Patch",
"Exigence One Patch",
"Expanded Multi-med Kit",
"Exsel Aloe",
"Extra Strength AfterTAT",
"Extra Strength AfterTAT Slime",
"EXTRA STRENGTH AND MUSCLE RELIEF 900 mg",
"Extra Strength First Aid",
"Extra Strength First Aid",
"Extra Strength Foot Care Liquid Gel",
"EXTRA STRENGTH JOINT AND MUSCLE RELIEF 1500 mg",
"Extra Strength Liquid Bedsore Relief Gel",
"Extra Strength Liquid Burn Relief Gel",
"Extra Strength Liquid Hemorrhoid Relief Gel",
"Extra Strength Liquid Insect Bite Relief Gel",
"Extra Strength Liquid Numbing Gel",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Foot Care",
"Extra Strength Naturally HL Foot Care",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Hand Care",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Hand Care",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Itch Relief",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Itch Relief",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Itch Relief",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Sunburn Relief",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Sunburn Relief",
"Extra Strength Naturally HL Warming Ice",
"Extra Strength Naturally Hl Warming Ice",
"Extra Strength Numbify Anorectal",
"Extra Strength Numbify Anorectal",
"Extra Strength Numbify Anorectal",
"Extra Strength Numbify Anorectal",
"Extra Strength Numbing Gel",
"Extra Strength Postherpetic Neuralgia",
"Extra Strength Postherpetic Neuralgia Care",
"Extra Strength Postherpetic Neuralgia Relief",
"Extra Strength Postpartum Relief",
"Extra Strength Postpartum Relief",
"Extra Strength Postpartum Relief",
"Extra Strength PreTAT",
"Extra Strength PreTAT",
"Extra Strength PreTAT",
"Extra Strength PreTAT",
"Extra Strength Pruritis Care",
"Extra Strength Pruritis Relief",
"Extra Strength Pruritis Relief",
"Extra Strength Scar Prevention",
"Extra Strength Scar Prevention",
"Extra Strength Scar Prevention",
"Extra Strength Shingle Chickenpox Relief",
"Extra Strength Shingles Chickenpox Relief",
"Extra Strength Shingles Chickenpox Relief",
"Extra Strength Skin Repair",
"Extra Strength Skin Repair",
"Extra Strength Skin repair",
"Extra Strength Skin Repair",
"Extra Strength Sunburn Relief",
"Extra Strength Wound Care",
"Extra Strength Wound Care",
"Extra Strength Wound Care",
"Ez Pain Relieving",
"EZ-Relief",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"FAK Large Office First Aid kit",
"Family Medic First Aid Treatment - Liq",
"Family Medic First-aid Treatment Liquid",
"Family Medic First-aid Treatment Lotion",
"Family Wellness Anorectal Lidocaine",
"Fast Freeze Lidocaine",
"Fast Freeze Lidocaine Roll-On",
"Feel Better Now",
"First Aid",
"First Aid",
"First aid and Burn",
"First Aid and Burn",
"First Aid and Burn",
"First Aid and Burn",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving Cream",
"First Aid Antiseptic Rite Aid pharmacy",
"First Aid Antiseptic Swabs",
"First Aid Antiseptic Well at Walgreens",
"First Aid Antiseptic Well at Walgreens",
"First Aid Burn",
"First Aid Burn",
"First Aid Burn",
"First Aid Burn",
"First Aid Burn Cream",
"First Aid Burn Cream",
"First Aid Burn Cream",
"First Aid Burn Relief Rite Aid",
"FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"First Aid GNP",
"First Aid Kit 64058024",
"First Aid Kit Medication Filled Swabs",
"First Aid Macimum Sterngth Bacitraycin Plus",
"First Aid Only Burn",
"First Aid Only Burn Mist",
"First Aid Only First Aid-Burn",
"First Aid Only First Aid/ Burn",
"First Aid Only First Aid/Burn",
"First Aid Pocket Pack - 40 Pieces",
"First Aid Research Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Vertical",
"First Aid Spray",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic with Pain Reliever",
"First Aid Value Pack - 77 Pieces",
"FIRST BXN Mouthwash",
"FIRST Mouthwash BLM",
"First Shield",
"First Shield",
"First Shield",
"FirstCare Pain Relief Gel Patch",
"FirstCare Pain Relief Gel Patch",
"FirstCare Pain Relief Gel Patch",
"Flanax Back Pain Relief",
"Flanax Back Pain Relief",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% / Lidocaine HCl Monohydrate 1%",
"Fonow",
"Foot Hangover",
"Foot Works Cracked Heel",
"Foot Works Healthy Cracked Heel Cream",
"Footworks Healthy Cracked Heel Cream",
"Footworks Maximum Strength Cracked Heel",
"Formula 2 Skin Care",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Fortacin",
"Fortacin",
"Forticept Wounds and Burns Hydrogel",
"Fossaoprin SPG2",
"Fossaoprin SPG4",
"Foster and Thrive",
"FourPainRX",
"FranklyNumb 2",
"Freds Antiseptic Wash",
"Frost Lidocaine with Aloe",
"Fruit of the Earth Aloe Vera Cool Blue",
"Fruit of the Earth Cool Blue Aloe Mist Continuous",
"Fruit of the Earth Cool Blue Aloe Mist Continuous",
"Fruit of the Earth Sun Town City",
"Fruit of the Earth Sun Town City Aloe Vera After Sun with Lidocaine HCL",
"Fsk-5",
"Gabacaine",
"Gabapal",
"Gardeners Skin Remedy Topical Analgesic Gel",
"GelAzul Roll-On",
"Gen 7t",
"Gen 7t",
"Gen7T",
"Gen7T Plus",
"Gen7T Plus",
"Gen7T Plus",
"General Numb",
"Genetic Amniocentesis Tray Kit",
"Genuine First Aid Burn",
"Genuine First Aid Burn Antiseptic Pain Relief With Aloe",
"Genuine First Aid Burn Antiseptic Pain Relief With Aloe",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 Pieces",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES HARDCASE",
"Genuine First Aid First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving Cream",
"Genuine First Aid Industrial First Aid",
"GeriGentle FrostyHeat Pain Relief Patch 4 Lodocaine Back",
"GFA First Aid",
"GFA First Aid 16 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 24 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 36 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 75 Person Metal Case",
"Gigi Anesthetic Numbing",
"Glycerin, Lidocaine, Petrolatum, and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride",
"Glydo",
"GNP Lidocaine Maximum Strength",
"Gold Bond Medicated Pain and Itch Relief",
"Gold Bond Medicated Pain and Itch Relief",
"Gold Bond Pain and Itch",
"Gold Label Anorectal Numbing Spray",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Aloe Vera",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Burn Relief Aloe Extra",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and First Aid Contains 167 Pieces",
"GOOD NEIGHBOR PHARMACY FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"Good Sense Burn Relief Aloe",
"Good Sense endure",
"GoodSense Burn Relief Gel",
"GoodSense Pain Relief",
"GPL Pak",
"Green Compass Reduce Topical Pain",
"Green Guard Burn",
"Green Guard Burn",
"Green Guard Derma-Caine",
"Green Guard Derma-Caine Burn",
"Green Guard Derma-Caine Burn",
"Green Guard Super Stat Blood Clotting First Aid",
"GREEN GUARD Topical Pain Relief",
"Greencaine Blast",
"H-Paxin",
"H-Releve Hemorrhoidal",
"H2Ocean Nothing Tattoo Glide And Soothing Balm",
"Haku Kalima",
"Hampton Sun 0.5% Lidocaine Gel",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort 4% Lidocaine Pain Relief 1000mg",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort 4% Lidocaine Pain Relief 500mg",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort 4% Lidocaine Pain Relief Roll-on 500mg",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort Pain Relief Gel 1000",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort Pain Relief Gel 500",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort Pain Relief Lotion500",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort Pain Relief Roll-on 1000",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort Pain Relief Roll-on 500",
"Harmony Hemp NeuroComfort Pain Relief Spray500",
"Harmony Neur Pain Relief",
"Harmony Neuro 4% Lidocaine Pain Relief 500mg",
"Harmony Neuro Pain Relief",
"Harmony NeuroComfort 4% Lidocaine Pain Relief Cream-Gel 1000mg",
"Harmony Numbing Cream",
"Harmony Products LLC.",
"HAWAIIAN Tropic",
"Hawaiian Tropic After Sun Après Soleil Sunburn Relief Soulagement Des Coups De Soleil",
"Healerz for Noses",
"Health Mart Lidocaine",
"HealthWise Lidocaine and Menthol Pain Relief",
"HealthWise Lidocaine Pain relief",
"HealthWise Pain Relief Cream with Lidocaine",
"Healthy Wise Pain Relief Lidocaine Patch",
"HEM-EASY RELIEF Herbal Hemorrhoidal",
"HemAway",
"HemAway",
"HemAway",
"Hemorrhoid and Fissure Dr. Butler",
"Hemorrhoid and Fissure Dr. Butler",
"Hemorrhoid Master",
"Hemorrhoid Pain Relief",
"Hemorrhoid Relief",
"Hemorrhoid Relief",
"Hemorrhoid Relief",
"Hemorrhoid Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoid Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal With Lidocaine",
"Hemorrhoidal-Ointment",
"Hemporrhoid",
"Hemporrhoid",
"Hempvana Knee Bird Ultra Strength Pain Relief",
"Hempvana Knee Bird Ultra Strength Pain Relief",
"Hempvana Maximum Strength Pain Relief Cream",
"Hempvana Maximum Strength Pain Relief Cream - Night",
"Hempvana Maximum Strength Pain Relief Topical Anesthetic",
"Hempvana Pain Relief",
"Hempvana Ultra Strength Pain Relief",
"Hempvana Ultra Strength Pain Relief Cream",
"Hempvana Ultra Strength Pain Relief Cream - Night",
"HemRid Anorectal Cream",
"Herpecin Pain Relief",
"Holy Water Mercy In A Bottle",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-Careone Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-Careone Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot Cold Lidocaine With Menthol",
"HUMCO Mercuroclear",
"Hunter Beach 4%",
"Hunter Beach 4%",
"Hush Anesthetic",
"Hush Anesthetic",
"Hush Anesthetic",
"HUSH Fast Acting Topical Anesthetic",
"Hustle Helper",
"Hustle Helper Comfort Enhancing Anesthetic Antimicrobial Wash",
"Hyaluronic Acid 60mg and Lidocaine 2% PF",
"Hydrocaine",
"Hydrocath Central Venous Catheter Kit",
"Hyronan",
"I.C.E. Lidocaine Gel - Gel Lidocaine",
"IceQuake Lidocaine Analgesic",
"Icy Hot",
"Icy Hot Lidocaine Dry",
"Icy Hot Lidocaine No Mess Applicator Plus Menthol",
"Icy Hot Lidocaine No-Mess",
"Icy Hot Lidocaine Pain Relieving Cream Plus Menthol",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine No-Mess",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine No-Mess",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Inderma MD",
"Inflammation Reduction Pack",
"INKED SCIENCE LIDOCAINE 4 Percent",
"Inkeeze Original B Numb",
"Inkeeze Original B Numb Cylinder",
"Innoprax-5",
"Insta Relief DM",
"Instant Burn Relief",
"Instant Burn Relief Aloe Extra CVS",
"Instant Cool Skin Instant Relief. Sudden Results",
"Instillagel",
"Interarticular Joint Kit",
"Interarticular Joint Kit",
"Intimale Lidocaine Delay",
"INTIMALE Maximum Strength Delay",
"Itch Relief",
"Itch relief Cream",
"Itch Relief Max Strength",
"IV Infusion CPI",
"Iwk-5",
"Jampocaine 2% Viscous Solution",
"Jampocaine 5%",
"Jamshidi Bone Marrow Biopsy Tray",
"Jamshidi Menghini Soft Tissue Biopsy Tray",
"Jelido",
"JO for Him Prolonger with Lidocaine",
"JO for Him Prolonger with Lidocaine",
"JOINT AND MUSCLE RELIEF 450 mg",
"JOINT AND MUSCLE RELIEF 750 mg",
"JOIYA Ease",
"JTT Physicians Joint, Tunnel and Trigger",
"JUANCHI Tattoo Numbing",
"Just Cbd Relief Soothing",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 101 Pieces",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 303 Pieces",
"K10-lido",
"K2k",
"K40-lido",
"KAISASA Tattoo Numbing",
"KARMA RUB Elemental Pain Relief",
"KDS Lab Liquid Styptic",
"Keepan A",
"Kendra SKIN PROTECTION and PAIN RELIEF FOR HAIR REMOVAL",
"Ketorocaine L Kit",
"Ketorocaine LM Kit",
"Ketorocaine LM Kit",
"Kit Breakroom Office First Aid",
"Kit Large Office First Aid",
"Konicare 5%",
"Kope Pain relief gel",
"Kope Pain relief gel",
"Kroger Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Kroger Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Kroger Burn Relief Aloe",
"Kroger Pain Relief Lidocaine Patch",
"KY Duration for Him",
"KY Duration for Men",
"LABOFLEX Calf and Arch Pain Relief",
"Lansinoh Pain Relieving",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"Laryng O Jet Kit",
"Laryng-O-Jet",
"Lcm",
"Leader",
"Leader After Sun Cooling",
"Leader Burn Relief",
"Leader Burn Relief",
"Leader Lidocaine",
"Leader PAIN RELIEF PATCHES",
"Leader PAIN RELIEF PATCHES",
"LeedFrost Cream (lidocaine 5%)",
"Leep RediKit",
"Lenza Pro",
"LenzaGel",
"LenzaGel",
"LenzaGel",
"LenzaGel",
"LenzaPatch",
"LenzaPatch",
"LenzaPro Flex",
"LenzaPro Flex Path",
"Leva Set with Occlusive Dressing",
"Leva Set with Occlusive Dressing",
"LevigoLT",
"LevigoSP",
"LexiLido",
"Leximenth",
"Lid O Creme Roll On",
"LidaFlex",
"LidAll",
"Lidenza Patch",
"Lidenzal 1%",
"Lidenzal 2%",
"Lido AID",
"Lido AID",
"Lido Bdk",
"Lido E.R.CREME ROLL ON",
"Lido GB-300",
"Lido King",
"Lido Pain Relief",
"Lido Rx",
"Lido Rx",
"Lido Rx",
"Lido-K",
"Lido-mp40",
"Lido-Prilo Caine Pack",
"Lido-RX 4.1",
"Lido-Sorb External",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine 0.2% In 5% Dextrose Inj",
"Lidocaine 15% / Phenylephrine HCl 0.25% / Prilocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 2.5% and Prilocaine 2.5% Cream",
"Lidocaine 2% / Mupirocin 2%",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:100 000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:50 000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"Lidocaine 23% / Tetracaine 7%",
"Lidocaine 23% / Tetracaine 7%",
"Lidocaine 3% Topical Anesthetic Cream",
"Lidocaine 30%",
"Lidocaine 4 Percent",
"Lidocaine 4 Percent and Menthol 1 Percent Roll-On",
"Lidocaine 4 Percent PLUS",
"Lidocaine 4%",
"Lidocaine 4% Cream",
"Lidocaine 4% Cream",
"Lidocaine 4% Cream",
"Lidocaine 4% Gel Patch",
"Lidocaine 4% Menthol 4%",
"Lidocaine 4% Patch",
"Lidocaine 4% plus Menthol 1%",
"Lidocaine 4% Topical Anesthetic Cream",
"Lidocaine 5 Percent",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5%",
"Lidocaine 5% Patch",
"Lidocaine 5% Topical Anorectal Cream",
"Lidocaine 7% / Tetracaine 7%",
"Lidocaine and Epinephrine Inj.usp 2% 1:100000",
"Lidocaine and Menthol",
"Lidocaine and Menthol",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream",
"Lidocaine and Tetracaine",
"Lidocaine and Tetracaine",
"Lidocaine Anesthetic Cream",
"Lidocaine Anorectal",
"Lidocaine Anorectal Temporary Pain Relief Spray",
"Lidocaine creme",
"Lidocaine creme",
"Lidocaine Dry",
"Lidocaine Dry Patch Plus Menthol",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hci and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine With Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"LIDOCAINE HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"LIDOCAINE HCl",
"LIDOCAINE HCl",
"LIDOCAINE HCl",
"LIDOCAINE HCl",
"LIDOCAINE HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate with Aloe",
"Lidocaine HCl 0.2% and Dextrose 5% Inj",
"Lidocaine HCl 0.8% and 5% Dextrose Inj",
"Lidocaine HCl 3.88%",
"Lidocaine HCl 4 Percent and Menthol 4 Percent",
"Lidocaine HCl 4 Percent and Menthol 4 Percent",
"Lidocaine HCl 4%",
"Lidocaine HCl 4%",
"Lidocaine HCl 4%",
"Lidocaine HCl 4% Menthol 1%",
"Lidocaine HCl 4% Menthol 1%",
"Lidocaine HCl and Dextrose 5% Inj USP",
"Lidocaine HCl and Dextrose 5% Inj USP",
"LIDOCAINE HCl AND EPI",
"LIDOCAINE HCl AND EPINEPHRINE",
"LIDOCAINE HCl AND EPINEPHRINE",
"LIDOCAINE HCl and EPINEPHRINE",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl Inj 1%",
"Lidocaine HCl Inj 10mg/ml USP",
"Lidocaine HCl Inj 20mg/ml",
"Lidocaine HCl Injection USP 1% (50 Mg/5ml)",
"Lidocaine HCl Injection USP 1% (50mg/5ml)",
"Lidocaine HCl Jelly 2%",
"Lidocaine HCl Topical Solution",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride 0.5% and Epinephrine 1:200000 Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride 1.5% and Epinephrine 1:200000 Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride 1.5% and Epinephrine 1:200000 Injection USP Test Dose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Bitartrate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Bitartrate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Gel",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Gel",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP 0.5%",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP 2%",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP 1%",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Monohydrate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Solution",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Topical Solution USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Viscous",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Injection BP",
"Lidocaine Maximum Strength",
"Lidocaine Menthol Pain Relief",
"Lidocaine Numbing Cream",
"Lidocaine Numbing Cream",
"Lidocaine Ointment USP",
"Lidocaine Ointment USP, 5%",
"Lidocaine Ont 5% Graham Flavored",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief Gel Patch",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief Gel Patch",
"LIDOCAINE PAIN RELIEF Gel-Patch",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief Roll-On",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief Roll-On",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief Spray 4%",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief with Lavender",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Lidocaine Pain Relieving Creme",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch, 5%",
"Lidocaine Plus Maximum Strength Pain Relieving Cream",
"Lidocaine plus Menthol",
"Lidocaine plus Menthol",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine Viscous",
"Lidocaine with Menthol",
"Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Releif",
"Lidocaine-Prilocaine-Cream Base",
"Lidocaine4",
"Lidocan",
"Lidocan II",
"Lidocan II",
"Lidocan III",
"Lidocan IV",
"Lidocan V",
"Lidocan VI",
"Lidocan VII",
"Lidocanna",
"Lidocare 03",
"Lidocare Arm, Neck, Leg",
"Lidocare Mist",
"Lidocin",
"Lidocoll",
"Lidocore",
"Lidocort",
"LidoCream 10",
"LidoCream 4",
"LidoCream 5",
"LidoCream 5",
"LidoCream 5",
"Lidocream Plus",
"Lidodan 4% Topical Solution",
"Lidodan Cream 4%",
"Lidodan Cream 5%",
"Lidodan Endotracheal Non-aerosol Spray",
"Lidodan Jelly 2%",
"Lidodan Jelly 2%(single Use Syringe)",
"Lidodan Ointment 5%",
"Lidodan Viscous 2%",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm",
"Lidoderm 5",
"Lidodextrapine",
"Lidodose",
"LidoER",
"LidoFLEX",
"LidoFLEX",
"LidoFLEX",
"LidoFLEX",
"LidoFLEX",
"LidoFLEX Elbow, Single Pouch",
"LidoFore 4% FlexiPatch",
"lidoForte Hemorrhoidal",
"Lidogel",
"Lidogel",
"Lidogel",
"LidoHeal-90",
"LidoLite",
"Lidolog Kit",
"Lidolog Kit",
"Lidomark 1/5",
"Lidomark 2/5",
"Lidomax 5",
"LidoMet-10 Kit",
"Lidomyxin",
"Lidonex",
"Lidonexe",
"Lidopac",
"Lidopatch",
"Lidopatch",
"LidoPatch",
"LidoPatch Pain Relief",
"Lidopen",
"Lidopin",
"LidoPlus Pain Relief",
"LidoPlus Pain Relief Patch",
"Lidopril",
"Lidopril",
"Lidopril XR",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"Lidopro",
"Lidopro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"Lidopro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPure Patch",
"LidoReal-30 4% Topical Patch",
"Lidorex",
"LidoRxKit",
"Lidosite",
"Lidosol",
"Lidosolve Pain Relief",
"Lidosporin Cream",
"Lidosporin Cream",
"Lidosporin Ear Drops",
"LidoSport Pain Relief",
"LidoSport Pain Relief Patch",
"LidoStat",
"LidoStream",
"Lidosync",
"Lidothal Relief",
"Lidothal Relief",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol Gel",
"Lidothol Patch",
"Lidotin",
"Lidotor",
"Lidotral 3.88 Percent Plus Hydrocortisone 1 Percent",
"Lidotral 3.88 Percent Plus Hydrocortisone 1 Percent Cream",
"Lidotral 3.88% Roll on",
"Lidotral 5 Percent and Hydrocortisone 1 Percent with Peptides and Arnica",
"Lidotral 5 Percent Roll On Gel",
"Lidotral 5% Gel",
"Lidotral 5% Plus Hydrocortisone 1%",
"Lidotral Five Percent",
"Lidotral Five Percent with Menthol",
"Lidotral I",
"Lidotral Two Percent",
"Lidotran",
"Lidotrans 5 Pak",
"Lidovex",
"Lidovin",
"LidoVir",
"Lidovix Delayed Release",
"Lidovix L",
"LidoWorx",
"LidoXib",
"Lidoxryl",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen",
"Lidozen Gel",
"Lidozen Gel",
"Lidozen Patch",
"Lidozen Patch",
"Lidozion",
"Lidozo Topical Pain Patch",
"Lidozol",
"LifeStyles EPIC Male Genital Desensitizer",
"Lignospan Forte",
"Lignospan Forte",
"Lignospan Forte",
"Lignospan Speciale Inj",
"Lignospan Standard",
"Lignospan Standard",
"Lignospan Standard",
"Limencin",
"Limencin",
"LiMetCam",
"Lipocaine 5",
"Lipovite",
"Lipritin",
"Lipritin II",
"Liprotek",
"LiProZonePak",
"Lipsorex Plus",
"Liquid Sex",
"Liquid Sex",
"Livixil Pak",
"Livixil Pak",
"Lixtraxen 1%",
"LM Plus Relief",
"Lmc",
"LMR Plus",
"Lmx4",
"Lmx5",
"Lorenza Pain Relief Patch",
"Loxyine",
"LP Lite PAK",
"Lt",
"Lubricaine",
"Lubricaine 5",
"LUCKY SUPERSOFT sunburn relief",
"Lumbar Puncture Tray 1%",
"Lumbar Puncture Tray 1% Pediatric/infant",
"Lydexa 4.12%",
"Lyracaine Gel",
"MAKESENSE First Aid",
"MaL",
"Male Genital Desensitizer Stud 100",
"Male Genital Desensitizer Stud 100",
"Male Genital Desensitizer Stud 100",
"Mamisan Pain Relieving",
"Mamisan Pain Relieving Cream Lidocaine Plus Menthol",
"ManaMed Lidocaine 4% Pain Relieving Gel Patch",
"Mango Bay 0.5% Lidocaine Gel",
"Marbeta L Kit",
"Marlido 25 Kit",
"Marlido Kit",
"Max 4 Men - Max Control Male Sex Prolong Unscented",
"Maxilene 4",
"Maxilene 5",
"Maximum Stremgth Pain Relief Good Sense",
"Maximum Stremgth Pain Relieving DG Health",
"Maximum Strenght Lidocaine plus Menthol Pain Relief Patch",
"Maximum Strength Burn Relief Aloe Gel Scherer Labs",
"Maximum Strength Cold and Hot CVS",
"Maximum Strength Hemorrhoidal Relief",
"MAXIMUM STRENGTH HEMORRHOIDAL RELIEF with Finger Cots",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximum strength Lidocaine Patch",
"MAXIMUM STRENGTH Lidocaine Plus Menthol",
"Maximum Strength Pain Relief Lidocaine Patch",
"Maximun Strength Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"MAXOCAINE Lidocaine Hemp Oil Topical Analgesic",
"Maxocaine Pain Relieving Roll-ON",
"MAXOCAINE Topical Anesthetic",
"MAXOCAINE Topical Anesthetic Anorectal",
"Mcl",
"Md Science Cannabidiol",
"Md Science Cannabidiol",
"Md Science Cannabigerol",
"Med Numb",
"Medi-derm / L With Lidocaine",
"Medi-derm / L With Lidocaine Rx",
"Medi-first",
"Medi-First Burn",
"Medi-First Burn",
"Medi-First Burn",
"Medi-First Burn with Lidocaine",
"Medi-First Burn with Lidocaine",
"Medi-First First Aid Burn Cream",
"Medi-First Plus Burn Cream",
"Medi-First Plus Burn Cream",
"Medi-First Plus Burn with Lidocaine",
"Medi-First Plus Burn with Lidocaine",
"MEDI-FIRST Topical Analgesic",
"Medi-patch With Lidocaine",
"Medi-patch With Lidocaine Rx",
"Medi-patch With Lidocaine Rx",
"Medi-Quik First Aid Antiseptic",
"Medi-quik First Aid Spray",
"Medi-quik First Aid Spray",
"Medi-quik First-aid Spray - Aer Top",
"Medi-sulting Topical Pain Relief",
"Medi-sulting Topical Pain Relief",
"Medi-sulting Topical Pain Relief",
"Medicated Buccal DNA Collection Kit",
"Medicated Buccal DNA Collection Kit 2",
"Medicated DNA Collection Kit",
"Medicated DNA Collection Kit",
"Medicated Pain Relief Foot CVS",
"MediFirst Burn",
"MediNumb",
"MediRelief",
"Medline",
"Medline",
"Medolor Pak Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream Kit",
"Mega Patch",
"Meijer Aloe Gel",
"Meijer Analgesic Lidocaine Topical Analgesic",
"Meijer Burn Relief",
"Meijer Burn Relief Aloe Vera Pain Relieving Gel",
"Meijer Cold and Hot Pain Relieving Analgesic",
"Meijer Lidocaine Pain Relief Back and Large Areas",
"Meijer Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch Assortment Large",
"Meijer Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch Assortment Medium",
"Meijer Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch Assortment Small",
"Meijer Maximum strength pain relieving cleansing",
"Meijer Odor Free Analgesic Pain Relieving Topical Analgesic",
"Meijer Pain Lidocaine Plus Relieving Analgesic",
"Meijer Pain Relief",
"Meijer Pain Relief",
"Meijer Pain Relief Patches",
"Meijer Pain Relief Patches",
"Meijer Pain Relieving Max Strength with Lavender Essential Oil Analgesic",
"Mencaine",
"Mencaine",
"Menthocin Patch with Lidocaine",
"Menthocin Patch with Lidocaine - Strong",
"Menthol, Lidocaine, Camphor",
"Mentholatum Lidocaine Heat",
"Mentholatum Lidocaine Ice",
"Mentholatum Lidocaine Ice",
"Mentholix",
"MenthoReal-10 Kit",
"Mericaine",
"MG217CoolingBurnSpray",
"miaderm-L radiation relief",
"Miami Beach Burn Relief",
"Microcaine Topical Analgesic",
"Microvix L",
"Microvix L",
"Microvix LP",
"Minims Lidocaine and Fluorescein",
"Minnerva II",
"Mlc",
"Mld",
"MLK F1 Kit",
"MLK F3 Kit",
"MLK F4 Kit",
"Mlk F4-C",
"MLK Kit F2",
"Mlp A-1",
"Mlp A-2",
"Moshe Numbing Hemorrhoidal",
"Moxicaine kit",
"MTX Topical Pain",
"MTX Topical Pain",
"Mueller First Aid Antiseptic",
"Multi-lumen Central Venous Cathet Kit",
"Multi-Specialty Kit",
"Multi-Specialty Kit",
"Multi-Specialty Kit",
"MyDerm",
"myDerm Numbing Roll-On",
"Myelogram Tray 1%",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Na",
"Nanonumb",
"Natural Seal Itch Relief for Kids",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Bedsore Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Bedsore Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Burn Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Burn Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Hand Care",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Hemorrhoid Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Hemorrhoid Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Insect Bite Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Insect Bite Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Numbing",
"Naturally HL Extra Strength Numbing",
"Natureplex Lidocaine 4%",
"NATURES CRAFT LIDOCAINE Male Genital Desensitizer",
"Ndc 72934- 5010-4 Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 8% / Tetracaine 4%.",
"Neo-bex Injectable",
"Neolinn",
"Neosporin Plus Lidocaine",
"Neptune Ice",
"Neptune Ice",
"Neptune Ice",
"Neptune Ice Patch",
"Nervive Pain Relieving Cream",
"Nervive Pain Relieving Liquid Roll-on",
"Neurcaine",
"NeuroMed 7 Topical Pain Relief",
"NeuroMed AR",
"NeuroMed Topical Anesthetic 7",
"Neurozyl",
"Neutrogena Anti-itch Moisturizer",
"Niravi 24 Hours Lidocaine 4 % Patch",
"No-AD Aloe Vera Gel 98% Pure",
"No-AD Sunburn Relief Gel",
"Noble Art Numbing Cream with Lidocaine",
"NOpiod-TC",
"NOpioid-LMC",
"NOpioid-LMC",
"NOpioid-TC",
"NORTH Antiseptic First Aid",
"North Burn Jel",
"North Burn Relief",
"Nothing",
"Nothing",
"Nox-A-Sting",
"NuLido",
"NuLido",
"NuLido",
"NULIDO Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"NULIDO Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"NULIDO Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"Numb",
"Numb 100",
"Numb 520",
"Numb Gel Anesthetic",
"Numb Master",
"Numb Master",
"Numb Nuts",
"NUMB PLUS Maximum Strength Anorectal",
"Numb Skin",
"Numb Skin",
"Numb Soothe",
"Numb Squeeze",
"Numb Zone",
"Numb520",
"Numb520",
"Numb520",
"Numbed As FXXK",
"Numbify Sanitize",
"Numbify sanitize",
"Numbify Sanitize",
"Numbify Sanitize",
"Numbify Smooth",
"Numbify Smooth",
"Numbify Smooth",
"Numbify Smooth",
"Numbify Tropical Gold",
"Numbify Tropical Gold",
"Numbify Tropical Gold",
"Numbify Tropical Gold",
"Numbing Cream",
"Numbing Cream",
"Numbing Hemorrhoidal Label",
"Numbing Label",
"Numbing Max Strength",
"Numbs Up",
"Numbskin",
"Numpot Topical Anesthetic",
"Numquick Analgesic",
"Numquick Analgesic",
"Numquick Topical Analgesic",
"Numstick",
"NuNature First Aid Gel",
"Nupharmisto Tattoo Numbing Cream",
"Nuvakaan",
"Nuvakaan II",
"Nuvira Patch",
"Ocean Breeze Pain Relief",
"Ocean Potion Instant Burn Relief Ice",
"Octocaine 100",
"Octocaine 100 Needleject Inj",
"Octocaine 50",
"Octocaine HCl 2% Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Octocaine HCl 2% Epinephrine 1:50000",
"Odorless Analgesic Roll-on Meijer",
"Odynia-R Regular",
"Odynia-U",
"Odynia-UUltra Patch Ultra Patch",
"Oheal Tattoo Numbing Cream",
"OKeeffes Healthy Feet",
"OKeeffes Healthy Feet Pain Relief Cream",
"OKeeffes Working Hands Pain Relief Skin Protectant",
"Omeza Lavage",
"Omeza Licodaine Pain and Itch Relief Oil",
"Omeza Lidocaine Lavage",
"Omnitrenidol",
"Oraqix",
"Oraqix",
"Ori-power",
"Otizol HC Liq",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus - Ointment",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus Ont",
"Ozonol Antibiotics Plus",
"P-Care 100MX",
"P-Care D40MX",
"P-Care D80MX",
"P-Care K40MX",
"P-Care K80MX",
"P-Care X",
"Pacing Catheter Introducer Kit Acp-001px",
"Pain and Itch Relief 4% Lidocaine",
"Pain free IV",
"Pain Gel",
"Pain Itch Relief",
"Pain Prescriptives 4",
"Pain Prescriptives 4",
"Pain Prescriptives 5",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief 4% Lidocaine",
"Pain Relief 4% Lidocaine Dry Patch",
"Pain Relief Body Audacious Wreck Relief",
"Pain Relief Cream",
"Pain Relief CVS",
"Pain Relief CVS",
"Pain Relief CVS",
"Pain Relief CVS",
"Pain Relief Equate",
"PAIN RELIEF Gel-Patch",
"Pain Relief Gel-Patch",
"PAIN RELIEF Gel-Patch",
"Pain Relief Gel-Patch",
"PAIN RELIEF Gel-Roll On",
"Pain Relief Lidocaine",
"Pain Relief Max Strength",
"Pain Relief Patch",
"Pain Relief Patch",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Rite Aid",
"Pain Relief Roll On Evora Labs",
"Pain Relief Roll-on",
"Pain Relief Roll-on",
"Pain Relief Roll-ON",
"Pain Relief Roll-on Good Sense",
"Pain Relief Roll-on Rite Aid",
"Pain Relief Signature Care",
"Pain Relief Well at Walgreens",
"Pain Relief Well at Walgreens",
"Pain Relieving",
"Pain Relieving",
"Pain Relieving Burn Gel",
"Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"Pain Relieving Cleansing Spray",
"Pain Relieving Gel-Patch",
"Pain Relieving Gel-Patch",
"Pain Relieving Gel-Patch",
"Pain Relieving Gel-Patch",
"Pain Relieving Lidocaine Patch",
"Pain Relieving Lidocaine Patch",
"Pain Relieving Well at walgreens",
"Pain Reliveing Patch",
"Pain Reliveing Patch",
"PainBloc24 Flexi-Stretch Pain Tape",
"PainGo KFT",
"Painless Tattoo 2",
"PainPatrol CBD Pain Relief with Lidocaine",
"Panama Jack Burn Relief Gel",
"Panama Jack Burn Relief Gel with Lidocaine",
"Pantin",
"Paracentesis Tray W Boasberg Catheter Set",
"Paraid Burn",
"Parche de Leon",
"Penichillin",
"Pentican",
"Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Kit Hl-09883",
"Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Tray",
"Performance Brands Steel Releaf Pain Relieving Liquid",
"Permavan External Patch",
"Pharmacist Choice Pain Relief Patch",
"Pharmacist Choice TSX Transdermal Patch",
"PharmapureRx Lidocaine HCl 4.12%",
"PharmapureRx Menthotral",
"Pharmassist Soothenel Gel",
"Phenyl-Lido",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit II",
"Physician Force Maximum Strength Pain Relief",
"Planticin Advanced Topical Pain Relief",
"Pleura-seal Thoracentesis Kit",
"Pliaglis",
"Pliaglis",
"Pliaglis",
"Pliaglis",
"Pliaglis",
"Plum Smooth Plumb Numb Gelee",
"Plush anesthetics L",
"PM External",
"PMS-lidocaine Viscous 2%",
"Point Of Care L2",
"Point Of Care L5",
"Point Of Care LM DEP 2",
"Point Relief LidoSpot",
"Point relief Lidospot",
"Point Relief LidoSpot with Menthol",
"Poly-Prep",
"Polyderm Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Antibiotic Burn Cream",
"Polysporin Burn Formula Cream",
"Polysporin Cold Sore Ointment",
"Polysporin Complete",
"Polysporin for Kids",
"Polysporin for Stitches",
"Polysporin Plus Pain Relief",
"Polysporin Plus Pain Relief Ear Drops",
"Pomoda Dragon Pain Numbing",
"POWERECT Lidocaine Male Delay",
"POWERECT Max Power Male Delay",
"Pre-wax Pain Relief",
"Pre-wax Spray",
"Preattached Lta Kit",
"Precaine",
"Precise Cooling Pain Relief Cream",
"Precise Pain Relief Cream",
"Precision Pain Relief Audacious Wreck Relief",
"Predator",
"Predator",
"Predator",
"Preginot",
"Prelidopine Pre-Operative System",
"Premier Value Pain Relief Patches",
"Premium HEMP Pain Relief",
"Premium Lidocaine",
"Premium Lidocaine 5% Extra",
"Premium Lidocaine 5% Extra",
"Premium Scar Patch",
"Premjact",
"Premjact Male Desensitizer Pound International",
"Premjact Male Desensitizer Pound International",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"Prikaan",
"Prikaan Lite",
"Prilo Patch",
"Prilo Patch",
"Prilo Patch-II",
"Prilo Patch-II",
"Priloheal Plus 30",
"Prilolid",
"Prilopentin",
"Prilopentin -II",
"Prilovix",
"PRILOVIX Lite",
"PRILOVIX Lite Plus",
"PRILOVIX Plus",
"PRILOVIX Plus",
"PRILOVIX Plus",
"PRILOVIX UltraLite",
"PRILOVIX Ultralite Plus",
"Prilovixil",
"Prilovixil",
"Prilovixil",
"PRILOVIXIL Plus",
"PRILOVIXIL Plus",
"PRILOVIXIL Plus",
"Priloxx LP External Kit",
"Prizopak II",
"Prizotral",
"Prizotral",
"Prizotral II",
"Prizotral II",
"Pro Comfort 8 Hours Patch",
"Pro Numb",
"Pro Plus",
"Pro Plus",
"Pro-C-Dure 1 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 2 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 3 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 4 Kit",
"Procicept L Lidocaine 4%",
"ProCoMycin",
"ProCoMycin",
"Professional Medicated DNA Collection",
"Prolayed",
"Prolayed",
"Prolayed Lidocaine Male Genital Desensitizer",
"Prolida",
"ProloGel Urgent Care",
"Promescent",
"Proplex Lidocaine",
"ProStat Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Provenza",
"PS-3866 Burn Ease, 0.9g",
"PS-3885 Burn Ease, 3.5g",
"Publix Burn Relief",
"Publix Burn Relief",
"Publix Burn Relief ALOE VERA",
"Pure CBD Hydrogel XL With Lidocaine 4%",
"Pure-Aid",
"Pure-Aid",
"Puroxcin",
"QC Burn Relief Aloe",
"QC Cool and Heat Roll-On",
"QC Lidocaine Maximum Strength",
"QKit Procedure Tray",
"Quality Choice Pain Relief 4% Lidocaine Cream",
"Quality Choice Pain Relief Patches",
"Quick Numb",
"Quick Numb",
"Racestyptine Cord",
"RadiaGuard Advanced Radiation Relief",
"Radiaura Skin Recovery",
"RadX",
"Rapid Pain-relief Topical",
"Re-Lieved 4% Lidocaine Fabric Tape",
"Re-Lieved Lidocaine Patch",
"Re-Lieved Lidocaine Patch",
"Re-Lieved Lidocaine Patch",
"Ready America First Aid Outdoor- 107 Pieces",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Betamethasone",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Dexamethasone",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Ketorolac",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus MethylPrednisolone 80",
"ReadySharp Lidocaine",
"ReadySharp Lidocaine",
"ReadySharp Lidocaine",
"ReadySharp-A",
"ReadySharp-K",
"ReadySharp-P40",
"ReadySharp-P80",
"Realheal-I",
"ReCellTis",
"ReCellTis Wound Cream",
"Reciphexamine",
"Recovery Numb",
"Recovery Numb",
"Recovery Numb",
"RECOVERY Numbing",
"RectaEase Hemorrhoid Relief Cream",
"RectaGel HC",
"Rectal Care Cream Revivol",
"RectaSmoothe",
"Recticare",
"Recticare",
"Recticare",
"Recticare Advanced",
"Recticare Advanced",
"RectiCare Complete",
"RectiCare Complete",
"Rediburn Burn Gel Skin Protectant",
"Redicare Blood Clotting",
"Redicare Burn Gel",
"Refill 3",
"Reg",
"Regenecare Ha",
"Regenecare Ha",
"Regenecare Ha",
"Regenecare Ha",
"Regenecare Hydrogel",
"Relador Pak Plus",
"Relador Pak with Occlusive Dressing",
"Releevia LM Patch",
"Relief Gel",
"Relieve Cream with Lidocaine",
"RelivBliss",
"Relyyks",
"Rematex",
"Remaxazon External Patch",
"Renovo Lido5",
"Renuu Patch",
"Res-Q Analgesic Topical Pain Relief",
"Res-Q Analgesic Topical Pain Relief Spray",
"Res-Q Topical Analgesic Soothing",
"Res-Q Topical Analgesic Soothing Gel",
"Restore Lidocaine Pain Relief Cream",
"Restoriden Lidocaine Cream",
"Revivol Hemorrhoid and Fissure",
"Ricora",
"Rite Aid",
"Rite Aid Burn Relief",
"Rite Aid Hot and Cold Pain Relief Pain Relieving",
"Rite Aid Lidocaine Patch XLarge",
"Rite Aid Lidocaine Roll on",
"RITE AID Maximum strength pain relieving",
"Rite Aid Pain Relief Cream",
"Rite aid Pain Relief Cream Lidocaine 4%",
"Rite Aid Pain Relief Cream with Lidocaine",
"Rite Aid Rectal Care",
"Ritual Tattoo",
"Ritual Tattoo",
"Ritual Tattoo Reveal Foam",
"Roll-On Pain",
"Roosin Burn",
"RR Roll-On for Pain",
"Rugby Lidocaine",
"Rugby Lidocaine",
"Rugby Lidocaine",
"Rugby PAIN RELIEF PATCHES",
"RX300 Topical Pain Cream Pain Cream",
"Safetec Burn Gel",
"Safetec Burn Spray",
"Safetec Sting Relief",
"Salonpas LIDOCAINE Pain Relieving",
"Salonpas LIDOCAINE PLUS",
"Salonpas LIDOCAINE PLUS",
"Salonpas Pain Relieving Cream",
"Salonpas Pain Relieving LIDOCAINE 4% FLEX",
"Salonpas Pain Relieving Solution",
"Sanoba",
"Satohap Lidocaine 4% Menthol 1% Pain Relieving Cream",
"Satohap Lidocaine 4% Pain Relieving Pad",
"Satohap Lidocaine Hydrochloride 4 Percent Pain Relieving",
"Scadexe",
"Scalpanumb",
"Scar Patch",
"Scar Patch",
"Scar Zone Burn Extra Strength Burn Relief Topical Analgesic and Antiseptic",
"Scar Zone Burn Gel",
"Scar Zone Burn Topical Analgesic and Antiseptic",
"SCLERA CARE Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"ScleraCare Lidocaine HCL",
"Sea and Ski Coolest Burn Relief",
"Seaford Nifedipine and Lidocaine Hydrochloride Cream",
"SECONDARY NUMB Lidocaine Phenylephrine Gel",
"Select Brand Burn Relief",
"Senstend",
"Senstend",
"Sera Relief Ultimate Rapid Soothing Creme",
"Serum X",
"Shave Zone",
"Sheffield Lidocaine",
"SHINGBASE Topical Analgesic",
"Signature Care Aloe Vera Gel with Lidocaine",
"Signature Care Lidocaine Cream",
"Silvera Pain Relief Patch",
"Simplicity Desensitizing",
"Simply Numb Endure",
"Simply Numb Endure",
"Simply Numb Endure",
"Simply Numb Endure",
"SIMPLY VITAL HEMORRHOID and ANORECTAL RELIEF",
"Single-shot Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Sinsinpas Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Siterol",
"Sj3",
"Sj3",
"Skin Envy Soothing Cream",
"Skin Soothing Aid",
"SKINS DELAY Climax Control Lidocaine",
"SKINS DELAY Maximum Strength Lidocaine",
"Skullduggery Pain Relief and Skin Protection for Tattoos",
"Sky Wellness Max Pain Relief",
"SkyaDerm-LP",
"Skyn Endurance Delay For Men",
"Small Cuts and Burns",
"SmartRx Gaba Kit",
"Smartshield After Sun",
"Solarcaine",
"Solarcaine Burn Pain Relief",
"Solarcaine cool aloe",
"Solarcaine First Aid Lidocaine Spray",
"Solarcaine Medicated First Aid Lotion",
"Solarcaine Medicated Lidocaine Gel",
"Sole Serum",
"Solmara",
"Solmara",
"Solmate Burn Relief Gel",
"Solmate Burn Relief Gel",
"Sonacaine Topical Anesthetic With Menthol",
"Soothee Patch",
"Soothee Patch",
"Soothing Gel With Lidocaine",
"Sore relief",
"Sore Relief",
"Sore Relief",
"Sore Relief",
"Soulus Rp Rash and Pain",
"Soundbody",
"Soundbody",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray 1%",
"Sportcaine Patch",
"Stag 9000 DelaySpray for men",
"Stallion",
"Stama Pro",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"StaphAseptic",
"Steady Freddy",
"Sting Master",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Stud 100",
"SUGAR BRANDS Rescue Pain Relief and Recovery",
"Sun basics Burn Relief Gel with Lidocaine",
"Sun Burn Relief Cream",
"Sunburn Pain relief",
"Sunburn Pain Reliever CVS",
"Sunburn Pain Reliever Well at Walgreens",
"Sunburn Relief",
"Sunburn Relief",
"Sunburn Relief",
"Sunburn Relief",
"Sunburn Relief",
"Sunburn Relief",
"Sunburn Relief Gel",
"Sunburn Relief Gel",
"Sunburn Relief Gel",
"Sunburn Relief Gel",
"SunBurnt PLUS",
"SunBurnt PLUS Pain Relief",
"SunBurnt PLUS Pain Relief",
"Sunmed Motion",
"Suntone After Sun Burn Relief Gel with Lidocaine",
"Super Magic Man Premium Gold",
"Super T",
"Super T",
"Super-Stop BloodClotter",
"Superior pain and itch relief",
"Superior Pain and Itch Relief",
"Superior pain and itch relief",
"Superior pain and itch relief",
"Swabplus Piercing Care Swabs",
"Swift River Pain Relief",
"SWISS NAVY Endurance Rx",
"Swiss Navy Endurance Rx Pro",
"Swiss Navy EnduranceRx",
"Sx1 Medicated Post-Operative System",
"Synera",
"Synera",
"Synera",
"SynoFlex Patch",
"Synvexia",
"Synvexia TC",
"Syren Intimate Pain Relief",
"SYREN Intimate Relief Topical Pain Relief",
"Target Up and Up After Sun Cooling",
"Tatoo Care",
"Tattoo Numbing Cream",
"Tecnu First Aid",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Terrasil Cold Sore Treatment Max",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief MAX",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief MAX",
"Terrasil Rash and Pain Relief",
"Tetrakam",
"The Davinci Company",
"The Davinci Company",
"The Solution",
"The Solution Anorectal Spray Temporary Pain Relief",
"THERA CARE 24hrs Lidocaine Patch",
"Thera Care Pain Therapy",
"TheraCare 4% Lidocaine and 1% Menthol Cream",
"TheraCare 4% Lidocaine Cream",
"TheraCare 4% Lidocaine Cream",
"TheraCare Maximum Strength Pain Relief Patch",
"TheraCare Pain Relief Lidocaine",
"TheraCare Pain Relieving Patch with Lidocaine",
"Thoracentesis Tray 1%",
"Tidl Pain Relief Massaging Roll-ON",
"Tidl Pain Relief Numbing Tidl",
"Tiger delayspray",
"Tiger delayspray",
"TLC Plus Anesthetic G",
"TLC Plus Anesthetic S",
"Top Safety First Aid Burn Cream",
"TopCare Cold and Hot Pain Relieving Analgesic",
"TopCare Everyday After Sun Cooling",
"TopCare Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"TopCare Pain Relief Patch",
"Topcare Pain Relief Patches",
"TopCare Pain Relieving Analgesic",
"Topicaine",
"Topicaine 5",
"Topicaine 5",
"Topical Anesthetic Anorectal Cream Numb and Number",
"Topical Pain Relief",
"Toplast Pain Relief Lidocaine 4percent",
"Toplast Pain Relief Lidocaine 4percent plus Menthol 1percent",
"Totally Fun After Sun",
"Tough Love Pain Relieving",
"Tpr20",
"Transderm Iq",
"Transderm Iq",
"Transderm-IQ",
"Transderm-iQ",
"Tranzarel",
"Treatonic Tattoo Numbing Cream",
"Treatonic Tattoo Numbing Cream",
"Tribioticlc Lc Lc",
"Triceptin",
"Tridacaine",
"Tridacaine II",
"Tridacaine III",
"Tridacaine XL",
"Triderma Pain Relief",
"Trifena",
"Trilocaine",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"TriXylitral",
"Trubrexa",
"Trubrexa",
"Trubrexa",
"Trubrexa",
"Trubrexa Patch ER",
"Truu Balance Pain Relief",
"Tucks Multi-Care Relief Kit (Tucks Hemorrhoidal and Tucks Medicated Cooling 40 Count)",
"Tylenol Precise Cooling Pain Relieving",
"Tylenol Precise Pain Relieving",
"Uber Numb",
"Uber Numb",
"Uber Numb Topical Anesthetic",
"Uber Numb Topical Anesthetic",
"Ultimate Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch",
"Unburn",
"Unburn",
"Unburn-gel 2.5%",
"UniShield First Aid Burn",
"Universal PAIN RELIEF",
"Up and Up Lidocaine Pain Relief",
"Up and Up Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"VacuStim Black",
"VacuStim Silver",
"VallaDerm-90",
"Vallement Flex",
"Vasocaine",
"Velma Pain Relief Patch",
"Veltrix",
"Venia Patch Premium Pain Patch",
"Venia Patch Premium Pain Patch",
"Venipuncture CPI",
"Venipuncture Px1",
"Vexa",
"Vexa",
"Viadur",
"VIVA Patch",
"VIVA Patch",
"Vonaflex",
"Vpmax",
"Walg Aftrsn Burn Relief",
"Walgreen Maximum strength pain relieving cleansing",
"Walgreen Pain Relieving Fragrance Free",
"Walgreens",
"Walgreens 24-Hour Lidocaine Patch",
"Walgreens Aloe Vera Burn Relief Pain Relieving",
"Walgreens Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Walgreens Anorectal Lidocaine Cream",
"Walgreens Burn",
"Walgreens Burn relief",
"Walgreens Cool n heat",
"Walgreens Cool N Heat Dry",
"Walgreens Cooling",
"Walgreens First Aid Antiseptic",
"Walgreens Hemorrhoidal Pain Relief",
"Walgreens Lidocaine Plus Cream",
"Walgreens Nerve Pain Relieving Topical Analgesic",
"Walgreens PAIN RELIEVING",
"Walgreens pain relieving",
"Walgreens Pain Relieving Cream",
"Walgreens Pain Relieving with Lavender Analgesic",
"Walgreens Pain Relieving with Turmeric Analgesic",
"Walgreens Sunburn Relief",
"Walgreens Sunburn Relief",
"Warrior Burn Relief Aloe Maximum Strength",
"Warrior Pain Relief Roll-On Maximum Strength",
"Warrior Rectal Care",
"Water-jel Burn Jel-2%",
"Watkins Burn Cream",
"WAXUP Numbing",
"Wegmans Aloe After Sun Gel with Lidocaine HCl External Analgesic",
"Welly Superhero Supplies Kit",
"Welmate Lidocaine Pain Relieving Patch",
"Western Family Aloe Vera Moisturizing",
"Will Relieve",
"Will Relieve",
"Will Relieve Roll-On",
"Workvie",
"Workvie",
"Workvie Roll On",
"Wound and Burn Care Refill Pack",
"Wound Debridement Kit",
"WPR Plus",
"WPR Plus",
"X3 On The Go First Aid Bite Relief Spray",
"X3 On The Go First Aid Burn Relief Spray",
"X3 On-the-GO First Aid Burn Relief Spray",
"XeroBurn Burn Gel",
"Xesso Rear Comfort Glide",
"Xesso Rear Comfort Glide",
"Xesso Strawberry Rear Comfort Glide 4% Lidocaine",
"Xolido",
"Xolido",
"Xpacaine",
"Xpect Burn Care",
"Xpect First Aid Cream",
"Xpect First Aid Cream",
"Xryliderm",
"Xyliderm",
"XYLOCAIN (LIDOCAINE HCl )",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine - Mpf 5% With Glucose 7.5%",
"Xylocaine -MPF",
"Xylocaine 0.5%",
"Xylocaine 0.5%",
"Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Xylocaine 1.5%",
"Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 Test Dose",
"Xylocaine 1%",
"Xylocaine 1%",
"Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Xylocaine 2%",
"Xylocaine 2%",
"Xylocaine 2%",
"Xylocaine 2% Epidural",
"Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Xylocaine 2% With Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Xylocaine 5% Spinal",
"Xylocaine Co2 Inj",
"Xylocaine Dental Lidocaine HCl 2% and Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Xylocaine Dental Lidocaine Hydrochloride 2% and Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"Xylocaine Jelly 2%",
"Xylocaine Jelly 2%",
"Xylocaine Mpf",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine Mpf",
"Xylocaine Mpf",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine Mpf",
"Xylocaine Mpf",
"Xylocaine Mpf",
"Xylocaine Mpf 1.5% With Epinephrine",
"Xylocaine Mpf 1%",
"Xylocaine Ointment 5%",
"Xylocaine Oral Spray",
"Xylocaine Spray",
"Xylocaine Topical 4%",
"Xylocaine Topical 5%",
"Xylocaine Viscous 2%",
"Xylocaine with epinephrine",
"Xylocaine with epinephrine",
"XYLOCAINE- MPF (LIDOCAINE HCl )",
"Xylocaine-mpf With Epi",
"Xylocaine-mpf, 2%",
"Xylocaine(r) -mpf (lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine)",
"Xylocard",
"Xylocard One Gm Additive Unit 20% Inj",
"Xylonor",
"Xylonor Gel",
"Xylonor Spray",
"Xyralid",
"Xyralid",
"Youcopia Tattoo Numbing",
"Your Label Here Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Your Logo Here Antiseptic First Aid",
"Yowch extra strength for insect bites and stings",
"Yowch Extra Strength for minor burns",
"Yowch for insect bites and stings by Pain Balm",
"Yowch for minor burns by Pain Balm",
"Zcaine",
"Zcaine Fast Acting Anesthetic",
"Zee Blood Clotting Antiseptic",
"Zee Burn Relief",
"Zee First Aid Cream",
"Zensa",
"Zensa",
"Zensa Anorectal Gel",
"ZeroPain 5",
"Zeruvia",
"Zeyocaine",
"Zilacaine Patch",
"Zilactin-L",
"Zilactin-L Early Relief Cold Sore Liquid",
"ZiloVal 5%",
"Zims Lido Freeze",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"Zingo",
"Zingo",
"Zingo",
"Zingo",
"Zingo",
"Zionodil 100",
"Zionodil 50",
"Zionodil External",
"Zone 1",
"Zone 2",
"Zone 2",
"Zovacil 5",
"Zovacil 5",
"Ztlido",
"Zylotrol",
"Zylotrol",
"Zylotrol",
"Zylotrol",
"Zylotrol",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain Patch",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain Patch",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"Zylotrol Plus",
"Zylotrol-L",
"Zyvodol"
] |
[
"After Burn Double Strength Gel",
"After Burn Double Strength Spray",
"After Burn Gel",
"After Burn Spray",
"Alphacaine",
"Anestacon Jelly",
"DermaFlex",
"Dilocaine",
"Esracaine",
"L-Caine",
"Lidoject-1",
"Lidoject-2",
"LidoPain SP",
"Norwood Sunburn Spray",
"Xilocaina",
"Xylocaine"
] |
[
"Viadur",
"Duocaine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"RectaGel HC",
"FIRST BXN Mouthwash",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"FIRST Mouthwash BLM",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and First Aid Contains 167 Pieces",
"ARC Emergency Preparedness FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES HARDCASE",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 101 Pieces",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 Pieces",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"50 Person ANSI",
"First aid and Burn",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 303 Pieces",
"FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES HARDCASE",
"Small Cuts and Burns",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES",
"ACME FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"BLUE ACME SLEEVE FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"25 Person ANSI",
"Coachs First Aid Contains 102 Pieces",
"Auto 157",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic with Pain Reliever",
"GOOD NEIGHBOR PHARMACY FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES Hardcase",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 101 PIECES",
"10 Person ANSI",
"ACME Small Cuts and Burns",
"Lidocaine",
"Octocaine 100",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"GFA First Aid 36 Unit Metal Case",
"First Aid Value Pack - 77 Pieces",
"First Aid Pocket Pack - 40 Pieces",
"Easy Care First Aid Chest - Home and Workshop",
"GFA First Aid",
"Lignospan Standard",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Bitartrate",
"Octocaine 50",
"Lidocaine",
"GFA First Aid 24 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 16 Unit Metal Case",
"CVS Bacitracin with Pain Relief",
"CVS Antiseptic Wash",
"Benzalkonium Chloride and Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Easy Care First Aid - All Purpose",
"GFA First Aid 75 Person Metal Case",
"Synera",
"Xylocaine",
"HemAway",
"Foot Works Cracked Heel",
"Freds Antiseptic Wash",
"Genuine First Aid Burn Antiseptic Pain Relief With Aloe",
"Emla",
"KDS Lab Liquid Styptic",
"Xylocaine",
"StaphAseptic",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Tribioticlc Lc Lc",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief MAX",
"Genuine First Aid Industrial First Aid",
"LIDOCAINE HCl",
"Terrasil Cold Sore Treatment Max",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Budpak First Aid",
"3-Step First Aid Kit",
"Your Label Here Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Your Logo Here Antiseptic First Aid",
"Ready America First Aid Outdoor- 107 Pieces",
"Antiseptic Formula Filled Swab",
"Healerz for Noses",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Aerowound Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Xylocaine with epinephrine",
"Xylocaine with epinephrine",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Vexa",
"NORTH Antiseptic First Aid",
"First Aid",
"Biotic-Plus",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief",
"Terrasil Itch, Rash and Pain Relief",
"ProStat Blood Clotting First Aid",
"AnaMantle HC",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"MAKESENSE First Aid",
"Lt",
"Relador Pak with Occlusive Dressing",
"Permavan External Patch",
"Remaxazon External Patch",
"Odynia-U",
"Pro-C-Dure 4 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 1 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 3 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 2 Kit",
"Interarticular Joint Kit",
"Innoprax-5",
"Zyvodol",
"First Aid Kit Medication Filled Swabs",
"Vexa",
"Relador Pak Plus",
"Renuu Patch",
"Multi-Specialty Kit",
"Premium Scar Patch",
"Preginot",
"Dexlido-M Kit",
"Beta Inject Kit",
"Hyaluronic Acid 60mg and Lidocaine 2% PF",
"Alocane",
"Inflammation Reduction Pack",
"Elite PAIN RELIEF",
"Scadexe",
"Scar Patch",
"CLIN-LIDO-Single Use Kit",
"K40-lido",
"K10-lido",
"Lidocaine-Prilocaine-Cream Base",
"Lignospan Forte",
"Odynia-UUltra Patch Ultra Patch",
"K2k",
"Dbk",
"Elite",
"Lido-mp40",
"Medi-Quik First Aid Antiseptic",
"Lipovite",
"First Aid",
"First Aid and Burn",
"Emla",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Scar Patch",
"Prilolid",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus MethylPrednisolone 80",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Betamethasone",
"DermacinRx Prikaan",
"Burn with Lidocaine",
"After Bite Wipe",
"Lidopril",
"After Cuts and Scrapes",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Lidopril",
"Relyyks",
"Wound and Burn Care Refill Pack",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Dynarex Burn Cream",
"Antiseptic",
"Chi-Myst Resolve Topical",
"Chi-Myst Resolve Topical",
"Lidopril XR",
"ReadySharp-P40",
"ReadySharp-P80",
"Band-Aid Brand Hurt-Free Antiseptic Wash",
"LexiLido",
"Aubio Life Sciences Lip",
"Disposable Convenience Kit (Single Shot Epidural)",
"Leva Set with Occlusive Dressing",
"Numquick Topical Analgesic",
"DAYMARK FAK-35 First Aid",
"Numquick Analgesic",
"Anodyne Ile",
"First Aid Macimum Sterngth Bacitraycin Plus",
"Walgreens First Aid Antiseptic",
"Lido-Prilo Caine Pack",
"HemAway",
"CVS Health Antiseptic Wound Wash",
"Synera",
"Bactine Pain Relieving",
"Mlp A-2",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Anodyne LPT",
"Lidocaine",
"Gold Bond Pain and Itch",
"Emla",
"CVS First Aid Kit",
"CVS Pain Relieving First Aid Antiseptic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Lidocaine 2.5% and Prilocaine 2.5% Cream",
"Leva Set with Occlusive Dressing",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Bl",
"Bactine Original First Aid",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"biochemistry PAIN RELIEF FOOT ACTIVE",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"CVS All Purpose First Aid Kit",
"Lidocaine",
"Chi-Myst Synergy Topical",
"Chi-Myst Synergy Topical",
"Up and Up Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"Kendra SKIN PROTECTION and PAIN RELIEF FOR HAIR REMOVAL",
"Emla",
"Emla",
"Lidosite",
"First Aid Burn",
"Skullduggery Pain Relief and Skin Protection for Tattoos",
"Ebsl-5",
"Ebsl-5",
"First Aid Research Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Vertical",
"lidoForte Hemorrhoidal",
"HUMCO Mercuroclear",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Comprehensive",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Comprehensive",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Ketorolac",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Dexamethasone",
"ReadySharp-A",
"Lido-RX 4.1",
"Interarticular Joint Kit",
"IV Infusion CPI",
"Nothing",
"Hemorrhoid and Fissure Dr. Butler",
"DyNAmic Plus Pak Kit",
"Recticare",
"Cold Sore TREATMENT",
"First Aid Antiseptic Well at Walgreens",
"Mld",
"Derma-Caine",
"Genuine First Aid Burn Antiseptic Pain Relief With Aloe",
"LP Lite PAK",
"DyNAmic Kit",
"ReCellTis",
"First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"First Aid Antiseptic Well at Walgreens",
"Xylocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"AgonEaze",
"AgonEaze",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"First Aid Antiseptic Rite Aid pharmacy",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"Point Of Care L2",
"LevigoSP",
"Point Of Care L5",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Emla",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"Pain Relief",
"3 Step First Aid Kit",
"After Bite Wipe",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Point Of Care LM DEP 2",
"Acme Home/Office/Auto Kit",
"Satohap Lidocaine 4% Menthol 1% Pain Relieving Cream",
"Synera",
"Liprotek",
"Numpot Topical Anesthetic",
"Numstick",
"Oraqix",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Salonpas LIDOCAINE PLUS",
"Salonpas LIDOCAINE PLUS",
"Lignospan Forte",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Ketorocaine LM Kit",
"Dexlido Kit",
"Lidolog Kit",
"Lignospan Standard",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Cadira Compliant Blood Stat",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Multi-Specialty Kit",
"Marlido Kit",
"Ketorocaine L Kit",
"Lidocaine",
"Dexlido-M Kit",
"Lido Bdk",
"MLK Kit F2",
"MLK F4 Kit",
"Marlido 25 Kit",
"MLK F1 Kit",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Bitartrate",
"DG health",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate with Aloe",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"PRILOVIX Plus",
"PRILOVIX Plus",
"PRILOVIX Plus",
"Afassco First Aid Burn Cream",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"Lixtraxen 1%",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine HCl - Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Tucks Multi-Care Relief Kit (Tucks Hemorrhoidal and Tucks Medicated Cooling 40 Count)",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"ProCoMycin",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"4196 First Aid Kit",
"Welly Superhero Supplies Kit",
"4186 First Aid Kit",
"4186 First Aid Kit",
"4187 First Aid Kit",
"4187 First Aid Kit",
"4187 First Aid Kit",
"4195 First Aid Kit",
"Bactine Max",
"4188 First Aid Kit",
"Top Safety First Aid Burn Cream",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"4208 First Aid Kit",
"Dr. Numb",
"Hemorrhoid and Fissure Dr. Butler",
"Numb Skin",
"Burn First Aid",
"Footworks Maximum Strength Cracked Heel",
"FAK Large Office First Aid kit",
"CBDMEDIC Itch and Rash",
"4076 First Aid Kit",
"4076 First Aid Kit",
"Lidocaine",
"PM External",
"4032 First Aid Kit",
"PRILOVIX Lite",
"4216 First Aid Kit",
"4224 First Aid Kit",
"4218 First Aid Kit",
"4218 First Aid Kit",
"4222 First Aid Kit",
"4236 First Aid Kit",
"4190 First Aid Kit",
"4144 First Aid Kit",
"4220 First Aid Kit",
"4220 First Aid Kit",
"4171 First Aid Kit",
"4234 First Aid Kit",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"4069 First Aid Kit",
"4069 First Aid Kit",
"4238 First Aid Kit",
"4238 First Aid Kit",
"4192 First Aid Kit",
"4237 First Aid Kit",
"4243 First Aid Kit",
"Scar Zone Burn Topical Analgesic and Antiseptic",
"Aprizio Pak",
"Nuvakaan",
"DermacinRx Empricaine",
"Prizotral",
"Prizotral",
"DermacinRx Prizopak",
"4245 First Aid Kit",
"4245 First Aid Kit",
"4227 First Aid Kit",
"4227 First Aid Kit",
"4228 First Aid Kit",
"4228 First Aid Kit",
"4225 First Aid Kit",
"4225 First Aid Kit",
"4251 First Aid Kit",
"4251 First Aid Kit",
"4173 First Aid Kit",
"4159 First Aid Kit",
"4247 First Aid Kit",
"4200 First Aid Kit",
"4200 First Aid Kit",
"4202 First Aid Kit",
"4202 First Aid Kit",
"4201 First Aid Kit",
"4201 First Aid Kit",
"4255 First Aid Kit",
"4255 First Aid Kit",
"4194 First Aid Kit",
"4193 First Aid Kit",
"4205 First Aid Kit",
"4258 First Aid Kit",
"4203 First Aid Kit",
"4256 First Aid Kit",
"4078 First Aid Kit",
"4079 First Aid Kit",
"Pliaglis",
"4074 First Aid Kit",
"4269 First Aid Kit",
"4269 First Aid Kit",
"4185 First Aid Kit",
"4185 First Aid Kit",
"4007 First Aid Kit",
"4013 First Aid Kit",
"4267 First Aid Kit",
"4271 First Aid Kit",
"4271 First Aid Kit",
"4278 First Aid Kit",
"4278 First Aid Kit",
"4017 First Aid Kit",
"4017 First Aid Kit",
"4022 First Aid Kit",
"4022 First Aid Kit",
"4273 First Aid Kit",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"4289 First Aid Kit",
"4289 First Aid Kit",
"4235 First Aid Kit",
"4235 First Aid Kit",
"First Aid Only First Aid/ Burn",
"4132 First Aid Kit",
"4132 First Aid Kit",
"4290 First Aid Kit",
"4288 First Aid Kit",
"4279 First Aid Kit",
"4279 First Aid Kit",
"4282 First Aid Kit",
"4283 First Aid Kit",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Pain Relief Patches",
"Diclovix",
"Holy Water Mercy In A Bottle",
"Recticare Advanced",
"4184 First Aid Kit",
"4184 First Aid Kit",
"4231First Aid Kit",
"4239 First Aid Kit",
"4239 First Aid Kit",
"4299 First Aid Kit",
"4299 First Aid Kit",
"4276 First Aid Kit",
"4277 First Aid Kit",
"4167 First Aid Kit",
"4167 First Aid Kit",
"4281 First Aid Kit",
"4168 First Aid Kit",
"Cimetidine 10% / Lidocaine 5% / Salicylic Acid 40%",
"GPL Pak",
"4295 First Aid Kit",
"4212 First Aid Kit",
"4138 First Aid Kit",
"4138 First Aid Kit",
"4162 First Aid Kit",
"4162 First Aid Kit",
"4140 First Aid Kit",
"4140 First Aid Kit",
"4152 First Aid Kit",
"4152 First Aid Kit",
"4150 First Aid Kit",
"4250 First Aid Kit",
"4166 First Aid Kit",
"4166 First Aid Kit",
"4153 First Aid Kit",
"4134 First Aid Kit",
"4133 First Aid Kit",
"4133 First Aid Kit",
"4146 First Aid Kit",
"4146 First Aid Kit",
"4249 First Aid Kit",
"4156 First Aid Kit",
"4147 First Aid Kit",
"4147 First Aid Kit",
"4131 First Aid Kit",
"4131 First Aid Kit",
"Gabacaine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"4142 First Aid Kit",
"4148 First Aid Kit",
"Prilo Patch",
"Prilo Patch",
"4128 First Aid Kit",
"4304 First Aid Kit",
"4303 First Aid Kit",
"4301 First Aid Kit",
"Lido GB-300",
"4306 First Aid Kit",
"4308 First Aid Kit",
"4311 First Aid Kit",
"4311 First Aid Kit",
"4151 First Aid Kit",
"4151 First Aid Kit",
"4322 First Aid Kit",
"4136 First Aid Kit",
"4320 First Aid Kit",
"4312 First Aid Kit",
"4154 First Aid Kit",
"4139 First Aid Kit",
"4313 First Aid Kit",
"4321 First Aid Kit",
"4309 First Aid Kit",
"4291 First Aid Kit",
"4305 First Aid Kit",
"4307 First Aid Kit",
"Dibucaine HCl 0.5% / Lidocaine 15% / Phenylephrine HCl 1% / Prilocaine 5%",
"4331 First Aid Kit",
"4253 First Aid Kit",
"4253 First Aid Kit",
"4197 First Aid Kit",
"4197 First Aid Kit",
"4284 First Aid Kit",
"4284 First Aid Kit",
"4198 First Aid Kit",
"4198 First Aid Kit",
"4199 First Aid Kit",
"4199 First Aid Kit",
"4254 First Aid Kit",
"4254 First Aid Kit",
"4336 First Aid Kit",
"4336 First Aid Kit",
"4326 First Aid Kit",
"4326 First Aid Kit",
"4330 First Aid Kit",
"Hemorrhoid Relief",
"4261 First Aid Kit",
"4261 First Aid Kit",
"4285 First Aid Kit",
"4285 First Aid Kit",
"4337 First Aid Kit",
"4337 First Aid Kit",
"4323 First Aid Kit",
"4323 First Aid Kit",
"4207 First Aid Kit",
"4207 First Aid Kit",
"4206 First Aid Kit",
"4206 First Aid Kit",
"4259 First Aid Kit",
"4259 First Aid Kit",
"4260 First Aid Kit",
"4260 First Aid Kit",
"4335 First Aid Kit",
"4335 First Aid Kit",
"4327 First Aid Kit",
"4327 First Aid Kit",
"Lidocaine 2% / Mupirocin 2%",
"4340 First Aid Kit",
"4333 First Aid Kit",
"4333 First Aid Kit",
"Numb520",
"4332 First Aid Kit",
"4332 First Aid Kit",
"Cicloferon",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Lidocaine 7% / Tetracaine 7%",
"Ndc 72934- 5010-4 Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 8% / Tetracaine 4%.",
"Lidocaine 23% / Tetracaine 7%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% / Lidocaine HCl Monohydrate 1%",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"4342 First Aid Kit",
"4345 First Aid Kit",
"4346 First Aid Kit",
"4351 First Aid Kit",
"4347 First Aid Kit",
"4347 First Aid Kit",
"Livixil Pak",
"Livixil Pak",
"Hemorrhoidal",
"4359 First Aid Kit",
"4363 First Aid Kit",
"4344 First Aid Kit",
"4172 First Aid Kit",
"4373 First Aid Kit",
"4372 First Aid Kit",
"4353 First Aid Kit",
"4364 First Aid Kit",
"4364 First Aid Kit",
"4369 First Aid Kit",
"4369 First Aid Kit",
"4370 First Aid Kit",
"4370 First Aid Kit",
"4155 First Aid Kit",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"LidoVir",
"4163 First Aid Kit",
"4350 First Aid Kit",
"4375 First Aid Kit",
"4378 First Aid Kit",
"4378 First Aid Kit",
"PRILOVIX Lite Plus",
"CVS Health Antibiotic Free Wound and Pain Relief",
"PRILOVIX Ultralite Plus",
"PRILOVIX UltraLite",
"Carpal Comfort",
"Walgreens",
"4376 First Aid Kit",
"4376 First Aid Kit",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Green Guard Derma-Caine Burn",
"Medi-First Plus Burn Cream",
"Burn with Lidocaine",
"Medi-First First Aid Burn Cream",
"Medi-First Plus Burn Cream",
"Green Guard Derma-Caine",
"4389 First Aid Kit",
"4395 First Aid Kit",
"4390 First Aid Kit",
"4392 First Aid Kit",
"Lidovix Delayed Release",
"Prilopentin",
"Keepan A",
"CLM Patch",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"ECOLAB Burn Cream",
"ECOLAB Blood Clotting",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"Bite and Sting Relief Wipe",
"4400 First Aid Kit",
"4264 First Aid Kit",
"4266 First Aid Kit",
"4265 First Aid Kit",
"4310 First Aid Kit",
"4300 First Aid Kit",
"4300 First Aid Kit",
"4397 First Aid Kit",
"4397 First Aid Kit",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"4280 First Aid Kit",
"4270 First Aid Kit",
"4401 First Aid Kit",
"CVS Health All Purpose Kit",
"Easy Care First Aid AfterBurn",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"4402 First Aid Kit",
"Pain Relieving",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"4056 First Aid Kit",
"4056 First Aid Kit",
"4068 First Aid Kit",
"4068 First Aid Kit",
"4088 First Aid Kit",
"4088 First Aid Kit",
"4089 First Aid Kit",
"4089 First Aid Kit",
"4081 First Aid Kit",
"4081 First Aid Kit",
"4090 First Aid Kit",
"4090 First Aid Kit",
"4083 First Aid Kit",
"4083 First Aid Kit",
"4087 First Aid Kit",
"4087 First Aid Kit",
"4082 First Aid Kit",
"4082 First Aid Kit",
"4084 First Aid Kit",
"4084 First Aid Kit",
"4085 First Aid Kit",
"4085 First Aid Kit",
"4086 First Aid Kit",
"4086 First Aid Kit",
"4112 First Aid Kit",
"4112 First Aid Kit",
"4113 First Aid Kit",
"4113 First Aid Kit",
"4114 First Aid Kit",
"4114 First Aid Kit",
"4115 First Aid Kit",
"4115 First Aid Kit",
"4116 First Aid Kit",
"4116 First Aid Kit",
"4117 First Aid Kit",
"4117 First Aid Kit",
"4118 First Aid Kit",
"4118 First Aid Kit",
"Antibiotic Free Wound Gel and Pain Relief",
"4101 First Aid Kit",
"4101 First Aid Kit",
"4098 First Aid Kit",
"4098 First Aid Kit",
"4099 First Aid Kit",
"4099 First Aid Kit",
"4100 First Aid Kit",
"4100 First Aid Kit",
"4102 First Aid Kit",
"4102 First Aid Kit",
"4097 First Aid Kit",
"4097 First Aid Kit",
"4103 First Aid Kit",
"4103 First Aid Kit",
"4105 First Aid Kit",
"4105 First Aid Kit",
"4106 First Aid Kit",
"4106 First Aid Kit",
"4104 First Aid Kit",
"4104 First Aid Kit",
"4064 First Aid Kit",
"4065 First Aid Kit",
"4066 First Aid Kit",
"4067 First Aid Kit",
"4107 First Aid Kit",
"4107 First Aid Kit",
"4108 First Aid Kit",
"4108 First Aid Kit",
"4109 First Aid Kit",
"4109 First Aid Kit",
"4110 First Aid Kit",
"4110 First Aid Kit",
"4111 First Aid Kit",
"4111 First Aid Kit",
"4119 First Aid Kit",
"4119 First Aid Kit",
"4120 First Aid Kit",
"4120 First Aid Kit",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"4141 First Aid Kit",
"4360 First Aid Kit",
"4362 First Aid Kit",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine MPF",
"Prilovixil",
"Prilovixil",
"Prilovixil",
"Microvix LP",
"Recticare",
"Lidocaine",
"ReCellTis Wound Cream",
"Burn",
"Microvix L",
"Microvix L",
"Xylocaine",
"Hush Anesthetic",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Hemorrhoid Master",
"VIVA Patch",
"Cicloferon",
"Sting Relief",
"Konicare 5%",
"Mlc",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"DX1 OraGenomic Medicated DNA Collection Screen",
"DX2 OraGenomic Medicated DNA Collection Screen",
"Sx1 Medicated Post-Operative System",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Nox-A-Sting",
"Bactine Max",
"First Aid Burn",
"Bactine Pain Relieving",
"Prilovix",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Bactine Original First Aid",
"Precaine",
"PRILOVIXIL Plus",
"PRILOVIXIL Plus",
"PRILOVIXIL Plus",
"Burn Treatment",
"Refill 3",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"Pliaglis",
"Alocane Plus",
"First Aid Burn Cream",
"Kit Breakroom Office First Aid",
"BLT Skin Cream",
"Kit Large Office First Aid",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"Antiseptic",
"Fossaoprin SPG4",
"Fossaoprin SPG2",
"Omnitrenidol",
"Acunistat-60",
"Acunistat-30",
"Venipuncture Px1",
"H-Paxin",
"Prelidopine Pre-Operative System",
"P-Care 100MX",
"P-Care D80MX",
"Xylocaine",
"Lidocaine and Tetracaine",
"JTT Physicians Joint, Tunnel and Trigger",
"Xylocaine",
"D-Care 100X",
"P-Care D40MX",
"P-Care K40MX",
"P-Care X",
"P-Care K80MX",
"RITE AID Maximum strength pain relieving",
"Phenyl-Lido",
"Md Science Cannabidiol",
"Md Science Cannabigerol",
"Md Science Cannabidiol",
"Xylocaine",
"Betalido Kit",
"Marbeta L Kit",
"Dyural L Kit",
"Dyural LM Kit",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine With Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Xylocaine(r) -mpf (lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine)",
"Lidocaine Hci",
"Meijer Maximum strength pain relieving cleansing",
"Fonow",
"Lipritin",
"Pentican",
"Lidotin",
"Gabapal",
"LIDOCAINE HCl AND EPINEPHRINE",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine",
"LIDOCAINE HCl AND EPINEPHRINE",
"Lidocaine and Tetracaine",
"First Aid and Burn",
"DG Health Maximum Strength Cold n Hot",
"Lmc",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"QKit Procedure Tray",
"Leep RediKit",
"MG217CoolingBurnSpray",
"CVSLidocaineAntisepticSpray",
"Mueller First Aid Antiseptic",
"ACAT SUK Kit (Accelerated COVID-19 Antibody Test Single Use Kit)",
"Band-Aid Brand Hurt-Free Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"Numbify Sanitize",
"Forticept Wounds and Burns Hydrogel",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"CVS Maximum Strength LIDOCAINE PLUS",
"Crane Safety Burn",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"DermacinRx Empricaine II",
"Nuvakaan II",
"Prizotral II",
"Prizotral II",
"Lidocaine 23% / Tetracaine 7%",
"Xylocaine",
"Lipritin II",
"NOpiod-TC",
"Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain-Relieving",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain-Relieving",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain-Relieving",
"Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Prizopak II",
"Lidocaine Hci and Epinephrine",
"4050 First Aid Kit",
"4042 First Aid Kit",
"ProCoMycin",
"Professional Medicated DNA Collection",
"Advanced DNA Medicated Collection Kit II",
"TriXylitral",
"Ori-power",
"4121 First Aid Kit",
"Poly-Prep",
"4047 Fist Aid Kit",
"4048 Fist Aid Kit",
"Priloxx LP External Kit",
"DermacinRx Cinlone-I CPI",
"Lidocaine HCl and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Pliaglis",
"First Aid Kit 64058024",
"RectiCare Complete",
"RectiCare Complete",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Medolor Pak Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream Kit",
"4044 First Aid Kit",
"4045 First Aid Kit",
"Dolotranz",
"Dolotranz",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Advanced DNA Medicated Collection",
"ReadySharp-K",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Genuine First Aid Burn",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Prikaan Lite",
"Mlp A-1",
"LiProZonePak",
"Prikaan",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Venipuncture CPI",
"DermacinRx Cinlone-II CPI",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Adazin",
"Numbing Hemorrhoidal Label",
"4052 First Aid Kit",
"4052 First Aid Kit",
"4051 First Aid Kit",
"4051 First Aid Kit",
"Scar Zone Burn Extra Strength Burn Relief Topical Analgesic and Antiseptic",
"4049 First Aid Kit",
"Advanced DNA Medicated Collection Kit III",
"Ana-Lex",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Recticare Advanced",
"Tecnu First Aid",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Green Guard Super Stat Blood Clotting First Aid",
"Numbify sanitize",
"Numbify Sanitize",
"Numbify Sanitize",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"4157 First Aid Kit",
"4157 First Aid Kit",
"4149 First Aid Kit",
"4129 First Aid Kit",
"4349 First Aid Kit",
"4352 First Aid Kit",
"4371 First Aid Kit",
"4374 First Aid Kit",
"4391 First Aid Kit",
"4219 First Aid Kit",
"4223 First Aid Kit",
"4275 First Aid Kit",
"4318 First Aid Kit",
"4318 First Aid Kit",
"4319 First Aid Kit",
"4319 First Aid Kit",
"4365 First Aid Kit",
"4365 First Aid Kit",
"4286 First Aid Kit",
"4246 First Aid Kit",
"4246 First Aid Kit",
"4293 First Aid Kit",
"4293 First Aid Kit",
"4348 First Aid Kit",
"4274 First Aid Kit",
"4252 First Aid Kit",
"4252 First Aid Kit",
"4298 First Aid Kit",
"Care Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"De La Cruz Mercurochrome",
"Dermazyl",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Aprizio Pak II",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Mcl",
"Fast Freeze Lidocaine Roll-On",
"NOpioid-TC",
"Prilopentin -II",
"Prilo Patch-II",
"Prilo Patch-II",
"Vasocaine",
"Blue Gel Anesthetic",
"Pro Plus",
"Sj3",
"Super T",
"Genuine First Aid First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving Cream",
"Lidocort",
"Lcm",
"Cml",
"Dyural 40 Kit",
"Dyural 80 Kit",
"MLK F3 Kit",
"Pliaglis",
"ACT Kit (Accelerated COVID-19 Test Kit)",
"Hustle Helper Comfort Enhancing Anesthetic Antimicrobial Wash",
"Super Magic Man Premium Gold",
"Hemorrhoid Relief",
"Hyronan",
"SkyaDerm-LP",
"Cyclopak",
"EZ-Relief",
"Easy Care First Aid AfterBurn",
"Numquick Analgesic",
"Hemorrhoid Relief",
"CVS Health Maximum Strength Lidocaine Pain Relief Cream Plus Menthol",
"ProloGel Urgent Care",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"First Aid and Burn",
"DermacinRx ZRM Pak",
"First Aid GNP",
"After Bite Wipe",
"Re-Lieved Lidocaine Patch",
"Glycerin, Lidocaine, Petrolatum, and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"LiMetCam",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Maximum Strenght Lidocaine plus Menthol Pain Relief Patch",
"Blue Gel Anesthetic",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Diabetic First Aid Gel",
"Pro Plus",
"Roosin Burn",
"Aramark Burn Cream",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Plus Pain Relieving",
"Diabetic First Aid Gel Professional",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Medi-First Plus Burn with Lidocaine",
"Medi-First Burn with Lidocaine",
"Green Guard Derma-Caine Burn",
"Realheal-I",
"Neolinn",
"Herpecin Pain Relief",
"Aramark Blood Clotting",
"Xylocaine-mpf With Epi",
"Medline",
"Medline",
"Lidocaine Hci and Dextrose",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Basic Care Lidocaine",
"Priloheal Plus 30",
"Sj3",
"Super T",
"First Aid Only First Aid/Burn",
"VallaDerm-90",
"Radiaura Skin Recovery",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"Ritual Tattoo",
"Ritual Tattoo Reveal Foam",
"Ritual Tattoo",
"LIDOCAINE HCl and EPINEPHRINE",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Dextrose",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Walgreen Maximum strength pain relieving cleansing",
"Hemorrhoidal Relief Cream",
"Zylotrol-L",
"Arthrocare Maximum Arthritis Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"0.4% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection",
"Depo-medrol With Lidocaine",
"Lignospan Standard",
"Xylonor",
"0.4% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection USP",
"Lidocaine 0.2% In 5% Dextrose Inj",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"Instillagel",
"Complete Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Cream for Kids",
"Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief",
"Oraqix",
"Xylocaine Dental Lidocaine HCl 2% and Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief for Kids",
"Footworks Healthy Cracked Heel Cream",
"Pleura-seal Thoracentesis Kit",
"Central Vein Catheterization Kit",
"Polyderm Antibiotic Ointment",
"Arrow Two-lumen Central Venous Cathetar Kit",
"Octocaine 100 Needleject Inj",
"Pacing Catheter Introducer Kit Acp-001px",
"Xylocaine Mpf 1.5% With Epinephrine",
"Arrow Multi-lumen Central Venous Catheter Kit",
"Arrow Central Venous Catheterization Kit",
"Arrow Pneumothorax Kit",
"Arrow Two-lumen Jugular Catheterization Kit",
"Central Venous Catetherization Kit",
"Multi-lumen Central Venous Cathet Kit",
"Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Continuous Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Paracentesis Tray W Boasberg Catheter Set",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anesthesia Tray",
"Expanded Multi-med Kit",
"Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Tray",
"Central Venous Catheter Expanded Kit",
"Single-shot Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Jamshidi Bone Marrow Biopsy Tray",
"Jamshidi Menghini Soft Tissue Biopsy Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Epidural Anesthesia Tray",
"Genetic Amniocentesis Tray Kit",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus Ont",
"Pharmassist Soothenel Gel",
"Banana Boat Sooth-A-caine W.moist.aloe V.gel",
"Family Medic First Aid Treatment - Liq",
"Minims Lidocaine and Fluorescein",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:50 000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:100 000",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Xylocaine Oral Spray",
"Lidocaine HCl and Dextrose 5% Inj USP",
"Lidocaine HCl and Dextrose 5% Inj USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection USP",
"Xylonor Spray",
"Lignospan Speciale Inj",
"Medi-quik First-aid Spray - Aer Top",
"Racestyptine Cord",
"Avon Foot Works Therapeutic Cracked Heel Relief Cream",
"Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Burncare Kit",
"Neutrogena Anti-itch Moisturizer",
"Banana Boat Sooth-A-caine Spray Gel",
"Dr. Scholl's Cracked Heel Relief Cream",
"Lipsorex Plus",
"Apr15",
"Medi-quik First Aid Spray",
"First Aid Antiseptic Swabs",
"Xylocaine - Mpf 5% With Glucose 7.5%",
"Foot Works Healthy Cracked Heel Cream",
"Medi-quik First Aid Spray",
"Hydrocath Central Venous Catheter Kit",
"Antibiotic Cream for Kids",
"Pain Relieving Cleansing Spray",
"Dermatologic Relief",
"Itch relief Cream",
"Sun Burn Relief Cream",
"First Aid Spray",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride 0.5% and Epinephrine 1:200000 Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride 1.5% and Epinephrine 1:200000 Injection USP Test Dose",
"Pliaglis",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride 1.5% and Epinephrine 1:200000 Injection USP",
"Lidocaine HCl 0.2% and Dextrose 5% Inj",
"Lidocaine HCl 0.8% and 5% Dextrose Inj",
"Xylonor Gel",
"Bactine First Aid Spray Liq",
"Burn Relief Cream",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Bactine First Aid Spray",
"Burn Relief Gel",
"Lidocaine and Epinephrine Inj.usp 2% 1:100000",
"Icy Hot Lidocaine Pain Relieving Cream Plus Menthol",
"Family Medic First-aid Treatment Lotion",
"Family Medic First-aid Treatment Liquid",
"Cacitrix",
"Emla Cream",
"Emla Patch",
"Neo-bex Injectable",
"Lidomyxin",
"Scar Zone Burn Gel",
"Baciguent Plus Pain Reliever Ont",
"Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Cream",
"Tpr20",
"5% Xylocaine Mpf With Glucose 7.5% Injection",
"2% Lidocaine and Epinephrine 1:100,000 Injection USP",
"Lidocaine plus Menthol",
"Skin Soothing Aid",
"Salonpas Pain Relieving Cream",
"Salonpas Pain Relieving Solution",
"Icy Hot Lidocaine No Mess Applicator Plus Menthol",
"Lignospan Forte",
"Polysporin Plus Pain Relief Ear Drops",
"Polysporin Plus Pain Relief",
"Octocaine HCl 2% Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Polysporin Complete",
"Polysporin for Kids",
"Xylocaine Dental Lidocaine Hydrochloride 2% and Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"Lidosporin Ear Drops",
"Spinal Anaesthesia Tray",
"Lidosporin Cream",
"Polysporin Burn Formula Cream",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus - Ointment",
"Otizol HC Liq",
"Polysporin Antibiotic Burn Cream",
"Lidosporin Cream",
"Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Dentsply 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"Dentsply 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 Test Dose",
"Polysporin for Stitches",
"Polysporin Cold Sore Ointment",
"Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:100000",
"Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Octocaine HCl 2% Epinephrine 1:50000",
"Xylocaine 2% With Epinephrine 1:200000",
"Ozonol Antibiotics Plus",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection USP",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:100,000",
"Lidocaine 2% and Epinephrine 1:50,000",
"LidoPatch Pain Relief",
"Duane Reade Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Publix Burn Relief",
"Walgreens Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Kroger Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Zcaine",
"Kroger Aloe Vera Pain Relieving",
"Meijer Aloe Gel",
"Terocin",
"Medi-patch With Lidocaine Rx",
"Walgreens PAIN RELIEVING",
"LidAll",
"Lidonexe",
"LenzaGel",
"Lidenza Patch",
"Terocin",
"Velma Pain Relief Patch",
"Menthocin Patch with Lidocaine - Strong",
"Odynia-R Regular",
"Lorenza Pain Relief Patch",
"Venia Patch Premium Pain Patch",
"Silvera Pain Relief Patch",
"Pharmacist Choice Pain Relief Patch",
"Renovo Lido5",
"BeKoool Itch Relief",
"Avalin External Analgesic Patch",
"Rematex",
"Veltrix",
"Comfort EZ Extra StrengthTransdermal Patch",
"Pharmacist Choice TSX Transdermal Patch",
"Solmara",
"Comfort EZ Pain Relief Patch",
"Comfort EZ Extra Strength Pain Relief Patch",
"Zeruvia",
"Tetrakam",
"BenePatch",
"Pain Relief Patch",
"Pain Relief Patch",
"Puroxcin",
"Menthocin Patch with Lidocaine",
"LidoPro",
"Ricora",
"Soothee Patch",
"AvaDerm",
"eLenza Patch",
"Lidodextrapine",
"Reciphexamine",
"Solmara",
"AvaDerm",
"Releevia LM Patch",
"MaL",
"Avalin-RX",
"Atendia",
"Mentholix",
"Bene Patch",
"Venia Patch Premium Pain Patch",
"Soothee Patch",
"MTX Topical Pain",
"Medi-patch With Lidocaine Rx",
"Aflexeryl-LC",
"AnodyneRx",
"Zims Lido Freeze",
"Doloracin/l Rx With Lidocaine",
"Medi-patch With Lidocaine",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"Pain Relief",
"Xpacaine",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"Medi-derm / L With Lidocaine",
"Dolor-parche With Lidocaine-RX",
"DermacinRx Lexifen",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Lidothal Relief",
"Lidothal Relief",
"Burn Relief Kol-Down",
"Burn Relief Professional Kool-Down",
"Burn Relief Extra Strength Kool-Down",
"DermacinRx DPN Pak",
"Lidozen",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"LidoPro",
"Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LevigoLT",
"LidoPro",
"Activate Joint and Muscle Relief",
"MTX Topical Pain",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Prolida",
"PainGo KFT",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-Careone Pain Relieving",
"Hot Cold Lidocaine With Menthol",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"AvaDerm",
"1st RELIEF TOPICAL",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Lidozen",
"Braline Patch",
"Burn Relief Professional Kool-Down",
"Dyve Comfort L",
"Terocin",
"Burn Relief Extra Strength Kool-Down",
"SmartRx Gaba Kit",
"LidoXib",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Maxocaine Pain Relieving Roll-ON",
"Procicept L Lidocaine 4%",
"Point Relief LidoSpot",
"Pure-Aid",
"CYHOT Cream with Lidocaine Well at WAlgreens",
"Maximum Strength Cold and Hot CVS",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Soundbody",
"Burn Relief",
"Itch Relief",
"CVS Cold and Hot",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-Careone Pain Relieving",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine-RA Pain Relieving",
"Lidocaine HCl 4 Percent and Menthol 4 Percent",
"Hot and Cold with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Maximun Strength Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"WPR Plus",
"Point Relief LidoSpot with Menthol",
"Insta Relief DM",
"WPR Plus",
"NULIDO Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"Neptune Ice",
"Lid O Creme Roll On",
"CVS Health Cold and Hot Roll-On",
"LenzaGel",
"CANNA NUMB Roll On",
"Burn N Bite",
"LidoPro",
"LidoPro Patch",
"Doans Pain Relieving",
"Terocin",
"Lidocaine plus Menthol",
"Lidopatch",
"Medi-sulting Topical Pain Relief",
"Medi-sulting Topical Pain Relief",
"Medi-derm / L With Lidocaine Rx",
"LenzaGel",
"LenzaPatch",
"Limencin",
"PharmapureRx Menthotral",
"JOINT AND MUSCLE RELIEF 450 mg",
"JOINT AND MUSCLE RELIEF 750 mg",
"EXTRA STRENGTH JOINT AND MUSCLE RELIEF 1500 mg",
"EXTRA STRENGTH AND MUSCLE RELIEF 900 mg",
"4204 First Aid Kit",
"4210 First Aid Kit",
"4257 First Aid Kit",
"Cold and Heat Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"Terocin",
"Lidopro",
"Lidocaine Menthol Pain Relief",
"Lidopro",
"CANNA NUMB Pain Relief",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"Pain Relief",
"MAXIMUM STRENGTH Lidocaine Plus Menthol",
"Bakers Best Arthritis Pain Relief",
"Cbd-kings With Lidocaine 4%",
"1st Medxpatch With Lidocaine 4%",
"Lidocaine 4% plus Menthol 1%",
"Gen7T Plus",
"Transderm-IQ",
"Transderm-iQ",
"Lidozen",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"LidoStream",
"Lidozen",
"Triderma Pain Relief",
"Mentholatum Lidocaine Ice",
"Lidopatch",
"Limencin",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Hot and Cold Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Relief",
"Medi-sulting Topical Pain Relief",
"Lidozen",
"NuLido",
"Terocin",
"CBD PAIN RELIEF Cream",
"LidoPro",
"Lidocaine with Menthol",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Bakers Best Maximum Strength Pain Relief",
"CVS Health Lidocaine Pain Relief Plus Menthol",
"NuLido",
"NULIDO Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"Meijer Cold and Hot Pain Relieving Analgesic",
"JOIYA Ease",
"Synvexia",
"LenzaGel",
"Workvie Roll On",
"LidoPlus Pain Relief Patch",
"Synvexia TC",
"LenzaPatch",
"LidoSport Pain Relief Patch",
"LidoPro",
"Leximenth",
"ACTIVE-PAC with Gabapentin",
"Endoxcin",
"Terocin",
"Provenza",
"Lidocaine HCl 4 Percent and Menthol 4 Percent",
"Gen7T Plus",
"Swift River Pain Relief",
"Truu Balance Pain Relief",
"Workvie",
"Base Numb Topical Anorectal",
"SHINGBASE Topical Analgesic",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine No-Mess",
"NOpioid-LMC",
"Hot and Cold Cream with Lidocaine- RA Pain Relieving",
"1st Medxpatch With Lidocaine 4%-rx",
"Lidocaine HCl 4% Menthol 1%",
"CBDaF Topical Gel",
"Sky Wellness Max Pain Relief",
"CBD4 pain relief cream",
"NOpioid-LMC",
"Cbd4 Freeze Pump Vanishing Scent",
"NULIDO Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"NuLido",
"Lidothol",
"Ultimate Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch",
"Terocin",
"Cool and Heat Evora Labs",
"Gen7T Plus",
"RX300 Topical Pain Cream Pain Cream",
"Mamisan Pain Relieving",
"GelAzul Roll-On",
"Terocin",
"Performance Brands Steel Releaf Pain Relieving Liquid",
"Lenza Pro",
"Equate Lidocaine Cool and Heat",
"LidoPatch",
"Lidocaine HCl 4% Menthol 1%",
"CVS Lidocaine Pain Relief Dry",
"LenzaPro Flex",
"LidoPro Patch",
"Lidocaine 4 Percent and Menthol 1 Percent Roll-On",
"Terocin",
"Terocin",
"Lidothol",
"Lidozen",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine Pain Relieving",
"Icy Hot Lidocaine Dry",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine",
"Icy Hot with Lidocaine No-Mess",
"Botanika Life Soothing Pain Serum",
"Botanika Life Ultra-Relief Pain Rub",
"Lidocaine and Menthol",
"Neptune Ice Patch",
"Lidocaine 4% Menthol 4%",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Lidozen",
"LidoPro Patch",
"LidoPro",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Toplast Pain Relief Lidocaine 4percent plus Menthol 1percent",
"Cool N Heat Lidocaine Dry",
"Pain Relief Max Strength",
"Lidocaine and Menthol",
"Terocin",
"Neptune Ice",
"Cold and Heat Lidocaine Patch Plus Menthol",
"Lidocaine with Menthol Patch Pain Releif",
"LidoPro",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"Lidothol",
"Workvie",
"Premium HEMP Pain Relief",
"Green Compass Reduce Topical Pain",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Base Numb Topical Anesthetic",
"TheraCare 4% Lidocaine and 1% Menthol Cream",
"Menthol, Lidocaine, Camphor",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain Patch",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"Walgreens Cool N Heat Dry",
"Base Laboratories Numb Gel",
"Exigence One Patch",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain Patch",
"Lidozen",
"Icy Hot",
"Terocin",
"Transderm Iq",
"Transderm Iq",
"LidoPro",
"FourPainRX",
"Neptune Ice",
"Mencaine",
"LidoPro Patch",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"MenthoReal-10 Kit",
"HealthWise Lidocaine and Menthol Pain Relief",
"Zylotrol Plus",
"Lidozen",
"Siterol",
"Botanika Life Pain Relief Roller",
"Exigence One Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Burn Relief Max Strength",
"Itch Relief Max Strength",
"Numbing Max Strength",
"AsperFlex MAX",
"Lidotor",
"LidoMet-10 Kit",
"Alocane Plus",
"Exigence One Patch",
"Doctor Butler Hemorrhoid and Fissure Advanced Formula",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Centipaine for Pain Control",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit II",
"Band Aid Antiseptic Cleansing Liquid",
"Zylotrol",
"TopCare Pain Relief Patch",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Dyural 80-LM",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Hempvana Knee Bird Ultra Strength Pain Relief",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Centipaine for Pain Control",
"Preparation H Rapid Relief",
"Cbd-kings With Lidocaine 4%",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"1st Medxpatch With Lidocaine 4%-rx",
"Lidothol",
"DG Health Maximum Strength Pain Relieving Cleansing",
"Nervive Pain Relieving Cream",
"Nervive Pain Relieving Liquid Roll-on",
"OKeeffes Healthy Feet",
"Elemar Patch",
"Bactine Max",
"Lidocaine Dry Patch Plus Menthol",
"Parche de Leon",
"OKeeffes Healthy Feet Pain Relief Cream",
"Zone 2",
"Point relief Lidospot",
"Aromalief Lidocaine Roll On",
"Albertson Lidocaine, Menthol Pain Relief Medicated Patch",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Super-Stop BloodClotter",
"Zee Burn Relief",
"Zee Blood Clotting Antiseptic",
"Diclona Gel",
"SynoFlex Patch",
"Blockaid",
"Minnerva II",
"PAIN RELIEF Gel-Patch",
"Hempvana Knee Bird Ultra Strength Pain Relief",
"The Solution",
"Vallement Flex",
"Zee First Aid Cream",
"Hemorrhoidal With Lidocaine",
"Rite Aid Hot and Cold Pain Relief Pain Relieving",
"Hemorrhoidal-Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Blue Gel Anesthetic",
"DermaRad Relief",
"Zylotrol",
"Diclocaine",
"LenzaPro Flex Path",
"Rapid Pain-relief Topical",
"LidoPro",
"Diphen",
"Walgreens Cool n heat",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Benzalkonium Chloride and Lidocaine Hydrochloride",
"LIDOCAINE HCl AND EPI",
"Ever Ready First Aid",
"TopCare Cold and Hot Pain Relieving Analgesic",
"Xpect First Aid Cream",
"Xpect First Aid Cream",
"NuNature First Aid Gel",
"Tidl Pain Relief Numbing Tidl",
"Lidozen Gel",
"Lidozen Patch",
"Zylotrol",
"Lidothol Gel",
"Burn Cream",
"Sportcaine Patch",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"The Solution Anorectal Spray Temporary Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief",
"Zylotrol",
"Dzul - Lido Creme Maximum Strength",
"Pain Relief Gel-Patch",
"Diclocaine",
"Tidl Pain Relief Massaging Roll-ON",
"First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"Aloe Vera Gel",
"Mencaine",
"Diclona Gel",
"Lidozen Gel",
"SECONDARY NUMB Lidocaine Phenylephrine Gel",
"First Shield",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Triceptin",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"Antibacterial Lidocaine Wound Gel",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"PAIN RELIEF Gel-Roll On",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain",
"4396 First Aid Kit",
"4191 First Aid Kit",
"4191 First Aid Kit",
"4189 First Aid Kit",
"4302 First Aid Kit",
"4302 First Aid Kit",
"PAIN RELIEF Gel-Patch",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"Numb Squeeze",
"BlueStop Max",
"Diclona Gel",
"BlueStop Max",
"Lidopro",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol",
"Lidozen Patch",
"Duloxicaine",
"Neosporin Plus Lidocaine",
"First Aid Only First Aid-Burn",
"BAKERS BEST Pain Relief with Pure Hemp Seed Oil",
"Deep Pain Relief",
"Walgreens Lidocaine Plus Cream",
"First Aid Antiseptic Pain Relieving Cream",
"Meijer Pain Lidocaine Plus Relieving Analgesic",
"Absorbine Jr Pro Cream",
"Absorbine Jr Pro No Mess Roll-on Plus",
"Doctor Ink Topical Antiseptic With Pain Relief",
"Medi-first",
"Dr Butlers Hemorrhoid and Fissure PF",
"CANNAPRO xl",
"Walgreens Nerve Pain Relieving Topical Analgesic",
"LidoPro",
"Lidocaine",
"First Shield",
"Medi-First Plus Burn with Lidocaine",
"Medi-First Burn with Lidocaine",
"Nuvira Patch",
"Diclona Patch",
"First Aid Burn Cream",
"Pro Numb",
"AUVON LIDOCAINE MENTHOL Pain Relief",
"DermaRad Relief",
"Lidocaine",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Diclona Patch",
"LidoPro Patch",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Zims Max Freeze",
"VIVA Patch",
"Betalido Kit",
"Ketorocaine LM Kit",
"Multi-Specialty Kit",
"Walgreens Hemorrhoidal Pain Relief",
"Lidolog Kit",
"ASTONEA Burn Cream",
"Dermatool Hemorrhoidal",
"EPIC Burn Cream",
"Zylotrol Pain Relieving",
"Warrior Rectal Care",
"LidoPro",
"Zylotrol",
"ABSORBINE jr.",
"Lidosync",
"ABREVA Rapid Pain Relief",
"Bottoms Up Health",
"Zylotrol Maximum Pain",
"Pain Relief Gel-Patch",
"Mamisan Pain Relieving Cream Lidocaine Plus Menthol",
"Burn Cream",
"DCH Nerve Pain Relief Roll-On",
"Tylenol Precise Cooling Pain Relieving",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Formula 4 Pain",
"Blackwork",
"DCH Hemorrhoidal",
"Xyliderm",
"2677 First Aid Burn Cream",
"DCH Rapid Relief Hemorrhoidal",
"DCH Nerve Pain Relief",
"Revivol Hemorrhoid and Fissure",
"First Aid Burn Cream",
"Dyural 40 Kit",
"Dyural 80 Kit",
"Dyural 80-LM",
"Zensa Anorectal Gel",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Mega Patch",
"Lidocaine Patch",
"Careland Lidocaine 4 plus menthol pain relieving gel-patches with border for knee",
"Careland Lidocaine 4 Plus Menthol Pain Relieving Gel Patches for back, neck shoulders knees and elbows with border",
"LABOFLEX Calf and Arch Pain Relief",
"Redicare Blood Clotting",
"OKeeffes Working Hands Pain Relief Skin Protectant",
"Lidotral Five Percent with Menthol",
"Trubrexa",
"LM Plus Relief",
"EmReal",
"Trubrexa",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"Xylocaine",
"Trubrexa",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine",
"LidoPro",
"Trubrexa",
"Lidotral 5 Percent and Hydrocortisone 1 Percent with Peptides and Arnica",
"Trubrexa Patch ER",
"BL-Contrast",
"Lidothol",
"Xylocaine",
"Lidothol",
"Lidothol Patch",
"Lidotral 3.88 Percent Plus Hydrocortisone 1 Percent Cream",
"Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream",
"Hydrocaine",
"Seaford Nifedipine and Lidocaine Hydrochloride Cream",
"Precise Cooling Pain Relief Cream",
"Dyural 80 LM-C",
"Dexlido M-C",
"Betalido-C",
"Mlk F4-C",
"Dyural LM- C",
"Lidotral 3.88 Percent Plus Hydrocortisone 1 Percent",
"Gold Label Anorectal Numbing Spray",
"Lidotral 5% Plus Hydrocortisone 1%",
"Xylocaine",
"Diclona Patch",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"BLT-25 Kit",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Alocane Plus",
"LMR Plus",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Fortacin",
"Fortacin",
"Senstend",
"Senstend",
"Trifena"
] |
[
"Q9UI33",
"Q9Y5Y9",
"Q15858",
"Q14524",
"P00533",
"P35499",
"P02763",
"P19652"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P10635",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P05177",
"P11712",
"P10632",
"P11509",
"P20813"
] |
[] |
[
"O76082",
"P08183"
] |
DB00283
|
Clemastine
|
An ethanolamine-derivative, first generation histamine H1 antagonist used in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.
|
solid
|
For the relief of symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus and acrimation. Also for the management of mild, uncomplicated allergic skin manifestations of urticaria and angioedema. Used as self-medication for temporary relief of symptoms associated with the common cold.
|
Clemastine is an antihistamine that also induces anticholinergic and sedative effects. Antihistamines competitively antagonize various physiological effects of histamine including increased capillary permeability and dilatation, the formation of edema, the "flare" and "itch" response, and gastrointestinal and respiratory smooth muscle constriction. Within the vascular tree, H1- receptor antagonists inhibit both the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects of histamine. Depending on the dose, H1- receptor antagonists can produce CNS stimulation or depression. Most antihistamines exhibit central and/or peripheral anticholinergic activity. Antihistamines act by competitively blocking H1- receptor sites. Antihistamines do not pharmacologically antagonize or chemically inactivate histamine, nor do they prevent the release of histamine.
|
Clemastine is a selective histamine H1 antagonist and binds to the histamine H1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
|
Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
|
Antihistamines appear to be metabolized in the liver chiefly via mono- and didemethylation and glucuronide conjugation.
|
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rat and mouse is 3550 mg/kg and 730 mg/kg, respectively. Antihistamine overdosage reactions may vary from central nervous system depression to stimulation. In children, stimulation predominates initially in a syndrome which may include excitement, hallucinations, ataxia, incoordination, muscle twitching, athetosis, hyperthermia, cyanosis convulsions, tremors, and hyperreflexia followed by postictal depression and cardio-respiratory arrest. Convulsions in children may be preceded by mild depression. Dry mouth, fixed dilated pupils, flushing of the face, and fever are common. In adults, CNS depression, ranging from drowsiness to coma, is more common.
| null | null |
Urinary excretion is the major mode of elimination.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Diphenylmethanes
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"D04AA",
"D04A",
"D04",
"D",
"R06AA",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R",
"R06AA",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "22.2",
"description": "Clemastine Fumarate 0.67 mg/5ml Syrup 120ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "255.0",
"description": "Clemastine fumarate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.17",
"description": "Tavist max-str sinus caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Dayhist-1 1.34 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.28",
"description": "CVS Pharmacy dayhist allergy tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.31",
"description": "Dayhist tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Clemastine Fumarate 1.34 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.5",
"description": "Tavist-1 1.34 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Clemastine fum 1.34 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.74",
"description": "Tavist nd 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Clemastine fum 2.68 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Clemastine Fumarate 2.68 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
(+)-(2R)-2-(2-(((R)-p-chloro-α-methyl-α-phenylbenzyl)oxy)ethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine | (+)-(2R)-2-[2-[[(R)-p-chloro-α-methyl-α-phenylbenzyl]oxy]ethyl]-1-methylpyrrolidine | Clemastina | Clemastine | Clemastinum | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Allergy Relief",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Clemastine Fumarate",
"Dayhist Allergy",
"Dayhist allergy",
"Dayhist Allergy",
"Dayhist Allergy 12 Hour Relief",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Dayhist Allergy",
"Good Sense dayhist allergy",
"Leader Allerhist",
"Leader Allerhist",
"Sunmark 12 Hour Allergy Relief",
"Tavist Allergy",
"Tavist Syrup 0.5mg/5ml",
"Tavist Tablets 1mg",
"Tavist-D Tablets",
"Topcare Dayhist Allergy",
"Wal Hist",
"Wal Hist 12 Hour Relief"
] |
[
"Agasten",
"Allerhist-1",
"Tavegil",
"Tavegyl",
"Tavist",
"Tavist-1"
] |
[
"Tavist-D Tablets"
] |
[
"P35367"
] |
[
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00284
|
Acarbose
|
Acarbose is a complex oligosaccharide that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes responsible for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates in the intestines. It inhibits both pancreatic alpha-amylase and membrane-bound alpha-glucosidases - including intestinal glucoamylase, sucrase, maltase, and isomaltase - which are responsible for the metabolism of complex starches and oligo-, tri-, and disaccharides into absorbable simple sugars.[L31633,A37868] By inhibiting the activity of these enzymes, acarbose limits the absorption of dietary carbohydrates and the subsequent postprandial increase in blood glucose and insulin levels. Acarbose is therefore used in conjunction with diet, exercise, and other pharmacotherapies for the management of blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.[L31628,L31633]
Acarbose is one of only two approved alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (the other being [miglitol]), receiving its first FDA approval in 1995 under the brand name Precose (since discontinued).[L31668] This class of antidiabetic therapy is not widely used due to their relatively modest impact on A1c, their requirement for thrice-daily dosing, and the potential for significant gastrointestinal adverse effects.[L31668]
|
solid
|
Acarbose is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.[L31628]
|
Acarbose is a complex oligosaccharide that competitively inhibits the ability of brush-border alpha-glucosidase enzymes to break down ingested carbohydrates into absorbable monosaccharides, reducing carbohydrate absorption and subsequent postprandial insulin levels.[A37868] Acarbose requires the co-administration of carbohydrates in order to exert its therapeutic effect, and as such should be taken with the first bite of a meal three times daily.[L31633]
Given its mechanism of action, acarbose in isolation poses little risk of contributing to hypoglycemia - this risk is more pronounced, however, when acarbose is used in conjunction with other antidiabetic therapies (e.g. sulfonylureas, insulin).[L31633] Patients maintained on acarbose in addition to other antidiabetic agents should be aware of the symptoms and risks of hypoglycemia and how to treat hypoglycemic episodes. There have been rare post-marketing reports of the development of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following treatment with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors - patients experiencing significant diarrhea/constipation, mucus discharge, and/or rectal bleeding should be investigated and, if pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is suspected, should discontinue therapy.[L31628]
|
Alpha-glucosidase enzymes are located in the brush-border of the intestinal mucosa and serve to metabolize oligo-, tri-, and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) into smaller monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose) which are more readily absorbed.[A37868] These work in conjunction with pancreatic alpha-amylase, an enzyme found in the intestinal lumen that hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides.[L31633]
Acarbose is a complex oligosaccharide that competitively and reversibly inhibits both pancreatic alpha-amylase and membrane-bound alpha-glucosidases - of the alpha-glucosidases, inhibitory potency appears to follow a rank order of glucoamylase > sucrase > maltase > isomaltase.[L31633] By preventing the metabolism and subsequent absorption of dietary carbohydrates, acarbose reduces postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels.
|
The oral bioavailability of acarbose is extremely minimal, with less than 1-2% of orally administered parent drug reaching the systemic circulation. Despite this, approximately 35% of the total radioactivity from a radiolabeled and orally administered dose of acarbose reaches the systemic circulation, with peak plasma radioactivity occurring 14-24 hours after dosing - this delay is likely reflective of metabolite absorption rather than absorption of the parent drug. As acarbose is intended to work within the gut, its minimal degree of oral bioavailability is therapeutically desirable.[L31628]
|
Acarbose is extensively metabolized within the gastrointestinal tract, primarily by intestinal bacteria and to a lesser extent by digestive enzymes, into at least 13 identified metabolites. Approximately 1/3 of these metabolites are absorbed into the circulation where they are subsequently renally excreted. The major metabolites appear to be methyl, sulfate, and glucuronide conjugates of 4-methylpyrogallol.[L31628]
Only one metabolite - resulting from the cleavage of a glucose molecule from acarbose - has been identified as having alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity.[L31628]
|
The symptoms of acarbose overdose are likely to be consistent with its adverse effect profile and may therefore include significant gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (flatulence, distension, etc), although an overdose on an empty stomach (i.e. when not co-administered with food) is less likely to result in these GI symptoms.[L31628] In the event of an overdose, patients should be instructed to avoid carbohydrate-containing foods for 4-6 hours following administration as these can precipitate the aforementioned GI symptoms.[L31628]
|
In healthy volunteers, the plasma elimination half-life of acarbose is approximately 2 hours.[L31628]
|
As only 1-2% of an orally administered dose is absorbed into the circulation, acarbose is unlikely to be subject to clinically relevant protein binding.[L31633]
|
Roughly half of an orally administered dose is excreted in the feces within 96 hours of administration.[L31633] What little drug material is absorbed into the systemic circulation (approximately 34% of an orally administered dose) is excreted primarily by the kidneys, suggesting renal excretion would be a significant route of elimination if the parent drug was more readily absorbed - this is further supported by data in which approximately 89% of an intravenously administered dose of acarbose was excreted in the urine as active drug (in comparison to <2% following oral administration) within 48 hours.[L31633]
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic oxygen compounds
|
Organooxygen compounds
|
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BF",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "Precose 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Precose 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.17",
"description": "Acarbose 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.28",
"description": "Precose 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "93.54",
"description": "Acarbose 100 25 mg tablet Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "100.71",
"description": "Acarbose 100 50 mg tablet Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "120.62",
"description": "Acarbose 100 100 mg tablet Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Glucobay 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.4",
"description": "Glucobay 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.88",
"description": "Acarbose 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.91",
"description": "Acarbose 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Acarbosa | Acarbose | Acarbosum | Alpha-1,4-glucosidase | MGA | MGAML | 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase | 3.2.1.1 | PA | 3.2.1.20 | Acid maltase | Aglucosidase alfa
|
[
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Acarbose",
"Glucobay",
"Glucobay",
"Mar-acarbose",
"Mar-acarbose",
"Mint-acarbose",
"Mint-acarbose",
"Precose",
"Precose",
"Precose",
"Precose",
"Precose",
"Precose",
"Precose",
"Precose",
"Precose"
] |
[
"Glucobay",
"Prandase",
"Precose"
] |
[] |
[
"O43451",
"P14410",
"P04746",
"P10253"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00285
|
Venlafaxine
|
Venlafaxine is an antidepressant and a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Its active metabolite, [desvenlafaxine], works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which are key neurotransmitters in mood regulation. Venlafaxine is officially approved to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in adults.[L43030] The immediate formulation of the drug, marketed as Effexor, was first approved by the FDA in 1993 and the extended-release formulation, Effexor XR, was later introduced in 1997.[A252065]
Venlafaxine has been used as a first-line treatment for MDD, GAD, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in Canada for many years. It was also considered a second-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).[A177226,A177235] Venlafaxine was also investigated in off-label uses for the prophylaxis of migraine headaches,[A413,A177229] for reduction of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause,[A177238] and for the management of neuropathic pain (although there is only minimal evidence of efficacy for this condition).[A177232]
|
solid
|
Venlafaxine is indicated for the management of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and panic disorder.[L43030]
|
Venlafaxine is an antidepressant agent that works to ameliorate the symptoms of various psychiatric disorders by increasing the level of neurotransmitters in the synapse. Venlafaxine does not mediate muscarinic, histaminergic, or adrenergic effects.[L43030]
|
The exact mechanism of action of venlafaxine in the treatment of various psychiatric conditions has not been fully elucidated; however, it is understood that venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) potently and selectively inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine at the presynaptic terminal.[A27600,A252065,L43030] This results in increased levels of neurotransmitters available at the synapse that can stimulate postsynaptic receptors.[A252075] It is suggested that venlafaxine has a 30-fold selectivity for serotonin compared to norepinephrine: venlafaxine initially inhibits serotonin reuptake at low doses, and with higher doses, it inhibits norepinephrine reuptake in addition to serotonin.[A252065,A252070] Venlafaxine and ODV are also weak inhibitors of dopamine reuptake.[L43030]
|
Venlafaxine is well absorbed after oral administration with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 45%. In mass balance studies, at least 92% of a single oral dose of venlafaxine was absorbed. After twice-daily oral administration of immediate-release formulation of 150 mg venlafaxine, C<sub>max</sub> was 150 ng/mL and T<sub>max</sub> was 5.5 hours. C<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>max</sub> of ODV were 260 ng/mL and nine hours, respectively. The extended-release formulation of venlafaxine has a slower rate of absorption, but the same extent of absorption as the immediate-release formulation. After once-daily administration of extended-release formulation of 75 mg venlafaxine, C<sub>max</sub> was 225 ng/mL and T<sub>max</sub> was two hours. C<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>max</sub> of ODV were 290 ng/mL and three hours, respectively.[L43030]
Food does not affect the bioavailability of venlafaxine or its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV).[L43030]
|
Following absorption, venlafaxine undergoes extensive presystemic metabolism in the liver. It primarily undergoes CYP2D6-mediated demethylation to form its active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV).[L43030] Venlafaxine can also undergo N-demethylation mediated by CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 to form N-desmethylvenlafaxine (NDV) but this is a minor metabolic pathway.[A14753] ODV and NDV further metabolized by CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A4 to form N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine (NODV) [A6998] and NODV can be further metabolized to form N, N, O-tridesmethylvenlafaxine, followed by a possible glucuronidation.[A19479]
|
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> was 350 mg/kg in female rats and 700 mg/kg in male rats.[L43025]
There are reports of acute overdosage with venlafaxine either alone or in combination with other drugs including alcohol. Doses up to several-fold higher than the usual therapeutic dose have been ingested in these cases of acute overdosage. Somnolence is the most commonly reported symptom, along with other symptoms such as paresthesia of the extremities, moderate dizziness, altered consciousness, nausea, vomiting, numb hands and feet, hot-cold spells (which occur a few days after the overdose event), hypotension, convulsions, sinus and ventricular tachycardia, rhabdomyolysis, vertigo, liver necrosis, electrocardiogram changes (e.g., prolongation of QT interval, bundle branch block, QRS prolongation), serotonin syndrome, and death.[L43030]
There is no known antidote for venlafaxine overdose. Cases of overdose have been managed with or without symptomatic treatment, hospitalization, and activated charcoal.[L43030]
Retrospective studies suggest that the risk of fatal outcomes from venlafaxine overdosage is higher than that of SSRI antidepressants, but lower than that of tricyclic antidepressants.[L43030]
|
The apparent elimination half-life is 5 ± 2 hours for venlafaxine and 11 ± 2 hours for ODV.[L43030]
|
Venlafaxine and ODV is 27% and 30% bound to plasma proteins, respectively.[L43030]
|
Approximately 87% of a venlafaxine dose is recovered in the urine within 48 hours as unchanged venlafaxine (5%), unconjugated ODV (29%), conjugated ODV (26%), or other minor inactive metabolites (27%).[L43030]
|
The apparent volume of distribution at steady-state is 7.5 ± 3.7 L/kg for venlafaxine and 5.7 ± 1.8 L/kg for ODV.[L43030]
|
Mean ± SD plasma apparent clearance at steady-state is 1.3 ± 0.6 L/h/kg for venlafaxine and 0.4 ± 0.2 L/h/kg for ODV.[L43030]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Phenol ethers
|
Anisoles
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N06AX",
"N06A",
"N06",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
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[
{
"approved": "1999-06-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-06-28",
"number": "5916923"
},
{
"approved": "2006-10-17",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-06-20",
"number": "2126305"
},
{
"approved": "2005-12-20",
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"expires": "2017-03-12",
"number": "2199778"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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Venlafaxina | Venlafaxine | Venlafaxinum | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | NAT1 | NET | NET1 | Norepinephrine transporter | SLC6A5 | Solute carrier family 6 member 2 | DA transporter | DAT | DAT1 | Solute carrier family 6 member 3 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter
|
[
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
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"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride ER",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride ER",
"Venlafaxine hydrochloride ER",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-release Capsules",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-release Capsules",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-release Capsules",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride, Extended Release",
"Venlafaxine Hydrochloride, Extended Release",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
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"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR",
"Venlafaxine XR"
] |
[
"Elafax"
] |
[] |
[
"P31645",
"P23975",
"Q01959"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P08684",
"P11712",
"P33261"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183",
"Q9UNQ0"
] |
DB06700
|
Desvenlafaxine
|
Desvenlafaxine (O-desmethylvenlafaxine) is the 0-demetyhlated active metabolite of [venlafaxine]. Like its parent drug, desvenlafaxine is also an antidepressant belonging to the class of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class.[A261266,A261266] It was approved by the FDA in 2008 for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder (MDD).[L6016,A261271]
MDD is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, with a lifetime prevalence estimate of 16% in the US alone and 12.8% in Europe. Although the exact mechanism of pathophysiology is still unknown, imbalances or deficiencies of monoamines have been heavily implicated, thus the rationale behind the use of SNRI to treat MDD.[A261271] Desvenlafaxine has a very similar pharmacological, efficacy, and safety profile as [venlafaxine]. The major difference is the potential for drug interaction since venlafaxine is mainly metabolized by CYP2D6 while desvenlafaxine is conjugated by UGT; therefore, desvenlafaxine is less likely to cause drug-drug interaction when taken with medications affecting the CYP2D6 pathway.[A261266]
|
solid
|
Desvenlafaxine is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults.[L47936] It has also been used off-label to treat hot flashes in menopausal women.[A261166]
|
Desvenlafaxine is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.[A6990,A6991,L47936] It lacks significant activity on muscarinic-cholinergic, H<sub>1</sub>-histaminergic, or α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors <i>in vitro</i>, or inhibitory activity against monoamine oxidase.[L47936] Desvenlafaxine does not appear to exert activity against calcium, chloride, potassium and sodium ion channels and also lacks monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity.[A6991] It was also shown to lack significant activity against the cardiac potassium channel, hERG, <i>in vitro</i>.[A36975]
Electrocardiograms were obtained from 1,492 desvenlafaxine treated patients with major depressive disorder and 984 placebo-treated patients in clinical studies lasting up to 8 weeks. No clinically relevant differences were observed between desvenlafaxine treated and placebo-treated patients for QT, QTc, PR, and QRS intervals. In a thorough QTc study with prospectively determined criteria, desvenlafaxine did not cause QT prolongation. No difference was observed between placebo and desvenlafaxine treatments for the QRS interval.[L47936]
|
The exact mechanism of the antidepressant action of desvenlafaxine is unknown but is thought to be related to the potentiation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system, through inhibition of their reuptake.[L47936] Particularly, desvenlafaxine has been found to inhibit the serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters with varying degrees of affinity. Desvenlafaxine inhibits serotonin transporters with 10 times the affinity of norepinephrine transporters, and dopamine transporters with the lowest affinity.[A6991]
|
The absolute oral bioavailability of desvenlafaxine after oral administration is about 80%.[L47936] The time to reach maximal concentration (T<sub>max</sub>) is estimated to be 7.5 hours after oral administration. The AUC in a 24 h dosing interval at steady state with a 100 mg dose was also calculated to be 6747 ng*h/mL, and the C<sub>max</sub> 376 ng/mL.[A261186] Ingestion of a high-fat meal (800 to 1000 calories) increased desvenlafaxine C<sub>max</sub> about 16% and had no effect on AUC.[L47936]
|
Desvenlafaxine is primarily metabolized by conjugation (mediated by UGT isoforms) and, to a minor extent, through oxidative metabolism.[L47936] O-glucuronide conjugation is likely be catalyzed by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT2B4, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17.[A261186] CYP3A4 and potentially CYP2C19 mediates the oxidative metabolism (N-demethylation) of desvenlafaxine to N,O-didesmethyl venlafaxine.[L47936,A261186] The CYP2D6 metabolic pathway is not involved. The pharmacokinetics of desvenlafaxine was similar in subjects with CYP2D6 poor and extensive
metabolizer phenotype.[L47936]
|
Published epidemiological studies of pregnant women exposed to the parent compound venlafaxine have not reported a clear association with major birth defects or miscarriage. Methodological limitations of these observational studies include possible exposure and outcome misclassification, lack of adequate controls, adjustment for confounders, and confirmatory studies; therefore, these studies cannot establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy.[L47936]
Retrospective cohort studies based on claims data have shown an association between venlafaxine use and preeclampsia, compared to depressed women who did not take an antidepressant during pregnancy. One study that assessed venlafaxine exposure in the second trimester or first half of the third trimester and preeclampsia showed an increased risk compared to unexposed depressed women (adjusted (adj) RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.91). Preeclampsia was observed at venlafaxine doses equal to or greater than 75 mg/day and a duration of treatment >30 days. Another study that assessed venlafaxine exposure in gestational weeks 10 to 20 and preeclampsia showed an increased risk at doses equal to or greater than 150 mg/day. Available data are limited by possible outcome misclassification and possible confounding due to depression severity and other confounders.[L47936]
Retrospective cohort studies based on claims data have suggested an association between venlafaxine use near the time of delivery or through delivery and postpartum hemorrhage. One study showed an increased risk for postpartum hemorrhage when venlafaxine exposure occurred through delivery, compared to unexposed depressed women (adj RR 2.24, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.97). There was no increased risk in women who were exposed to venlafaxine earlier in pregnancy. Limitations of this study include possible confounding due to depression severity and other confounders. Another study showed an increased risk for postpartum hemorrhage when SNRI exposure occurred for at least 15 days in the last month of pregnancy or through delivery, compared to unexposed women (adj RR 1.64 to 1.76). The results of this study may be confounded by the effects of depression. Neonates exposed to SNRIs or SSRIs, late in the third trimester have developed complications requiring prolonged hospitalization, respiratory support, and tube feeding. Such complications can arise immediately upon delivery. Reported clinical findings have included respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnea, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, tremor, jitteriness, irritability, and constant crying. These features are consistent with either a direct toxic effect of SSRIs and SNRIs or, possibly, a drug discontinuation syndrome. It should be noted that, in some cases, the clinical picture is consistent with serotonin syndrome.[L47936]
Antidepressants, such as desvenlafaxine, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in pediatric patient.[L47936]
Of the 4,158 patients in pre-marketing clinical studies with desvenlafaxine, 6% were 65 years of age or older. No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed between these patients and younger patients; however, in the short-term placebo-controlled studies, there was a higher incidence of systolic orthostatic hypotension in patients ≥65 years of age compared to patients <65 years of age treated with desvenlafaxine. For elderly patients, possible reduced renal clearance of desvenlafaxine should be considered when determining dose. SSRIs and SNRIs, including desvenlafaxine, have been associated with cases of clinically significant hyponatremia in elderly patients, who may be at greater risk for this adverse event.[L47936]
There is limited clinical trial experience with desvenlafaxine succinate overdosage in humans. However, desvenlafaxine is the major active metabolite of venlafaxine. Overdose experience reported with venlafaxine (the parent drug of desvenlafaxine) is presented below; the identical information can be found in the Overdosage section of the venlafaxine package insert. In
post-marketing experience, overdose with venlafaxine (the parent drug of desvenlafaxine) has occurred predominantly in combination with alcohol and/or other drugs. The most commonly reported events in overdosage include tachycardia, changes in level of consciousness (ranging from somnolence to coma), mydriasis, seizures, and vomiting. Electrocardiogram changes (e.g., prolongation of QT interval, bundle branch block, QRS prolongation), sinus and ventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, rhabdomyolysis, vertigo, liver necrosis, serotonin syndrome, and death have been reported. Published retrospective studies report that venlafaxine overdosage may be associated with an increased risk of fatal outcomes compared to that observed with SSRI antidepressant products, but lower than that for tricyclic antidepressants. Epidemiological studies have shown that venlafaxine-treated patients have a higher pre-existing burden of suicide risk factors than SSRI-treated patients. The extent to which the finding of an increased risk of fatal outcomes can be attributed to the toxicity of venlafaxine in overdosage, as opposed to some characteristic(s) of venlafaxine-treated patients, is not clear.[L47936]
No specific antidotes for desvenlafaxine are known. In managing over dosage, consider the possibility of multiple drug involvement. In case of overdose, call Poison Control Center at
1-800-222-1222 for latest recommendations.[L47936]
Desvenlafaxine succinate administered by oral gavage to mice and rats for 2 years did not increase the incidence of tumors in either study. Mice received desvenlafaxine succinate at dosages up to 500/300 mg/kg/day (dosage lowered after 45 weeks of dosing). The AUC exposure at 300 mg/kg/day dose is estimated at 10 times the AUC exposure at an adult human dose of 100 mg per day. Rats received desvenlafaxine succinate at dosages up to 300 mg/kg/day (males) or 500 mg/kg/day (females). The AUC exposure at the highest dose is estimated at 11 (males) or 26 (females) times the AUC exposure at an adult human dose of 100 mg per day.[L47936]
Desvenlafaxine was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial mutation assay (Ames test) and was not clastogenic in an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in cultured CHO cells, an in
vivo mouse micronucleus assay, or an in vivo chromosome aberration assay in rats. Additionally, desvenlafaxine was not genotoxic in the in vitro CHO mammalian cell forward mutation assay and was negative in the in vitro BALB/c-3T3 mouse embryo cell transformation assay.[L47936]
When desvenlafaxine succinate was administered orally to male and female rats, fertility was reduced at the high dose of 300 mg/kg/day, which is 10 (males) and 19 (females) times the AUC exposure at an adult human dose of 100 mg per day. There was no effect on fertility at 100 mg/kg/day, which is 3 (males) or 5 (females) times the AUC exposure at an adult human dose of 100 mg per day. These studies did not address reversibility of the effect on fertility. The relevance of these findings to humans is not known.[L47936]
|
The mean terminal half-life is 11.1 hours and may be prolonged in patients with renal and/or moderate to severe hepatic impairment.[A6991]
|
The plasma protein binding of desvenlafaxine is 30% and is independent of drug concentration.[L47936]
|
Desvenlafaxine is mainly excreted in the urine.[A6991] Approximately 45% of desvenlafaxine is excreted unchanged in urine at 72 hours after oral administration. Approximately 19% of the administered dose is excreted as the glucuronide metabolite and <5% as the oxidative metabolite (N,O-didesmethyl venlafaxine) in urine.[L47936]
|
The steady-state volume of distribution of desvenlafaxine is 3.4 L/kg.[L47936]
|
Following the administration of 100 mg of desvenlafaxine in healthy subjects from 18 to 45 years of age, the renal clearance was calculated to be 222 ± 82 mL/min.[L47961]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic oxygen compounds
|
Organooxygen compounds
|
Alcohols and polyols
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N06AX",
"N06A",
"N06",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "4.31",
"description": "Pristiq 50 mg extended-release tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.46",
"description": "Pristiq 100 mg extended-release tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2009-05-26",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2022-02-11",
"number": "2436668"
},
{
"approved": "2004-01-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-03-01",
"number": "6673838"
},
{
"approved": "2012-09-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-07-05",
"number": "8269040"
}
] |
Desvenlafaxina | Desvenlafaxine | O-desmethylvenlafaxine | ODV | NAT1 | NET | NET1 | Norepinephrine transporter | SLC6A5 | Solute carrier family 6 member 2 | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | DA transporter | DAT | DAT1 | Solute carrier family 6 member 3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1 | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-C | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 3 | UDPGT 1-3 | UGT-1C | UGT1 | UGT1-03 | UGT1.3 | UGT1*3 | UGT1A3 | UGT1C | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG25 | Hyodeoxycholic acid-specific UDPGT | UDPGT 2B4 | UDPGTh-1 | UGT2B11 | UGT2B4 | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B8 | UDPGT 2B15 | UDPGT 2B8 | UDPGTh-3 | UGT2B15 | UGT2B8 | 2.4.1.17 | C19-steroid-specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferase | C19-steroid-specific UDPGT | UDPGT 2B17 | UGT2B17 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Ag-desvenlafaxine",
"Ag-desvenlafaxine",
"Apo-desvenlafaxine",
"Apo-desvenlafaxine",
"Apo-desvenlafaxine Extended-release Tablets",
"Apo-desvenlafaxine Extended-release Tablets",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine",
"Desvenlafaxine ER",
"Desvenlafaxine ER",
"Desvenlafaxine Extended-release",
"Desvenlafaxine Extended-release",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Desvenlafaxine Succinate",
"Gd-desvenlafaxine",
"Gd-desvenlafaxine",
"Intelli-desvenlafaxine",
"Intelli-desvenlafaxine",
"Jamp Desvenlafaxine",
"Jamp Desvenlafaxine",
"KHEDEZLA Extended-release",
"KHEDEZLA Extended-release",
"KHEDEZLA Extended-release",
"KHEDEZLA Extended-release",
"Pristiq",
"Pristiq",
"Pristiq Extended Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pristiq Extended-Release",
"Pro-desvenlafaxine",
"Pro-desvenlafaxine",
"Sandoz Desvenlafaxine",
"Sandoz Desvenlafaxine",
"Taro-desvenlafaxine",
"Taro-desvenlafaxine",
"Teva-desvenlafaxine",
"Teva-desvenlafaxine"
] |
[
"Khedezla",
"Zyven-OD"
] |
[] |
[
"P23975",
"P31645",
"Q01959"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P10635",
"P22309",
"P35503",
"P06133",
"P54855",
"O75795",
"P33261"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00286
|
Conjugated estrogens
|
The conjugated estrogens are noncrystalline mixtures of purified female sex hormones obtained either by its isolation from the urine of pregnant mares or by synthetic generation from vegetal material. Both of these products are later conjugated to natrium sulfate by ester bonds in order to make them more water soluble.[L5605, T475]
The conjugated estrogen product contains a mix of estrogen from which about 50% is represented by estrone sulfate followed by 25% of equilin sulfate, 15% of 17-alpha-dehydroequilenin sulfate, 3% of equilenin sulfate, 5% of 17-alpha and 17-beta-dihydroequilenin sulfate, 2% of 17-alpha-estradiolsulfate and 3% of 17-beta-estradiolsulfate. It also presents a large number of unidentified molecules with weak estrogenic activity as well as non-human molecules when it is obtained from pregnant mares urine.[T475]
The conjugated estrogen mixture was approved for marketing in US in 1942 based on the efficacy against certain conditions. However, until 1986 official clinical trials were performed and this product was determined to be effective for the treatment of osteoporosis.[T484] The currently approved product of conjugated estrogens was developed by Wyeth Ayerst and FDA approved in 2003.[L5608]
|
solid
|
The conjugated estrogens are indicated for several different conditions including:
- Treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms due to menopause.
- Treatment of moderate to severe symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy due to menopause.
- Treatment of hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration or primary ovarian failure.
- Palliative treatment of breast cancer in appropriately selected patients with metastatic disease.
- Palliative treatment of androgen-dependent carcinoma of the prostate.
- Preventive therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis.[A38238]
|
The binding of estrogens to the estrogen receptor produces the activation of nuclear receptors in order to bind to estrogen response elements in certain target genes. This mechanistic cascade results in histone acetylation, alteration of chromatin conformation and the initiation of transcription of certain specific drugs.[L5605]
In preclinical studies, the conjugated estrogens are known to have a similar estrogenic potency than estrone and the equilin components of the conjugated estrogens have similar potency in the liver when compared to bioidentical estradiol.[A35765] It has also been tested and confirmed that conjugated estrogens present a selective estrogen receptor modulator profile which allows it to have a large beneficial effect on the bone and cardiovascular system.[A175597]
Clinically, the administration of conjugated estrogens is known to promote vasomotor stability, maintain genitourinary function, and normal growth and development of female sex hormones. It has also been shown to prevent accelerated bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption and restoring the balance of bone resorption. In the hormonal area, it is shown to inhibit luteinizing hormone and decrease the serum concentration of testosterone.[T147]
|
The conjugated estrogens, equally to the normal physiological estrogen, work by agonistically binding to the estrogen receptors alpha and beta. The estrogen receptors vary in quantity and proportion according to the tissues and hence, the activity of this conjugated estrogens is very variable.[A38238]
The activity made by the conjugated estrogens is driven by the increase in the synthesis of DNA, RNA and various proteins in responsive tissues which in order will reduce the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone.[T147]
The specific mechanism of action cannot be described only in terms of total estrogenic action as the pharmacokinetic profile, the tissue specificity and the tissue metabolism is different for each component of the product.[T475]
|
The conjugated estrogens are well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and the maximum plasma concentration of the conjugated estrogens is reached after 7 hours depending on the estrone component.[A175552] The maximal plasma concentration of conjugated estrogens after multiple doses of 0.45 mg is reported to be of 2.6 ng/ml with an AUC in the steady state of 35 ng.h/ml.[A38238] Unconjugated estrogens are known to be cleared from the circulation at a faster rate than their ester forms.[A175594]
|
The conjugated estrogens are metabolized by a number of different pathways. One of the metabolic pathways of the conjugated estrogens is driven by the action of the cytochrome isoenzyme CYP3A4.[A175552] On the other hand, the conjugated estrogens can also be processed by a dynamic equilibrium of metabolic interconversion and sulfate conjugation. Some of the principal metabolic reactions of the conjugated estrogens are driven by the conversion of 17beta-estradiol to estrone and the further change to estriol. A portion of the administered conjugated estrogens will remain in the blood as sulfate conjugates which serve as a circulating reservoir for the generation of new estrogens.[A38238]
In the endometrium, equilin is metabolized to 2-hydroxy and 4-hydroxy equilin as well as 2-hydroxy and 4-hydroxy estradiol. This hydroxylation process is very large in various of the components of the conjugated estrogens and hence, the major metabolites in urine are known to be 17-ketosteroid-16-alpha-hydroxy estrone, 16-alpha-hydroxy-17-beta-dihydro equilin and 16-alpha-hydroxy-17-beta-dihydroequilenin.[A175594]
|
The reported oral LD50 in the rat is of more than 5000 mg/kg.[F3895] Serious overdosage symptoms have not been reported. There have been only reports of nausea, vomiting, and withdrawal in bleeding in females.[FDA label]
Long-term continuous administration of estrogens is correlated to increased risk on the incidence of carcinomas of the breast, uterus, cervix, vagina, testis, and liver.[FDA label]
|
The median half-life of the conjugated estrogens is reported to be of 17 hours.[A175552]
|
Conjugated estrogens are bound to plasma proteins and this bound state can represent around 50-80% of the administered dose.[T147] It circulates in the blood mainly bound to sex-hormone binding globulin and albumin.[A38238]
|
The conjugated estrogens are eliminated mainly in the urine.[A175552] In this renal elimination, it is possible to find 17 beta-estradiol, estrone, estriol, as well as the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of the estrogens.[A38238]
|
The physiological distribution of estrogens in the body is very similar to what is seen in endogenous estrogens and hence, it is widely distributed.[A38238] The conjugated estrogens are mainly found in the sex hormone target organs.[L5632]
|
The reported normal clearance rate for estrogens is of approximately 615 L/m2.[A175633]
| null | null | null | null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"G03CA",
"G03C",
"G03",
"G",
"G03CC",
"G03C",
"G03",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.42",
"description": "Premarin 0.3 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.42",
"description": "Premarin 0.625 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.42",
"description": "Premarin 1.25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.82",
"description": "Premarin 2.5 mg Tabs",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.83",
"description": "Premarin 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.97",
"description": "Premarin 0.45 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.97",
"description": "Premarin 0.9 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.34",
"description": "Prempro 0.3 mg-1.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.34",
"description": "Prempro 0.45-1.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.34",
"description": "Prempro 0.625-2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.34",
"description": "Prempro 0.625-5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.07",
"description": "Premarin vaginal cream-appl",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "69.99",
"description": "Premphase 28 0.625-5 mg tablet Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "107.54",
"description": "Premarin 25 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "134.05",
"description": "Premarin 0.625 mg/gm Cream 42.5 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "0.11",
"description": "C.E.S. 0.625 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Premarin 0.625 mg/g Cream",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1999-06-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-07-26",
"number": "5908638"
},
{
"approved": "1996-08-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-01-17",
"number": "5547948"
},
{
"approved": "1999-12-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-04-04",
"number": "5998402"
},
{
"approved": "2002-11-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-05-06",
"number": "6479535"
},
{
"approved": "2006-11-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-04-04",
"number": "7138392"
},
{
"approved": "2010-03-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-03-10",
"number": "7683051"
},
{
"approved": "2014-08-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-05-06",
"number": "8815934"
}
] |
Conjugated equine estrogens | Conjugated estrogens | Estrogens, Conjugated | Estrogens,conjugated | ER-beta | ESTRB | NR3A2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 2 | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 2.1.1.6 | Serpin A7 | T4-binding globulin | TBG | ABP | SBP | Sex steroid-binding protein | SHBG | TeBG | Testis-specific androgen-binding protein | Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin | Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 | CMOAT2 | MLP2 | MOAT-D | MRP3 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter D | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MOAT-B | MOATB | MRP/cMOAT-related ABC transporter | MRP4 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter B | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3 | Cell growth-inhibiting gene 29 protein | Na(+)/bile acid cotransporter | Na(+)/taurocholate transport protein | NTCP | SLC10A1 | Sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide | Solute carrier family 10 member 1 | OAT5 | Organic anion transporter 5 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | OAT-RP-5 | OATP-14 | OATP-F | OATP-RP5 | OATP14 | OATP1C1 | OATPF | Organic anion transporter 1C1 | Organic anion transporter F | Organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 5 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 14 | SLC21A14 | Solute carrier family 21 member 14 | Thyroxine transporter | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6 | KIAA0880 | OATP-B | OATP-RP2 | OATP2B1 | OATPB | OATPRP2 | Organic anion transporter B | Organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 2 | Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 | SLC21A9 | Solute carrier family 21 member 9 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | OST-alpha | OSTA | Solute carrier family 51 subunit alpha | OST-beta | OSTB | Solute carrier family 51 subunit beta | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | Colon organic anion transporter | OATP-E | OATP-RP1 | OATP1 | OATP4A1 | OATPE | OATPRP1 | Organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 1 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide E | POAT | SLC21A12 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter E | Solute carrier family 21 member 12 | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MRP8 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 8 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 2 | LST-2 | LST2 | OATP-8 | OATP1B3 | OATP8 | Organic anion transporter 8 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 8 | SLC21A8 | Solute carrier family 21 member 8 | OAT4 | Organic anion transporter 4 | Organic anion:dicarboxylate exchanger OAT4 | OATP-D | OATP-RP3 | OATP3A1 | OATPD | OATPRP3 | Organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 3 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide D | PGE1 transporter | SLC21A11 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter D | Solute carrier family 21 member 11 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter
|
[
"Apo-conest Tab 0.3mg",
"Apo-conest Tab 0.625mg",
"Apo-conest Tab 0.9mg",
"Apo-conest Tab 1.25mg",
"Apo-conest Tab 2.5mg",
"C.E.S.",
"C.E.S. Tablets",
"C.E.S. Tablets",
"C.E.S. Tablets",
"Congest",
"Congest",
"Congest",
"Congest",
"Congest",
"Duavee",
"Duavee",
"Duavee",
"Duavive",
"Duavive",
"Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone",
"Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone",
"PMS-conjugated Estrogens C.S.D.",
"PMS-conjugated Estrogens C.S.D.",
"PMS-conjugated Estrogens C.S.D.",
"PMS-conjugated Estrogens C.S.D.",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin",
"Premarin Crm 0.625mg/gm",
"Premarin Inj 25mg/5ml",
"Premarin Intravenous",
"Premarin Tablets 0.3mg",
"Premarin Tablets 0.625mg",
"Premarin Tablets 0.9mg",
"Premarin Tablets 1.25mg",
"Premarin Tablets 2.5mg",
"Premarin Tablets 2.5mg",
"Premarin Vaginal",
"Premarin Vaginal",
"Premarin Vaginal",
"Premarin Vaginal Cream",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Premplus",
"Premplus",
"Premplus Cycle",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Truemed Group LLC"
] |
[] |
[
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Duavee",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone",
"Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Duavee",
"Duavee",
"Prempro",
"Premplus Cycle",
"Premplus",
"Premplus",
"Duavive",
"Duavive"
] |
[
"Q92731",
"P03372"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P05177",
"P21964"
] |
[
"P05543",
"P04278",
"P02768"
] |
[
"O15438",
"O15439",
"P33527",
"P46721",
"Q14973",
"Q63ZE4",
"Q8TCC7",
"Q9NYB5",
"Q9Y6L6",
"O94956",
"P08183",
"Q4U2R8",
"Q86UW1",
"Q86UW2",
"Q92887",
"Q96BD0",
"Q96J66",
"Q9NPD5",
"Q9NSA0",
"Q9UIG8",
"Q9UNQ0"
] |
DB00287
|
Travoprost
|
Travoprost is a synthetic isopropyl ester prodrug of a prostaglandin F2alpha (F2α) analogue and selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist. It is used to decrease intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.[L49434] Unlike other prostaglandin analogues, travoprost demonstrates full agonism and high selectivity at the prostanoid receptor, reporting a higher efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure and a reduced risk for developing off-target side effects.[A262904]
|
liquid
|
Travoprost is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.[L49434, L49429, L49515] It is also used in pediatric patients aged two months to less than 18 years.[L5146]
|
Travoprost demonstrates preferential affinity and full agonist activity for the prostaglandin FP receptor in the nanomolar range.[A262914] Travoprost shows no significant affinity for other prostanoid or non-prostanoid receptors.[A262904]
Travoprost-induced reduction of intraocular pressure is observed about two hours after administration, and the maximum effect is reached after 12 hours. Significant lowering of intraocular pressure can be maintained for periods exceeding 24 hours with a single dose.[L5146]
|
Travoprost is a prodrug. Upon administration, travoprost is absorbed through the cornea and hydrolyzed to its active metabolite, travoprost free acid. The ester moiety of the free acid allows for enhanced penetration into the aqueous humour.[A262899] While the exact mechanism of travoprost is largely unknown, it is believed to be related to its full agonist activity for the prostaglandin FP receptor.[L49434] By binding to the FP receptor, travoprost free acid increases the outflow of aqueous humour via the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathways, thereby reducing the intraocular pressure.[A262899, L5146, L49434]
|
Following ophthalmic administration, travoprost is absorbed through the cornea. In many patients in multiple-dose pharmacokinetic studies, the plasma concentrations of the free acid were below 0.01 ng/mL, which was the quantitation limit of the assay. In these studies, the mean plasma C<sub>max</sub> of travoprost free acid was 0.018 ± 0.007 ng/mL (ranging from 0.01 to 0.052 ng/mL), and the T<sub>max</sub> was about 30 minutes.[L49434]
|
Travoprost, an isopropyl ester prodrug, is hydrolyzed by esterases in the cornea to its biologically active free acid. Systemically, travoprost free acid is metabolized to inactive metabolites via beta-oxidation of the α (carboxylic acid) chain to give the 1,2-dinor and 1,2,3,4-tetranor analogs, via oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl moiety, as well as via reduction of the 13, 14 double bond.[L5146, L49434]
|
No cases of overdose have been reported for travoprost, as overdose from topical or ophthalmic administration is not likely to occur. Overdose from topical administration should be responded to with flushing of the eyes with lukewarm water. Treatment of an oral overdose should be symptomatic and supportive.[L5146]
|
The terminal elimination half-life of travoprost free acid was estimated from fourteen subjects and ranged from 17 minutes to 86 minutes with the mean half-life of 45 minutes.[L49434]
|
No information is available.
|
The elimination of travoprost free acid from plasma is rapid. The levels of travoprost free acid were generally below the limit of quantification within one hour after dosing. Less than 2% of the topical ocular dose of travoprost was excreted in the urine within 4 hours as the travoprost free acid.[L49434]
|
No information is available.
|
No information is available.
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Fatty Acyls
|
Eicosanoids
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"S01EE",
"S01E",
"S01",
"S"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "12.18",
"description": "Travatan 0.004 % Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "12.18",
"description": "Travatan Z 0.004 % Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "36.7",
"description": "Travatan z 0.004% eye drop",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "45.87",
"description": "Travatan 0.004% eye drop",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "95.41",
"description": "Travatan 0.004% Solution 2.5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "95.41",
"description": "Travatan Z 0.004% Solution 2.5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "190.82",
"description": "Travatan 0.004% Solution 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "190.82",
"description": "Travatan Z 0.004% Solution 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1997-05-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2014-12-22",
"number": "5631287"
},
{
"approved": "2003-01-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-05-06",
"number": "6503497"
},
{
"approved": "2003-04-29",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2015-12-19",
"number": "2181172"
},
{
"approved": "2002-05-14",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-08-02",
"number": "2129287"
},
{
"approved": "2012-09-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-10-13",
"number": "8268299"
},
{
"approved": "2012-12-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-09-20",
"number": "8323630"
},
{
"approved": "2013-03-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-09-20",
"number": "8388941"
},
{
"approved": "2015-09-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-03-13",
"number": "9144561"
},
{
"approved": "2014-05-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-10-10",
"number": "8722735"
},
{
"approved": "2012-05-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-10-10",
"number": "8178582"
},
{
"approved": "2014-06-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-05-19",
"number": "8754123"
},
{
"approved": "2010-10-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-10-17",
"number": "11426306"
},
{
"approved": "2010-10-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-10-17",
"number": "10206813"
}
] |
(1R-(1.ALPHA.(Z),2.BETA.(1E,3R*),3.ALPHA.,5.ALPHA.))-7-(3,5-DIHYDROXY-2-(3-HYDROXY-4-(3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOXY)-1-BUTENYL)CYCLOPENTYL)-5-HEPTENOIC ACID, 1-METHYLETHYL ESTER | ISOPROPYL (Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-DIHYDROXY-2-((1E,3R)-3-HYDROXY-4-((.ALPHA.,.ALPHA.,.ALPHA.-TRIFLUORO-M-TOLYL)OXY)-1-BUTENYL)CYCLOPENTYL)-5-HEPTENOATE | isopropyl (Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-{(1E,3R)-3-hydroxy-4-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)oxy]-1-butenyl}cyclopentyl)-5-heptenoate | OTX-TP | Travoprost | TRAVOPROST COMPONENT OF DUOTRAV | Travoprostum | PGF receptor | PGF2-alpha receptor | Prostanoid FP receptor
|
[
"Apo-travoprost",
"Apo-travoprost Z",
"Apo-travoprost-timolol Pq",
"Apo-travoprost-timop Pq",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav Pq",
"Izba",
"Izba",
"Izba",
"Izba",
"Jamp Travoprost Z",
"Mylan-travoprost Z",
"PMS-travoprost Z",
"Sandoz Travoprost",
"Sandoz Travoprost / Timolol Pq",
"Teva-travoprost Z Ophthalmic Solution",
"Travatan",
"Travatan",
"Travatan",
"Travatan",
"Travatan",
"Travatan",
"Travatan Z",
"Travatan Z",
"Travatan Z",
"Travatan Z",
"Travatan Z",
"Travatan Z",
"Travoprost",
"Travoprost",
"Travoprost",
"Travoprost",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution 0.004%",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution USP, 0.004% Travoprost",
"Travoprost Ophthalmic Solution, 0.004%"
] |
[
"Travo-Z"
] |
[
"Sandoz Travoprost / Timolol Pq",
"Apo-travoprost-timop Pq",
"Duotrav Pq",
"Apo-travoprost-timolol Pq",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav",
"Duotrav"
] |
[
"P43088"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00288
|
Amcinonide
|
Amcinonide is a corticosteroid.
|
solid
|
For the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.
|
Amcinonide is a topical corticosteroid. The topical corticosteroids constitute a class of primarily synthetic steroids used as anti-inflammatory and antipruritic agents. Amcinonide reduces or inhibits the actions of chemicals in the body that cause inflammation, redness, and swelling. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of the topical corticosteroids is unclear. Various laboratory methods, including vasoconstrictor assays, are used to compare and predict potencies and/or clinical efficacies of the topical corticosteroids. There is some evidence to suggest that a recognizable correlation exists between vasoconstrictor potency and therapeutic efficacy in man. When in an ointment form, amcinonide also helps the skin maintain moisture.
|
The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of the topical steroids, in general, is unclear. However, corticosteroids are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Amcinonide has affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor. It has weak affinity for the progesterone receptor, and virtually no affinity for the mineralocorticoid, estrogen, or androgen receptors.
|
Topical corticosteroids can be absorbed from normal intact skin. Inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin increase percutaneous absorption.
|
Once absorbed through the skin, topical corticosteroids are handled through pharmacokinetic pathways similar to systemically administered corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are metabolized primarily in the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys.
|
Results from acute toxicity studies do not indicate that any risk of acute intoxication is to be expected following a single dermal application of an overdose (application over a large area under conditions favorable to absorption) or inadvertent oral ingestion.
| null | null |
Corticosteroids are metabolized primarily in the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys.
Some of the topical corticosteroids and their metabolites are also excreted into the bile.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Pregnane steroids
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"D07AC",
"D07A",
"D07",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.68",
"description": "Amcinonide 0.1% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "20.99",
"description": "Amcinonide 0.1% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "28.71",
"description": "Amcinonide 0.1% Cream 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "84.29",
"description": "Amcinonide 0.1% Cream 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "84.29",
"description": "Amcinonide 0.1% Ointment 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Ratio-Amcinonide 0.1 % Lotion",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Ratio-Amcinonide 0.1 % Cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Taro-Amcinonide 0.1 % Cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Ratio-Amcinonide 0.1 % Ointment",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Cyclocort 0.1 % Lotion",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Cyclocort 0.1 % Cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Cyclocort 0.1 % Ointment",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
Amcinónida | Amcinonide | Amcinonidum | Triamcinolonacetatcyclopentanonid | ERR-alpha | ERR1 | ESRL1 | Estrogen receptor-like 1 | Estrogen-related receptor alpha | NR3B1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 1 | ERR beta-2 | ERR-beta | ERRB2 | ESRL2 | Estrogen receptor-like 2 | Estrogen-related receptor beta | NR3B2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 2 | ERR gamma-2 | ERR3 | ERRG2 | Estrogen receptor-related protein 3 | KIAA0832 | NR3B3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 3 | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | Annexin I | Annexin-1 | ANX1 | Calpactin II | Calpactin-2 | Chromobindin-9 | Lipocortin I | LPC1 | p35 | Phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3
|
[
"Amcinonide",
"Amcinonide",
"Amcinonide",
"Amcinonide",
"Amcinonide",
"Amcinonide",
"Amcinonide",
"Amcinonide",
"Cyclocort",
"Cyclocort",
"Cyclocort",
"Cyclocort",
"Cyclocort Crm 0.1%",
"Cyclocort Lot 0.1%",
"Cyclocort Ont 0.1%",
"Ratio-amcinonide",
"Ratio-amcinonide",
"Ratio-amcinonide",
"Taro-amcinonide",
"Taro-amcinonide"
] |
[
"Mycoderm",
"Penticort",
"Visderm"
] |
[] |
[
"P11474",
"O95718",
"P62508",
"P04150",
"P04083"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P20815"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00289
|
Atomoxetine
|
Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Also known as the marketed product Strattera, atomoxetine is used with other treatment modalities (psychological, educational, cognitive behaviour therapy, etc) to improve developmentally inappropriate symptoms associated with ADHD including distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and impulsivity. Although the underlying pathophysiology that causes ADHD remains unclear, evidence suggests that dysregulation in noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways plays a critical role in suboptimal executive functioning within prefrontal regions of the brain, which are involved in attention and memory.[A178090] Atomoxetine has been shown to specifically increase NA and DA within the prefrontal cortex, but not in the nucleus accumbens (NA) or striatum.[A18262] This is beneficial in the treatment of ADHD as DA activation in the subcortical NA and striatum is associated with many stimulant-associated side effects and an increase in abuse potential, which is a limiting factor associated with the use of stimulant medications such as [DB00422], [DB01576], and [DB01255].[A18262] Use of non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine is therefore thought to offer a clinical advantage over the use of traditional medications for the management of ADHD. More recently, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that atomoxetine also binds to the serotonin transporter (SERT),[A178111] and blocks the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor,[A18263] indicating a role for the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD.
Long-acting formulations of psychostimulants (such as [DB00422], [DB01576], and [DB01255]) are typically considered the most effective and first-line treatment for ADHD in adults and children as recommended by CADDRA (Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance).[L6037] However, these stimulant medications are limited by dose-related side effects and concerns of abuse. Many contain a blackbox warning stating that CNS stimulants, including methylphenidate-containing products and amphetamines, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. In particular, increased dopamine in key areas caused by these stimulant medications is associated with their reinforcing and addictive properties, and even amplifies the potency and reinforcing effects of other drugs of abuse such as amphetamines, making ADHD sufferers more susceptible to their addictive effects.[A177556] Concerns about abuse potential have spurred research into medications with fewer effects on DA and the use of non-stimulant ADHD medications including atomoxetine, [DB00745] and [DB01018]. The non-stimulant norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor [DB01156] (commonly used for the treatment of depression and for smoking cessation) has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of ADHD.[A178099]
|
solid
|
Atomoxetine is indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults.
|
Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Atomoxetine has been shown to specifically increase norepinephrine and dopamine within the prefrontal cortex, which results in improved ADHD symptoms.[A18262, A18262, F4639]
Due to atomoxetine's noradrenergic activity, it also has effects on the cardiovascular system such as increased blood pressure and tachycardia.[T244] Sudden deaths, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in patients taking atomoxetine at usual doses for ADHD. Atomoxetine should be used with caution in patients whose underlying medical conditions could be worsened by increases in blood pressure or heart rate such as certain patients with hypertension, tachycardia, or cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. It should not be used in patients with severe cardiac or vascular disorders whose condition would be expected to deteriorate if they experienced clinically important increases in blood pressure or heart rate. Although the role of atomoxetine in these cases is unknown, consideration should be given to not treating patients with clinically significant cardiac abnormalities. Patients who develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease during atomoxetine treatment should undergo a prompt cardiac evaluation.[F4639]
In general, particular care should be taken in treating ADHD in patients with comorbid bipolar disorder because of concern for possible induction of a mixed/manic episode in patients at risk for bipolar disorder. Treatment emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without a prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by atomoxetine at usual doses. If such symptoms occur, consideration should be given to a possible causal role of atomoxetine, and discontinuation of treatment should be considered.[F4639]
Atomoxetine capsules increased the risk of suicidal ideation in short-term studies in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). All pediatric patients being treated with atomoxetine should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, and unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial few months of a course of drug therapy, or at times of dose changes, either increases or decreases.[F4639]
Postmarketing reports indicate that atomoxetine can cause severe liver injury. Although no evidence of liver injury was detected in clinical trials of about 6000 patients, there have been rare cases of clinically significant liver injury that were considered probably or possibly related to atomoxetine use in postmarketing experience. Rare cases of liver failure have also been reported, including a case that resulted in a liver transplant. Atomoxetine should be discontinued in patients with jaundice or laboratory evidence of liver injury, and should not be restarted. Laboratory testing to determine liver enzyme levels should be done upon the first symptom or sign of liver dysfunction (e.g., pruritus, dark urine, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, or unexplained “flu like” symptoms).[F4639]
|
Atomoxetine is known to be a potent and selective inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter (NET),[A175723] which prevents cellular reuptake of norepinephrine throughout the brain, which is thought to improve the symptoms of ADHD. More recently, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that atomoxetine also binds to the serotonin transporter (SERT),[A178111] and blocks the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor,[A18263] indicating a role for the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD.
|
The pharmacokinetic profile of atomoxetine is highly dependent on cytochrome P450 2D6 genetic polymorphisms of the individual.[A175669] A large fraction of the population (up to 10% of Caucasians and 2% of people of African descent and 1% of Asians) are poor metabolizers (PMs) of CYP2D6 metabolized drugs. These individuals have reduced activity in this pathway resulting in 10-fold higher AUCs, 5-fold higher peak plasma concentrations, and slower elimination (plasma half-life of 21.6 hours) of atomoxetine compared with people with normal CYP2D6 activity.
Atomoxetine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with absolute bioavailability of about 63% in extensive metabolizers (EMs) and 94% in poor metabolizers (PMs). Mean maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) are reached approximately 1 to 2 hours after dosing with a maximal concentration of 350 ng/ml with an AUC of 2 mcg.h/ml.[A175669]
|
Atomoxetine undergoes biotransformation primarily through the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzymatic pathway. People with reduced activity in the CYP2D6 pathway (also known as poor metabolizers or PMs) have higher plasma concentrations of atomoxetine compared with people with normal activity (also known as extensive metabolizers, or EMs). For PMs, the AUC of atomoxetine at steady-state is approximately 10-fold higher and Cmax is about 5-fold greater than for EMs.
The major oxidative metabolite formed regardless of CYP2D6 status is 4-hydroxy-atomoxetine, which is rapidly glucuronidated. 4-Hydroxyatomoxetine is equipotent to atomoxetine as an inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter, but circulates in plasma at much lower concentrations (1% of atomoxetine concentration in EMs and 0.1% of atomoxetine concentration in PMs).
In individuals that lack CYP2D6 activity, 4-hydroxyatomoxetine is still the primary metabolite, but is formed by several other cytochrome P450 enzymes and at a slower rate. Another minor metabolite, N-Desmethyl-atomoxetine is formed by CYP2C19 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes, but has much less pharmacological activity than atomoxetine and lower plasma concentrations (5% of atomoxetine concentration in EMs and 45% of atomoxetine concentration in PMs).[F4639]
|
There is limited clinical trial experience with atomoxetine overdose. During postmarketing, there have been fatalities reported involving a mixed ingestion overdose of atomoxetine capsules and at least one other drug. There have been no reports of death involving overdose of atomoxetine capsules alone, including intentional overdoses at amounts up to 1400 mg. In some cases of overdose involving atomoxetine, seizures have been reported. The most commonly reported symptoms accompanying acute and chronic overdoses of atomoxetine capsules were gastrointestinal symptoms, somnolence, dizziness, tremor, and abnormal behavior. Hyperactivity and agitation have also been reported. Signs and symptoms consistent with mild to moderate sympathetic nervous system activation (e.g., tachycardia, blood pressure increased, mydriasis, dry mouth) have also been observed. Most events were mild to moderate. Less commonly, there have been reports of QT prolongation and mental changes, including disorientation and hallucinations. If symptoms of overdose are suspected, a Certified Poison Control Center should be consulted for up to date guidance and advice. Because atomoxetine is highly protein-bound, dialysis is not likely to be useful in the treatment of overdose.[F4639]
|
The reported half-life depends on the CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms of the individual and can range from 3 to 5.6 hours.[A175669]
|
At therapeutic concentrations, 98.7% of plasma atomoxetine is bound to protein, with 97.5% of that being bound to albumin, followed by alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and immunoglobulin G.[A175669]
|
Atomoxetine is excreted primarily as 4-hydroxyatomoxetine-O-glucuronide, mainly in the urine (greater than 80% of the dose) and to a lesser extent in the feces (less than 17% of the dose). Only a small fraction (less than 3%) of the atomoxetine dose is excreted as unchanged atomoxetine, indicating extensive biotransformation.[F4639]
|
The reported volume of distribution of oral atomoxetine was 1.6-2.6 L/kg. The steady-state volume of distribution of intravenous atomoxetine was approximately 0.85 L/kg.[A175669]
|
The clearance rate of atomoxetine depends the CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms of the individual and can range of 0.27-0.67 L.h/kg.[A175669]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Phenol ethers
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N06BA",
"N06B",
"N06",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "5.84",
"description": "Strattera 10 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.85",
"description": "Strattera 25 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.03",
"description": "Strattera 18 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.43",
"description": "Strattera 40 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.43",
"description": "Strattera 60 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.83",
"description": "Strattera 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.94",
"description": "Strattera 80 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2002-10-01",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2016-01-04",
"number": "2209735"
},
{
"approved": "1997-08-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-05-26",
"number": "5658590"
}
] |
(-)-Tomoxetine | Atomoxetina | Atomoxetine | Tomoxetina | Tomoxetine | Tomoxetinum | NAT1 | NET | NET1 | Norepinephrine transporter | SLC6A5 | Solute carrier family 6 member 2 | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | GluN1 | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 | hNR1 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 | NMD-R1 | NMDAR1 | GluN2A | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 | hNR2A | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2A | NMDAR2A | NR2A | GluN2B | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 | hNR3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3 | NMDAR2B | NR2B | NR3 | GluN2C | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2C | NMDAR2C | NR2C | EB11 | GluN2D | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2D | NMDAR2D | NR2D | GluN3A | KIAA1973 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3A | NMDAR-L | NMDAR3A | NR3A | GluN3B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3B | NMDAR3B | NR3B | GIRK-1 | GIRK1 | Inward rectifier K(+) channel Kir3.1 | Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 3 | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | Fc-gamma RI | Fc-gamma RIA | FCG1 | FcgammaRIa | FCGR1 | FcRI | IGFR1 | IgG Fc receptor I
|
[
"Ag-atomoxetine",
"Ag-atomoxetine",
"Ag-atomoxetine",
"Ag-atomoxetine",
"Ag-atomoxetine",
"Ag-atomoxetine",
"Ag-atomoxetine",
"Apo-atomoxetine",
"Apo-atomoxetine",
"Apo-atomoxetine",
"Apo-atomoxetine",
"Apo-atomoxetine",
"Apo-atomoxetine",
"Apo-atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride",
"Auro-atomoxetine",
"Auro-atomoxetine",
"Auro-atomoxetine",
"Auro-atomoxetine",
"Auro-atomoxetine",
"Auro-atomoxetine",
"Auro-atomoxetine",
"Dom-atomoxetine",
"Dom-atomoxetine",
"Dom-atomoxetine",
"Dom-atomoxetine",
"Dom-atomoxetine",
"Jamp Atomoxetine",
"Jamp Atomoxetine",
"Jamp Atomoxetine",
"Jamp Atomoxetine",
"Jamp Atomoxetine",
"Jamp Atomoxetine",
"Jamp Atomoxetine",
"Mylan-atomoxetine",
"Mylan-atomoxetine",
"Mylan-atomoxetine",
"Mylan-atomoxetine",
"Mylan-atomoxetine",
"Mylan-atomoxetine",
"PMS-atomoxetine",
"PMS-atomoxetine",
"PMS-atomoxetine",
"PMS-atomoxetine",
"PMS-atomoxetine",
"PMS-atomoxetine",
"PMS-atomoxetine",
"Ratio-atomoxetine",
"Ratio-atomoxetine",
"Ratio-atomoxetine",
"Ratio-atomoxetine",
"Ratio-atomoxetine",
"Riva-atomoxetine",
"Riva-atomoxetine",
"Riva-atomoxetine",
"Riva-atomoxetine",
"Riva-atomoxetine",
"Riva-atomoxetine",
"Riva-atomoxetine",
"Sandoz Atomoxetine",
"Sandoz Atomoxetine",
"Sandoz Atomoxetine",
"Sandoz Atomoxetine",
"Sandoz Atomoxetine",
"Sandoz Atomoxetine",
"Sandoz Atomoxetine",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Teva-atomoxetine",
"Teva-atomoxetine",
"Teva-atomoxetine",
"Teva-atomoxetine",
"Teva-atomoxetine",
"Teva-atomoxetine",
"Teva-atomoxetine"
] |
[
"Tomoxetin"
] |
[
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera",
"Strattera"
] |
[
"P23975",
"P31645",
"Q05586",
"Q12879",
"Q13224",
"Q14957",
"O15399",
"Q8TCU5",
"O60391",
"P48549",
"P41145"
] |
[
"P33261",
"P10635"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763",
"P19652",
"P12314"
] |
[] |
DB00290
|
Bleomycin
|
A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from <i>Streptomyces verticillus</i> consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2 (B2 CAS # 9060-10-0). It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. Bleomycin A2 is used as the representative structure for Bleomycin.
|
solid
|
For palliative treatment in the management malignant neoplasm (trachea, bronchus, lung), squamous cell carcinoma, and lymphomas.
|
Bleomycin is an antibiotic which has been shown to have antitumor activity. Bleomycin selectively inhibits the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The guanine and cytosine content correlates with the degree of mitomycin-induced cross-linking. At high concentrations of the drug, cellular RNA and protein synthesis are also suppressed. Bleomycin has been shown <i>in vitro</i> to inhibit B cell, T cell, and macrophage proliferation and impair antigen presentation, as well as the secretion of interferon gamma, TNFa, and IL-2. The antibiotic antitumor drugs are cell cycle-nonspecific except for Bleomycin (which has major effects in G2 and M phases).
|
Although the exact mechanism of action of bleomycin is unknown, available evidence would seem to indicate that the main mode of action is the inhibition of DNA synthesis with some evidence of lesser inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. As evident in _in vitro_ studies, the DNA-cleaving actions of bleomycin is dependent on oxygen and metal ions. It is believed that bleomycin chelates metal ions (primarily iron) producing a pseudoenzyme that reacts with oxygen to produce superoxide and hydroxide free radicals that cleave DNA.
|
Systemic absorption is approximately 45%.
|
Hepatic
|
Excessive exposure may cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, mental, confusion, and wheezing. Bleomycin may cause irritation to eyes, skin and respiratory tract. It may also cause a darkening or thickening of the skin. It may cause an allergic reaction.
|
115 minutes
|
1%
|
It was reported that patients with moderately severe renal failure excreted less than 20% of the dose in the urine.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Peptidomimetics
|
Hybrid peptides
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01DC",
"L01D",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "81.6",
"description": "Bleomycin sulfate 15 unit vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "120.0",
"description": "Bleomycin sulfate 30 unit vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "292.42",
"description": "Blenoxane 15 unit vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "584.83",
"description": "Blenoxane 30 unit vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[] |
Bleocin | Bleomicin | Bleomicina | Bleomycin | Bleomycine | Bleomycinum | 6.5.1.1 | DNA ligase I | Polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase [ATP] 1 | 6.5.1.1 | DNA ligase III | Polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase [ATP] 3 | 3.4.22.40 | BH | BLM hydrolase | BMH
|
[
"Blenoxane",
"Blenoxane",
"Blenoxane Pws 15unit",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin",
"Bleomycin for Injection",
"Bleomycin for Injection USP",
"Bleomycin for Injection USP"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P18858",
"P49916"
] |
[
"Q13867"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00291
|
Chlorambucil
|
A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic agent for the treatment of various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)
|
solid
|
For treatment of chronic lymphatic (lymphocytic) leukemia, childhood minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, and malignant lymphomas including lymphosarcoma, giant follicular lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia.
|
Chlorambucil is an antineoplastic in the class of alkylating agents that is used to treat various forms of cancer. Alkylating agents are so named because of their ability to add alkyl groups to many electronegative groups under conditions present in cells. They stop tumor growth by cross-linking guanine bases in DNA double-helix strands - directly attacking DNA. This makes the strands unable to uncoil and separate. As this is necessary in DNA replication, the cells can no longer divide. In addition, these drugs add methyl or other alkyl groups onto molecules where they do not belong which in turn inhibits their correct utilization by base pairing and causes a miscoding of DNA. Alkylating agents are cell cycle-nonspecific. Alkylating agents work by three different mechanisms all of which achieve the same end result - disruption of DNA function and cell death.
|
Alkylating agents work by three different mechanisms: 1) attachment of alkyl groups to DNA bases, resulting in the DNA being fragmented by repair enzymes in their attempts to replace the alkylated bases, preventing DNA synthesis and RNA transcription from the affected DNA, 2) DNA damage via the formation of cross-links (bonds between atoms in the DNA) which prevents DNA from being separated for synthesis or transcription, and 3) the induction of mispairing of the nucleotides leading to mutations.
| null | null | null |
1.5 hours
|
99%
|
Chlorambucil is extensively metabolized in the liver primarily to phenylacetic acid mustard. The pharmacokinetic data suggests that oral chlorambucil undergoes rapid gastrointestinal absorption and plasma clearance and that it is almost completely metabolized, having extremely low urinary excretion.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic nitrogen compounds
|
Organonitrogen compounds
|
Nitrogen mustard compounds
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"L01AA",
"L01A",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.92",
"description": "Leukeran 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
4-(p-bis(beta-chloroethyl)aminophenyl)butyric acid | 4-(p-bis(β-chloroethyl)aminophenyl)butyric acid | 4-[p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyric acid | Ambochlorin | Chlorambucil | Chloraminophen | Clorambucilo | gamma-[p-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]butyric acid | N,N-di-2-chloroethyl-gamma-p-aminophenylbutyric acid | N,N-di-2-chloroethyl-γ-p-aminophenylbutyric acid | Phenylbutyric acid nitrogen mustard | γ-[p-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]butyric acid | 2.5.1.18 | FAEES3 | GST class-pi | GST3 | GSTP1-1 | 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate peroxidase | 2.5.1.18 | Androst-5-ene-3,17-dione isomerase | GST class-alpha member 1 | GST HA subunit 1 | GST-epsilon | GSTA1-1 | GTH1 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-alpha member 2 | GST HA subunit 2 | GST-gamma | GST2 | GSTA2-2 | GTH2 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 1 | GST HB subunit 4 | GST1 | GSTM1-1 | GSTM1a-1a | GSTM1b-1b | GTH4 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 2 | GST4 | GSTM2-2 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 3 | GST5 | GSTM3-3 | hGSTM3-3 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 4 | GST-Mu2 | GSTM4-4 | Leukotriene C4 synthase GSTM4 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 5 | GSTM5-5 | 2.5.1.18 | FAEES3 | GST class-pi | GST3 | GSTP1-1 | 2.5.1.18 | Glutathione transferase T1-1 | GST class-theta-1 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-theta-2 | 2.5.1.18 | Glutathione S-transferase theta-2 | GST class-theta-2 | GSTT2 | 5.3.99.2 | Glutathione S-transferase | Glutathione-dependent PGD synthase | Glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D synthase | GST class-sigma | GSTS | H-PGDS | PGDS | Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase | PTGDS2 | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3
|
[
"Leukeran",
"Leukeran",
"Leukeran",
"Leukeran",
"Leukeran",
"Leukeran"
] |
[
"Celkeran",
"Chloraminophène"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P09211",
"P08263",
"P09210",
"P09488",
"P28161",
"P21266",
"Q03013",
"P46439",
"P09211",
"P30711",
"P0CG29",
"P0CG30",
"O60760"
] |
[] |
[
"P46721"
] |
DB00292
|
Etomidate
|
Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.
|
solid
|
Used in the induction of general anesthesia.
|
Etomidate is a non-barbiturate hypnotic that acts at the level of the reticular-activating system to produce anesthesia. Etomidate is an imidazole compound that appears to depress CNS function via GABA. Duration of action is intermediate between thiopental and methohexital, and recovery from a single dose is rapid with little residual depression. Like the barbiturates and propofol, etomidate is does not induce analgesia. Etomidate induces unconsciousness within one circulation time. Recovery is rapid as a result of extensive redistribution and rapid metabolism.
|
Etomidate binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl<sup>-</sup> ionopore at the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl<sup>-</sup> ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.
| null |
Hepatic. Metabolized rapidly by ester hydrolysis to inactive metabolites.
|
Undesirable side effects of etomidate that may limit its use include pain on injection, myoclonus and adrenocortical suppression lasting 4-6 hours following an induction dose.
|
75 minutes.
|
76%, primarily to serum albumin.
|
Approximately 75% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine during the first day after injection.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Azoles
|
Imidazoles
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N01AX",
"N01A",
"N01",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.18",
"description": "Etomidate 2 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.19",
"description": "Amidate 2 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.55",
"description": "Amidate 2 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
(+)-ethyl 1-(α-methylbenzyl)imidazole-5-carboxylate | (+)-etomidate | (R)-(+)-1-(α-methylbenzyl)imidazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester | (R)-1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester | 3-((R)-1-Phenyl-ethyl)-3H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester | Etomidate | Etomidato | Etomidatum | R-(+)-ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | ADRA2L1 | ADRA2RL1 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2 | Alpha-2B adrenoceptor | Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2BAR | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-1 | GABAAR subunit beta-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-2 | GABAAR subunit beta-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-3 | GABAAR subunit beta-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit delta | GABAAR subunit delta | GABA(A) receptor subunit epsilon | GABAAR subunit epsilon | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit pi | GABAAR subunit pi | GABA(A) receptor subunit theta | GABAAR subunit theta | CYP11B1 | CYPXIB1 | Cytochrome P-450c11 | Cytochrome P450C11 | S11BH | Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase, CYP11B1 | ALDOS | Aldosterone synthase | Aldosterone-synthesizing enzyme | Corticosterone 18-monooxygenase, CYP11B2 | CYPXIB2 | Cytochrome P-450Aldo | Cytochrome P-450C18 | Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase, CYP11B2 | Steroid 18-hydroxylase | Glucose transporter type 1, erythrocyte/brain | GLUT-1 | GLUT1 | HepG2 glucose transporter
|
[
"Amidate",
"Amidate",
"Amidate",
"Amidate",
"Amidate",
"Amidate",
"Amidate",
"Amidate(tm) Etomidate",
"Amidate(tm) Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate",
"Etomidate Injection USP",
"ETOMIDATE injection, solution",
"Etomidate Injection, USP",
"Tomvi"
] |
[
"Hypnomidate"
] |
[] |
[
"Q99928",
"P14867",
"P18089",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P18505",
"P47870",
"P28472",
"O14764",
"P78334",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928",
"O00591",
"Q9UN88"
] |
[
"P15538",
"P19099"
] |
[
"P11166"
] |
[] |
DB00293
|
Raltitrexed
|
Raltitrexed (brand name Tomudex®) is a chemotherapy drug manufactured AstraZeneca Company, is an antimetabolite used in chemotherapy. It is an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of malignant neoplasm of colon and rectum
|
Raltitrexed belongs to a group of medicines known as antimetabolites. It is used to treat cancer of the colon and rectum. It may also be used to treat other kinds of cancer, as determined by your doctor. Raltitrexed blocks an enzyme needed by the cell to live. This interferes with the growth of cancer cells, which are eventually destroyed. Since the growth of normal body cells may also be affected by raltitrexed, other effects will also occur. Some of these may be serious and must be reported to your doctor. Other effects, like hair loss, may not be serious but may cause concern.
|
Raltitrexed is an antineoplastic Agents and folic acid antagonists. Raltitrexed inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS) leading to DNA fragmentation and cell death. It is transported into cells via a reduced folate carrier. Inside the cell Raltitrexed is extensively polyglutamated, which enhances thymidylate synthase inhibitory power and duration. Inhibition of this enzyme results in decreased synthesis of thymidine triphosphate which is required for DNA synthesis.
| null |
Raltitrexed is transported into cells via a reduced folate carrier. Inside the cell it is extensively polyglutamated by the enzyme folyl polyglutamate synthetase to polyglutamate forms.
|
Side effects include pale skin, troubled breathing, unusual bleeding or bruising, unusual tiredness or weakness, black, tarry stools, chest pain, chills, cough, fever, painful or difficult urination, shortness of breath, sore throat, sores, ulcers, or white spots on lips or in mouth, swollen glands, increase in bowel movements, loose stools, soft stools.
|
198 hours
|
>93%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01BA",
"L01B",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Raltitrexed | 2.1.1.45 | CDC21 | TS | TSA1 | 2.1.1.45 | TS | TSase | 6.3.2.17 | Folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase | FPGS | Tetrahydrofolate synthase | Tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate synthase
|
[
"Tomudex"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P04818",
"Q05932"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00294
|
Etonogestrel
|
Etonogestrel molecule is a 3-ketodesogestrel or 19-nortestosterone which is a synthetic biologically active metabolite of progestin desogestrel.[A37184] The first product including etonogestrel was developed by the Merck subsidiary Organon and FDA approved in 2001.[L5692]
|
solid
|
Etonogestrel is administered in subdermal implants as long-acting reversible contraception. It is known to be effective in postpartum insertion including breastfeeding women.[A175990]
Etonogestrel is part of the long-acting contraceptive implants that prevent pregnancy. The implant's effect can remain for 5 years.[L5698]
|
Etonogestrel attains its therapeutic effect inhibiting fertility by impairing the release of the luteinizing hormone which is one of the most important reproductive hormones for ovulation. As well, etonogestrel is known to increase the viscosity of the cervical mucus hindering the passage of the spermatozoa and altering the lining in the uterus to prevent the implantation of the fertilized eggs in the endometrium.[L5695]
In clinical trials, etonogestrel was implanted and reported to avoid 100% of pregnancies over a three year period. When the implant was removed, normal periods were reinstalled within 90 days in 91% of the individuals. Fertility was established quickly with 20 reported pregnancies within 3 months of implant removal.[L5695]
The implants of etonogestrel release 40 mcg of etonogestrel daily and they usually provide a continuous contraception effect for 3 years. When the implant is administered, the failure rate is reported to be 0.1%. Some non-contraceptive effects are improved dysmenorrhea.[T502] All data of etonogestrel comes from patients between 80-130% of the body mass.
|
Etonogestrel binds with high affinity to the progesterone and estrogen receptors in the target organs.[L5695] From the target organs, they include the female reproductive tract, mammary gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Once bound, this drug changes the synthesis of different proteins which in order decreases the level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the luteinizing hormone.[L5701]
|
Vaginal administration of etonogestrel is known to be significantly absorbed through the vaginal epithelium but it does not increase the levels of etonogestrel in the urine. On the other hand, oral administration is absorbed in the GI tract and it goes through the first-pass metabolism.[A37184]
When etonogestrel is administered subdermally it is absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream and it presents a bioavailability of 82%.[T55] It is reported that the implant releases around 60 mcg per day in the first 3 months and then decreases steady reaching a concentration of 30 mcg at the end of year 2.[A175993]
|
Etonogestrel is highly metabolized in the liver by the action of the cytochrome isoenzyme 3A4 mainly by the presence of hydroxylation, sulfate conjugation and glucuronide conjugation reactions.[L5695]
|
The reported LD50 of oral etonogestrel in the rat is reported to be higher than 2000 mg/kg.[MSDS] Overdosage can only happen when more than one implant is inserted. In cases of overdose, removal of the implant is recommended.[FDA label]
There aren't reports relating etonogestrel with carcinogenesis, mutagenesis or impaired fertility.[FDA label]
|
The elimination half-life of etonogestrel is reported to be of 25 hours which indicates a reversible contraceptive effect.[L5695]
|
Etonogestrel is highly bound to plasma proteins being mainly albumin followed by sex-hormone binding globulin.[L5695] The protein bound form of the etonogestrel represents around 96-99% of the administered dose.[T55]
|
The elimination of etonogestrel and its metabolites is mainly done renally.[L5695]
|
The apparent volume of distribution of etonogestrel is of around 201 L.[A175993]
|
The clearance rate of etonogestrel is reported to be of 7.5 L/h.[A175993]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Estrane steroids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"G03AC",
"G03A",
"G03",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "714.34",
"description": "Implanon 68 mg implant",
"unit": "each"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1992-09-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-09-29",
"number": "5150718"
},
{
"approved": "1999-11-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-04-08",
"number": "5989581"
},
{
"approved": "2014-05-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-09-28",
"number": "8722037"
},
{
"approved": "2014-11-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-08-28",
"number": "8888745"
},
{
"approved": "2017-09-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-07-28",
"number": "9757552"
},
{
"approved": "2020-11-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-05-31",
"number": "10821277"
}
] |
3-Ketodesogestrel | 3-Oxodesogestrel | Etonogestrel | étonogestrel | Etonogestrelum | NR3C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 | PR | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ABP | SBP | Sex steroid-binding protein | SHBG | TeBG | Testis-specific androgen-binding protein | Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin | Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin
|
[
"EluRyng",
"EnilloRing",
"Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Vaginal",
"Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Vaginal Ring",
"Etonogestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Etonogestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Haloette",
"Haloette",
"Haloette",
"Implanon",
"Nexplanon",
"Nexplanon",
"Nexplanon",
"Nexplanon",
"NuvaRing",
"NuvaRing",
"Nuvaring",
"NuvaRing",
"NuvaRing",
"Nuvaring",
"Nuvaring"
] |
[] |
[
"NuvaRing",
"NuvaRing",
"Nuvaring",
"EluRyng",
"NuvaRing",
"Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Etonogestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol",
"NuvaRing",
"Nuvaring",
"Nuvaring",
"Haloette",
"Etonogestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Haloette",
"EnilloRing",
"Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Vaginal",
"Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Vaginal Ring",
"Haloette"
] |
[
"P06401"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P04278"
] |
[] |
DB00295
|
Morphine
|
Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805.[A176035] It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse.[A176050] Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as [codeine], [fentanyl], [methadone], [hydrocodone], [hydromorphone], [meperidine], and [oxycodone].
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.[L12114]
|
solid
|
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.[A176050]
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.[L5728]
|
Morphine binding to opioid receptors blocks transmission of nociceptive signals, signals pain-modulating neurons in the spinal cord, and inhibits primary afferent nociceptors to the dorsal horn sensory projection cells.[A176035]
Morphine has a time to onset of 6-30 minutes.[A176035] Excess consumption of morphine and other opioids can lead to changes in synaptic neuroplasticity, including changes in neuron density, changes at postsynaptic sites, and changes at dendritic terminals.[A176056]
Intravenous morphine's analgesic effect is sex dependent. The EC<sub>50</sub> in men is 76ng/mL and in women is 22ng/mL.[A176116]
Morphine-6-glucuronide is 22 times less potent than morphine in eliciting pupil constriction.[A176116]
|
Morphine-6-glucuronide is responsible for approximately 85% of the response observed by morphine administration.[A176059] Morphine and its metabolites act as agonists of the mu and kappa opioid receptors.[A176035] The mu-opioid receptor is integral to morphine's effects on the ventral tegmental area of the brain. Morphine's activation of the reward pathway is mediated by agonism of the delta-opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens,[A176050] while modification of the respiratory system and addiction disorder are mediated by agonism of the mu-opioid receptor.[A176056]
|
Morphine is absorbed in the alkaline environments of the upper intestine and rectal mucosa.[A176119] The bioavailability of morphine is 80-100%.[A176164] There is significant first-pass metabolism, therefore oral doses are 6 times larger than parenteral doses to achieve the same effect. Morphine reaches steady-state concentrations after 24-48 hours.[A176035] Parenteral morphine has a T<sub>max</sub> of 15 minutes and oral morphine has a T<sub>max</sub> of 90 minutes, with a C<sub>max</sub> of 283nmol/L.[A176122,A176164] The AUC of morphine is 225-290nmol\*h/L.[A176164]
|
Morphine is 90% metabolized by glucuronidation by UGT2B7 and sulfation at positions 3 and 6.[A176059] Morphine can also be metabolized to codeine, normorphine, and morphine ethereal sulfate.[A176119]
|
The LD<sub>50</sub> is 0.78µg/mL in males and 0.98µg/mL in females.[A176167]
Patients experiencing an overdose present with respiratory depression, somnolence, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, miosis, and mydriasis. Symptoms of overdose can progress to pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and death.[L12108] Treat overdose with symptomatic and supportive treatment which may include the use of oxygen, vasopressors, and naloxone.[L12108]
|
Morphine has a half life of 2-3 hours.[A176116]
|
Morphine is 35% protein bound, the metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide is 10% protein bound, and morphine-6-glucuronide is 15% protein bound.[A176059]
|
70-80% of an administered dose is excreted within 48 hours.[A176119] Morphine is predominantly eliminated in the urine with 2-10% of a dose recovered as the unchanged parent drug.[A176059] 7-10% of a dose of morphine is eliminated in the feces.[L12114]
|
The volume of distribution of morphine is 5.31L/kg.[A176119] Morphine-6-glucuronide has a volume of distribution of 3.61L/kg.[A176119]
|
The apparent clearance of intravenous or subcutaneous morphine is 1600 mL/min.[A176164]
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Morphinans
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"A07DA",
"A07D",
"A07",
"A",
"N02AA",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AA",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AG",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.0",
"description": "M-Eslon 60 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "Novo-Morphine Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.02",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.03",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate 15 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.12",
"description": "Morphine Lp Epidural 0.5 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.13",
"description": "Ms Contin 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Astramorph-pf 1 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Duramorph 0.5 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.35",
"description": "Kadian 50 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.56",
"description": "Morphine 8 mg/ml ampule",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.63",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate CR 30 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.66",
"description": "Novo-Morphine Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.66",
"description": "Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.75",
"description": "Statex 5 mg Suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "1.83",
"description": "Morph sulf 5 mg/0.25 ml vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "1.95",
"description": "Statex 10 mg Suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "1.98",
"description": "Ms Contin 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.13",
"description": "MS Contin 15 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.15",
"description": "M-Eslon 100 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.24",
"description": "Morphine Lp Epidural 1 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.32",
"description": "Statex 20 mg Suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "2.35",
"description": "Kadian 100 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.55",
"description": "Statex 30 mg Suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "2.9",
"description": "Morphine Hp 25 25 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.0",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate CR 60 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.02",
"description": "Ms Contin 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.09",
"description": "Novo-Morphine Sr 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.09",
"description": "Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.26",
"description": "MS Contin 30 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.58",
"description": "Ms contin 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.0",
"description": "Kadian 10 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.01",
"description": "Morphine Hp 50 50 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "4.05",
"description": "Kadian 10 mg capsule sr",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.09",
"description": "Ms contin cr 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.12",
"description": "Oramorph sr 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.3",
"description": "M-Eslon 200 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.33",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate CR 100 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.45",
"description": "Morphine sulf 5 mg suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "4.47",
"description": "AVINza 30 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.76",
"description": "Kadian 20 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.8",
"description": "Kadian 30 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.62",
"description": "Ms Contin 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.69",
"description": "Kadian er 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.71",
"description": "MS Contin 60 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.0",
"description": "Avinza 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.25",
"description": "Morphine sulf 10 mg suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "6.35",
"description": "Kadian er 10 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.71",
"description": "Morphine sulf 20 mg suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "6.83",
"description": "Oramorph sr 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.13",
"description": "Kadian er 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.71",
"description": "Kadian 50 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.8",
"description": "Infumorph 10 mg/ml ampul p-f",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "7.95",
"description": "Ms contin 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.36",
"description": "AVINza 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "8.44",
"description": "Morphine sulf 30 mg suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "8.89",
"description": "MS Contin 100 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.97",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate CR 200 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "9.06",
"description": "Kadian 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "10.22",
"description": "Avinza 45 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "10.61",
"description": "Morphine sulfate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "10.79",
"description": "Avinza 75 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "11.33",
"description": "AVINza 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "11.58",
"description": "Avinza 60 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "11.75",
"description": "Ms contin 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "11.76",
"description": "Kadian er 50 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "12.07",
"description": "Avinza 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "12.96",
"description": "Kadian 80 mg capsule sr",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "13.21",
"description": "AVINza 90 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "14.31",
"description": "Kadian er 60 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "16.25",
"description": "Kadian 100 mg capsule sr",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "16.32",
"description": "MS Contin 200 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "16.93",
"description": "Kadian 100 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "17.16",
"description": "Oramorph sr 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "17.56",
"description": "Avinza 90 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "17.99",
"description": "Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 240ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "18.66",
"description": "Kadian er 80 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "21.5",
"description": "Ms contin 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "21.76",
"description": "Oramorph sr 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "21.99",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/5ml Solution 100ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "22.99",
"description": "Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 30ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "23.01",
"description": "Kadian er 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "35.43",
"description": "Kadian er 200 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "38.55",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/5ml Solution 500ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "52.48",
"description": "Apokyn 30 mg/3 ml cartridge",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "65.05",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate 20 mg/5ml Solution 500ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "95.98",
"description": "Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 120ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "618.18",
"description": "Depodur 15 mg/1.5 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Ratio-Morphine 1 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "syrup"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Statex 1 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Ratio-Morphine 5 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "syrup"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Morphine 1 mg/ml-d5w 250 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "Statex 5 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Morphine 1 mg/ml-d5w 100 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Morphine-ns 150 mg/150 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.12",
"description": "M.O.S. Sulfate 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.12",
"description": "Statex 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.14",
"description": "Morphine-ns 55 mg/55 ml syr",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.14",
"description": "Ms.Ir 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Morphine-ns 5 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.19",
"description": "Ratio-Morphine 10 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "syrup"
},
{
"cost": "0.19",
"description": "M.O.S. Sulfate 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.19",
"description": "Statex 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.21",
"description": "Ms.Ir 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "M.O.S. Sulfate 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Statex 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.26",
"description": "Morphine-ns 25 mg/25 ml syr",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.3",
"description": "Morphine 15 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.32",
"description": "Morphine sulfate ir 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "M-Eslon 10 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Novo-Morphine Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Kadian 10 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "M-Eslon 15 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Ms.Ir 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.39",
"description": "M.O.S. Sulfate 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.39",
"description": "Statex 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.4",
"description": "Morphine sulf 1 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Morphine sulfate 25 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "Morphine 1 mg/ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "Morphine 10 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "Ms.Ir 30 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.51",
"description": "M.O.S.-Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Statex 20 mg/ml Drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.55",
"description": "Morphine 0.5 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.55",
"description": "Morphine sulfate 50 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.55",
"description": "Morphine sulfate ir 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.55",
"description": "Ratio-Morphine 20 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "syrup"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "M-Eslon 30 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.57",
"description": "Novo-Morphine Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.57",
"description": "Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.57",
"description": "Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Morphine-ns 1 mg/ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Morphine 1 mg/ml vial p-f",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Astramorph-pf 0.5 mg/ml amp",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.73",
"description": "Kadian 20 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.74",
"description": "Morphine 5 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Ms Contin 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.8",
"description": "Morphine-ns 5 mg/ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Morphine 50 mg/25 ml-d5w syr",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Morphine-ns 10 mg/ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.89",
"description": "M.O.S.-Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.91",
"description": "Duramorph 1 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.93",
"description": "Morphine Sulfate CR 15 mg 12 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.99",
"description": "Statex 50 mg/ml Drops",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1995-01-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2010-03-23",
"number": "5378474"
},
{
"approved": "2000-08-29",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-04-06",
"number": "2065210"
},
{
"approved": "1999-03-23",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-07-21",
"number": "2128591"
},
{
"approved": "2000-05-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-11-25",
"number": "6066339"
},
{
"approved": "1999-08-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-07-14",
"number": "5931809"
},
{
"approved": "1999-10-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-01-31",
"number": "5962016"
},
{
"approved": "2001-02-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-09-01",
"number": "6193998"
},
{
"approved": "1999-12-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-09-01",
"number": "5997899"
},
{
"approved": "2001-06-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-09-01",
"number": "6241999"
},
{
"approved": "1998-09-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-09-15",
"number": "5807572"
},
{
"approved": "1999-04-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-01-31",
"number": "5891467"
},
{
"approved": "2001-01-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-10-01",
"number": "6171613"
},
{
"approved": "2014-04-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-07-03",
"number": "8685443"
},
{
"approved": "2012-04-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-06-19",
"number": "8158156"
},
{
"approved": "2010-03-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-06-19",
"number": "7682633"
},
{
"approved": "2014-01-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-11-07",
"number": "8623418"
},
{
"approved": "2014-04-01",
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"number": "8685444"
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{
"approved": "2014-09-30",
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"number": "8846104"
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{
"approved": "2010-10-19",
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"number": "7815934"
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{
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"number": "7682634"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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}
] |
(−)-morphine | (5alpha,6alpha)-17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-3,6-diol | (5alpha,6alpha)-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol | (5R,6S,9R,13S,14R)-4,5-epoxy-N-methyl-7-morphinen-3,6-diol | (5α,6α)-17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-3,6-diol | (5α,6α)-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol | (7R,7AS,12bs)-3-methyl-2,3,4,4a,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methano[1]benzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol | Anhydrous morphine | Morfina | Morphia | Morphin | Morphine | Morphinum | Morphium | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | D-OR-1 | DOR-1 | OPRD | ESOP-1 | ESOP1 | Ly-96 | MD2 | Protein MD-2 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 2.4.1.17 | 3,4-catechol estrogen-specific UDPGT | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B9 | UDPGT 2B7 | UDPGT 2B9 | UDPGTh-2 | UGT2B7 | UGTB2B9 | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1 | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-H | UDPGT 1-8 | UGT-1H | UGT1 | UGT1-08 | UGT1.8 | UGT1*8 | UGT1A8 | UGT1H | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B8 | UDPGT 2B15 | UDPGT 2B8 | UDPGTh-3 | UGT2B15 | UGT2B8 | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG25 | Hyodeoxycholic acid-specific UDPGT | UDPGT 2B4 | UDPGTh-1 | UGT2B11 | UGT2B4 | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-C | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 3 | UDPGT 1-3 | UGT-1C | UGT1 | UGT1-03 | UGT1.3 | UGT1*3 | UGT1A3 | UGT1C | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Arymo ER",
"Arymo ER",
"Arymo ER",
"Astramorph",
"Astramorph",
"Astramorph",
"Astramorph",
"Astramorph",
"Astramorph",
"Astramorph PF",
"Astramorph PF",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Avinza",
"Bar-morphine SR",
"Bar-morphine SR",
"Bar-morphine SR",
"Bar-morphine SR",
"Bar-morphine SR",
"DepoDur",
"DepoDur",
"DepoDur",
"Doloral Sirop",
"Doloral Sirop",
"Duramorph",
"Duramorph",
"Duramorph",
"Duramorph",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Infumorph 200",
"Infumorph 200/Infumorph 500",
"Infumorph 200/Infumorph 500",
"Infumorph 500",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian",
"Kadian ER",
"M-ediat",
"M-ediat",
"M-ediat",
"M-ediat",
"M-eslon",
"M-eslon",
"M-eslon",
"M-eslon",
"M-eslon",
"M-eslon",
"M.O.S. 10 Syrup 10mg/ml",
"M.O.S. 10 Tablets 10mg",
"M.O.S. 20 Concentrate 20mg/ml",
"M.O.S. SR Tablets 30mg",
"M.O.S. SR Tablets 60mg",
"M.O.S. Sulphate 10mg Tab",
"M.O.S. Sulphate 25mg Tab",
"M.O.S. Sulphate 50mg Tab",
"M.O.S. Sulphate 5mg Tab",
"M.O.S. Syrup 1.0 mg/ml",
"M.O.S. Syrup 5mg/ml",
"M.O.S.- 10",
"M.O.S.- 20",
"M.O.S.- 30",
"M.O.S.-20 Tab 20mg",
"M.O.S.-40 Tab 40mg",
"M.O.S.-50 Concentrate Liq 50mg/ml",
"M.O.S.-60 Tab 60mg",
"Mitigo",
"Mitigo",
"MorphaBond",
"MorphaBond",
"MorphaBond",
"MorphaBond",
"MorphaBond ER",
"MorphaBond ER",
"MorphaBond ER",
"MorphaBond ER",
"Morphine Extra-forte",
"Morphine Forte",
"Morphine Hp 25 - 25mg/ml",
"Morphine Hp 50",
"Morphine Lp Epidural",
"Morphine Lp Epidural",
"Morphine SR",
"Morphine SR",
"Morphine SR",
"Morphine SR",
"Morphine SR",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate",
"Morphine Sulfate ER",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-Release",
"Morphine Sulfate Extended-release",
"Morphine Sulfate Inj 10mg/ml USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Inj 15mg/ml USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Inj 1mg/ml USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Inj 2mg/ml USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Inj 5mg/ml USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection BP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection BP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection Epidural",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection Epidural",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection Sdz",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection Sdz",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection Sdz",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection Sdz",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulfate Oral Solution",
"Morphine Sulfate Oral Solution",
"Morphine Sulfate Oral Solution CII",
"Morphine sulfate solution",
"Morphine Sulphate Inj 1mg/ml BP",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection 1mg/ml",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection 2mg/ml",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection 50mg/ml",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection B.P. 25mg/ml",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection B.P. 50mg/ml",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection Bp 2mg/ml",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection, USP",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection, USP Liq50mg/ml",
"Morphine Sulphate Injection,usp Liq 1.1mg/ml",
"Morphine-epd",
"Morphine-epd",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"Ms Contin",
"Ms Contin",
"Ms Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"MS Contin",
"Ms Contin CR",
"Ms Contin Suppositories - 100mg",
"Ms Contin Suppositories - 200mg",
"Ms Contin Suppositories - 30mg",
"Ms Contin Suppositories - 60mg",
"Ms Contin Tablets",
"Ms Contin XL Capsules",
"Ms Contin XL Capsules",
"Ms Contin XL Capsules",
"Ms Contin XL Capsules",
"Ms Contin XL Capsules",
"Ms Contin XL Capsules",
"Ms Ir Sup 10mg",
"Ms Ir Sup 20mg",
"Ms Ir Sup 30mg",
"Ms.ir",
"Ms.ir",
"Ms.ir",
"Ms.ir",
"Ntp-morphine SR",
"Ntp-morphine SR",
"Ntp-morphine SR",
"Ntp-morphine SR",
"Ntp-morphine SR",
"Opium",
"Opium Tincture",
"Opium Tincture Deodorized",
"Opium Tincture Deodorized",
"Opium Tincture Deodorized",
"Opium Tincture Deodorized",
"Opium Tincture Deodorized",
"Oramorph SR Sustained Release",
"Oramorph SR Sustained Release",
"Oramorph SR Sustained Release",
"Oramorph SR Sustained Release",
"Oramorph SR Tablets 100mg",
"Oramorph SR Tablets 30mg",
"Oramorph SR Tablets 60mg",
"Paregoric",
"Paregoric",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate Ir",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate Ir",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate Ir",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate Ir",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate SR 100 mg",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate SR 15 mg",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate SR 200 mg",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate SR 30 mg",
"PMS-morphine Sulfate SR 60 mg",
"Ratio-morphine",
"Ratio-morphine",
"Ratio-morphine",
"Ratio-morphine",
"Roxanol",
"Sandoz Morphine SR",
"Sandoz Morphine SR",
"Sandoz Morphine SR",
"Sandoz Morphine SR",
"Sandoz Morphine SR",
"Statex Dps 50mg/ml",
"Statex Drops 20mg/ml",
"Statex Suppositories 20mg",
"Statex Suppositories 30mg",
"Statex Suppositories 5mg",
"Statex Syrup 10mg/ml",
"Statex Syrup 1mg/ml",
"Statex Syrup 5mg/ml",
"Statex Tab 10mg",
"Statex Tab 5mg",
"Statex Tablet 25mg",
"Statex Tablets 50mg",
"Statex-suppositories 10mg",
"Teva-morphine SR",
"Teva-morphine SR",
"Teva-morphine SR",
"Teva-morphine SR",
"Teva-morphine SR",
"Zomorph",
"Zomorph",
"Zomorph",
"Zomorph",
"Zomorph"
] |
[
"Kapanol",
"MSIR",
"Oramorph"
] |
[
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda",
"Embeda"
] |
[
"P35372",
"P41145",
"P41143",
"Q9Y6Y9"
] |
[
"P10632",
"P08684",
"P16662",
"P22309",
"Q9HAW9",
"P54855",
"P06133",
"P35503"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00318
|
Codeine
|
The relief of pain (analgesia) is a primary goal for enhancing the quality of life of patients and for increasing the ability of patients to engage in day to day activities. Codeine, an opioid analgesic, was originally approved in the US in 1950 and is a drug used to decrease pain by increasing the threshold for pain without impairing consciousness or altering other sensory functions. Opiates such as codeine are derived from the poppy plant, _Papaver somniferum_ (Papaveraceae).[A175096]
Codeine is utilized as a central analgesic, sedative, hypnotic, antinociceptive, and antiperistaltic agent, and is also recommended in certain diseases with incessant coughing.[LABEL,A175096]
|
solid
|
Codeine sulfate is a form of this drug that is commonly used. It is available in tablet form [FDA label] and indicated for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain, where the use of an opioid analgesic is appropriate [FDA label].
The solution form is used by itself or combined in a syrup with other drugs and is used as a cough suppressant in adults aged 18 and above [L5521], [L5524].
|
**General effects**
Codeine is a weak narcotic pain reliever and cough suppressant that is similar to morphine and hydrocodone. A small amount of ingested codeine is converted to morphine in the body. Codeine increases tolerance to pain, reducing existing discomfort. In addition to decreasing pain, codeine also causes sedation, drowsiness, and respiratory depression [A175096].
**Antitussive activity**
This drug has shown antitussive activity in clinical trials [A175102] and has been effective in cough secondary to tuberculosis and insomnia due to coughing [A175096]. Codeine suppresses the cough reflex through a direct effect on the cough center in the medulla [F3658].
**Effects on intestinal motility**
Codeine may reduce intestinal motility through both a local and possibly central mechanism of action [F3661]. This may possibly lead to constipation [F3658]. The chronic use of opioids, including codeine sulfate, may lead to obstructive bowel disease, particularly in patients with underlying disorders of intestinal motility [FDA label].
**Effects on the central nervous system**
Codeine phosphate is an opioid analgesic with uses similar to those of morphine, but is much less potent as an analgesic. Its primary site of action is at the _mu_ opioid receptors distributed throughout the central nervous system. The sedative activities of codeine are less potent than those of morphine [F3658]. Codeine may cause respiratory system depression by the activation of μ-opioid receptors at specific sites in the central nervous system [A175108].
**Effects on blood pressure**
This drug poses an increased risk of compromised ability to maintain blood pressure due to peripheral vasodilation and other mechanisms [FDA label].
**Effects on chronic cancer pain and other types of pain**
Codeine is an opioid analgesic with similar indications to those of morphine, however, is much less potent in its pain alleviating properties. Its primary action takes place at the mu opioid receptors, which are distributed throughout the central nervous system. The average duration of action is about 4 hours [F3658].
Regular dosing of opioid analgesics such as codeine in patients with severe cancer pain has been well documented to improve symptoms [A175096], [A175105].
|
Although the exact mechanism of action of codeine is still unknown, it is generally thought to be mediated through the agonism of opioid receptors, particularly the mu-opioid receptors.[A175096] Morphine was previously postulated to contribute to the analgesic effect of codeine due to the O-demethylation of codeine to morphine by CYP2D6. Particularly, CYP2D6 poor metabolizer did not experience the analgesic effect of codeine.[A473,A261461] However, this is unlikely to be the main mechanism of action of codeine as only 5% of codeine is metabolized to morphine.[A473] Other hypotheses also postulate that codeine-6-glucuronide, the main metabolite of codeine, mediates the analgesic effect of codeine as it not only has an affinity to the mu receptors as codeine but also can be metabolized to morphine-6-glucuronide, which was observed to be more potent than morphine.[A474]
Binding to the mu receptors by codeine activates the G-proteins Gα<sub>i</sub>, causing a decrease in intracellular cAMP and Ca<sup>2+</sup> level.[A179533,A261466] This causes hyperpolarization of nociceptive neurons, thus imparing the transmission of pain signals.[A179533,A261466]
|
**Absorption**
Codeine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum plasma concentration occurs 60 minutes after administration [FDA label].
**Food Effects**
When 60 mg codeine sulfate was given 30 minutes post-ingestion of a high high-calorie meal, there was no significant change in the absorption of codeine [FDA label].
**Steady-state concentration**
The administration of 15 mg codeine sulfate every 4 hours for 5 days lead to steady-state concentrations of codeine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) within 48 hours [FDA label].
|
Approximately 70 to 80% of the ingested dose of codeine is metabolized in the liver by conjugation with glucuronic acid to _codeine-6 glucuronide_ (C6G) and by O-demethylation to _morphine_ (about 5-10%) and N-demethylation to _norcodeine_ (about 10%) respectively. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 and 2B4 are the major metabolic enzymes mediating the glucurodination of codeine to the metabolite, _codeine 6 glucuronide_.
Cytochrome P450 2D6 is the major enzyme responsible for the transformation of codeine to morphine and P450 3A4 is the main enzyme mediating the conversion of codeine to _norcodeine_. Morphine and norcodeine are then further metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid. The glucuronide metabolites of morphine are _morphine-3-glucuronide_ (M3G) and_ morphine-6-glucuronide _(M6G). Morphine and M6G have been proven to have analgesic activity in humans. The analgesic activity of C6G in humans is not known at this time. Norcodeine and M3G are generally not considered to have analgesic properties [FDA label].
|
**Oral LD50**: 427 mg kg-1 (rat) [MSDS].
**Overdose/toxicity**
Symptoms of opioid toxicity may include confusion, somnolence, shallow breathing, constricted pupils, nausea, vomiting, constipation and a lack of appetite. In severe cases, symptoms of circulatory and respiratory depression may ensue, which may be life-threatening or fatal [L5506], [FDA label].
**Teratogenic effects**
This drug is classified as a pregnancy Category C drug. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies completed in pregnant women. Codeine should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk of the drug to the fetus [FDA label].
Codeine has shown embryolethal and fetotoxic effects in the hamster, rat as well as mouse models at about 2-4 times the maximum recommended human dose [FDA label]. Maternally toxic doses that were about 7 times the maximum recommended human dose of 360 mg/day, were associated with evidence of bone resorption and incomplete bone ossification. Codeine did not demonstrate evidence of embrytoxicity or fetotoxicity in the rabbit model at doses up to 2 times the maximum recommended human dose of 360 mg/day based on a body surface area comparison [FDA label].
**Nonteratogenic effects**
Neonatal codeine withdrawal has been observed in infants born to addicted and non-addicted mothers who ingested codeine-containing medications in the days before delivery. Common symptoms of narcotic withdrawal include irritability, excessive crying, tremors, hyperreflexia, seizures, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and poor feeding. These signs may be observed shortly following birth and may require specific treatment [FDA label].
Codeine (30 mg/kg) given subcutaneously to pregnant rats during gestation and for 25 days after delivery increased the rate of neonatal mortality at birth. The dose given was 0.8 times the maximum recommended human dose of 360 mg/day [FDA label].
**The use in breastfeeding/nursing**
Codeine is secreted into human milk. The maternal use of codeine can potentially lead to serious adverse reactions, including death, in nursing infants [FDA label].
|
Plasma half-lives of codeine and its metabolites have been reported to be approximately 3 hours [FDA label].
|
7-25% bound to plasma proteins [FDA label].
|
About 90% of the total dose of codeine is excreted by the kidneys. Approximately 10% of the drug excreted by the kidneys is unchanged codeine [FDA label].
The majority of the excretion products can be found in the urine within 6 hours of ingestion, and 40-60 % of the codeine is excreted free or conjugated, approximately 5 to 15 percent as free and conjugated morphine, and approximately 10-20% free and conjugated norcodeine [F3658].
|
Apparent volume of distribution: about 3-6 L/kg, showing an extensive distribution of the drug into tissues [FDA label].
|
Renal clearance of codeine was 183 +/- 59 ml min-1 in a clinical study [A175099].
Renal impairment may decrease codeine clearance [LABEL].
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Morphinans
| null |
[
"approved",
"illicit"
] |
[
"N02AA",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"R05DA",
"R05D",
"R05",
"R",
"N02AA",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AJ",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AJ",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AJ",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.31",
"description": "Codeine Phosphate 30 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "8.25",
"description": "Codeine phosphate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Ratio-Codeine 5 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Ratio-Codeine 15 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.09",
"description": "Ratio-Codeine 30 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Codeine sulfate 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.49",
"description": "Codeine ph 15 mg/ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.54",
"description": "Codeine ph 30 mg/ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.76",
"description": "Codeine sulfate 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Codeine sulfate 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2011-11-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-03-29",
"number": "8062667"
},
{
"approved": "2014-07-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-03-15",
"number": "8790700"
},
{
"approved": "2015-06-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-01-03",
"number": "9066942"
},
{
"approved": "2002-05-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-04-06",
"number": "6383471"
},
{
"approved": "2001-06-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-11-23",
"number": "6248363"
},
{
"approved": "2015-08-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-01-03",
"number": "9107921"
}
] |
(−)-Codeine | (5alpha,6alpha)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-ol | 7,8-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6α-ol | Codein | Codeína | Codéine | Codeine anhydrous | Codeine polistirex | Codeinum | L-Codeine | Methylmorphine | morphine 3-methyl ether | Morphine monomethyl ether | morphine-3-methyl ether | O3-Methylmorphine | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | D-OR-1 | DOR-1 | OPRD | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 2.4.1.17 | 3,4-catechol estrogen-specific UDPGT | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B9 | UDPGT 2B7 | UDPGT 2B9 | UDPGTh-2 | UGT2B7 | UGTB2B9 | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG25 | Hyodeoxycholic acid-specific UDPGT | UDPGT 2B4 | UDPGTh-1 | UGT2B11 | UGT2B4 | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1
|
[
"(extra Strength) Acetaminophen, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate Caplets",
"222 Tablets",
"282 Mep Tab",
"282 Tab",
"282 Tablets",
"292 Tab",
"292 Tablets",
"A & C Tablets With Codeine 15mg",
"A & C Tablets With Codeine 30mg",
"A.C. & C 8mg Tab",
"A.C. & C. 8 mg",
"A.C. & C. 8mg",
"A.C.& C Tablets",
"Ac and C Tab 1/8gr",
"Ac&c Tablets",
"Ac&c Tablets",
"Acet 2",
"Acet 3",
"Acet Codeine 30",
"Acet Codeine 60",
"Acetaminophen 300mg, Caffeine & Codeine",
"Acetaminophen 325 C & C",
"Acetaminophen 325 Mg Caffeine and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen 325 Mg With 15 Mg Caffeine and 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen 500 Mg Compound Tablets With Codeine",
"Acetaminophen 500 Mg With 15 Mg Caffeine and 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen 500mg, Caffeine and 8mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"ACETAMINOPHEN AND CODEINe",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen Caffeine & 8mg Cod Phos Tab",
"Acetaminophen Caffeine & 8mg Cod. Phos. Tab",
"Acetaminophen Compound Tablets With Codeine 8mg",
"Acetaminophen Elixir With 8mg Codeine Phosphate Syrup",
"Acetaminophen W Codeine Tab",
"ACETAMINOPHEN with CODEINE",
"Acetaminophen with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen With Codeine - Caplet",
"Acetaminophen-caffeine-codeine",
"Acetaminophen, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & Codeine",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & Codeine",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & Codeine Tablets",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine and 8 Mg Of Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and 8mg Of Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Acetaminophene Codeine Et Cafeine Caplets",
"Acetaminophene Codeine Et Cafeine Fort",
"Acetazone Forte C8",
"Acetylsalicylic Acid, Caffeine & 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Acetylsalicylic Acid, Caffeine and 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Airacof",
"Ala-hist Ac",
"Ambenyl Cough Syrup",
"Anacin With Codeine Tab",
"Apo-acetaco #1",
"Asa-caffeine-codeine",
"Asa, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Ascomp with Codeine",
"Ascomp with Codeine",
"Ascomp with Codeine",
"Atasol 15",
"Atasol 30",
"Atasol 8",
"Axacet-C1/8",
"Axisal-C1/8",
"Balminil Codeine + Decongestant + Expectorant",
"Balminil Codeine Night Time + Expectorant",
"Benylin 2 Cold and Flu With Codeine",
"Benylin Codeine 3.3mg De Syr",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen and Caffeine with Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"BUTALBITAL, ASPIRIN, CAFFEINE and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"C T Acetylsalicylic Acid Codeine and Caf Tab",
"C-2 Buffered With Codeine",
"C2 Buffered With Codeine Tab",
"C2 Tab With Codeine",
"Calmylin",
"Calmylin Ace",
"Calmylin Codeine D-E Syr",
"Calmylin Pse With Codeine",
"CapCof",
"Capital and Codeine",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Cheracol Cough Syrup",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin DAC",
"Chlorpheniramine and Codeine",
"Coactifed",
"Coactifed",
"Coactifed",
"Cocet",
"Cocet Plus",
"Codar AR",
"Codar D",
"Codar GF",
"Codeine 15",
"Codeine 30",
"Codeine and Chlorpheniramine Maleate ER",
"Codeine Contin 100mg Controlled Release Tab",
"Codeine Contin 150mg Controlled Release Tab",
"Codeine Contin 200mg Controlled Release Tab",
"Codeine Contin 50mg Controlled Release Tab",
"Codeine Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Codeine Phosphate Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate Inj 30mg/ml",
"Codeine Phosphate Inj 60mg/ml",
"Codeine Phosphate Injection USP",
"Codeine Phosphate Syrup",
"Codeine Phosphate Syrup",
"Codeine Phosphate Tab 15mg",
"Codeine Phosphate Tab 30mg",
"Codeine Phosphate Tab 60mg",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine Sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine sulfate",
"Codeine Tab 15mg",
"Codeine Tab 30mg",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine-guaifenesin",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeprex Pennkinetic",
"Coditussin AC",
"Coditussin DAC",
"Codrix",
"Codrix",
"Codrix",
"Coryphen 325 Codeine 30 Tab",
"Coryphen 650 Codeine 30 Tab",
"Cotabs",
"Cotrifed",
"Cough and Allergy Syrup With Codeine",
"Cough Syr W Codeine Diphenhyd HCl & Ammon Cl",
"Cough Syr W.cod. Pseudoephed.hcl Guaifenesin",
"Cough Syrup",
"Cough Syrup With Codeine",
"Cough Syrup With Codeine",
"Cough Syrup With Codeine",
"Covan Syrup",
"Damylin Avec Codeine Sirop",
"Damylin With Codeine Syrup",
"Dex-Tuss",
"Dexphen w/ Codeine",
"Dimetane Expectorant C",
"Dimetane Expectorant-C Syr",
"Dimetapp-C",
"Dimetapp-C Syr",
"Empracet-30",
"Empracet-60",
"EndaCof C",
"EndaCof DC",
"EndaCof-C",
"Endal CD",
"Endal CD",
"Exdol 15tab",
"Exdol 30tab",
"Exdol 8 Tab",
"Exdol-15",
"Exdol-30",
"Exdol-8",
"ExeClear C",
"Fioricet with Codeine",
"Fioricet with Codeine",
"Fioricet with Codeine",
"Fiorinal with Codeine",
"Fiorinal with Codeine",
"Fiorinal with Codeine",
"Fiorinal-C 1/2",
"Fiorinal-C 1/4",
"G Tussin AC",
"Ganituss Nr",
"Guaiatussin AC",
"Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free",
"Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free",
"Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free",
"Guaifen/ac",
"Guaifenesin AC",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"GUAIFENESIN and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"GUAIFENESIN and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"GUAIFENESIN and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate SF",
"Guaifenesin DAC",
"Histex Ac",
"Iophen C NR",
"Lexuss 210",
"Linctus Codeine Blanc",
"Lortuss EX",
"Lortuss EX",
"M-clear Wc",
"M-end Max D",
"M-end PE",
"M-end Wc",
"Mar-cof BP",
"MAR-COF CG Expectorant",
"Maxi-Tuss AC",
"Maxi-Tuss CD",
"Mersyndol With Codeine",
"Mesehist WC",
"Methoxacet-C 1/8",
"Methoxisal-C 1/2",
"Methoxisal-C 1/4",
"Methoxisal-C 1/8",
"Muscle & Back Pain Relief - 8",
"Muscle & Back Pain Relief-8",
"Muscle and Back Pain Relief - 8 Tablets",
"Muscle and Back Pain Relief Caplets",
"Muscle and Back Pain Relief-8",
"Nasotuss",
"Neo AC",
"Ninjacof-XG",
"Notuss PE",
"Notuss-NX",
"Notuss-NXD",
"Novahistex C",
"Novo Ac and C 8mg Tab",
"Novo-gesic C15",
"Novo-gesic C30",
"Novo-gesic-C8",
"Nu-acetaco #1",
"Oradrine Tablets",
"Painex Tab 0.25gr",
"Painex Tab 0.5gr",
"Parafon Forte C8 W Codeine Tab",
"Paveral Liq 10mg/ml",
"Pentuss Srs",
"Phenaphen No 2 Cap",
"Phenaphen No 3 Cap",
"Phenaphen No 4 Cap",
"Phenaphen No.2 Cap",
"Phenaphen No.3 Cap",
"Phenaphen No.4 Cap",
"Phenergan Expectorant With Codeine Liq",
"Phenergan Expectorant With Codeine Liquid",
"Phenergan Vc Expectorant W Codeine Liq",
"Phenylhistine DH",
"PHL-acet-codeine 30",
"PHL-acet-codeine 60",
"Phrenilin",
"Pluratuss",
"PMS-acetaminophen With Codeine Elixir",
"PMS-codeine",
"PMS-codeine",
"PMS-pharnal-C 1/4 Capsules",
"PMS-pharnal-C1/2 Capsules",
"Poly Hist NC",
"Poly-tussin",
"Poly-Tussin AC",
"Poly-Tussin AC",
"Poly-tussin D",
"Pracet 30",
"Pro-clear Ac",
"Pro-red Ac",
"Pro-red Ac",
"Procet-30",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Promethazine HCl and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine HCl, Phenylephrine HCl and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine HCl, Phenylephrine HCl, Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride, Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine VC With Codeine",
"Promethazine VC With Codeine",
"Promethazine VC With Codeine",
"Promethazine Vc With Codeine",
"Promethazine VC with Codeine",
"Promethazine VC with Codeine",
"Promethazine VC with Codeine Oral Solution",
"Promethazine Vc With Codine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine With Codeine",
"Promethazine With Codeine",
"Promethazine With Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine/Codeine",
"Pronal - C1/2 Capsules",
"Pronal C1/4 Capsules",
"Pseudodine C",
"Ratio-codeine",
"RelCof-C",
"Robafen AC",
"Robafen AC",
"Robaxacet-8",
"Robaxisal C 1/2",
"Robaxisal C 1/4",
"Robaxisal C-1/8 Tablets",
"Robitussin Ac",
"Robitussin Syrup With Codeine",
"Rounox Avec Codeine 15tab",
"Rounox Codeine 30 Tab",
"Rounox Codeine 60 Tab",
"Routec and Codeine 30 - Tab",
"Rydex",
"Sinutab With Codeine Tablets",
"Soma",
"Spasmhalt-8",
"Spasmhalt-asa-8",
"Stanley Syrup W Codeine Phosphate",
"Statuss Green",
"Suppress Cough Syr W.cod.diphen.hcl Amm.chl.",
"Tamicode Tablets",
"Terpin Hydrate Codeine Elx CF",
"Teva-codeine",
"Teva-codeine",
"Teva-cotridin",
"Teva-cotridin Expectorant",
"Teva-emtec-30",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 1",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 2",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 3",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 4",
"Teva-tecnal C 1/2",
"Teva-tecnal C 1/4",
"Theracodeine-300",
"Tl-hist CD",
"Tl-hist Cm",
"Triacin-C",
"Triacin-C",
"Trianal C½",
"Trianal C¼",
"Triatec-30",
"Triatec-8",
"Triatec-8 Fort",
"Tricode AR",
"Tricode GF",
"Tusnel C",
"Tussaminic C Forte Syrup",
"Tussaminic C Pediatric Syrup",
"Tuxarin",
"Tuzistra XR",
"Tuzistra XR",
"Tylenol No 1 Tab",
"Tylenol No.1 Caplets",
"Tylenol No.1 Forte Caplets",
"Tylenol No1 Forte Tablets With Codeine",
"Tylenol W Codeine No2 Tab",
"Tylenol W Codeine No3 Tab",
"Tylenol W Codeine No4 Tab",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Tylenol With Codeine Elixir",
"Tylenol With Codeine Elixir",
"Tylenol With Codeine No. 2 - Tab",
"Tylenol With Codeine No. 3 - Tab",
"Tylenol With Codeine No. 4",
"Virtussin A/C",
"Virtussin A/C",
"Virtussin A/C",
"Virtussin AC",
"Virtussin AC",
"Virtussin AC",
"Virtussin AC",
"Virtussin AC",
"Virtussin AC",
"Virtussin Ac W/alc",
"Virtussin DAC",
"Virtussin Dac",
"Wampole-acetaminophen/codeine/caffeine",
"Z-tuss Ac",
"Z-tuss E",
"Zodryl AC 25",
"Zodryl AC 30",
"Zodryl AC 35",
"Zodryl AC 40",
"Zodryl AC 50",
"Zodryl AC 60",
"Zodryl AC 80",
"Zodryl DAC 25",
"Zodryl DAC 30",
"Zodryl DAC 35",
"Zodryl DAC 40",
"Zodryl DAC 50",
"Zodryl DAC 60",
"Zodryl DAC 80",
"Zodryl DEC 25",
"Zodryl DEC 30",
"Zodryl DEC 35",
"Zodryl DEC 40",
"Zodryl DEC 50",
"Zodryl DEC 60",
"Zodryl DEC 80",
"Zotex-C"
] |
[
"Actacode",
"Bisoltus",
"Bromophar",
"Bronchicum",
"Bronchodine",
"Codant",
"Codedrill",
"Codein",
"Codeisan",
"Coderpina",
"Codicalm",
"Codicept",
"Codinex",
"Coducept",
"Cougel",
"Coutan",
"Dinco",
"Farmacod",
"Galcodine",
"Pectoral",
"Tussoret"
] |
[
"282 Tablets",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codrix",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codrix",
"Codrix",
"Pseudodine C",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"ACETAMINOPHEN AND CODEINe",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Rydex",
"Zodryl DEC 30",
"Zodryl AC 25",
"Zodryl DEC 60",
"Zodryl DEC 40",
"Zodryl DEC 50",
"Zodryl AC 80",
"Zodryl AC 40",
"Zodryl DEC 25",
"Zodryl AC 60",
"Zodryl AC 50",
"Zodryl DEC 80",
"Zodryl AC 30",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Tricode GF",
"Tricode AR",
"Theracodeine-300",
"Codeine Phosphate and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Chlorpheniramine and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine VC With Codeine",
"Promethazine VC With Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codar D",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Ganituss Nr",
"Endal CD",
"Codeine Phosphate Guaifenesin",
"Endal CD",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Pro-clear Ac",
"Codar GF",
"Codar AR",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate SF",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Fioricet with Codeine",
"Dexphen w/ Codeine",
"EndaCof DC",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"EndaCof-C",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Fiorinal with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Pro-red Ac",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Pro-red Ac",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine HCl, Phenylephrine HCl and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Tl-hist CD",
"Tl-hist Cm",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Promethazine VC With Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Tusnel C",
"Soma",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Codeprex Pennkinetic",
"Mesehist WC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Mar-cof BP",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Poly-Tussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Phrenilin",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Ninjacof-XG",
"ExeClear C",
"EndaCof C",
"Dex-Tuss",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"ACETAMINOPHEN with CODEINE",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Cocet Plus",
"Fioricet with Codeine",
"Lortuss EX",
"Nasotuss",
"Triacin-C",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Cocet",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Iophen C NR",
"Airacof",
"Pluratuss",
"Coditussin AC",
"Phenylhistine DH",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Coditussin DAC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Poly-tussin",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Virtussin AC",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Triacin-C",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Zotex-C",
"Virtussin DAC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"M-end Max D",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Vc With Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Virtussin AC",
"MAR-COF CG Expectorant",
"Guaifenesin AC",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin DAC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"M-end Wc",
"Capital and Codeine",
"Statuss Green",
"Z-tuss E",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Neo AC",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Robafen AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine and Chlorpheniramine Maleate ER",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Cheratussin DAC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Notuss PE",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Notuss-NX",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine VC with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Lexuss 210",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Notuss-NXD",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Poly-tussin D",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Poly Hist NC",
"Ala-hist Ac",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Zodryl DAC 35",
"Zodryl DAC 50",
"Zodryl DAC 25",
"Zodryl DAC 30",
"Zodryl DEC 35",
"Zodryl DAC 60",
"Zodryl DAC 80",
"Zodryl AC 35",
"Zodryl DAC 40",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Virtussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine With Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen with Codeine",
"Promethazine Vc With Codine",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine With Codeine",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine HCl and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine With Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Tuzistra XR",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride, Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Fiorinal with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Tuzistra XR",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Virtussin A/C",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Virtussin Dac",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"BUTALBITAL, ASPIRIN, CAFFEINE and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Histex Ac",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Maxi-Tuss CD",
"G Tussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Robafen AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Ascomp with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Carisoprodol, Aspirin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Z-tuss Ac",
"Virtussin Ac W/alc",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free",
"Tuxarin",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Virtussin A/C",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Promethazine HCl, Phenylephrine HCl, Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaiatussin AC",
"Codeine Guaifenesin",
"M-clear Wc",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Poly-Tussin AC",
"M-end PE",
"Butalbital, Aspirin, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Ascomp with Codeine",
"Fioricet with Codeine",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"CapCof",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"TYLENOL with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Codeine Phosphate and Guaifenesin",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen and Caffeine with Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Lortuss EX",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Virtussin A/C",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"RelCof-C",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Promethazine VC with Codeine",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Prometh with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Cheratussin AC",
"Acetaminophen And Codeine",
"Fiorinal with Codeine",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Maxi-Tuss AC",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate",
"Ascomp with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine with Codeine",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Virtussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Virtussin AC",
"Virtussin AC",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine VC with Codeine Oral Solution",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine Guaifenesin",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Robitussin Ac",
"Mersyndol With Codeine",
"Calmylin Ace",
"Calmylin Pse With Codeine",
"Calmylin",
"Dimetapp-C",
"Dimetane Expectorant C",
"Coactifed",
"Oradrine Tablets",
"282 Mep Tab",
"Pentuss Srs",
"Sinutab With Codeine Tablets",
"Phenaphen No 3 Cap",
"Benylin Codeine 3.3mg De Syr",
"Phenaphen No 4 Cap",
"Dimetane Expectorant-C Syr",
"Robitussin Syrup With Codeine",
"Tussaminic C Forte Syrup",
"Tussaminic C Pediatric Syrup",
"Phenaphen No 2 Cap",
"Novahistex C",
"Phenaphen No.3 Cap",
"Painex Tab 0.25gr",
"Painex Tab 0.5gr",
"Suppress Cough Syr W.cod.diphen.hcl Amm.chl.",
"Phenaphen No.2 Cap",
"Phenaphen No.4 Cap",
"Tylenol W Codeine No4 Tab",
"Tylenol W Codeine No2 Tab",
"Tylenol W Codeine No3 Tab",
"Rounox Avec Codeine 15tab",
"Routec and Codeine 30 - Tab",
"Rounox Codeine 30 Tab",
"Rounox Codeine 60 Tab",
"Pronal - C1/2 Capsules",
"Parafon Forte C8 W Codeine Tab",
"Benylin 2 Cold and Flu With Codeine",
"Coactifed",
"Coactifed",
"Cough Syrup With Codeine",
"Balminil Codeine Night Time + Expectorant",
"Balminil Codeine + Decongestant + Expectorant",
"Pracet 30",
"Terpin Hydrate Codeine Elx CF",
"A.C. & C 8mg Tab",
"Acetazone Forte C8",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & Codeine",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & Codeine",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Damylin With Codeine Syrup",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and 8mg Of Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Acetaminophen 325 Mg With 15 Mg Caffeine and 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Cough Syr W Codeine Diphenhyd HCl & Ammon Cl",
"A & C Tablets With Codeine 30mg",
"A & C Tablets With Codeine 15mg",
"Acetaminophen 500 Mg With 15 Mg Caffeine and 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Cheracol Cough Syrup",
"Acetaminophen Caffeine & 8mg Cod. Phos. Tab",
"Dimetapp-C Syr",
"Calmylin Codeine D-E Syr",
"Acet 2",
"Acet 3",
"Anacin With Codeine Tab",
"Cough Syr W.cod. Pseudoephed.hcl Guaifenesin",
"C T Acetylsalicylic Acid Codeine and Caf Tab",
"Exdol 8 Tab",
"Exdol 15tab",
"Exdol 30tab",
"Cotabs",
"Coryphen 325 Codeine 30 Tab",
"Coryphen 650 Codeine 30 Tab",
"Exdol-15",
"Ac and C Tab 1/8gr",
"Acetaminophen W Codeine Tab",
"Acetaminophen Compound Tablets With Codeine 8mg",
"Acetaminophen 500 Mg Compound Tablets With Codeine",
"(extra Strength) Acetaminophen, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate Caplets",
"C-2 Buffered With Codeine",
"Asa, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Empracet-60",
"Empracet-30",
"C2 Buffered With Codeine Tab",
"C2 Tab With Codeine",
"Ac&c Tablets",
"292 Tab",
"282 Tab",
"222 Tablets",
"Cotrifed",
"Damylin Avec Codeine Sirop",
"A.C. & C. 8 mg",
"Asa-caffeine-codeine",
"Acetaminophen-caffeine-codeine",
"Acetaminophen 500mg, Caffeine and 8mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Apo-acetaco #1",
"Acetaminophen 325 Mg Caffeine and Codeine",
"Acetaminophen 300mg, Caffeine & Codeine",
"Acetaminophen Elixir With 8mg Codeine Phosphate Syrup",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & Codeine Tablets",
"Spasmhalt-8",
"Fiorinal-C 1/4",
"Fiorinal-C 1/2",
"Novo Ac and C 8mg Tab",
"Exdol-8",
"Spasmhalt-asa-8",
"Muscle & Back Pain Relief-8",
"Novo-gesic C15",
"Acet Codeine 30",
"Acet Codeine 60",
"Tylenol With Codeine No. 4",
"Atasol 15",
"Atasol 30",
"Triatec-30",
"Acetaminophene Codeine Et Cafeine Caplets",
"Acetaminophene Codeine Et Cafeine Fort",
"Covan Syrup",
"Ac&c Tablets",
"A.C. & C. 8mg",
"PMS-pharnal-C 1/4 Capsules",
"PMS-pharnal-C1/2 Capsules",
"Acetylsalicylic Acid, Caffeine and 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate",
"A.C.& C Tablets",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine and 8 Mg Of Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Muscle and Back Pain Relief - 8 Tablets",
"PMS-acetaminophen With Codeine Elixir",
"Acetaminophen 325 C & C",
"Axacet-C1/8",
"Axisal-C1/8",
"PHL-acet-codeine 60",
"PHL-acet-codeine 30",
"Methoxisal-C 1/8",
"Methoxisal-C 1/4",
"Methoxisal-C 1/2",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Acetylsalicylic Acid, Caffeine & 8 Mg Codeine Phosphate Tablets",
"Muscle and Back Pain Relief-8",
"Cough Syrup With Codeine",
"Cough Syrup With Codeine",
"Acetaminophen With Codeine - Caplet",
"Methoxacet-C 1/8",
"Teva-tecnal C 1/2",
"Cough Syrup",
"Acetaminophen, Caffeine & 8mg Codeine Phosphate",
"Trianal C½",
"Trianal C¼",
"Wampole-acetaminophen/codeine/caffeine",
"Triatec-8",
"Robaxacet-8",
"Robaxisal C 1/4",
"Robaxisal C 1/2",
"Tylenol With Codeine No. 3 - Tab",
"Teva-emtec-30",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 3",
"Teva-tecnal C 1/4",
"Muscle & Back Pain Relief - 8",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 1",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 2",
"Teva-lenoltec No. 4",
"Robaxisal C-1/8 Tablets",
"Novo-gesic-C8",
"Novo-gesic C30",
"Tylenol With Codeine Elixir",
"Triatec-8 Fort",
"Teva-cotridin Expectorant",
"Tylenol With Codeine No. 2 - Tab",
"Teva-cotridin",
"Procet-30",
"Tylenol With Codeine Elixir",
"Tylenol No.1 Caplets",
"Atasol 8",
"Tylenol No 1 Tab",
"Tylenol No.1 Forte Caplets",
"Pronal C1/4 Capsules",
"Exdol-30",
"Tylenol No1 Forte Tablets With Codeine",
"Nu-acetaco #1",
"Cough and Allergy Syrup With Codeine",
"Tamicode Tablets",
"292 Tablets",
"Acetaminophen Caffeine & 8mg Cod Phos Tab",
"Muscle and Back Pain Relief Caplets",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-guaifenesin",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"GUAIFENESIN and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"GUAIFENESIN and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifen/ac",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"GUAIFENESIN and CODEINE PHOSPHATE",
"Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Codeine-Guaifenesin",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Promethazine/Codeine",
"Promethazine Hydrochloride and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Guaifenesin and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine",
"Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Phenergan Expectorant With Codeine Liq",
"Phenergan Vc Expectorant W Codeine Liq",
"Phenergan Expectorant With Codeine Liquid",
"Ambenyl Cough Syrup",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate",
"Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate"
] |
[
"P35372",
"P41145",
"P41143"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P08684",
"P16662",
"P06133"
] |
[] |
[
"O15245"
] |
DB01452
|
Diamorphine
|
Diamorphine (heroin) is a narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed) Internationally, diamorphine is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. As heroin, it is illegal to manufacture, possess, or sell in the United States and the UK. However, under the name diamorphine, heroin is a legal prescription drug in the United Kingdom.
|
solid
|
Diamorphine, as a prescription medication in the United Kingdom, is indicated for use in the treatment of severe pain associated with surgical procedures, myocardial infarction or pain in the terminally ill and for the relief of dyspnoea in acute pulmonary edema [L4999].
|
The onset of heroin's effects is dependent on the method of administration. Taken orally, heroin is totally metabolized in vivo via extensive first-pass metabolism into morphine before crossing the blood-brain barrier; so the effects are the same as orally administered morphine [L4996, L4999]. Take by injection, diamorphine's acetyl groups facilitate rapid crossing into the brain [L4996, L4999]. Once in the brain, heroin is rapidly metabolized into morphine by removal of the acetyl groups, therefore making it a prodrug for the delivery of morphine [L4996, L4999]. Subsequently, whether eliciting actions peripherally (on smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, kidney, lung, liver, or spleen tissue [L4996], for example) or on the central nervous system, it is ultimately the morphine metabolite of heroin that then binds with opioid receptors and produces the narcotic opioid effects commonly associated with the substance [L4996, L4999].
|
When administered orally, diamorphine experiences extensive first-pass metabolism by way of deacetylation to generate the active metabolites 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and morphine [L4996, L4999]. Alternatively, when given as an injection the acetyl groups present in the diamorphine/diacetylmorphine compound confer the substance lipophilicity that facilitates diamorphine's rapid crossing of the blood-brain-barrier [L4996, L4999]. Once in the brain, diamorphine is metabolised via deacetylation to the active 6-MAM and morphine metabolites as well [L4996, L4999]. Despite diamorphine possessing little to no opioid agonist activity itself, its rapid transit across the blood-brain-barrier elicits a far faster onset of activity in comparison to the extensive first-pass metabolism of oral administration [L4996, L4999]. Regardless, the metabolism of diamorphine to morphine makes heroin a prodrug for the delivery of morphine [L4996, L4999].
Morphine is subsequently a mu-opioid agonist. It acts on endogenous mu-opioid receptors that are spread in discrete packets throughout the brain, spinal cord and gut in almost all mammals [A2476]. Morphine, along with other opioids, are agonists to four endogenous neurotransmitters [A2476]. They are beta-endorphin, dynorphin, leu-enkephalin, and met-enkephalin [A2476]. The body responds to morphine in the brain by reducing (and sometimes stopping) production of the endogenous opioids when morphine is present [A2476]. Endorphins are regularly released in the brain and nerves, attenuating pain. Their other functions are still obscure, but are probably related to the effects produced by morphine besides analgesia (antitussin, anti-diarrheal) [A2476].
Nevertheless, morphine ultimately elicits the majority of its analgesic activity by binding to mu opioid receptors in both the central and peripheral nervous systems [L5005]. The overall effect of morphine is activation of descending inhibitory pathways of the central nervous system as well as inhibition of nociceptive afferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system, which results in an overall reduction of the nociceptive pain transmission [L5005].
|
Bioavailability is less than 35% when orally administered [A173668]. In particular, some studies have determined that the bioavailability of orally administered diamorphine could be as low as 22.9% (16.4-29.4%) on average in opioid-naive subjects [A173683].
Nevertheless, diamorphine administered by any many medically indicated routes of administration leads to a rapid absorption [L4996]. Peak serum levels are achieved five to ten minutes subcutaneously, three to five minutes intranasally and intramuscularly, and less than one minute intravenously [L4996].
|
Once administered into the body, diamorphine undergoes deacetylation via various esterase enzymes to generate active metabolites like 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine [L4996, L4999]. In particular, when administered orally, diamorphine undergoes extensive first pass metabolism [L4996, L4999].
|
Overdosage with diamorphine well characterised by a number of symptoms including respiratory depression, pulmonary oedema, muscle flaccidity, coma or stupor, constricted pupils, cold, clammy skin and occasionally bradycardia and hypotension [L4996, L4999]. The antidote for heroin overdose or poisoning is naloxone [L4996].
|
In humans, administered diamorphine has a half-life of approximately two to three minutes [L4999].
|
Diamorphine does not bind to plasma protein [L4999]. However, considering diamorphine is considered a prodrug for morphine, morphine itself is about 20 to 35% reversibly bound to human plasma proteins [L4999, F2857].
|
The majority of the drug is excreted via the kidney as glucuronides and to a much lesser extent as morphine [L4999]. About 7-10 % is eliminated via the biliary system into the faeces [L4999].
|
Data regarding the volume of distribution specific to diamorphine is not readily accessible or available. However, considering diamorphine is considered a prodrug for morphine, the volume of distribution of morphine has been determined to be approximately 1 to 6 L/kg [F2857].
|
Some studies have determined a relatively high systemic diacetylmorphine clearance of about 8.7 +/- 2.6 L/min, suggesting that the intestine, liver, and blood might all collectively take part in the first pass metabolism of diacetylmorphine to morphine [A173683], although such clearance observations were made only in opioid-addicted individuals [A173695].
However, considering diamorphine is considered a prodrug for morphine, the mean adult plasma clearance of morphine is approximately 20 to 30 mL/min/kg [F2857].
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Morphinans
| null |
[
"approved",
"illicit",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N07BC",
"N07B",
"N07",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
(5α,6α)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate (ester) | 3,6-Diacetylmorphine | 7,8-Dihydro-4,5-alpha-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-alpha-diol diacetate | Diacetylmorphine | Diamorphine | Heroin | O,O'-Diacetylmorphine | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | D-OR-1 | DOR-1 | OPRD | ACAT | Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase | Brain carboxylesterase hBr1 | Carboxylesterase 1 | CE-1 | CEH | CES2 | Cholesteryl ester hydrolase | Cocaine carboxylesterase | Egasyn | hCE-1 | HMSE | Methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase 1 | Monocyte/macrophage serine esterase | REH | Retinyl ester hydrolase | Serine esterase 1 | SES1 | TGH | Triacylglycerol hydrolase | Serpin A7 | T4-binding globulin | TBG
|
[
"Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride",
"Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride",
"Diamorphine Hydrochloride Inj 100mg/ml BP",
"Diamorphine Hydrochloride Inj 30mg/ml BP"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P35372",
"P41145",
"P41143",
"P23141"
] |
[] |
[
"P05543"
] |
[] |
DB00296
|
Ropivacaine
|
Ropivacaine is an aminoamide local anesthetic drug marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Naropin. It exists as a racemate of its S- and R-enantiomers, although the marketed form is supplied only as the purified S-enantiomer.[L42140]
|
solid
|
Ropivacaine is indicated in adult patients for the induction of regional or local anesthesia for surgery or acute pain management.[L42140]
|
In contrast to most other local anesthetics, the presence of [epinephrine] does not affect the time of onset, duration of action, or the systemic absorption of ropivacaine.[L42140]
|
Local anesthetics like ropivacaine block the generation and conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. Specifically, they block the sodium channel and decrease chances of depolarization and consequent action potentials. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers.
|
Ropivacaine pharmacokinetics are highly dependent on the dose, route of administration, and patient condition. Following epidural administration ropivacaine undergoes complete and biphasic absorption.[L42140]
|
Ropivacaine undergoes extensive metabolism, primarily via CYP1A2-mediated aromatic hydroxylation to 3-OH-ropivacaine.[L42140] The main metabolites excreted in the urine are the N-dealkylated metabolite (PPX) and 3-OH-ropivacaine. Other identified metabolites include 4-OH-ropivacaine, the 3-hydroxy-N-dealkylated (3-OH-PPX) and 4-hydroxy-N-dealkylated (4-OH-PPX) metabolites, and 2-hydroxy-methyl-ropivacaine (which has been identified but not quantified).[L42140]
Unbound PPX, 3-hydroxy-, and 4-hydroxy-ropivacaine have demonstrated pharmacological activity in animal models less than that of ropivacaine.[L42140]
|
High systemic doses of ropivacaine can result in central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular effects, with the CNS effects usually occurring at lower blood plasma concentrations and additional cardiovascular effects occurring at higher concentrations (although cardiovascular collapse may occur at lower concentrations). CNS effects include CNS excitation involving nervousness, tingling around the mouth, tinnitus, tremor, dizziness, blurred vision, and seizures. CNS depressant effects may follow, associated with drowsiness, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression and apnea. Cardiovascular events may be caused by hypoxemia secondary to respiratory depression and include hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and/or cardiac arrest.[L42140,L42265]
|
The mean terminal half-life of ropivacaine is 1.8 ± 0.7 hours after intravascular administration and 4.2 ± 1 hour after epidural administration.[L42140]
|
Ropivacaine is 94% protein-bound in plasma, primarily to α1-acid glycoprotein.[L42140]
|
Following intravenous administration, 86% of the administered dose of ropivacaine is excreted in the urine, 1% of which comprises unchanged parent drug.[L42140]
|
Following intravascular infusion, ropivacaine has a steady-state volume of distribution of 41 ± 7 liters.[L42140] Ropivacaine is able to readily cross the placenta.[L42140]
|
Following intravenous administration, ropivacaine has a mean plasma clearance of 387 ± 107 mL/min, an unbound plasma clearance of 7.2 ± 1.6 L/min, and a renal clearance of 1 mL/min.[L42140]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N01BB",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.84",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl-ns 0.5%",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Naropin 2 mg/ml infusion btl",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl-ns 0.2%",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl-ns 0.25%",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.39",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl-ns 0.1%",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Naropin 2 mg/ml ampule",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.46",
"description": "Naropin 5 mg/ml ampule",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl-ns 0.125%",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.51",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl-ns 0.15%",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Naropin 5 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Naropin 7.5 mg/ml ampule",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.71",
"description": "Ropivacaine-ns 0.1% on-q pump",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl-ns 0.3%",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.97",
"description": "Naropin 10 mg/ml ampule",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.99",
"description": "Ropivacaine hcl 0.2% on-q pump",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1997-09-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2014-05-26",
"number": "5670524"
},
{
"approved": "1989-09-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2010-09-24",
"number": "4870086"
},
{
"approved": "2005-07-05",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-05-26",
"number": "2165446"
},
{
"approved": "1995-11-14",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-11-14",
"number": "1337549"
},
{
"approved": "2012-02-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-05-18",
"number": "8118802"
},
{
"approved": "2010-12-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-11-28",
"number": "7857802"
},
{
"approved": "2010-11-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-10-18",
"number": "7828787"
},
{
"approved": "2012-04-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-05-23",
"number": "8162915"
}
] |
(S)-(−)-1-propyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide | (S)-ropivacaine | L-N-n-propylpipecolic acid-2,6-xylidide | Ropivacaina | Ropivacaine | Ropivacainum | hPN3 | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 3 | PN3 | Sodium channel protein type X subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.8 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1
|
[
"Dexopin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin",
"Naropin Inj 7.5mg/ml",
"ReadyfusOR Ropivacaine Fixed Rate Delivery System",
"Ropidex",
"Ropivacaine HCl",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP"
] |
[] |
[
"Dexopin",
"Ropidex"
] |
[
"Q9Y5Y9"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P08684",
"P20813"
] |
[
"P02763"
] |
[] |
DB00297
|
Bupivacaine
|
Bupivacaine is a widely used local anesthetic agent.
|
solid
|
As an implant, bupivacaine is indicated in adults for placement into the surgical site to produce postsurgical analgesia for up to 24 hours following open inguinal hernia repair.[L41270]
Bupivacaine, in liposome suspension, is indicated in patients aged 6 years and older for single-dose infiltration to produce postsurgical local analgesia.[L40418] In adults, it is also indicated to produce regional analgesia via an interscalene brachial plexus nerve block, a sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa, or an adductor canal block.[L50462]
Bupivicaine, in combination with [meloxicam], is indicated for postsurgical analgesia in adult patients for up to 72 hours following soft tissue surgical procedures, foot and ankle procedures, and other orthopedic procedures in which direct exposure to articular cartilage is avoided.[L50427]
Bupivacaine, alone or in combination with [epinephrine], is indicated in adults for the production of local or regional anesthesia or analgesia for surgery, dental and oral surgery procedures, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for obstetrical procedures. Specific concentrations and presentations are recommended for each type of block indicated to produce local or regional anesthesia or analgesia. Finally, its use is not indicated in all blocks given clinically significant risks associated with use.[L30533]
|
Bupivacaine is a widely used local anesthetic agent. Bupivacaine is often administered by spinal injection prior to total hip arthroplasty. It is also commonly injected into surgical wound sites to reduce pain for up to 20 hours after surgery. In comparison to other local anesthetics it has a long duration of action. It is also the most toxic to the heart when administered in large doses. This problem has led to the use of other long-acting local anaesthetics:ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine is a derivative, specifically an enantiomer, of bupivacaine. Systemic absorption of local anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. At blood concentrations achieved with therapeutic doses, changes in cardiac conduction, excitability, refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance are minimal. However, toxic blood concentrations depress cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias and to cardiac arrest, sometimes resulting in fatalities. In addition, myocardial contractility is depressed and peripheral vasodilation occurs, leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. Following systemic absorption, local anesthetics can produce central nervous system stimulation, depression or both.
|
Like [lidocaine], bupivacaine is an amide local anesthetic that provides local anesthesia through blockade of nerve impulse generation and conduction.[L30533 ] These impulses, also known as action potentials, critically depend on membrane depolarization produced by the influx of sodium ions into the neuron through voltage-gated sodium channels.[L41310] Bupivacaine crosses the neuronal membrane and exerts its anesthetic action through blockade of these channels at the intracellular portion of their pore-forming transmembrane segments.[A246170] The block is use-dependent, where repetitive or prolonged depolarization increases sodium channel blockade.[A4530, A246170] Without sodium ions passing through the channel’s pore, bupivacaine stabilizes the membrane at rest and therefore prevents neurotransmission.
In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers.[L30533] Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone.[L30533]
While it is well-established that the main action of bupivacaine is through sodium channel block, additional analgesic effects of bupivacaine are thought to potentially be due to its binding to the prostaglandin E2 receptors, subtype EP1 (PGE2EP1), which inhibits the production of prostaglandins, thereby reducing fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia.[A246170, A246175]
|
Systemic absorption of local anesthetics is dose- and concentration-dependendent on the total drug administered. Other factors that affect the rate of systemic absorption include the route of administration, blood flow at the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the anesthetic solution.
Bupivacaine formulated for instillation with [meloxicam] produced varied systemic measures following a single dose of varying strength. In patients undergoing bunionectomy, 60 mg of bupivacaine produced a C<sub>max</sub> of 54 ± 33 ng/mL, a median T<sub>max</sub> of 3 h, and an AUC<sub>∞</sub> of 1718 ± 1211 ng\*h/mL. For a 300 mg dose used in herniorrhaphy, the corresponding values were 271 ± 147 ng/mL, 18 h, and 15,524 ± 8921 ng\*h/mL. Lastly, a 400 mg dose used in total knee arthroplasty produced values of 695 ± 411 ng/mL, 21 h, and 38,173 ± 29,400 ng\*h/mL.[L34100]
|
Amide-type local anesthetics such as bupivacaine are metabolized primarily in the liver via conjugation with glucuronic acid. The major metabolite of bupivacaine is 2,6-pipecoloxylidine, which is mainly catalyzed via cytochrome P450 3A4.
|
The mean seizure dosage of bupivacaine in rhesus monkeys was found to be 4.4 mg/kg with mean arterial plasma concentration of 4.5 mcg/mL. The intravenous and subcutaneous LD 50 in mice is 6 to 8 mg/kg and 38 to 54 mg/kg respectively. Recent clinical data from patients experiencing local anesthetic induced convulsions demonstrated rapid development of hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis with bupivacaine within a minute of the onset of convulsions. These observations suggest that oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are greatly increased during local anesthetic convulsions and emphasize the importance of immediate and effective ventilation with oxygen which may avoid cardiac arrest.
|
2.7 hours in adults and 8.1 hours in neonates.
Bupivacaine applied together with [meloxicam] for postsurgical analgesia had a median half-life of 15-17 hours, depending on dose and application site.[L34100]
|
Bupivacaine is ~95% protein bound.[L34100]
|
Only 6% of bupivacaine is excreted unchanged in the urine.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N01BB",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N",
"N01BB",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N",
"N01BB",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
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] |
(±)-bupivacaine | (RS)-bupivacaine | 1-Butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide | 1-Butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide | Bupivacaina | Bupivacaine | Bupivacainum | dl-1-Butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide | DL-Bupivacaine | Racemic bupivacaine | hPN3 | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 3 | PN3 | Sodium channel protein type X subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.8 | PGE receptor EP1 subtype | PGE2 receptor EP1 subtype | Prostanoid EP1 receptor | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
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"Bl",
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"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine 0.25% Liq Prt 2.5mg/ml",
"Marcaine 0.5% and Epinephrine 1:200,000 Liq",
"Marcaine 0.50% Liq Bin 5mg/ml",
"Marcaine 0.75% Liq Prt 7.5mg/ml",
"Marcaine 0.75% Liq Spinal 7.5mg/ml",
"Marcaine E",
"Marcaine E",
"Marcaine E 0.25% Liq Prt",
"Marcaine E Liq Prt 0.50%",
"Marcaine Spinal",
"Marcaine Spinal",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine With Epinephrine",
"Marcaine With Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Mardex 25 Kit",
"Marlido 25 Kit",
"Marlido Kit",
"Marvona SUIK",
"Marvona SUIK",
"Mld",
"MLK F1 Kit",
"MLK F3 Kit",
"MLK F4 Kit",
"Mlk F4-C",
"MLK Kit F2",
"Mlp A-1",
"Mlp A-2",
"Neuromaquel Neuroma/Anti-Inflammatory System",
"P-Care 100MX",
"P-Care D40MX",
"P-Care D80MX",
"P-Care K40MX",
"P-Care K80MX",
"P-Care M",
"P-Care MG",
"Physicians EZ Use M-pred",
"Physicians EZ Use M-pred",
"Point Of Care LM 2.2",
"Point Of Care LM 2.5",
"Posimir",
"Posimir",
"Pro-C-Dure 1 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 2 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 3 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 4 Kit",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Betamethasone",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Dexamethasone",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Ketorolac",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus MethylPrednisolone 80",
"ReadySharp Bupivacaine",
"ReadySharp-A",
"ReadySharp-K",
"ReadySharp-P40",
"ReadySharp-P80",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine Forte",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine MPF",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine MPF",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine MPF",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"Sensorcaine With Epinephrine",
"Sensorcaine With Epinephrine",
"Sensorcaine(r) (bupivacaine Hci and Epinephrine)",
"Vivacaine",
"Vivacaine",
"Xaracoll",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef"
] |
[
"Bupivan",
"Carbostesin",
"Marcain",
"Marcaina",
"Posimir",
"Sensorcaine-MPF",
"Xaracoll"
] |
[
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"Duocaine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine",
"Fentanyl Citrate, Bupivacaine HCl",
"Pro-C-Dure 4 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 1 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 3 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 2 Kit",
"Physicians EZ Use M-pred",
"Fentanyl Citrate, Bupivacaine HCl",
"Fentanyl Citrate, Bupivacaine HCl",
"Dexlido-M Kit",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus MethylPrednisolone 80",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Betamethasone",
"Chi-Myst Topical",
"Chi-Myst Topical",
"Chi-Myst Resolve Topical",
"Chi-Myst Resolve Topical",
"ReadySharp-P40",
"ReadySharp-P80",
"Disposable Convenience Kit (Single Shot Epidural)",
"Mlp A-2",
"Bl",
"Fentanyl Citrate, Bupivacaine HCl",
"Chi-Myst Synergy Topical",
"Chi-Myst Synergy Topical",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Ketorolac",
"ReadySharp Anesthetics plus Dexamethasone",
"ReadySharp-A",
"Mld",
"Gapeam Budibac",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride with Epinephrine",
"Point Of Care LM 2.2",
"Point Of Care LM 2.5",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Ketorocaine LM Kit",
"Marcaine",
"Marlido Kit",
"Bupivilog Kit",
"Dexlido-M Kit",
"Marbeta 25 Kit",
"Mardex 25 Kit",
"MLK Kit F2",
"MLK F4 Kit",
"Marlido 25 Kit",
"MLK F1 Kit",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine With Epinephrine",
"Vivacaine",
"Ludaxine",
"Neuromaquel Neuroma/Anti-Inflammatory System",
"Fossaoprin SPG4",
"Fossaoprin SPG2",
"Cortaren Corticosteroid/Anti-Inflammatory System",
"H-Paxin",
"P-Care 100MX",
"P-Care D80MX",
"P-Care D40MX",
"P-Care K40MX",
"P-Care M",
"P-Care K80MX",
"P-Care MG",
"Marbeta L Kit",
"Dyural LM Kit",
"Bupivacaine Hci and Epinephrine",
"Sensorcaine(r) (bupivacaine Hci and Epinephrine)",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Bt",
"ReadySharp-K",
"Mlp A-1",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Dyural 40 Kit",
"Dyural 80 Kit",
"MLK F3 Kit",
"Physicians EZ Use M-pred",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Sensorcaine Mpf",
"Marcaine E Liq Prt 0.50%",
"Marcaine E 0.25% Liq Prt",
"Marcaine 0.5% and Epinephrine 1:200,000 Liq",
"Sensorcaine Forte",
"Vivacaine",
"Sensorcaine With Epinephrine",
"Sensorcaine With Epinephrine",
"Bupivacaine HCl 0.5% and Epinephrine 1:200,000 Injection",
"Marcaine E",
"Marcaine E",
"Marcaine",
"Marcaine",
"Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Dyural 80-LM",
"Marcaine With Epinephrine",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Marcaine with Epinephrine",
"Ketorocaine LM Kit",
"Bupivilog Kit",
"Dyural 40 Kit",
"Dyural 80 Kit",
"Dyural 80-LM",
"Dyural 80 LM-C",
"Dexlido M-C",
"Mlk F4-C",
"Dyural LM- C",
"BLT-25 Kit",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef",
"Zynrelef"
] |
[
"Q9Y5Y9",
"P34995"
] |
[
"P33261",
"P10635",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00298
|
Dapiprazole
|
Dapiprazole (U.S. trade name Rev-Eyes) is an alpha blocker. It is found in ophthalmic solutions used to reverse mydriasis after an eye examination.
|
solid
|
Used in the treatment of iatrogenically induced mydriasis produced by adrenergic (phenylephrine) or parasympatholytic (tropicamide) agents used in certain eye examinations.
|
Dapiprazole is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. It produces miosis by blocking the alpha-adrenergic receptors on the dilator muscle of the iris. Dapiprazole produces no significant action on ciliary muscle contraction and thus, there are no changes in the depth of the anterior chamber of the thickness of the lens. It does not alter the IOP either in normal eyes or in eyes with elevated IOP. The rate of pupillary constriction may be slightly slower in clients with brown irises than in clients with blue or green irises.
|
Dapiprazole acts through blocking the alpha1-adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle. It produces miosis through an effect on the dilator muscle of the iris and does not have any significant activity on ciliary muscle contraction and, therefore does not induce a significant change in the anterior chamber depth or the thickness of the lens.
|
Systemic absorption is negligible.
| null |
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> is 1189-2100 mg/kg in mice, rats and rabbits.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazinanes
|
Piperazines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"S01EX",
"S01E",
"S01",
"S"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-3-(2-(4-(o-tolyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-s-triazolo(4,3-a)pyridine | Dapiprazol | Dapiprazole | Dapiprazolum | Dopamine D2 receptor | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor
|
[
"Dapiprazole"
] |
[
"Rev-Eyes"
] |
[] |
[
"P14416",
"P35348",
"P25100",
"P35368"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00299
|
Penciclovir
|
Penciclovir is a synthetic acyclic guanine derivative with antiviral activity used for the treatment of various herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. Displaying low toxicity and good selectivity, penciclovir is a nucleoside analogue.
|
solid
|
Used to treat recurrent cold sores on the lips and face from various herpesvirus invections.
|
Penciclovir is the active metabolite of the oral product famciclovir. The more favorable results observed with topical penciclovir versus topical acyclovir for the treatment of herpes labialis may be due to the longer intracellular half-life of penciclovir in HSV-infected cells. The activated drug inhibits the viral DNA polymerase. This impairs the ability of the virus to replicate within the cell.
|
Penciclovir has <i>in vitro</i> activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). In cells infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2, viral thymidine kinase phosphorylates penciclovir to a monophosphate form. The monophosphate form of the drug is then converted to penciclovir triphosphate by cellular kinases. The intracellular triphosphate of penciclovir is retained <i>in vitro</i> inside HSV-infected cells for 10-20 hours, compared with 0.7-1 hour for acyclovir. <i>in vitro</i> studies show that penciclovir triphosphate selectively inhibits viral DNA polymerase by competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate. Inhibition of DNA synthesis of virus-infected cells inhibits viral replication. In cells not infected with HSV, DNA synthesis is unaltered. Resistant mutants of HSV can occur from qualitative changes in viral thymidine kinase or DNA polymerase. The most commonly encountered acyclovir-resistant mutants that are deficient in viral thymidine kinase are also resistant to penciclovir.
|
Measurable penciclovir concentrations were not detected in plasma or urine of healthy male volunteers (n= 12) following single or repeat application of the 1% cream at a dose of 180 mg penciclovir daily.
|
Hepatic
|
Symptoms of overdose include headache, abdominal pain, increased serum lipase, nausea, dyspepsia, dizziness, and hyperbilirubinemia.
|
2 hours
|
Less than 20%.
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Imidazopyrimidines
|
Purines and purine derivatives
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"D06BB",
"D06B",
"D06",
"D",
"J05AB",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J"
] |
[
"Herpes simplex virus"
] |
[
{
"cost": "43.87",
"description": "Denavir 1% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "53.8",
"description": "Denavir 1% Cream 1.5 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1991-12-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2010-09-24",
"number": "5075445"
},
{
"approved": "2003-02-25",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-07-03",
"number": "2113080"
},
{
"approved": "1998-11-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-03-01",
"number": "5840763"
},
{
"approved": "1999-06-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-03-01",
"number": "5916893"
},
{
"approved": "2002-10-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-10-22",
"number": "6469015"
},
{
"approved": "2003-06-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-17",
"number": "6579981"
}
] |
9-(4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl)guanine | 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl)-guanine | 9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethoxymethyl]guanine | 9-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl]guanine | PCV | PE2 | Penciclovir | Penciclovirum | 2.7.1.21 | 2.7.7.7 | 2.7.1.21 | UL23
|
[
"Denavir",
"Denavir",
"Denavir",
"Denavir",
"Denavir",
"Denavir",
"Denavir",
"Denavir",
"Penciclovir",
"Penciclovir",
"Penciclovir",
"Penciclovir",
"Penciclovir"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P04183",
"P06478"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00300
|
Tenofovir disoproxil
|
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (a prodrug of tenofovir), marketed by Gilead Sciences under the trade name _Viread_, belongs to a class of antiretroviral drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTIs). This drug is prescribed in combination with other drugs for the management of HIV infection as well as for Hepatitis B therapy. Tenofovir disoproxil was initially approved in 2001 [FDA label].
|
solid
|
Tenofovir disoproxil is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in patients ≥2 years old and weighing ≥10 kg.[L12600] It is also indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients ≥2 years old and weighing ≥10 kg.[L12600]
Tenofovir disoproxil is also an ingredient in several combination products, all of which are indicated either alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.[L9848,L4385,L9842,L41010,L9587,L41015,L9833]
In addition, tenofovir disoproxil is available in combination with [emtricitabine] (under the brand name Truvada) for use as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in at-risk adults and adolescents weighing ≥ 35kg to reduce the risk of sexually-acquired HIV-1 infection.[L9833]
|
This drug prevents viral DNA chain elongation through inhibition of enzymes necessary for host cell infection viral replication in HIV-1 and Hepatitis B infections [A174637], [A174640].
**In vitro effects**
The antiviral activity of tenofovir against in laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was studied in lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary monocyte/macrophage cells, in addition to peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC50 (50% effective concentration) values of tenofovir against HIV-1 virus ranged between 0.04 μM to 8.5 μM.
**Combination of tenofovir disoproxil with other drugs**
In drug combination studies of tenofovir with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, zidovudine), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine), and protease inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir), additive and synergistic effects were seen. Tenofovir demonstrated antiviral activities in cell cultures against HIV-1 [FDA label].
|
Tenofovir belongs to a class of antiretroviral drugs known as nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), which block reverse transcriptase, an enzyme necessary for viral production in HIV-infected individuals. This enables the management of HIV viral load through decreased viral replication [FDA label].
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is the fumarate salt of the prodrug _tenofovir disoproxil_. Tenofovir disoproxil is absorbed and converted to its active form, _tenofovir_, a nucleoside monophosphate (nucleotide) analog. Tenofovir is then converted to the active metabolite, _tenofovir diphosphate_, a chain terminator, by constitutively expressed enzymes in the cell. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the Hepatitis B polymerase by direct binding competition with the natural deoxyribonucleotide substrate (deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate) and, after integration into DNA, causes viral DNA chain termination [F3442], [FDA label].
**A note on resistance**
HIV-1 isolates with decreased susceptibility to tenofovir have been identified in cell culture studies. These viruses expressed a _K65R_ substitution in reverse transcriptase and showed a 2– 4 fold decrease in susceptibility to treatment with tenofovir [FDA label].
|
After oral administration of tenofovir disoproxil to patients with HIV infection, tenofovir disoproxil is quickly absorbed and metabolized to tenofovir [F3442].
Administration of tenofovir disoproxil 300 mg tablets after a high-fat meal increases the oral bioavailability of this drug, as demonstrated by an increase in tenofovir AUC0-∞ of about 40% as well as an increase in Cmax of about 14%. On the contrary, the administration of tenofovir disoproxil with a light meal did not exert a relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir when compared to administration under fasting conditions. The presence of ingested food slows the time to tenofovir Cmax by approximately 1 hour. Cmax and AUC of tenofovir are 0.33 ± 0.12 μg/mL and 3.32 ± 1.37 μg•hr/mL after several doses of tenofovir disoproxil 300 mg once daily in the fed state when meal content is not controlled [FDA label].
|
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is the fumarate salt of the prodrug _tenofovir disoproxil_. Tenofovir disoproxil is absorbed and converted to its active form, _tenofovir_, a nucleoside monophosphate (nucleotide) analog. Tenofovir is then converted to the active metabolite, _tenofovir diphosphate_, a chain terminator, by constitutively expressed enzymes in the cell [FDA label]. Two phosphorylation steps are required to convert tenofovir disoproxil to the active drug form [A174625].
The cytochrome P450 enzyme system is not involved with the metabolism of tenofovir disoproxil or tenofovir [FDA label].
|
**A note on breastfeeding**
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1-infected mothers not breast-feed their infants to prevent postnatal transmission of HIV-1. Mothers should be advised not to breast-feed if they are receiving tenofovir disoproxil [FDA label].
**Carcinogenesis**
Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in mice and rats were performed at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for HIV-1 infection. At the higher dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose [FDA label].
**Pregnancy**
This drug is considered a pregnancy Category B drug. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 14 and 19 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons and revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to tenofovir. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
Because animal reproduction studies are not consistently reflective of human effects, tenofovir disoproxil should be used during pregnancy only if clearly required. To monitor fetal outcomes of pregnant women taking tenofovir disoproxil, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been formed. Healthcare providers are encouraged and advised to register patients by calling the number listed on the FDA label for tenofovir disoproxil [FDA label].
**Mutagenesis**
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative for mutagenesis in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was negative when administered to male mice.
**Impairment of Fertility**
There were no observed effects on fertility, mating performance or early embryonic development when tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was given to male rats at a dose comparable to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days before mating and to female rats for 15 days before mating through day seven of gestation. There was, however, changes in the estrous cycle in female rats [FDA label].
|
When a single oral dose is given, the terminal elimination half-life is approximately 17 hours [FDA label].
|
_In vitro_ binding of tenofovir to human plasma or serum proteins is <0.7 and <7.2%, respectively, over the tenofovir concentration range 0.01 to 25 μg/mL [FDA label].
|
Following IV administration of tenofovir, approximately 70–80% of the dose is recovered in the urine as unchanged tenofovir within 72 hours of dosing. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion [FDA label]. There may be competition for elimination with other compounds that are also eliminated by the kidneys.
|
The volume of distribution at steady-state is 1.3 ± 0.6 L/kg and 1.2 ± 0.4 L/kg, following intravenous administration of tenofovir 1.0 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg [FDA label].
After oral administration of tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir is distributed to the majority tissues with the highest concentrations measured in the kidney, liver and the intestinal contents (based on data from preclinical studies) [F3442].
|
The clearance of tenofovir is highly dependent on renal function and may vary greatly. Total clearance has been estimated to be approximately 230 ml/h/kg (approximately 300 ml/min) [F3442].
On average, renal clearance has been estimated to be approximately 160 ml/h/kg (approximately 210 ml/min), which is in excess of the glomerular filtration rate. This shows that active tubular secretion is an essential part of the elimination of tenofovir [F3442].
The FDA label provides specific guidelines for dosing according to renal function. It is important to consult product labeling before administering tenofovir to individuals with renal dysfunction, as the clearance of this drug may vary greatly among these patients [FDA label].
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Imidazopyrimidines
|
Purines and purine derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AF",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J"
] |
[
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus"
] |
[
{
"cost": "33.95",
"description": "Viread 300 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2008-12-30",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2018-07-23",
"number": "2298059"
},
{
"approved": "2006-05-23",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2017-07-25",
"number": "2261619"
},
{
"approved": "1999-06-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-02",
"number": "5914331"
},
{
"approved": "2000-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "6043230"
},
{
"approved": "1998-09-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-03-29",
"number": "5814639"
},
{
"approved": "2005-09-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-07-20",
"number": "6939964"
},
{
"approved": "2003-10-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-08-14",
"number": "6639071"
},
{
"approved": "2003-11-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-05-04",
"number": "6642245"
},
{
"approved": "2004-03-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-09-09",
"number": "6703396"
},
{
"approved": "1999-07-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "5922695"
},
{
"approved": "1999-08-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "5935946"
},
{
"approved": "1999-11-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "5977089"
},
{
"approved": "2013-11-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "8592397"
},
{
"approved": "2014-05-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "8716264"
},
{
"approved": "2015-04-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-06-13",
"number": "9018192"
},
{
"approved": "2013-12-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-05-01",
"number": "8598185"
},
{
"approved": "2006-10-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-10-21",
"number": "7125879"
},
{
"approved": "2005-01-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-02-26",
"number": "6838464"
},
{
"approved": "2011-12-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-04-11",
"number": "8080551"
},
{
"approved": "2012-01-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-08-09",
"number": "8101629"
},
{
"approved": "2006-06-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-12-20",
"number": "7067522"
},
{
"approved": "2012-04-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-03-03",
"number": "8148374"
},
{
"approved": "2009-12-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-04-26",
"number": "7635704"
},
{
"approved": "2007-02-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-02-27",
"number": "7176220"
},
{
"approved": "2015-03-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-04-26",
"number": "8981103"
},
{
"approved": "2014-01-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-10-24",
"number": "8633219"
},
{
"approved": "2014-09-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-12-09",
"number": "8841310"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-06-13",
"number": "9545414"
},
{
"approved": "2016-10-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "9457036"
},
{
"approved": "2017-08-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "9744181"
},
{
"approved": "2018-02-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-03-03",
"number": "9891239"
},
{
"approved": "2018-08-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-04-06",
"number": "10039718"
},
{
"approved": "2013-07-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-10-07",
"number": "8486975"
},
{
"approved": "2020-03-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-11-29",
"number": "10603282"
},
{
"approved": "2020-11-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-11-29",
"number": "10842751"
},
{
"approved": "2020-12-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-01-14",
"number": "10857102"
}
] |
Bis(POC)PMPA | Tenofovir bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester | Pr160Gag-Pol | 2.7.7.7 | 2.7.4.3 | Adenylate monophosphate kinase | ADK2 | AK 2 | ATP-AMP transphosphorylase 2 | ATP:AMP phosphotransferase | 2.7.4.4 | 2.7.4.6 | Adenylate kinase 3-like | AK3 | AK3L1 | GTP:AMP phosphotransferase AK4 | 2.7.4.6 | GAAD | Granzyme A-activated DNase | Metastasis inhibition factor nm23 | NDK A | NDP kinase A | NDPKA | NM23 | NM23-H1 | Tumor metastatic process-associated protein | 2.7.4.6 | C-myc purine-binding transcription factor PUF | Histidine protein kinase NDKB | NDK B | NDP kinase B | nm23-H2 | NM23B | 2.7.3.2 | B-CK | Brain creatine kinase | CKBB | CPK-B | Creatine kinase B chain | Creatine phosphokinase B-type | 2.7.3.2 | CKMM | CPK-M | Creatine kinase M chain | Creatine phosphokinase M-type | M-CK | 2.7.3.2 | Basic-type mitochondrial creatine kinase | Mib-CK | S-MtCK | Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase | 2.7.3.2 | Acidic-type mitochondrial creatine kinase | CKMT | Mia-CK | U-MtCK | Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MRP7 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 | SIMRP7 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MOAT-B | MOATB | MRP/cMOAT-related ABC transporter | MRP4 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter B | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Ag-emtricitabine / Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Ag-tenofovir",
"Apo-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Apo-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Apo-tenofovir",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla Access",
"Auro-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Auro-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Auro-tenofovir",
"Cimduo",
"Complera",
"Complera",
"Complera",
"Complera",
"Complera",
"Complera",
"COMPLERA Access",
"Delstrigo",
"Delstrigo",
"Delstrigo",
"Delstrigo",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine/TDF",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Eviplera",
"Eviplera",
"Jamp Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Jamp Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Jamp-tenofovir",
"Mint-emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Mint-tenofovir",
"Mylan-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Mylan-emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil",
"Mylan-tenofovir Disoproxil",
"Nat-tenofovir",
"PMS-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"PMS-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"PMS-tenofovir",
"Riva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Riva-tenofovir",
"Sandoz Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Sandoz Emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Stribild Access",
"Symfi",
"Symfi Lo",
"Symfi Lo",
"Temixys",
"Temixys",
"Tenofovir",
"Tenofovir",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Tenofovir Disproxil Fumarate",
"Tenofovir Disproxil Fumarate",
"Teva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Teva-emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Teva-tenofovir",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada Access",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread",
"Viread Access"
] |
[] |
[
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Complera",
"Atripla",
"Truvada",
"Stribild",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Atripla",
"Truvada",
"Complera",
"Truvada",
"Atripla",
"Stribild",
"Atripla",
"Truvada",
"Symfi Lo",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Cimduo",
"Truvada",
"Stribild",
"Truvada",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Truvada Access",
"Stribild Access",
"Atripla Access",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Delstrigo",
"Temixys",
"Atripla",
"Complera",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"COMPLERA Access",
"Symfi Lo",
"Truvada",
"Atripla",
"Symfi",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Complera",
"Truvada",
"Temixys",
"Complera",
"Stribild",
"Truvada",
"Stribild",
"Truvada",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Truvada",
"Stribild",
"Teva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Teva-emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"PMS-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Mylan-emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil",
"Mylan-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Apo-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Apo-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Atripla",
"Delstrigo",
"Auro-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"PMS-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Jamp Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Sandoz Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Sandoz Emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Auro-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Ag-emtricitabine / Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Jamp Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Riva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Mint-emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Complera",
"Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine/TDF",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Stribild",
"Stribild",
"Eviplera",
"Eviplera",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/teno Fovir Disoproxil Krka D.D.",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/ten Ofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Delstrigo",
"Delstrigo",
"Truvada",
"Truvada",
"Truvada"
] |
[
"P03366"
] |
[
"P54819",
"P27144",
"P15531",
"P22392",
"P12277",
"P06732",
"P17540",
"P12532"
] |
[] |
[
"Q4U2R8",
"Q8TCC7",
"Q5T3U5",
"O15439",
"Q92887",
"P08183"
] |
DB00301
|
Flucloxacillin
|
Antibiotic analog of [cloxacillin].
|
solid
|
Used to treat bacterial infection by susceptible microorganisms.
|
Flucloxacillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. The name "penicillin" can either refer to several variants of penicillin available, or to the group of antibiotics derived from the penicillins. Flucloxacillin has <i>in vitro</i> activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of Flucloxacillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through flucloxacillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Flucloxacillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases.
|
By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, flucloxacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that flucloxacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
|
Bioavailability is 50–70% following oral administration.
|
Hepatic.
| null |
0.75–1 hour
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J01CR",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J",
"J01CF",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[] |
[] |
(2S,5R,6R)-6-({[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid | 3-(2-Chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolylpenicillin | Floxacillin | Flucloxacilina | Flucloxacillin | Flucloxacilline | Flucloxacillinum | PBP1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"Fluclox 250",
"Fluclox 250 Cap 250mg",
"Fluclox 500 Cap 500mg",
"Fluclox-125 Pws 125mg/5ml",
"Fluclox-250 Cap 250mg"
] |
[
"Flopen",
"Floxapen",
"Fluclox",
"Softapen",
"Staphylex"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"O95342"
] |
DB00302
|
Tranexamic acid
|
Tranexamic acid is a synthetic derivative of [lysine] used as an antifibrinolytic in the treatment and prevention of major bleeding. It possesses a similar mechanism of action to [aminocaproic acid] but is approximately 10-fold more potent.[L31883]
It was first patented in 1957[A230108] and received its initial US approval in 1986.[L31858]
|
solid
|
Taken orally, tranexamic acid is indicated for the treatment of hereditary angioedema,[L31883] cyclic heavy menstrual bleeding in premenopausal females,[L31858] and other instances of significant bleeding in the context of hyperfibrinolysis.[L31883] Given intravenously, tranexamic acid is indicated for short-term use (2-8 days) in patients with hemophilia to prevent or reduce bleeding following tooth extraction.[L31853]
|
Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic that competitively inhibits the activation of plasminogen to plasmin.[L31858] At much higher concentrations it behaves as a noncompetitive inhibitor of plasmin similar to [aminocaproic acid], a similar antifibrinolytic which is 10-fold less potent.[L31883] Tranexamic acid binds more strongly than aminocaproic acid to both the strong and weak receptor sites of the plasminogen molecule in a ratio corresponding to the difference in potency between the compounds. In patients with hereditary angioedema, inhibition of the formation and activity of plasmin by tranexamic acid may prevent attacks of angioedema by decreasing plasmin-induced activation of the first complement protein (C1).[A230113]
Off-target antagonism of GABA(A) receptors may be associated with the development of convulsions and hyperexcitability following tranexamic acid administration[A229383] - the risk appears higher with improper administration or administration during cardiovascular surgery.[L31883] Consider EEG monitoring of patients with a history of seizure.
|
Tranexamic acid competitively and reversibly inhibits the activation of plasminogen via binding at several distinct sites, including four or five low-affinity sites and one high-affinity site, the latter of which is involved in its binding to fibrin. The binding of plasminogen to fibrin induces fibrinolysis - by occupying the necessary binding sites tranexamic acid prevents this dissolution of fibrin, thereby stabilizing the clot and preventing hemorrhage.[L31858]
|
The bioavailability of tranexamic acid after oral administration in humans is approximately 30 to 50% of the ingested dose and is not affected by food intake.[L31858] The C<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>max</sub> following multiple oral doses (1300 mg three times daily x 5 days) were 16.41 mcg/mL and 2.5 h, respectively.[L31858]
|
Tranexamic acid metabolism is poorly characterized but does not appear to be a significant means of drug elimination. According to prescribing information, approximately 1% and 0.5% of an orally administered dose are excreted as a dicarboxylic acid and acetylated metabolite, respectively.[L31858]
|
Reported symptoms of tranexamic acid overdose include severe gastrointestinal symptoms, hypotension, thromboembolism, visual impairment, convulsions, mental status changes, and rash.[L31853,L31858]
|
Following intravenous administration, the apparent elimination half-life is approximately 2 hours and the mean terminal half-life is approximately 11 hours.[L31858]
|
Tranexamic acid is approximately 3% protein-bound in plasma at therapeutic concentrations. As it does not bind to serum albumin, it is likely that this protein binding is accounted for by tranexamic acid's binding to serum plasminogen.[L31858]
|
Urinary excretion is the primary means of tranexamic acid elimination, with >95% of an administered dose excreted in the urine as unchanged parent drug.[L31858] The rate of excretion is dependent on the route of administration - approximately 90% of an intravenously administered dose is excreted within 24 hours whereas only 39% of an orally administered dose is excreted within the same time frame.[L31883]
|
The initial volume of distribution of tranexamic acid is 0.18 L/kg and its steady-state volume of distribution is 0.39 L/kg.[L31858] Tranexamic acid distributes into cerebrospinal fluid and the aqueous humor of the eye at concentrations approximately 1/10th of typical plasma concentrations. Tranexamic acid is also able to cross the placenta, found in cord blood at concentrations equivalent to maternal plasma concentrations.[L31858]
|
The plasma clearance of tranexamic acid is 110-116 mL/min.[L31858]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"B02AA",
"B02A",
"B02",
"B"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.3",
"description": "Cyklokapron 500 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.97",
"description": "Tranexamic acid powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "8.8",
"description": "Cyklokapron 100 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2011-09-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "8022106"
},
{
"approved": "2012-09-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "8273795"
},
{
"approved": "2013-07-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "8487005"
},
{
"approved": "2014-07-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "8791160"
},
{
"approved": "2014-08-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "8809394"
},
{
"approved": "2015-02-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "8957113"
},
{
"approved": "2015-06-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "9060939"
},
{
"approved": "2011-05-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-03-04",
"number": "7947739"
}
] |
Acide tranéxamique | ácido tranexámico | Acidum tranexamicum | Tranexamic acid | Tranexamsaeure | Tranexmic acid | Tranhexamic acid | Trans AMCHA | trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid | trans-Amcha | trans-Tranexamic acid | 3.4.21.7
|
[
"Cyklokapron",
"Cyklokapron",
"Cyklokapron 100 mg/ml",
"Cyklokapron 500 mg",
"Erfa-tranexamic",
"Gd-tranexamic Acid",
"Gd-tranexamic Acid",
"Liquid",
"Lysteda",
"Lysteda",
"Lysteda",
"Lysteda",
"Lysteda",
"M-tranexamic Acid",
"Mar-tranexamic Acid",
"Pure Whitenol Serum",
"Skinmd Laboratories Pure Whitenol Intensive",
"Skinmd Laboratories Pure Whitenol Serum",
"SKINMD LABORATORIES ReviTox blue",
"Tranexamic acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid",
"Tranexamic Acid In Sodium Chloride",
"Tranexamic Acid In Sodium Chloride",
"Tranexamic Acid In Sodium Chloride",
"Tranexamic Acid In Sodium Chloride",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection BP",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection BP",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection BP",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection, USP",
"Tranexamic Acid Injection, USP",
"Tranexamic Acid Tablets"
] |
[
"Cyclo-F",
"Espercil",
"Femstrual",
"Rikavarin",
"Transamin",
"Transcam",
"Traxyl"
] |
[
"SKINMD LABORATORIES ReviTox blue",
"Skinmd Laboratories Pure Whitenol Intensive",
"Liquid"
] |
[
"P00747"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00303
|
Ertapenem
|
Ertapenem is a 1-β methyl-carbapenem that is structurally related to beta-lactam antibiotics.[L14339] It was first authorized for use in the US in November 2001 and in Europe in April 2002.[A447] Shown to be effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, ertapenem is used to treat various bacterial infections.
|
solid
|
Ertapenem is indicated to treat the following moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible bacteria in adult and pediatric patients (three months of age and older):[L14339,L44416]
- Complicated intra-abdominal infections.[L14339,L44416]
- Complicated skin and skin structure infections, including diabetic foot infections without osteomyelitis.[L14339,L44416]
- Community-acquired pneumonia.[L14339,L44416]
- Complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis.[L14339]
- Acute pelvic infections, including postpartum endomyometritis, septic abortion and post-surgical gynecologic infections.[L14339]
- Acute gynecological infections.[L44416]
Ertapenem is also used in adults for the prophylaxis of surgical site infection following elective colorectal surgery.[L14339,L44416]
|
Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with time-dependent bactericidal activity.[A255567,A255572] Its optimal bactericidal activity is achieved when drug concentrations exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for a specified portion of the dosing interval.[A10372,A255567,A255572]
It works against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It is stable against hydrolysis by various beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, cephalosporinases, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, but not metallo-beta-lactamases.[L14339,L44416]
|
Ertapenem exhibits a bactericidal mode of action.[A10372] It works by binding to and inhibiting bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).[L14339] In _Escherichia coli_, it has a strong affinity toward PBPs 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4 and 5 with preferential binding to PBPs 2 and 3.[L14339] Upon binding to PBPs, ertapenem inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with the lengthening and strengthening of the peptidoglycan portion of the cell wall, thereby inhibiting cell wall synthesis.[A255567]
|
Ertapenem is almost completely absorbed following intramuscular administration, with a mean bioavailability of approximately 90%.[L14339]
Plasma concentrations of ertapenem are similar whether given intramuscularly or intravenously; however, the peak concentrations are lower when given via the intramuscular route. The time to reach the C<sub>max</sub> (T<sub>max</sub>) is slightly longer when given via the intramuscular route.[A447] Following daily intramuscular administration of one gram of ertapenem, the T<sub>max</sub> was approximately 2.3 hours.[L14339] In healthy young adults who received a single 30-minute intravenous infusion of one gram of ertapenem, the C<sub>max</sub> was 155 µG/mL at 0.5 hours postdose.[L44416]
|
In healthy young adults, unchanged ertapenem accounted for most plasma radioactivity.[L14339] The major metabolite of ertapenem is the ring-opened derivative formed by dehydropeptidase I-mediated hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring.[A255572,L44416] This metabolite is pharmacologically inactive.[L14339] Dehydropeptidase I (DHP-I) is found predominantly in the kidneys.[A447] Hepatic metabolism is negligible.[A255567]
|
The oral median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) in mouse is >500 mg/kg.[L44436]
Intravenous administration of ertapenem at a dose of 2 g over 30 min or 3 g over 1-2 hours in healthy adults resulted in increased incidence of nausea. In clinical trials in adults, inadvertent administration of three 1 g doses of ertapenem in a 24 hour period resulted in diarrhea and transient dizziness in one patient. As there is no known antidote for ertapenem overdose, the drug should be discontinued with the initiation of general supportive treatment until renal elimination takes place. Ertapenem can be removed by hemodialysis to some extent: the plasma clearance of the total fraction of ertapenem was increased by 30% in subjects with end-stage renal disease when hemodialysis was performed immediately following administration. However, no information is available on the use of hemodialysis to treat ertapenem overdosage.[L14339]
|
The mean plasma half-life was approximately four hours in healthy young adults and adolescents and approximately 2.5 hours in children three to 12 years of age.[L14339] The long half-life of ertapenem can be explained by its high protein binding.[A10372]
|
Ertapenem binds to plasma proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. It is highly bound to human plasma proteins, primarily to albumin.[L14339] Protein binding is saturable at higher doses, at which the unbound fraction of the drug increases disproportionately.[A255567] In healthy young adults, the protein binding of ertapenem decreased as drug plasma concentrations increased. At an approximate plasma concentration of <100 micrograms (mcg)/mL, ertapenem was 95% bound, and this percentage dropped to 85% when the plasma concentration increased to 300 mcg/mL.[L14339]
|
Ertapenem predominantly undergoes renal elimination, where it undergoes glomerular filtration and net tubular secretion.[A447] In healthy young adults who received one gram of IV radiolabeled ertapenem, approximately 80% of the radioactivity was recovered in urine and 10% of the radioactivity was recovered in feces. The mean percentage of the administered dose excreted in urine was 17.4% during 0-2 hours postdose, 5.4% during 4-6 hours postdose, and 2.4% during 12-24 hours postdose.[L14339]
Of the 80% radioactivity in urine, about 38% accounted for unchanged ertapenem and 37% accounted for its ring-opened metabolite.[L14339]
|
The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (V<sub>ss</sub>) of ertapenem is approximately 0.12 L/kg in adults, 0.2 L/kg in children three months to 12 years of age, and 0.16 L/kg in adolescents 13 to 17 years of age. Ertapenem does not accumulate.[L14339]
|
The mean plasma clearance in healthy young adults was approximately 1.8 L/hour.[L14339] The mean renal clearance of intact ertapenem was 12.8 mL/min compared with a total clearance of 28.4 mL/min.[A447]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Lactams
|
Beta lactams
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J01DH",
"J01D",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria",
"Staphylococcus aureus",
"Streptococcus agalactiae",
"Streptococcus pneumoniae",
"Streptococcus pyogenes",
"Escherichia coli",
"Haemophilus influenzae",
"Klebsiella pneumoniae",
"Moraxella catarrhalis",
"Proteus mirabilis",
"Bacteroides fragilis",
"Parabacteroides distasonis",
"Bacteroides ovatus",
"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron",
"Bacteroides uniformis",
"Clostridium clostridioforme",
"Eubacterium spp.",
"Peptostreptococcus",
"Prevotella bivia",
"Porphyromonas asaccharolytica"
] |
[
{
"cost": "69.4",
"description": "Invanz 1 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "72.85",
"description": "Invanz 1 gm add-vantage vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1997-07-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-02-02",
"number": "5652233"
},
{
"approved": "2003-11-25",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-02-02",
"number": "2106370"
},
{
"approved": "1995-12-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-05-21",
"number": "5478820"
},
{
"approved": "1999-09-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-11-15",
"number": "5952323"
}
] |
(1R,5S,6S,8R,2'S,4'S)-2-(2-(3-carboxyphenylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-4-ylthio)-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylcarbapenem-3-carboxylic acid | (4R,5S,6S)-3-((3S,5S)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio)-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid | Ertapenem | PBP-1a | ponA | Murein polymerase | PBP-1b | pbpF | ponB | PBP-2 | pbp2 | PBP-2 | pbpA | 2.4.1.129 | PBP-3 | Penicillin-binding protein 3 | Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase 3 | 2.4.1.129 | PBP-3 | pbpB | Penicillin-binding protein 3 | Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase 3 | 3.4.16.4 | D-alanyl-D-alanine endopeptidase | DD-carboxypeptidase | DD-endopeptidase | PBP-4 | Penicillin-binding protein 4 | 3.4.16.4 | DD-carboxypeptidase | PBP-6 | Penicillin-binding protein 6 | 3.4.13.19 | Beta-lactamase | Dehydropeptidase-I | hRDP | MDP | Microsomal dipeptidase | RDP | Renal dipeptidase
|
[
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem for Injection",
"Ertapenem Sodium",
"Ertapenem Sodium",
"Ertapenem Sodium",
"Ertapenem Sodium",
"Ertapenem Sun",
"Ertapenem Sun",
"Invanz",
"Invanz",
"Invanz",
"Invanz",
"Invanz"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P16444"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00304
|
Desogestrel
|
Desogestrel, a prodrug, is a third generation progestogen[A176315] and hence, a member of the gonane family which was largely used in Europe before being approved in the US and Canada.[A176339] It was firstly generated from a study that showed that 11-beta and 11-alkylidene substituent in nortestosterone can enhance the biological activity.[T521] Desogestrel is now produced semi-synthetically from naturally occurred plant steroids.[F4127] In the US, desogestrel is found only in combination with [ethinyl estradiol].[A176342] The first approved drug containing desogestrel was developed by Organon USA Inc in 1972 and FDA approved in 1992.[L5762]
|
solid
|
Oral desogestrel is used in combination with [ethinylestradiol] as a contraceptive agent for the prevention of pregnancy.[FDA label]
Desogestrel is part of the combined oral contraceptives that contain a mix of estrogen and progestin which inhibit ovulation.[L5698]
|
The effects of desogestrel are divided on reproductive including modification of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, declines on the onset of menstruation, and increases the viscosity of the vaginal fluid; and on metabolic that includes increase insulin secretion and resistance, increased lipase activity, and increased fat deposition.[T34] The effect of desogestrel on the lipids has been studied extensively and the results are contradictory.
Desogestrel main therapeutic effect due to its mechanism of action is known to be related to the inhibition of the ovulation in 97% of the cycles. This effect was proven in clinical trials in non-breastfeeding women from which the Pearl failure rate was reported to be of 0.17 per 100 women-years. This result indicated that desogestrel is more efficient when compared to other progestogen-only pills.[A176345] All the therapeutic effect is produced by a transformation of the endometrium followed by an inhibition of the ovulation due to the suppression of other hormones.[T521]
Desogestrel has been widely confirmed to be related to an increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism due to the driven increased in blood coagulation factors, leading to a pronounced prothrombotic state.[A176315] However, the effects of desogestrel are known to not impact significantly the level of total cholesterol remaining in the range of change of 10% which allows it to be a molecule that presents a favorable lipid profile.[A176339]
|
Desogestrel enters the cell passively and acts by binding selectively to the progesterone receptor and generating low androgenic activity.[T357] Its binding produces an effect like a transcription factor and thus, it produces modifications in the mRNA synthesis.[T34]
The active metabolite of desogestrel, [etonogestrel], presents a combination of high progestational activity with minimal intrinsic androgenicity.[FDA label]
|
After oral administration, desogestrel is rapidly absorbed and it reaches a peak concentration of 2 ng/ml after 1.5 hours. The bioavailability of desogestrel is reported to be in the range of 60-80% and the reported AUC is of 3000 ng.h/ml.[F4127] Almost all the administered dose is modified to the active metabolite, [etonogestrel].[A176423]
|
Desogestrel is rapidly metabolized in the intestinal mucosa and by first-pass hepatic metabolism[T357] to form the major metabolite of desogestrel is [etonogestrel] which is the biologically active metabolite.[A176333, A176336] This modification is described by the hydroxylation in C3 of the desogestrel molecule.[A176423] Later, etonogestrel is metabolized following the normal pathways of steroid metabolism. On the other hand, due to the 11-methylene side chain, desogestrel cannot be metabolized to other progestins.[F4127]
|
Administration of large quantities of desogestrel has been shown to produce strong hormonal effects but to lack chronic toxicity. The reported LD50 in rats after oral administration of desogestrel is higher than 2000 mg/kg.[T521] Overdose hasn't reported serious effects but only symptoms of nausea and withdrawal of bleeding.[FDA label]
Most reports haven't linked the administration of desogestrel with the increased risk of breast cancer. The increased risk has been reported to be related to the duration of use. However, several reports indicate a desogestrel-driven increased risk in cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia but the results are still not conclusive.[FDA label]
|
The terminal half-life of desogestrel is determined to be of 30 hours.[F4127]
|
The main metabolite of desogestrel is mainly found bound to albumin and sex-hormone binding globulin. Around 96-98% of the administered dose of desogestrel is found bound to plasma proteins from which 40-70% is found bound to sex-hormone binding globulin.[F4127]
|
The elimination of desogestrel is found to be mainly renal corresponding to about 6 times the dose eliminated in the bile.[F4127] The elimination of desogestrel is only done as the metabolites and not as the unchanged drug and about 85% of the administered dose can be excreted as metabolites after 6-8 days.[T521]
|
The apparent volume of distribution of desogestrel is of 1.5 L/kg.[F4127]
|
The metabolic clearance rate of desogestrel is reported to be of about 2 ml/min/kg.[F4127]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Estrane steroids
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"G03AC",
"G03A",
"G03",
"G",
"G03FB",
"G03F",
"G03",
"G",
"G03AB",
"G03A",
"G03",
"G",
"G03AA",
"G03A",
"G03",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.82",
"description": "Cyclessa 28 day tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.86",
"description": "Desogen 28 day tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "56.39",
"description": "Cyclessa 28 tablet Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "62.38",
"description": "Kariva 28 0.15-0.02/0.01 mg (21/5) tablet Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "79.99",
"description": "Mircette 28 0.15-0.02/0.01 mg (21/5) tablet Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
}
] |
[] |
13-Ethyl-11-methylene-18,19-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol | Desogestrel | Désogestrel | Desogestrelum | NR3C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 | PR | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1 | ABP | SBP | Sex steroid-binding protein | SHBG | TeBG | Testis-specific androgen-binding protein | Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin | Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin
|
[
"Apri",
"Apri 21",
"Apri 28",
"Apri 28 Day",
"Apri 28 Day",
"Azurette",
"Azurette",
"Azurette",
"Azurette",
"Azurette",
"Azurette",
"Bekyree",
"Bekyree",
"Bekyree",
"Bekyree",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Cesia",
"Cesia",
"Cesia",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyred",
"Cyred",
"Cyred EQ",
"Cyred EQ",
"Desogen",
"Desogen",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Desogestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Emoquette",
"Emoquette",
"Emoquette",
"Emoquette",
"Emoquette",
"Enskyce",
"Enskyce",
"Enskyce",
"Enskyce",
"Freya 21",
"Freya 28",
"Isibloom",
"Isibloom",
"Isibloom",
"Isibloom",
"Juleber",
"Kalliga",
"Kariva",
"Kariva",
"Kimidess",
"Linessa 21",
"Linessa 21",
"Linessa 21",
"Linessa 28",
"Linessa 28",
"Linessa 28",
"Marfem 21",
"Marfem 28",
"Marvelon 21",
"Marvelon 28",
"Mercilon",
"Mircette",
"Mircette",
"Mirvala 21",
"Mirvala 28",
"Ortho Cept",
"Ortho Cept",
"Ortho-cept Tablets (21 Day)",
"Ortho-cept Tablets (28 Day)",
"Pimtrea",
"Reclipsen",
"Reclipsen 21",
"Reclipsen 28",
"Reclipsen 28 Day",
"Reclipsen 28 Day",
"Simliya",
"Solia",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Viorele",
"Viorele",
"Volnea",
"Volnea",
"Volnea"
] |
[
"Cerazette",
"Marvelon"
] |
[
"Cesia",
"Cesia",
"Cesia",
"Apri",
"Kariva",
"Desogen",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Ortho Cept",
"Solia",
"Mircette",
"Enskyce",
"Bekyree",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Caziant",
"Desogestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Cyclessa",
"Azurette",
"Desogen",
"Ortho Cept",
"Cyred",
"Emoquette",
"Azurette",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Reclipsen 28 Day",
"Reclipsen 28 Day",
"Juleber",
"Pimtrea",
"Mercilon",
"Azurette",
"Emoquette",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Cyred",
"Emoquette",
"Emoquette",
"Kalliga",
"Isibloom",
"Volnea",
"Cyred EQ",
"Kariva",
"Kimidess",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Mircette",
"Apri 28 Day",
"Bekyree",
"Bekyree",
"Viorele",
"Enskyce",
"Enskyce",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Simliya",
"Reclipsen",
"Emoquette",
"Apri 28 Day",
"Isibloom",
"Viorele",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Caziant Triphasic Regimen",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Velivet Triphasic Regimen",
"Cyred EQ",
"Azurette",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Isibloom",
"Volnea",
"Marvelon 21",
"Marvelon 28",
"Apri 21",
"Apri 28",
"Mirvala 21",
"Mirvala 28",
"Ortho-cept Tablets (28 Day)",
"Ortho-cept Tablets (21 Day)",
"Marfem 21",
"Marfem 28",
"Reclipsen 21",
"Freya 21",
"Freya 28",
"Reclipsen 28",
"Linessa 28",
"Linessa 28",
"Linessa 28",
"Linessa 21",
"Linessa 21",
"Linessa 21",
"Isibloom",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Bekyree",
"Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Azurette",
"Volnea",
"Azurette",
"Enskyce"
] |
[
"P06401",
"P03372"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P11712",
"P22309"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P04278"
] |
[] |
DB00305
|
Mitomycin
|
Mitomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic first isolated by Japanese microbiologists in the 1950s from cultures of _Streptomyces caespitosus_.[L12867,A193419] It is an alkylating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis (and, at higher concentrations, RNA and protein synthesis) by cross-linking the complementary strands of the DNA double helix.[A193419] Few other antibiotics have been discovered that work via this alkylating mechanism, making mitomycin relatively unique in the space of microbiota-derived therapies.[A193419]
Mitomycin's cross-linking activity has resulted in its approval for the treatment of a variety of cancers - the most recent of which is an April 2020 approval for its use in low-grade Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (LG-UTUC)[L12867] - as well as adjunctly to _ab externo_ glaucoma surgeries.
|
solid
|
For treatment of malignant neoplasm of lip, oral cavity, pharynx, digestive organs, peritoneum, female breast, and urinary bladder. Also used as an adjunct to ab externo glaucoma surgery. Mitomycin is also indicated as a pyelocalyceal solution for the treatment of adults with low-grade upper tract urothelial cancer (LG-UTUC).[L12867]
|
Mitomycin is one of the older chemotherapy drugs, which has been around and in use for decades. It is an antibiotic which has been shown to have antitumor activity. Mitomycin selectively inhibits the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The guanine and cytosine content correlates with the degree of mitomycin-induced cross-linking. At high concentrations of the drug, cellular RNA and protein synthesis are also suppressed. Mitomycin has been shown <i>in vitro</i> to inhibit B cell, T cell, and macrophage proliferation and impair antigen presentation, as well as the secretion of interferon gamma, TNFa, and IL-2.
|
Mitomycin is activated in vivo to a bifunctional and trifunctional alkylating agent. Binding to DNA leads to cross-linking and inhibition of DNA synthesis and function. Mitomycin is cell cycle phase-nonspecific.
|
Erratic.
|
Primarily hepatic, some in various other tissues.
|
Oral, mouse: LD<sub>50</sub> = 23 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD<sub>50</sub> = 30 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include nausea and vomiting.
|
8-48 min
| null |
Approximately 10% of a dose of mitomycin is excreted unchanged in the urine.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Indoles and derivatives
|
Indolequinones
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"L01DC",
"L01D",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "52.43",
"description": "Mitomycin 5 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "128.75",
"description": "Mutamycin 5 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "142.55",
"description": "Mitomycin 20 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "300.0",
"description": "Mitomycin 40 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "434.8",
"description": "Mutamycin 20 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "878.48",
"description": "Mutamycin 40 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2012-05-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-07-19",
"number": "8186511"
},
{
"approved": "2015-12-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-07-19",
"number": "9205075"
},
{
"approved": "2010-10-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-02-01",
"number": "7806265"
},
{
"approved": "2017-05-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-05-21",
"number": "9649428"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-01-02",
"number": "9539241"
},
{
"approved": "2015-05-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-01-20",
"number": "9040074"
},
{
"approved": "2018-04-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-01-20",
"number": "9950069"
}
] |
7-Amino-9alpha-methoxymitosane | Ametycine | Mitamycin | Mitocin-C | Mitomycin | Mitomycin C | Mitomycin-C | MMC | 1.6.2.4 | CPR | CYPOR | P450R
|
[
"Jelmyto",
"Jelmyto",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin",
"Mitomycin for Injection",
"Mitomycin for Injection",
"Mitomycin for Injection USP",
"Mitomycin for Injection USP",
"Mitomycin for Injection USP",
"Mitomycin for Injection, USP",
"Mitosol",
"Mutamycin",
"Mutamycin",
"Mutamycin",
"Mutamycin",
"Mutamycin",
"Mutamycin",
"Mutamycin Inj 20mg/vial",
"Mutamycin Inj 5mg/vial"
] |
[
"Mitozytrex"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P16435"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00306
|
Talbutal
|
Talbutal, also called 5-allyl-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. Talbutal is a schedule III drug in the U.S.
|
solid
|
For use as a sedative and hypnotic.
|
Talbutal is a short to intermediate-acting barbiturate that is a nonselective central nervous system (CNS) depressant. As with other barbiturates, talbutal is capable of producing all levels of CNS mood alteration from excitation to mild sedation, hypnosis, and deep coma. Barbiturates may also induce anesthesia at sufficiently high therapeutic doses.
|
Talbutal binds to GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl<sup>-</sup> ionopore of the receptor. Upon binding, talbutal increases the duration of time for which the Cl<sup>-</sup> ionopore is open, leading to prolonged inhibitory effect of GABA at the postsynaptic thalamic neuron.
| null | null |
Acute barbiturate poisoning is associated with symptoms such as drowsiness, confusion, coma, respiratory depression, hypotension, and shock.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazines
|
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"illicit"
] |
[
"N05CA",
"N05C",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
(RS)-5-allyl-5-sec-butylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione | 5-allyl-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid | sec-Butyl allyl barbituric acid | Talbutal | Talbutale | Talbutalum | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-1 | GABAAR subunit beta-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-2 | GABAAR subunit beta-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-3 | GABAAR subunit beta-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit delta | GABAAR subunit delta | GABA(A) receptor subunit epsilon | GABAAR subunit epsilon | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit pi | GABAAR subunit pi | GABA(A) receptor subunit theta | GABAAR subunit theta | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | NACRA4 | NACHRA7 | AMPA-selective glutamate receptor 2 | GluA2 | GluR-2 | GluR-B | GluR-K2 | GLUR2 | Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2 | EAA4 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 4 | GluK2 | GluR-6 | GLUR6 | Glutamate receptor 6
|
[] |
[
"Lotusate"
] |
[] |
[
"P47869",
"Q99928",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P18505",
"P47870",
"P28472",
"O14764",
"P78334",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928",
"O00591",
"Q9UN88",
"P14867",
"P43681",
"P36544",
"P42262",
"Q13002"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00307
|
Bexarotene
|
Bexarotene (Targretin) is an antineoplastic agent indicated by the FDA for Cutaneous T cell lymphoma. It has been used off-label for lung cancer, breast cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
|
solid
|
Used orally for the treatment of skin manifestations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in patients who are refractory to at least one prior systemic therapy. Also used topically for the treatment of skin lesions in early (stage IA and IB) CTCL in patients who experience refractory or persistent disease with the use of other therapies or are intolerant of other therapies.
|
Bexarotene is a member of a subclass of retinoids that selectively activate retinoid X receptors (RXRs). These retinoid receptors have biologic activity distinct from that of retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Bexarotene is indicated for the treatment of cutaneous manifestations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in patients who are refractory to at least one prior systemic therapy. Bexarotene selectively binds and activates retinoid X receptor subtypes (RXR<sub>α</sub>, RXR<sub>β</sub>, RXR<sub>γ</sub>). RXRs can form heterodimers with various receptor partners such as retinoic acid receptors (RARs), vitamin D receptor, thyroid receptor, and peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs). Once activated, these receptors function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes that control cellular differentiation and proliferation. Bexarotene inhibits the growth <i>in vitro</i> of some tumor cell lines of hematopoietic and squamous cell origin. It also induces tumor regression <i>in vivo</i> in some animal models.
|
Bexarotene selectively binds with and activates retinoid X receptor subtypes. There are three subtypes in total: RXR<sub>α</sub>, RXR<sub>β</sub>, RXR<sub>γ</sub>. The exact mechanism of action of bexarotene in the treatment of CTCL is unknown but the drug has activity in all clinical stages of CTCL.
| null | null | null |
7 hours
|
>99%
|
Urinary elimination of bexarotene and its known metabolites is a minor excretory pathway (<1% of administered dose).
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Prenol lipids
|
Retinoids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01XF",
"L01X",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "30.08",
"description": "Targretin 1% gel",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "36.54",
"description": "Targretin 75 mg softgel",
"unit": "softget capsule"
},
{
"cost": "38.0",
"description": "Targretin 75 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2000-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-04-22",
"number": "6043279"
},
{
"approved": "1998-07-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-07-14",
"number": "5780676"
},
{
"approved": "1999-10-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-10-05",
"number": "5962731"
}
] |
4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyltetralin-2-yl)ethenyl]benzoic acid | 4-[1-(5,6,7,8,-Tetrahydro-3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-2-naphtalenyl)ethenyl]benzoic acid | Bexaroten | Bexarotène | Bexarotene | Bexaroteno | Bexarotenum | p-(1-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-2-naphthyl)vinyl)benzoic acid | NR2B1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group B member 1 | Retinoid X receptor alpha | NR2B2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group B member 2 | Retinoid X receptor beta | NR2B3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group B member 3 | Retinoid X receptor gamma | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Bexarotene",
"Targretin",
"Targretin",
"Targretin",
"Targretin",
"Targretin",
"Targretin",
"Targretin"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P19793",
"P28702",
"P48443"
] |
[
"P10632",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00308
|
Ibutilide
|
Ibutilide is a Class III antiarrhythmic agent available in intravenous formulations. It is indicated for the conversion of acute atrial flutter and recent onset atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm (NSR).
|
solid
|
Indicated for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter of recent onset to sinus rhythm.
|
Ibutilide prolongs the action potential duration and increases both atrial and ventricular refractoriness in vivo, i.e., class III electrophysiologic effects. Voltage clamp studies indicate that ibutilide, at nanomolar concentrations, delays repolarization by activation of a slow, inward current (predominantly sodium), rather than by blocking outward potassium currents, which is the mechanism by which most other class III antiarrhythmics act.
|
Ibutilide is a 'pure' class III antiarrhythmic drug, used intravenously against atrial flutter and fibrillation. At a cellular level it exerts two main actions: induction of a persistent Na+ current sensitive to dihydropyridine Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blockers and potent inhibition of the cardiac rapid delayed rectifier K<sup>+</sup> current, by binding within potassium channel pores. In other words, Ibutilide binds to and alters the activity of hERG potassium channels, delayed inward rectifier potassium (IKr) channels and L-type (dihydropyridine sensitive) calcium channels
|
Rapid after intravenous injection
|
Primarily hepatic. Eight metabolites of ibutilide were detected in metabolic profiling of urine. These metabolites are thought to be formed primarily by o-oxidation followed by sequential b-oxidation of the heptyl side chain of ibutilide. Of the eight metabolites, only the o-hydroxy metabolite possesses class III electrophysiologic properties similar to that of ibutilide in an in vitro isolated rabbit myocardium model.
|
Acute overdose in animals results in CNS toxicity; notably, CNS depression, rapid gasping breathing, and convulsions. The intravenous median lethal dose in the rat was more than 50 mg/kg which is, on a mg/m<sup>2</sup> basis, at least 250 times the maximum recommended human dose.
|
6 hours (ranges from 2-12 hours)
|
40%
|
In healthy male volunteers, about 82% of a 0.01 mg/kg dose of [14C] ibutilide fumarate was excreted in the urine (about 7% of the dose as unchanged ibutilide) and the remainder (about 19%) was recovered in the feces.
|
* 11 L/kg
|
* 29 mL/min/kg
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenylbutylamines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"C01BD",
"C01B",
"C01",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "33.6",
"description": "Ibutilide fum 1 mg/10 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "54.27",
"description": "Corvert 1 mg/10 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1992-10-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-12-28",
"number": "5155268"
}
] |
Ibutilid | Ibutilida | Ibutilide | Ibutilidum | N-(4-{4-[ethyl(heptyl)amino]-1-hydroxybutyl}phenyl)methanesulfonamide | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CAB1 | CACNLB1 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 1 | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | CACNL2A | CCHL2A | MHS3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 | CACNLG | Dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type, skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit gamma | HOHO1 | Inward rectifying potassium channel protein TWIK-1 | KCNO1 | Potassium channel K2P1 | Potassium channel KCNO1 | TWIK1 | Inward rectifying potassium channel protein TWIK-2 | TOSS | TWIK-originated similarity sequence | TWIK2 | Eag-related protein 2 | ERG-2 | ERG2 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 2 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 2 | hERG-2 | hERG2 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.2 | Eag-related protein 3 | ERG-3 | ERG3 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 3 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 3 | hERG-3 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.3 | IKATP | Inward rectifier K(+) channel Kir6.2 | Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 11
|
[
"Corvert",
"Corvert",
"Ibutilide Fumarate",
"Ibutilide Fumarate",
"Ibutilide Fumarate",
"Ibutilide Fumarate"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q13936",
"Q02641",
"Q12809",
"P54289",
"Q06432",
"O00180",
"Q9Y257",
"Q9H252",
"Q9NS40",
"Q14654"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00309
|
Vindesine
|
Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against cancer. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols).
|
solid
|
For the treatment of acute leukaemia, malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, acute erythraemia and acute panmyelosis
|
Vindesine is indicated for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood that is resistant to vincristine and non-oat cell lung cancer. Vindesine causes the arrest of cells in metaphase mitosis. It is three times more potent than vincristine and nearly 10 times more potent than vinblastine in causing mitotic arrest in <i>in vitro</i> studies at doses designed to arrest from 10 to 15% of the cells in mitosis. Vindesine and vincristine are approximately equipotent at dose levels that arrest 40 to 50% of the cells in mitosis. Unlike vinblastine, vindesine produces very few postmetaphase cells. Vindesine has demonstrated activity in patients who have relapsed while receiving multiple-agent treatment that included vincristine.
|
Vindesine acts by causing the arrest of cells in metaphase mitosis through its inhibition tubulin mitotic funcitoning. The drug is cell-cycle specific for the S phase.
| null |
Hepatic
| null |
24 hours.
|
65-75%
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01CA",
"L01C",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
3-(aminocarbonyl)-O4-deacetyl-3-de(methoxycarbonyl)vincaleukoblastine | 3-carbamoyl-4-deacetyl-3-de(methoxycarbonyl)vincaleukoblastine | Desacetylvinblastine amide | Vindesina | Vindesine | Vindesinum | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Eldisine Inj 5mg/2ml"
] |
[
"Eldesine",
"Eldisine"
] |
[] |
[
"Q9H4B7"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00311
|
Ethoxzolamide
|
Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It inhibits carbonic anhydrase activity in proximal renal tubules to decrease reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate. Its pharmacological activity thus confers the risk for hypokalemia.
|
solid
|
For use in the treatment of duodenal ulcers, as a diuretic, and in the treatment of glaucoma, and may also be useful in the treatment of seizures associated with epilepsy.
|
Ethoxzolamide is an inhibitor of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme in proximal renal tubules that works by decreasing the reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate. It also decreases the activity of carbonic anhydrase expressed in the CNS, which leads to increased seizure threshold. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the eye contributes to its effect of reducing intraocular pressure and decreasing aqueous humor.
|
Ethoxzolamide binds to and inhibits carbonic anhydrase I, which plays an essential role in facilitating the transport of CO2 and H+ in the intracellular space, across biological membranes, and in the layers of the extracellular space. Through inhibition of the enzyme, the balance of applicable membrane equilibrium systems are affected.
|
Rapidly absorbed with 65% bioavailability
| null | null |
2.5-5.5 hours
|
~89%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzothiazoles
| null |
[
"withdrawn"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
6-Ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide | Ethoxazolamide | Ethoxyzolamide | 4.2.1.1 | CA-II | CAC | Carbonate dehydratase II | Carbonic anhydrase C | Carbonic anhydrase II | Cyanamide hydratase CA2 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-IV | Carbonate dehydratase IV | Carbonic anhydrase IV | 4.2.1.1 | CA-VII | Carbonate dehydratase VII | Carbonic anhydrase VII | 4.2.1.1 | CA-I | CAB | Carbonate dehydratase I | Carbonic anhydrase B | Carbonic anhydrase I | Cyanamide hydratase CA1 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-III | Carbonate dehydratase III | Carbonic anhydrase III | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1
|
[] |
[
"Cardrase",
"Ethamide"
] |
[] |
[
"P00918",
"P22748",
"P43166",
"P00915",
"P07451"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q4U2R8"
] |
DB00312
|
Pentobarbital
|
A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
|
solid
|
For the short-term treatment of insomnia.
|
Pentobarbital, a barbiturate, is used for the treatment of short term insomnia. It belongs to a group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) depressants that induce drowsiness and relieve tension or nervousness. Little analgesia is conferred by barbiturates; their use in the presence of pain may result in excitation.
|
Pentobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. All of these effects are associated with marked decreases in GABA-sensitive neuronal calcium conductance (gCa). The net result of barbiturate action is acute potentiation of inhibitory GABAergic tone. Barbiturates also act through potent (if less well characterized) and direct inhibition of excitatory AMPA-type glutamate receptors, resulting in a profound suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
|
Barbiturates are absorbed in varying degrees following oral, rectal, or parenteral administration.
|
by hepatic microsomal enzyme system
|
Symptoms of an overdose typically include sluggishness, incoordination, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, faulty judgment, drowsiness or coma, shallow breathing, staggering, and in severe cases coma and death.
|
5 to 50 hours (dose dependent)
| null |
Barbiturates are metabolized primarily by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, and the metabolic products are excreted in the urine, and less commonly, in the feces. Approximately 25 to 50 percent of a dose of aprobarbital or phenobarbital is eliminated unchanged in the urine, whereas the amount of other barbiturates excreted unchanged in the urine is negligible.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazines
|
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"N05CB",
"N05C",
"N05",
"N",
"N05CA",
"N05C",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "20.65",
"description": "Nembutal sodium 50 mg/ml via",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "27.0",
"description": "Pentobarbital sodium powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
5-Ethyl-5-(1-methyl-butyl)-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione | 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione | 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid | 5-ethyl-5-(sec-pentyl)barbituric acid | Pentobarbital | Pentobarbitone | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-1 | GABAAR subunit beta-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-2 | GABAAR subunit beta-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-3 | GABAAR subunit beta-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit delta | GABAAR subunit delta | GABA(A) receptor subunit epsilon | GABAAR subunit epsilon | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit pi | GABAAR subunit pi | GABA(A) receptor subunit theta | GABAAR subunit theta | NACRA4 | NACHRA7 | AMPA-selective glutamate receptor 2 | GluA2 | GluR-2 | GluR-B | GluR-K2 | GLUR2 | Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2 | EAA4 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 4 | GluK2 | GluR-6 | GLUR6 | Glutamate receptor 6 | GluN1 | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 | hNR1 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 | NMD-R1 | NMDAR1 | GluN2A | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 | hNR2A | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2A | NMDAR2A | NR2A | GluN2B | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 | hNR3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3 | NMDAR2B | NR2B | NR3 | GluN2C | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2C | NMDAR2C | NR2C | EB11 | GluN2D | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2D | NMDAR2D | NR2D | GluN3A | KIAA1973 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3A | NMDAR-L | NMDAR3A | NR3A | GluN3B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3B | NMDAR3B | NR3B | Orphan nuclear receptor PAR1 | Orphan nuclear receptor PXR | Pregnane X receptor | PXR | Steroid and xenobiotic receptor | SXR | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Cafergot Pb Sup",
"Cafergot Pb Tab",
"Nembutal Sodium",
"Nembutal Sodium",
"Nembutal Sodium Cap 100mg",
"Nembutal Sodium Inj 50mg/ml",
"Nova Rectal Sup 25mg",
"Nova Rectal Sup 50mg",
"Novo-pentobarb 100mg",
"Pentobarbital Sodium",
"Pentobarbital Sodium",
"Pentobarbital Sodium",
"Pentobarbital Sodium",
"Pentobarbital Sodium Cap 50mg"
] |
[
"Nembutal"
] |
[
"Cafergot Pb Tab",
"Cafergot Pb Sup"
] |
[
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P18505",
"P47870",
"P28472",
"O14764",
"P78334",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928",
"O00591",
"Q9UN88",
"P43681",
"P36544",
"P42262",
"Q13002",
"Q05586",
"Q12879",
"Q13224",
"Q14957",
"O15399",
"Q8TCU5",
"O60391",
"O75469"
] |
[
"P33261",
"P11509",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00313
|
Valproic acid
|
Valproic acid, or valproate, is an fatty acid derivative and anticonvulsant originally synthesized in 1881 by Beverly S. Burton.[A178051] It enjoyed use as a popular organic solvent in industry and pharmaceutical manufacturing for nearly a century. In 1963, a serendipitous discovery was made by George Carraz during his investigations into the anticonvulsant effects of khelline when he found that all of his samples, dissolved in valproic acid, exerted a similar degree of anticonvulsive activity. It first received approval on February 28, 1978 from the FDA under the trade name Depakene.[L6190]
Since then, it has been investigated for neuroprotective, anti-manic, and anti-migraine effects. It is currently a compound of interest in the field of oncology for its anti-proliferative effects and is the subject of many clinical trials in a variety of cancer types.
|
solid
|
**Indicated** for:[Label]
1) Use as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy in the management of complex partial seizures and simple or complex absence seizures.
2) Adjunctive therapy in the management of multiple seizure types that include absence seizures.
3) Prophylaxis of migraine headaches.
4) Acute management of mania associated with bipolar disorder.
**Off-label** uses include:
1) Maintenance therapy for bipolar disorder.[A177919]
2) Treatment for acute bipolar depression.[A177928,A177931,A177934]
3) Emergency treatment of status epilepticus.[A177955]
|
Valproate has been shown to reduce the incidence of complex partial seizures and migraine headaches.[FDA Label,A177841] It also improves symptom control in bipolar mania.[A178033] Although the exact mechanisms responsible are unknown, it is thought that valproate produces increased cortical inhibition to contribute to control of neural synchrony. It is also thought that valproate exerts a neuroprotective effect preventing damage and neural degeneration in epilepsy, migraines, and bipolar disorder.
Valproate is hepatotoxic and teratogenic. The reasons for this are unclear but have been attributed to the genomic effects of the drug.[A457]
A small proof-of concept study found that valproate increases clearance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) when combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) by reactivating the virus to allow clearance, however, a larger multicentre trial failed to show a significant effect on HIV reservoirs when added to HAART.[A458,A177859] The FDA labeling contains a warning regarding HIV reactivation during valproate use.[label].
|
The exact mechanisms by which valproate exerts it's effects on epilepsy, migraine headaches, and bipolar disorder are unknown however several pathways exist which may contribute to the drug's action.
Valproate is known to inhibit succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase.[A177991] This inhibition results in an increase in succinic semialdehyde which acts as an inhibitor of GABA transaminase ultimately reducing GABA metabolism and increasing GABAergic neurotransmission. As GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, this increase results in increased inhibitory activity.[A457] A possible secondary contributor to cortical inhibition is a direct suppression of voltage gated sodium channel activity and indirect suppression through effects on GABA.
It has also been suggested that valproate impacts the extracellular signal-related kinase pathway (ERK).[A457] These effects appear to be dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and result in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. This activation increases expression of several downstream targets including ELK-1 with subsequent increases in c-fos, growth cone-associated protein-43 which contributes to neural plasticity, B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia-2 which is an anti-apoptotic protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which is also involved in neural plasticity and growth. Increased neurogenesis and neurite growth due to valproate are attributed to the effects of this pathway. An additional downstream effect of increased BDNF expression appears to be an increase in GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors which contribute further to increased GABAergic activity.[A177997]
Valproate exerts a non-competitive indirect inhibitory effect on myo-inosital-1-phophate synthetase.[A178000] This results in reduced de novo synthesis of inositol monophosphatase and subsequent inositol depletion. It is unknown how this contributed to valproate's effects on bipolar disorder but [lithium] is known to exert a similar inositol-depleting effect.[A178003] Valproate exposure also appears to produce down-regulation of protein kinase C proteins (PKC)-α and -ε which are potentially related to bipolar disorder as PKC is unregulated in the frontal cortex of bipolar patients. This is further supported by a similar reduction in PKC with lithium.[A178015] The inhibition of the PKC pathway may also be a contributor to migraine prophylaxis.[A178018] Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, a PKC substrate, is also downregulated by valproate and may contribute to changes in synaptic remodeling through effects on the cytoskeleton.[A178021]
Valproate also appears to impact fatty acid metabolism.[A457] Less incorporation of fatty acid substrates in sterols and glycerolipids is thought to impact membrane fluidity and result in increased action potential threshold potentially contributing to valproate's antiepileptic action.[A178024] Valproate has been found to be a non-competitive direct inhibitor of brain microsomal long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase.[A14708] Inhibition of this enzyme decreases available arichidonyl-CoA, a substrate in the production of inflammatory prostaglandins. It is thought that this may be a mechanism behind valproate's efficacy in migraine prophylaxis as migraines are routinely treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which also inhibit prostaglandin production.
Finally, valproate acts as a direct histone deactylase (HDAC) inhibitor.[A178030] Hyperacetylation of lysine residues on histones promoted DNA relaxation and allows for increased gene transcription. The scope of valproate's genomic effects is wide with 461 genes being up or down-regulated.[A178027] The relation of these genomic effects to therapeutic value is not fully characterized however H3 and H4 hyperacetylation correlates with improvement of symptoms in bipolar patients.[A178033] Histone hyperacetylation at the BDNF gene, increasing BDNF expression, post-seizure is known to occur and is thought to be a neuroprotective mechanism which valproate may strengthen or prolong.[A178036] H3 hyperacetylation is associated with a reduction in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pro-apoptotic enzyme, contributing further to valproate's neuroprotective effects.[A11814]
|
The intravenous and oral forms of valproic acid are expected to produce the same AUC, Cmax, and Cmin at steady-state.[label] The oral delayed-release tablet formulation has a Tmax of 4 hours. Differences in absorption rate are expected from other formulations but are not considered to be clinically important in the context of chronic therapy beyond impacting frequency of dosing. Differences in absorption may create earlier Tmax or higher Cmax values on initiation of therapy and may be affected differently by meals.[L6196] The extended release tablet formulation had Tmax increase from 4 hours to 8 hours when taken with food. In comparison, the sprinkle capsule formulation had Tmax increase from 3.3 hours to 4.8 hours. Bioavailability is reported to be approximately 90% with all oral formulations with enteric-coated forms possibly reaching 100%.[A178066]
|
Most drug is metabolized to glucuronide conjugates (30-50%) of the parent drug or of metabolites.[Label,A178066] Another large portion is metabolized through mitochondrial β-oxidation (40%). The remainder of metabolism (15-20%) occurs through oxidation, hydroxylation, and dehydrogenation at the ω, ω<sub>1</sub>, and ω<sub>2</sub> positions resulting in the formation of hydroxyls, ketones, carboxyls, a lactone metabolite, double bonds, and combinations.
|
**LD<sub>50</sub> Values**
Oral, mouse: 1098 mg/kg
Oral, rat: 670 mg/kg
**Overdose**
Symptoms of overdose include somnolence, heart block, deep coma, and hypernatremia. Fatalities have been reported, however patients have recovered from valproate serum concentrations as high as 2120 mcg/mL. The unbound fraction may be removed by hemodialysis. Naloxone has been demonstrated to reverse the CNS depressant effects of overdose but may also reverse the anti-epileptic effects.[FDA Label]
**Reproductive Toxicity**
Valproate use in pregnancy is known to increase the risk of neural tube defects and other structural abnormalities.[FDA Label] The risk of spina bifida increases from 0.06-0.07% in the normal population to 1-2% in valproate users. The North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED)
Pregnancy Registry reports a major malformation rate of 9-11%, 5 times the baseline rate. These malformations include neural tube defects, cardiovascular malformations, craniofacial defects (e.g., oral clefts, craniosynostosis), hypospadias, limb malformations (e.g., clubfoot, polydactyly), and other malformations of varying severity involving other body systems. Other antiepileptic drugs, lamotrigine, carbemazepine, and phenytoin, have been found to reduce IQ in children exposed in utero. Valproate was also studied however the results did not achieve statistical significance (97 IQ (CI: 94-101)). Observational studies report an absolute risk increase of 2.9% (relative risk 2.9 times baseline) of autism spectrum disorder in children exposed to valproate in utero. There have been case reports of fatal hepatic failure in children of mothers who used valproate during pregnancy.
There have been reports of male infertility when taking valproate.[FDA Label]
**Lactation**
Valproate is excreted in human milk.[FDA Label] Data in the published literature describe the presence of valproate in human milk (range: 0.4 mcg/mL to 3.9 mcg/mL), corresponding to 1% to 10% of maternal serum levels. Valproate serum concentrations collected from breastfed infants aged 3 days postnatal to 12 weeks following delivery ranged from 0.7 mcg/mL to 4 mcg/mL, which were 1% to 6% of maternal serum valproate levels. A published study in children up to six years of age did not report adverse developmental or cognitive effects following exposure to valproate
via breast milk.
**Other Toxicity Considerations**
Use in pediatrics under 2 years of age increases the risk of fatal hepatotoxicity.[FDA Label]
|
13-19 hours.[label]
The half-life in neonates ranges from 10-67 hours while the half-life in pediatric patients under 2 months of age ranges from 7-13 hours.
|
Protein binding is linear at low concentrations with a free fraction of approximately 10% at 40 mcg/mL but becomes non-linear at higher concentrations with a free fraction of 18.5% at 135 mcg/mL.[label] This may be due to binding at separate high and low-affinity sites on albumin proteins.[A178066] Binding is expected to decrease in the elderly and patients with hepatic dysfunction.
|
Most drug is eliminated through hepatic metabolism, about 30-50%.[label] The other major contributing pathway is mitochondrial β-oxidation, about 40%. Other oxidative pathways make up an additional 15-20%. Less than 3% is excreted unchanged in the urine.
|
11 L/1.73m<sup>2</sup>.[label]
|
0.56 L/hr/m<sup>2</sup>[label]
Pediatric patients between 3 months and 10 years of age have 50% higher clearances by weight. Pediatric patients 10 years of age or older approximate adult values.[FDA Label]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Fatty Acyls
|
Fatty acids and conjugates
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N03AG",
"N03A",
"N03",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.21",
"description": "Depakene 250 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "10.2",
"description": "Valproic acid liquid",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Apo-Valproic 50 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Pms-Valproic Acid 50 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Ratio-Valproic 50 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.11",
"description": "Depakene 50 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Valproic acid 250 mg/5 ml syr",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Valproic Acid 250 mg/5ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Apo-Valproic 250 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Mylan-Valproic 250 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Novo-Valproic 250 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Nu-Valproic 250 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Pms-Valproic Acid 250 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Ratio-Valproic 250 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Sandoz Valproic 250 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.54",
"description": "Novo-Valproic 500 mg Enteric-Coated Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.54",
"description": "Pms-Valproic Acid E.C. 500 mg Enteric-Coated Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.66",
"description": "Depakene 250 mg/5ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.79",
"description": "Valproic acid 250 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2004-03-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-06-18",
"number": "6713086"
},
{
"approved": "2004-04-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-06-18",
"number": "6720004"
},
{
"approved": "2003-01-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-06-18",
"number": "6511678"
},
{
"approved": "2003-03-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-06-18",
"number": "6528090"
},
{
"approved": "2003-03-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-06-18",
"number": "6528091"
},
{
"approved": "2002-07-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-06-18",
"number": "6419953"
}
] |
2-n-propyl-n-valeric acid | 2-propyl-pentanoic acid | 2-Propylpentanoic Acid | 2-Propylvaleric Acid | 4-heptanecarboxylic acid | acide valproïque | ácido valproico | acidum valproicum | di-n-propylacetic acid | Di-n-propylessigsäure | Dipropylacetic acid | DPA | n-DPA | Valproate | Valproic acid | Valproinsäure | VPA | (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase | 2.6.1.19 | GABA aminotransferase | GABA transaminase | GABA-AT | GABA-T | GABAT | Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase | L-AIBAT | 2.7.11.26 | GSK-3 alpha | Serine/threonine-protein kinase GSK3A | 3.5.1.98 | HD7 | HD7b | HD9 | HDAC7 | HDAC7B | HDRP | Histone deacetylase 7B | Histone deacetylase-related protein | KIAA0744 | MEF2-interacting transcription repressor MITR | MITR | 1.3.8.5 | 2-MEBCAD | 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | 2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase | SBCAD | 1.2.4.2 | 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial | Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase | Alpha-KGDH-E1 | E1o | HsOGDH | OGDC-E1 | OGDH-E1 | Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase | 1.2.1.24 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 5 member A1 | NAD(+)-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase | SSADH | NAC1 | SCN1 | Sodium channel protein brain I subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type I subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.1 | hPN3 | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 3 | PN3 | Sodium channel protein type X subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.8 | hNaN | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 5 | PN5 | SCN12A | Sensory neuron sodium channel 2 | SNS2 | Sodium channel protein type XI subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.9 | HBA | HBSC II | NAC2 | SCN2A1 | SCN2A2 | Sodium channel protein brain II subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type II subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.2 | KIAA1356 | NAC3 | Sodium channel protein brain III subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type III subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subtype III | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.3 | SkM1 | Sodium channel protein skeletal muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type IV subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.4 | hH1 | Sodium channel protein cardiac muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type V subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.5 | Atypical sodium channel Nav2.1 | Nax channel | SCN6A | Sodium channel protein type VII subunit alpha | MED | Sodium channel protein type VIII subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.6 | hNE-Na | NENA | Neuroendocrine sodium channel | Peripheral sodium channel 1 | PN1 | Sodium channel protein type IX subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.7 | KIAA1158 | 3.5.1.98 | HD2 | Protein deacylase HDAC2 | NR1C1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1 | PPAR | PPAR-alpha | NR1C2 | NUC1 | NUCI | Nuclear hormone receptor 1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 2 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta | PPAR-beta | PPAR-delta | PPARB | NR1C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3 | PPAR-gamma | 3.5.1.98 | HD1 | Protein deacetylase HDAC1 | Protein deacylase HDAC1 | RPD3L1 | 3.5.1.98 | HD11 | 3.5.1.98 | HD2 | Protein deacylase HDAC2 | 3.5.1.98 | HD3 | Protein deacetylase HDAC3 | Protein deacylase HDAC3 | RPD3-2 | SMAP45 | 3.5.1.98 | HD4 | KIAA0288 | 3.5.1.98 | Antigen NY-CO-9 | HD5 | KIAA0600 | 3.5.1.98 | HD6 | KIAA0901 | Protein deacetylase HDAC6 | Tubulin-lysine deacetylase HDAC6 | 3.5.1.98 | HD7 | HD7a | HDAC7A | Histone deacetylase 7A | Protein deacetylase HDAC7 | 3.5.1.98 | HD8 | HDACL1 | Protein deacetylase HDAC8 | Protein decrotonylase HDAC8 | 3.5.1.98 | HD7 | HD7b | HD9 | HDAC7 | HDAC7B | HDRP | Histone deacetylase 7B | Histone deacetylase-related protein | KIAA0744 | MEF2-interacting transcription repressor MITR | MITR | 3.5.1.48 | 3.5.1.62 | HD10 | Histone deacetylase 10 | CAP20 | CDK-interacting protein 1 | CDKN1 | CIP1 | MDA-6 | MDA6 | Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 6 | p21 | PIC1 | SDI1 | WAF1 | Hepatopoietin-A | HPTA | Scatter factor | SF | 4.1.1.17 | ODC | B7 homolog 1 | B7-H1 | B7H1 | hPD-L1 | PD-L1 | PDCD1 ligand 1 | PDCD1L1 | PDCD1LG1 | PDL1 | Programmed death ligand 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.99.1 | COX-1 | COX1 | Cyclooxygenase-1 | PGH synthase 1 | PGHS-1 | PHS 1 | Prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 2 | GNT1 | hUG-BR2 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-D | UDPGT 1-4 | UGT-1D | UGT1 | UGT1-04 | UGT1.4 | UGT1*4 | UGT1A4 | UGT1D | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-H | UDPGT 1-8 | UGT-1H | UGT1 | UGT1-08 | UGT1.8 | UGT1*8 | UGT1A8 | UGT1H | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-J | UDPGT 1-10 | UGT-1J | UGT1 | UGT1-10 | UGT1.10 | UGT1*10 | UGT1A10 | UGT1J | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | Phenol-metabolizing UDP-glucuronosyltransferase | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-F | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 | UDPGT 1-6 | UGT-1F | UGT1 | UGT1-06 | UGT1.6 | UGT1*6 | UGT1F | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-C | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 3 | UDPGT 1-3 | UGT-1C | UGT1 | UGT1-03 | UGT1.3 | UGT1*3 | UGT1A3 | UGT1C | 2.4.1.17 | 3,4-catechol estrogen-specific UDPGT | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B9 | UDPGT 2B7 | UDPGT 2B9 | UDPGTh-2 | UGT2B7 | UGTB2B9 | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B8 | UDPGT 2B15 | UDPGT 2B8 | UDPGTh-3 | UGT2B15 | UGT2B8 | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | lugP4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-I | UDPGT 1-9 | UGT-1I | UGT1 | UGT1-09 | UGT1.9 | UGT1*9 | UGT1A9 | UGT1I | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | MCT 1 | MCT1 | Solute carrier family 16 member 1 | hOAT2 | NLT | Novel liver transporter | OAT2 | Organic anion transporter 2 | KIAA0880 | OATP-B | OATP-RP2 | OATP2B1 | OATPB | OATPRP2 | Organic anion transporter B | Organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 2 | Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 | SLC21A9 | Solute carrier family 21 member 9
|
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"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex sodium",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed Release (Sprinkle)",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Dr",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium DR",
"Divalproex Sodium ER",
"Divalproex Sodium ER",
"Divalproex Sodium ER",
"Divalproex Sodium ER",
"Divalproex Sodium ER",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-release",
"Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release",
"Divalproex SodiumDelayed-Release Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex SodiumDelayed-Release Delayed-Release",
"Divalproex-125",
"Divalproex-250",
"Divalproex-500",
"Divaproex Sodium",
"Dom-divalproex",
"Dom-divalproex",
"Dom-divalproex",
"Dom-valproic Acid",
"Dom-valproic Acid",
"Dom-valproic Acid E.C.",
"Epiject I.V.",
"Epival",
"Epival",
"Epival",
"Epival ER",
"Ftp-valproic Acid",
"Jamp Divalproex",
"Jamp Divalproex",
"Jamp Divalproex",
"Jamp Valproic Acid Oral Solution",
"Myl-divalproex",
"Myl-divalproex",
"Myl-divalproex",
"Mylan-divalproex",
"Mylan-divalproex",
"Mylan-divalproex",
"Mylan-valproic",
"Novo-valproic",
"Novo-valproic",
"Odan-valproic Acid",
"Penta-valproic Capsules",
"PHL-divalproex",
"PHL-divalproex",
"PHL-divalproex",
"PHL-valproic Acid",
"PHL-valproic Acid",
"PHL-valproic Acid E.C.",
"PMS-divalproex (125mg)",
"PMS-divalproex (250mg)",
"PMS-divalproex (500mg)",
"PMS-valproic Acid",
"PMS-valproic Acid",
"PMS-valproic Acid E.C.",
"Ratio-valproic",
"Ratio-valproic",
"Ratio-valproic - Ecc 500mg",
"Ratio-valproic 50mg/ml Syrup",
"Ratio-valproic-cap 250mg",
"Sandoz Valproic",
"Sandoz Valproic",
"Stavzor",
"Stavzor",
"Stavzor",
"Teva-divalproex",
"Teva-divalproex",
"Teva-divalproex",
"Valproate Sodium",
"Valproate Sodium",
"Valproate Sodium",
"Valproate Sodium",
"Valproate Sodium",
"Valproate Sodium",
"Valproate Sodium",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid",
"Valproic Acid Oral Solution",
"Valproic-250"
] |
[
"Convulex",
"Depakine",
"Deprakine",
"Encorate",
"Epilim",
"Valcote",
"Valparin"
] |
[] |
[
"P80404",
"P49840",
"Q9UKV0",
"P45954",
"Q02218",
"P51649",
"P35498",
"Q9Y5Y9",
"Q9UI33",
"Q99250",
"Q9NY46",
"P35499",
"Q14524",
"Q01118",
"Q9UQD0",
"Q15858",
"Q07699",
"O60939",
"Q9NY72",
"Q8IWT1",
"Q92769",
"Q07869",
"Q03181",
"P37231",
"Q13547",
"Q96DB2",
"Q92769",
"O15379",
"P56524",
"Q9UQL6",
"Q9UBN7",
"Q8WUI4",
"Q9BY41",
"Q9UKV0",
"Q969S8",
"P38936",
"P14210",
"P11926",
"Q9NZQ7"
] |
[
"P11509",
"P20813",
"P11712",
"P20815",
"P23219",
"P05177",
"P33261",
"P08684",
"P22310",
"Q9HAW9",
"Q9HAW8",
"P19224",
"P35503",
"P16662",
"P54855",
"O60656",
"P22309"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"Q4U2R8",
"Q8TCC7",
"O76082",
"P53985",
"Q9Y694",
"O94956"
] |
DB00314
|
Capreomycin
|
Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to viomycin. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.
|
solid
|
Used in the treatment of tuberculosis in combination with other drugs.
|
Capreomycin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria, including bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis (TB).
|
Little is known about capreomycin's exact mechanism of action, but it is thought to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 70S ribosomal unit. Capreomycin also binds to components in the bacterial cell which result in the production of abnormal proteins. These proteins are necessary for the bacteria's survival. Therefore the production of these abnormal proteins is ultimately fatal to the bacteria.
|
Not absorbed in significant quantities from the gastrointestinal tract and must be administered parenterally.
| null |
Hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and an electrolyte disturbance resembling Bartter's syndrome have been reported to occur in patients with capreomycin toxicity. The subcutaneous median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) in mice was 514 mg/kg.
| null | null |
When a 1–g dose of capreomycin was given intramuscularly to normal volunteers, 52% was excreted in the urine within 12 hours.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"J04AB",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "25.54",
"description": "Capastat sulfate 1 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[] |
Capreomicina | Capreomycin | 16S rRNA (cytidine1409-2'-O)-methyltransferase | 2.1.1.226 | 23S rRNA (cytidine1920-2'-O)-methyltransferase | Hemolysin TlyA
|
[
"Capastat Pws Im 1g Vial",
"Capastat sulfate",
"Capastat Sulfate",
"Capreomycin Sulfate"
] |
[
"Capastat",
"Capreomycin",
"Helpomycin",
"Kapocin",
"Lykocin"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00315
|
Zolmitriptan
|
Zolmitriptan is a member of the triptan class of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)<sub>1B/1D/(1F)</sub> receptor agonists used to treat acute migraine.[A462, L12978] [Sumatriptan] was the first triptan to be developed, but had poor oral bioavailability and lipophilicity. This led to the development of second-generation triptans, including [almotriptan], [eletriptan], [frovatriptan], [naratriptan], [rizatriptan], and zolmitriptan.[A193791] Triptans can be administered alone or in combination with an NSAID like [naproxen], and represent the current "gold standard" for acute migraine treatment.[A193797]
Zolmitriptan was first approved by the FDA for sale by Zeneca Pharmaceuticals under the trade name Zomig® on November 25, 1997. It is currently available in both tablet and nasal spray forms.[L12978]
|
solid
|
Zolmitriptan is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without auras in patients aged 18 and over.[L12978]
|
Zolmitriptan, like other triptans, is a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor agonist, with enhanced specificity for the 5-HT<sub>1B</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1D</sub> receptor subtypes. It is through the downstream effects of 5-HT<sub>1B/1D</sub> activation that triptans are proposed to provide acute relief of migraines.[L12978,A462,A193791] Zolmitriptan is also a vasoconstrictor,[A193803] leading to possible adverse cardiovascular effects such as myocardial ischemia/infarction, arrhythmias, cerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, gastrointestinal ischemia, and peripheral vasospastic reactions. In addition, chest/throat/neck/jaw pain, tightness, and/or pressure has been reported, along with the possibility of medication overuse headaches and serotonin syndrome. Patients with phenylketonuria should be advised that ZOMIG-ZMT contains phenylalanine.[L12978]
|
Migraines are complex physiological events characterized by unilateral throbbing headaches combined with photophobia and other aversions to sensory input. Migraine attacks are generally divided into phases: the premonitory phase, which typically involves irritability, fatigue, yawning, and stiff neck; the headache phase, which lasts for between four and 72 hours; and the postdrome phase, which lasts for up to a day following resolution of pain and whose symptoms are similar to those of the premonitory phase. In addition, neurological deficits, collectively termed migraine aura, may precede the headache phase.[A193797, A193794]
The underlying pathophysiology of migraines is a matter of active research but involves both neurological and vascular components. The head pain associated with migraine is thought to be a consequence of activation of the nociceptive nerves comprising the trigeminocervical complex (TCC).[A193794] Terminals of nociceptive nerves that innervate the dura matter release vasoactive peptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), resulting in cranial vasodilation. Finally, when present, migraine aura appears to correlate with a transient wave(s) of cortical depolarization, termed cortical spreading depression (CSD).[A193794,A193851]
Triptans, including zolmitriptan, are proposed to act in three ways. The main mechanism is through modulation of nociceptive nerve signalling in the central nervous system through 5-HT<sub>1B/1D</sub> receptors throughout the TCC and associated areas of the brain. In addition, triptans can enhance vasoconstriction, both through direct 5-HT<sub>1B</sub>-mediated dilation of cranial blood vessels,[A462, A198741] as well as through 5-HT<sub>1D</sub>-mediated suppression of CGRP release.[A193794, L12978]
Although triptans are classically described solely in terms of their effects on 5-HT<sub>1B/1D</sub> receptors, they also act as 5-HT<sub>1F</sub> agonists as well. This 5-HT subtype is also found throughout the TCC, but is not present appreciably in cerebral vasculature; the significance of triptan-mediated 5-HT<sub>1F</sub> activation is currently not well described.[A193791] Additionally, CSD that initiates in the ipsilateral parietal region may exert its effects in a manner that relies on 5-HT<sub>1B/1D</sub> receptor activation, suggesting that triptans may have some effect on CSD-mediated symptoms.[A193794, A198738]
|
Zolmitriptan tablets have a mean absolute oral bioavailability of approximately 40%, with food having no effect on the rate or extent of absorption.[A462,A198747,L12978] The dosing kinetics are linear over a range of 2.5 to 50 mg with 75% of the eventual C<sub>max</sub> being attained within 1 hour of dosing. The median T<sub>max</sub> for the tablet form is 1.5 hours, while for the orally disintegrating tablet form, it is 3 hours.[A198747, L12978] The AUC across studies was in the range of 84.4-173.8 ng/mL*h while the C<sub>max</sub> was between 16 and 25.2 ng/mL.[A198747, A198759]
Zolmitriptan administered as a nasal spray is detected in the plasma within 2-5 minutes, compared to 10-15 minutes for the tablet form; the faster kinetics likely reflect fast absorption across the nasal mucosa.[A198756] The bioavailability compared to the tablet is 102%, and plasma zolmitriptan concentration is maintained for 4-6 hours after intranasal delivery.[A198756, L12978]
The active N-desmethyl metabolite of zolmitriptan has a mean plasma concentration that is roughly two-thirds of zolmitriptan, regardless of dosage route or concentration.[A198747, L12978]
|
Zolmitriptan is metabolized in the liver, and studies using cytochrome P450 inhibitors like [cimetidine] suggest that it is likely metabolized by CYP1A2, as well as by monoamine oxidase (MAO).[L12978, A37743, A15027] Zolmitriptan metabolism results in three major metabolites: an active N-desmethyl metabolite (183C91) as well as inactive N-oxide (1652W92) and indole acetic acid (2161W92) metabolites.[L12978, A198759, A198747]
|
Toxicity information regarding zolmitriptan is not readily available. Patients experiencing an overdose are at an increased risk of severe adverse effects such as cardiovascular symptoms due to excessive vasoconstriction and activation of serotonergic receptors. Patients receiving a single 50 mg oral dose of zolmitriptan often experienced sedation. Symptomatic and supportive measures are recommended.[L12978]
|
Zolmitriptan has a mean elimination half-life of approximately three hours following oral or nasal administration. Its active N-desmethyl metabolite has a slightly longer (approximately 3.5 hours) half-life.[L12978, A198759]
|
Zolmitriptan and its active N-desmethyl metabolite remain approximately 25% bound to plasma proteins over a concentration range of 10-1000 ng/mL.[A198747, L12978]
|
Zolmitriptan is primarily excreted in urine (approximately 65%) and feces (approximately 30%). Within urine, the most common form is the indole acetic acid metabolite (31%), followed by the N-oxide (7%), and N-desmethyl (4%) metabolites; the majority of zolmitriptan recovered in feces remains unchanged.[L12978, A198759]
|
Zolmitriptan has a volume of distribution between 7 and 8.4 L/kg.[L12978]
|
Zolmitriptan has a clearance of 31.5 mL/min/kg for oral tablets and 25.9 mL/min/kg for nasal administration; one-sixth of the clearance is renal.[L12978]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Indoles and derivatives
|
Tryptamines and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N02CC",
"N02C",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "25.59",
"description": "Zomig zmt 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "26.08",
"description": "Zomig 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "28.27",
"description": "Zomig zmt 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "28.82",
"description": "Zomig 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "37.76",
"description": "Zomig 5 mg nasal spray",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "88.21",
"description": "Zomig ZMT 3 5 mg Dispersible Tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "93.49",
"description": "Zomig 3 5 mg tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "147.23",
"description": "Zomig 6 2.5 mg tablet 1 Box = 6 tablet",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "159.66",
"description": "Zomig ZMT 6 2.5 mg Dispersible Tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "235.62",
"description": "Zomig 6 5 mg Solution 1 Box = 6 Single Use Bottles",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1995-11-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-11-14",
"number": "5466699"
},
{
"approved": "2010-03-30",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2016-08-02",
"number": "2572508"
},
{
"approved": "1999-11-16",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2011-06-06",
"number": "2064815"
},
{
"approved": "2007-05-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-05-28",
"number": "7220767"
},
{
"approved": "2004-06-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-05-28",
"number": "6750237"
}
] |
(S)-4-({3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}methyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one | 4-[[3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]methyl]oxazolidin-2-one | Zolmitriptan | Zolmitriptán | Zolmitriptanum | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | 5-HT-1F | 5-HT1F | HTR1EL | Serotonin receptor 1F | 5-HT-1E | 5-HT1E | S31 | Serotonin receptor 1E | 5-HT-7 | 5-HT-X | 5-HT7 | Serotonin receptor 7 | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | 5-HT-2B | 5-HT2B | Serotonin receptor 2B | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.4.3.21 | 1.4.3.4 | MAO-A | Monoamine oxidase type A | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Ag-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Apo-zolmitriptan",
"Apo-zolmitriptan Rapid",
"Auro-zolmitriptan",
"Bio-zolmitriptan",
"Ccp-zolmitriptan",
"Dom-zolmitriptan",
"Dom-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Ipg-zolmitriptan",
"Jamp Zolmitriptan",
"Jamp-zolmitriptan",
"Jamp-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Mar-zolmitriptan",
"Mint-zolmitriptan",
"Mint-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Mylan-zolmitriptan",
"Mylan-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Nat-zolmitriptan",
"Nra-zolmitriptan",
"PMS-zolmitriptan",
"PMS-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Ratio-zolmitriptan Ir",
"Ratio-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Riva-zolmitriptan",
"Sandoz Zolmitriptan",
"Sandoz Zolmitriptan ODT",
"Septa-zolmitriptan-odt",
"Teva-zolmitriptan",
"Teva-zolmitriptan",
"Teva-zolmitriptan OD",
"Teva-zolmitriptan OD",
"Van-zolmitriptan",
"Van-zolmitriptan ODT",
"Zolmiptriptan",
"Zolmiptriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan",
"Zolmitriptan OD",
"Zolmitriptan OD",
"Zolmitriptan ODT",
"Zolmitriptan ODT",
"Zolmitriptan ODT",
"Zolmitriptan Orally Disintegrating",
"Zolmitriptan Orally Disintegrating",
"Zolmitriptan-odt",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig",
"Zomig Nasal Spray",
"Zomig Nasal Spray",
"Zomig Rapimelt",
"Zomig Zmt",
"Zomig Zmt",
"Zomig Zmt",
"Zomig Zmt",
"Zomig Zmt",
"Zomig Zmt"
] |
[
"AscoTop",
"Nomi",
"Zipton",
"Zolmiles",
"Zolmit",
"Zomigon",
"Zomigoro",
"Zomitan"
] |
[] |
[
"P28222",
"P28221",
"P30939",
"P28566",
"P34969",
"P08908",
"P28223",
"P41595"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P21397"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00317
|
Gefitinib
|
Gefitinib (originally coded ZD1839) is a drug used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Acting in a similar manner to erlotinib (marketed as Tarceva), gefitinib selectively targets the mutant proteins in malignant cells. It is marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Iressa.
|
solid
|
For the continued treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after failure of either platinum-based or docetaxel chemotherapies.
|
Gefitinib inhibits the intracellular phosphorylation of numerous tyrosine kinases associated with transmembrane cell surface receptors, including the tyrosine kinases associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TK). EGFR is expressed on the cell surface of many normal cells and cancer cells.
|
Gefitinib is an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase that binds to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site of the enzyme. EGFR is often shown to be overexpressed in certain human carcinoma cells, such as lung and breast cancer cells. Overexpression leads to enhanced activation of the anti-apoptotic Ras signal transduction cascades, subsequently resulting in increased survival of cancer cells and uncontrolled cell proliferation. Gefitinib is the first selective inhibitor of the EGFR tyrosine kinase which is also referred to as Her1 or ErbB-1. By inhibiting EGFR tyrosine kinase, the downstream signaling cascades are also inhibited, resulting in inhibited malignant cell proliferation.
|
Absorbed slowly after oral administration with a mean bioavailability of 60%. Peak plasma levels occurs 3-7 hours post-administration. Food does not affect the bioavailability of gefitinib.
|
Primarily hepatic via CYP3A4. Three sites of biotransformation have been identified: metabolism of the N-propoxymorpholino-group, demethylation of the methoxy-substituent on the quinazoline, and oxidative defluorination of the halogenated phenyl group.
|
The acute toxicity of gefitinib up to 500 mg in clinical studies has been low. In non-clinical studies, a single dose of 12,000 mg/m<sup>2</sup> (about 80 times the recommended clinical dose on a mg/m<sup>2</sup> basis) was lethal to rats. Half this dose caused no mortality in mice. Symptoms of overdose include diarrhea and skin rash.
|
48 hours [IV administration]
|
90% primarily to serum albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoproteins (independent of drug concentrations).
|
Elimination is by metabolism (primarily CYP3A4) and excretion in feces. Excretion is predominantly via the feces (86%), with renal elimination of drug and metabolites accounting for less than 4% of the administered dose.
|
* 1400 L [IV administration]
|
* 595 mL/min [IV administration]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazanaphthalenes
|
Benzodiazines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01EB",
"L01E",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "52.78",
"description": "Tarceva 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "68.08",
"description": "Iressa 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "144.98",
"description": "Tarceva 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "163.98",
"description": "Tarceva 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1995-10-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-01-19",
"number": "5457105"
},
{
"approved": "2002-04-09",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2016-04-23",
"number": "2215732"
},
{
"approved": "1998-06-23",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-01-08",
"number": "2086968"
},
{
"approved": "1998-06-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-05-05",
"number": "5770599"
}
] |
4-(3'-chloro-4'-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)quinazoline | Gefitinib | N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-methoxy-6-(3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy)-4-quinazolinamine | 2.7.10.1 | ERBB | ERBB1 | HER1 | Proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1 | Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter
|
[
"Apo-gefitinib",
"Auro-gefitinib",
"Eugia-gefitinib",
"Gefitinib",
"Gefitinib",
"Gefitinib",
"Gefitinib",
"Gefitinib",
"Gefitinib Mylan",
"Gefitinib Mylan",
"Iressa",
"Iressa",
"Iressa",
"Iressa",
"Jamp Gefitinib",
"Nat-gefitinib",
"Sandoz Gefitinib"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P00533"
] |
[
"P20815",
"P04798",
"P11712",
"P33261",
"P08684",
"P10635"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"P08183",
"Q9UNQ0"
] |
DB00319
|
Piperacillin
|
Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of polymicrobial infections.
|
Piperacillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. The name "penicillin" can either refer to several variants of penicillin available, or to the group of antibiotics derived from the penicillins. Piperacillin has <i>in vitro</i> activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of Piperacillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through Piperacillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Piperacillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases.
|
By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, Piperacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that Piperacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
|
Not absorbed following oral administration.
|
Largely not metabolized.
| null |
36-72 minutes
| null |
As with other penicillins, PIPRACIL is eliminated primarily by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion; it is excreted rapidly as unchanged drug in high concentrations in the urine. Because PIPRACIL is excreted by the biliary route as well as by the renal route, it can be used safely in appropriate dosage in patients with severely restricted kidney function.
|
* 101 mL/kg [intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg (5-minute infusion) in neonates]
|
* 32 - 41 mL/min/1.73 m2
* 124 - 160 mL/min/1.73 m2 [older pediatric patients]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"J01CR",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J",
"J01CA",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "8.35",
"description": "Piperacillin 2 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "12.53",
"description": "Piperacillin 3 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "16.7",
"description": "Piperacillin 4 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "154.8",
"description": "Piperacillin 40 gm bulk vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2005-05-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-04-14",
"number": "6900184"
},
{
"approved": "2012-03-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-04-14",
"number": "8133883"
},
{
"approved": "2011-03-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-04-14",
"number": "7915229"
},
{
"approved": "2001-03-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-02-22",
"number": "6207661"
}
] |
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-{[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid | Piperacilina | Piperacillin | Piperacillin anhydrous | Piperacillina | Pipéracilline | Piperacillinum | Putative D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase | pbp2b | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8
|
[
"Jamp-pip/taz",
"Piperacillin / Tazobactam Powder for Injection",
"Piperacillin / Tazobactam Powder for Injection",
"Piperacillin / Tazobactam Powder for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin for Injection",
"Piperacillin for Injection",
"Piperacillin for Injection",
"Piperacillin for Injection",
"Piperacillin for Injection",
"Piperacillin for Injection",
"Piperacillin Sodium / Tazobactam Sodium",
"PIPERACILLIN SODIUM and TAZOBACTAM SODIUM",
"PIPERACILLIN SODIUM and TAZOBACTAM SODIUM",
"PIPERACILLIN SODIUM and TAZOBACTAM SODIUM",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin/tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin/tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin/tazobactam for Injection",
"Pipracil",
"Pipracil",
"Pipracil",
"Pipracil Inj 2gm/vial",
"Pipracil Inj 3gm/vial",
"Pipracil Inj 4gm/vial",
"Pipracil Pharmacy Bulk 40gm/vial",
"Pipracil Pharmacy Bulk Vial-pws IV 40g/vial",
"Pipracil-pws Im IV 4g/vial",
"Pipracil-pws IV Im 2g/vial",
"Pipracil-pws IV Im 3g/vial",
"Tazocin",
"Tazocin",
"Tazocin",
"Tazocin Pws IV 2g Piperacillin-.25g Tazobac.",
"Tazocin Pws IV 3g Piperacillin-.375g Tazobac",
"Tazocin Pws IV 4g Piperacillin-.5g Tazobac.",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn Pharmacy Bulk Package",
"Zosyn Pharmacy Bulk Package"
] |
[
"Ecosette",
"Farecillin",
"Penmalin",
"Pentcillin",
"Peracin",
"Piciliant",
"Picillin",
"Picillina",
"Piperac",
"Stepten",
"Tronazam"
] |
[
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn Pharmacy Bulk Package",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin Sodium / Tazobactam Sodium",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn Pharmacy Bulk Package",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Zosyn in Galaxy Containers",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin, Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"PIPERACILLIN SODIUM and TAZOBACTAM SODIUM",
"PIPERACILLIN SODIUM and TAZOBACTAM SODIUM",
"PIPERACILLIN SODIUM and TAZOBACTAM SODIUM",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin / Tazobactam Powder for Injection",
"Piperacillin / Tazobactam Powder for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Tazocin Pws IV 2g Piperacillin-.25g Tazobac.",
"Tazocin Pws IV 4g Piperacillin-.5g Tazobac.",
"Tazocin Pws IV 3g Piperacillin-.375g Tazobac",
"Tazocin",
"Tazocin",
"Tazocin",
"Piperacillin/tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin/tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin/tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Vpi-piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin / Tazobactam Powder for Injection",
"Jamp-pip/taz",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Zosyn",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection",
"Piperacillin and Tazobactam for Injection"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q4U2R8",
"Q8TCC7"
] |
DB00320
|
Dihydroergotamine
|
A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of [ergotamine]. Dihydroergotamine is used as an abortive therapy for migraines.[L38469] Its use has largely been supplanted by triptans in current therapy due to the class's greater selectivity and more favourable side effect profile.
Recent improvements have been made in the design of intranasal delivery devices allowing for greater delivery of dihydroergotamine solution to the vasculature-rich upper nasal cavity.[A239569] The recently approved Precision Olfactory Delivery technology developed by Impel Neuropharma technology has correlated with an increase of 3-fold in Cmax and 4-fold in AUC despite the solution formulated at 75% of the strength of the existing intranasal product.
|
solid
|
Dihydroergotamine (DHE) in all formulations is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.[L38459, L38464, L38469] As an injection, DHE is also indicated for the acute treatment of cluster headache episodes.[L38459]
DHE is not indicated for migraine prevention or the management of hemiplegic or basilar migraine.[L38459, L38464, L38469]
|
DHE is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine headaches with or without aura and the acute treatment of cluster headache episodes.[L38459, L38464, L38469] It is thought to exert its therapeutic effect through both neurological and vascular mechanisms.[A239104] Its serotonin agonist activity may contribute to decreasing glutamatergic activity of the trigeminal system and subsequent cortical depolarization which is thought to participate in the neurological pathophysiology of migraine.[A239099] The same serotonin agonist activity also contributes to vasoconstriction, producing both the characteristic side effect of chest tightness and potentially contributing to a therapeutic effect by counteracting the vasodilation due to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release in migraine attacks.[A239104]
|
DHE has several proposed mechanisms which may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy as an abortive therapy in migraines. Firstly, DHE's s agonist action on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) 1b receptors in the smooth muscle of the cranial vasculature may provide relief via vasoconstriction of the blood vessels which typically become dilated due to the release of CGRP during migraine attacks. [A239104, A239234] DHE's off-target action at alpha-adrenergic receptors may further contribute via this mechanism. The remaining mechanisms are thought to provide relief through the effects on the neurogenic causes of migraine symptoms. Agonist action by DHE on 5-HT<sub>1b</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1d</sub> receptors inhibits nociceptive signalling through the ventroposteromedial thalamus to the trigeminal sensory neurons. Further action on 5-HT<sub>1b</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1d</sub> receptors with the addition of agonist activity on 5-HT<sub>1f</sub> in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis decreases afferent signalling to trigeminal sensory neurons which contributes to central sensitization. The success of experimental compounds selectively targetting the 5-HT<sub>1f</sub> receptor lends support to this mechanism. Lastly, action at 5-HT<sub>1d</sub> receptors on trigeminal nerve terminals inhibits the release of vasoactive neuropeptides thought to contribute to pain and inflammation during a migraine attack. DHE is known to have 10-fold less potency at the 5-HT<sub>1b</sub> receptor than its predecessor ergotamine which reduces the incidence of vascular side effects.[A239239] Notably, DHE slowly diffuses from receptors resulting in unreliable prediction of effects from plasma concentration. [A239234]
|
When delivered intranasally, DHE has a bioavailability of approximately 40% with a tmax of 30-60 min.[L38469, A239234]. Oral formulations have largely been unsuccessful due to a 1% bioavailability owing to a high degree of first-pass metabolism. [A239234] Both intramuscular and intravenous administration produces 100% bioavailability with a tmax of 1-2 min and 24-34 min respectively.[A239234, A239424]
|
DHE is metabolized in the liver to four identified metabolites. 8'-β-hydroxy dihydroergotamine is the primary metabolite and an active one with equipotency for adrenergic and 5-HT receptors.[L38469] 8'-β-hydroxy dihydroergotamine is present at plasma concentrations 5-7 times that of DHE. [A239234] The remaining metabolites are Dihydrolysergic acid, dihydrolysergic amide, and a fourth metabolite formed through oxidative opening of the proline ring are considered minor metabolites. After intranasal administration, it has been found that metabolites represent 20-30% of plasma AUC.[L38469, A239234]
|
Symptoms of overdose include numbness, tingling, pain, and cyanosis of the extremities associated with diminished or absent peripheral pulses; respiratory depression; an increase and/or decrease in blood pressure, usually in that order; confusion, delirium, convulsions, and coma; and/or some degree of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.[L38469] In case of overdose, warmth should be applied to affected areas and vasodilators administered. Local poison control centres should be contacted for detailed information on care in cases of ergot overdose.
|
DHE exhibits a biphasic elimination with half lives of 0.7-1 h and 10-13 h. [A239234]
|
DHE is 93% bound to plasma proteins [L38469, L38459]
|
DHE is primarily eliminated through hepatic metabolism followed by biliary excretion. [L38469, A239234] 6-7% of a single intramuscular dose is excreted in the urine.[A239234]
|
DHE has a steady-state volume of distribution of 800 L.[L38469, L38459]
|
The total clearance of DHE is 1.5 L/h with renal clearance contributing 0.1 L/h.[L38469]
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Ergoline and derivatives
|
Lysergic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N02CA",
"N02C",
"N02",
"N",
"N02CA",
"N02C",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.9",
"description": "Dihydroergotamine Mesylate 1 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "4.18",
"description": "Dihydroergotamine (Dhe) 1 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "11.17",
"description": "Migranal 4 mg/ml Spray",
"unit": "spray"
},
{
"cost": "36.4",
"description": "Dihydroergotamine Mesylate 1 mg/ml Solution 1ml Ampule",
"unit": "ampule"
},
{
"cost": "38.0",
"description": "Dihydroergotamine 1 mg/ml am",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "54.46",
"description": "D.h.e.45 1 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "90.83",
"description": "Migranal nasal spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "94.46",
"description": "Migranal 4 mg/ml Solution 1ml Glass Container",
"unit": "container"
},
{
"cost": "120.88",
"description": "D.H.E. 45 1 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "124.61",
"description": "D.H.E. 45 1 mg/ml Solution 1ml Ampule",
"unit": "ampule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1992-12-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-12-08",
"number": "5169849"
},
{
"approved": "2018-03-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-03-17",
"number": "9919117"
},
{
"approved": "2019-12-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-12-25",
"number": "10507295"
},
{
"approved": "2021-03-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-01-23",
"number": "10940278"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-09-05",
"number": "9550036"
},
{
"approved": "2021-11-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-01-04",
"number": "11185497"
},
{
"approved": "2016-11-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-11-05",
"number": "11266799"
}
] |
(2R,4R,7R)-N-[(1S,2S,4R,7S)-7-benzyl-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-5,8-dioxo-3-oxa-6,9-diazatricyclo[7.3.0.02,6]dodecan-4-yl]-6-methyl-6,11-diazatetracyclo[7.6.1.02,7.012,16]hexadeca-1(16),9,12,14-tetraene-4-carboxamide | 5'-benzyl-12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-3',6',18-trioxo-9,10-dihydroergotaman | 9,10-dihydro-12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)ergotoman-3',6',18-trione | 9,10-dihydroergotamine | Dihidroergotamina | Dihydroergotamin | Dihydroergotamine | Dihydroergotaminum | Diidroergotamina | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | 5-HT-1F | 5-HT1F | HTR1EL | Serotonin receptor 1F | Dopamine D2 receptor | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 5-HT-1E | 5-HT1E | S31 | Serotonin receptor 1E | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | 5-HT-2B | 5-HT2B | Serotonin receptor 2B | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | ADRA2L1 | ADRA2RL1 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2 | Alpha-2B adrenoceptor | Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2BAR | ADRA2L2 | ADRA2RL2 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4 | Alpha-2C adrenoceptor | Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2CAR | Dopamine D3 receptor | D(2C) dopamine receptor | Dopamine D4 receptor | 5-HT-4 | 5-HT4 | Serotonin receptor 4 | ADRB3R | B3AR | Beta-3 adrenoceptor | Beta-3 adrenoreceptor | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"D.H.E. 45",
"D.H.E. 45",
"Dihydroergotamine (dhe), 1mg/ml",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate Injection USP",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate Nasal",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate Nasal",
"Dihydroergotamine Mesylate Nasal",
"Dromelate",
"Migranal",
"Migranal Nasal Spray 4mg/ml",
"PMS-dihydroergotamine",
"PMS-dihydroergotamine",
"Trudhesa"
] |
[
"Dihydergot",
"Ergont",
"Ergotonin",
"Ikaran",
"Orstanorm",
"Trudhesa",
"Verladyn"
] |
[] |
[
"P28222",
"P28221",
"P30939",
"P14416",
"P08913",
"P08908",
"P28566",
"P28223",
"P41595",
"P28335",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100",
"P08913",
"P18089",
"P18825",
"P35462",
"P21917",
"Q13639",
"P13945"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00321
|
Amitriptyline
|
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat depression for decades. ELAVIL, a previously approved branded product of amitriptyline, was first approved by the FDA in 1961.[A259342] Amitriptyline has been investigated in the treatment of pain-related conditions, attributed to its analgesic properties.[A174661]
|
solid
|
This drug in indicated for the following conditions [FDA label]:
Major depressive disorder in adults [L46357]
Management of neuropathic pain in adults
Prophylactic treatment of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) in adults
Prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults
Treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6 years and above when organic pathology, including spina bifida and related disorders, have been excluded and no response has been achieved to all other non-drug and drug treatments, including antispasmodics and vasopressin-related products. This product should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional with expertise in the management of persistent enuresis [FDA label]
Off-label uses: irritable bowel syndrome, sleep disorders, diabetic neuropathy, agitation, fibromyalgia, and insomnia
|
**Effects in pain and depression**
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant and an analgesic. It has anticholinergic and sedative properties [FDA label].
Clinical studies have shown that oral amitriptyline achieves, at a minimum, good to moderate response in up to 2/3 of patients diagnosed with post-herpetic neuralgia and 3/4 of patients diagnosed with diabetic neuropathic pain, and neurogenic pain syndromes that are frequently unresponsive to narcotic analgesics. Amitriptyline has also shown efficacy in diverse groups of patients with chronic non-malignant pain. There have also been some studies showing efficacy in managing fibromyalgia (an off-label use of this drug) [A174658], [A174667].
**Cardiovascular and Anticholinergic Effects**
Amitriptyline has strong anticholinergic properties and may cause ECG changes and quinidine-like effects on the heart [F3454]. Amitriptyline may inhibit ion channels, which are necessary for cardiac repolarization (hERG channels), in the upper micromolar range of therapeutic plasma concentrations. Therefore, amitriptyline may increase the risk for cardiac arrhythmia [FDA label]. Orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia can be a problem in elderly patients receiving this drug at normal doses for depression. There is evidence in the literature that these effects may occur, rarely, at the lower dosages utilized in the treatment of pain. As with any other tricyclic antidepressant agent, increased glucose levels can occur with amitriptyline [A174661].
**Effects on seizure threshold**
This drug also decreases the convulsive threshold and causes alterations in EEG and sleep patterns [F3454].
|
The mechanism of action of this drug is not fully elucidated. It is suggested that amitriptyline inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for the re-uptake of transmitter amines, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, thereby increasing their concentration at the synaptic clefts of the brain [FDA label], [A174673]. These amines are important in regulating mood. The monoamine hypothesis in depression, one of the oldest hypotheses, postulates that deficiencies of serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission in the brain lead to depressive effects [A174670]. This drug counteracts these mechanisms, and this may be the mechanism of amitriptyline in improving depressive symptoms.
Whether its analgesic effects are related to its mood-altering activities or attributable to a different, less obvious pharmacological action (or a combination of both) is unknown [A174661].
|
Rapidly absorbed following oral administration (bioavailability is 30-60% due to first pass metabolism). Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2-12 hours after oral or intramuscular administration [FDA label]. Steady-state plasma concentrations vary greatly and this variation may be due to genetic differences [F3454].
|
In vitro, the metabolism of amitriptyline occurs mainly by demethylation (CYP2C19, CYP3A4) as well as hydroxylation (CYP2D6) followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid. Other isozymes involved in amitriptyline metabolism are CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. The metabolism of this drug is subject to genetic polymorphisms. The main active metabolite is the secondary amine, _nortriptyline_ [FDA label].
Nortriptyline is a stronger inhibitor of noradrenaline than of serotonin uptake, while amitriptyline inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin with equal efficacy. Other metabolites such as _cis-_ and _trans-10-hydroxyamitriptyline_ and _cis-_ and _trans-10-hydroxynortriptyline_ have the same pharmacologic profile as nortriptyline but are significantly weaker. _Demethylnortriptyline_ and amitriptyline N oxide are only present in plasma in negligible amounts; the latter is mostly inactive [FDA label].
|
**Toxicity Data**: Oral TDLO (child): 4167 μg/kg; Oral TDLO (man): 714 μg/kg/1D (intermittent); Oral TDLO (woman): 10 mg/kg [F3454].
Ingestion of 750 mg or more by an adult may result in severe toxicity. The effects in overdose are further increased by simultaneous ingestion of alcohol and another psychotropic agent [FDA label]. Symptoms of overdose include abnormally low blood pressure, confusion, convulsions, dilated pupils and other eye problems, disturbed concentration, drowsiness, hallucinations, impaired heart function, rapid or irregular heartbeat, reduced body temperature, stupor, and unresponsiveness or coma, among others [FDA label], [F3454].
**Use in pregnancy**
For amitriptyline, only limited clinical data are available regarding its use in pregnancy.
Amitriptyline is not recommended during pregnancy unless clearly required and only after careful consideration of both risks and benefits [FDA label].
**Use in breastfeeding**
Amitriptyline and its metabolites are excreted into breast milk (corresponding to 0.6 % - 1 % of the maternal dose). A risk to the suckling child must be considered. A decision should be made as to whether it is appropriate to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue/abstain from the therapy of this medicinal product, considering the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
**Effects on fertility**
Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity. No data on the effects of amitriptyline on human fertility are available [FDA label].
**Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis**
The genotoxic potential of amitriptyline has been investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Although these investigations showed
some contradictory results, a potential of amitriptyline to lead to chromosome abnormalities cannot be excluded. Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been performed to this date [FDA label].
|
The elimination half-life (t1⁄2 β) amitriptyline after peroral administration is about 25 hours (24.65 ± 6.31 hours; range 16.49-40.36 hours) [FDA Label].
|
Very highly protein bound (95%) in plasma and tissues [FDA Label].
|
Amitriptyline and its metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine. Virtually the entire dose is excreted as glucuronide or sulfate conjugate of metabolites, with approximately 2% of unchanged drug appearing in the urine [FDA Label]. 25-50% of a single orally administered dose is excreted in urine as inactive metabolites within 24 hours [FDA label]. Small amounts are excreted in feces via biliary elimination [F3454].
|
The apparent volume of distribution (Vd)β estimated after intravenous administration is 1221 L±280 L; range 769-1702 L (16±3 L/kg) [FDA Label]. It is found widely distributed throughout the body [A174661]. Amitriptyline and the main metabolite _nortriptyline_ pass across the placental barrier and small amounts are present in breast milk [FDA Label].
|
The mean systemic clearance (Cls) is 39.24 ± 10.18 L/h (range: 24.53-53.73 L/h) [FDA Label]. No clear effect of older age on the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline has been determined, although it is possible that clearance may be decreased [A174661].
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Dibenzocycloheptenes
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N06AA",
"N06A",
"N06",
"N",
"N06CA",
"N06C",
"N06",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.18",
"description": "Amitriptyline hcl 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.34",
"description": "Amitriptyline hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Apo-Amitriptyline 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.13",
"description": "Apo-Amitriptyline 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.21",
"description": "Amitriptyline hcl 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Apo-Amitriptyline 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.3",
"description": "Amitriptyline hcl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Amitriptyline hcl 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Apo-Amitriptyline 75 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.54",
"description": "Amitriptyline hcl 75 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.66",
"description": "Amitriptyline hcl 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
10,11-dihydro-5-(γ-dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene | 10,11-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-5H-dibenzo(a,d)heptalene-Δ5,γ-propylamine | 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine | 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine | 5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptatriene | 5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene | 5-(γ-dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo[a,d][1,4]cycloheptadiene | Amitriptilina | Amitriptylin | Amitriptyline | Amitriptylinum | NAT1 | NET | NET1 | Norepinephrine transporter | SLC6A5 | Solute carrier family 6 member 2 | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | D-OR-1 | DOR-1 | OPRD | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | 2.7.10.1 | gp140trk | MTC | Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 | p140-TrkA | TRK | Trk-A | TRK1-transforming tyrosine kinase protein | TRKA | Tropomyosin-related kinase A | Tyrosine kinase receptor | Tyrosine kinase receptor A | 2.7.10.1 | GP145-TrkB | Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 | Trk-B | TRKB | TrkB tyrosine kinase | Tropomyosin-related kinase B | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | KQT-like 2 | Neuroblastoma-specific potassium channel subunit alpha KvLQT2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.2 | Voltage-gated K(+) channel HuKI | Voltage-gated potassium channel HBK1 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.1 | Gastric receptor I | H2R | HH2R | AXOR35 | G-protein coupled receptor 105 | GPCR105 | GPRv53 | H4R | HH4R | Pfi-013 | SP9144 | Aging-associated gene 8 protein | hSigmaR1 | OPRS1 | SIG-1R | Sigma 1-type opioid receptor | Sigma1-receptor | Sigma1R | SR-BP | SR31747-binding protein | SRBP | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | 5-HT-7 | 5-HT-X | 5-HT7 | Serotonin receptor 7 | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | 5-HT-6 | 5-HT6 | Serotonin receptor 6 | KQT-like 3 | Potassium channel subunit alpha KvLQT3 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.3 | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | 5ht1c | Htr1c | Serotonin receptor 2C | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | Eag-related protein 2 | ERG-2 | ERG2 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 2 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 2 | hERG-2 | hERG2 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.2 | Eag-related protein 3 | ERG-3 | ERG3 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 3 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 3 | hERG-3 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.3 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 2.4.1.17 | UDPGT 2B10 | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 2 | GNT1 | hUG-BR2 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-D | UDPGT 1-4 | UGT-1D | UGT1 | UGT1-04 | UGT1.4 | UGT1*4 | UGT1A4 | UGT1D | 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate peroxidase | 2.5.1.18 | Androst-5-ene-3,17-dione isomerase | GST class-alpha member 1 | GST HA subunit 1 | GST-epsilon | GSTA1-1 | GTH1 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-alpha member 2 | GST HA subunit 2 | GST-gamma | GST2 | GSTA2-2 | GTH2 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 1 | GST HB subunit 4 | GST1 | GSTM1-1 | GSTM1a-1a | GSTM1b-1b | GTH4 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 2 | GST4 | GSTM2-2 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 3 | GST5 | GSTM3-3 | hGSTM3-3 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 4 | GST-Mu2 | GSTM4-4 | Leukotriene C4 synthase GSTM4 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 5 | GSTM5-5 | 2.5.1.18 | FAEES3 | GST class-pi | GST3 | GSTP1-1 | 2.5.1.18 | Glutathione transferase T1-1 | GST class-theta-1 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-theta-2 | 2.5.1.18 | Glutathione S-transferase theta-2 | GST class-theta-2 | GSTT2 | 5.3.99.2 | Glutathione S-transferase | Glutathione-dependent PGD synthase | Glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D synthase | GST class-sigma | GSTS | H-PGDS | PGDS | Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase | PTGDS2 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
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"Amitriptyline",
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"Amitriptyline hcl",
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"Amitriptyline HCL",
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"Amitriptyline HCL",
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"Amitriptyline HCl Tab 25mg",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
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"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets USP",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets USP",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets USP",
"Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets USP",
"Amitriptyline Tablets B.p 25mg",
"Amitriptyline-10",
"Amitriptyline-25",
"Amitriptyline-50",
"Apo Peram Tab 2-25",
"Apo Peram Tab 3-15",
"Apo-amitriptyline",
"Apo-amitriptyline",
"Apo-amitriptyline",
"Apo-amitriptyline",
"Bio-amitriptyline",
"Bio-amitriptyline",
"Bio-amitriptyline",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline HCl",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline HCl",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Dom-amitriptyline",
"Dom-amitriptyline",
"Dom-amitriptyline",
"Elavil",
"Elavil",
"Elavil",
"Elavil",
"Elavil 25 mg",
"Elavil Pamoate Syr 10mg/5ml",
"Elavil Plus Tab",
"Elavil Tablet 10mg",
"Elavil Tablet 25mg",
"Elavil Tablet 50mg",
"Elavil Tablet 75mg",
"Equipto - Amitriptyline External Cream Compounding Kit",
"Etrafon 2 10",
"Etrafon A Tab",
"Etrafon D Tab",
"Etrafon F Tab",
"Ipg-amitriptyline",
"Ipg-amitriptyline",
"Ipg-amitriptyline",
"Ipg-amitriptyline",
"Jamp-amitriptyline",
"Jamp-amitriptyline",
"Jamp-amitriptyline",
"Jamp-amitriptyline",
"Jamp-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Jamp-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Jamp-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Jamp-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Levate",
"Levate",
"Levate",
"Levate",
"Limbitrol",
"Limbitrol",
"Limbitrol DS",
"Mar-amitriptyline",
"Mar-amitriptyline",
"Mar-amitriptyline",
"Mar-amitriptyline",
"Novo-triptyn Tab 10mg",
"Novo-triptyn Tab 25mg",
"Novo-triptyn Tab 50mg",
"Nu-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Nu-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Nu-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Nu-amitriptyline Tablets",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-amitriptyline",
"PMS-levazine 2/25 Tab",
"PMS-levazine 3/15 Tab",
"PMS-levazine 4/25 Tab",
"Priva-amitriptyline",
"Priva-amitriptyline",
"Priva-amitriptyline",
"Priva-amitriptyline",
"Proavil Tab",
"Sentravil PM-25",
"Teva-amitriptyline",
"Teva-amitriptyline",
"Teva-amitriptyline",
"Triavil Tab",
"Zyvodol"
] |
[
"Adepril",
"Amitryp",
"Conmitrip",
"Endep",
"Fiorda",
"Kamitrin",
"Laroxyl",
"Latilin",
"Maxitrip",
"Redomex",
"Saroten",
"Sarotex",
"Sarotex Retard",
"Syneudon",
"Tryptanol",
"Tryptizol",
"Uxen Retard"
] |
[
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Sentravil PM-25",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Limbitrol",
"Limbitrol",
"Limbitrol DS",
"Zyvodol",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Perphenazine and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline HCl",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline HCl",
"Etrafon 2 10",
"Elavil Plus Tab",
"Triavil Tab",
"Proavil Tab",
"Apo Peram Tab 3-15",
"Apo Peram Tab 2-25",
"Etrafon A Tab",
"Etrafon D Tab",
"Etrafon F Tab",
"PMS-levazine 3/15 Tab",
"PMS-levazine 2/25 Tab",
"PMS-levazine 4/25 Tab",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline Hydrochloride"
] |
[
"P23975",
"P31645",
"P28223",
"P08908",
"P41143",
"P41145",
"P04629",
"Q16620",
"P35348",
"P25100",
"P08913",
"P35367",
"O43526",
"Q09470",
"P25021",
"Q9H3N8",
"Q99720",
"P28335",
"P35368",
"P34969",
"P28221",
"P35372",
"P28222",
"P50406",
"O43525",
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"P08173",
"P08912",
"Q12809",
"Q9H252",
"Q9NS40"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P05177",
"P33261",
"P11712",
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P20813",
"P10632",
"P36537",
"P22310",
"P08263",
"P09210",
"P09488",
"P28161",
"P21266",
"Q03013",
"P46439",
"P09211",
"P30711",
"P0CG29",
"P0CG30",
"O60760"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00322
|
Floxuridine
|
An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection. Floxuridine is available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, lyophilized powder for reconstitution. When administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
|
solid
|
For palliative management of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver, when given by continuous regional intra-arterial infusion in carefully selected patients who are considered incurable by surgery or other means. Also for the palliative management of liver cancer (usually administered by hepatic intra-arterial infusion).
|
Floxuridine is an anti-metabolite or a pyrimidine analog that works by disrupting the process S-phase of cell division, selectively targeting rapidly dividing cells. Due to the structural similarities, antimetabolites act as pyrimidine-like molecules and prevent normal pyrimidines from being incorporated into DNA. After successful biotransformation, floxuridine is converted into an active component, flurouracil, which blocks the enzyme which converts cytosine nucleosides into the deoxy derivative. Flurouracil also physically prevents the incorporation of thymidine nucleotides into the DNA strand by taking their place, further preventing DNA synthesis.
|
Floxuridine rapidly undergoes catabolism to form 5-fluorouracil, which is the active component of the drug. 5-Fluorouracil primarily works by interfering with DNA synthesis; however, it may also inhibit the formation of fraudulent RNA via physical incorporation into the RNA. It is also an inhibitor of riboside phophorylase, preventing the utilization of pre-formed uracil in RNA synthesis. Floxuridine can also form 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-phosphate (FUDR-MP), which is the monophosphate of floxuridine that inhibits thymidylate synthetase that plays a role in the methylation of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid during DNA synthesis. FUDR-MP thus interferes with DNA synthesis.
| null |
Hepatic.
|
Oral, rat LD<sub>50</sub>: 215 mg/kg. Signs of overdose include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, and bone marrow depression (including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and agranulocytosis).
| null | null |
Floxuridine can be excreted as unchanged drug, urea, fluorouracil, a-fluoro-bureidopropionic acid, dihydrofluorouracil, a-fluoro-b-guanidopropionic acid and a-fluoro-b-alanine via the kidneys. Floxuridine may also be excreted as respiratory carbon dioxide.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
|
Pyrimidine nucleosides
|
Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"L01BC",
"L01B",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "121.06",
"description": "Fudr 500 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "144.0",
"description": "Floxuridine 500 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[] |
1-(2-Deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluorouracil | 1-beta-D-2'-Deoxyribofuranosyl-5-flurouracil | 1beta-D-2'-Deoxyribofuranosyl-5-flurouracil | 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine | 5-Fluoro-2-desoxyuridine | 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine | 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine | 5-Fluorouracil 2'-deoxyriboside | 5-Fluorouracil deoxyriboside | 5FDU | beta-5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine | Deoxyfluorouridine | FdU | Floxiridina | Floxuridin | Floxuridine | Floxuridinum | Fluorodeoxyuridine | Fluoruridine deoxyribose | 2.1.1.45 | CDC21 | TS | TSA1 | 2.1.1.45 | TS | TSase | 2.4.2.4 | ECGF1 | Gliostatin | PD-ECGF | Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor | TdRPase | TP | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | Serpin A7 | T4-binding globulin | TBG
|
[
"Fdur",
"Floxuridine",
"Floxuridine",
"Floxuridine",
"Floxuridine"
] |
[
"FUDR"
] |
[] |
[
"P04818"
] |
[
"P19971",
"P11712"
] |
[
"P05543"
] |
[] |
DB00323
|
Tolcapone
|
Tolcapone is a drug that inhibits the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). It is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as an adjunct to levodopa/carbidopa medication. It is a yellow, odorless, non-hygroscopic, crystalline compound. Tolcapone is associated with a risk of hepatotoxicity.
|
solid
|
Used as an adjunct to levodopa/carbidopa therapy for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's Disease. This drug is generally reserved for patients with parkinsonian syndrome receiving levodopa/carbidopa who are experiencing symptom fluctuations and are not responding adequately to or are not candidates for other adjunctive therapies.
|
Tolcapone is a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). In humans, COMT is distributed throughout various organs. COMT catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the phenolic group of substrates that contain a catechol structure. Physiological substrates of COMT include dopa, catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and their hydroxylated metabolites. The function of COMT is the elimination of biologically active catechols and some other hydroxylated metabolites. COMT is responsible for the elimination of biologically active catechols and some other hydroxylated metabolites. In the presence of a decarboxylase inhibitor, COMT becomes the major metabolizing enzyme for levodopa catalyzing it to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine (3-OMD) in the brain and periphery. When tolcapone is given in conjunction with levodopa and an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, such as carbidopa, plasma levels of levodopa are more sustained than after administration of levodopa and an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor alone. It is believed that these sustained plasma levels of levodopa result in more constant dopaminergic stimulation in the brain, leading to greater effects on the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease in patients as well as increased levodopa adverse effects, sometimes requiring a decrease in the dose of levodopa.
|
The precise mechanism of action of tolcapone is unknown, but it is believed to be related to its ability to inhibit COMT and alter the plasma pharmacokinetics of levodopa, resulting in an increase in plasma levodopa concentrations. The inhibition of COMT also causes a reduction in circulating 3-OMD as a result of decreased peripheral metabolism of levodopa. This may lead to an increase distribution of levodopa into the CNS through the reduction of its competitive substrate, 3-OMD, for transport mechanisms. Sustained levodopa concentrations presumably result in more consistent dopaminergic stimulation, resulting in greater reduction in the manifestations of parkinsonian syndrome.
|
Rapidly absorbed (absolute bioavailability is about 65%)
|
The main metabolic pathway of tolcapone is glucuronidation
|
LD<sub>50</sub> = 1600 mg/kg (Orally in rats)
|
2-3.5 hours
|
> 99.9% (to serum albumin)
|
Tolcapone is almost completely metabolized prior to excretion, with only a very small amount (0.5% of dose) found unchanged in urine. The glucuronide conjugate of tolcapone is mainly excreted in the urine but is also excreted in the bile.
|
* 9 L
|
* 7 L/h
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzophenones
|
[
"approved",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"N04BX",
"N04B",
"N04",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "7.44",
"description": "Tasmar 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.13",
"description": "Tasmar 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1995-12-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-12-19",
"number": "5476875"
},
{
"approved": "1993-08-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-01-29",
"number": "5236952"
}
] |
(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)(4-methylphenyl)methanone | 3,4-dihydroxy-4'-methyl-5-nitrobenzophenone | 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitro-4'-methylbenzophenone | 4'-methyl-3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzophenone | Tolcapon | Tolcapona | Tolcapone | Tolcaponum | 2.1.1.6 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tasmar",
"Tolcapone",
"Tolcapone",
"Tolcapone"
] |
[
"Sen De Ning"
] |
[] |
[
"P21964"
] |
[
"P11712"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00324
|
Fluorometholone
|
A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732)
|
solid
|
For the ophthalmic treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.
|
Corticosteroids such as fluorometholone inhibit the inflammatory response to a variety of inciting agents and probably delay or slow healing. They inhibit the edema, fibrin deposition, capillary dilation, leukocyte migration, capillary proliferation, fibroblast proliferation, deposition of collagen, and scar formation associated with inflammation.
|
There is no generally accepted explanation for the mechanism of action of ocular corticosteroids. However, corticosteroids are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Their primary target is the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. After binding the receptor the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the promoter region of the target genes. The DNA bound receptor then interacts with basic transcription factors, causing the increase in expression of specific target genes.
| null | null |
Side effects may include acute anterior uveitis and perforation of the globe. Keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, mydriasis, conjunctival hyperemia, loss of accommodation and ptosis have occasionally been reported following local use of corticosteroids. LD<sub>50</sub> = 234 mg/kg (rats)
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Pregnane steroids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"D07XB",
"D07X",
"D07",
"D",
"D07AB",
"D07A",
"D07",
"D",
"S01BA",
"S01B",
"S01",
"S",
"S01BB",
"S01B",
"S01",
"S",
"C05AA",
"C05A",
"C05",
"C",
"D07CB",
"D07C",
"D07",
"D",
"S01CB",
"S01C",
"S01",
"S",
"S01CA",
"S01C",
"S01",
"S",
"D10AA",
"D10A",
"D10",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.73",
"description": "Pms-Fluorometholone 0.1 % Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.96",
"description": "Flarex 0.1 % Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.96",
"description": "Fml Forte 0.25 % Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.25",
"description": "Fluorometholone 0.1% drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.09",
"description": "Fml forte 0.25% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "6.27",
"description": "Fml liquifilm 0.1% eye drop",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "8.11",
"description": "Flarex 0.1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "17.99",
"description": "Fluor-Op 0.1% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "25.99",
"description": "Fluor-Op 0.1% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "30.07",
"description": "FML Forte 0.25% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "30.99",
"description": "Fluor-Op 0.1% Suspension 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "35.99",
"description": "FML-S Liquifilm 0.1-10% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "41.65",
"description": "FML Liquifilm 0.1% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "42.82",
"description": "Flarex 0.1% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "48.58",
"description": "FML Forte 0.25% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "50.7",
"description": "Flarex 0.1% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "60.17",
"description": "FML Liquifilm 0.1% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "60.98",
"description": "FML Forte 0.25% Suspension 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "82.16",
"description": "FML Liquifilm 0.1% Suspension 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[] |
(1R,2S,8S,10S,11S,14R,15S,17S)-14-acetyl-1-fluoro-14,17-dihydroxy-2,8,15-trimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.011,15]heptadeca-3,6-dien-5-one | 9-Fluoro-11beta,17-dihydroxy-6alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione | Fluorometholon | Fluorométholone | Fluorometholone | Fluorometholonum | Fluorometolona | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin
|
[
"Flarex",
"Flarex",
"Flarex",
"Fluor-Op",
"Fluorometholone",
"Fluorometholone",
"Fluorometholone Ophthalmic Suspension",
"Fluorometholone Ophthalmic Suspension",
"FML",
"FML",
"FML",
"FML",
"FML Forte",
"FML Forte Sus 0.25%",
"FML-neo Oph Sus",
"FML-S",
"PMS-fluorometholone",
"Sandoz Fluorometholone",
"Tobraflex"
] |
[
"Efflumidex",
"Fluaton",
"Flumetholon",
"Flurolon",
"FML Liquifilm",
"Foxone",
"Fucin",
"Fuluson",
"Fumelon",
"Humetoron",
"Oxylone"
] |
[
"FML-S",
"Tobraflex",
"FML-neo Oph Sus"
] |
[
"P04150"
] |
[
"P20815",
"P08684"
] |
[
"P08185"
] |
[] |
DB00325
|
Nitroprusside
|
Nitroprusside serves as a source of nitric oxide, a potent peripheral vasodilator that affects both arterioles and venules (venules more than arterioles). Nitroprusside is often administered intravenously to patients who are experiencing a hypertensive emergency.
|
solid
|
For immediate reduction of blood pressure of patients in hypertensive crises, reduce bleeding during surgery, and for the treatment of acute congestive heart failure
|
Nitroprusside a powerful vasodilator relaxes the vascular smooth muscle and produce consequent dilatation of peripheral arteries and veins. Other smooth muscle (e.g., uterus, duodenum) is not affected. Sodium nitroprusside is more active on veins than on arteries.
|
One molecule of sodium nitroprusside is metabolized by combination with hemoglobin to produce one molecule of cyanmethemoglobin and four CN- ions; methemoglobin, obtained from hemoglobin, can sequester cyanide as cyanmethemoglobin; thiosulfate reacts with cyanide to produce thiocyanate; thiocyanate is eliminated in the urine; cyanide not otherwise removed binds to cytochromes. Cyanide ion is normally found in serum; it is derived from dietary substrates and from tobacco smoke. Cyanide binds avidly (but reversibly) to ferric ion (Fe+++), most body stores of which are found in erythrocyte methemoglobin (metHgb) and in mitochondrial cytochromes. When CN is infused or generated within the bloodstream, essentially all of it is bound to methemoglobin until intraerythrocytic methemoglobin has been saturated.
Sodium nitroprusside is further broken down in the circulation to release nitric oxide (NO), which activates guanylate cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle. This leads to increased production of intracellular cGMP, which stimulates calcium ion movement from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum, reducing the level of available calcium ions that can bind to calmodulin. This ultimately results in vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vessel dilation.
| null |
Metabolized by reaction with hemoglobin to produce cyanmethemoglobin and cynide ions
|
Overdosage of nitroprusside can be manifested as excessive hypotension or cyanide toxicity or as thiocyanate toxicity. The acute intravenous mean lethal doses (LD<sub>50</sub>) of nitroprusside in rabbits, dogs, mice, and rats are 2.8, 5.0, 8.4, and 11.2 mg/kg, respectively.
|
Approximately 2 minutes
| null |
One molecule of sodium nitroprusside is metabolized by combination with hemoglobin to produce one molecule of cyanmethemoglobin and four CN¯ ions, thiosulfate reacts with cyanide to produce thiocyanate, thiocyanate is eliminated in the urine.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic salts
|
Organic metal salts
|
Organic transition metal salts
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C02DD",
"C02D",
"C02",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Nitroferricyanide | 4.6.1.2 | GCS-alpha-1 | GCS-alpha-3 | Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-3 | GUC1A3 | GUCSA3 | GUCY1A3 | Soluble guanylate cyclase large subunit | 4.6.1.2 | GCS-beta-1 | GCS-beta-3 | Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-3 | GUC1B3 | GUCSB3 | GUCY1B3 | Soluble guanylate cyclase small subunit | 4.6.1.2 | ANP-A | ANPR-A | ANPRA | Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor type A | GC-A | Guanylate cyclase A | NPR-A | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase
|
[
"Nipride",
"Nipride",
"Nipride Rtu",
"Nipride Rtu",
"Nipride Rtu",
"Nitropress",
"Nitropress",
"Nitropress",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside",
"Sodium Nitroprusside for Injection",
"Sodium Nitroprusside for Injection",
"Sodium Nitroprusside for Injection",
"Sodium Nitroprusside for Injection",
"Sodium Nitroprusside In 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Sodium Nitroprusside In 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Sodium Nitroprusside In 0.9% Sodium Chloride"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q02108",
"Q02153",
"P16066"
] |
[
"P04798"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00326
|
Calcium glucoheptonate
|
Calcium supplements such as calcium gluceptate are taken by individuals who are unable to get enough calcium in their regular diet or who have a need for more calcium. They are used to prevent or treat several conditions that may cause hypocalcemia (not enough calcium in the blood). The body needs calcium to make strong bones. Calcium is also needed for the heart, muscles, and nervous system to work properly.
|
solid
|
For treatment of mild hypocalcemia due to neonatal tetany, tetany due to parathyroid deficiency or vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis, as prophylaxis of hypocalcemia during exchange transfusions, in the treatment of intestinal malabsorption, and to replenish electrolytes.
|
Calcium supplements such as calcium gluceptate are taken by individuals who are unable to get enough calcium in their regular diet or who have a need for more calcium. They are used to prevent or treat several conditions that may cause hypocalcemia (not enough calcium in the blood). The body needs calcium to make strong bones. Calcium is also needed for the heart, muscles, and nervous system to work properly. The bones serve as a storage site for the body's calcium. They are continuously giving up calcium to the bloodstream and then replacing it as the body's need for calcium changes from day to day. When there is not enough calcium in the blood to be used by the heart and other organs, your body will take the needed calcium from the bones. When you eat foods rich in calcium, the calcium will be restored to the bones and the balance between your blood and bones will be maintained.
|
Calcium gluceptate replenishes the deminished levels of calcium in the body, returning them to normal levels.
|
Rapidly absorbed following oral administration.
| null |
Symptoms of overdose include confusion, drowsiness (severe), high blood pressure, increased sensitivity of eyes or skin to light, irregular, fast, or slow heartbeat, and unusually large amount of urine or increased frequency of urination.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic oxygen compounds
|
Organooxygen compounds
|
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"A12AA",
"A12A",
"A12",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "12.69",
"description": "Calcium gluceptate powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
Calcii glucoheptonas | calcium (2ξ)-D-gluco-heptonate | calcium bis[(2ξ)-D-glycero-D-gulo-heptonate] | calcium bis[(2ξ)-D-glycero-D-ido-heptonate] | calcium bis[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanoate] | Calcium gluceptate | Calcium glucoheptonat | Calcium glucoheptonate | Calcium glucoheptonate (1:2) | Glucoheptonate de calcium | Glucoheptonato calcico
|
[
"Calcium Liq Alsi",
"Calcium Liquid",
"Calcium Liquid",
"Calcium Liquid",
"Glucoheptonate",
"Liquid Calcium",
"Sirop De Calcium 625mg/5ml"
] |
[] |
[
"Calcium Liquid",
"Calcium Liquid",
"Calcium Liquid",
"Liquid Calcium"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00327
|
Hydromorphone
|
Hydromorphone is a pure opioid,[A176468] a semi-synthetic hydrogenated ketone derivative of [morphine] that has been available clinically since 1920. Structurally, hydromorphone derived from [morphine] in the modification of the hydroxyl group in the carbon 6 to a carbonyl and the absence of a double bond between the carbon 7 and 8. Due to these modifications, it presents a very high potency and comparable side effect profile to the parent compound.[A176471] Even though hydromorphone does not present a 6-hydroxyl group, it is categorized under the family of phenanthrenes and it is considered a chemical under the schedule II (medical purposes with high addiction potential).[A176495]
The first reported approved product containing hydromorphone in the form of hydromorphone hydrochloride was developed by Fresenius Kabi USA and FDA approved in 1984.[L5795]
|
solid
|
Hydromorphone is indicated for the management of moderate to severe acute pain and severe chronic pain. Due to its addictive potential and overdose risk, hydromorphone is only prescribed when other first-line treatments have failed.[A176468]
The WHO has proposed a three-step ladder for the management of pain in which it is suggested to start with a non-opioid medication followed by addition of weak opioids to the non-opioid treatment for moderate pain and finishing in the use of strong opioids such as hydromorphone along with the existing regimen for cases of severe pain.[A176471]
Off-label, hydromorphone can be administered for the suppression of refractory cough.[A176468]
|
In clinical trials, hydromorphone has been shown to be suitable for pain relief in patients that do not tolerate the side effects of [morphine] or that suffer from renal failure or asthma. It has been shown to be 5-7 times more potent than morphine with a shorter duration of analgesia.[A176471]
Some of the observed effects of the consumption of hydromorphone for acute pain are complete and longlasting pain relief when compared to other pain relief agents such as [meperidine], [morphine], [diamorphine], [bupivacaine], [indomethacin], and [fentanyl]. On the same trials, hydromorphone was shown to produce respiratory depression, lower cognitive function, miosis, mydriasis, constipation, hypotension, and vertigo but to present a reduced incidence of pruritus (which indicates a lower release of histamine) and nausea.[A176507]
The respiratory depression is known to be caused by the effect on the brain stem respiratory centers as well as to a reduction in the responsiveness of this brain stems to increase carbon dioxide tension.[L5798]
|
Hydromorphone is an opioid agonist that can bind to different types of opioid receptors. Its analgesic effect is suggested to be related to the effect on the mu-opioid receptors. It has been reported to also have a minor affinity for the delta and kappa receptor.[A176495, A176504] On the other hand, it is known to act at the level of the medulla which allows it to depress the respiratory drive and suppress cough.[A176468]
The onset of action of the immediate release form of hydromorphone is achieved in 15-20 minutes and having a lasting effect for 3-4 hours while the extended-release form onset of action is of 6 hours lasting for about 13 hours.[A176468]
|
The immediate release version of hydromorphone reaches its peak concentration after 30-60 minutes while the extended-release version reaches the peak concentration after 9 hours.[A176468] When administered orally, hydromorphone is absorbed mainly in the upper small intestine with a bioavailability of 60% due to intensive first-pass metabolism. In the controlled-release version of hydromorphone, the absorption follows a biphasic pharmacokinetic profile. However, even though there are clear distinctions in the absorption pathway of hydromorphone, the AUC of both versions is reported to be of 34 ng.h/ml which indicates an equivalence.[A176471]
The parenteral administration of hydromorphone, which is the most common pathway, presents an almost immediate absorption as observed by the presence of peak plasma concentration almost immediately. This peak plasma concentration declines rapidly due to fast redistribution into liver, spleen, kidney and skeletal muscle. In the parenteral route, the pharmacokinetic profile is log-linear and dose-dependent and to present a higher bioavailability of 78%.[A176471]
Other administration routes such as rectal, nasal, intraspinal and transdermal present lower bioavailability and changes in their pharmacokinetic profile.[A176471]
|
The metabolism of hydromorphone is mainly hepatic and it is represented by the generation of hydromorphone-3-glucuronide through glucuronidation reactions.[A176468] This primary metabolic pathway is done by the activity of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-2B7.[A176501] The first-pass hepatic metabolism is so large that it represents 62% of the initial administered dose.[A176495]
On the other hand, hydromorphone is also characterized by the presence of minor metabolic pathways such as the CYP3A4- and CYP2C9-driven generation of norhydromorphone.[A39478]
|
The reported LD50 of hydromorphone in the mouse was of 104 mg/kg when given intravenously and 84 mg/kg when given orally.[F4181] The reports of overdose with hydromorphone are characterized by respiratory depression, somnolence, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, myosis, mydriasis, bradycardia, hypotension, apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and even death.[FDA label]
The management of an overdose might require assisted ventilation, supportive measures, as well as cardiac massage and defibrillation. It can be recommended the use of [naloxone] solely in the cases of respiratory depression. The use of opioid antagonist should be restricted to patients that present respiratory depression as they can produce acute abstinence symptoms.[FDA label]
Hydromorphone was not shown to be mutagenic nor clastogenic and long-term studies of carcinogenicity studies have not been performed. On the other hand, reduced implantation sites and viable fetuses were noted at a 2X normal concentration.[FDA label]
|
The half-life of hydromorphone immediate-release is of 2-3 hour while the extended release can range from 8-15 hours.[A176468]
|
The protein-bound form of hydromorphone corresponds to about 8-19% of the administered dose.[A176468]
|
The main elimination route of hydromorphone is through the urine in the form of the main metabolite hydromorphone-3-glucuronide. The elimination of the parent compound represents 7% of the urine elimination and 1% of the fecal elimination.[A176468]
|
The volume of distribution of hydromorphone is reported to be of 4 L/kg.[A176468]
|
The mean plasma clearance of hydromorphone is reported to be of 105.7 ml/min.[A176510] The systemic clearance is reported to be of 1.96 L/min.[L5798]
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Morphinans
| null |
[
"approved",
"illicit"
] |
[
"N02AA",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AA",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AG",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.0",
"description": "Dilaudid 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "Hydromorphone-ns 25 mg/25 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.02",
"description": "Hydromorphone 2 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.05",
"description": "Hydromorphone-ns 0.3 mg/ ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.08",
"description": "Hydromorphone-ns 0.4 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Hydromorph Contin 6 mg Controlled-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.19",
"description": "Hydromorphone 2 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.28",
"description": "Dilaudid 2 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.32",
"description": "Hydromorphone 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.36",
"description": "Dilaudid 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.4",
"description": "Hydromorphone hcl 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.64",
"description": "Dilaudid 1 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.81",
"description": "Dilaudid 2 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.91",
"description": "Hydromorph Contin 12 mg Controlled-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.07",
"description": "HYDROmorphone HCl 4 mg/ml Solution 1ml Cartridge",
"unit": "cartridge"
},
{
"cost": "2.19",
"description": "Dilaudid 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.2",
"description": "Dilaudid 4 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.42",
"description": "Pms-Hydromorphone 3 mg Suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "2.58",
"description": "Hydromorphone 10 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.75",
"description": "Hydromorph Contin 18 mg Controlled-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.92",
"description": "Hydromorphone Hp 10 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.14",
"description": "Dilaudid-Hp 10 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.52",
"description": "Hydromorph Contin 24 mg Controlled-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.21",
"description": "Hydromorph Contin 30 mg Controlled-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.72",
"description": "Hydromorphone Hp 20 20 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.08",
"description": "Dilaudid-Hp-Plus 20 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "11.11",
"description": "Hydromorphone 3 mg suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
},
{
"cost": "11.82",
"description": "Dilaudid-Xp 50 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "13.78",
"description": "Hydromorphone Hp 50 50 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "54.92",
"description": "HYDROmorphone HCl 6 3 mg Suppository Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "78.99",
"description": "Dilaudid Sterile Powder 250 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "114.8",
"description": "Dilaudid-hp 250 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "166.25",
"description": "Hydromorphone hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Pms-Hydromorphone 1 mg/ml Liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.09",
"description": "Dilaudid 1 mg/ml Liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Pms-Hydromorphone 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Pms-Hydromorphone 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Dilaudid 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Dilaudid 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Pms-Hydromorphone 4 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Dilaudid-5 1 mg/ml liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Hydromorphone-ns 5.5 mg/55 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.35",
"description": "Dilaudid 4 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Hydromorphone 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Pms-Hydromorphone 8 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.49",
"description": "Hydromorphone-ns 0.2 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.55",
"description": "Dilaudid 8 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Hydromorphone 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.73",
"description": "Hydromorph Contin 3 mg Controlled-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.77",
"description": "HYDROmorphone HCl 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.8",
"description": "HYDROmorphone HCl 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Hydromorphone-ns 2.5 mg/25 ml",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1999-10-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-12-24",
"number": "5968551"
},
{
"approved": "2003-07-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-11-09",
"number": "6589960"
},
{
"approved": "2016-02-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-12",
"number": "9248229"
},
{
"approved": "2017-08-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-04-23",
"number": "9731082"
}
] |
(-)-(5R)-4,5-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-9α-methylmorphinan-6-one | 4,5-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one | 4,5alpha-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl-6-morphinanone | 6-Deoxy-7,8-dihydro-6-oxomorphine | 7,8-Dihydromorphinone | Dihydromorfinon | Dihydromorphinone | Dimorphone | Hidromorfona | Hydromorfona | Hydromorphone | Hydromorphonum | Idromorfone | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor | D-OR-1 | DOR-1 | OPRD | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-C | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 3 | UDPGT 1-3 | UGT-1C | UGT1 | UGT1-03 | UGT1.3 | UGT1*3 | UGT1A3 | UGT1C | 2.4.1.17 | 3,4-catechol estrogen-specific UDPGT | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B9 | UDPGT 2B7 | UDPGT 2B9 | UDPGTh-2 | UGT2B7 | UGTB2B9 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Apo-hydromorphone",
"Apo-hydromorphone",
"Apo-hydromorphone",
"Apo-hydromorphone",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Apo-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Bar-hydromorphone CR",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid",
"Dilaudid Hp",
"Dilaudid Hp",
"Dilaudid Hp",
"Dilaudid-HP",
"Dilaudid-HP",
"Dilaudid-HP-plus",
"Dilaudid-XP",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Exalgo",
"Hydromorph Contin",
"Hydromorph Contin",
"Hydromorph Contin-controlled Release Cap - 12mg",
"Hydromorph Contin-controlled Release Cap - 18mg",
"Hydromorph Contin-controlled Release Cap - 24mg",
"Hydromorph Contin-controlled Release Cap - 30mg",
"Hydromorph Contin-controlled Release Cap - 3mg",
"Hydromorph Contin-controlled Release Cap - 6mg",
"Hydromorph.ir - 2mg",
"Hydromorph.ir - 4mg",
"Hydromorph.ir - 8mg",
"Hydromorphone",
"Hydromorphone",
"Hydromorphone",
"Hydromorphone",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl",
"Hydromorphone HCl Tab 2mg USP",
"Hydromorphone HCl Tab 4mg USP",
"Hydromorphone Hp 10",
"Hydromorphone Hp 20",
"Hydromorphone Hp 50",
"Hydromorphone Hp Forte Injection",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"HYDROmorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"HYDROmorphone Hydrochloride",
"HYDROmorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection Hp 10",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection Hp 50",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection Hp Forte",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Sup 3mg",
"Hyrdomorphone Hydrochloride",
"Jurnista",
"Jurnista",
"Jurnista",
"Jurnista",
"Palladone",
"Palladone",
"Palladone",
"Palladone",
"Palladone",
"Palladone",
"Palladone",
"Palladone",
"Palladone XL - 12mg",
"Palladone XL - 16mg",
"Palladone XL - 24mg",
"PHL-hydromorphone",
"PHL-hydromorphone -syr 1mg/ml",
"PMS Hydromorphone Sirop 1mg/ml",
"PMS Hydromorphone Suppositoire 3mg",
"PMS-hydromorphone Tab 1mg",
"PMS-hydromorphone Tab 2mg",
"PMS-hydromorphone Tab 4mg",
"PMS-hydromorphone Tab 8mg",
"Teva-hydromorphone",
"Teva-hydromorphone",
"Teva-hydromorphone",
"Teva-hydromorphone"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P35372",
"P41143",
"P41145"
] |
[
"P35503",
"P16662",
"P11712"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00330
|
Ethambutol
|
Ethambutol is a bacteriostatic agent indicated alongside medications such as [isoniazid], [rifampin], and [pyrazinamide] in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.[L31743] Ethambutol was first described in the literature in 1961.[A229048] It was developed out of a need for therapies active against isoniazid resistant strains of _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_.[A229048]
Ethambutol was granted FDA approval on 6 November 1967.[L31663]
|
solid
|
Ethambutol is indicated in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.[L31663] Ethambutol is commonly used in combination with [isoniazid], [rifampin], and [pyrazinamide].[L31743]
|
Ethambutol is indicated in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.[L31663] It has a long duration of action as it is administered daily, and a moderate therapeutic window.[L31663] Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of optic neuritis and hepatic toxicity.[L31663]
|
Ethambutol diffuses into _Mycobacterium_ cells.[L31663] Once inside the cell, ethambutol inhibits the arabinosyltransferases (embA, embB, and embC), preventing formation of the cell wall components arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, and preventing cell division.[A228973,A4616,A229043,A228968] Decreased concentrations of arabinogalactan in the cell wall reduces the number of binding sites for mycolic acid, leading to the accumulation of mycolic acid, trehalose monomycolate, and trehalose dimycolate.[A229028,A4616] Lipoarabinomannan is a component of a cell surface molecule involved in the interaction with host cells.[A4616] Reduced levels of lipoarabinomannan may interfere with mycobacterial interaction with host cells.[A4616]
|
Oral ethambutol is approximately 75-80% orally bioavailable.[L31663,L31748] A 25 mg/kg oral dose of ethambutol reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 2-5 µg/mL, with a T<sub>max</sub> of 2-4 hours.[L31663,L31748] In a separate study, the AUC<sub>0-8</sub> varied from 6.3 ± 5.5 h\*mg/L to 10.8 ± 7.6 h\*mg/L depending on CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms.[A228953]
|
Ethambutol is mainly oxidized by an aldehyde dehydrogenase to an aldehyde metabolite, followed by conversion to the dicarboxylic acid 2,2'-(ethylinediimino)di-butyric acid.[A228948,A228963,L31663]
|
Patients experiencing a chronic overdose of ethambutol may present with disturbances in colour vision and reduced visual acuity as symptoms of optic neuropathy.[A228993] In these cases, ethambutol should be stopped.[A228993] Data regarding acute overdose of ethambutol are not readily available. Patients experiencing an acute overdose of ethambutol may be experience an increased risk and severity of adverse effects such as pruritus, joint pain, gastrointestinal upset, abdominal pain, malaise, headache, dizziness, mental confusion, disorientation, and possible hallucinations.[L31663,L31748] Patients should be treated with symptomatic and supportive measures.
|
Ethambutol has a half life of 3.3 hours in patients with normal renal function.[L31748] In patients with renal failure, the half life could be 7 hours or longer.[L31748]
|
Ethambutol is 20-30% bound to protein in plasma.[L31748] Data regarding which proteins ethambutol binds to are not readily available.
|
Ethambutol is 50% eliminated in the urine as the unmetabolized parent compound and 8-15% as inactive metabolites.[L31663,L31748] 20-22% of a dose is eliminated unchanged in the feces.[L31663,L31748]
|
Patients coinfected with tuberculosis and HIV have an estimated ethambutol volume of distribution of 76.2 L.[A228953]
|
Patients coinfected with tuberculosis and HIV have an estimated ethambutol oral clearance of 77.4 L/h.[A228953]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic nitrogen compounds
|
Organonitrogen compounds
|
Amines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"J04AK",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J",
"J04AM",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J",
"J04AM",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J",
"J04AM",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals",
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.83",
"description": "Ethambutol hcl 400 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.83",
"description": "Myambutol 400 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.05",
"description": "Ethambutol hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Ethambutol hcl 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.79",
"description": "Myambutol 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
(+)-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)di-1-butanol | (+)-ethambutol | (+)-N,N'-bis(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)ethylenediamine | (+)-S,S-ethambutol | (2S,7S)-2,7-diethyl-3,6-diazaoctane-1,8-diol | (S,S)-ethambutol | EMB | Etambutol | Etambutolo | Ethambutol | Ethambutolum | S,S-Ethambutol | 2.4.2.- | 2.4.2.- | 2.4.2.- | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Ethambutol",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Ethambutol Hydrochloride",
"Etibi",
"Etibi",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol",
"Myambutol Tab 100mg",
"Myambutol Tab 400mg",
"Myambutol Tablets - 400 mg"
] |
[
"Etibi",
"Tibutol"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P05177",
"P05181",
"P33261",
"P10635",
"P11509",
"P11712",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00331
|
Metformin
|
Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent and first-line pharmacotherapy used in the management of type II diabetes.[L12207,A176173]
Metformin is considered an antihyperglycemic drug because it lowers blood glucose concentrations in type II diabetes without causing hypoglycemia. It is commonly described as an "insulin sensitizer", leading to a decrease in insulin resistance and a clinically significant reduction of plasma fasting insulin levels.[A176173] Another well-known benefit of this drug is modest weight loss, making it an effective choice for obese patients type II diabetes.[A36559]
Metformin was first approved in Canada in 1972,[A36552] and received subsequent FDA approval in the US in 1995.[L12207]
|
solid
|
**Metformin immediate-release formulations**
Metformin is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients ≥10 years old with type 2 diabetes mellitus.[L40243]
**Metformin extended-release tablet (XR)**
The extended-release formulation of metformin is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Safety in children has not been determined to this date.[L12207]
**Metformin combination products**
Metformin is a component of a variety of combination products with other anti-diabetic agents. It is indicated, along with diet and exercise, to improve glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors ([sitagliptin], [linagliptin], [alogliptin], or [saxagliptin]),[L11479,L40248,L40253,L40258,L40263] in combination with SGLT2 inhibitors ([canagliflozin], [empagliflozin], [ertugliflozin], or [dapagliflozin]),[L11479,L30503,L1134,L13679,L38729] or in combination with [pioglitazone].[L11419]
|
**General effects**
Insulin is an important hormone that regulates blood glucose levels.[T514] Type II diabetes is characterized by a decrease in sensitivity to insulin, resulting in elevations in blood glucose when the pancreas can no longer compensate. In patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, insulin is unable to exert adequate effects on tissues and cells (i.e. insulin resistance)[T514] and insulin deficiency may also be present.[L5753]
Metformin reduces hepatic production of glucose, decreases the intestinal absorption of glucose, and enhances insulin sensitivity by increasing both peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. In contrast with drugs of the sulfonylurea class, which lead to hyperinsulinemia, the secretion of insulin is unchanged with metformin use.[L12207]
**Effect on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)**
HbA1c is an important periodic measure of glycemic control used to monitor diabetic patients. Fasting plasma glucose is also a useful and important measure of glycemic control. In a 29-week clinical trial of subjects diagnosed with type II diabetes, metformin decreased the fasting plasma glucose levels by an average of 59 mg/dL from baseline, compared to an average increase of 6.3 mg/dL from baseline in subjects taking a placebo.[L12207] Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was decreased by about 1.4% in subjects receiving metformin, and increased by 0.4% in subjects receiving placebo only.[L12207]
|
Metformin's mechanisms of action are unique from other classes of oral antihyperglycemic drugs. Metformin decreases blood glucose levels by decreasing hepatic glucose production (also called gluconeogenesis), decreasing the intestinal absorption of glucose, and increasing insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization.[L12207] It is well established that metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I activity, and it has since been generally postulated that its potent antidiabetic effects occur through this mechanism.[A36534, A36557] The above processes lead to a decrease in blood glucose, managing type II diabetes and exerting positive effects on glycemic control.
After ingestion, the organic cation transporter-1 (OCT1) is responsible for the uptake of metformin into hepatocytes (liver cells). As this drug is positively charged, it accumulates in cells and in the mitochondria because of the membrane potentials across the plasma membrane as well as the mitochondrial inner membrane. Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I, preventing the production of mitochondrial ATP leading to increased cytoplasmic ADP:ATP and AMP:ATP ratios.[A36534] These changes activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism.[A176348] Aside from this mechanism, AMPK can be activated by a lysosomal mechanism involving other activators. Following this process, increases in AMP:ATP ratio also inhibit _fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase_ enzyme, resulting in the inhibition of gluconeogenesis, while also inhibiting _adenylate cyclase_ and decreasing the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),[A36534] a derivative of ATP used for cell signaling [A176351]. Activated AMPK phosphorylates two isoforms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme, thereby inhibiting fat synthesis and leading to fat oxidation, reducing hepatic lipid stores and increasing liver sensitivity to insulin.[A36534]
In the intestines, metformin increases anaerobic glucose metabolism in enterocytes (intestinal cells), leading to reduced net glucose uptake and increased delivery of lactate to the liver. Recent studies have also implicated the gut as a primary site of action of metformin and suggest that the liver may not be as important for metformin action in patients with type 2 diabetes. Some of the ways metformin may play a role on the intestines is by promoting the metabolism of glucose by increasing glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-1) as well as increasing gut utilization of glucose.[A36534]
In addition to the above pathway, the mechanism of action of metformin may be explained by other ways, and its exact mechanism of action has been under extensive study in recent years.[A36535, A36554, A36555, A36557]
|
**Regular tablet absorption**
The absolute bioavailability of a metformin 500 mg tablet administered in the fasting state is about 50%-60%. Single-dose clinical studies using oral doses of metformin 500 to 1500 mg and 850 to 2550 mg show that there is a lack of dose proportionality with an increase in metformin dose, attributed to decreased absorption rather than changes in elimination.[L40243]
At usual clinical doses and dosing schedules of metformin, steady-state plasma concentrations of metformin are achieved within 24-48 hours and are normally measured at <1 μg/mL.[L40243]
**Extended-release tablet absorption**
After a single oral dose of metformin extended-release, Cmax is reached with a median value of 7 hours and a range of between 4 and 8 hours. Peak plasma levels are measured to be about 20% lower compared to the same dose of regular metformin, however, the extent of absorption of both forms (as measured by area under the curve - AUC), are similar.[L12207]
**Effect of food**
Food reduces the absorption of metformin, as demonstrated by about a 40% lower mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax), a 25% lower area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), and a 35-minute increase in time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) after ingestion of an 850 mg tablet of metformin taken with food, compared to the same dose administered during fasting.[L40243]
Though the extent of metformin absorption (measured by the area under the curve - AUC) from the metformin extended-release tablet is increased by about 50% when given with food, no effect of food on Cmax and Tmax of metformin is observed. High and low-fat meals exert similar effects on the pharmacokinetics of extended-release metformin.[L12207]
|
Intravenous studies using a single dose of metformin in normal subjects show that metformin is excreted as unchanged drug in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) or biliary excretion.[L40243]
|
**Metformin (hydrochloride) toxicity data**:
Oral LD50 (rat): 1 g/kg; Intraperitoneal LD50 (rat): 500 mg/kg; Subcutaneous LD50 (rat): 300 mg/kg; Oral LD50 (mouse): 1450 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal LD50 (mouse): 420 mg/kg; Subcutaneous LD50 (mouse): 225 mg/kg.[L40283,L50211]
**A note on lactic acidosis**
Metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate, thereby increasing lactate blood levels which may increase the risk of lactic acidosis.[L40243] There have been reported postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis, including some fatal cases. Such cases had a subtle onset and were accompanied by nonspecific symptoms including malaise, myalgias, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, or increased somnolence. In certain cases, hypotension and resistant bradyarrhythmias have occurred with severe lactic acidosis.[L40243] Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate concentrations (>5 mmol/L), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), as well as an increased lactate:pyruvate ratio; metformin plasma levels were generally >5 mcg/mL.[L40243]
Risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (e.g. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), age 65 years old or greater, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (e.g., acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment.[L40243]
**A note on renal function**
In patients with decreased renal function, the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased.[L40243]
Metformin should be avoided in those with severely compromised renal function (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), acute/decompensated heart failure, severe liver disease and for 48 hours after the use of iodinated contrast dyes due to the risk of lactic acidosis.[L40243] Lower doses should be used in the elderly and those with decreased renal function. Metformin decreases fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control. Metformin may also have a positive effect on lipid levels.
**A note on hypoglycemia**
When used alone, metformin does not cause hypoglycemia, however, it may potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas and insulin when they are used together.[L40243]
**Use in pregnancy**
Available data from post-marketing studies have not indicated a clear association of metformin with major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin was ingested during pregnancy. Despite this, the abovementioned studies cannot definitively establish the absence of any metformin-associated risk due to methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent study groups.[L40243]
**Use in nursing**
A limited number of published studies indicate that metformin is present in human milk. There is insufficient information to confirm the effects of metformin on the nursing infant and no available data on the effects of metformin on the production of milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered as well as the mother’s clinical need for metformin and any possible adverse effects on the nursing child.[L40243]
|
The plasma elimination half-life of metformin is 6.2 hours in the plasma.[L40243] The elimination half-life in the blood is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution.[L40243]
|
Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins.[L40243]
|
This drug is substantially excreted by the kidney.[L40243]
Renal clearance of metformin is about 3.5 times higher than creatinine clearance, which shows that renal tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. After oral administration, about 90% of absorbed metformin is eliminated by the kidneys within the first 24 hours post-ingestion.[L40243]
|
The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin after one oral dose of metformin 850 mg averaged at 654 ± 358 L.[L40243]
|
Renal clearance is about 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours.[L40243]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic nitrogen compounds
|
Organonitrogen compounds
|
Guanidines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BA",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A",
"A10BD",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Glucophage xr 500 mg tablet sa",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.14",
"description": "Glucophage 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.14",
"description": "Glucophage xr 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.17",
"description": "Glucophage XR 500 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.22",
"description": "Metformin hcl 850 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.25",
"description": "MetFORMIN HCl 750 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.48",
"description": "Metformin hcl 1000 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.71",
"description": "Glucophage xr 750 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.8",
"description": "Glucophage XR 750 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.94",
"description": "Glucophage 850 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.14",
"description": "Metformin hcl crystals",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "2.33",
"description": "Glucophage 1000 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.48",
"description": "Fortamet er 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.55",
"description": "Fortamet 500 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.01",
"description": "Fortamet 1000 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.93",
"description": "Fortamet er 1000 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.13",
"description": "Apo-Metformin 500 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
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"description": "Co Metformin 500 mg Tablet",
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},
{
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"description": "Mylan-Metformin 500 mg Tablet",
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},
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},
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"unit": "tablet"
},
{
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},
{
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},
{
"cost": "0.13",
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},
{
"cost": "0.13",
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"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.13",
"description": "Zym-Metformin 500 mg Tablet",
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},
{
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},
{
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{
"cost": "0.21",
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},
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},
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"cost": "0.21",
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{
"cost": "0.21",
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},
{
"cost": "0.21",
"description": "Sandoz Metformin Fc 850 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Riomet 500 mg/5 ml solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Riomet 500 mg/5ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.3",
"description": "Glucophage 500 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
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"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Metformin hcl 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "MetFORMIN HCl 500 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
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] |
1,1-Dimethylbiguanide | Dimethylbiguanid | Metformin | Metformina | Metformine | Metforminum | hMATE-1 | MATE-1 | MATE1 | Solute carrier family 47 member 1 | 6.4.1.2 | ACC-beta | ACC2 | ACCB | 1.5.5.1 | Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase | ETF dehydrogenase | ETF-QO | ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | AMPK | AMPK subunit beta-1 | AMPKb | 1.1.1.8 | GPD-C | GPDH-C | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1 | hOCT2 | OCT2 | Organic cation transporter 2 | EMT | EMTH | Extraneuronal monoamine transporter | OCT3 | Organic cation transporter 3 | hMATE-1 | MATE-1 | MATE1 | Solute carrier family 47 member 1 | ENT4 | hENT4 | Plasma membrane monoamine transporter | PMAT | Solute carrier family 29 member 4 | hMATE-2 | Kidney-specific H(+)/organic cation antiporter | MATE-2 | MATE2 | Solute carrier family 47 member 2
|
[
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"Actoplus Met",
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"Apo-metformin",
"Apo-metformin",
"Apo-metformin ER",
"Apo-metformin ER",
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"Apo-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Apo-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Apo-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Apo-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Apo-sitagliptin/metformin XR",
"Apo-sitagliptin/metformin XR",
"Apo-sitagliptin/metformin XR",
"Appformin",
"Appformin-D",
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"Auro-dapagliflozin / Metformin",
"Auro-metformin",
"Auro-metformin",
"Auro-sitagliptin Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
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"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
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"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
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"Bio-metformin",
"Bio-metformin",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
"Competact",
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"Dm2",
"Dm2",
"Dom-metformin",
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"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ebymect",
"Ecl-metformin",
"Ecl-metformin",
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"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Eucreas",
"Fortamet",
"Fortamet",
"Fortamet",
"Fortamet",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and metformin hcl",
"Glipizide and metformin hcl",
"Glipizide and metformin hcl",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GlipiZIDE and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GlipiZIDE and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GlipiZIDE and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GLIPIZIDE and METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE",
"GLIPIZIDE and METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glubrava",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage",
"Glucophage XR",
"Glucophage XR",
"Glucophage XR",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza",
"Glumetza (sb)",
"Glyburide (micronized) and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide (micronized) and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide (micronized) and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide Micronized and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide Micronized and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide Micronized and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glycon",
"Glycon",
"Gpc-metformin XR",
"Gpc-metformin XR",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Ipg-metformin",
"Ipg-metformin",
"Jamp Metformin",
"Jamp Metformin",
"Jamp-metformin Blackberry",
"Jamp-metformin Blackberry",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto XR",
"Jentadueto XR",
"Kazano",
"Kazano",
"Kazano",
"Kazano",
"Kazano",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"M-metformin",
"M-metformin",
"M-metformin",
"M-metformin XR",
"M-metformin XR",
"Mar-metformin",
"Mar-metformin",
"Mar-metformin XR",
"Mar-metformin XR",
"Med Metformin Tablets 500mg",
"Metaglip",
"Metaglip",
"Metaglip",
"Metaglip",
"Metaglip",
"Metfomin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin",
"Metformin ER 500 mg",
"Metformin ER 500 mg",
"Metformin ER 750 mg",
"Metformin ER 750 mg",
"Metformin Fc",
"Metformin Fc",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin Hcl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl",
"Metformin HCl ER",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metformin Hydrochloride",
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"Riomet",
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"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
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"Riva Sitagliptin/metformin",
"Riva-metformin",
"Riva-metformin",
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"Sandoz Metformin Fc",
"Sandoz Metformin XR",
"Sandoz Metformin XR",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin XR",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin XR",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin XR",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
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"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Septa-metformin",
"Septa-metformin",
"Sitagliptin - Metformin",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin Metformin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin Metformin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin Metformin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin Metformin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin Phosphate/Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metfor Min Hydrochloride Mylan",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy XR",
"Synjardy XR",
"Synjardy XR",
"Synjardy XR",
"Taro-metformin XR",
"Teva-metformin",
"Teva-metformin",
"Teva-metformin",
"Teva-metformin",
"Teva-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin",
"Teva-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin",
"Teva-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin",
"Trijardy XR",
"Trijardy XR",
"Trijardy XR",
"Trijardy XR",
"Van-metformin",
"Van-metformin",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Vildagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Vildagliptin/metfo Rmin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Vildagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Vildagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Vildagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Vildagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Accord",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vipdomet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Vokanamet",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Zituvimet",
"Zituvimet",
"Zituvimet",
"Zituvimet",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist",
"Zomarist"
] |
[
"Apo-Metformin",
"Gen-Metformin",
"Novo-Metformin",
"Nu-Metformin",
"Sandoz Metformin"
] |
[
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metaglip",
"Metaglip",
"Metaglip",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Appformin",
"Appformin-D",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Actoplus Met",
"Actoplus Met",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Metaglip",
"Metaglip",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Glyburide-Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GlipiZIDE and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GlipiZIDE and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GlipiZIDE and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Jentadueto",
"Pioglitazone and metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide Micronized and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide Micronized and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide Micronized and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Jentadueto",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrocholride",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrocholride",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide (micronized) and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide (micronized) and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide (micronized) and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"GLIPIZIDE and METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE",
"GLIPIZIDE and METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Prandimet",
"Prandimet",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Actoplus Met",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glucovance",
"Avandamet",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glucovance",
"Glucovance",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone HCL and Metformin HCL",
"Pioglitazone HCL and Metformin HCL",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin Phosphate/Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Kazano",
"Kazano",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Alogliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Alogliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Actoplus Met",
"Actoplus Met",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Actoplus Met XR",
"Actoplus Met XR",
"Pioglitazone and metformin",
"Pioglitazone and metformin",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Janumet",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazole and metformin hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazole and metformin hydrochloride",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Xigduo XR",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy XR",
"Synjardy XR",
"Synjardy XR",
"Synjardy XR",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Jentadueto XR",
"Jentadueto XR",
"Trijardy XR",
"Trijardy XR",
"Trijardy XR",
"Trijardy XR",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Qternmet XR",
"Qternmet XR",
"Qternmet XR",
"Qternmet XR",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Kombiglyze XR",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Repaglinide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Repaglinide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin HCl",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrocholride",
"Pioglitazone and Metformin Hydrocholride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Janumet XR",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Invokamet",
"Janumet",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Invokamet",
"Invokamet",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Invokamet XR",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Komboglyze",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Avandamet",
"Kazano",
"Kazano",
"Kazano",
"Xigduo",
"Xigduo",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"Avandamet",
"PMS-rosiglitazone-metformin",
"PMS-rosiglitazone-metformin",
"PMS-rosiglitazone-metformin",
"PMS-rosiglitazone-metformin",
"PMS-rosiglitazone-metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Alogliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Apo-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Apo-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Apo-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Apo-sitagliptin/metformin XR",
"Apo-sitagliptin/metformin XR",
"Apo-sitagliptin/metformin XR",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Segluromet",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin XR",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin XR",
"Sandoz Sitagliptin-metformin XR",
"Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sitagliptin-metformin",
"Sitagliptin-metformin",
"PMS-sitagliptin-metformin",
"PMS-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin - Metformin",
"Auro-dapagliflozin / Metformin",
"Auro-dapagliflozin / Metformin",
"Apo-dapagliflozin-metformin",
"Apo-dapagliflozin-metformin",
"Janumet",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet XR",
"Janumet",
"Janumet",
"Reddy-sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Reddy-sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Reddy-sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Glipizide and metformin hcl",
"Glipizide and metformin hcl",
"Glipizide and metformin hcl",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin",
"Saxagliptin and Metformin",
"Dapagliflozin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Dapagliflozin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Zituvimet",
"Zituvimet",
"Zituvimet",
"Zituvimet",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Riva Sitagliptin/metformin",
"Riva Sitagliptin/metformin",
"Apo-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Apo-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Apo-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Teva-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin",
"Teva-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin",
"Teva-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin",
"Pro-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pro-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Pro-sitagliptin Malate / Metformin Hydrochloride",
"PMS-sitagliptin Tartrate/metformin",
"Riva-sitagliptin Tartrate/metformin",
"Auro-sitagliptin Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Auro-sitagliptin Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Auro-sitagliptin Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Jentadueto",
"Glyburide-metformin Hydrochloride",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Zituvimet XR",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Prz-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Prz-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Prz-sitagliptin-metformin",
"Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Synjardy",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Velmetia",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Ristfor",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Efficib",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
"Icandra",
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"Pro-sitagliptin-metformin",
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"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun",
"Sitagliptin/metformin Hydrochloride Sun"
] |
[
"Q96FL8",
"O00763",
"Q16134",
"Q9Y478",
"P21695"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"O15245",
"O15244",
"O75751",
"Q96FL8",
"Q7RTT9",
"Q86VL8"
] |
DB00332
|
Ipratropium
|
Ipratropium is a quaternary ammonium derivative of [atropine][A176957] that acts as an anticholinergic agent.[A176939] It is commonly administered through inhalation which allows producing a local effect without presenting a significant systemic absorption.[A176957]
Ipratropium as a therapeutic agent was developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and its first monotherapy product was FDA approved in 1986, while the combination product of ipratropium and [albuterol] was approved in 1996.[L5894, L5891]
|
solid
|
Inhaled ipratropium is indicated in combination with inhaled beta-agonist systemic corticosteroids for the management of severe exacerbations of asthma flares requiring treatment.[A176939]
Asthma exacerbations are characterized by a progressive increase in one or more of asthma symptoms accompanied by a decrease in expiratory flow.[L5900]
As a single agent, ipratropium was indicated for the symptomatic relief of rhinorrhea associated with the common cold or seasonal allergic rhinitis for patients 5 years or older. It does not alleviate nasal congestion nor sneezing.[FDA label]
Rhinorrhea refers to recurrent or chronic watery nasal discharge. This condition is debilitating and its pathogenesis and etiology is complex and not very well understood presenting very substantial cost burden.[L5903]
Additionally, ipratropium is indicated as a bronchodilator for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.[FDA label]
The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes a large number of conditions characterized by breathlessness. As this includes several conditions, the etiology, symptoms, and treatments are diverse.[L5906]
Ipratropium has also been studied to be used for the treatment of sialorrhea.[A176942]
Sialorrhea is a common symptom that accompanies different neurologic conditions and it is characterized by drooling or excessive salivation.[A176963]
|
Ipratropium is a short-acting agent that inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system at the level of the airway which then produces bronchodilatation. The effect of this agent starts after 1-2 hours and it is known to last only from 4 to 6 hours.[A176945] As part of the effect, ipratropium relaxes the bronchial airways which reverse the narrowing that accounts for wheezy breathing, chest tightness, cough and abnormal gas exchange.[T457]
In clinical trials where ipratropium was used in the initial management of status asthmaticus, it was demonstrated a clear benefit in pulmonary function in children and adults. However, the continuous use of ipratropium after an acute asthmatic attack is not proven to be significantly advantageous[A176939] nor the prophylactic administration of this agent.[T542]
|
Ipratropium acts as an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.[A176939] This effect produces the inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system in the airways and hence, inhibit their function. The function of the parasympathetic system in the airway is to generate bronchial secretions and constriction and hence, the inhibition of this action can lead to bronchodilation and fewer secretions.[A176945]
At the cellular level, the diameter of the airways is controlled by the release of acetylcholine into the muscle cells causing them to contract and producing a narrow airway. Thus administration of ipratropium stops the activity of acetylcholine in the smooth muscle preventing the contraction and producing relaxed airways.[T457]
|
Ipratropium is a topically active but poorly absorbed agent.[T539] The lack of absorption potential in the mucosal surfaces is associated with the presence of a charge in the 5-valent nitrogen. The molecule itself presents very large topic effectiveness however, it does not produce detectable blood levels nor systemic effects.[T542]
Serum levels of ipratropium after oral or inhaled administration are very low, corresponding to only 1-2% of the administered dose. These low levels peak after 1-2 hours and it presents a low bioavailability of 2%.[T542]
|
Ipratropium is metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract by the activity of the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes.[A176945] From the orally administered dose, about 90% of the dose is excreted unchanged. The absorbed portion is partially metabolized by ester hydrolysis to inactive metabolites, tropic acid and tropane.[T85]
|
The reported LD50 in mice after oral administration of ipratropium is 1500 mg/kg.[MSDS] However, overdosage is not very likely due to the poor absorption of ipratropium.[FDA label]
Ipratropium was not shown to present carcinogenesis, teratogenesis not mutagenesis potential and it did not present effects on fertility. The only effect after high administration of ipratropium was a reduction in the conception rate.[FDA label]
|
Ipratropium presents a short half-life of about 1.6 hours.[A176945]
|
The protein binding of ipratropium is very low as the level of circulating ipratropium is very minimal. The bound state represents only from 0-9% of the administered dose.[T445]
|
About 80-100% of the administered dose of ipratropium is excreted in the urine leaving less than 20% of the dose to be eliminated through the feces.[A176945] From the urine eliminated portion, almost all the drug is found unchanged.[T542]
However, when ipratropium is orally administered, due to its low absorption, most of the dose is recovered in the feces with a very minimal amount found in the urine.[T542]
|
Ipratropium has a volume of distributions of 4.6 L/kg and hence, it is known to be highly distributed in the tissues.[L5909]
|
The average clearance rate of ipratropium is of 2.3 L/min with a renal clearance of 0.9 L/min.[L5909]
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Tropane alkaloids
| null |
[
"approved",
"experimental"
] |
[
"R03BB",
"R03B",
"R03",
"R",
"R01AX",
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"R01",
"R",
"R03AL",
"R03A",
"R03",
"R",
"R03AL",
"R03A",
"R03",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.04",
"description": "Atrovent 0.03 % Spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.73",
"description": "Ipratropium 0.03% spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.96",
"description": "Ipratropium 0.06% spray",
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},
{
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"description": "Ipratropium Bromide 0.02% Solution Each Box Contains Twenty-Five 2.5ml Vials",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "46.14",
"description": "Ipratropium Bromide 0.06% Solution 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "53.82",
"description": "Ipratropium Bromide 0.03% Solution 30ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "84.68",
"description": "Atrovent 0.06% Solution 15ml Nasal Spray",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "96.95",
"description": "Atrovent 0.03% Solution 30ml Nasal Spray",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "100.06",
"description": "Ipratropium bromide powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "143.59",
"description": "Atrovent HFA 17 mcg/act Aerosol 12.9 gm Inhaler",
"unit": "inhaler"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Atrovent Hfa 20 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol",
"unit": "metered dose aerosol"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Apo-Ipravent 250 mcg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Mylan-Ipratropium 250 mcg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Novo-Ipramide 250 mcg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Pms-Ipratropium 0.03 % Spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Pms-Ipratropium 250 mcg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
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{
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}
] |
bromuro de ipratropio | Ipratropium cation | Ipratropium ion | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | Ergothioneine transporter | ET transporter | ETT | ETTh | OCTN1 | Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 | UT2H
|
[
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"Apo-ipravent Sterules",
"Apo-ipravent Sterules",
"Apo-salvent-ipravent Sterules",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent",
"Atrovent HFA",
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"Atrovent HFA",
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"Atrovent Nasal Aerosol 20mcg/aem",
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"Atrovent Nasal Spray",
"Atrovent Udv 125mcg/ml",
"Atrovent Udv Sol Inh 250mcg/ml",
"AtroventHFA",
"Combivent",
"Combivent",
"Combivent Inhalation Aerosol",
"Combivent Respimat",
"Combivent Respimat",
"Combivent Udv",
"Dom-ipratropium",
"Dom-ipratropium 125 Mcg/ml",
"Dom-ipratropium 250 Mcg/ml (1 Ml)",
"Dom-ipratropium 250 Mcg/ml (2 Ml)",
"Dom-ipratropium 250 Mcg/ml (20 Ml)",
"DuoNeb",
"DuoNeb",
"Duovent Udv",
"Ipramol",
"Ipratropium",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
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"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Salbutamol Sulphate Inhalation Solution",
"Ipravent",
"Ipravent",
"Jamp Ipratropium HFA",
"Mylan-ipratropium Solution",
"Novo-ipramide - Liq 0.25mg/ml",
"Nu-ipratropium Plastic Ampules 250 Mcg/ml",
"Penta-ipratropium Bromide",
"PHL-ipratropium",
"PHL-ipratropium - 1ml Polyneb",
"PHL-ipratropium - 20ml",
"PHL-ipratropium - 2ml Polyneb",
"PMS-ipratropium",
"PMS-ipratropium",
"PMS-ipratropium",
"PMS-ipratropium",
"PMS-ipratropium",
"Ratio-ipra Sal Udv",
"Ratio-ipratropium",
"Ratio-ipratropium Inhalation Solution",
"Ratio-ipratropium Udv",
"Ratio-ipratropium Udv",
"RedPharm Drug",
"Teva-combo Sterinebs",
"Teva-ipratropium Sterinebs"
] |
[
"Aerovent",
"Apovent",
"Atronase",
"Ipraxa",
"Ipvent",
"Rhinovent",
"Rinatec",
"Rinovagos"
] |
[
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"DuoNeb",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Combivent",
"Combivent",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"DuoNeb",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Combivent Respimat",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Combivent Inhalation Aerosol",
"Duovent Udv",
"Ratio-ipra Sal Udv",
"Teva-combo Sterinebs",
"Combivent Respimat",
"Ipramol",
"Combivent Udv",
"Apo-salvent-ipravent Sterules",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Salbutamol Sulphate Inhalation Solution",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate",
"RedPharm Drug"
] |
[
"P20309",
"P11229",
"P08172"
] |
[] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763",
"P19652"
] |
[
"O76082",
"Q9H015"
] |
DB00333
|
Methadone
|
Methadone is a potent synthetic analgesic that works as a full µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. As a full MOR agonist, methadone mimics the natural effects of the body's opioids, endorphins, and enkephalins through the release of neurotransmitters involved in pain transmission. It also has a number of unique characteristics that have led to its increased use in the last two decades; in particular, methadone has a lower risk of neuropsychiatric toxicity compared to other opioids (due to a lack of active metabolites), minimal accumulation in renal failure, good bioavailability, low cost, and a long duration of action.[F4685,F4688,F4691,A185885,A185900,A185903]
Due to its unique mechanism of action, methadone is particularly useful for the management of hard to treat pain syndromes such as neuropathic pain and cancer pain requiring higher and more frequent doses of shorter-acting opioids.[A185888,A185891,A185897] Compared with [morphine], the gold standard reference opioid, methadone also acts as an agonist of κ- and σ-opioid receptors, as an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and as an inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake.[A497,A5344] Specifically by inhibiting the NMDA receptor, methadone dampens a major excitatory pain pathway within the central nervous system.[A185876] Compared to other opioids, methadone's effects on NMDA inhibition may explain it's improved analgesic efficacy and reduced opioid tolerance.[A185891,A185894]
Methadone shares similar effects and risks of other opioids such as [morphine], [hydromorphone], [oxycodone], and [fentanyl]. However, it also has a unique pharmacokinetic profile. Compared with short-acting and even extended-release formulations of [morphine], methadone displays a comparatively longer duration of action and half-life. These effects make methadone a good option for the treatment of severe pain and addiction as fewer doses are needed to maintain analgesia and prevent opioid withdrawal symptoms. However, methadone also has an unpredictable half-life with interindividual variability, which leads to an unpredictable risk of respiratory depression and overdose when initiating or titrating therapy.[A183995]
Overall, methadone's pharmacological actions result in analgesia, suppression of opioid withdrawal symptoms, sedation, miosis, sweating, hypotension, bradycardia, nausea and vomiting (via binding within the chemoreceptor trigger zone), and constipation. At higher doses, methadone use can result in respiratory depression, overdose, and death.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
Treatment of opioid addiction with methadone, [buprenorphine], or slow-release oral [morphine] (SROM) is termed Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) or Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST). The intention of substitution of illicit opioids with the long-acting opioids used in OAT is to prevent withdrawal symptoms for 24-36 hours following dosing to ultimately reduce cravings and drug-seeking behaviours. Use of OAT is also intended to lead to social stabilization by reducing crime rates, incarceration, use of illicit opioids such as [heroin] or [fentanyl], and ultimately marginalization.[A185882] Illegally purchased opioids present many other harms in addition to overdose as they can be injected and may be laced with other substances that increase the risk of harm or overdose. Provision of OAT is often combined with education about harm reduction including use of clean needles and injection supplies in an effort to reduce the risks associated with injection drug use such as contraction of HIV and Hepatitis C and other complications including skin infections, abscesses, or endocarditis.
|
solid
|
Methadone is indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. It's recommended that use is reserved for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (eg, nonopioid analgesics, opioid combination products) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain.[F4688]
Methadone is also indicated for detoxification treatment of opioid addiction (heroin or other morphine-like drugs), and for maintenance substitution treatment for opioid dependence in adults in conjunction with appropriate social and medical services.[F4685,F4691]
|
Overall, methadone's pharmacological actions result in analgesia, suppression of opioid withdrawal symptoms, sedation, miosis (through binding to receptors in the pupillary muscles), sweating, hypotension, bradycardia, nausea and vomiting (via binding within the chemoreceptor trigger zone), and constipation. Like many basic drugs, methadone also enters mast cells and releases histamine by a non-immunological mechanism leading to flushing, pruritus, and urticaria, which can commonly be misattributed to an allergic reaction.
Compared to other opioids, methadone has fewer active metabolites and therefore a lower risk of neuropsychiatric toxicity. This means that higher doses needed to manage severe pain or addiction are less likely to result in delirium, hyperalgesia, or seizures.[A185900,A185903]
Similar to morphine, both methadone isomers are 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists, although l-methadone produces greater inhibition than d-methadone.
Methadone's effects are reversible by naloxone with a pA2 value similar to its antagonism of morphine.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Dependence and Tolerance**
As with other opioids, tolerance and physical dependence may develop upon repeated administration of methadone and there is a potential for development of psychological dependence. Physical dependence and tolerance reflect the neuroadaptation of the opioid receptors to chronic exposure to an opioid and are separate and distinct from abuse and addiction. Tolerance, as well as physical dependence, may develop upon repeated administration of opioids, and are not by themselves evidence of an addictive disorder or abuse.
Patients on prolonged therapy should be tapered gradually from the drug if it is no longer required for pain control. Withdrawal symptoms may occur following abrupt discontinuation of therapy or upon administration of an opioid antagonist. Some of the symptoms that may be associated with abrupt withdrawal of an opioid analgesic include body aches, diarrhea, gooseflesh, loss of appetite, nausea, nervousness or restlessness, anxiety, runny nose, sneezing, tremors or shivering, stomach cramps, tachycardia, trouble with sleeping, unusual increase in sweating, palpitations, unexplained fever, weakness and yawning.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Cardiac Conduction Effects**
Laboratory studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have demonstrated that methadone inhibits cardiac potassium channels and prolongs the QT interval. Cases of QT interval prolongation and serious arrhythmia (torsades de pointes) have been observed during treatment with methadone. These cases appear to be more commonly associated with, but not limited to, higher dose treatment (> 200 mg/day). Methadone should be administered with particular caution to patients already at risk for development of prolonged QT interval (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, concomitant diuretic use, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia). Careful monitoring is recommended when using methadone in patients with a history of cardiac conduction disease, those taking medications affecting cardiac conduction, and in other cases where history or physical exam suggest an increased risk of dysrhythmia.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Respiratory Depression and Overdose**
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of methadone. Patients should be
monitored for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of methadone or following a dose increase.
Respiratory depression is of particular concern in elderly or debilitated patients as well as in those suffering from conditions accompanied by hypoxia or hypercapnia when even moderate therapeutic doses may dangerously decrease pulmonary ventilation. Methadone should be administered with extreme caution to patients with conditions accompanied by hypoxia, hypercapnia, or decreased respiratory reserve such as: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, severe obesity, sleep apnea syndrome, myxedema, kyphoscoliosis, and CNS depression or coma. In these patients, even usual therapeutic doses of methadone may decrease respiratory drive while simultaneously increasing airway resistance to the point of apnea. Alternative, non-opioid analgesics should be considered, and methadone should be employed only under careful medical supervision at the lowest effective dose.
Infants exposed in-utero or through breast milk are at risk of life-threatening respiratory depression upon delivery or when nursed.
Methadone's peak respiratory depressant effects typically occur later, and persist longer than its peak analgesic effects, in the short-term use setting. These characteristics can contribute to cases of iatrogenic overdose, particularly during treatment initiation and dose titration.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Head Injury and Increased Intracranial Pressure**
The respiratory depressant effects of opioids and their capacity to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure may be markedly exaggerated in the presence of head injury, other intracranial lesions or a pre-existing increase in intracranial pressure. Furthermore, opioids produce effects which may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries. In such patients, methadone must be used with caution, and only if it is deemed essential.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Incomplete Cross-tolerance between Methadone and other Opioids**
Patients tolerant to other opioids may be incompletely tolerant to methadone. Incomplete cross-tolerance is of particular concern for patients tolerant to other µ-opioid agonists who are being converted to methadone, thus making the determination of dosing during opioid conversion complex. Deaths have been reported during conversion from chronic, high-dose treatment with other opioid agonists. A high degree of “opioid tolerance” does not eliminate the possibility of methadone overdose, iatrogenic or otherwise.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
Crosstolerance between morphine and methadone has been demonstrated, as steady-state plasma methadone concentrations required for effectiveness (C50%) were higher in abstinent rats previously dosed with morphine, as compared to controls.
**Misuse, Abuse, and Diversion of Opioids**
Methadone is a mu-agonist opioid with an abuse liability similar to morphine. Methadone, like morphine and other opioids used for analgesia, has the potential for being abused and is subject to criminal diversion.
Methadone can be abused in a manner similar to other opioid agonists, legal or illicit. This should be considered when dispensing Methadone in situations where the clinician is concerned about an increased risk of misuse, abuse, or diversion.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Hypotensive Effect**
The administration of methadone may result in severe hypotension in patients whose ability to maintain normal blood pressure is compromised (e.g., severe volume depletion).[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Gastrointestinal Effects**
Methadone and other morphine-like opioids have been shown to decrease bowel motility and cause constipation. This primarily occurs through agonism of opioid receptors in the gut wall. Methadone may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
**Sexual Function/Reproduction**
Reproductive function in human males may be decreased by methadone treatment. Reductions in ejaculate volume and seminal vesicle and prostate secretions have been reported in methadone-treated individuals. In addition, reductions in serum testosterone levels and sperm motility, and abnormalities in sperm morphology have been reported. Long-term use of opioids may be associated with decreased sex hormone levels and symptoms such as low libido, erectile dysfunction, or infertility.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
|
Methadone is a synthetic opioid analgesic with full agonist activity at the µ-opioid receptor. While agonism of the µ-opioid receptor is the primary mechanism of action for the treatment of pain, methadone also acts as an agonist of κ- and σ-opioid receptors within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Interestingly, methadone differs from [morphine] (which is considered the gold standard reference opioid) in its antagonism of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its strong inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake, which likely also contributes to its antinociceptive activity.[A497]
Methadone is administered as a 50:50 racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, with (R)-methadone demonstrating ~10-fold higher affinity and potency for the µ-opioid receptor than the (S) stereoisomer.[A497] The analgesic activity of the racemate is almost entirely due to the (R)-isomer, while the (S)-isomer lacks significant respiratory depressant activity but does have antitussive effects.
While methadone shares similar effects and risks of other opioids such as [morphine], [hydromorphone], [oxycodone], and [fentanyl] it has a number of unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that distinguish it from them and make it a useful agent for the treatment of opioid addiction. For example, methadone abstinence syndrome, although qualitatively similar to that of morphine, differs in that the onset is slower, the course is more prolonged, and the symptoms are less severe.
|
Methadone is one of the more lipid-soluble opioids and is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Following oral administration of methadone, bioavailability ranges from 36-100%, with a marked interindividual variation. It can be detected in blood as soon as 15-45 minutes following administration with peak plasma concentrations achieved between 1 to 7.5 hours. A second peak is observed ~4 hours after administration and is likely due to enterohepatic circulation. Dose proportionality of methadone pharmacokinetics is not known.[A497,F4685,F4688,F4691]
Following administration of daily oral doses ranging from 10 to 225 mg the steady-state plasma concentrations ranged between 65 to 630 ng/mL and the peak concentrations ranged between 124 to 1255 ng/mL. Effect of food on the bioavailability of methadone has not been evaluated.[A497,F4685,F4688,F4691]
Slower absorption is observed in opioid users compared to healthy subjects, which may reflect the pharmacological effect of opioids in slowing gastric emptying and mobility.[A497,F4685,F4688,F4691]
Due to the large inter-individual variation in methadone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, treatment should be individualized to each patient. There was an up to 17-fold interindividual variation found in methadone blood concentrations for a given dosage, likely due in part to individual variability in CYP enzyme function.[A497] There is also a large variability in pharmacokinetics between methadone's enantiomers, which further complicates pharmacokinetic interpretation and study.[A183995]
|
Methadone undergoes fairly extensive first-pass metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, primarily CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19 and to a lesser extent CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6, are responsible for conversion of methadone to EDDP (2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine) and other inactive metabolites, which are excreted mainly in the urine. Methadone first undergoes N-demethylation to form a highly unstable compound that spontaneously converts to EDDP through cyclization and dehydration. EDDP is then converted to 2-ethyl5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EDMP). Both EDDP and EDMP are inactive.[F4685,F4691,A185234]
The CYP isozymes also demonstrate different affinities for metabolizing the different methadone enantiomers: CYP2C19, CYP3A7, and CYP2C8 preferentially metabolize (R)-methadone while CYP2B6, CYP2D6, and CYP2C18 preferentially metabolize (S)-methadone. CYP3A4 does not have an enantiomer preference.[A184061,A185234]
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the cytochrome P450 enzymes can impact methadone pharmacokinetics and contribute to the interindividual variation in response to methadone therapy. In particular, CYP2B6 polymorphisms have been shown to impact individual response to methadone as it is the predominant determinant involved in the N-demethylation of methadone, clearance, and the metabolic ratios of [methadone\]/[EDDP].[A184610] The SNPs CYP2B6\*6, \*9, \*11, CYP2C19\*2, \*3, CYP3A4\*1B, and CYP3A5\*3 result in increased methadone plasma concentrations, decreased N-demethylation, and decreased methadone clearance, while homozygous carriers of CYP2B6\*6/\*6 demonstrate diminished metabolism and clearance of methadone.[A184610] See the pharmacogenomics section for further information.
Pharmacogenomic effects on the CYP enzymes can be significant as the long half-life of methadone can result in some individuals having higher than normal therapeutic levels which puts them at risk of dose-related side effects. For example, elevated (R)-methadone levels can increase the risk of respiratory depression, while elevated (S)-methadone levels can increase the risk of severe cardiac arrhythmias due to prolonged QTc interval.[A184610]
|
In severe overdosage, particularly by the intravenous route, apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and death may occur.
|
Due to interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics, estimates of methadone's half-life have ranged from 15–207 hours[A183995] with official monographs listing it between 7-59 hours.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
|
Methadone is highly bound to plasma proteins. While it primarily binds to α1-acid glycoprotein (85-90%), it also binds to albumin and other tissue and plasma proteins including lipoproteins. Methadone is unusual in the opioid class, in that there is extensive binding to tissue proteins and fairly slow transfer between some parts of this tissue reservoir and the plasma.[A497,F4691,A185234]
|
The elimination of methadone is mediated by extensive biotransformation, followed by renal and fecal excretion. Unmetabolized methadone and its metabolites are excreted in urine to a variable degree.
|
Due to interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics, estimates of methadone's volume of distribution have ranged from 189-470 L[A183995] with monographs listing it between 1.0-8.0L/kg.[F4685,F4688,F4691] As this is higher than physiological volumes of total body water, methadone is highly distributed in the body including brain, gut, kidney, liver, muscle, and lung. A population pharmacokinetic study found that subject gender and weight explained ~33% of the variance in the apparent volume of distribution of methadone.[A497,F4691]
Methadone is found to be secreted in saliva, sweat, breast milk, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord plasma. The concentration in cord blood is about half the maternal levels.[F4691]
|
Due to interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics, estimates of methadone's clearance have ranged from 5.9–13 L/h hours[A183995] with approved monographs listing it between 1.4 to 126 L/h.[F4685,F4688,F4691]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Diphenylmethanes
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N07BC",
"N07B",
"N07",
"N",
"N02AC",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.69",
"description": "Metadol 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.91",
"description": "Methadone hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "7.48",
"description": "Methadone hcl 10 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Metadol 1 mg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.13",
"description": "Dolophine hcl 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.14",
"description": "Methadose 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Methadose 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.17",
"description": "Metadol 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.21",
"description": "Dolophine hcl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Methadone hcl 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Methadone hcl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.37",
"description": "Metadol Concentrate 10 mg/ml Liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "Metadol 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.85",
"description": "Methadone intensol 10 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Metadol 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
(+-)-Methadone | (+/-)-Methadone | (±)-methadone | 6-Dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone | dl-Methadone | Metadona | Methadone | Methadonum | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor | GluN1 | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 | hNR1 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 | NMD-R1 | NMDAR1 | GluN2A | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 | hNR2A | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2A | NMDAR2A | NR2A | GluN2B | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 | hNR3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3 | NMDAR2B | NR2B | NR3 | GluN2C | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2C | NMDAR2C | NR2C | EB11 | GluN2D | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2D | NMDAR2D | NR2D | GluN3A | KIAA1973 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3A | NMDAR-L | NMDAR3A | NR3A | GluN3B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3B | NMDAR3B | NR3B | D-OR-1 | DOR-1 | OPRD | NACHRA7 | 5-HT-3 | 5-HT3-A | 5-HT3A | 5-HT3R | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 | 5HT3R | HTR3 | Serotonin receptor 3A | Serotonin-gated ion channel receptor | NACHRA3 | NACRA4 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.14 | ARO1 | CYAR | CYP19 | CYPXIX | Cytochrome P-450AROM | Cytochrome P450 19A1 | Estrogen synthase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC18 | Cytochrome P450-6b/29c | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG25 | Hyodeoxycholic acid-specific UDPGT | UDPGT 2B4 | UDPGTh-1 | UGT2B11 | UGT2B4 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Apo-methadone",
"Apo-methadone",
"Apo-methadone",
"Apo-methadone",
"Diskets",
"Dolophine",
"Dolophine",
"Jamp Methadone Oral Concentrate",
"Metadol",
"Metadol",
"Metadol",
"Metadol",
"Metadol",
"Metadol",
"Metadol-D",
"Metadol-D",
"Metadol-D",
"Metadol-D",
"Metadol-D",
"Metadol-D",
"Methadone",
"Methadone HCl",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone hydrochloride",
"Methadone hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride",
"Methadone Hydrochloride Oral Concentrate USP",
"Methadone Hydrocloride",
"Methadone Hydrocloride dye-free, sugar-free, unflavored",
"Methadone Hydrocloride dye-free, sugar-free, unflavored",
"Methadone Hydrocloride dye-free, sugar-free, unflavored",
"Methadone Hydrocloride dye-free, sugar-free, unflavored",
"Methadone Hydrocloride dye-free, sugar-free, unflavored",
"Methadone Hydrocloride dye-free, sugar-free, unflavored",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose",
"Methadose Dispersible",
"Methadose Dispersible",
"Methadose Sugar-free",
"Odan-methadone",
"Odan-methadone",
"PMS-methadone",
"PMS-methadone",
"PMS-methadone",
"PMS-methadone",
"PMS-methadone Hydrochloride Oral Concentrate",
"PMS-methadone Hydrochloride Oral Concentrate"
] |
[
"Adolan",
"Depridol",
"Heptadon",
"Heptanon",
"Ketalgin",
"Mephenon",
"Physeptone"
] |
[] |
[
"P35372",
"Q05586",
"Q12879",
"Q13224",
"Q14957",
"O15399",
"Q8TCU5",
"O60391",
"P41143",
"P36544",
"P46098",
"P32297",
"P43681",
"P17787"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P33261",
"P24462",
"P10635",
"P20813",
"P10632",
"P11511",
"P05177",
"P33260",
"P11712",
"P08684",
"Q9HB55",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P06133"
] |
[
"P02763",
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00334
|
Olanzapine
|
Olanzapine is a thienobenzodiazepine classified as an atypical or second-generation antipsychotic agent.[A176996] The second-generation antipsychotics were introduced in the 90s and quickly gained traction due to their impressive efficacy, reduced risk for extrapyramidal side effects and reduced susceptibility to drug-drug interactions.[A177011] Olanzapine very closely resembles [clozapine] and only differs by two additional methyl groups and the absence of a chloride moiety.[T554] It was discovered by scientists at Eli Lilly and approved to be marketed in the US in 1996.[T548]
|
solid
|
Olanzapine was initially used orally and intramuscularly for the chronic treatment of schizophrenia in patients over 13 years old and other psychiatric disorders such as bipolar I disorder including mixed or manic episodes.[A177014]
Olanzapine is also indicated, in combination with lithium or valproate for the short-term treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adults.[FDA label]
As well, olanzapine is indicated, in combination with fluoxetine for the treatment of episodes of depression associated with bipolar disorder type 1 and treatment-resistant depression in patients over 10 years old.[A177014]
Olanzapine is also approved for the management of psychomotor agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar I mania.[FDA label]
Schizophrenia is a complex biochemical brain disorder that affects the person's ability to differentiate reality. It is usually observed as the presence of delusions, hallucinations, social withdrawal and disturbed thinking.[L5936]
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition defined by periods of extreme mood disturbances. It is categorized in different types from which type 1 is known to involve episodes of severe mania and often depression while type 2 presents less severe forms of mania.[L5939]
Olanzapine is also indicated in combination with [samidorphan] for the treatment of bipolar I disorder, either as an adjunct to lithium or valproate or as monotherapy for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes or as maintenance therapy, and for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.[L34359]
|
The effect of olanzapine in the D2 receptor is reported to produce the positive effects of this drug such as a decrease in hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized thought, and disorganized behavior. On the other hand, its effect on the serotonin 5HT2A receptor prevents the onset of anhedonia, flat affect, alogia, avolition and poor attention.[A177014] Based on the specific mechanism of action, olanzapine presents a higher affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor when compared to the rest of the dopamine receptor isotypes. This characteristic significantly reduces the presence of side effects.[T554]
Clinical trials for the original use of olanzapine demonstrated significant effectiveness in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in adults and acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder in adolescents.[A177008]
The effect of olanzapine on dopamine and serotonin receptors has been suggested to reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting as those receptors are suggested to be involved in this process. For this effect, several clinical trials have been conducted and it has been shown that olanzapine can produce a significant increase in total control of nausea and vomiting.[A176993] In a high-level study of the effect of olanzapine for this condition, a complete response on the delay phase was observed in 84% of the individual and control of emesis of over 80% despite the phase.[A176999]
|
The activity of olanzapine is achieved by the antagonism of multiple neuronal receptors including the dopamine receptor D1, D2, D3 and D4 in the brain, the serotonin receptors 5HT2A, 5HT2C, 5HT3 and 5HT6, the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, the histamine receptor H1 and multiple muscarinic receptors.[A176993, A176999]
As abovementioned, olanzapine presents a wide profile of targets, however, its antagonistic effect towards the dopamine D2 receptor in the mesolimbic pathway is key as it blocks dopamine from having a potential action at the post-synaptic receptor. The binding of olanzapine to the dopamine D2 receptors is easily dissociable and hence, it allows for a certain degree of dopamine neurotransmission.[A177014]
On the other hand, olanzapine acts in the serotonin 5HT2A receptors in the frontal cortex in a similar manner than the reported on dopamine D2 receptors. This determined effect allows for a decrease in adverse effects.[A177014]
|
Olanzapine presents a linear pharmacokinetic profile and, after daily administration, it reaches steady-state in about a week.[A177014] Under the administration of a normal dosage of olanzapine, the steady-state plasma concentration does not seem to exceed 150 ng/ml with an AUC of 333 ng/h/ml.[A177059, T554]
The absorption of olanzapine is not affected by the concomitant administration of food. The pharmacokinetic profile of olanzapine is characterized by reaching peak plasma concentration of 156.9 ng/ml approximately 6 hours after oral administration.[T548]
|
Olanzapine is greatly metabolized in the liver, which represents around 40% of the administered dose, mainly by the activity of glucuronide enzymes and by the cytochrome P450 system. From the CYP system, the main metabolic enzymes are CYP1A2 and CYP2D6.[A177014] As part of the phase I metabolism, the major circulating metabolites of olanzapine, accounting for approximate 50-60% of this phase, are the 10-N-glucuronide and the 4'-N-desmethyl olanzapine which are clinically inactive and formed by the activity of CYP1A2.[T548] On the other hand, CYP2D6 catalyzes the formation of 2-OH olanzapine and the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO3) is responsible for N-oxide olanzapine.[T551]
On the phase II metabolism of olanzapine, UGT1A4 is the key player by generating direct conjugation forms of olanzapine.[T551]
|
The toxicity symptoms of olanzapine are known to include somnolence, mydriasis, blurred vision, respiratory depression, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms and anticholinergic effects. The overdosage effects in children are generally associated with more significant side effects.[A177059]
The maximum registered dosage of olanzapine in clinical trials was of 300 mg and it was reported to present drowsiness and slurred speech. However, on post-marketing surveillance, a wide range of symptoms have been presented including agitation, dysarthria, tachycardia, extrapyramidal symptoms, and reduced consciousness. One case of overdosage-driven death was reported after ingestion of 450 mg of olanzapine. In the cases of acute overdosage, the establishment of adequate oxygenation and ventilation, gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal with a laxative is recommended.[FDA label]
In carcinogenesis studies, olanzapine was showed to present an increase in the incidence of liver hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas as well as mammary gland adenomas, and adenocarcinomas. On fertility studies, there was solely found impairment in male mating performance and delays in ovulation. There is no evidence of mutagenic, genotoxic potential not adverse events on fertility.[FDA label]
|
Olanzapine presents a half-life ranging between 21 to 54 hours with an average half-life of 30 hours.[A177014]
|
Olanzapine is largely bound to plasma proteins and hence, about 93% of the administered dose is bound. The main proteins for binding are albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein.[A177014]
|
Olanzapine is mainly eliminated through metabolism and hence, only 7% of the eliminated drug can be found as the unchanged form. It is mainly excreted in the urine which represents around 53% of the excreted dose followed by the feces that represent about 30%.[A177014]
|
The volume of distribution of olanzapine is reported to be of 1000 liters which indicate a large distribution throughout the body.[A177014]
|
The mean clearance rate of olanzapine is of 29.4 L/hour however, some studies have reported an apparent clearance of 25 L/h.[T554]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzodiazepines
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N05AH",
"N05A",
"N05",
"N",
"N05AH",
"N05A",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Apo-Olanzapine 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Co Olanzapine 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Novo-Olanzapine 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Pms-Olanzapine 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.77",
"description": "Co Olanzapine Odt 5 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.77",
"description": "Novo-Olanzapine Od 5 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.77",
"description": "Pms-Olanzapine Odt 5 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.77",
"description": "Sandoz Olanzapine Odt 5 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.21",
"description": "Apo-Olanzapine 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.21",
"description": "Co Olanzapine 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.21",
"description": "Novo-Olanzapine 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.21",
"description": "Pms-Olanzapine 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.32",
"description": "Apo-Olanzapine 7.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.32",
"description": "Co Olanzapine 7.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.32",
"description": "Novo-Olanzapine 7.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.32",
"description": "Pms-Olanzapine 7.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.54",
"description": "Co Olanzapine Odt 10 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.54",
"description": "Novo-Olanzapine Od 10 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.54",
"description": "Pms-Olanzapine Odt 10 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.54",
"description": "Sandoz Olanzapine Odt 10 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.93",
"description": "Zyprexa Zydis 5 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.43",
"description": "Apo-Olanzapine 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.43",
"description": "Co Olanzapine 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.43",
"description": "Novo-Olanzapine 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.43",
"description": "Pms-Olanzapine 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.64",
"description": "Apo-Olanzapine 15 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.64",
"description": "Co Olanzapine 15 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.64",
"description": "Novo-Olanzapine 15 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.64",
"description": "Pms-Olanzapine 15 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.1",
"description": "Zyprexa 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.86",
"description": "Zyprexa Zydis 10 mg Disintegrating Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.92",
"description": "Zyprexa 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "10.01",
"description": "Symbyax 3-25 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "11.23",
"description": "Zyprexa 7.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "12.36",
"description": "Zyprexa zydis 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "13.69",
"description": "Symbyax 6-25 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "14.09",
"description": "Zyprexa 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "14.56",
"description": "Symbyax 6-50 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "18.02",
"description": "Zyprexa zydis 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "20.62",
"description": "Symbyax 12-25 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "20.62",
"description": "Symbyax 12-50 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "21.14",
"description": "Zyprexa 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "26.45",
"description": "Zyprexa zydis 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "34.37",
"description": "Zyprexa 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "34.87",
"description": "Zyprexa zydis 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "35.69",
"description": "Zyprexa 10 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "385.63",
"description": "ZyPREXA Zydis 30 5 mg Dispersible Tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "562.35",
"description": "ZyPREXA Zydis 30 10 mg Dispersible Tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "667.8",
"description": "Zyprexa relprevv 210 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "954.0",
"description": "Zyprexa relprevv 300 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "1287.9",
"description": "Zyprexa relprevv 405 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2001-06-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-03-23",
"number": "6251895"
},
{
"approved": "1993-07-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-04-23",
"number": "5229382"
},
{
"approved": "2007-11-20",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2016-03-22",
"number": "2216372"
},
{
"approved": "1998-07-14",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2011-04-24",
"number": "2041113"
},
{
"approved": "2005-11-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-11-01",
"number": "6960577"
},
{
"approved": "1999-08-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-03-24",
"number": "5945416"
},
{
"approved": "2001-01-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-09-30",
"number": "6169084"
},
{
"approved": "2014-07-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-02-13",
"number": "8778960"
},
{
"approved": "2015-09-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "9126977"
},
{
"approved": "2016-12-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "9517235"
},
{
"approved": "2020-07-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "10716785"
},
{
"approved": "2019-05-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "10300054"
},
{
"approved": "2015-09-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-30",
"number": "9119848"
},
{
"approved": "2011-06-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-10-31",
"number": "7956187"
},
{
"approved": "2012-08-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-10-31",
"number": "8252929"
},
{
"approved": "2007-08-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-11-23",
"number": "7262298"
},
{
"approved": "2021-11-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "11185541"
},
{
"approved": "2011-08-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "11241425"
},
{
"approved": "2011-08-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "11351166"
},
{
"approved": "2021-11-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2041-11-12",
"number": "11707466"
},
{
"approved": "2011-08-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-08-23",
"number": "11793805"
},
{
"approved": "2021-11-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2041-11-12",
"number": "11951111"
}
] |
2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine | Olanzapin | Olanzapina | Olanzapine | Olanzapinum | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | Dopamine D2 receptor | Dopamine D1 receptor | D(5) dopamine receptor | D1beta dopamine receptor | Dopamine D5 receptor | DRD1B | DRD1L2 | Dopamine D3 receptor | D(2C) dopamine receptor | Dopamine D4 receptor | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | 5-HT-3 | 5-HT3-A | 5-HT3A | 5-HT3R | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 | 5HT3R | HTR3 | Serotonin receptor 3A | Serotonin-gated ion channel receptor | 5-HT-6 | 5-HT6 | Serotonin receptor 6 | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | Dopamine D1 receptor | D(5) dopamine receptor | D1beta dopamine receptor | Dopamine D5 receptor | DRD1B | DRD1L2 | ADRB1R | B1AR | Beta-1 adrenoceptor | Beta-1 adrenoreceptor | ADRB2R | B2AR | Beta-2 adrenoceptor | Beta-2 adrenoreceptor | ADRB3R | B3AR | Beta-3 adrenoceptor | Beta-3 adrenoreceptor | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | 5-HT-1E | 5-HT1E | S31 | Serotonin receptor 1E | 5-HT-1F | 5-HT1F | HTR1EL | Serotonin receptor 1F | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.13.148 | 1.14.13.32 | 1.14.13.8 | Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 | Dimethylaniline oxidase 3 | FMO 3 | FMO form 2 | FMO II | Hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 | Trimethylamine monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 2 | GNT1 | hUG-BR2 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-D | UDPGT 1-4 | UGT-1D | UGT1 | UGT1-04 | UGT1.4 | UGT1*4 | UGT1A4 | UGT1D | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Abbott-olanzapine ODT",
"Abbott-olanzapine ODT",
"Abbott-olanzapine ODT",
"Accel-olanzapine",
"Accel-olanzapine",
"Accel-olanzapine",
"Accel-olanzapine",
"Accel-olanzapine",
"Accel-olanzapine",
"Act Olanzapine",
"Act Olanzapine",
"Act Olanzapine",
"Act Olanzapine",
"Act Olanzapine",
"Act Olanzapine",
"Act Olanzapine ODT",
"Act Olanzapine ODT",
"Act Olanzapine ODT",
"Act Olanzapine ODT",
"Ag-olanzapine Fc",
"Ag-olanzapine Fc",
"Ag-olanzapine Fc",
"Ag-olanzapine Fc",
"Ag-olanzapine Fc",
"Ag-olanzapine Fc",
"Ag-olanzapine ODT",
"Ag-olanzapine ODT",
"Ag-olanzapine ODT",
"Ag-olanzapine ODT",
"Apo-olanzapine",
"Apo-olanzapine",
"Apo-olanzapine",
"Apo-olanzapine",
"Apo-olanzapine",
"Apo-olanzapine",
"Apo-olanzapine ODT",
"Apo-olanzapine ODT",
"Apo-olanzapine ODT",
"Apo-olanzapine ODT",
"Auro-olanzapine ODT",
"Auro-olanzapine ODT",
"Auro-olanzapine ODT",
"Auro-olanzapine ODT",
"Ava-olanzapine",
"Ava-olanzapine",
"Ava-olanzapine",
"Ava-olanzapine",
"Ava-olanzapine",
"Dom-olanzapine",
"Dom-olanzapine",
"Dom-olanzapine",
"Dom-olanzapine",
"Dom-olanzapine",
"Dom-olanzapine ODT",
"Dom-olanzapine ODT",
"Dom-olanzapine ODT",
"Ipg-olanzapine",
"Ipg-olanzapine",
"Ipg-olanzapine",
"Ipg-olanzapine",
"Ipg-olanzapine",
"Ipg-olanzapine",
"Ipg-olanzapine ODT",
"Ipg-olanzapine ODT",
"Ipg-olanzapine ODT",
"Ipg-olanzapine ODT",
"Jamp Olanzapine Fc",
"Jamp Olanzapine Fc",
"Jamp Olanzapine Fc",
"Jamp Olanzapine Fc",
"Jamp Olanzapine Fc",
"Jamp Olanzapine Fc",
"Jamp Olanzapine ODT",
"Jamp Olanzapine ODT",
"Jamp Olanzapine ODT",
"Jamp Olanzapine ODT",
"Lybalvi",
"Lybalvi",
"Lybalvi",
"Lybalvi",
"Mar-olanzapine",
"Mar-olanzapine",
"Mar-olanzapine",
"Mar-olanzapine",
"Mar-olanzapine",
"Mar-olanzapine",
"Mar-olanzapine ODT",
"Mar-olanzapine ODT",
"Mar-olanzapine ODT",
"Mar-olanzapine ODT",
"Mint-olanzapine",
"Mint-olanzapine",
"Mint-olanzapine",
"Mint-olanzapine",
"Mint-olanzapine",
"Mint-olanzapine",
"Mint-olanzapine ODT",
"Mint-olanzapine ODT",
"Mint-olanzapine ODT",
"Mint-olanzapine ODT",
"Mylan-olanzapine",
"Mylan-olanzapine",
"Mylan-olanzapine",
"Mylan-olanzapine",
"Mylan-olanzapine",
"Mylan-olanzapine",
"Mylan-olanzapine ODT",
"Mylan-olanzapine ODT",
"Mylan-olanzapine ODT",
"Mylan-olanzapine ODT",
"Nra-olanzapine",
"Nra-olanzapine",
"Nra-olanzapine",
"Nra-olanzapine",
"Nra-olanzapine",
"Nra-olanzapine",
"Nra-olanzapine ODT",
"Nra-olanzapine ODT",
"Nra-olanzapine ODT",
"Nra-olanzapine ODT",
"Ntp-olanzapine",
"Ntp-olanzapine",
"Ntp-olanzapine",
"Ntp-olanzapine",
"Ntp-olanzapine",
"Nu-olanzapine",
"Nu-olanzapine",
"Nu-olanzapine",
"Nu-olanzapine",
"Nu-olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine Apotex",
"Olanzapine for Injection",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Glenmark Europe",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Mylan",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine Neopharma",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine ODT",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine Teva",
"Olanzapine-odt",
"Olanzapine-odt",
"Olanzapine-odt",
"Olanzapine-odt",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"Olazax Disperzi",
"PHL-olanzapine",
"PHL-olanzapine",
"PHL-olanzapine",
"PHL-olanzapine",
"PHL-olanzapine",
"PHL-olanzapine ODT",
"PHL-olanzapine ODT",
"PHL-olanzapine ODT",
"PMS-olanzapine",
"PMS-olanzapine",
"PMS-olanzapine",
"PMS-olanzapine",
"PMS-olanzapine",
"PMS-olanzapine",
"PMS-olanzapine ODT",
"PMS-olanzapine ODT",
"PMS-olanzapine ODT",
"PMS-olanzapine ODT",
"Ran-olanzapine",
"Ran-olanzapine",
"Ran-olanzapine",
"Ran-olanzapine",
"Ran-olanzapine",
"Ran-olanzapine Ir",
"Ran-olanzapine Ir",
"Ran-olanzapine Ir",
"Ran-olanzapine Ir",
"Ran-olanzapine Ir",
"Ran-olanzapine Ir",
"Ran-olanzapine ODT",
"Ran-olanzapine ODT",
"Ran-olanzapine ODT",
"Ran-olanzapine ODT",
"Riva-olanzapine",
"Riva-olanzapine",
"Riva-olanzapine",
"Riva-olanzapine",
"Riva-olanzapine",
"Riva-olanzapine ODT",
"Riva-olanzapine ODT",
"Riva-olanzapine ODT",
"Riva-olanzapine ODT",
"Sandoz Olanzapine",
"Sandoz Olanzapine",
"Sandoz Olanzapine",
"Sandoz Olanzapine",
"Sandoz Olanzapine",
"Sandoz Olanzapine",
"Sandoz Olanzapine",
"Sandoz Olanzapine ODT",
"Sandoz Olanzapine ODT",
"Sandoz Olanzapine ODT",
"Sandoz Olanzapine ODT",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Teva-olanzapine",
"Teva-olanzapine",
"Teva-olanzapine",
"Teva-olanzapine",
"Teva-olanzapine",
"Teva-olanzapine",
"Teva-olanzapine OD",
"Teva-olanzapine OD",
"Teva-olanzapine ODT",
"Teva-olanzapine ODT",
"Torrent-olanzapine ODT",
"Torrent-olanzapine ODT",
"Torrent-olanzapine ODT",
"Torrent-olanzapine ODT",
"Truemed Group LLC",
"Van-olanzapine",
"Van-olanzapine",
"Van-olanzapine",
"Van-olanzapine",
"Van-olanzapine",
"Van-olanzapine ODT",
"Van-olanzapine ODT",
"Van-olanzapine ODT",
"Van-olanzapine ODT",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zalasta",
"Zypadhera",
"Zypadhera",
"Zypadhera",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"Zyprexa",
"ZYPREXA Intramuscular",
"ZYPREXA Intramuscular",
"ZYPREXA Intramuscular",
"ZYPREXA Intramuscular",
"ZYPREXA Relprevv",
"ZYPREXA Relprevv",
"ZYPREXA Relprevv",
"ZYPREXA Relprevv",
"ZYPREXA Relprevv",
"ZYPREXA Relprevv",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"Zyprexa Velotab",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis",
"ZYPREXA Zydis"
] |
[
"Aedon",
"Amulsin",
"Apisco",
"Apsico",
"Arkolamyl",
"Caprilon",
"CO Olanzapine",
"Deprex",
"Dominazol",
"Dopin",
"Egolanza",
"Elynza",
"Frenial",
"Jolyon-MD",
"Kozylex",
"Lanopin",
"Lanzapin",
"Lanzep",
"Lapenza",
"Lapozan",
"Lazapix"
] |
[
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Symbyax",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Olanzapine and Fluoxetine",
"Lybalvi",
"Lybalvi",
"Lybalvi",
"Lybalvi"
] |
[
"P28223",
"P14416",
"P21728",
"P21918",
"P35462",
"P21917",
"P28335",
"P46098",
"P50406",
"P35367",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"P08173",
"P21728",
"P21918",
"P08588",
"P07550",
"P13945",
"P08908",
"P28222",
"P28221",
"P28566",
"P30939",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P31644",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P10635",
"P31513",
"P33261",
"P11712",
"P22310",
"P08684",
"P08684",
"Q9HB55",
"P20815",
"P24462"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00335
|
Atenolol
|
Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker used in a variety of cardiovascular conditions.
Sir James Black, a Scottish pharmacologist, pioneered the use of beta-blockers for the management of angina pectoris in 1958 for which he received the Nobel Prize.[A178429] Beta-blockers quickly became popular in clinical use and where subsequently investigated for use in myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and hypertension during the 1960s. Later they continued to be investigated for use in heart failure throughout the 1970-1980s. Atenolol itself was developed early on in this history by Alvogen Malta under the trade name Tenormin and received FDA approval in September, 1981.[label]
Despite being one of the most widely prescribed beta blockers, evidence suggests atenolol may not significantly reduce mortality, and only modestly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension.[A235850,A235855] A Cochrane review of patients being treated for primary hypertension shows that atenolol shows a risk ratio of 0.88 for cardiovascular disease risk and a risk ratio of 0.99 for mortality.[A235850,A235855] Similar results have been found in other meta-analyses.[A235860,A235865] A meta-analysis of over 145,000 patients showed the risk of stroke in patients taking atenolol may depend on the age of the patient.[A235865] The use of atenolol may need to be based on more patient factors than hypertension alone.[A235850,A235855,A235860,A235865]
|
solid
|
**Indicated** for:[label]
1) Management of hypertension alone and in combination with other antihypertensives.
2) Management of angina pectoris associated with coronary atherosclerosis.
3) Management of acute myocardial infarction in hemodynamically stable patients with a heart rate greater than 50 beats per minutes and a systolic blood pressure above 100 mmHg.
**Off-label** uses include:
1) Secondary prevention of myocardial infarction.[A178156]
2) Management of heart failure.[A178153]
3) Management of atrial fibrillation.[A178141]
4) Management of supraventricular tachycardia.[A178162]
5) Management of ventricular arrythmias such as congenital long-QT and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.[A178168]
6) Management of symptomatic thyrotoxicosis in combination with [methimazole].[A178147]
7) Prophylaxis of migraine headaches.[A178171]
8) Management of alcohol withdrawal.[A178174,A178177]
|
Atenolol is a cardio-selective beta-blocker and as such exerts most of its effects on the heart.[label] It acts as an antagonist to sympathetic innervation and prevents increases in heart rate, electrical conductivity, and contractility in the heart due to increased release of norepinephrine from the peripheral nervous system.[label,T116,A178258] Together the decreases in contractility and rate produce a reduction in cardiac output resulting in a compensatory increase in peripheral vascular resistance in the short-term. This response later declines to baseline with long-term use of atenolol. More importantly, this reduction in the work demanded of the myocardium also reduces oxygen demand which provides therapeutic benefit by reducing the mismatch of oxygen supply and demand in settings where coronary blood flow is limited, such as in coronary atherosclerosis. Reducing oxygen demand, particularly due to exercise, can reduce the frequency of angina pectoris symptoms and potentially improve survival of the remaining myocardium after myocardial infarction. The decrease in rate of sinoatrial node potentials, electrical conduction, slowing of potentials traveling through the atrioventricular node, and reduced frequency of ectopic potentials due to blockade of adrenergic beta receptors has led to benefit in arrhythmic conditions such as atrial fibrillation by controlling the rate of action potential generation and allowing for more effective coordinated contractions. Since a degree of sympathetic activity is necessary to maintain cardiac function, the reduced contractility induced by atenolol may precipitate or worsen heart failure, especially during volume overload.[label]
The effects of atenolol on blood pressure have been established, although it is less effective than alternative beta-blockers, but the mechanism has not yet been characterized.[label,T116] As a β1 selective drug, it does not act via the vasodilation produced by non-selective agents.[T116] Despite this there is a sustained reduction in peripheral vascular resistance, and consequently blood pressure, alongside a decrease in cardiac output. It is thought that atenolol's antihypertensive activity may be related to action on the central nervous system (CNS) or it's inhibition of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system rather than direct effects on the vasculature.[label]
Atenolol produces CNS effects similar to other beta-blockers, but does so to a lesser extent due to reduces ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.[T116] It has the potential to produce fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbances such as nightmares or insomnia.[label,T116] The exact mechanisms behind these have not been characterized but their occurrence must be considered as they represent clinically relevant adverse effects.
Atenolol exerts some effects on the respiratory system although to a much lesser extent than non-selective beta-blockers.[label] Interaction with β2 receptors in the airways can produce bronchoconstriction by blocking the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.[T116] The same action can interfere with β-agonist therapies used in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[label,A178258,T116]
Unlike some other beta-blocker drugs, atenolol does not have intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilizing activity nor does it produce changes in glycemic control.[label]
|
Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker, called such because it selectively binds to the β1-adrenergic receptor as an antagonist up to a reported 26 fold more than β2 receptors.[A178372] Selective activity at the β1 receptor produces cardioselectivity due to the higher population of this receptor in cardiac tissue. Some binding to β2 and possibly β3 receptors can still occur at therapeutic dosages but the effects mediated by antagonizing these are significantly reduced from those of non-selective agents. β1 and β2 receptors are G<sub>s</sub> coupled therefore antagonism of their activation reduces activity of adenylyl cyclase and its downstream signalling via cyclic adenosime monophosphate and protein kinase A (PKA).
In cardiomyocytes PKA is thought to mediate activation of L-type calcium channels and ryanodine receptors through their phosphorylation.[A178396] L-type calcium channels can then provide an initial rise in intracellular calcium and trigger the ryanodine receptors to release calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and increased contractility. PKA also plays a role in the cessation of contraction by phosphorylating phospholamban which in turn increases the affinity of SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase to increase reuptake of calcium into the SR. It also phophorylates troponin I to reduce affinity of the protein for calcium. Both of these events lead to a reduction in contraction which, when coupled with the initial increase in contraction, allows for faster cycling and consequently higher heart rate with increased contractility. L-type calcium channels are also a major contributor to cardiac depolarization and their activation can increase frequency of action potentials and possibly the incidence of ectopic potentials.[A178405]
Similar inihibitory events occur in the bronchial smooth muscle to mediate relaxation including phosphorylation of myosin light-chain kinase, reducing its affinity for calcium.[A178408] PKA also inhibits the excitatory G<sub>q</sub> coupled pathway by phosphorylating the inositol trisphosphate receptor and phospholipase C resulting in inhibition of intracellular calcium release. Antagonism of this activity by beta-blocker agents like atenolol can thus cause increased bronchoconstriction.
|
Approximately 50% of an oral dose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with the remainder being excreted unchanged in the feces.[label] Administering atenolol with food can decrease the AUC by about 20%.[A178180] While atenolol can cross the blood-brain barrier, it does so slowly and to a small extent.
|
Minimal metabolism in the liver.[label] The sole non-conjugated metabolite is the product of a hydroxylation reaction at the carbon between the amide and benzene groups.[A178204] The only other metabolite to be confirmed is a glucuronide conjugate. These metabolites make up 5-8% and 2% of the renally excreted dose with 87-90% appearing as unchanged drug. The hydroxylated metabolite is exerts 1/10th the beta-blocking activity of atenolol.
|
**LD<sub>50</sub> Values**
Mouse: 2 g/kg (Oral), 57 mg/kg (IV), 134 mg/kg (IP), 400 mg/kg (SC)[L6316]
Rat: 2 g/kg (Oral), 77 mg/kg (IV), 600 mg/kg (SC)[L6316]
Rabbit: 50 mg/kg (IV)[L6316]
**Carcinogenicity & Mutagenicity**
Studies in rats and mice at doses of 300 mg/kg/day, equivalent to 150 times maximum recommended human dose, for durations of 18 and 24 months showed no carcinogenicity.[label] One study in rats at doses of 500-1500 mg/kg/day, 250-750 times maximum human dose, resulted in increases benign adrenal medullary tumors in both sexes and increase mammary fibroadenomas in females.
Atenolol showed no mutagenicity in the Ames test using _S. typhinarium_, dominant lethal test in mice, or _in vivo_ cytogenetics test in chinese hamster ovary cells.[label]
**Reproductive Toxicity**
No adverse effects on fertility were observed in either male or female mice after receiving doses of 200 mg/kg/day, equivalent to 200 times the maximum human dose. In humans, atenolol is known to cross the placenta and fetuses exposed to the drug have been reported to be smaller than expected considering gestational age. Embryo-fetal resorption has been observed in rats at doses of 50mg/kg/day, 50 times the max human dose, but not in rabbits at doses of 25mg/kg/day.[label]
**Lactation**
Atenolol appears in breast milk at a ratio of 1.5-6.8 to plasma concentrations.[label] It has been estimated that infant exposure occurs at 5.7-19.2% maternal weight-adjusted dosage.[L6313] Effects in infants include bradycardia, hypothermia, and lethargy.
|
6-7 hrs.[label]
|
6-16% bound in plasma.[label] Atenolol binds to two sites on human serum albumin.[A178210]
|
85% is eliminated by the kidneys following IV administration with 10% appearing in the feces.[label,A178180]
|
Total Vd of 63.8-112.5 L. Atenolol distributes into a central volume of 12.8-17.5 L along with two peripheral compartments with a combined volume of 51-95 L.[A178180] Distribution takes about 3 hrs for the central compartment, 4 hrs for the shallower peripheral compartment, and 5-6 hrs for the deeper peripheral compartment.
|
Total clearance is estimated at 97.3-176.3 mL/min with a renal clearance of 95-168 mL/min.[A178180]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenylacetamides
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"C07CB",
"C07C",
"C07",
"C",
"C07AB",
"C07A",
"C07",
"C",
"C07FB",
"C07F",
"C07",
"C",
"C07DB",
"C07D",
"C07",
"C",
"C07BB",
"C07B",
"C07",
"C",
"C07CB",
"C07C",
"C07",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.26",
"description": "Atenolol 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.52",
"description": "Tenormin 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.94",
"description": "Tenormin 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.28",
"description": "Tenormin 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.14",
"description": "Atenolol powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Novo-Atenol 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Pms-Atenolol 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Apo-Atenol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Co Atenolol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Mylan-Atenolol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Novo-Atenol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Phl-Atenolol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Pms-Atenolol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Ran-Atenolol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Ratio-Atenolol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Sandoz Atenolol 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Apo-Atenol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Co Atenolol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Mylan-Atenolol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Novo-Atenol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Phl-Atenolol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Pms-Atenolol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Ran-Atenolol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Ratio-Atenolol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Sandoz Atenolol 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.81",
"description": "Atenolol 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.85",
"description": "Atenolol 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
1-p-Carbamoylmethylphenoxy-3-isopropylamino-2-propanol | 2-(p-(2-Hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)phenyl)acetamide | 4-(2-Hydroxy-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)propoxy)benzeneacetamide | Atenolol | Atenololum | ADRB1R | B1AR | Beta-1 adrenoceptor | Beta-1 adrenoreceptor | ADRB2R | B2AR | Beta-2 adrenoceptor | Beta-2 adrenoreceptor | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"Aa-atenidone",
"Aa-atenidone",
"Act Atenolol",
"Act Atenolol",
"Ag-atenolol",
"Ag-atenolol",
"Ag-atenolol",
"Apo-atenol Tab 100mg",
"Apo-atenol Tab 50mg",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol",
"Atenolol - Tab 100mg",
"Atenolol - Tab 50mg",
"Atenolol 29300-411",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol Scopolamine",
"Atenolol Scopolamine",
"Atenolol Tablets 100mg",
"Atenolol Tablets 50mg",
"Atenolol Tablets, BP",
"Atenolol Tablets, BP",
"Ava-atenolol",
"Bci Atenolol",
"Bci Atenolol",
"Bio-atenolol",
"Bio-atenolol",
"Bio-atenolol",
"Dom-atenolol - 100mg",
"Dom-atenolol - 50mg",
"Ftp-atenolol",
"Ftp-atenolol",
"Ipg-atenolol",
"Ipg-atenolol",
"Ipg-atenolol",
"Jamp Atenolol Tablets",
"Jamp-atenolol",
"Jamp-atenolol",
"Jamp-atenolol",
"Mar-atenolol",
"Mar-atenolol",
"Mar-atenolol",
"Med Atenolol - Tab 100mg",
"Med Atenolol - Tab 50mg",
"Mint-atenol",
"Mint-atenol",
"Mint-atenol",
"Mylan-atenolol",
"Mylan-atenolol",
"Mylan-atenolol",
"Ntp-atenol",
"Ntp-atenol",
"Ntp-atenol",
"Ntp-atenolol/chlorthalidone",
"Ntp-atenolol/chlorthalidone",
"Nu-atenol Tab 100mg",
"Nu-atenol Tab 50mg",
"Orb-atenolol",
"Orb-atenolol",
"Penta-atenolol - 100mg",
"Penta-atenolol - 50mg",
"PMS-atenolol",
"PMS-atenolol",
"PMS-atenolol",
"Riva-atenolol",
"Riva-atenolol",
"Riva-atenolol",
"Sandoz Atenolol",
"Sandoz Atenolol",
"Septa-atenolol",
"Septa-atenolol",
"Septa-atenolol",
"Taro-atenolol",
"Taro-atenolol",
"Taro-atenolol",
"Taro-atenolol Tab 100mg",
"Taro-atenolol Tab 50mg",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic 100/25mg Tab",
"Tenoretic 50/25mg Tab",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Tenormin",
"Teva-atenolol",
"Teva-atenolol",
"Teva-atenolol",
"Teva-atenolol",
"Teva-atenolol",
"Teva-atenolol/chlorthalidone",
"Teva-atenolol/chlorthalidone"
] |
[
"Myocord",
"Normiten"
] |
[
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Tenoretic",
"Atenolol Scopolamine",
"Atenolol Scopolamine",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Tenoretic 100/25mg Tab",
"Tenoretic 50/25mg Tab",
"Aa-atenidone",
"Aa-atenidone",
"Teva-atenolol/chlorthalidone",
"Teva-atenolol/chlorthalidone",
"Ntp-atenolol/chlorthalidone",
"Ntp-atenolol/chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone",
"Tenoretic",
"Tenoretic",
"Atenolol and Chlorthalidone"
] |
[
"P08588",
"P07550"
] |
[
"P10635"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"O95342"
] |
DB00336
|
Nitrofural
|
Nitrofural or nitrofurazone is a topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial wounds, burns, ulcers, and skin infections. Nitrofural has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.
Except for topical drug products formulated for dermatologic application, the FDA withdrew its approval for the use of drug products containing nitrofurazone.[L43942]
|
solid
|
For the treatment of bacterial skin infections including pyodermas, infected dermatoses and infections of cuts, wounds, burns and ulcers due to susceptible organisms.
|
Nitrofurazone is a topical antibacterial agent indicated as an adjunctive therapy for second and third degree burns when resistance to other agents is a real or potential problem. Nitrofurazone is also indicated in skin grafting when bacterial contamination may cause graft rejection or donor site infection, especially in hospitals with a history of resistant bacteria.
|
The exact mechanism of action is unknown. Nitrofurazone inhibits several bacterial enzymes, especially those involved in the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of glucose and pyruvate. This activity is believed also to affect pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase, malate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and pyruvate decarboxylase.
|
Well absorbed.
|
Nitrofurans, including nitrofural, undergo metabolic reduction at the nitro group to generate reactive species which can covalently bind to cellular macromolecules (Polnaszek et al., 1984; Kutcher & McCalla, 1984; McCalla 1979; McCalla et al., 1975).
|
Rat LD<sub>50</sub> = 590 mg/kg; Allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequently reported adverse effect, occurring in approximately 1 % of patients treated.
|
5 hours
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Furans
|
Nitrofurans
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"B05CA",
"B05C",
"B05",
"B",
"S02AA",
"S02A",
"S02",
"S",
"D08AF",
"D08A",
"D08",
"D",
"D09AA",
"D09A",
"D09",
"D",
"S01AX",
"S01A",
"S01",
"S",
"P01CC",
"P01C",
"P01",
"P"
] |
[
"Gram negative and gram positive bacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "0.63",
"description": "Nitrofurazone powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone | Furacilin | Nitrofural | Nitrofurazone | 1.8.1.7 | GR | XDHA
|
[] |
[
"Furacin",
"Furaderm",
"Nitrofurazone"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P47989"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00337
|
Pimecrolimus
|
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent that was first marketed by Novartis under the trade name Elidel. It is now promoted in Canada by Galderma since early 2007. It is currently available as a topic cream used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema).
|
solid
|
For treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.
|
Pimecrolimus is a chemical that is used to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition characterized by redness, itching, scaling and inflammation of the skin. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known; however, scientists believe that it may be due to activation of the immune system by various environmental or emotional triggers. Scientists do not know exactly how pimecrolimus reduces the manifestations of atopic dermatitis, but pimecrolimus reduces the action of T-cells and mast cells which are part of the immune system and contribute to responses of the immune system. Pimecrolimus prevents the activation of T-cells by blocking the effects of chemicals (cytokines) released by the body that stimulate T-cells. Pimecrolimus also reduces the ability of mast cells to release chemicals that promote inflammation.
|
Pimecrolimus binds with high affinity to macrophilin-12 (FKBP-12) and inhibits the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. As a consequence, it inhibits T cell activation by blocking the transcription of early cytokines. In particular, pimecrolimus inhibits at nanomolar concentrations Interleukin-2 and interferon gamma (Th1-type) and Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 (Th2-type) cytokine synthesis in human T cells. Also, pimecrolimus prevents the release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators from mast cells in vitro after stimulation by antigen/lgE.
|
Because of the low systemic absorption of pimecrolimus following topical application the calculation of standard pharmacokinetic measures such as AUC, C<sub>max</sub>, half-life, etc. cannot be reliably done.
|
No drug metabolism was observed in human skin in vitro. Oral administration yielded metabolites produced from O-demethylation and oxygenation reactions.
|
Side effects include burning sensation, irritation, pruritus, erythema, and skin infections, at the application site.
| null |
74%-87% (in vitro, bound to plasma proteins)
|
80% of the drug is excreted in the feces.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
|
Macrolide lactams
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"D11AH",
"D11A",
"D11",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.21",
"description": "Elidel 1% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "101.44",
"description": "Elidel 30 Gram Tube 1% 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "200.05",
"description": "Elidel 60 Gram Tube 1% 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "315.76",
"description": "Elidel 100 Gram Tube 1% 100 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2006-12-19",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2015-10-26",
"number": "2200966"
},
{
"approved": "1999-06-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-12-15",
"number": "5912238"
},
{
"approved": "2002-03-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-04-26",
"number": "6352998"
},
{
"approved": "2002-07-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-12-26",
"number": "6423722"
}
] |
33-Epi-chloro-33-desoxyascomycin | Pimecrolimus | Pimecrolimusum | 3.1.3.16 | Calcineurin A alpha | Calmodulin-dependent calcineurin A subunit alpha isoform | CALNA | CAM-PRP catalytic subunit | CNA | CNA alpha | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform | 2.7.11.1 | FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1 | FKBP12-rapamycin complex-associated protein | FRAP | FRAP1 | FRAP2 | Mammalian target of rapamycin | Mechanistic target of rapamycin | mTOR | RAFT1 | Rapamycin and FKBP12 target 1 | Rapamycin target protein 1 | RAPT1 | 12 kDa FK506-binding protein | 12 kDa FKBP | 5.2.1.8 | Calstabin-1 | FK506-binding protein 1A | FKBP-12 | FKBP-1A | FKBP1 | FKBP12 | Immunophilin FKBP12 | PPIase FKBP1A | Rotamase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Elidel",
"Elidel",
"Elidel",
"Elidel",
"Elidel",
"Elidel",
"Elidel",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus",
"Pimecrolimus"
] |
[
"Aregen",
"Rizan"
] |
[] |
[
"Q08209",
"P42345",
"P62942"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00338
|
Omeprazole
|
Originally approved by the FDA in 1989, omeprazole is a _proton-pump inhibitor_, used to treat gastric acid-related disorders. These disorders may include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and other diseases characterized by the oversecretion of gastric acid. This drug was the first clinical useful drug in its class, and its approval was followed by the formulation of many other proton pump inhibitor drugs [A174232]. Omeprazole is generally effective and well-tolerated, promoting its popular use in children and adults [FDA label].
|
solid
|
Omeprazole, according to the FDA label [FDA label] is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used for the following purposes:
• Treatment of active duodenal ulcer in adults
• Eradication of Helicobacter pylori to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer
recurrence in adults
• Treatment of active benign gastric ulcer in adults
• Reduction of risk of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in critically ill adult patients.
• Treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in
patients 1 year of age and older
• Treatment of erosive esophagitis (EE) due to acid-mediated GERD in
patients 1 month of age and older
• Maintenance of healing of EE due to acid-mediated GERD in patients 1
year of age and older
• Pathologic hypersecretory conditions in adults
|
**Effects on gastric acid secretion**
This drug decreases gastric acid secretion [FDA label]. After oral administration, the onset of the antisecretory effect of omeprazole is usually achieved within one hour, with the maximum effect occurring by 2 hours after administration. The inhibitory effect of omeprazole on acid secretion increases with repeated once-daily dosing, reaching a plateau after four days [FDA label].
**Effects on serum gastrin**
In studies of 200 or more patients, serum gastrin levels increased during the first 1-2 weeks of daily administration of therapeutic doses of omeprazole. This occurred in a parallel fashion with the inhibition of acid secretion. No further increase in serum gastrin occurred with continued omeprazole administration. Increased gastrin causes enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and increased serum Chromogranin A (CgA) levels. The increased CgA levels may lead to false positive results in diagnostic studies for neuroendocrine tumors [FDA label].
**Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell effects**
Human gastric biopsy samples have been obtained from more than 3000 pediatric and adult patients treated with omeprazole in long-term clinical studies. The incidence of enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia in these studies increased with time; however, no case of ECL cell carcinoids, dysplasia, or neoplasia have been identified in these patients. These studies, however, are of insufficient in power and duration to draw conclusions on the possible influence of long-term administration of omeprazole in the development of any premalignant or malignant conditions [FDA label].
**Other effects**
Systemic effects of omeprazole in the central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems have not been found to date. Omeprazole, given in oral doses of 30 or 40 mg for 2-4 weeks, showed no effect on thyroid function, carbohydrate metabolism, or circulating levels of parathyroid hormone, cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, prolactin, cholecystokinin or secretin [FDA label].
|
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion into the gastric lumen is a process regulated mainly by the H(+)/K(+)-ATPase of the proton pump [A175180], expressed in high quantities by the parietal cells of the stomach. ATPase is an enzyme on the parietal cell membrane that facilitates hydrogen and potassium exchange through the cell, which normally results in the extrusion of potassium and formation of HCl (gastric acid) [A174295].
Omeprazole is a member of a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted _benzimidazoles_, that stop gastric acid secretion by selective inhibition of the _H+/K+ ATPase_ enzyme system. Proton-pump inhibitors such as omeprazole bind covalently to cysteine residues via disulfide bridges on the alpha subunit of the _H+/K+ ATPase_ pump, inhibiting gastric acid secretion for up to 36 hours [A175192]. This antisecretory effect is dose-related and leads to the inhibition of both basal and stimulated acid secretion, regardless of the stimulus [FDA label].
**Mechanism of H. pylori eradication**
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is frequently associated with _Helicobacter pylori_ bacterial infection (NSAIDs) [A175195]. The treatment of H. pylori infection may include the addition of omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitors as part of the treatment regimen [FDA label], [A175198].
_H. pylori_ replicates most effectively at a neutral pH [A175213]. Acid inhibition in H. pylori eradication therapy, including proton-pump inhibitors such as omeprazole, raises gastric pH, discouraging the growth of H.pylori [A175198]. It is generally believed that proton pump inhibitors inhibit the _urease_ enzyme, which increases the pathogenesis of H. pylori in gastric-acid related conditions [A175216].
|
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules contain an enteric-coated granule formulation of omeprazole (because omeprazole is acid-labile), so that absorption of omeprazole begins only after the granules exit the stomach [FDA label].
Absorption of omeprazole occurs rapidly, with peak plasma concentrations of omeprazole achieved within 0.5-3.5 hours [FDA label].
Absolute bioavailability (compared with intravenous administration) is approximately 30-40% at doses of 20-40 mg, largely due to pre-systemic metabolism. The bioavailability of omeprazole increases slightly upon repeated administration of omeprazole delayed-release capsules [FDA label].
|
Omeprazole is heavily metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system. The main part of its metabolism depends on the polymorphically expressed CYP2C19, which is responsible for the formation of _hydroxyomeprazole_, the major metabolite found in plasma. The remaining part depends on CYP3A4, responsible for the formation of _omeprazole sulphone_ [FDA label].
|
**Oral acute (LD50)**: 4000 mg/kg (mouse), 2210 mg/kg (rat) [MSDS].
**Overdose**
Symptoms of overdose include confusion, drowsiness, blurred vision, tachycardia, nausea, diaphoresis, flushing, headache, and dry mouth.
**Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis**
In 24-month studies in rats, a dose-related significant increase in gastric carcinoid tumors and ECL cell hyperplasia was seen in male and female animals. Carcinoid tumors have also been found in rats treated with a fundectomy or long-term treatment with other proton pump inhibitors, or high doses of H2-receptor antagonists [FDA label].
Omeprazole showed positive clastogenic effects in an in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration study, in one of two in vivo mouse micronucleus tests, and in an in vivo bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration test. Omeprazole tested negative in the in vitro _Ames_ test, an in vitro mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay, and an in vivo rat liver DNA damage assay [FDA label].
**The use in breastfeeding**
Limited data indicate that omeprazole may be present in human milk. There is currently no information on the effects of omeprazole on the breastfed infant or production of milk. The benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the level of need for omeprazole and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from omeprazole [FDA label].
**Effects on fertility**
Effects of omeprazole at oral doses up to 138 mg/kg/day in rats (about 34 times an oral human dose) was found to have no impact on fertility and reproductive performance [FDA label].
|
0.5-1 hour (healthy subjects, delayed-release capsule) [FDA label]
Approximately 3 hours (hepatic impairment) [FDA label]
|
Approximately 95% bound to human plasma proteins [FDA label].
|
After a single dose oral dose of a buffered solution of omeprazole, negligible (if any) amounts of unchanged drug were excreted in urine. Most of the dose (about 77%) was eliminated in urine as at least six different metabolites. Two metabolites were identified as _hydroxyomeprazole_ and the corresponding _carboxylic acid_. The remainder of the dose was found in the feces. This suggests significant biliary excretion of omeprazole metabolites. Three metabolites have been identified in the plasma, the _sulfide_ and _sulfone_ derivatives of omeprazole, and _hydroxyomeprazole_. These metabolites possess minimal or no antisecretory activity [FDA label].
|
Approximately 0.3 L/kg, corresponding to the volume of extracellular water [A175156].
|
Healthy subject (delayed release capsule), total body clearance 500 - 600 mL/min [FDA label]
Geriatric plasma clearance: 250 mL/min [FDA label]
Hepatic impairment plasma clearance: 70 mL/min [FDA label]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzimidazoles
|
Sulfinylbenzimidazoles
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"A02BC",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A",
"A02BC",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A",
"A02BD",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A",
"A02BD",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A",
"A02BD",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Apo-Omeprazole 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Mylan-Omeprazole 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Pms-Omeprazole (Delayed Release Tablet) 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Pms-Omeprazole (Sustained-Release Capsule) 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Ratio-Omeprazole (Sustained-Release Tablet) 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Sandoz Omeprazole (Sustained-Release Capsule) 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.24",
"description": "Losec (Sustained-Release Capsule) 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.97",
"description": "Losec (Sustained-Release Tablet) 10 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.48",
"description": "Losec (Sustained-Release Tablet) 20 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.13",
"description": "Omeprazole 10 mg Delayed Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.32",
"description": "Omeprazole 20 mg Delayed Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.05",
"description": "Omeprazole powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "5.59",
"description": "Prilosec dr 10 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.15",
"description": "Prilosec 20 mg capsule dr",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.24",
"description": "Prilosec dr 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.46",
"description": "Zegerid 40 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.19",
"description": "Zegerid 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.48",
"description": "Zegerid 40-1100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.69",
"description": "Omeprazole 40 mg Delayed Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "9.22",
"description": "Prilosec dr 40 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "9.59",
"description": "PriLOSEC 40 mg Delayed Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "19.99",
"description": "PriLOSEC OTC 14 20 mg Enteric Coated Tabs Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "25.99",
"description": "Omeprazole 28 20 mg Enteric Coated Tabs Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "174.37",
"description": "PriLOSEC 30 10 mg Delayed Release Capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "224.27",
"description": "Zegerid 30 20-1680 mg Packets Packet",
"unit": "packet"
},
{
"cost": "224.27",
"description": "Zegerid 30 40-1680 mg Packets Packet",
"unit": "packet"
},
{
"cost": "459.99",
"description": "PriLOSEC 30 20 mg Delayed Release Capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.53",
"description": "CVS Pharmacy omeprazole dr 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.66",
"description": "Omeprazole dr 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.76",
"description": "Prilosec otc 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.78",
"description": "Zegerid otc 20-1100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Mylan-Omeprazole 10 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Sandoz Omeprazole (Sustained-Release Capsule) 10 mg Capsule/Sustained Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1997-11-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2014-11-25",
"number": "5690960"
},
{
"approved": "2004-03-23",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-01-05",
"number": "2180535"
},
{
"approved": "1996-06-11",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-06-11",
"number": "1338377"
},
{
"approved": "2002-12-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-16",
"number": "6489346"
},
{
"approved": "2004-03-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-16",
"number": "6699885"
},
{
"approved": "2014-10-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-16",
"number": "RE45198"
},
{
"approved": "2003-11-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-16",
"number": "6645988"
},
{
"approved": "2008-07-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-16",
"number": "7399772"
},
{
"approved": "1999-05-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-11-04",
"number": "5900424"
},
{
"approved": "2002-08-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-05-03",
"number": "6428810"
},
{
"approved": "2015-05-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-08-16",
"number": "9023391"
},
{
"approved": "2002-06-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-11-15",
"number": "6403616"
},
{
"approved": "1998-10-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-10-06",
"number": "5817338"
},
{
"approved": "1998-11-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-15",
"number": "5840737"
},
{
"approved": "2004-08-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-15",
"number": "6780882"
},
{
"approved": "2005-08-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-02-28",
"number": "6926907"
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{
"approved": "2017-01-10",
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{
"approved": "2016-06-14",
"country": "United States",
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"number": "9364439"
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{
"approved": "2012-06-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-02-28",
"number": "8206741"
},
{
"approved": "2000-11-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-05-10",
"number": "6150380"
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{
"approved": "2001-02-20",
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"number": "6191148"
},
{
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{
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{
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{
"approved": "2018-09-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-12-08",
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{
"approved": "2017-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-02-12",
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{
"approved": "2016-11-22",
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"expires": "2034-02-12",
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{
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{
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{
"approved": "2020-11-17",
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"expires": "2036-12-08",
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{
"approved": "2021-10-05",
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"number": "11135172"
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{
"approved": "2020-08-25",
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"expires": "2039-07-16",
"number": "10751333"
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{
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{
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{
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"expires": "2040-03-01",
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{
"approved": "2022-05-27",
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"expires": "2042-05-27",
"number": "11878011"
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{
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"number": "11911473"
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{
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"expires": "2034-02-12",
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{
"approved": "2019-07-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-07-16",
"number": "12042539"
}
] |
OMEP | Omeprazol | Omeprazole | Omeprazolum | 7.2.2.19 | Gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase subunit alpha | Proton pump | Gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase subunit beta | Proton pump beta chain | Ah receptor | AhR | BHLHE76 | Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 76 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIB1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC18 | Cytochrome P450-6b/29c | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 | CMOAT2 | MLP2 | MOAT-D | MRP3 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter D | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"24 Hr Omeprazole",
"Ach-omeprazole",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer",
"Acid Reducer Powder",
"Ag-omeprazole Dr",
"Ahi-omeprazole",
"Amazon Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Apo-omeprazole",
"Apo-omeprazole",
"Aspirin and Omeprazole Delayed-release Tab",
"Aspirin and Omeprazole Delayed-release Tab",
"Aspirin and Omeprazole Delayed-release Tab",
"Auro-omeprazole",
"Auro-omeprazole",
"Ava-omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole",
"Basic Care Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Being Well Omeprazole",
"Berkley and Jensen Omeprazole",
"Berkley and Jensen Omeprazole",
"Bio-omeprazole",
"Care One Omeprazole",
"Careone Omeprazole",
"Careone Omeprazole",
"Careone Omeprazole",
"Caring Mill Omeprazole",
"Core Values Omeprazole",
"Dg Health Omeprazole",
"Dg Health Omeprazole",
"Dg Health Omeprazole",
"DG health omperazole",
"Dom-omeprazole Dr",
"Dom-omeprazole Dr",
"Equaline Omeprazole",
"Equaline Omeprazole",
"Equaline Omeprazole Delayed Release",
"Equate Omeprazole",
"Equate omeprazole",
"Equate Omeprazole",
"Equate Omeprazole",
"Equate Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Equate omeprazole delayed release acid reducer",
"Exchange Select Omeprazole",
"Family Wellness Acid Reducer",
"Family Wellness Omeprazole",
"Family Wellness Omeprazole",
"Formu Care Omeprazole",
"Foster and Thrive Omeprazole",
"Foster and Thrive Omeprazole",
"Fulton Street Market Omeprazole",
"Genozol",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Omeprazole",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Omeprazole",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Omeprazole",
"Good Now Omeprazole",
"Good Sense omeprazole",
"Good Sense Omeprazole",
"Good Sense Omeprazole",
"Good Sense Omeprazole",
"Good Sense Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Good Sense Omeprazole Delayed Release",
"Harmon Face Values Omeprazole",
"Harris Teeter Omeprazole",
"Health Mart omeprazole",
"Health Mart Omeprazole",
"Healthy Accents Omeprazole",
"Heartburn Control",
"Humana Pharmacy Omeprazole",
"Jamp-omeprazole Dr",
"Kirkland Signature Omeprazole",
"Konvomep",
"Leader Omeprazole",
"Leader Omeprazole",
"Leader Omeprazole",
"Leader Omeprazole",
"Leader Omeprazole",
"Losec",
"Losec",
"Losec 10 mg",
"Losec Capsules 10mg",
"Losec Capsules 40mg",
"Losec Mups",
"Losec Mups",
"medPREDkit",
"Members Mark Omeprazole",
"Members Mark Omeprazole",
"Members Mark Omeprazole",
"Mylan-omeprazole",
"Mylan-omeprazole",
"Nat-omeprazole Dr",
"Not Applicable",
"Novo-omeprazole",
"Nra-omeprazole",
"Olex",
"Omeclamox-Pak",
"Omeclamox-Pak",
"Omep",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole",
"Omeprazole 20 mg",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicrabonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicrabonate",
"Omeprazole Delayed Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed-Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed-Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed-Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed-Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed-Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed-Release",
"Omeprazole Delayed-Release",
"Omeprazole Dr",
"Omeprazole Dr",
"Omeprazole Dr",
"Omeprazole Dr",
"Omeprazole DR",
"Omeprazole DR",
"Omeprazole DR",
"Omeprazole DR",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole magnesium",
"Omeprazole magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium",
"Omeprazole Magnesium Delayed Release Tablets",
"Omeprazole Magnesium Delayed Release Tablets",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole-20",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide",
"Omeprazole, Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodiium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omesec",
"PMS-omeprazole",
"PMS-omeprazole",
"PMS-omeprazole Dr",
"PMS-omeprazole Dr",
"Preferred Plus Omeprazole",
"PrevidolRx Analgesic Pak",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec",
"Prilosec OTC",
"Prilosec OTC",
"Prilosec OTC",
"Prilosec OTC",
"Prilosec OTC",
"Prilosec OTC",
"Priva-omeprazole",
"Q-omeprazole",
"Q-omeprazole",
"Quality Choice Omeprazole",
"Ran-omeprazole",
"Ran-omeprazole",
"Ratio-omeprazole",
"Ratio-omeprazole",
"Riva-omeprazole Dr",
"Sandoz Omeprazole",
"Sandoz Omeprazole",
"Sandoz Omeprazole",
"Sandoz Omeprazole",
"Seven Select Omeprazole",
"ShopRite Omeprazole",
"Signature Care Omeprazole",
"Signature Care Omeprazole",
"Signature Care Omeprazole",
"Simply Right Omeprazole",
"Smart Sense Omeprazole",
"Sound Body Omeprazole",
"Sunmark Omeprazole",
"Sunmark Omeprazole",
"Talicia",
"Teva-omeprazole",
"Teva-omeprazole",
"TopCare Omeprazole",
"Topcare Omeprazole",
"Topcare Omeprazole",
"Topcare Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"TopCare Omeprazole delayed release",
"Up and Up Omeprazole",
"Up and Up Omeprazole",
"Up and Up Omeprazole",
"Up and Up Omeprazole",
"Van-omeprazole",
"Welby Omeprazole",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Zegerid Otc",
"Zegerid with Magnesium Hydroxide",
"Zegerid with Magnesium Hydroxide"
] |
[
"Antra",
"Audazol",
"Belmazol",
"Ceprandal",
"Danlox",
"Desec",
"Elgam",
"Emeproton",
"Gasec",
"Gastrimut",
"Gastroloc",
"Indurgan",
"Inhibitron",
"Logastric",
"Losec",
"Mepral",
"Mopral",
"Olexin",
"Omapren",
"Omepral",
"Omeprazon",
"Omeprol",
"Omezol",
"Omisec",
"Omizac",
"Ortanol",
"Parizac",
"Prazidec",
"Prazolit",
"Procelac",
"Ramezol",
"Regulacid",
"Sanamidol",
"Ulceral",
"Ulcesep",
"Ultop",
"Zepral"
] |
[
"Zegerid with Magnesium Hydroxide",
"Zegerid with Magnesium Hydroxide",
"Zegerid",
"Omeprazole, Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide",
"Omeprazole, Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"PrevidolRx Analgesic Pak",
"Omeclamox-Pak",
"Not Applicable",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Topcare Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"medPREDkit",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Good Sense Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Aspirin and Omeprazole Delayed-release Tab",
"Aspirin and Omeprazole Delayed-release Tab",
"Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid",
"Zegerid",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicrabonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicrabonate",
"Yosprala",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Aspirin and Omeprazole Delayed-release Tab",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeclamox-Pak",
"Yosprala",
"Yosprala",
"Talicia",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Equate Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Basic Care Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Konvomep",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Zegerid OTC",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Zegerid Otc",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole and Sodium Bicarbonate",
"Omeprazole/Sodiium Bicarbonate",
"Acid Reducer Powder"
] |
[
"P20648",
"P51164",
"P35869"
] |
[
"P04798",
"P05177",
"Q16678",
"P10632",
"P11712",
"P33260",
"P10635",
"P08684",
"P33261"
] |
[] |
[
"Q9UNQ0",
"O15438",
"P08183"
] |
DB00339
|
Pyrazinamide
|
A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
|
solid
|
For the initial treatment of active tuberculosis in adults and children when combined with other antituberculous agents.
|
Pyrazinamide kills or stops the growth of certain bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB). It is used with other drugs to treat tuberculosis. It is a highly specific agent and is active only against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. In vitro and in vivo, the drug is active only at a slightly acid pH. Pyrazinamie gets activated to Pyrazinoic acid in the bacilli where it interferes with fatty acid synthase FAS I. This interferes with the bacteriums ability to synthesize new fatty acids, required for growth and replication.
|
Pyrazinamide diffuses into active _M. tuberculosis_ that express pyrazinamidase enzyme that converts pyrazinamide to the active form pyrazinoic acid. Pyrazinoic acid can leak out under acidic conditions to be converted to the protonated conjugate acid, which is readily diffused back into the bacilli and accumulate intracellularly. The net effect is that more pyrazinoic acid accumulates inside the bacillus at acid pH than at neutral pH. Pyrazinoic acid was thought to inhibit the enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS) I, which is required by the bacterium to synthesise fatty acids. However, this theory was thought to have been discounted.[A512] However, further studies reproduced the results of FAS I inhibition as the putative mechanism first in whole cell assay of replicating M. tuberculosis bacilli which have shown that pyrazinoic acid and its ester inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids.[A513] This study was followed by in vitro assay of tuberculous FAS I enzyme that tested the activity with pyrazinamide, pyrazinoic acid and several classes of pyrazinamide analogs. Pyrazinamide and its analogs inhibited the activity of purified FAS I.[A514]
It has also been suggested that the accumulation of pyrazinoic acid disrupts membrane potential and interferes with energy production, necessary for survival of M. tuberculosis at an acidic site of infection. Pyrazinoic acid has also been shown to bind to the ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA) and inhibit trans-translation. This may explain the ability of the drug to kill dormant mycobacteria.[A515]
|
Rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
|
Hepatic.
|
Side effects include liver injury, arthralgias, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, dysuria,malaise and fever, sideroblastic anemia, adverse effects on the blood clotting mechanism or vascular integrity, and hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria, pruritis and skin rashes.
|
9-10 hours (normal conditions)
|
~10% (bound to plasma proteins)
|
Approximately 70% of an oral dose is excreted in the urine, mainly by glomerular filtration within 24 hours
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazines
|
Pyrazines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J04AK",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J",
"J04AM",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J",
"J04AM",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J"
] |
[
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.26",
"description": "Pyrazinamide 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.1",
"description": "Rifater tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
2-carbamylpyrazine | 2-pyrazinecarboxamide | Aldinamide | Pirazinamida | Pirazinamide | Pyrazinamid | Pyrazinamida | Pyrazinamide | Pyrazinamidum | Pyrazine carboxamide | pyrazine-2-carboxamide | Pyrazineamide | Pyrazinecarboxamide | Pyrazinoic acid amide | Pyrizinamide | 1.3.1.9 | ENR | FAS-II enoyl-ACP reductase | NADH-dependent 2-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase | 1.2.3.1 | Aldehyde oxidase 1 | AO | Azaheterocycle hydroxylase | XDHA
|
[
"Pdp-pyrazinamide",
"PMS-pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Pyrazinamide",
"Rifater",
"Rifater",
"Rifater",
"Tebrazid"
] |
[
"Piraldina",
"Prazina",
"Pyrafat",
"Pyrazide",
"Tebrazid",
"Tisamid"
] |
[
"Rifater",
"Rifater",
"Rifater"
] |
[] |
[
"Q06278",
"P47989"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00340
|
Metixene
|
Metixene (or methixene) is a anticholinergic used as an antiparkinsonian agent.
|
liquid
|
Used for the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonism.
|
Metixene is a tertiary antimuscarinic with actions similar to those of atropine; it also has antihistaminic and direct antispasmodic properties. It is used for the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonism, including the alleviation of the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by other drugs such as phenothiazines, but, like other antimuscarinics, it is of no value against tardive dyskinesias. Metixene has been discontinued.
|
Parkinsonism is thought to result from an imbalance between the excitatory (cholinergic) and inhibitory (dopaminergic) systems in the corpus striatum. The mechanism of action of centrally active anticholinergic drugs such as metixene is considered to relate to competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the corpus striatum, which then restores the balance.
|
Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration, however the extent of absorption is not known.
|
Hepatic. Metabolism occurs via sulfoxydation and N-demethylation.
|
Signs of overdose include dilated and sluggish pupils, warm, dry skin, facial flushing, decreased secretions of the mouth, pharynx, nose, and bronchi, foul-smelling breath, elevated temperature, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, decreased bowel sounds, urinary retention, delirium, disorientation, anxiety, hallucinations, illusions, confusion, incoherence, agitation, hyperactivity, ataxia, loss of memory, paranoia, combativeness, and seizures.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzothiopyrans
|
1-benzothiopyrans
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N04AA",
"N04A",
"N04",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Methixen | Methixene | Metisene | Metixene | Métixène | Metixeno | Metixenum
|
[] |
[
"Cholinfall",
"Methixart",
"Tremaril",
"Tremarit"
] |
[] |
[
"P11229",
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"P08173",
"P08912"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00341
|
Cetirizine
|
Cetirizine, also commonly known as _Zyrtec_, is an orally active second-generation histamine H1 antagonist proven effective in the treatment of various allergic symptoms, such as sneezing, coughing, nasal congestion, hives, and other symptoms [A175051], [A175054].
One of the most common uses for this drug is for a condition called _allergic rhinitis_. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the United States is about 15% according to physician diagnoses, and up to 30%, according to self-reported nasal symptoms. Allergic rhinitis is associated with multiple missed or unproductive days at work and school, problems with sleep, and other difficulties with day to day activities for many individuals [A175057]. Furthermore, some antihistamine agents that are used to treat this condition cause undesirable, sedating effects [A175060].
Cetirizine is one of the first second-generation H1 antihistamines (SGAHs) formulated to selectively inhibit the H1 receptor without sedating effects [A175054].
|
solid
|
**Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis**: Indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by allergens such as ragweed, grass and tree pollens in adults and children 2 years of age and above. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, tearing, and redness of the eyes [FDA label].
**Perennial allergic rhinitis**: This drug is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens including dust mites, animal dander, and molds in adults and children 6 months of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, and tearing [FDA label].
**Chronic urticaria**: Cetirizine is indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults and children 6 months of age and older. It markedly reduces the occurrence, severity, and duration of hives and significantly reduces pruritus [FDA label].
|
**General effects and respiratory effects**
Cetirizine, the active metabolite of the piperazine H<sub>1</sub>-receptor antagonist hydroxyzine, minimizes or eliminates the symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria, perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, physical urticaria, and atopic dermatitis.
The clinical efficacy of cetirizine for allergic respiratory diseases has been well established in numerous trials [FDA label].
**Effects on urticaria/anti-inflammatory effects**
It has anti-inflammatory properties that may play a role in asthma management [A175051]. There is evidence that cetirizine improves symptoms of urticaria. Marked clinical inhibition of a wheal and flare response occurs in infants, children as well as adults within 20 minutes of one oral dose and lasts for 24 h [A175051]. Concomitant use of cetirizine reduces the duration and dose of topical anti-inflammatory formulas used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis [A175051].
|
Cetirizine, a metabolite of _hydroxyzine_, is an antihistamine drug. Its main effects are achieved through selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors. The antihistamine activity of cetirizine has been shown in a variety of animal and human models. _In vivo_ and _ex vivo_ animal models have shown insignificant anticholinergic and antiserotonergic effects. In clinical studies, however, dry mouth was found to be more frequent with cetirizine than with a placebo. In vitro receptor binding studies have demonstrated no detectable affinity of cetirizine for histamine receptors other than the H1 receptors. Studies with radiolabeled cetirizine administration in the rat have demonstrated insignificant penetration into the brain. _Ex vivo_ studies in the mouse have shown that systemically administered cetirizine does not occupy cerebral H1 receptors significantly [FDA label].
|
Cetirizine was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of about 1 hour after oral administration of tablets or syrup formulation in adult volunteers [FDA label]. Bioavailability was found to be similar between the tablet and syrup dosage forms. When healthy study volunteers were given several doses of cetirizine (10 mg tablets once daily for 10 days), a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 311 ng/mL was measured [FDA label].
**Effect of food on absorption**
Food had no effect on cetirizine exposure (AUC), however, Tmax was delayed by 1.7 hours and Cmax was decreased by 23% in the fed state [FDA label].
|
A mass balance clinical trial comprised of 6 healthy male study volunteers showed that 70% of the administered radioactivity was measured in the urine and 10% in the feces after cetirizine administration. About 50% of the radioactivity was measured in the urine as unchanged cetirizine. Most of the rapid increase in peak plasma radioactivity was related to the parent drug, implying a low level of first pass metabolism. This prevents potential interactions of cetirizine with drugs interacting with hepatic cytochrome enzymes [A175051].
Cetirizine is metabolized partially by oxidative O-dealkylation to a metabolite with insignificant antihistaminic activity. The enzyme or enzymes responsible for this step in cetirizine metabolism have not yet been identified [FDA label].
|
Oral LD50 (rat): 365 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal LDLO (mouse): 138 mg/kg; Oral TDLO (rat): 50 mg/kg; Oral TDLO (mouse): 0.1 mg/kg [MSDS].
**Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis**: In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats, cetirizine was not shown to be carcinogenic at dietary doses up to 20 mg/kg (approximately 15 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in adults). In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in mice, cetirizine administration lead to an incidence of benign liver tumors in males at a dietary dose of 16 mg/kg (approximately 6 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in adults). The clinical significance of these findings during long-term use of cetirizine is unknown at this time [FDA label].
Cetirizine was not mutagenic in the Ames test, and not clastogenic in the human lymphocyte assay, the mouse lymphoma assay, and in vivo micronucleus test in rats [FDA label].
**Impairment of fertility**
In a fertility and reproduction study in mice, cetirizine did not negatively impact fertility at an oral dose of 64 mg/kg (approximately 25 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in adults) [FDA label].
**Pregnancy Category B**:
In mice, rats, and rabbits, cetirizine was not teratogenic at oral doses up to 96, 225, and 135 mg/kg, respectively (approximately 40, 180 and 220 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in adults). There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal studies are not always predictive of human response, cetirizine should be used in pregnancy only if clearly needed [FDA label].
**Use in breastfeeding/nursing**
Cetirizine has been reported to be excreted in human breast milk. The use of cetirizine in nursing mothers is not recommended [FDA label].
|
Plasma elimination half-life is 8.3 hours [FDA label].
|
The mean plasma protein binding of cetirizine is 93% [FDA label].
|
Mainly eliminated in the urine [FDA label], [A175051].
Between 70 – 85% of an orally administered dose can be found in the urine and 10 – 13% in the feces [A175051].
|
Apparent volume of distribution: 0.44 +/- 0.19 L/kg [A175063].
|
Apparent total body clearance: approximately 53 mL/min [FDA label].
Cetirizine is mainly eliminated by the kidneys [A175051], [FDA label]. Dose adjustment is required for patients with moderate to severe renal impairment and in patients on hemodialysis [FDA label].
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Diphenylmethanes
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"S01GX",
"S01G",
"S01",
"S",
"R06AE",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.33",
"description": "Zyrtec-d tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.49",
"description": "Cetirizine hcl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.49",
"description": "Cetirizine hcl 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.5",
"description": "Cetirizine hcl 5 mg chew tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.62",
"description": "Zyrtec itchy eye 0.025% drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.66",
"description": "Zyrtec 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.66",
"description": "Zyrtec 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "259.71",
"description": "Cetirizine HCl 100 10 mg tablet Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "259.71",
"description": "Cetirizine HCl 100 5 mg tablet Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.74",
"description": "CVS Pharmacy allergy relief 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Child's zyrtec chew tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2002-10-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-07-13",
"number": "6469009"
},
{
"approved": "2007-06-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-06-10",
"number": "7226614"
},
{
"approved": "2002-12-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-04-08",
"number": "6489329"
},
{
"approved": "2006-03-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-06-10",
"number": "7014867"
},
{
"approved": "2002-09-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-07-02",
"number": "6455533"
},
{
"approved": "2016-02-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-01-09",
"number": "9254286"
},
{
"approved": "2014-09-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-09-15",
"number": "8829005"
},
{
"approved": "2017-09-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-03-15",
"number": "9750684"
},
{
"approved": "2018-06-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-03-15",
"number": "9993471"
},
{
"approved": "2015-11-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-02-11",
"number": "9180090"
},
{
"approved": "2012-11-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-02-28",
"number": "8314083"
},
{
"approved": "2013-08-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-02-11",
"number": "8513259"
},
{
"approved": "2012-09-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-02-28",
"number": "8263581"
},
{
"approved": "2015-09-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-02-11",
"number": "9119771"
}
] |
Cetirizin | Cetirizina | Cetirizine | Cetirizinum | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"12 Hour Allergy D",
"12 Hour Allergy D",
"24 Hour Allergy",
"24 Hour Allergy",
"24 Hour Allergy",
"24 Hour Allergy",
"24 Hour Allergy",
"24 Hour Allergy Lil Drug Store Products",
"24 Hour Allergy Lil Drug Store Products",
"24-Hour All Day Allergy",
"7 Select All Day Allergy",
"7 Select Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Ag-cetirizine",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy",
"All Day Allergy 24 hour",
"All Day Allergy Antihistamine",
"All Day Allergy Antihistamine",
"All Day Allergy Antihistamine",
"All Day Allergy D",
"All day Allergy d",
"All Day Allergy D",
"All Day Allergy D",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief",
"All Day Allergy Relief 24 HOUR",
"All Day Allergy Relief 24 Hour",
"All Day Allergy Relief 24 hour",
"all day Allergy Relief D",
"All Day Allergy-D",
"all day allergy-D",
"Aller-relief",
"Aller-relief 10mg",
"Allergo Kids PLUS",
"Allergy",
"Allergy and Congestion Relief D",
"Allergy and Congestion Relief D Original Prescription Strength",
"Allergy Childrens",
"Allergy Childrens 24 Hour",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"ALLERGY RELIEF 10 mg",
"Allergy Relief 24 hour",
"Allergy Relief All Day",
"Allergy Relief All Day",
"Allergy Relief All Day",
"Allergy Relief Cetirizine Hydrochloride Liquid Gels",
"Allergy Relief Childrens",
"Allergy Relief Childrens",
"Allergy Relief Childrens",
"Allergy Relief childrens indoor/outdoor",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"allergy relief D12",
"Allergy Relief Indoor and Outdoor Allergies",
"Allergy Relief Liquid Gels",
"Allergy Relief Liquid Gels",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy Relief-D",
"allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Alleroff",
"Alleroff",
"Alleroff",
"Allexpert 24HR Antihistamine Cetirizine Hydrochloride Oral Solution",
"Amazon Basic Care All Day Allergy Relief",
"Apo-cetirizine",
"Apo-cetirizine",
"Apo-cetirizine",
"Aptrizine 24-hour All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Basic Care Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Being Well Allergy",
"Berkley and Jensen Allergy Relief",
"Berkley and Jensen Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Berkley and Jensen Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Best Choice Childrens Cetirizine",
"Best Choice Childrens Cetirizine",
"Betr all day allergy relief",
"Betr Allergy Relief",
"Betr Remedies All Day Allergy Relief",
"Bio-cetirizine",
"CABINET Allergy Relief",
"CAREALL Allergy Relief",
"CAREALL Cetirizine HCl",
"CareOne All Day Allergy",
"Careone All Day Allergy",
"CareOne All Day Allergy Childrens",
"CareOne All Day Allergy D",
"CareOne Allergy Relief",
"CareOne Allergy Relief",
"Careone Allergy Relief",
"CareOne Allergy Relief D",
"CareOne Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Careone Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Careone Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Caring Mill All Day Allergy",
"Caring Mill All Day Allergy",
"Cetiri D",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine",
"Cetirizine Extra Strength",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCL",
"Cetirizine HCL 10 mg All Day Allergy Relief",
"Cetirizine HCl and Pseudoephedrine HCl ER",
"Cetirizine HCl and Pseudoephedrine HCl ER",
"Cetirizine HCl and Pseudoephedrine HCl ER",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy Relief)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Allergy)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Hives Relief)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Hives Relief)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Hives Relief)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Hives Relief)",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride 10 mg",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride 10 mg",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride 10 mg",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Capsules",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride HIVES",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Hives Relief",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Hives Relief",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Oral Solution",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Oral Solution",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Oral Solution",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Tablets",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Tablets, 10 mg",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Tablets, 5 mg",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Tablets,10 mg",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride Tablets,10 mg",
"CETIRIZINE HYDROLORIDE Allergy",
"Cetrizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens 24 Hour Allergy",
"Childrens 24 Hour Allergy",
"Childrens 24 Hour Allergy",
"Childrens 24 Hour Allergy",
"Childrens all day allergy",
"Childrens all day allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Childrens All Day Allergy (Leader)",
"Childrens All Day Allergy Relief",
"Childrens All Day Allergy Sugar Free Grape",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Allergy",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Allergy",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Hives Relief",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Hives Relief",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Sugar Free Bubble Gum",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Sugar Free Grape",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Sugar Free Grape",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Sugar Free Grape",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Sugar Free Grape",
"Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride Sugar Free Grape",
"Childrens Cetirzine",
"Childrens Dye Free Wal Zyr",
"Childrens Dye Free Wal Zyr",
"Childrens Dye Free Wal Zyr",
"Childrens Wal Zyr",
"Childrens Wal Zyr 24 Hour Allergy",
"Childrens Wal Zyr Allergy",
"childrens Wal-Zyr",
"Childrens Zyrtec",
"Childrens Zyrtec",
"Childrens Zyrtec",
"Childrens Zyrtec",
"Childrens Zyrtec",
"Childrens Zyrtec",
"Childrens Zyrtec Allergy",
"Childrens Zyrtec Allergy",
"Childrens Zyrtec Hives Relief",
"Core Values Allergy Relief",
"Crcle Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Curist Allergy Relief",
"CVS Childrens Allergy Relief",
"CVS Pharmacy Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Dg Health All Day Allergy",
"Dg Health All Day Allergy",
"Dg Health All Day Allergy",
"DG Health Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Dom-cetirizine",
"Dye Free Childrens Cetirizine Hydrocholride",
"Dye Free Wal Zyr",
"Equaline All Day Allergy",
"Equaline all day allergy",
"Equaline All Day Allergy D",
"Equaline childrens all day allergy",
"Equaline childrens all day allergy",
"Equate Allergy Relief",
"Equate Allergy Relief",
"Equate Allergy Relief D",
"Equate Allergy Relief D Nasal Decongestant",
"Equate Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Exchange select all day allergy",
"Exchange Select Allergy Relief",
"Extra Strength Allergy Relief",
"Extra Strength Allergy Relief",
"Extra Strength Allergy Relief",
"Extra Strength Allergy Relief",
"Extra Strength Allergy Relief",
"Family Wellness Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Family Wellness childrens All Day Allergy",
"Family Wellness Childrens Allergy",
"Foster and Thrive Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Fulton Street Market Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy All Day Allergy",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy All Day Allergy",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy All Day Allergy D",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy All Day Allergy D",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Allergy childrens all day",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense all day allergy",
"Good Sense All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense all day allergy",
"Good Sense all day allergy",
"Good Sense All Day Allergy D",
"Good Sense All Day Allergy D",
"Good Sense Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Good Sense Childrens All Day Allergy",
"H-E-B Allergy Relief",
"Harmon Face Values Allergy Relief",
"Harris Teeter All Day Allergy",
"Harris Teeter All Day Allergy Childrens",
"Harris Teeter All Day Allergy D",
"Harris Teeter Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Health Mart Allergy Complete Childrens",
"Health Mart Allergy Complete D",
"Health Mart Allergy Complete D",
"Health Mart Childrens all day allergy",
"Health Mart childrens all day allergy",
"Health Mart childrens all day allergy",
"Health Mart Pharmacy Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"HealthMart Childrens Cetirizine",
"Healthy Accents allergy relief",
"Healthy Accents Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Healthy Accents Cetirizine-D",
"Healthy Accents Childrens Allergy",
"Healthy Accents Childrens Allergy",
"HEB Allergy Relief",
"Humana Pharmacy All Day Allergy",
"Indoor outdoor allergies",
"Indoor/Outdoor ALLERGY RELIEF Softgels",
"Ipg-cetirizine",
"Ipg-cetirizine",
"Ipg-cetirizine",
"Jamp Cetirizine Tablets",
"Jamp-cetirizine",
"Jamp-cetirizine",
"Jamp-cetirizine",
"Kirkland Signature Aller Tec Allergy",
"Kirkland Signature Aller Tec D",
"Kirkland Signature Aller Tec D",
"Kirkland Signature Childrens Aller Tec",
"Kirklands Childrens Aller Tec",
"Leader All Day Allergy",
"Leader All Day Allergy",
"Leader All Day Allergy",
"Leader All Day Allergy",
"Leader Allergy D 12",
"Leader Allergy Relief D",
"Leader Allergy Relief D",
"Leader Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Leader Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Leader Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Leader Childrens all day allergy",
"Leader Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Leader Childrens Allergy Relief",
"M-cetirizine",
"Mar-cetirizine",
"Mar-cetirizine",
"Mar-cetirizine",
"Medique Cetiramed",
"Medline",
"Members Mark Aller Zyr",
"Members Mark Allergy Relief",
"Members mark cetirizine",
"Members Mark Childrens Cetirizine",
"Mint-cetirizine",
"Nat-cetirizine",
"Nat-cetirizine",
"Novo-cetirizine",
"Nra-cetirizine",
"Nra-cetirizine Tablets",
"Our Family Childrens Cetirizine",
"Pedia Care Childrens 24 Hour Allergy",
"Pentrexcilina Day time",
"Picnic Antihistamine",
"PMS-cetirizine",
"Preferred Plus All Day Allergy",
"Premier Value Childrens Cetirizine",
"Priva-cetirizine",
"Quality Choice Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Quality Choice Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Quality Choice Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Quality Choice Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Quzyttir",
"Reactine",
"Reactine",
"Reactine",
"Reactine 20 Mg Tablet",
"Reactine Allergy",
"Reactine Allergy Liquid Gels",
"Reactine Chewable Tablets 10 mg",
"Reactine Chewable Tablets 5 mg",
"Reactine Complete",
"Reactine Fast Melt Junior",
"Reactine Rapid Dissolve",
"Reactine Tab 10mg",
"Regular Strength Allergy Relief",
"Rexall All Day Allergy Relief",
"Rexall All Day Allergy Relief Childrens",
"Rexall Allergy Relief",
"Rhinaris Relief",
"Rhinaris Relief",
"Rhinaris Relief",
"Rite Aid Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Rite Aid childrens allergy relief",
"Rite Aid childrens allergy relief",
"Rugby Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Rx Act all day allergy relief",
"Safeway Children Allergy Relief",
"ShopRite Allergy",
"ShopRite Allergy D 12",
"ShopRite Childrens Allergy",
"ShopRite Childrens Allergy",
"Signature Care Allergy Relief",
"Signature Care Allergy Relief D",
"Signature Care Allergy Relief D",
"Signature Care Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Signature Care Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Simply Right Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Simply Right Childrens Cetirizine",
"SIMPLY RIGHT childrens cetirizine",
"Smart Sense all day allergy",
"Smart Sense All Day Allergy D",
"Smart Sense Allergy Relief",
"Smart Sense Allergy Relief",
"Smart Sense Allergy Relief Childrens",
"Smart Sense Allergy Relief D",
"Smart Sense Childrens Allergy",
"Smart Sense Childrens Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Sound Body All Day Allergy",
"SunMark All day allergy",
"Sunmark All Day Allergy",
"SunMark All Day Allergy Childrens",
"Sunmark All Day Allergy D",
"Sunmark All Day Allergy D",
"Sunmark All Day Allergy D",
"Sunmark Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Sunmark childrens all day allergy",
"Sunmark childrens all day allergy",
"sunmark Childrens Cetirizine",
"Target Childrens All Day Allergy Relief Sugar Free Grape",
"Teva-cetirizine",
"Top Care All Day Allergy",
"TopCare All Day Allergy",
"Topcare All Day Allergy",
"Topcare All Day Allergy D",
"Topcare All Day Allergy D",
"TopCare Childrens All Day Allergy",
"TopCare Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Topcare Childrens All Day Allergy",
"Up and Up All Day Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up all day allergy relief d",
"Up and Up Allergy Plus Congestion Relief D",
"Up and Up Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up Childrens All Day Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up childrens all day allergy relief",
"Up and Up Childrens all day allergy relief",
"Up and Up Childrens Allergy",
"Up and Up Childrens Allergy",
"Up and Up Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up Childrens Allergy Relief",
"ValuMeds 24-Hour Allergy Relief",
"Wal Zyr",
"Wal Zyr",
"Wal Zyr all day allergy",
"Wal Zyr Childrens",
"Wal Zyr Childrens",
"Wal Zyr D",
"Wal Zyr D",
"Wal Zyr D Allergy and Congestion",
"Wal-Zyr",
"Wal-Zyr",
"Wal-Zyr",
"Wal-Zyr",
"Wal-Zyr",
"Wal-Zyr 24 Hour Allergy",
"Wal-Zyr All Day Allergy",
"Wal-Zyr Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Wal-Zyr Cetirizine Hydrochloride",
"Wal-Zyr D",
"Welby Allergy Relief",
"Welby Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Western Family Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Zero Allergy",
"Zerviate",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec",
"Zyrtec - Tab 10mg",
"Zyrtec 1s Blister",
"Zyrtec 2s Blister",
"Zyrtec AF",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"ZYRTEC Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy, Lil Drug Store",
"ZYRTEC D 12 Hour",
"ZYRTEC D Allergy and Congestion",
"Zyrtec-D",
"Zyrtec-D",
"ZYRTEC-D Allergy Plus Congestion"
] |
[
"Alerlisin",
"Cetryn",
"Formistin",
"Hitrizin",
"Virlix",
"Zirtek",
"Zyrlex"
] |
[
"Cetirizine HCl and Pseudoephedrine HCl ER",
"Zyrtec-D",
"ZYRTEC D Allergy and Congestion",
"ZYRTEC D 12 Hour",
"Cetirizine HCl and Pseudoephedrine HCl ER",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"ZYRTEC-D Allergy Plus Congestion",
"Equate Allergy Relief D",
"Cetiri D",
"Wal Zyr D Allergy and Congestion",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Allergy relief-D",
"All Day Allergy D",
"all day Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy and Congestion Relief D Original Prescription Strength",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Leader Allergy Relief D",
"CareOne All Day Allergy D",
"Kirkland Signature Aller Tec D",
"12 Hour Allergy D",
"Healthy Accents Cetirizine-D",
"All day Allergy d",
"Good Sense All Day Allergy D",
"All Day Allergy-D",
"Wal Zyr D",
"Topcare All Day Allergy D",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Wal-Zyr D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy Relief-D",
"All Day Allergy D",
"Health Mart Allergy Complete D",
"Sunmark All Day Allergy D",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Sunmark All Day Allergy D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy All Day Allergy D",
"Leader Allergy D 12",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Allergy Relief D",
"ShopRite Allergy D 12",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Smart Sense Allergy Relief D",
"CareOne Allergy Relief D",
"Equaline All Day Allergy D",
"Harris Teeter All Day Allergy D",
"Signature Care Allergy Relief D",
"Leader Allergy Relief D",
"Rugby Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"Sunmark All Day Allergy D",
"Health Mart Allergy Complete D",
"Wal Zyr D",
"Topcare All Day Allergy D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy All Day Allergy D",
"Kirkland Signature Aller Tec D",
"Allergy and Congestion Relief D",
"Cetirizine hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride",
"12 Hour Allergy D",
"All Day Allergy D",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Zyrtec Allergy",
"Up and Up Allergy Plus Congestion Relief D",
"Cetirizine HCl and Pseudoephedrine HCl ER",
"Smart Sense All Day Allergy D",
"Up and Up all day allergy relief d",
"Good Sense All Day Allergy D",
"Signature Care Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"Allergy Relief D",
"allergy relief D12",
"Reactine Complete",
"all day allergy-D",
"Equate Allergy Relief D Nasal Decongestant",
"Zyrtec-D",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride",
"allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Allergy relief-D",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine HCl",
"Cetirizine Hydrochloride and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride"
] |
[
"P35367"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00342
|
Terfenadine
|
In the U.S., Terfenadine was superseded by fexofenadine in the 1990s due to the risk of cardiac arrhythmia caused by QT interval prolongation.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of allergic rhinitis, hay fever, and allergic skin disorders.
|
Terfenadine, an H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine, is similar in structure to astemizole and haloperidol, a butyrophenone antipsychotic. The active metabolite of terfenadine is fexofenadine.
|
Terfenadine competes with histamine for binding at H1-receptor sites in the GI tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle. This reversible binding of terfenadine to H1-receptors suppresses the formation of edema, flare, and pruritus resulting from histaminic activity. As the drug does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, CNS depression is minimal.
|
On the basis of a mass balance study using 14C labeled terfenadine the oral absorption of terfenadine was estimated to be at least 70%
|
Hepatic
|
Mild (e.g., headache, nausea, confusion), but adverse cardiac events including cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmias including torsades de pointes and QT prolongation have been reported. LD<sub>50</sub>=mg/kg (orally in mice)
|
3.5 hours
|
70%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Diphenylmethanes
|
[
"approved",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"R06AX",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
(RS)-1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-{4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]piperidin-1-yl}-butan-1-ol | Terfenadin | Terfenadina | Terfénadine | Terfenadine | Terfenadinum | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Albendazole monooxygenase (hydroxylating) | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Arachidonic acid epoxygenase | CYPIIJ2 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate isomerase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief Once A Day Allergy Caplet 120mg",
"Apo-terfenadine Tab 120mg",
"Apo-terfenadine Tablets 60mg",
"Novo-terfenadine Tab 60mg",
"Seldane - Sus 30mg/5ml",
"Seldane - Tab 60mg",
"Seldane 120mg Once-A-day Caplets",
"Seldane Sus 6mg/ml",
"Seldane Tab 120mg",
"Seldane Tab 60mg"
] |
[
"Bronal",
"Daylert",
"Seldane",
"Servinin",
"Teldane",
"Terfed",
"Terfenadin AL",
"Terfenadine FLX",
"Terfin",
"Ternadin",
"Trexyl",
"Triludan"
] |
[] |
[
"P35367",
"P20309",
"P11229",
"P08912",
"P08173",
"P08172",
"Q12809"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P24462",
"P10635",
"P20815",
"P10632",
"P51589"
] |
[
"P02763",
"P19652",
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183",
"O95342"
] |
DB00343
|
Diltiazem
|
Diltiazem is a benzothiazepine derivative with antihypertensive and vasodilating properties. Approved in 1982 by the FDA, it is a member of the non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers drug class. It works through various mechanisms of action, but it primarily works by inhibiting the calcium influx into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle during depolarization.[L10556] Compared to dihydropyridine drugs, such as [nifedipine], that preferentially act on vascular smooth muscle and [verapamil] that directly acts on the heart muscle, diltiazem displays an intermediate specificity to target both the cardiac and vascular smooth muscle.[T28] Being a potent vasodilator, diltiazem is used clinically as an antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmic, and as an anti-anginal agent [L6289] for the management of cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, chronic stable angina, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter. Apart from its main FDA-approved indications, diltiazem has also been used for numerous off-label indications, such as anal fissures (in topical formulations), migraine prophylaxis, pulmonary hypertension, and rest-related cramps in the lower extremities.[L6289] Typically available in extended-release oral and intravenous formulations, diltiazem is marketed under various brand names with Cardizem and Tiazac being the most common ones.
|
solid
|
**Oral**
Indicated for the management of hypertension, to lower blood pressure, alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.[L10556]
Indicated for use to improve exercise tolerance in patients with chronic stable angina.[L10556]
Indicated for the management of variant angina (Prinzmetal's angina).[L6298]
**Intravenous**
Indicated for the short-term management of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter for temporary control of rapid ventricular rate.[L6292]
Indicated for the rapid conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT) to sinus rhythm. This includes AV nodal reentrant tachycardias and reciprocating tachycardias associated with an extranodal accessory pathway such as the WPW syndrome or short PR syndrome.[L6292]
**Off-label**
Indicated for off-label uses in anal fissures (as topical formulation), migraine prophylaxis, cramps in lower leg related to rest, pulmonary hypertension,[L6289] idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and proteinuria associated with diabetic nephropathy.[L6298]
|
Diltiazem is an antihypertensive and vasodilating agent that works by relaxing the vascular muscle and reducing blood pressure. This is related to the long-term therapeutic effects, as lowering the blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.[L10556] Diltiazem inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium ions across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes during depolarization. Diltiazem is classified as a negative inotrope (decreased force) and negative chronotrope (decreased rate).[L6289] It is also considered a rate-control drug as it reduces heart rate.[A178432,T28] Diltiazem is exerts hemodynamic actions by reducing blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, the rate-pressure product, and coronary vascular resistance while increasing coronary blood flow.[L6292] Diltiazem decreases sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction in isolated tissues and has a negative inotropic effect in isolated preparations.[L10556] In supraventricular tachycardia, diltiazem prolongs AV nodal refractories.[L6292]
As the magnitude of blood pressure reduction is related to the degree of hypertension, the antihypertensive effect of diltiazem is most pronounced in individuals with hypertension. In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-response study involving patients with essential hypertension, there was a reduction in the diastolic blood pressure by 1.9, 5.4, 6.1, and 8.6 mmHg in the patients receiving diltiazem at doses of 120, 240, 360, and 540 mg, respectively. In patients receiving placebo, there was a reduction in the diastolic blood pressure by 2.6 mmHg.In a randomized, double-blind study involving patients with chronic stable angina, variable doses of diltiazem administered at night all caused an increased exercise tolerance in the after 21 hours, compared to placebo.[L10556] In the NORDIL study of patients with hypertension, the therapeutic effectiveness of diltiazem in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality was assessed.[A178432] When using the combined primary endpoint as fatal and non-fatal stroke, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular death, fatal and non-fatal stroke was shown to be reduced by 25% in the diltiazem group. Although the clinical significance to this effect remains unclear, it is suggested that diltiazem may exert a protective role against cerebral stroke in hypertensive patients.[A178432]
|
Excitation of cardiac muscle involves the activation of a slow calcium inward current that is induced by L-type slow calcium channels, which are voltage-sensitive, ion-selective channels[A178444] associated with a high activation threshold and slow inactivation profile.[T28] L-type calcium channels are the main current responsible for the late phase of the pacemaker potential.[A178492] Acting as the main Ca2+ source for contraction in smooth and cardiac muscle, activation of L-type calcium channels allows the influx of calcium ions into the muscles upon depolarization and excitation of the channel.[A178444] It is proposed that this cation influx may also trigger the release of additional calcium ions from intracellular storage sites.[A178444] Diltiazem is a slow calcium channel blocker that binds to the extracellular site of the alpha-1C subunit of the channel, which is thought to be the S5-6 linker region of the transmembrane domain IV and/or S6 segment of domain III.[A178492] Diltiazem can get access to this binding site from either the intracellular or extracellular side, but it requires a voltage-induced conformational changes in the membrane.[A178492] Diltiazem inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes.[L10556] In isolated human atrial and ventricular myocardium, diltiazem suppressed tension over the range of membrane potentials associated with calcium channel activity but had little effect on the tension-voltage relations at more positive potentials.[A178453] This effect is thought to be mediated by the voltage-dependent block of the L-type calcium channels and inhibition of calcium ion release from the ER stores, without altering the sodium-calcium coupled transport or calcium sensitivity of myofilaments.[A178453] Through inhibition of inward calcium current, diltiazem exerts a direct ionotropic and energy sparing effect on the myocardium.[A178444] Diltiazem fslows atrioventricular nodal conduction, which is due to its ability to impede slow channel function.[A178444]
Reduced intracellular calcium concentrations equate to increased smooth muscle relaxation resulting in arterial vasodilation and therefore, decreased blood pressure.[L6289] The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.[L6289,L10556] Through its actions on reducing calcium levels in cardiac and vascular smooth muscles, diltiazem causes a reduction in the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells and vasodilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, including epicardial and subendocardial. This subsequently leads to increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, improved cardiac output due to increased stroke volume, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased afterload.[L6289,L10556] Diltiazem lowers myocardial oxygen demand through a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac contractility; this leads to a therapeutic effect in improving exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina.[A178432,L6289]
|
Diltiazem is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Minimum therapeutic plasma diltiazem concentrations appear to be in the range of 50 to 200 ng/mL. Following oral administration of extended formulations of 360 mg diltiazem, the drug in plasma was detectable within 3 to 4 hours and the peak plasma concentrations were reached between 11 and 18 hours post-dose. Diltiazem peak and systemic exposures were not affected by concurrent food intake.[L10556] Due to hepatic first-pass metabolism, the absolute bioavailability following oral administration is about 40%,[L10556] with the value ranging from 24 to 74% due to high interindividual variation in the first pass effect.[A178420] The bioavailability may increase in patients with hepatic impairment.[L10556]
|
Diltiazem is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism, which explains its relatively low absolute oral bioavailability. It undergoes N-demethylation primarily mediated by CYP3A4. CYP2D6 is responsible for O-demethylation and esterases mediate deacetylation.[A39292] There was large inter-individual variability in the circulating plasma levels of metabolites in healthy volunteers.[A178516]
In healthy volunteers, the major circulating metabolites in the plasma are N-monodesmethyl diltilazem, deacetyl diltiazem, and deacetyl N-monodesmethyl diltiazem, which are all pharmacologically active.[A178516] Deacetyl diltiazem retains about 25-50% of the pharmacological activity to that of the parent compound.[L10556] Deacetyl diltiazem can be further transformed into deacetyl diltiazem N-oxide or deacetyl O-desmethyl diltiazem. N-monodesmethyl diltilazem can be further metabolized to N,O-didesmethyl diltiazem. Deacetyl N-monodesmethyl diltiazem can be further metabolized to deacetyl N,O-didesmethyl diltiazem, which can be glucuronidated or sulphated.[A178516] Diltiazem can be O-demethylated by CYP2D6 to form O-desmethyl diltiazem.[A39292]
|
**Clinical Toxicity and Overdose**
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> ranges from 415 to 740mg/kg in mice and 560 to 810 mg/kg in rats. The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in dogs is considered to be in excess of 50 mg/kg. A dose of 360 mg/kg resulted in lethality in monkeys. The intravenous LD<sub>50</sub> is 60 mg/kg in mice and 38 mg/kg in rats.
Cases of overdose from doses ranging from less than 1 g to 18 g have been reported with diltiazem, with several cases involving multiple drug ingestions resulting in death. Overdoses were associated with bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, and cardiac failure that may manifest as dizziness, lightheadedness, and fatigue.[L6289] Actual treatment and dosage should depend on the severity of the clinical situation and the judgment and experience of the treating physician. Diltiazem overdose should be responded with appropriate supportive measures and gastrointestinal decontamination. Bradycardia and heart block can be treated with atropine at doses ranging from 0.60 to 1.0 mg. In the case of bradycardia, if there is no response to vagal blockage, cautious administration of isoproterenol should be considered. Cardiac pacing can also be used to treat fixed high-degree AV block. In the case of heart failure, blood pressure may be maintained with the use of fluids and vasopressors, as well as inotropic agents such as [isoproterenol], [dopamine], or [dobutamine]. Other appropriate measures include ventilatory support, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and/or intravenous calcium. Diltiazem does not appear to be removed by peritoneal or hemodialysis.[L10556]
**Non-clinical toxicity**
In a 24-month study in rats receiving oral doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity. There was also no mutagenic response _in vitro_ or _in vivo_ in mammalian cell assays or _in vitro_ bacterial assays. No evidence of impaired fertility was observed in a study performed in male and female rats receiving oral doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day.[L10556]
**Pregnancy and Lactation**
In reproduction studies in animals, administration of diltiazem at doses ranging from five to twenty times the daily recommended human therapeutic dose resulted in cases of the embryo and fetal lethality and skeletal abnormalities, and an increase in the risk of stillbirths. There have been no up-to-date controlled studies that investigated the use of diltiazem in pregnant women. The use of diltiazem in pregnant women should be undertaken only if the potential benefit justifies the risk to the fetus.[L10556] Diltiazem is excreted in human milk, where one report suggests that the concentrations in breast milk may approximate serum levels; therefore, the decision should be made to either discontinue nursing or the use of the drug after careful consideration of the clinical necessity of diltiazem therapy in the nursing mother.[L10556]
**Use in special populations**
As there is limited information on the variable effects of diltiazem in geriatric patients, the initial therapy of diltiazem should involve the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Currently, there are no specific dosing guidelines for patients with renal or hepatic impairment.[L10556]
|
The plasma elimination half-life is approximately 3.0 to 4.5 hours following single and multiple oral doses. The half-life may slightly increase with dose and the extent of hepatic impairment.[L10556] The apparent elimination half-life for diltiazem as extended-release tablets after single or multiple dosing is 6 to 9 hours.[L10556] The plasma elimination half-life is approximately 3.4 hours following administration of a single intravenous injection.[L6292] The elimination half-lives of pharmacologically active metabolites are longer than that of diltiazem.[A178516]
|
Diltiazem is about 70-80% bound to plasma proteins, according to _in vitro_ binding studies.[L10556] About 40% of the drug is thought to bind to alpha-1-glycoprotein at clinically significant concentrations while about 30% of the drug is bound to albumin.[L6292]
|
Due to its extensive metabolism, only 2% to 4% of the unchanged drug can be detected in the urine.[L10556] The major urinary metabolite in healthy volunnteers was N-monodesmethyl diltiazem, followed by deacetyl N,O-didesmethyl diltiazem, deacetyl N-monodesmethyl diltiazem, and deacetyl diltiazem; however, there seems to be large inter-individual variability in the urinary excretion of DTZ and its metabolites.[A178516]
|
The apparent volume of distribution of diltiazem was approximately 305 L following a single intravenous injection in healthy male volunteers.[L6292]
|
Following a single intravenous injection in healthy male volunteers, the systemic clearance of diltiazem was approximately 65 L/h. After constant rate intravenous infusion, the systemic clearance decreased to 48 L/h.[L6292]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzothiazepines
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C08DB",
"C08D",
"C08",
"C",
"C05AE",
"C05A",
"C05",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "Diltiazem 90 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.05",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl 90 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.08",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl ER Beads 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Diltia XT 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Cd 180 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Novo-Diltazem Cd 180 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Nu-Diltiaz-Cd 180 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Ratio-Diltiazem Cd 180 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem Cd 180 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Tiazac Xc 180 mg Extended-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl CR 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Tz 300 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Novo-Diltiazem Hcl Er 300 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem T 300 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.17",
"description": "Diltia XT 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.19",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl CR 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.2",
"description": "Cartia xt 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.2",
"description": "Dilt-cd 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.21",
"description": "Tiazac 180 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.24",
"description": "Cardizem cd 180 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.25",
"description": "Cartia XT 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.25",
"description": "Dilt-CD 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.25",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.26",
"description": "Tiazac er 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.29",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl CR 120 mg 12 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.3",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl ER Beads 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.34",
"description": "Cardizem 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.36",
"description": "Diltiazem 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.36",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Tz 360 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.36",
"description": "Novo-Diltiazem Hcl Er 360 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.36",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem T 360 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.42",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.45",
"description": "Dilt-cd 180 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Cd 240 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Novo-Diltazem Cd 240 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Nu-Diltiaz-Cd 240 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Ratio-Diltiazem Cd 240 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem Cd 240 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Tiazac Xc 240 mg Extended-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Tiazac Xc 300 mg Extended-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Tiazac Xc 360 mg Extended-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.48",
"description": "Cardizem Cd 120 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.5",
"description": "Cartia XT 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.5",
"description": "Dilt-CD 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.5",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.52",
"description": "Tiazac er 180 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.61",
"description": "Tiazac 240 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.69",
"description": "Cardizem cd 240 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.69",
"description": "Tiazac 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.82",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Cd 300 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.82",
"description": "Novo-Diltazem Cd 300 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.82",
"description": "Ratio-Diltiazem Cd 300 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.82",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem Cd 300 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.83",
"description": "Cardizem sr 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.85",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl ER Beads 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.96",
"description": "Cardizem Cd 180 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.98",
"description": "Tiazac 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.98",
"description": "Tiazac 300 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.02",
"description": "Cardizem 90 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.05",
"description": "Dilt-cd 240 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.13",
"description": "Cartia XT 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.13",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.15",
"description": "Cardizem cd 300 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.18",
"description": "Tiazac er 240 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.31",
"description": "Tiazac 240 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.35",
"description": "Cardizem LA 120 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.39",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl ER Beads 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.42",
"description": "Tiazac 360 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.44",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl ER Beads 360 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.6",
"description": "Cardizem Cd 240 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.61",
"description": "Dilacor xr 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.66",
"description": "Cartia xt 300 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.66",
"description": "Dilt-cd er 300 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.71",
"description": "Cormax 0.05% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "2.76",
"description": "Cartia XT 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.76",
"description": "Dilt-CD 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.76",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.8",
"description": "Tiazac 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.83",
"description": "Tiazac er 300 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.86",
"description": "Dilacor XR 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.86",
"description": "Tiazac er 360 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.87",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl ER Beads 420 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.95",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 180 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.98",
"description": "Cardizem la 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.03",
"description": "Tiazac er 420 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.07",
"description": "Cardizem LA 180 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.07",
"description": "Dilacor xr 180 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.15",
"description": "Cardizem la 180 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.25",
"description": "Cardizem Cd 300 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.29",
"description": "Dilacor xr 240 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.3",
"description": "Dilacor XR 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.3",
"description": "Dilacor XR 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.3",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 240 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.4",
"description": "Cardizem CD 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.49",
"description": "Cardizem 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.53",
"description": "Cardizem la 240 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.64",
"description": "Tiazac 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.67",
"description": "Cardizem LA 240 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.7",
"description": "Tiazac 360 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.88",
"description": "Tiazac 420 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.98",
"description": "Cardizem CD 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.3",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 300 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.59",
"description": "Cardizem la 300 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.62",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 360 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.71",
"description": "Cardizem LA 300 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.81",
"description": "Cardizem LA 360 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.94",
"description": "Cardizem la 360 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.01",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl Coated Beads 420 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.35",
"description": "Cardizem la 420 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.48",
"description": "Cardizem CD 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.56",
"description": "Cardizem LA 420 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.3",
"description": "Cardizem CD 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.63",
"description": "Cardizem cd 360 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.94",
"description": "Cardizem CD 360 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "8.42",
"description": "Diltiazem hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "9.54",
"description": "Diltiazem hcl 100 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "43.98",
"description": "Cormax 0.05% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "45.99",
"description": "Cormax 0.05% Solution 25ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "81.6",
"description": "Cormax 0.05% Solution 50ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.22",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz 30 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.22",
"description": "Novo-Diltazem 30 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.22",
"description": "Nu-Diltiaz 30 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Diltia xt 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz 60 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Novo-Diltazem 60 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Nu-Diltiaz 60 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.42",
"description": "Diltia xt 180 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.42",
"description": "Diltiazem-d5w 250 mg/250 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Diltia xt 240 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.47",
"description": "Diltiazem 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.49",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.5",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Tz 120 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.5",
"description": "Novo-Diltiazem Hcl Er 120 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.5",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem T 120 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Cartia xt 180 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Tz 180 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "Novo-Diltiazem Hcl Er 180 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem T 180 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.74",
"description": "Diltiazem 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.77",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.81",
"description": "Cartia xt 240 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Cd 120 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Novo-Diltazem Cd 120 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Nu-Diltiaz-Cd 120 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Ratio-Diltiazem Cd 120 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem Cd 120 mg Controlled-Delivery Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Tiazac Xc 120 mg Extended-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl CR 60 mg 12 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.89",
"description": "Tiazac 120 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Apo-Diltiaz Tz 240 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Novo-Diltiazem Hcl Er 240 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Sandoz Diltiazem T 240 mg Extended-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.95",
"description": "Cardizem 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.95",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl CR 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.97",
"description": "Cardizem cd 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.99",
"description": "Diltiazem HCl CR 90 mg 12 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1994-02-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-05-20",
"number": "5286497"
},
{
"approved": "2007-08-14",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2020-05-04",
"number": "2307547"
},
{
"approved": "1999-04-27",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-06-25",
"number": "2111085"
},
{
"approved": "2006-09-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-12-17",
"number": "7108866"
},
{
"approved": "2005-08-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-02-25",
"number": "6923984"
}
] |
(+)-cis-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one acetate ester | (2S-cis)-3-(acetyloxy)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one | (2S,3S)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepin-3-yl acetate | Acetic acid (2S,3S)-5-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b][1,4]thiazepin-3-yl ester | d-cis-diltiazem | Diltiazem | Diltiazemum | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CACNL2A | CCHL2A | MHS3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 | CACNLG | Dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type, skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit gamma | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Aa-diltiaz",
"Aa-diltiaz",
"Act Diltiazem CD",
"Act Diltiazem CD",
"Act Diltiazem CD",
"Act Diltiazem CD",
"Alti-diltiazem Tab 30mg",
"Alti-diltiazem Tab 60mg",
"Apo-diltiaz CD",
"Apo-diltiaz CD",
"Apo-diltiaz CD",
"Apo-diltiaz CD",
"Apo-diltiaz Injectable",
"Apo-diltiaz SR",
"Apo-diltiaz SR",
"Apo-diltiaz SR",
"Apo-diltiaz TZ",
"Apo-diltiaz TZ",
"Apo-diltiaz TZ",
"Apo-diltiaz TZ",
"Apo-diltiaz TZ",
"Ava-diltiazem",
"Ava-diltiazem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem CD",
"Cardizem Injectable",
"Cardizem Injectable Liq 5mg/ml",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem LA",
"Cardizem SR 120mg",
"Cardizem SR 60mg",
"Cardizem SR 90mg",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia XT",
"Cartia Xt",
"Dilacor XR",
"Dilacor XR",
"Dilacor XR",
"Dilacor XR",
"Dilacor XR",
"Dilacor XR",
"Dilt-CD",
"Dilt-CD",
"Dilt-CD",
"Dilt-CD",
"Diltia XT",
"Diltia XT",
"Diltia XT",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem CD",
"Diltiazem Hci",
"Diltiazem Hci",
"Diltiazem HCl",
"Diltiazem HCl",
"Diltiazem HCl CD",
"Diltiazem HCl CD",
"Diltiazem HCL ER",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride EXTENDED RELEASE",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Injection",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Injection",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Injection",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Injection",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Injection",
"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Injection",
"Diltiazem HydrochlorideExtended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem HydrochlorideExtended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem HydrochlorideExtended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem HydrochlorideExtended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem HydrochlorideExtended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem HydrochlorideExtended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem HydrochlorideExtended Release Extended Release",
"Diltiazem T",
"Diltiazem T",
"Diltiazem T",
"Diltiazem T",
"Diltiazem T",
"Diltiazem Tablets 30mg",
"Diltiazem Tablets 60mg",
"Diltiazem TZ",
"Diltiazem TZ",
"Diltiazem TZ",
"Diltiazem TZ",
"Diltiazem TZ",
"Diltiazem-30 Tab 30mg",
"Diltiazem-60 Tab 60mg",
"Diltiazem-CD",
"Diltiazem-CD",
"Diltiazem-CD",
"Diltiazem-CD",
"Diltzac",
"Diltzac",
"Diltzac",
"Diltzac",
"Diltzac",
"Gen-diltiazem - Tab 30mg",
"Gen-diltiazem - Tab 60mg",
"Gen-diltiazem CD",
"Gen-diltiazem CD",
"Gen-diltiazem CD",
"Gen-diltiazem CD",
"Gen-diltiazem SR 120mg",
"Gen-diltiazem SR 60mg",
"Gen-diltiazem SR 90mg",
"Jamp Diltiazem CD",
"Jamp Diltiazem CD",
"Jamp Diltiazem CD",
"Jamp Diltiazem CD",
"Jamp Diltiazem T",
"Jamp Diltiazem T",
"Jamp Diltiazem T",
"Jamp Diltiazem T",
"Jamp Diltiazem T",
"M-diltiazem CD",
"M-diltiazem CD",
"M-diltiazem CD",
"M-diltiazem CD",
"M-diltiazem T",
"M-diltiazem T",
"M-diltiazem T",
"M-diltiazem T",
"M-diltiazem T",
"Mar-diltiazem CD",
"Mar-diltiazem CD",
"Mar-diltiazem CD",
"Mar-diltiazem CD",
"Mar-diltiazem T",
"Mar-diltiazem T",
"Mar-diltiazem T",
"Mar-diltiazem T",
"Mar-diltiazem T",
"Matzim LA",
"Matzim LA",
"Matzim LA",
"Matzim LA",
"Matzim LA",
"Matzim LA",
"Matzim LA",
"Matzim LA",
"Med Diltiazem - Tab 30mg",
"Med Diltiazem - Tab 60mg",
"Novo-diltazem SR Capsules",
"Novo-diltazem SR Capsules",
"Novo-diltazem SR Capsules",
"Nu-diltiaz Tab 30mg",
"Nu-diltiaz Tab 60mg",
"Nu-diltiaz-CD Capsules",
"Nu-diltiaz-CD Capsules 120mg",
"Nu-diltiaz-CD Capsules 180mg",
"Nu-diltiaz-CD Capsules 240mg",
"Penta-diltiazem - 30mg",
"Penta-diltiazem - 60mg",
"PMS-diltiazem CD",
"PMS-diltiazem CD",
"PMS-diltiazem CD",
"PMS-diltiazem CD",
"Pro-diltiazem CD",
"Pro-diltiazem CD",
"Pro-diltiazem CD",
"Pro-diltiazem CD",
"Ratio-diltiazem CD",
"Ratio-diltiazem CD",
"Ratio-diltiazem CD",
"Ratio-diltiazem CD",
"Sandoz Diltiazem CD",
"Sandoz Diltiazem CD",
"Sandoz Diltiazem CD",
"Sandoz Diltiazem CD",
"Sandoz Diltiazem T",
"Sandoz Diltiazem T",
"Sandoz Diltiazem T",
"Sandoz Diltiazem T",
"Sandoz Diltiazem T",
"Taro-diltiazem T",
"Taro-diltiazem T",
"Taro-diltiazem T",
"Taro-diltiazem T",
"Taro-diltiazem T",
"Taro-diltiazem Tab 30mg",
"Taro-diltiazem Tab 60mg",
"Taztia Xt",
"Taztia Xt",
"Taztia Xt",
"Taztia Xt",
"Taztia Xt",
"Taztia Xt",
"Teva-diltiazem",
"Teva-diltiazem",
"Teva-diltiazem CD",
"Teva-diltiazem CD",
"Teva-diltiazem CD",
"Teva-diltiazem CD",
"Teva-diltiazem HCl ER",
"Teva-diltiazem HCl ER",
"Teva-diltiazem HCl ER",
"Teva-diltiazem HCl ER",
"Teva-diltiazem HCl ER",
"Teva-diltiazem T",
"Teva-diltiazem T",
"Teva-diltiazem T",
"Teva-diltiazem T",
"Teva-diltiazem T",
"Teva-diltiazem Xc",
"Teva-diltiazem Xc",
"Teva-diltiazem Xc",
"Teva-diltiazem Xc",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiadylt ER",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Extended Release",
"Tiazac Xc",
"Tiazac Xc",
"Tiazac Xc",
"Tiazac Xc",
"Tiazac Xc",
"Tria-diltiazem 30mg Tablets",
"Tria-diltiazem 60 Mg Tablets"
] |
[
"Acalix",
"Adizem",
"Altiazem",
"Anoheal",
"Calcicard",
"Cartia",
"Dilacor",
"Dilacor-XR",
"Dilcontin",
"Dilrene",
"Dilticard",
"Dilzem",
"Herbesser",
"Incoril AP",
"Masdil",
"Surazem",
"TAZTIA",
"Tildem",
"Viazem"
] |
[] |
[
"Q13936",
"P54289",
"Q06432"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P33261",
"P10635",
"P10632"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00344
|
Protriptyline
|
Protriptyline hydrochloride is a dibenzocycloheptene-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, protriptyline does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, protriptyline exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. In addition, TCAs down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine H<sub>1</sub> receptors, alpha<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Protriptyline may be used for the treatment of depression.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of depression.
|
Protriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant. It was thought that tricyclic antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin by nerve cells. The effectiveness of antidepressants appear after approximately two weeks following recommended adminsitration schedule. Gradual changes are thought to occur in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, involved in emotion regulation as part of the limbic system, as receptor sensitivity is enhanced. While α<sub>1</sub> and β<sub>1</sub> receptors are sensitized, α<sub>2</sub> receptors are desensitized (leading to increased noradrenaline production). Tricyclics are also reported to alter the perceptions of pain, including neuropathic or neuralgic pain, so they may exhibit analgesic properties. The mechanism of action behind this analgesic property is not fully understood; however, it is thought to involve modulation of endogenous opioid systems in the CNS via an indirect serotonergic route. Tricyclic antidepressants are also effective in relieving migraine prophylaxis, but not in abortion of acute migraine attack, potentially via their serotonergic effects.
|
Protriptyline acts by decreasing the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT).
| null | null |
Side effects include anxiety, blood disorders, confusion, decreased libido, dizziness, flushing, headache, impotence, insomnia, low blood pressure, nightmares, rapid or irregular heartbeat, rash, seizures, sensitivity to sunlight, stomach and intestinal discomfort, sedation, hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, postural hypotension, tachycardia, hypertension, ECG changes, heart failure, impaired memory and delirium, and precipitation of hypomanic or manic episodes in bipolar depression. Withdrawal symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anxiety, and insomnia.
| null | null |
Protriptyline is reported to undergo cumulative urinary excretion during 16 days, which accounts for approximately 50% of the total drug administered. The fecal excretion pathway seems to play a minimal role in drug elimination.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Dibenzocycloheptenes
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N06AA",
"N06A",
"N06",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.16",
"description": "Norpramin 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.4",
"description": "Norpramin 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.12",
"description": "Protriptyline hcl 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.49",
"description": "Surmontil 25 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.59",
"description": "Norpramin 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.86",
"description": "Vivactil 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.07",
"description": "Protriptyline hcl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.27",
"description": "Norpramin 75 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.05",
"description": "Vivactil 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.15",
"description": "Surmontil 50 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.27",
"description": "Norpramin 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.73",
"description": "Tofranil 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.97",
"description": "Tofranil 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.92",
"description": "Surmontil 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.23",
"description": "Norpramin 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.64",
"description": "Tofranil 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "13.24",
"description": "Anafranil 75 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "13.51",
"description": "Anafranil 25 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "13.51",
"description": "Anafranil 50 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "18.68",
"description": "Tofranil-pm 125 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "18.86",
"description": "Tofranil-pm 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "18.86",
"description": "Tofranil-pm 75 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "19.23",
"description": "Tofranil-pm 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "185.09",
"description": "Tofranil 30 50 mg tablet Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "588.33",
"description": "Tofranil-PM 30 125 mg capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "588.33",
"description": "Tofranil-PM 30 150 mg capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "588.33",
"description": "Tofranil-PM 30 75 mg capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[] |
3-(5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine | 3-(5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-yl)-N-methyl-1-propanamine | 5-(3-methylaminopropyl)-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene | 7-(3-methylaminopropyl)-1,2:5,6-dibenzocycloheptatriene | Amimetilina | N-methyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-propanamine | N-methyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-propylamine | Protriptilina | Protriptylin | Protriptyline | Protriptylinum | NAT1 | NET | NET1 | Norepinephrine transporter | SLC6A5 | Solute carrier family 6 member 2 | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Protriptyline Hydrochloride",
"Triptil Tab 10mg",
"Vivactil",
"Vivactil"
] |
[
"Triptil"
] |
[] |
[
"P23975",
"P31645"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00345
|
Aminohippuric acid
|
The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity. [PubChem]
|
solid
|
Used to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and to determine the functional capacity of the tubular excretory mechanism.
|
Aminohippurate (p-aminohippuric acid, PAH, PAHA) is the glycine amide of p-aminobenzoic acid. It is filtered by the glomeruli and is actively secreted by the proximal tubules. At low plasma concentrations (1.0 to 2.0 mg/100 mL), an average of 90 percent of aminohippurate is cleared by the kidneys from the renal blood stream in a single circulation. It is ideally suited for measurement of ERPF since it has a high clearance, is essentially nontoxic at the plasma concentrations reached with recommended doses, and its analytical determination is relatively simple and accurate. Aminohippurate is also used to measure the functional capacity of the renal tubular secretory mechanism or transport maximum (Tm<sub>PAH</sub>). This is accomplished by elevating the plasma concentration to levels (40-60 mg/100 mL) sufficient to saturate the maximal capacity of the tubular cells to secrete aminohippurate. Inulin clearance is generally measured during Tm<sub>PAH</sub> determinations since glomerular filtration rate (GFR) must be known before calculations of secretory Tm measurements can be done.
|
Aminohippurate is filtered by the renal glomeruli and secreted into the urine by the proximal tubules. By measuring the amount of drug in the urine it is possible to determine functional capacity and effective renal plasma flow.
| null | null |
The intravenous LD<sub>50</sub> in female mice is 7.22 g/kg.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzoic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"V04CH",
"V04C",
"V04",
"V"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "0.67",
"description": "Aminohippurate 20% vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
4-aminohippuric acid | Aminohippurate | Aminohippuric acid | N-(p-Aminobenzoyl)aminoacetic acid | N-(p-Aminobenzoyl)glycine | N-(para-aminobenzoyl)glycine | p-aminohippurate | p-aminohippuric acid | PAH | PAHA | para-aminohippurate | para-aminohippuric acid | paraaminohippuric acid | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | hOCT2 | OCT2 | Organic cation transporter 2 | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | Ergothioneine transporter | ET transporter | ETT | ETTh | OCTN1 | Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 | UT2H | OAT4 | Organic anion transporter 4 | Organic anion:dicarboxylate exchanger OAT4 | OATP-D | OATP-RP3 | OATP3A1 | OATPD | OATPRP3 | Organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 3 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide D | PGE1 transporter | SLC21A11 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter D | Solute carrier family 21 member 11 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | MCT 1 | MCT1 | Solute carrier family 16 member 1 | hOAT2 | NLT | Novel liver transporter | OAT2 | Organic anion transporter 2
|
[
"Aminohippurate Sodium Inj Liq 20%",
"Aminohippurate Sodium Pah"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q8TCC7"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"O15244",
"O76082",
"Q4U2R8",
"Q8TCC7",
"Q92887",
"Q9H015",
"Q9NSA0",
"Q9UIG8",
"P33527",
"P53985",
"Q9Y694"
] |
DB00346
|
Alfuzosin
|
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to a benign growth or hyperplasia of the prostate and leads to lower urinary tract symptoms in men, such as urgency, frequency and changes to urine flow. The prevalence of BPH is as high as 50%-60% for males in their 60's, and this prevalence increases to 80%-90% of those over 70.[A228483] Alfuzosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic blocker used in the symptomatic treatment of BPH that works by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck.[L31593] It was initially approved by the FDA in 2003 and is marketed by several pharmaceutical companies.[L9251]
|
solid
|
Alfuzosin is used to treat the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).[L9251]
|
By selectively inhibiting alpha adrenergic receptors in the lower urinary tract, alfuzosin causes smooth muscle relaxation in the bladder neck and prostate, improving urine flow, thereby reducing BPH symptoms.[L9251] Additionally, alfuzosin reduces the vasoconstrictor effect of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), leading to peripheral vasodilation.[L31618] This leads to a risk of postural hypotension/syncope, and prescribing information warns that caution should be exercised in patients who take nitrates, antihypertensives, or have experienced decreased blood pressure after using other medications.[L9251]
|
Alpha(1)-adrenoreceptors are found in the prostate, bladder base, bladder neck, prostatic capsule, and prostatic urethra; their activation may lead to contraction of smooth muscle and urinary symptoms in patients with BPH.[A180688,L9251] Alfuzosin selectively binds to and inhibits alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors in the lower urinary tract.[A518] This leads to the relaxation of smooth muscle in both the prostate and bladder neck, resulting in the improvement in urine flow and a reduction of urinary symptoms.[L9251]
|
Alfuzosin is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and the absolute bioavailability under fed conditions is 49%.[L9251] In patients over 75 years of age, alfuzosin is absorbed more rapidly and peak plasma levels are higher.[L31638] One source mentions a bioavailability of 64%.[L31638] After multiple doses under fed conditions, Cmax is achieved in 8 hours. Cmax and AUC0-24 values are about 13.6 ng/mL and 194 ng·h/mL, respectively. Steady-state plasma concentrations are achieved after the second dose and are 1.2 to 1.6 times higher than after a single dose.[L9251] With the extended-release formulation, alfuzosin release is sustained over 20 hours with a rate of dissolution ranging between 2 and 12 hours.[A516]
|
Alfuzosin undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism; only 11% of the administered dose is detected unchanged in the urine. Alfuzosin is metabolism occurs via three metabolic pathways: oxidation, O-demethylations, and N-dealkylation. Metabolites of alfuzosin are not pharmacologically active and CYP3A4 is main hepatic cytochrome enzyme responsible for its metabolism.[L9251]
|
The oral LD50 of alfuzosin is 2300 mg/kg in male mice and 1950 mg/kg in female mice.[L31648]
An overdose of alfuzosin can cause hypotension. Cardiovascular support should be initiated immediately. The patient should be kept in the supine position to aid in restoring pressure and managing heart rate. Fluid resuscitation should also be considered in severe cases; sometimes, vasopressors are required. Renal function should be monitored frequently. Dialysis may not be of benefit to alfuzosin protein binding of up to 90%.[L9251]
|
The apparent elimination half-life of alfuzosin after oral administration is about 10 hours.[L9251] The terminal half-life is 3-5 hours.[L31638]
|
The protein biding of alfuzosin is moderate and ranges from 82% to 90%.[L9251] Alfuzosin is 68.2% bound to human serum albumin and 52.5% bound to human serum alpha-glycoprotein.[L31638]
|
It is partially metabolised and excreted mainly in the bile and faeces. Following oral administration of a radiolabeled alfuzosin solution, the detection of radioactivity after one week was 69% in the feces and 24% in the urine.[L9251]
|
The volume of distribution of alfuzosin after intravenous administration in healthy volunteers is about 3.2 L/kg.[L9251] Alfuzosin distributes heavily to the tissues of the prostate.[A228693]
|
Exercise caution if renal clearance is < 30 mL/min.[L9251] The clearance of alfuzosin is increased in renal insufficiency (with or without dialysis), due to an increase in the free fraction.[L31638]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazanaphthalenes
|
Benzodiazines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"G04CA",
"G04C",
"G04",
"G",
"G04CA",
"G04C",
"G04",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals",
"Mouse",
"Rat"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.95",
"description": "Uroxatral 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.06",
"description": "Uroxatral 10 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1987-04-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-01-18",
"number": "4661491"
},
{
"approved": "2005-07-05",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2017-08-22",
"number": "2264250"
},
{
"approved": "2000-11-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-02-22",
"number": "6149940"
}
] |
(±)-N-[3-[(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)methylamino]propyl]tetrahydro-2-furamide | Alfuzosin | Alfuzosina | Alfuzosine | Alfuzosinum | N-[3-[(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazolin-2-yl)- methyl-amino]propyl] tetrahydrofuran- 2-carboxamide | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Alfuzosin",
"Alfuzosin",
"Alfuzosin",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride ER",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride extended release",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride extended release",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride extended release",
"Alfuzosin Hydrochloride extended release",
"Apo-alfuzosin",
"Auro-alfuzosin",
"Sandoz Alfuzosin",
"Teva-alfuzosin Pr",
"Uroxatral",
"Uroxatral",
"Uroxatral",
"Uroxatral",
"Uroxatral",
"Xatral"
] |
[
"Alcinin",
"Alfasin XR",
"Alfetim",
"Alfoo",
"Alfu",
"Alfuran",
"Alfusozina",
"Flotral",
"Fual",
"Profuzo",
"Rantral",
"Uriten",
"Xantral",
"Xelflo",
"Zatral"
] |
[] |
[
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00347
|
Trimethadione
|
An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378)
|
solid
|
Used in the control of absence (petit mal) seizures that are refractory to treatment with other medications.
|
Paramethadione and trimethadione are anticonvulsants indicated in the control of absence (petit mal) seizures that are refractory to treatment with other medications. Dione anticonvulsants are used in the treatment of epilepsy. They act on the central nervous system (CNS) to reduce the number of seizures.
|
Dione anticonvulsants reduce T-type calcium currents in thalamic neurons, including thalamic relay neurons. It does so via the inhibition of voltage dependent T-type calcium channels. This raises the threshold for repetitive activity in the thalamus, and inhibits corticothalamic transmission. Thus, the abnormal thalamocortical rhythmicity, which is thought to underlie the 3-Hz spike-and-wave discharge seen on electroencephalogram(EEG) with absence seizures, is dampened.
| null | null |
Symptoms of overdose include clumsiness or unsteadiness, coma, dizziness (severe), drowsiness (severe), nausea (severe), and problems with vision.
| null |
90%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Azolidines
|
Oxazolidines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N03AC",
"N03A",
"N03",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Trimetadiona | Trimethadion | Trimethadione | Triméthadione | Trimethadionum | Trimethinum | Troxidone | Cav3.1c | KIAA1123 | NBR13 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.1 | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Tridione"
] |
[
"Minoale"
] |
[] |
[
"O43497"
] |
[
"P05181",
"P08684",
"P10632",
"P11712",
"P33261"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00348
|
Nitisinone
|
Nitisinone is a synthetic reversible inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. It is used in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. It is sold under the brand name Orfadin.
|
solid
|
Used as an adjunct to dietary restriction of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1.
|
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 occurs due to a deficiency in fumarylacetoacetase (FAH), the final enzyme in the tyrosine catabolic pathway. Nitisinone inhibits catabolism of tyrosine by preventing the catabolic intermediates. In patients with HT-1, these catabolic intermediates are converted to the toxic metabolites succinylacetone and succinylacetoacetate, which are responsible for the observed liver and kidney toxicity. Succinylacetone can also inhibit the porphyrin synthesis pathway leading to the accumulation of 5-aminolevulinate, a neurotoxin responsible for the porphyric crises characteristic of HT-1.
|
Nitisinone is a competitive inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase, an enzyme upstream of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolyase (FAH) in the tyrosine catabolic pathway. By inhibiting the normal catabolism of tyrosine in patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1), nitisinone prevents the accumulation of the catabolic intermediates maleylacetoacetate and fumarylacetoacetate.
|
The capsule and liquid formulations are bioequivalent in both the plasma concentration-time curve and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax).
| null |
Side effects include elevated plasma levels of this amino acid, hepatic and liver failure.
|
~54 hours
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic oxygen compounds
|
Organooxygen compounds
|
Carbonyl compounds
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"A16AX",
"A16A",
"A16",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "61.74",
"description": "Orfadin 2 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "154.34",
"description": "Orfadin 5 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "308.68",
"description": "Orfadin 10 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1996-08-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-08-27",
"number": "5550165"
},
{
"approved": "2016-04-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-02-02",
"number": "9301932"
},
{
"approved": "2019-06-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-01-05",
"number": "10328029"
}
] |
2-(alpha,alpha,alpha-Trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tuluoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione | Nitisinona | Nitisinone | Nitisinonum | 1.13.11.27 | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase | 4HPPD | HPD | HPPDase | PPD
|
[
"Mdk-nitisinone",
"Mdk-nitisinone",
"Mdk-nitisinone",
"Mdk-nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone",
"Nitisinone Mdk",
"Nitisinone Mdk",
"Nitisinone Mdk",
"Nitisinone Mdk",
"Nitisinone Tablets",
"Nitisinone Tablets",
"Nitisinone Tablets",
"Nityr",
"Nityr",
"Nityr",
"Nityr",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin",
"Orfadin"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P32754"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00349
|
Clobazam
|
Clobazam belongs to the 1,5-benzodiazepine class of drugs and is marketed under different names, Onfi, Frisium, Urbanyl, and others.[A256868]. Clobazam was first synthesized in 1966 and first published in 1969, following the incidental synthesis and discovery of the first benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide in the 1950s.[A256913] Unlike older 1,4-benzodiazepines, clobazam has a better side-effects profile, particularly less sedative and amnesic effects.[A256963,A256868] This is likely because of clobazam's higher affinity to the α<sub>2</sub> subunit of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor, which mediates anxiolytic effects, than the α<sub>1</sub> subunit, which mediates sedative effect.[A256868] Additionally, clobazam is believed to be a partial agonist to the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor rather than non-selective full receptor agonists like 1,4-benzodiazepines, thus potentially explaining the decreased incidence of sedative effects.[A256968,A256973]
Clobazam has been marketed as an anxiolytic since 1975 and an anticonvulsant since 1984.[A521,A522] In October 21, 2011, the FDA approved clobazam as an adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adults and children aged two years and older.[A256958] In 2005, clobazam also received approval from Health Canada as an add-on therapy for generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and focal impaired awareness seizures.[A256978]
|
solid
|
Clobazam is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in patients 2 years of age or older.[L44888]
|
Clobazam belongs to the benzodiazepine class of drugs.[L44888] Clobazam acts on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor to increase GABAnergic transmission, particularly chloride conductance in neurons.[A256868] This causes neuronal hyperpolarization, resulting in an increase in the action potential threshold and reducing neuron firing frequency.[A256908, A256913] Consequently, the general neuronal activity of the central nervous system is depressed; therefore, clobazam can be used to treat diseases caused by excessive excitatory action potentials.[A256913]
The effect of clobazam 20 mg and 80 mg administered twice daily on QTc interval was evaluated in a randomized, evaluator-blinded, placebo-, and active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) parallel thorough QT study in 280 healthy subjects. In a study with demonstrated ability to detect small effects, the upper bound of the one-sided 95% confidence interval for the largest placebo-adjusted, baseline-corrected QTc based on the Fridericia correction method was below 10 ms, the threshold for regulatory concern.
Thus, at a dose two times the maximum recommended dose, clobazam did not prolong the QTc interval to any clinically relevant extent.[L44888]
|
The exact mechanism of action for clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is not fully understood but is thought to involve the potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission resulting from binding at the benzodiazepine site of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor.[L44888] Specifically, clobazam binds to the interface of the α<sub>2</sub> and γ<sub>2</sub>-subunit of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor.[A256868] It has a great affinity for the α<sub>2</sub> subunit than the α<sub>1</sub> subunit compared to other 1,4‐benzodiazepines.[A256938]Binding of clobazam to the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor causes chloride channels to open, resulting in an influx of chloride and thus hyperpolarization of neurons.[A256868]
|
The peak plasma levels (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC) of clobazam are dose-proportional over the dose range of 10-80 mg following single- or multiple-dose administration of ONFI. Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, the pharmacokinetics of clobazam are linear from 5-160 mg/day.[L44888]
Clobazam is rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration. The time to peak concentrations (T<sub>max</sub>) of clobazam tablets under fasted conditions ranged from 0.5 to 4 hours after single- or multiple-dose administrations. The relative bioavailability of clobazam tablets compared to an oral solution is approximately 100%. After single-dose administration of the oral suspension under fasted conditions, the Tmax ranged from 0.5 to 2 hours. Based on exposure (C<sub>max</sub> and AUC) of clobazam, clobazam tablets and suspension were shown to have similar bioavailability under fasted conditions. The administration of clobazam tablets with food or when crushed in applesauce does not affect absorption. Although not studied, the oral bioavailability of the oral suspension is unlikely to be affected under fed conditions.[L44888]
|
Clobazam is extensively metabolized in the liver via N-demethylation and hydroxylation to form two major metabolites, N-desmethylclobazam (norclobazam) and 4'-hydroxyclobazam, respectively, with approximately 2% of the dose recovered in urine and 1% in feces as an unchanged drug.[L44888,A18648] The N-demethylation reaction is catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP2C19 and CYP2B6. N-desmethylclobazam, an active metabolite, is the major circulating metabolite in humans, and at therapeutic doses, plasma concentrations are 3-5 times higher than those of the parent compound. Based on animal and in vitro receptor binding data, estimates of the relative potency of N-desmethylclobazam compared to the parent compound range from 1/5 to equal potency. N-desmethylclobazam is extensively hydroxylated, mainly by CYP2C19. N-desmethylclobazam and its metabolites comprise ~94% of the total drug-related components in urine.[L44888]. The formation of 4'-hydroxyclobazam is facilitated by CYP2C18 and CYP2C19.[A18648]
The polymorphic CYP2C19 is the major contributor to the metabolism of the pharmacologically active N-desmethylclobazam. In CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, levels of N-desmethylclobazam were 5-fold higher in plasma and 2- to 3-fold higher in the urine than in CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers.[L44888]
|
Neonates born to mothers using benzodiazepines late in pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation and/or neonatal withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) and Clinical Considerations]. Available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to benzodiazepines do not report a clear association between benzodiazepines and major birth defects.[L44888]
Administration of clobazam to pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis or to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation resulted in developmental toxicity, including increased incidences of fetal malformations and mortality, at plasma
exposures for clobazam and its major active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, below those expected at therapeutic doses in patients. Data for other benzodiazepines suggest the possibility of long-term effects on neurobehavioral and immunological function in animals following prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines at clinically relevant doses. ONFI should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Advise a pregnant woman and women of childbearing age of the potential risk to a fetus.[L44888]
Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression, hypotonia, and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to clobazam during pregnancy or labor for signs of sedation, respiratory depression, hypotonia, and feeding problems. Monitor neonates exposed to clobazam during pregnancy for signs of withdrawal. Manage these neonates accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].[L44888]
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.[L44888]
Administration of clobazam to rats prior to and during mating and early gestation resulted in adverse effects on fertility and early embryonic development at plasma exposures for clobazam and its major active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, below those in humans at the MRHD [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].[L44888]
In a study in which clobazam (0, 4, 36, or 120 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to rats during the juvenile period of development (postnatal days 14 to 48), adverse effects on growth (decreased bone density and bone length) and behavior (altered motor activity and auditory startle response; learning deficit) were observed at the high dose. The effect on bone density, but not on behavior, was reversible when the drug was discontinued. The no-effect level for juvenile toxicity (36 mg/kg/day) was associated with plasma exposures (AUC) to clobazam and its major active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, less than those expected at therapeutic doses in pediatric patients.[L44888]
In mice, oral administration of clobazam (0, 6, 12, or 24 mg/kg/day) for 2 years did not result in an increase in tumors. The highest dose tested was approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 40 mg/day, based on body surface
area (mg/m2).[L44888]
In rats, oral administration of clobazam for 2 years resulted in increases in tumors of the thyroid gland (follicular cell adenoma and carcinoma) and liver (hepatocellular adenoma) at the mid and high doses. The low dose, not associated with an increase in tumors, was associated with plasma exposures (AUC) for clobazam and its major active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, less than that in humans at the MRHD.[L44888]
Clobazam and the major active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, were negative for genotoxicity, based on data from a battery of in vitro (bacteria reverse mutation, mammalian clastogenicity) and in vivo (mouse micronucleus) assays.[L44888]
In a fertility study in which clobazam (50, 350, or 750 mg/kg/day, corresponding to 12, 84, and 181 times the oral Maximum Recommended Human Dose, MRHD, of 40 mg/day based on mg/m2 body surface) was orally administered to male and female rats prior to and during mating and continuing in females to gestation day 6, increases in abnormal sperm and pre-implantation loss were observed at the highest dose tested. The no-effect level for fertility and early embryonic development in rats was associated with
plasma exposures (AUC) for clobazam and its major active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, less than those in humans at the maximum recommended human dose of 40 mg/day.[L44888]
Clobazam is a benzodiazepine and a CNS depressant with a potential for abuse and addiction. Abuse is the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. Misuse is the intentional use, for
therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence. Even taking benzodiazepines as prescribed may put patients at risk for abuse and misuse of their medication. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines may lead to addiction.[L44888]
Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines often (but not always) involve the use of doses greater than the maximum recommended dosage and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death. Benzodiazepines are often sought by individuals who abuse drugs and other substances, and by individuals with addictive disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].[L44888]
The following adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: abdominal pain, amnesia, anorexia, anxiety, aggression, ataxia, blurred vision, confusion, depression, disinhibition, disorientation, dizziness, euphoria, impaired concentration and memory, indigestion, irritability, muscle pain, slurred speech, tremors, and vertigo.[L44888]
The following severe adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: delirium, paranoia, suicidal ideation and behavior, seizures, coma, breathing difficulty, and death. Death is more often associated with polysubstance use (especially benzodiazepines with other CNS depressants such as opioids and alcohol).[L44888]
The World Health Organization epidemiology database contains reports of drug abuse, misuse, and overdoses associated with clobazam.[L44888]
Clobazam may produce physical dependence from continued therapy. Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of benzodiazepines or administration of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, including seizures, which can be life-threatening.[L44888]
Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after benzodiazepine discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who take higher dosages (i.e., higher and/or more frequent doses) and those who have had longer durations of use
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. In clinical trials, cases of dependency were reported following the abrupt discontinuation of clobazam.[L44888]
Acute withdrawal signs and symptoms associated with benzodiazepines have included abnormal involuntary movements, anxiety, blurred vision, depersonalization, depression, derealization, dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal adverse reactions (e.g.,nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite), headache, hyperacusis,hypertension, irritability, insomnia, memory impairment, muscle pain and stiffness, panic attacks, photophobia, restlessness, tachycardia, and tremor. More severe acute withdrawal signs and symptoms, including life-threatening reactions, have included catatonia, convulsions, delirium tremens, depression, hallucinations, mania, psychosis, seizures, and suicidality.[L44888]
Protracted withdrawal syndrome associated with benzodiazepines is characterized by anxiety, cognitive impairment, depression, insomnia, formication, motor symptoms (e.g., weakness, tremor, muscle twitches), paresthesia, and tinnitus that persists beyond 4 to 6 weeks after initial benzodiazepine withdrawal. Protracted withdrawal symptoms may last weeks to more than 12 months. As a result, there may be difficulty in differentiating withdrawal symptoms from potential re-emergence or continuation of symptoms for
which the benzodiazepine was being used.[L44888]
Tolerance to clobazam may develop from continued therapy. Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). Tolerance to the therapeutic effect of clobazam may develop; however, little tolerance develops to the amnestic reactions and other cognitive impairments caused by benzodiazepines.[L44888]
Overdosage of benzodiazepines is characterized by central nervous system depression ranging from drowsiness to coma. In mild to moderate cases, symptoms can include drowsiness, confusion, dysarthria, lethargy, hypnotic state, diminished reflexes, ataxia, and hypotonia. Rarely, paradoxical or disinhibitory reactions (including agitation, irritability, impulsivity, violent behavior, confusion, restlessness, excitement, and talkativeness) may occur. In severe overdosage cases, patients may develop respiratory depression and coma. Overdosage of benzodiazepines in combination with other CNS depressants (including alcohol and opioids) may be fatal [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Markedly abnormal (lowered or elevated) blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate raises the concern that additional drugs and/or alcohol are involved in the overdosage.[L44888]
In managing benzodiazepine overdosage, employ general supportive measures, including intravenous fluids and airway maintenance. Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist indicated for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in the management of benzodiazepine overdosage, can lead to withdrawal and adverse reactions, including seizures, particularly in the context of mixed overdosage with drugs that increase seizure risk (e.g., tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants) and in patients with long-term benzodiazepine use and physical dependency. The risk of withdrawal seizures with flumazenil may be increased in patients with epilepsy. Flumazenil is contraindicated in patients who have received a benzodiazepine for control of a potentially life-threatening condition (e.g., status epilepticus). If the decision is made to use flumazenil, it should be used as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, supportive management of benzodiazepine overdosage. See
the flumazenil injection Prescribing Information.[L44888]
Consider contacting the Poison Help line (1-800-222-1222) or a medical toxicologist for additional overdosage management recommendations.[L44888]
|
The estimated mean elimination half-lives (t½) of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam were 36-42 hours and 71-82 hours, respectively.[L44888]
|
The in vitro plasma protein binding of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam is approximately 80-90% and 70%, respectively.[L44888]
|
N-desmethylclobazam and its metabolites comprise ~94% of the total drug-related components in urine. Following a single oral dose of radiolabeled drug, approximately 11% of the dose was excreted in the feces and approximately 82% was excreted in the urine.[L44888]
|
Clobazam is lipophilic and distributes rapidly throughout the body. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was approximately 100 L.[L44888]
|
After a 20 to 40 mg/day administration of clobazam, the oral clearance is calculated to be 1.9 to 2.3 L/h.[A184451]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzodiazepines
| null |
[
"approved",
"illicit"
] |
[
"N05BA",
"N05B",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Apo-Clobazam 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Novo-Clobazam 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Pms-Clobazam 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2013-12-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-03",
"number": "8603514"
},
{
"approved": "2014-07-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-02-20",
"number": "8765167"
},
{
"approved": "2019-09-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-09-05",
"number": "11541002"
}
] |
1-phenyl-5-methyl-8-chloro-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine | 7-Chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-benzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2,4-dione | Clobazam | Clobazamum | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-1 | GABAAR subunit beta-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-2 | GABAAR subunit beta-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-3 | GABAAR subunit beta-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit delta | GABAAR subunit delta | GABA(A) receptor subunit epsilon | GABAAR subunit epsilon | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit pi | GABAAR subunit pi | GABA(A) receptor subunit theta | GABAAR subunit theta | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC18 | Cytochrome P450-6b/29c | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1 | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 2 | GNT1 | hUG-BR2 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-D | UDPGT 1-4 | UGT-1D | UGT1 | UGT1-04 | UGT1.4 | UGT1*4 | UGT1A4 | UGT1D | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | Phenol-metabolizing UDP-glucuronosyltransferase | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-F | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 | UDPGT 1-6 | UGT-1F | UGT1 | UGT1-06 | UGT1.6 | UGT1*6 | UGT1F | 2.4.1.17 | HLUG25 | Hyodeoxycholic acid-specific UDPGT | UDPGT 2B4 | UDPGTh-1 | UGT2B11 | UGT2B4 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Apo-clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam",
"Clobazam-10",
"Dom-clobazam",
"Frisium Tab 10mg",
"Frisium Tablet 10mg",
"Frisium Tablets 10mg",
"Ntp-clobazam",
"Onfi",
"Onfi",
"Onfi",
"Onfi",
"Onfi",
"Onfi",
"PMS-clobazam",
"Ratio-clobazam",
"Sympazan",
"Sympazan",
"Sympazan",
"Teva-clobazam"
] |
[
"Aedon",
"Castilium",
"Clobam",
"Clobamax",
"Frisium",
"Grifoclobam",
"Mystan",
"Noiafren",
"Sederlona",
"Urbanil",
"Urbanol",
"Urbanyl",
"Venium"
] |
[] |
[
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P18505",
"P47870",
"P28472",
"O14764",
"P78334",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928",
"O00591",
"Q9UN88",
"Q99928",
"P14867",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P31644",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P20813",
"P10635",
"P10632",
"P11712",
"P33260",
"P33261",
"P20815",
"P08684",
"P24462",
"P22309",
"P22310",
"P19224",
"P06133"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00350
|
Minoxidil
|
A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (vasodilator agents) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in blood pressure.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of severe hypertension and in the topical treatment (regrowth) of androgenic alopecia in males and females and stabilisation of hair loss in patients with androgenic alopecia.
|
Minoxidil is an orally effective direct acting peripheral vasodilator that reduces elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Minoxidil is also used topically to treat androgenetic alopecia. Microcirculatory blood flow in animals is enhanced or maintained in all systemic vascular beds. In man, forearm and renal vascular resistance decline; forearm blood flow increases while renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate are preserved. The predominant site of minoxidil action is arterial. Venodilation does not occur with minoxidil; thus, postural hypotension is unusual with its administration. The antihypertensive activity of minoxidil is due to its sulphate metabolite, minoxidil sulfate.
|
Minoxidil is thought to promote the survival of human dermal papillary cells (DPCs) or hair cells by activating both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt and by preventing cell death by increasing the ratio of BCl<sup>-</sup>2/Bax. Minoxidil may stimulate the growth of human hairs by prolonging anagen through these proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on DPCs. Minoxidil, when used as a vasodilator, acts by opening adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. This vasodilation may also improve the viability of hair cells or hair follicles.
|
Minoxidil is at least 90% absorbed from the GI tract in experimental animals and man.
|
Approximately 90% of the administered drug is metabolized, predominantly by conjugation with glucuronic acid at the N-oxide position in the pyrimidine ring, but also by conversion to more polar products. Known metabolites exert much less pharmacologic effect than minoxidil itself.
|
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rats has ranged from 1321-3492 mg/kg; in mice, 2456-2648 mg/kg. Side effects include cardiovascular effects associated with hypotension such as sudden weight gain, rapid heart beat, faintness or dizziness.
|
4.2 hours
|
Minoxidil does not bind to plasma proteins.
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic nitrogen compounds
|
Organonitrogen compounds
|
Amines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"D11AX",
"D11A",
"D11",
"D",
"C02DC",
"C02D",
"C02",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.32",
"description": "Minoxidil 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.52",
"description": "Loniten 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.07",
"description": "Minoxidil powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "28.32",
"description": "Rogaine ex-str starter kit",
"unit": "kit"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Rogaine 5 % foam",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.39",
"description": "Loniten 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.7",
"description": "Minoxidil 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2005-09-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-04-20",
"number": "6946120"
}
] |
2,4-Diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-oxide | 6-Piperidin-1-ylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide | Minossidile | Minoxidil | Minoxidilum | ATP-regulated potassium channel ROM-K | Inward rectifier K(+) channel Kir1.1 | Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 1 | ROMK1 | 3.4.23.15 | Angiotensinogenase | 1.14.99.1 | COX-1 | COX1 | Cyclooxygenase-1 | PGH synthase 1 | PGHS-1 | PHS 1 | Prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1
|
[
"2% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"2% Minoxidil Hair regrowth serum",
"3RX Minoxidil HAIR REGROWTH TREATMENT FOR MEN",
"5% Minoxidil",
"5% Minoxidil Beard Growth Serum",
"5% Minoxidil Foam",
"5% Minoxidil Foam",
"5% Minoxidil Foam",
"5% Minoxidil Foam",
"5% MinoxidiL Hair Growth",
"5% Minoxidil Hair growth foam",
"5% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"5% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"5% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"5% Minoxidil Hair growth Serum",
"5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"5% Minoxidil Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"5% Minoxidil Serum",
"5% Minoxidil Spray.",
"5% Minoxidil Spray.",
"5% Minoxidil Spray.",
"5% Minoxidil Topical serum",
"5% Minoxidil Topical Solution",
"5% Minoxidil Topical Solution",
"5% Minoxidil Topical Solution",
"5%Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"AIJIEYO 5% MinoxidiL Hair Growth Solution",
"Apo-gain Liq 20mg/ml",
"ASDTOTIO 5% minoxidil",
"Avitapure 5% Minoxidil Beard Growth Oil Spray.",
"Axelofein",
"Azelomax Forte",
"Bakumokon 5% Minoxidil",
"Bakumokon 7% Minoxidil Sulfate",
"Baoveri Hair growth serum",
"Baoveri Hair growth serum",
"Barbiux balsamic tonic 5%",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Basic Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Beaueli 5% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"Beaueli 5% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"Beaueli 5% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"Beaueli 5% Minoxidil hair growth oil",
"Berkley and Jensen Minoxidil",
"Berkley and Jensen Minoxidil",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 5%",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 5% / Niacinamide 2% / Pentoxifylline 0.5%",
"Betamethasone Diproprionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 7%",
"BOSLEY Man 5 Minoxidil Topical Solution",
"Bosley MD Extra Strength for Men",
"Bosley MD Extra Strength for Men",
"Bosley MD Regular Strength for Women",
"Bosley MD Regular Strength for Women",
"BOSLEY Minoxidil Topical Solution 2 for Women",
"BOSLEY Minoxidil Topical Solution 5 (for men)",
"BOSLEY PROFESSIONAL STRENGTH HAIR REGROWTH TREATMENT Regular Strength For Men",
"BOSLEY PROFESSIONAL STRENGTH HAIR REGROWTH TREATMENT Regular Strength For Women",
"BOSLEY Woman 2 Minoxidil Topical Solution",
"bourn Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"BUNEE Hair Growth Serum",
"Capillus Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Careone Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"CareOne Hair Regrowth Treatment Extra Strength",
"Cerafill Retaliate",
"Cerafill Retaliate Extra Strength For Men",
"Chrmplx Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Club Roots - Topical Solution Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Colorsmith Hair Regrowth Treatment Mens Minoxidil Topical Solution Extra Strength",
"Core Values Minoxidil",
"Core Values Minoxidil",
"Core Values Minoxidil",
"Core Values Minoxidil",
"Core Values Minoxidil",
"Cream",
"Daniel Alain Extra Strength Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Daniel Alain Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Davv 2%Minoxidil Topical Solution Womens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"DAVV Minoxidil Topical Solution Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Daylogic For Men",
"Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% / Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 5%",
"Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% / Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"DIZOP 5% Minoxidil Topical Gel",
"Dizop Minoxidil Topical Gel",
"Elevate 2% Minoxidil Foam",
"Elevate 2% minoxidil hair liquid",
"Elevate 2% Minoxidil Hair Liquid",
"Elevate 2% Minoxidil Liquid",
"Elevate 5% Minoxidil Foam",
"Elevate 5% Minoxidil Foam",
"Elevate 5% minoxidil hair liquid",
"Elevate 5% Minoxidil Hair Liquid",
"Elevate 5% minoxidil liquid",
"Elevate 5% Minoxidil Liquid",
"Elevate Beard Growth Serum",
"Elevate Hair Growth Serum",
"Elevate Hair Growth Serum",
"Elevate Hair Regrowth Treatment 5",
"Elevate Hair Regrowth Treatment 5 Minoxidil Solution",
"Elevate Minoxidil Foam",
"Elevate Minoxidil liquid",
"Equaline Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Equaline hair regrowth treatment for men",
"Equaline Hair Regrowth Treatment For Women",
"Equaline Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Equate Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"eSalon Hair Regrowth Treatment Womens Minoxidil",
"Eternal Minoxidil",
"EXDEPLOY 5% Minoxidil Topical Gel",
"EXT Extreme Hair Therapy",
"EXT Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men 2%",
"EXT Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men 5%",
"EXT Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Fidyn 5% Minoxidil HAIR GROWTH SERUM For Men",
"Finally Hair Minoxidil 5% Hair Growth Foam",
"Finally Hair Minoxidil 5% Hair Growth Serum",
"Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 5%",
"Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 7%",
"Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 7% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1%",
"Follicle Follixil 5% Minoxidil Hair Regrowth-Lotion",
"Follinique",
"FOLLIXIL Hair and Beard Growth-Foam",
"FOLLIXIL Hair and Beard Growth-Lotion",
"FOLLIXIL Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Gainextra Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men 5%",
"Gen-minoxidil Liq 2%",
"GETTIK Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"GIILAVY Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"GIOTTO Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"GIOTTO Minoxidil Hair Growth Spray.",
"Glemme Beard Growth Oil",
"GOOD GUY Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Good Sense Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Good Sense Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Good Sense Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Good Sense Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Good Sense hair regrowth treatment for women",
"Good Sense Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"GROFULLY Mens Extra Strength Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"GROFULLY Womens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Gromedi 5x",
"Grow Girl",
"GROWELL Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment 5 Minoxidil",
"GROWELL Womens Hair Regrowth Treatment 2 Minoxidil",
"Hair and Beard Growth Serum",
"Hair essential oil",
"Hair Growth Serum",
"Hair Growth Serum",
"Hair Illusion 5% Minoxidil Foam",
"Hair Labs Mens Extra Strength 5 Minoxidil",
"Hair Regen Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regen Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrow",
"Hair Regrowth",
"Hair Regrowth 5% Minoxidil",
"Hair Regrowth 5% Minoxidil",
"Hair Regrowth Foam",
"Hair Regrowth Formula",
"Hair Regrowth Ireatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair regrowth treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment Extra Strength for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment Extra Strength for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment Extra Strength for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment Extra Strength for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Hair regrowth treatment for men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men Extra Strength",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men Extra Strength",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hair Serum",
"Hair-Regen Hair Growth Treatment",
"Hairfx Hair Growth Foam",
"Hairgro",
"Harmon Face Values Minoxidil",
"Harmon Face Values Minoxidil",
"Harmon Face Values Minoxidil Mens",
"Head and Shoulders Scalp X Minoxidil Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Head and Shoulders Scalp X Minoxidil Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Head and Shoulders Scalp X Minoxidil Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Head and Shoulders Scalp X Minoxidil Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Hers Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hers Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hers Minoxidil",
"HERYTEE 5% minoxidil hair care essential oil",
"HERYTEE BIOTIN Minoxidi 5% Topical Serum",
"Hims",
"Hims Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hims Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Hims Minoxidil",
"iBeaLee 5% MinoxidiL Hair Growth Solution",
"Image Essentials Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Image Essentials Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Image Essentials Hair Regrowth Treatment For Men",
"INTELLIGENT Mens Minoxidil Extra Strength 5 Minoxidil",
"Jamp Minoxidil Solution",
"Jardient 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"Just for Men Minoxidil",
"Keeps",
"Keeps Minoxidil Topical",
"Keeps Minoxidil Topical",
"Keranique 2% Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"KERANIQUE For Women Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"KERANIQUE Hair Regrowth Treatment For Women",
"Keranique Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Kerastase Densifique",
"kirkland signature Minoxidil",
"Kirkland Signature Minoxidil",
"Kirkland Signature Minoxidil",
"Kirkland Signature Minoxidil",
"LamFun Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"LE PHOQUA Hair Regrowth Serum BIOTIN 5% MINOXIDIL",
"Leader Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Leader Minoxidil",
"Lexi White Beauty 5% Minoxidil Serum",
"Lexi White Beauty Hair Regrowth 5% Minoxidil Foam",
"Lexi White Beauty Hair Regrowth 5% MinoxidilSpray",
"Lilivera 5% Minoxidil Hair Serum",
"Liquid",
"Loesch Hair Regrowth Formula Unscented Topical Solution Extra-Strength for Men",
"Loesch Hair Regrowth Formula Unscented Topical Solution Regular-Strength for Men and Women",
"Loniten",
"Loniten",
"Loniten 10mg",
"Loniten 2.5mg",
"MDhair Extra Strength hair regrowth treatment for Men",
"MDhair hair regrowth treatment for women",
"Members Mark Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Members Mark Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Members Mark Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Members Mark Minoxidil",
"Members Mark Minoxidil",
"Men's Gln-minoxidil",
"Men's Minoxidil Foam",
"Men's Rogaine",
"Men's Rogaine Foam 5%",
"MENS alopexy",
"Mens ComBack HAIR REGROWTH TREATMENT EXTRA STRENGTH UNSCENTED",
"Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment extra strength",
"Mens Intelligent Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Mens Kirkland Extra Strength",
"Mens Minoxidil Hair Growth System",
"Mens Minoxidil Hair Regrowth",
"Mens pura dor Hair Loss MD",
"MENS RAPID REINVENT 5 Minoxidil Solution",
"Mens Rogaine Extra Strength",
"Mens Rogaine Extra Strength Unscented",
"Mens rogaine Minoxidil - Unscented Formula",
"Mens rogaine Unscented Formula",
"Mens SPECTRAL UHP EXTRA STRENGTH HAIR REGROWTH TREATMENT",
"Michiru hair regrowth treatment for women",
"Minodil hair growth solution",
"Minox",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil",
"Minoxidil (for Men)",
"Minoxidil (For Men)",
"Minoxidil (For Men)",
"Minoxidil (For Men)",
"Minoxidil (for Men)",
"Minoxidil (For Men)",
"Minoxidil (for Women)",
"Minoxidil (for Women)",
"Minoxidil (For Women)",
"Minoxidil (For Women)",
"Minoxidil (For Women)",
"Minoxidil (For Women)",
"Minoxidil (For Women)",
"Minoxidil 5 Percent (For Women)",
"Minoxidil 5% (For Men)",
"Minoxidil 5% (For Men)",
"Minoxidil 5% (For Men)",
"Minoxidil 5% (for Men)",
"Minoxidil 5% (for Women)",
"Minoxidil 5% / Progesterone 0.1% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"MINOXIDIL 7% / NIACINAMIDE 4% s",
"Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1%",
"Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Minoxidil 7% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Minoxidil Extra Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Extra Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Extra Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Extra Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Extra Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Extra Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Extra Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Foam",
"Minoxidil for Men",
"Minoxidil for Men",
"Minoxidil For Men extra strength",
"Minoxidil For Women",
"Minoxidil for Women",
"Minoxidil For Women",
"Minoxidil For Women",
"Minoxidil for Women",
"Minoxidil Hair Growth Foam",
"Minoxidil Hair Growth Sprays",
"Minoxidil Mens",
"Minoxidil regular strength",
"Minoxidil regular strength",
"Minoxidil Regular Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Regular Strength for Men",
"Minoxidil Solution",
"Minoxidil Topical",
"Minoxidil Topical",
"Minoxigaine",
"Minoxigaine Topical Solution - 2%",
"Myhair Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Navi Hair Solutions Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Navi Hair Solutions Womens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Nexxus Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Nincrane 5% Minoxidil for Men",
"Nincrane 5% Minoxidil for Men",
"Nioxin Hair Regrowth Kit for Men",
"Nioxin Hair Regrowth Kit For Women",
"Nioxin Hair Regrowth Treatment Extra Strength for Men",
"Nioxin Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Nioxin Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Nioxin Hair Regrowth Treatment For Women",
"Nutrastim Hair Regrowth Treatment For Women",
"Nutrastim Hair Regrowth Treatment For Women",
"Nutrastim Hair Regrowth Treatment Unscented For Men",
"Nutrastim Hair Regrowth Treatment Unscented For Men",
"OLISMO 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Kit",
"OLISMO 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"OLISMO 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"Pabedo 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth serum",
"PACINOS 5 Minoxidil Topical Solution",
"Pantene Pro-V Expert Collection Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Peak Body Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Polaris Research NR-02 Hair Regrowth",
"Profolix Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"Provillus",
"Qilib Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Qilib Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Raphe Pharmaceutique",
"Raphe Pharmaceutique",
"Re-Gro",
"Regen",
"Regenivade Hair Growth Foam",
"Regenivade Hair Growth Foam",
"Regenpure Precision",
"Regoxidine",
"Regoxidine",
"Regoxidine (For Men)",
"Regoxidine (For Women)",
"Remixdil Extra Strength hair regrowth treatment for Men",
"Remixdil Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Renewal for Men",
"RIZE Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men 5%",
"Rootly Extra Strength Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Rootly Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Roots Professional - Topical Solution Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Rory for Women Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Ruigoo Minoxidil Topical Gel",
"Salubrito Hair Growth Treatment",
"SANNUO 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Treatment",
"Santo Remedio Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment Minoxidil Topical Solution Extra Strength Unscented",
"Santo Remedio Womens Hair Regrowth Treatment Minoxidil Unscented",
"ScalpMED for Men - VITADIL-5A Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"ScalpMED for Women - Vitadil-2A Hair Regrowth Treatment 2%",
"sefudun 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth serum",
"sefudun 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth serum",
"Shapiro MD 5% Minoxidil Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Shapriero 2% Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Shea Moisture Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Signature Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Signature Care Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Signature Care Hair Regrowth Treatment for men",
"Signature Care Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Simply Right Minoxidil",
"Simply Right Minoxidil Extra Strength",
"Smart Sense Hair Regrowth",
"Smart Sense Hair Regrowth",
"Smart Sense Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"Solution",
"Soti Hair Growth Serum",
"SUAI 5% MinoxidiL Hair Growth Solution",
"SUAVECITO 5% Minoxidil Solution",
"SUNHEAL 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Foam",
"SUNHEAL 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Foam",
"SUNHEAL 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Kit",
"Thappink Hair Growth Serum",
"The Root Of Goodness Healthy Growth Hair Regrowth System For Women 3 Step System",
"THICK HEAD Extra Strength for Men 5 Minoxidil Topical",
"Tomum Hair Growth Treatment For Men Minoxidil Unscented",
"Toppik Mens Hair Regrowth Treatment Extra Strength",
"Toppik Womens Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"uElixir Hair Growth Serum",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Men",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Up and Up Hair Regrowth Treatment for Women",
"Up and Up Minoxidil",
"Up and Up Minoxidil",
"Up and Up minoxidil",
"Vanarex Hair Regrowth Treatment",
"VIOFAIRY 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth oil",
"VIOFAIRY 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth serum",
"VIOFAIRY 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth serum",
"VIOFAIRY 5% Minoxidil Hair Growth serum",
"Vitadil-2A",
"Vitadil-5A",
"Women's Minoxidil Foam",
"Women's Rogaine Foam 5%",
"WOMENS alopexy",
"Womens Minoxidil Hair Growth System",
"Womens Minoxidil Hair Regrowth",
"Womens Rogaine - Unscented",
"Womens Rogaine Unscented",
"Womens Rogaine Unscented",
"Womens Rogaine Unscented",
"Wulumer 5% Minoxidil Hair Rrowth Oil",
"Yoocoi Minoxidil HAIR REGROWTH SERUM",
"Yoocoi Minoxidil HAIR REGROWTH TREATMENT",
"Yumhon 6% Minoxidil",
"ZOTOS PROFESSIONAL Nutri for Women 2% Minoxidil Topical Solution"
] |
[
"Alostil",
"Apo-Gain",
"Avogain",
"Lipogaine",
"Lonolox",
"Minodyl",
"Minoximen",
"Mintop",
"Normoxidil",
"Regaine",
"Rogaine",
"Theroxidil",
"Tricoxidil",
"Vanarex"
] |
[
"Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1%",
"Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 7%",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 5%",
"Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Minoxidil 7% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Minoxidil 5% / Progesterone 0.1% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% / Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 5%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1%",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 5% / Niacinamide 2% / Pentoxifylline 0.5%",
"Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% / Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 5%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Betamethasone Diproprionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 7%",
"MINOXIDIL 7% / NIACINAMIDE 4% s",
"Finasteride 0.1% / Minoxidil 7% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Bakumokon 5% Minoxidil",
"Bakumokon 7% Minoxidil Sulfate",
"Liquid",
"Minodil hair growth solution",
"Cream",
"Minoxidil Hair Growth Foam",
"5%Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"Hair Regrowth",
"5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum"
] |
[
"P48048",
"P00797",
"P23219"
] |
[
"P22309"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00351
|
Megestrol acetate
|
17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of anorexia, cachexia, or an unexplained, significant weight loss in patients with a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Also used for the palliative management of recurrent, inoperable, or metastatic breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and prostate cancer in Canada and some other countries.
|
Megestrol is a synthetic progestin and has the same physiologic effects as natural progesterone. These effects include induction of secretory changes in the endometrium, increase in basal body temperature, pituitary inhibition, and production of withdrawal bleeding in the presence of estrogen. Mestrogel has slight glucocorticoid activity and very slight mineralocorticoid activity. This drug has no estrogenic, androgenic, or anabolic activity. The precise mechanism of megestrol’s antianorexic and anticachetic effects is unknown. Initially developed as a contraceptive, it was first evaluated in breast cancer treatment in 1967.
|
The precise mechanism by which megestrol acetate produces effects in anorexia and cachexia is unknown at the present time, but its progestin antitumour activity may involve suppression of luteinizing hormone by inhibition of pituitary function. Studies also suggest that the megestrol's weight gain effect is related to its appetite-stimulant or metabolic effects rather than its glucocorticoid-like effects or the production of edema. It has also been suggested that megestrol may alter metabolic pathyways via interferences with the production or action of mediators such as cachectin, a hormone that inhibits adipocyte lipogenic enzymes.
|
Variable, but well absorbed orally.
|
Primarily hepatic. Megestrol metabolites which were identified in urine constituted 5% to 8% of the dose administered. Respiratory excretion as labeled carbon dioxide and fat storage may have accounted for at least part of the radioactivity not found in urine and feces. No active metabolites have been identified.
|
No serious unexpected side effects have resulted from studies involving megestrol acetate oral suspension administered in dosages as high as 1200 mg/day. Treatment with megestrol acetate, an orexigenic agent, has also resulted in iatrogenic adrenal suppression. The mechanism is presumably related to the glucocorticoid properties of megestrol acetate [PMID: 12872362].
|
34 hours
| null |
The major route of drug elimination in humans is urine.
Respiratory excretion as labeled carbon dioxide and fat storage may have accounted for at least part of the radioactivity not found in urine and feces.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Pregnane steroids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Megestrol Acetate 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.17",
"description": "Megestrol 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "30.6",
"description": "Megestrol acetate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "149.71",
"description": "Megestrol Acetate 40 mg/ml Suspension 240ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "297.92",
"description": "Megestrol Acetate 40 mg/ml Suspension 480ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Megestrol 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.71",
"description": "Megace 40 mg/ml oral suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Megestrol Acetate 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1992-09-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-01-25",
"number": "5145684"
},
{
"approved": "2006-09-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "7101576"
},
{
"approved": "2015-08-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "9101540"
},
{
"approved": "2015-08-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "9101549"
},
{
"approved": "2015-08-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "9107827"
},
{
"approved": "2015-05-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "9040088"
},
{
"approved": "2003-07-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-09-21",
"number": "6592903"
}
] |
17-Acetoxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione | 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione 17-acetate | 17alpha-Acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone | 17alpha-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione acetate | 17α-Acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone | 17α-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione acetate | 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone | 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone | 6-Methyl-17alpha-acetoxypregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione | 6-Methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-delta(sup 6)-progesterone acetate | 6-Methyl-17α-acetoxypregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione | 6-Methyl-17α-hydroxy-delta(sup 6)-progesterone acetate | 6-Methyl-6-dehydro-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone | 6-Methyl-6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone | 6-Methyl-delta(sup 4,6)-pregnadien-17alpha-ol-3,20-dione acetate | 6-Methyl-delta(sup 4,6)-pregnadien-17α-ol-3,20-dione acetate | 6-Methyl-delta(sup 6)-dehydro-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone | 6-Methyl-delta(sup 6)-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone | Megestrol acetate | MGA | NR3C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 | PR | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Apo-megestrol",
"Apo-megestrol",
"Linmegestrol - Tab 160mg",
"Linmegestrol - Tab 40mg",
"Megace",
"Megace",
"Megace",
"Megace",
"Megace",
"Megace",
"Megace ES",
"Megace Es",
"Megace ES",
"Megace ES",
"Megace ES",
"Megace Os",
"Megestol",
"Megestrol",
"Megestrol",
"Megestrol",
"Megestrol",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol Acetate",
"Megestrol-160 - Tab 160 mg",
"Megestrol-40 - Tab 40mg"
] |
[
"Maygace",
"Megestat",
"Megestil",
"Megestin"
] |
[] |
[
"P06401",
"P04150"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00353
|
Methylergometrine
|
A homolog of ergonovine containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
|
solid
|
For the prevention and control of excessive bleeding following vaginal childbirth
|
Methylergometrine is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid and a derivative of ergonovine and is used for the prevention and control of postpartum and post-abortion hemorrhage. In general, the effects of all the ergot alkaloids appear to results from their actions as partial agonists or antagonists at adrenergic, dopaminergic, and tryptaminergic receptors. The spectrum of effects depends on the agent, dosage, species, tissue, and experimental or physiological conditions. All of the alkaloids of ergot significantly increase the motor activity of the uterus. After small doses contractions are increased in force or frequency, or both, but are followed by a normal degree of relaxation. As the dose is increased, contractions become more forceful and prolonged, resting tonus is markedly increased, and sustained contracture can result.
|
Methylergometrine acts directly on the smooth muscle of the uterus and increases the tone, rate, and amplitude of rhythmic contractions through binding and the resultant antagonism of the dopamine D1 receptor. Thus, it induces a rapid and sustained tetanic uterotonic effect which shortens the third stage of labor and reduces blood loss.
|
Absorption is rapid after oral (60% bioavailability) and intramuscular (78% bioavailability) administration.
|
Hepatic, with extensive first-pass metabolism.
|
Signs and symptoms of overexposure: hypertension, seizures, headache, hypotension, nausea, and vomiting.
|
3.39 hours
| null |
Ergot alkaloids are mostly eliminated by hepatic metabolism and excretion, and the decrease in bioavailability following oral administration is probably a result of first-pass metabolism in the liver.
|
* 56.1 ± 0 L
| null |
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Ergoline and derivatives
|
Lysergic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"G02AC",
"G02A",
"G02",
"G",
"G02AB",
"G02A",
"G02",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.42",
"description": "Methergine 0.2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.28",
"description": "Methylergonovine 0.2 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "7.81",
"description": "Methergine 0.2 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Norforms fem deodorant suppository",
"unit": "suppository"
}
] |
[] |
9,10-Didehydro-N-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-propyl]-D-lysergamide | D-lysergic acid 1-butanolamide | Ergotyl | Methylergobasin | Methylergometrin | Méthylergométrine | Methylergometrine | Methylergometrinum | Methylergonovine | Metilergometrina | Metilergometrinio | Dopamine D1 receptor | 5-HT-2B | 5-HT2B | Serotonin receptor 2B | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methergine",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate",
"Methylergonovine Maleate"
] |
[
"Basofortina",
"Bledstop",
"Demergin",
"Ergogin",
"Ergomed",
"Ergomin",
"Ergotyl",
"Expogin",
"Glomethyl",
"Ingagen-M",
"Mem",
"Mergot",
"Mergotrex",
"Metenarin",
"Metermin",
"Méthergin",
"Methergin",
"Metherinal",
"Metherspan",
"Methovin",
"Methylergobrevin",
"Methylergometrin",
"Metilat",
"Metiler",
"Metilergometrina",
"Metrine",
"Metrol",
"Metvell",
"Myomergin",
"Myometril",
"Neo-ergo",
"Partan M",
"Pospargin",
"Satergin",
"Usamema",
"Utergin",
"Uterine",
"Uterjin",
"Uterowin",
"Utesel"
] |
[] |
[
"P21728",
"P41595"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00354
|
Buclizine
|
Buclizine is an antihistamine medication with both antiemetic and anticholinergic effects [L6220], belonging to the _piperazine derivative_ family of drugs. It was manufactured by Stuart Pharms and initially approved by the FDA in 1957.[L6217] Following this, it was touted to be effective as an appetite stimulant in children when administered in the syrup form, however, this indication has not been validated.[A178102] In addition to the above conditions, buclizine has been studied in the treatment of migraine attacks and in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. [A178105, A178108]
|
liquid
|
For prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness and vertigo (dizziness caused by other medical problems).
|
Buclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine used as an antivertigo/antiemetic agent. Buclizine is used in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Additionally, it has been used in the management of vertigo in diseases affecting the vestibular apparatus. Although the mechanism by which buclizine exerts its antiemetic and antivertigo effects has not been fully elucidated, its central anticholinergic properties are partially responsible. The drug depresses labyrinth excitability and vestibular stimulation, and it may affect the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. It also possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic, central nervous system depressant, and local anesthetic effects.
|
Vomiting (emesis) is essentially a protective mechanism for removing irritant or otherwise harmful substances from the upper GI tract. Emesis or vomiting is controlled by the vomiting centre in the medulla region of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ). The vomiting centre possesses neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine containing synapses. These types of neurons are especially involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Motion sickness principally involves overstimulation of these pathways due to various sensory stimuli. Hence the action of buclizine which acts to block the histamine receptors in the vomiting centre and thus reduce activity along these pathways. Furthermore since buclizine possesses anti-cholinergic properties as well, the muscarinic receptors are similarly blocked.
|
Rapidly absorbed following oral administration.
|
Hepatic.
| null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Diphenylmethanes
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"R06AE",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R",
"R06AE",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
1-(p-tert-Butylbenzyl)-4-(4-chloro-alpha-phenylbenzyl)piperazine | Buclizina | Buclizine | Buclizinum | H1-R | H1R | HH1R
|
[] |
[
"Bucladin",
"Bucladin-S",
"Longifene Syrup"
] |
[] |
[
"P35367",
"P11229"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00355
|
Aztreonam
|
A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible gram-negative microorganisms: urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, septicemia, skin and skin-structure infections, intra-abdominal infections, and gynecologic infections.
|
Aztreonam is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (a monobactam) originally isolated from <i>Chromobacterium violaceum</i>. Aztreonam exhibits potent and specific activity in vitro against a wide spectrum of gram-negative aerobic pathogens including <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. It has no useful activity against gram-positive bacteria or anaerobes, but has very broad spectrum against gram-negative aerobes, including <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. This has given it the nickname "the magic bullet for aerobic gram-negative bacteria". Aztreonam, unlike the majority of beta-lactam antibiotics, does not induce beta-lactamase activity and its molecular structure confers a high degree of resistance to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases (such as penicillinases and cephalosporinases) produced by most gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens; it is, therefore, usually active against gram-negative aerobic microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics hydrolyzed by beta-lactamases. It is active against many strains that are multiply-resistant to other antibiotics, such as certain cephalosporins, penicillin, and aminoglycosides. Aztreonam maintains its antimicrobial activity over a pH range of 6 to 8 in vitro, as well as in the presence of human serum and under anaerobic conditions.
|
The bactericidal action of aztreonam results from the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis due to a high affinity of aztreonam for penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3). By binding to PBP3, aztreonam inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. It is possible that aztreonam interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
|
Less than 1% absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. Completely absorbed following intramuscular administration.
|
Approximately 6 to 16% metabolized to inactive metabolites by hydrolysis of the beta-lactam bond, resulting in an open-ring compound.
| null |
The serum half-life of aztreonam averaged 1.7 hours (1.5 to 2.0) in subjects with normal renal function, independent of the dose. In elderly patients and in patients with impaired renal function, the mean serum half-life of aztreonam increased (4.7 to 6 hours and 2.1 hours, respectively).
|
Serum protein binding averaged 56% and is independent of dose. Impaired renal function, 36 to 43%.
|
In healthy subjects, aztreonam is excreted in the urine about equally by active tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Urinary excretion of a single parenteral dose was essentially complete by 12 hours after injection.
|
* 12.6 L
|
* 91 mL/min [healthy]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Lactams
|
Beta lactams
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"J01DF",
"J01D",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.6",
"description": "Azactam-iso-osmot 2 gm/50 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "40.78",
"description": "Azactam 1 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "63.24",
"description": "Cayston 75 mg inhal solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "81.4",
"description": "Azactam 2 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "0.8",
"description": "Azactam-iso-osmot 1 gm/50 ml",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1998-12-15",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2015-12-15",
"number": "1340253"
},
{
"approved": "1996-10-22",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-10-22",
"number": "1338670"
},
{
"approved": "2007-04-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-12-20",
"number": "7208141"
},
{
"approved": "2008-09-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-12-20",
"number": "7427633"
},
{
"approved": "2013-03-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-12-20",
"number": "8399496"
},
{
"approved": "2007-05-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-12-20",
"number": "7214364"
}
] |
(Z,)-2-((((2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)(((2S,3S,)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl)carbamoyl)methylene)amino)oxy)-2-methylpropionic acid | 2-({[(1Z)-1-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) -2- {[(2S,3S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfoazetidin-3-yl]amino} -2- oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid | Aztreonam | Aztréonam | Aztreonamum | PBP 3 | Penicillin-binding protein C | PSPB20 | ycsM | yzsA | 2.4.1.129 | PBP-3 | pbpB | Penicillin-binding protein 3 | Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase 3 | 3.5.2.6 | blaC | Cephalosporinase | 3.5.2.6
|
[
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Azactam",
"Aztreonam",
"Aztreonam",
"Aztreonam",
"Aztreonam",
"Aztreonam",
"Cayston",
"Cayston",
"Cayston",
"Cayston",
"Emblaveo"
] |
[
"Azenam",
"Aztram",
"Aztreo",
"Bencipen",
"Primbactam",
"Trezam",
"Vebac"
] |
[
"Emblaveo"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00356
|
Chlorzoxazone
|
A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202)
|
solid
|
For the relief of discomfort associated with acute painful musculoskeletal conditions.
|
Chlorzoxazone is a centrally-acting agent for painful musculoskeletal conditions. Data available from animal experiments as well as human study indicate that chlorzoxazone acts primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain where it inhibits multisynaptic reflex a.c. involved in producing and maintaining skeletal muscle spasm of varied etiology. The clinical result is a reduction of the skeletal muscle spasm with relief of pain and increased mobility of the involved muscles.
|
Chlorzoxazone inhibits degranulation of mast cells, subsequently preventing the release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), mediators of type I allergic reactions. Chlorzoxazone also may reduce the release of inflammatory leukotrienes. Chlorzoxazone may act by inhibiting calcium and potassium influx which would lead to neuronal inhibition and muscle relaxation. Data available from animal experiments as well as human study indicate that chlorzoxazone acts primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain where it inhibits multisynaptic reflex arcs involved in producing and maintaining skeletal muscle spasm
| null |
Chlorzoxazone is rapidly metabolized in the liver and is excreted in the urine, primarily in a conjugated form as the glucuronide.
|
Oral, mouse: LD<sub>50</sub> = 440 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD<sub>50</sub> = 763 mg/kg; Symptoms of overdose include diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, light-headedness, nausea, and vomiting.
| null |
13-18%
|
Chlorzoxazone is rapidly metabolized and is excreted in the urine, primarily in a conjugated form as the glucuronide.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzoxazoles
|
Benzoxazolones
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"M03BB",
"M03B",
"M03",
"M",
"M03BB",
"M03B",
"M03",
"M",
"M03BB",
"M03B",
"M03",
"M"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.65",
"description": "Parafon forte dsc 500 mg caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Chlorzoxazone 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.87",
"description": "Chlorzoxazone 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoxazole | 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolinone | 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolol | 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolone | 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoxazole | 5-chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone | 5-chloro-3H-benzooxazol-2-one | 5-chlorobenzoxazolidone | 5-chlorobenzoxazolin-2-one | Chlorzoxane | Chlorzoxazon | Chlorzoxazona | Chlorzoxazone | Chlorzoxazonum | Clorzoxazona | Clorzoxazone | BK channel | BKCA alpha | Calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M subunit alpha-1 | hSlo | K(VCA)alpha | KCa1.1 | KCNMA | Maxi K channel | MaxiK | SLO | Slo homolog | Slo-alpha | Slo1 | Slowpoke homolog | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Acetazone Forte",
"Acetazone Forte C8",
"Back-aid Forte - Tab",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Chlorzoxazone",
"Extra Strength Tylenol Aches and Strains",
"Gin Pain Pills - Tab",
"Lorzone",
"Lorzone",
"Lorzone",
"Parafon DSC",
"Parafon Forte",
"Parafon Forte",
"Parafon Forte C8 W Codeine Tab",
"Parafon Forte DSC",
"Parafon Forte DSC",
"Parafon Forte Tablets"
] |
[
"Myoflexin",
"Paraflex",
"Relaxazone",
"Remular",
"Remular-S",
"Solaxin",
"Strifon Forte DSC"
] |
[
"Acetazone Forte",
"Parafon Forte",
"Extra Strength Tylenol Aches and Strains",
"Gin Pain Pills - Tab",
"Parafon Forte Tablets",
"Parafon Forte C8 W Codeine Tab",
"Back-aid Forte - Tab",
"Acetazone Forte C8"
] |
[
"Q12791"
] |
[
"P05181",
"P04798",
"P05177",
"P11509",
"P08684",
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00357
|
Aminoglutethimide
|
An aromatase inhibitor that produces a state of "medical" adrenalectomy by blocking the production of adrenal steroids. It also blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Aminoglutethimide has been used in the treatment of advanced breast and prostate cancer. It was formerly used for its weak anticonvulsant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p454)
|
solid
|
For the suppression of adrenal function in selected patients with Cushing's syndrome, malignant neoplasm of the female breast, and carcinoma in situ of the breast.
|
Aminoglutethimide inhibits the enzymatic conversion of cholesterol to D5-pregnenolone, resulting in a decrease in the production of adrenal glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and androgens.
|
Aminoglutethimide reduces the production of D5-pregnenolone and blocks several other steps in steroid synthesis, including the C-11, C-18, and C-21 hydroxylations and the hydroxylations required for the aromatization of androgens to estrogens, mediated through the binding of aminoglutethimide to cytochrome P-450 complexes. Specifically, the drug binds to and inhibits aromatase which is essential for the generation of estrogens from androstenedione and testosterone. A decrease in adrenal secretion of cortisol is followed by an increased secretion of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which will overcome the blockade of adrenocortical steroid synthesis by aminoglutethimide. The compensatory increase in ACTH secretion can be suppressed by the simultaneous administration of hydrocortisone. Since aminoglutethimide increases the rate of metabolism of dexamethasone but not that of hydrocortisone, the latter is preferred as the adrenal glucocorticoid replacement. Although aminoglutethimide inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine by the thyroid gland, the compensatory increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is frequently of sufficient magnitude to overcome the inhibition of thyroid synthesis due to aminoglutethimide. In spite of an increase in TSH, aminoglutethimide has not been associated with increased prolactin secretion.
|
Rapidly and completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of tablets is equivalent to equal doses given as a solution.
|
Hepatic. 34-54% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug during the first 48 hours, and an additional fraction as an N-acetyl derivative.
|
Oral LD50s (mg/kg): rats, 1800; dogs, >100. Intravenous LD50s (mg/kg): rats, 156; dogs, >100. Symptoms of overdose include respiratory depression, hypoventilation, hypotension, hypovolemic shock due to dehydration, somnolence, lethargy, coma, ataxia, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.
|
12.5 ± 1.6 hours
|
21-25%
|
After ingestion of a single oral dose, 34%-54% is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug during the first 48 hours, and an additional fraction as the N-acetyl derivative.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Aniline and substituted anilines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L02BG",
"L02B",
"L02",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
2-(p-Aminophenyl)-2-ethylglutarimide | 3-Ethyl-3-(p-aminophenyl)-2,6-dioxopiperidine | Aminoglutethimid | Aminoglutéthimide | Aminoglutethimide | Aminoglutethimidum | Aminoglutetimida | Aminoglutetimide | DL-Aminoglutethimide | p-Aminoglutethimide | α-(p-Aminophenyl)-α-ethylglutarimide | 1.14.15.6 | Cholesterol desmolase | CYP11A | CYPXIA1 | Cytochrome P450 11A1 | Cytochrome P450(scc) | 1.14.14.14 | ARO1 | CYAR | CYP19 | CYPXIX | Cytochrome P-450AROM | Cytochrome P450 19A1 | Estrogen synthase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Cytadren",
"Cytadren Tab 250mg"
] |
[
"Elipten",
"Mamomit",
"Orimeten",
"Rogluten"
] |
[] |
[
"P05108",
"P11511"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P33261"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00358
|
Mefloquine
|
Malaria is a protozoan disease that places an enormous burden on human health in endemic areas around the world. The 2020 World Health Organization malaria report indicates a 60% decrease in the global malaria fatality rate between 2000 to 2019.[L30618] Despite this, malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality; 90% of deaths from malaria occur in Africa. Individuals at the highest risk for malaria are those in disease naïve populations, children under age 5, refugees in Central and Eastern Africa, nonimmune civilian and military travelers, pregnant women, and immigrants traveling to their place of origin.[L30623]
Mefloquine, commonly known as Lariam, is an antimalarial drug used for the prevention and treatment of malaria caused by infection with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. The drug was initially discovered by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) during a malaria drug discovery program between 1963 until 1976. It was approved by the FDA in 1989, and was first marketed by Hoffman Laroche.[A226838] This drug has been the subject of widespread controversy due to concerns regarding neurotoxic effects; product information warns of potential serious neuropsychiatric effects.[A226838,L8953]
|
solid
|
Mefloquine is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate cases of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. It is effective against chloroquine-resistant forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Mefloquine is also indicated for the prophylaxis of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, including chloroquine-resistant forms of Plasmodium falciparum.[L8953]
|
Sporozoites located in the salivary glands of mosquitoes infected with malaria parasites are introduced into the bloodstream of a human host during mosquito feeding. These sporozoites rapidly invade the liver, where they mature into liver-stage schizonts, rupturing and releasing 2,000 - 40,000 merozoites that invade red blood cells.[L30688] Mefloquine is an antimalarial drug acting as a blood schizonticide, preventing and treating malaria.[A226823,A226833]
|
The mechanism of action of mefloquine is not completely understood. Some studies suggest that mefloquine specifically targets the 80S ribosome of the Plasmodium falciparum, inhibiting protein synthesis and causing subsequent schizonticidal effects.[A172000] There are other studies in the literature with limited in vitro data on mefloquine's mechanism of action.[A226938,A15758]
|
Mefloquine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; food significantly increases absorption and increases bioavailability by 40%. The bioavailability of tablets compared with the oral solution preparation of mefloquine is over 85%. Cmax is achieved in 6 to 24 hours in healthy volunteers after a single dose.[A226868,L8953] Average blood concentrations range between 50 to 110 ng/ml/mg/kg.[A226868] A weekly dose of 250 mg leads to steady-state plasma concentrations of 1000 to 2000 μg/L, after 7 to 10 weeks of administration.[L8953]
|
Mefloquine is heavily metabolized in the liver by the CYP3A4 enzyme.[A38732,L8953] Two metabolites have been identified; the main metabolite, 2,8-bis-trifluoromethyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid, which inactive against plasmodium falciparum. The second metabolite, an alcohol, is found in small quantities.[L8953]
|
The oral TDLO of mefloquine in humans is 11 mg/kg/2W (intermittent) and 880 mg/kg in the rat. Intraperitoneal LD50 in the rat is 130 mg/kg.[L30668]
Symptoms of an overdose with mefloquine may manifest as a worsening of adverse effects. In the case of an overdose, symptomatic and supportive care should be provided. There is no known antidote for an overdose with mefloquine.[L8953] Monitor cardiac function by ECG, follow neuropsychiatric status for at least 24 hours, and provide treatment as required.[L8953]
|
The terminal elimination half-life of mefloquine ranges from 0.9 - 13.8 days, according to one pharmacokinetic review.[A226868] In various studies of healthy adults, the mean elimination half-life of mefloquine varied between 2 and 4 weeks, with a mean half-life of approximately 21 days.[L8953]
|
The binding of mefloquine to plasma proteins is over 98%.[A226868,L8953]
|
Mefloquine is believed to be excreted in the bile and feces. In healthy volunteers who have achieved steady-state concentrations of mefloquine, the unchanged drug was excreted at 9% of the ingested dose, and excretion of its carboxylic metabolite under was measured at 4% of the ingested dose. Concentrations of other metabolites could not be determined.[A226948,L8953]
|
The apparent volume of distribution is in healthy adults is about 20 L/kg with wide tissue distribution.[L8953] Various estimates of the total apparent volume of distribution range from 13.3 to 40.9L/kg.[A226868] Mefloquine can accumulate in erythrocytes that have been infected with malaria parasites.[L8953]
|
The systemic clearance of mefloquine ranges from 0.022 to 0.073 L/h/kg, with an increased clearance during pregnancy.[A226868] Prescribing information mentions a clearance rate of 30 mL/min.[L8953]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Quinolines and derivatives
|
4-quinolinemethanols
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"P01BF",
"P01B",
"P01",
"P",
"P01BC",
"P01B",
"P01",
"P"
] |
[
"Plasmodium falciparum"
] |
[
{
"cost": "10.8",
"description": "Mefloquine hcl 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "12.41",
"description": "Lariam 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "322.77",
"description": "Lariam 25 250 mg tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
}
] |
[] |
(DL-ERYTHRO-.ALPHA.-2-PIPERIDYL-2,8-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-4-QUINOLINEMETHANOL | [(R*,S*)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol | 4-QUINOLINEMETHANOL, .ALPHA.-2-PIPERIDINYL-2,8-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-, (R*,S*)-(±)- | alpha-2-Piperidinyl-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanol | Mefloquin | Mefloquina | Méfloquine | Mefloquine | Mefloquinum | ADORA2 | 1.14.14.14 | ARO1 | CYAR | CYP19 | CYPXIX | Cytochrome P-450AROM | Cytochrome P450 19A1 | Estrogen synthase | 3.1.1.7 | AChE | 3.1.1.8 | Acylcholine acylhydrolase | Butyrylcholine esterase | CHE1 | Choline esterase II | Pseudocholinesterase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Lariam",
"Lariam Tab 250mg",
"Mefloquine",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride",
"Mefloquine Hydrochloride"
] |
[
"Eloquine",
"Facital",
"Falcital",
"Larimef",
"Mefax",
"Mefliam",
"Meflon",
"Mefloquina",
"Mefque",
"Mephaquin",
"Mephaquin Lactab",
"Mequin",
"Mqf",
"Suton",
"Tropicur"
] |
[] |
[
"P29274"
] |
[
"P11511",
"P22303",
"P06276",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00359
|
Sulfadiazine
|
One of the short-acting sulfonamides used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of rheumatic fever and meningococcal meningitis
|
Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. The sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics with a wide spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. However, many strains of an individual species may be resistant. Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of <i>p</i>-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle. Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulfonamides, and resistance to one sulfonamide indicates resistance to all. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally. However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble sulfonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues. The sulfonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues. High levels are achieved in pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and ocular fluids. Although these drugs are no longer used to treat meningitis, CSF levels are high in meningeal infections. Their antibacterial action is inhibited by pus.
|
Sulfadiazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme is needed for the proper processing of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is essential for folic acid synthesis. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid.
| null | null |
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mouse is 1500 mg/kg.
| null | null |
Sulfadiazine is excreted largely in the urine.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzenesulfonamides
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"J01EE",
"J01E",
"J01",
"J",
"J01EC",
"J01E",
"J01",
"J",
"G01AE",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"J01EE",
"J01E",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.5",
"description": "Sulfadiazine 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "13.99",
"description": "Silver Sulfadiazine 1% Cream 25 gm Jar",
"unit": "jar"
},
{
"cost": "19.99",
"description": "Silver Sulfadiazine 1% Cream 85 gm Jar",
"unit": "jar"
},
{
"cost": "21.99",
"description": "Silver Sulfadiazine 1% Cream 50 gm Jar",
"unit": "jar"
},
{
"cost": "36.48",
"description": "Silver Sulfadiazine 1% Cream 400 gm Jar",
"unit": "jar"
},
{
"cost": "0.13",
"description": "Sulfadiazine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Sulfazine 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Sulfazine ec 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.42",
"description": "Sulfazine EC 500 mg Enteric Coated Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
}
] |
[] |
2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine | 2-sulfanilylaminopyrimidine | 4-amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide | N(1)-2-Pyrimidinylsulfanilamide | N(1)-2-Pyrimidylsulfanilamide | Sulfadiazin | Sulfadiazina | Sulfadiazine | Sulfadiazinum | Sulfapyrimidine | Sulphadiazine | EC 2.5.1.15 | 2.5.1.15 | dhpS | Dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Coptin Oral Suspension",
"Coptin Tab",
"Coptin Tab",
"Ovoquinol Cones",
"Ovoquinol Crm Vaginale",
"Sulfadiazine",
"Sulfadiazine",
"Sulfadiazine",
"Sulfadiazine",
"sulfADIAZINE",
"Sulfadiazine Sodium",
"Sulfadiazine Tab 7.7gr",
"Trisulfaminic Sus",
"Trisulfaminic Tab"
] |
[
"Adiazine"
] |
[
"Trisulfaminic Tab",
"Trisulfaminic Sus",
"Coptin Tab",
"Ovoquinol Crm Vaginale",
"Ovoquinol Cones",
"Coptin Tab",
"Coptin Oral Suspension"
] |
[] |
[
"P10632",
"P08684",
"P11712"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB02385
|
D-threo-neopterin
|
A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin.
|
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Pteridines and derivatives
|
Pterins and derivatives
|
[
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
D-monapterin | D-threo-monapterin | Monapterin | Neopterin D-threo-form
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB03896
|
Triphosphoric acid
|
Used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative.
|
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Inorganic compounds
|
Homogeneous non-metal compounds
|
Non-metal oxoanionic compounds
|
Non-metal phosphates
|
[
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
acide triphosphorique | catena-triphosphoric acid | Inorganic triphosphate | Triphosphorsäure | tripolyphosphoric acid | 2.7.7.19 | PAP | PAP-alpha | Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase alpha
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P51003"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00997
|
Doxorubicin
|
Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius along side with daunorubicin, another cytotoxic agent, in 1970.[A1575,A257709,A257614] Although they both have aglyconic and sugar moieties, doxorubicin's side chain terminates with a primary alcohol group compared to the methyl group of daunorubicin.[A257709] Although its detailed molecular mechanisms have yet to be understood, doxorubicin is generally thought to exert its effect through DNA intercalation, which eventually leads to DNA damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species.[A257614] Thanks to its efficacy and broad effect, doxorubicin was approved by the FDA in 1974 to treat a variety of cancer, including but not limited to breast, lung, gastric, ovarian, thyroid, non-Hodgkin’s and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, sarcoma, and pediatric cancers.[A1573,A257614,L45231] However, one of the major side effects of doxorubicin is cardiotoxicity, which excludes patients with poor heart function and requires treatment termination once the maximally tolerated cumulative dose is reached.[A257719]
|
solid
|
Doxorubicin is indicated for the treatment of neoplastic conditions like acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic Wilms’ tumor, metastatic neuroblastoma, metastatic soft tissue and bone sarcomas, metastatic ovarian carcinoma, metastatic transitional cell bladder carcinoma, metastatic thyroid carcinoma, metastatic gastric carcinoma, and metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma.[L45231] Doxorubicin is also indicated for use as a component of adjuvant therapy in women with evidence of axillary lymph node involvement following resection of primary breast cancer.[L45231] For the liposomal formulation, doxorubicin is indicated for the treatment of ovarian cancer that has progressed or recurred after platinum-based chemotherapy, AIDS-Related Kaposi's Sarcoma after the failure of prior systemic chemotherapy or intolerance to such therapy, and multiple myeloma in combination with bortezomib in patients who have not previously received bortezomib and have received at least one prior therapy.[L45226]
|
Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic, cell-cycle non-specific anthracycline antibiotic.[A1574,A257674] It is generally thought to exert its antitumor effect by destabilizing DNA structures through intercalation, thus introducing DNA strand breakages and damages.[A257664,A18538,A257674] Not only does it alter the transcriptomes of the cells, failure in repairing DNA structures can also initiate the apoptotic pathways.[A257674,A257679] Additionally, doxorubicin intercalation can also interfere with vital enzyme activity, such as topoisomerase II, DNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase, leading to cell cycle arrests.[A257674] Finally, doxorubicin can also generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species to exert cellular damages.[A257584]
|
Generally, doxorubicin is thought to exert its antineoplastic activity through 2 primary mechanisms: intercalation into DNA and disrupt topoisomerase-mediated repairs and free radicals-mediated cellular damages.[A257614]
Doxorubicin can intercalate into DNA through the anthraquinone ring, which stabilizes the complex by forming hydrogen bonds with DNA bases.[A257659] Intercalation of doxorubicin can introduce torsional stress into the polynucleotide structure, thus destabilizing nucleosome structures and leading to nucleosome eviction and replacement.[A257664,A18538] Additionally, the doxorubicin-DNA complex can interfere with topoisomerase II enzyme activity by preventing relegation of topoisomerase-mediated DNA breaks, thus inhibiting replication and transcription and inducing apoptosis.[A257669,A257674]
Moreover, doxorubicin can be metabolized by microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase into a semiquinone radical, which can be reoxidized in the presence of oxygen to form oxygen radicals.[A1579,A257584] Reactive oxygen species have been known to cause cellular damage through various mechanisms, including lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.[A257634] Although free radicals generated from this pathway can be deactivated by catalase and superoxide dismutase, tumor and myocardial cells tend to lack these enzymes, thus explaining doxorubicin's effectiveness against cancer cells and tendency to cause cardiotoxicity.[A1579,A257584,A1578]
|
Following a 10 mg/m<sup>2</sup> administration of liposomal doxorubicin in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's Sarcoma, the C<sub>max</sub> and AUC values were calculated to be 4.12 ± 0.215 μg/mL and 277 ± 32.9 μg/mL•h respectively.[L45226]
|
Doxorubicin is capable of undergoing 3 metabolic routes: one-electron reduction, two-electron reduction, and deglycosidation. However, approximately half of the dose is eliminated from the body unchanged.[A1578]
The two-electron reduction is the major metabolic pathway of doxorubicin.[A1578] In this pathway, doxorubicin is reduced to doxorubicinol, a secondary alcohol, by various enzymes, including Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP(+)], Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1, Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 3, and Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3.[A18032,A257574,A1578,A18033,A18034]
The one-electron reduction is facilitated by several oxidoreductase, both cytosolic and mitochondrial, to form a doxirubicin-semiquinone radical.[A1579] These enzymes include mitochondrial and cystolic NADPH dehydrogenates, xanthine oxidase, and nitric oxide synthases.[A18035,A18042,A18407,A257579,A18037,A18038] This semiquinone metabolite can be re-oxidized to doxorubicin, although with the concurrent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide.[A257584] It is the ROS generating through this pathway that contributes most to the doxorubicin-related adverse effects, particularly cardiotoxicity, rather than through doxorubicin semiquinone formation.[A257589]
Deglycosidation is a minor metabolic pathway, since it only accounts for 1 to 2% of doxorubicin metabolism.[A1578, A257514] Under the catalysis of cytoplasmic NADPH quinone dehydrogenase, xanthine oxidase, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, doxorubicin can either be reduced to doxorubicin deoxyaglycone or hydrolyzed to doxorubicin hydroxyaglycone.[A257569,A18036,A18043]
|
Doxorubicin hydrochloride treatment can increase the risk of secondary malignancies based on postmarketing reports. Doxorubicin hydrochloride was mutagenic in the in vitro Ames assay, and clastogenic in multiple in vitro assays (CHO cell, V79 hamster cell, human lymphoblast, and SCE assays) and the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.[L45231]
Doxorubicin hydrochloride decreased fertility in female rats at doses of 0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.005 and 0.02 times the recommended human dose, based on body surface area).[L45231] In females of reproductive potential, Doxorubicin hydrochloride may cause infertility and result in amenorrhea. Premature menopause can occur. Recovery of menses and ovulation is related to age at treatment.[L45231]
A single intravenous dose of 0.1 mg/kg doxorubicin hydrochloride (approximately 0.01 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) was toxic to male reproductive organs in animal studies, producing testicular atrophy, diffuse degeneration of the seminiferous tubules, and oligospermia/hypospermia in rats. Doxorubicin hydrochloride induces DNA damage in rabbit spermatozoa and dominant lethal mutations in mice.[L45231]
Based on findings in animals and its mechanism of action, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Injection/for Injection can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman; avoid the use of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Injection/for Injection during the 1st trimester. Available human data do not establish the presence or absence of major birth defects and miscarriage related to the use of doxorubicin hydrochloride during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Doxorubicin hydrochloride was teratogenic and embryotoxic in rats and embryotoxic in rabbits when administered during organogenesis at doses approximately 0.07 times (based on body surface area) the recommended human dose of 60 mg/m2. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.[L45231]
Based on postmarketing reports, pediatric patients treated with doxorubicin hydrochloride are at risk for developing late cardiovascular dysfunction. Risk factors include young age at treatment (especially < 5 years), high cumulative doses and receipt of combined modality therapy. Long-term periodic cardiovascular monitoring is recommended for all pediatric patients who have received doxorubicin hydrochloride. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, as a component of intensive chemotherapy regimens administered to pediatric patients, may contribute to prepubertal growth failure and may also contribute to gonadal impairment, which is usually
temporary.[L45231]
|
The terminal half-life of doxorubicin ranges from 20 hours to 48 hours.[L45231] The distribution half-life of doxorubicin is approximately 5 minutes.[L45231] For the liposomal formulation, the first-phase and second-phase half-lives were calculated to be 4.7 ± 1.1 and 52.3 ± 5.6 hours respectively for a 10 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of doxorubicin in patients with AIDS-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma.[L45226]
|
The binding of doxorubicin and its major metabolite, doxorubicinol, to plasma proteins is 75% and is independent of plasma concentration of doxorubicin up to 1.1 µg/mL. Doxorubicin does not cross the blood-brain barrier.[L45231] Plasma protein binding of doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome injection has not been determined.[L45226]
|
Approximately 40% of the dose appears in the bile in 5 days, while only 5% to 12% of the drug and its metabolites appear in the urine during the same time period. In urine, <3% of the dose was recovered as doxorubicinol over 7 days.[L45231]
|
The steady-state distribution volume of doxorubicin ranges from 809 L/m<sup>2</sup> to 1214 L/m<sup>2</sup>.[L45231]
|
The plasma clearance of doxorubicin ranges from 324 mL/min/m2 to 809 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> by metabolism and biliary excretion.[L45231] Sexual differences in doxorubicin were also observed, with men having a higher clearance compared to women (1088 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> versus 433 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>).[L45231] Following the administration of doses ranging from 10 mg/m2 to 75 mg/m<sup>2</sup> of doxorubicin hydrochloride, the plasma clearance was estimated to be 1540 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> in children greater than 2 years of age and 813 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> in infants younger than 2 years of age.[L45231]
|
Organic compounds
|
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
|
Anthracyclines
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01DB",
"L01D",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "13.2",
"description": "Adriamycin 10 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "26.4",
"description": "Adriamycin 20 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "44.4",
"description": "Doxorubicin 10 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "64.8",
"description": "Adriamycin 50 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "115.78",
"description": "Doxil 2 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "132.0",
"description": "Doxorubicin 50 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1991-05-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-10-20",
"number": "5013556"
},
{
"approved": "1998-11-12",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-11-12",
"number": "1338702"
},
{
"approved": "1995-05-16",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-05-16",
"number": "1335565"
}
] |
(1S,3S)-3-glycoloyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside | (8S-cis)-10-((3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-5,12-naphthacenedione | 14-hydroxydaunomycin | 14-hydroxydaunorubicine | Doxorubicin | Doxorubicin nanoparticles | Doxorubicina | Doxorubicine | Doxorubicinum | Hydroxydaunorubicin | MTC-DOX | MTC-DOX for Injection | 5.6.2.2 | DNA topoisomerase II, alpha isozyme | TOP2 | 2.7.7.49 | EST2 | HEST2 | TCS1 | Telomerase catalytic subunit | Telomerase-associated protein 2 | TP2 | TRT | 5.6.2.1 | DNA topoisomerase I | 5.6.2.2 | DNA topoisomerase II, beta isozyme | 140 kDa nucleolar phosphoprotein | HCV NS5A-transactivated protein 13 | Hepatitis C virus NS5A-transactivated protein 13 | KIAA0035 | Nopp140 | NS5ATP13 | Nucleolar 130 kDa protein | Nucleolar phosphoprotein p130 | 1.1.1.2 | 1.1.1.372 | 1.1.1.54 | Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] | Aldehyde reductase | ALDR1 | ALR | Glucuronate reductase | Glucuronolactone reductase | S-nitroso-CoA reductase | ScorR | 1.1.1.21 | 1.1.1.300 | 1.1.1.372 | 1.1.1.54 | Aldehyde reductase | Aldose reductase | ALDR1 | ALR2 | AR | 1.1.1.- | 1.1.1.210 | 1.1.1.53 | 1.1.1.62 | 17-beta-HSD 5 | 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 | 3-alpha-HSD type 2 | 3-alpha-HSD type II, brain | 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 | Chlordecone reductase homolog HAKRb | DD-3 | DD3 | DDH1 | Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 3 | Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase type I | HA1753 | HSD17B5 | KIAA0119 | PGFS | Prostaglandin F synthase | Testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase 5 | 1.1.1.- | 1.1.1.209 | 1.1.1.210 | 1.1.1.51 | 1.1.1.53 | 1.1.1.62 | 3-alpha-HSD1 | 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I | 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase | CDR | CHDR | Chlordecone reductase | DD-4 | DD4 | Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 4 | HAKRA | 1.1.1.300 | 1.1.1.54 | AKR1B11 | Aldose reductase-like | Aldose reductase-related protein | ARL-1 | ARP | hARP | SI reductase | Small intestine reductase | 1.1.1.184 | 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] | 20-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase | Alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] CBR1 | CBR | CRN | NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase 1 | PG-9-KR | Prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase | Prostaglandin-E(2) 9-reductase | SDR21C1 | Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 21C member 1 | 1.1.1.184 | NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase 3 | Quinone reductase CBR3 | SDR21C2 | Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 21C member 2 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIB1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.6.2.4 | CPR | CYPOR | P450R | 1.6.5.2 | Azoreductase | DIA4 | DT-diaphorase | DTD | Menadione reductase | NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 | NMOR1 | Phylloquinone reductase | QR1 | Quinone reductase 1 | 7.1.1.2 | CI-49kD | Complex I-49kD | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 49 kDa subunit | 7.1.1.2 | CI-30kD | Complex I-30kD | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 30 kDa subunit | 7.1.1.2 | CI-20kD | Complex I-20kD | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 20 kDa subunit | PSST subunit | 1.14.13.39 | bNOS | Constitutive NOS | N-NOS | NC-NOS | Neuronal NOS | Nitric oxide synthase, brain | nNOS | NOS type I | Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase NOS1 | 1.14.13.39 | cNOS | Constitutive NOS | EC-NOS | Endothelial NOS | eNOS | Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial | NOS type III | NOSIII | 1.14.13.39 | HEP-NOS | Hepatocyte NOS | Inducible NO synthase | Inducible NOS | iNOS | NOS type II | NOS2A | Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase NOS2 | XDHA | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 | CMOAT2 | MLP2 | MOAT-D | MRP3 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter D | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.3 | Anthracycline resistance-associated protein | ARA | MOAT-E | MRP6 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter E | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter | Carnitine transporter 2 | CT2 | Flipt 2 | FLIPT2 | Fly-like putative transporter 2 | OCT6 | Organic cation transporter OKB1 | Organic cation/carnitine transporter 6 | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MRP7 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 | SIMRP7 | ABCB8 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 8, mitochondrial | M-ABC1 | MABC1 | Mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette 1 | Mitochondrial sulfonylurea-receptor | MITOSUR | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP | 76 kDa Ral-interacting protein | Dinitrophenyl S-glutathione ATPase | DNP-SG ATPase | Ral-interacting protein 1 | RalBP1 | RLIP | RLIP1 | RLIP76 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
|
[
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin",
"Adriamycin PFS",
"Adriamycin Rdf",
"Adriamycin Rdf",
"Adriamycin Rdf",
"Adriamycin Rdf Inj 10mg/vial",
"Adriamycin Rdf Inj 150mg/vial",
"Adriamycin Rdf Inj 50mg/vial",
"Caelyx",
"Caelyx",
"Caelyx",
"Caelyx",
"Caelyx",
"Celdoxome Pegylated Liposomal",
"Celdoxome Pegylated Liposomal",
"Celdoxome Pegylated Liposomal",
"Celdoxome Pegylated Liposomal",
"Doxil",
"Doxil",
"Doxil",
"Doxil",
"Doxil",
"Doxil",
"Doxorubicin",
"Doxorubicin HCl for Inj. U.S.P. 10mg/vial",
"Doxorubicin HCl for Inj. U.S.P. 150mg/vial",
"Doxorubicin HCl for Inj. U.S.P. 50mg/vial",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"DOXOrubicin Hydrochloride",
"DOXOrubicin Hydrochloride",
"DOXOrubicin Hydrochloride",
"DOXOrubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"DOXOrubicin Hydrochloride",
"DOXOrubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride for Injection USP",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride for Injection USP",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride for Injection USP",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride for Injection USP",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Injection",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Injection",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Injection",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Injection",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride liposome",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome",
"Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome",
"doxorubicin hydrochloride, Liposomal",
"Doxorubicin Injection, BP",
"Lipodox",
"Lipodox 50",
"Myocet",
"Myocet",
"Myocet",
"Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Hydrochloride for Injection",
"Rubex",
"Rubex",
"Taro-doxorubicin Liposomal",
"Zolsketil Pegylated Liposomal",
"Zolsketil Pegylated Liposomal",
"Zolsketil Pegylated Liposomal",
"Zolsketil Pegylated Liposomal"
] |
[
"Adriablastina",
"Adriblastin"
] |
[] |
[
"P11388",
"O14746",
"P11387",
"Q02880",
"Q14978"
] |
[
"P14550",
"P15121",
"P42330",
"P17516",
"O60218",
"P16152",
"O75828",
"Q16678",
"P20813",
"P10635",
"P08684",
"P16435",
"P15559",
"O75306",
"O75489",
"O75251",
"P29475",
"P29474",
"P35228",
"P47989"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183",
"P33527",
"O15438",
"O95255",
"Q9UNQ0",
"Q86VW1",
"Q5T3U5",
"Q9NUT2",
"O95342",
"Q15311",
"Q92887"
] |
DB00361
|
Vinorelbine
|
Vinorelbine is an anti-mitotic chemotherapy drug that is used in the treatment of several types of malignancies, including breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [L1998]. It was initially approved in the USA in 1990's for the treatment of NSCLC [L2010].
It is a third-generation vinca alkaloid. The introduction of third-generation drugs (vinorelbine, gemcitabine, taxanes) in platinum combination improved survival of patients with advanced NSCLC, with very similar results from the various drugs. Treatment toxicities are considerable in the combination treatment setting [A32347].
A study was done on the clearance rate of vinorelbine on individuals with various single polymorphonuclear mutations. It was found that there was 4.3-fold variation in vinorelbine clearance across the cohort, suggesting a strong influence of genetics on the clearance of this drug [L2002].
|
solid
|
Vinorelbine tartrate is indicated for adults in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as a single therapy or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs [L1998].
Used in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma, in combination with other chemotherapy agents [L2011].
For the treatment of desmoid tumor or aggressive fibromatosis, in combination with methotrexate [L2011].
For the treatment of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer [L2011].
For the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer [L2011].
For the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, in patients previously treated with anthracyline and/or taxane therapy [L2011].
For the treatment of HER2-positive, trastuzumab-resistant, advanced breast cancer in patients previously treated with a taxane, in combination with trastuzumab and everolimus [L2011].
|
Vinorelbine is a semi-synthetic vinca-alkaloid with a wide spectrum of anti-tumor activity. The vinca-alkaloids are considered spindle poisons. They work by interfering with the polymerization of tubulin, a protein responsible for building the microtubule system which appears during cell division in proliferating cancer cells [L2007].
|
Vinca alkaloids are structurally similar compounds composed of two multi-ringed units, _vindoline_, and _catharanthine_. _Vinorelbine tartrate_ is a vinca alkaloid in which the catharanthine component is the target of structural modification [L2005], [L2006].
This structural modification contributes to unique pharmacologic properties.The antitumor activity of vinorelbine tartrate is believed to be owed to the inhibition of mitosis at metaphase via its interaction with tubulin [L1998].
Vinorelbine is a mitotic spindle poison that interferes with chromosomal segregation during mitosis, also known as cell division. It pauses cells at the _G2/M_ phases, when present at concentrations close to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Microtubules, which are derived from polymers of tubulin, are the main target of vinorelbine.
The chemical modification used to produce vinorelbine allows for the opening of the eight-member catharanthine ring with the formation of both a covalent and reversible bond with tubulin [L2007].
The relative contribution of different microtubule-associated proteins in the production of tubulin vary between neural tissue and proliferating cells and this has important functional implications. The ability of vinorelbine to bind specifically to mitotic rather than other microtubules has been shown and may suggest that neurotoxicity is less likely to be a problem than with the molecular mechanism of action [L2007].
As with other anti-microtubule agents, vinorelbine is known to contribute apoptosis in malignant cells. The exact mechanisms by which this process occurs are complex and many details are yet to be elucidated. The disarray of the microtubule structure has a number of effects, including the induction of tumor suppressor gene _p53_ and activation/inactivation of a number of protein kinases involved in essential signaling pathways, including _p21 WAF1/CIP1_ and _Ras/Raf_, _PKC/PKA_. These molecular changes lead to phosphorylation and consequently inactivation of the apoptosis inhibitor _Bcl2_. This, in turn, results in a decrease in the formation of heterodimers between _Bcl2_ and the pro-apoptotic gene _BAX_, stimulating the sequence of cell apoptosis [L2007].
Vinorelbine tartrate also possibly interferes with amino acid, cyclic AMP and glutathione metabolism, calmodulin-dependent Ca++-transport ATPase activity, cellular respiration, and nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis [L1998].
|
Vinorelbine is rapidly absorbed with peak serum concentration reached within 2 hours [L1998].
Vinorelbine is highly bound to platelets and lymphocytes and is also bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, albumin, and lipoproteins [A32354].
|
Vinorelbine undergoes substantial hepatic elimination in humans. Two metabolites of vinorelbine have been identified in human blood, plasma, and urine; vinorelbine N-oxide and deacetylvinorelbine. Deacetylvinorelbine has been demonstrated to be the primary metabolite of vinorelbine in humans, and has been shown to possess antitumor activity similar to vinorelbine [L2005], [L2006].
Vinorelbine is metabolized into two other minor metabolites, 20'-hydroxyvinorelbine and vinorelbine 6'-oxide [L2006].
Therapeutic doses of vinorelbine (30 mg/m2) yield very small, if any, quantifiable levels of either metabolite in blood or urine. The metabolism of vinorelbine is mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in the CYP3A subfamily [L2004], [A32354].
As the liver provides the main route for metabolism of the drug, patients with hepatic impairment may demonstrate increased toxicity with standard dosing, however, there are no available data on this. Likewise, the contribution of cytochrome P450 enzyme action to vinorelbine metabolism has potential implications in patients receiving other drugs metabolized by this route [L2007].
|
Due to the wide array of adverse effects of this drug, the toxicity of is categorized into organ systems [L1998].
**Hematologic:** Granulocytopenia was the primary dose-limiting toxicity with vinorelbine tartrate therapy; it is generally reversible and not cumulative. In one study, granulocytopenia resulted in hospitalizations for fever and/or sepsis in 8% of NSCLC and 9% of breast cancer patients [L1998].
Infectious (septic) deaths occurred in about 1% of patients. Grade 3 or 4 anemia occurred in about 1% of lung cancer and approximately 14% of breast cancer patients. Blood transfusions were administered to 18% of patients who received vinorelbine tartrate therapy. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia was found to be less than 1% [L1998].
**Neurologic:** Mild to moderate peripheral neuropathy may occur. Symptoms of paresthesia and hypesthesia are reported as the most commonly reported neurologic toxicities of this drug. The loss of deep tendon reflexes (DTR) occurs in less than 5% of patients, according to one study. The development of severe peripheral neuropathy is rare [L1998].
**Dermatologic:** Alopecia has been reported in only about 12% of patients and is usually reported as mild. Vinorelbine tartrate is a moderate vesicant, leading to injection site reactions. Symptoms include erythema, pain at the injection site and vein discoloration occurred in about 1/3 of all patients. Chemical phlebitis along the vein, near the site of injection, has been reported [L1998].
**Respiratory:** Shortness of breath was reported in 3% of NSCLC and 9% of breast cancer patients, and was severe in 2% of each patient population. Interstitial pulmonary changes have been documented in a few patients [L1998].
**Gastrointestinal:** Mild or moderate nausea symptoms occurred in 32% of NSCLC and 47% of breast cancer patients treated with vinorelbine tartrate. Severe nausea was occurred infrequently (1% and 3% in NSCLC and breast cancer patients, respectively). Prophylactic administration of anti-emetics was not routine in patients treated with single-agent vinorelbine tartrate. Constipation occurred in about 28% of NSCLC and 38% of breast cancer patients. The paralytic ileus incidence of less than 2% of patients. Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia and stomatitis were found to be mild or moderate and occurred in less than 20% of study patients [L1998].
**Hepatic:** Transient elevations of liver enzymes were reported without clinical symptoms.
**Cardiovascular:** Chest pain was reported in 5% of NSCLC and 8% of breast cancer patients. Most reports of chest pain were in patients who had either a history of cardiovascular disease or tumor within the chest. There have been rare reports of myocardial infarction; however, these have not been shown definitely attributable to vinorelbine tartrate [L2004].
**Other:** Muscle weakness (asthenia) occurred in about 25% of patients with NSCLC and 41% of patients with breast cancer. It was usually mild or moderate but showed a linear increase with cumulative doses [L2004].
Several other toxicities reported in approximately 5% of patients include jaw pain, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, dysphagia, and skin rash. Hemorrhagic cystitis (bladder inflammation with blood in urine) and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion were both reported in less than 1% of patients. The treatment of these entities are mainly symptomatic [L2004].
The carcinogenic potential of Vinorelbine has not been adequately studied. Vinorelbine has been demonstrated to affect chromosome number and likely the chromosome structure in vivo (polyploidy in bone marrow cells from Chinese hamsters and a positive micronucleus test in mice were observed) [L2004].
|
The terminal phase half-life averaged 27.7 to 43.6 hours; the mean plasma clearances ranged from 0.97 to 1.26 L/hr/kg [A32354].
|
80-90% [L2000]
|
Vinorelbine undergoes substantial hepatic elimination in humans, with large amounts recovered in feces after intravenous administration to humans [L1998].
Urinary excretion of unchanged drug accounts for less than 20% of an intravenous dose, with fecal elimination accounting for an additional 30% to 60% [A32354].
After intravenous administration of radioactive vinorelbine, approximately 18% and 46% of administered radioactivity was recovered in urine and feces, respectively [L2002].
|
The volume of distribution is large, indicating extensive extravascular distribution [A32354].
The steady-state volume of distribution values range from 25.4 to 40.1 L/kg, according to one study [L2002].
Widely distributed, with highest amounts found in elimination organs such as liver and kidneys, minimal in heart and brain [L2002].
|
The plasma clearance of vinorelbine is high, approaching the same as hepatic blood flow in humans, and its volume of distribution is large, indicating extensive extravascular distribution. In comparison to vinblastine or vincristine [A32354].
The clearance was found to be in the range of 0.29-1./26 L/ per kg in 4 clinical trials of patients receiving 30 mg/m2 of vinorelbine [L2009].
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Vinca alkaloids
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01CA",
"L01C",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "27.6",
"description": "Vinorelbine 50 mg/5 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "42.0",
"description": "Navelbine 50 mg/5 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
5'-Noranhydrovinblastine | Vinorelbin | Vinorelbina | Vinorelbine | Vinorelbinum | TUBB5 | Tubulin beta-5 chain | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Aj-vinorelbine",
"Navelbine",
"Navelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine",
"Vinorelbine Injection",
"Vinorelbine Injection, USP",
"Vinorelbine Injection, USP",
"Vinorelbine Injection, USP",
"Vinorelbine Tartrate",
"Vinorelbine Tartrate",
"Vinorelbine Tartrate",
"Vinorelbine Tartrate",
"Vinorelbine tartrate",
"Vinorelbine Tartrate for Injection",
"Vinorelbine Tartrate for Injection",
"Vinorelbine Tartrate Injection USP"
] |
[
"Bendarelbin",
"Eberelbin",
"Eunexon",
"Eurovinorelbin",
"Filcrin",
"Navelbin",
"Navildez",
"Navin",
"Navirel",
"Neocitec",
"Renovel",
"Riborelbin",
"Vilne",
"Vinelbine",
"Vinorayne",
"Vinorel",
"Vinorgen",
"Vinotel",
"Zinavin"
] |
[] |
[
"P07437"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00362
|
Anidulafungin
|
Anidulafungin or Eraxis is an anti-fungal drug manufactured by Pfizer that gained approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in February 21, 2006; it was previously known as LY303366. There is preliminary evidence that it has a similar safety profile to caspofungin.
|
solid
|
For use in the treatment of the following fungal infections: Candidemia and other forms of <i>Candida</i> infections (intra-abdominal abscess, and peritonitis), Aspergillus infections, and esophageal candidiasis. Also considered an alternative treatment for oropharyngeal canaidiasis.
|
Anidulafungin is a semi-synthetic lipopeptide synthesized from a fermentation product of <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>. Anidulafungin is an echinocandin, a class of antifungal drugs that inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an essential component of fungal cell walls. Anidulafungin is active in vitro against many <i>Candida</i>, as well as some <i>Aspergillus</i>. Like other echinocandins, anidulafungin is not active against <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>, <i>Trichosporon</i>, <i>Fusarium</i>, or zygomycetes.
|
Anidulafungin is a semi-synthetic echinocandin with antifungal activity. Anidulafungin inhibits glucan synthase, an enzyme present in fungal, but not mammalian cells. This results in inhibition of the formation of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall, ultimately leading to osmotic instability and cell death.
| null |
Hepatic metabolism of anidulafungin has not been observed. Anidulafungin is not a clinically relevant substrate, inducer, or inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzymes. Anidulafungin undergoes slow chemical degradation at physiologic temperature and pH to a ring-opened peptide that lacks antifungal activity.
|
During clinical trials a single 400 mg dose of anidulafungin was inadvertently administered as a loading dose. No clinical adverse events were reported. The maximum non-lethal dose of anidulafungin in rats was 50 mg/kg, a dose which is equivalent to 10 times the recommended daily dose for esophageal candidiasis (50mg/day).
|
40-50 hours
|
84%
|
Less than 1% of the administered radioactive dose was excreted in the urine. Anidulafungin is not hepatically metabolized.
|
* 30 to 50 L
|
* 1 L/h
| null | null | null | null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J02AX",
"J02A",
"J02",
"J"
] |
[
"Aspergillis, Candida and other fungi",
"Candida albicans and other yeasts",
"Coolia tropicalis",
"Candida parapsilosis"
] |
[
{
"cost": "108.0",
"description": "Eraxis(water dil) 50 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "216.0",
"description": "Eraxis(water dil) 100 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2007-04-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-06-13",
"number": "7198796"
},
{
"approved": "2002-05-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-03-19",
"number": "6384013"
},
{
"approved": "2008-11-04",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2020-03-02",
"number": "2362481"
},
{
"approved": "2007-10-30",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-03-15",
"number": "2091663"
},
{
"approved": "1999-10-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-02-17",
"number": "5965525"
},
{
"approved": "2005-11-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-04-12",
"number": "6960564"
},
{
"approved": "2010-05-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-04-12",
"number": "7709444"
}
] |
Anidulafungin | Anidulafungina | Anidulafungine | Anidulafunginum | 1,3-beta-D-glucan-UDP glucosyltransferase | 2.4.1.34 | fks1 | 1,3-beta-D-glucan-UDP glucosyltransferase | 2.4.1.34 | FK506 sensitivity protein 2 | FKS2 | GLS2 | Glucan synthase of cerevisiae protein 2
|
[
"Ecalta",
"Eraxis",
"Eraxis",
"Eraxis",
"Eraxis",
"Eraxis",
"Eraxis",
"Eraxis",
"Gd-anidulafungin"
] |
[
"Ecalta"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00363
|
Clozapine
|
Clozapine is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent.[A256708] Clozapine displays affinity to various neuroreceptors with a particularly low affinity to the dopamine receptors, thus breaking the mold of first-generation antipsychotics and deeming it "atypical".[A256723]. This low affinity to dopamine receptors results in fewer extrapyramidal side effects, especially tardive dyskinesia.[A185747] However, its promiscuity toward the muscarinic and adrenergic receptors can result in other side effects, notably gastrointestinal hypomotility and orthostatic hypotension. [L905,A215552]. Despite its effectiveness in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, clozapine was briefly removed from the market in various jurisdictions in 1970 due to severe agranulocytosis.[A256713,A256718] However, continued evidence of its effectiveness led to clozapine's eventual reintroduction, although with a reluctance to prescribe it.[A256718]
Clozapine was approved by the FDA in 1989 for treatment-resistant schizophrenia under the brand CLOZARIL.[L905] Due to its severe adverse effects profile, clozapine is only available through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the Clozapine REMS Program.[L905]
|
solid
|
Clozapine is indicated for the treatment of severely ill patients with schizophrenia who fail to respond adequately to standard antipsychotic treatment. Because of the risks of severe neutropenia and of seizure associated with its use, Clozapine should be used only in patients who have failed to respond adequately to standard antipsychotic treatment.[L905]
Clozapine is also indicated for reducing the risk of recurrent suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who are judged to be at chronic risk for re-experiencing suicidal behavior, based on history and recent clinical state. Suicidal behavior refers to actions by a patient that put him/herself at risk for death.[L905]
|
Clozapine is a psychotropic agent belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole derivatives that is universally regarded as the treatment of choice for treatment-resistant schizophrenia.[A256568] Although it is thought to mediate its pharmacological effect through antagonism of the dopamine type 2 (D<sub>2</sub>) and the serotonin type 2A (5-HT<sub>2A</sub>) receptors, research have shown that clozapine can act on various types of receptors.[A185747]
Patients should be counseled regarding the risk of hypersensitivity reactions such as agranulocytosis and myocarditis with clozapine use.[L905] Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis, which is a reduction in the absolute neutrophil count or white blood cell count, places the patient at an increased risk for infection.[A215552,L905] Agranulocytosis is most likely to occur in the first 3-6 months of therapy, but it can still occur after years of treatment. The mechanism is thought to be a dose-independent and immune-mediated reaction against neutrophils.[A215557] Patients are strictly monitored by lab testing (complete blood count with differential) to ensure agranulocytosis is detected and treated if it occurs.[L905] Testing is initially completed at one-week intervals but is expanded to two-week intervals at six months, and then four-week intervals at twelve months if lab results have been within an appropriate range. Monitoring parameters may change if there is any break in therapy. In Canada, the patient's lab values are reported to the manufacturer for hematological monitoring, and in the USA, the patient's lab values are reported to the REMS (Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy) program.[A215562] These programs function to notify the care provider of any significant drop in WBC/neutrophil count, or if there is a drop below a threshold level. Patients who enter the "Red" zone (WBC<2x109/L or ANC<1.5x109/L) should normally not be re-challenged.[L905]
Clozapine-induced myocarditis is a hypersensitivity reaction that usually occurs in the third week of clozapine therapy and about 2% of clozapine patients.[A215547] Monitor the patient's troponin, CRP, and ECG at baseline, and 28 days into treatment. Follow guidelines for appropriate next steps according to the patient's lab results. If myocarditis occurs, the patient should not be re-challenged with clozapine.[L905]
|
The mechanism of action of clozapine is unknown. However, it has been proposed that the therapeutic efficacy of clozapine in schizophrenia is mediated through antagonism of the dopamine type 2 (D<sub>2</sub>) and the serotonin type 2A (5-HT<sub>2A</sub>) receptors. Clozapine also acts as an antagonist at adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, and other dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors.[L905]
Clozapine demonstrated binding affinity to the following receptors: histamine H1 (Ki 1.1 nM), adrenergic α1A (Ki 1.6 nM), serotonin 5-HT6 (Ki 4 nM), serotonin 5-HT2A (Ki 5.4 nM), muscarinic M1 (Ki 6.2 nM), serotonin 5-HT7 (Ki 6.3 nM), serotonin 5-HT2C (Ki 9.4 nM), dopamine D4 (Ki 24 nM), adrenergic α2A (Ki 90 nM), serotonin 5-HT3 (Ki 95 nM), serotonin 5-HT1A (Ki 120 nM), dopamine D2 (Ki 160 nM), dopamine D1 (Ki 270 nM), dopamine D5 (Ki 454 nM), and dopamine D3 (Ki 555 nM).[L905]
Clozapine acts as an antagonist at other receptors, but with lower potency. Antagonism at receptors other than dopamine and 5HT<sub>2</sub> with similar receptor affinities may explain some of the other therapeutic and side effects of clozapine. Clozapine's antagonism of muscarinic M1-5 receptors may explain its anticholinergic effects.[A256553] Clozapine's antagonism of histamine H1 receptors may explain the somnolence observed with this drug.[A256558] Clozapine's antagonism of adrenergic α1 receptors may explain the orthostatic hypotension observed with this drug.[A256563]
|
In humans, clozapine tablets (25 mg and 100 mg) are equally bioavailable relative to a CLOZARIL solution. Following oral administration of clozapine 100 mg twice daily, the average steady-state peak plasma concentration was 319 ng/mL (range: 102 to 771 ng/mL), occurring at the average of 2.5 hours (range: 1 to 6 hours) after dosing. The average minimum concentration at steady state was 122 ng/mL (range: 41 to 343 ng/mL), after 100 mg twice daily dosing.[L905]
|
Clozapine is almost completely metabolized prior to excretion, and only trace amounts of unchanged drug are detected in the urine and feces. Clozapine is a substrate for many cytochrome P450 isozymes, in particular CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4.The unmethylated, hydroxylated, and N-oxide derivatives are components in both urine and feces. Pharmacological testing has shown the desmethyl metabolite (norclozapine) to have only limited activity, while the hydroxylated and N-oxide derivatives were inactive.[L905]
|
There are no adequate or well-controlled studies of clozapine in pregnant women. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 0.4 and 0.9 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 900 mg/day on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. The studies revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to clozapine. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, CLOZARIL should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.[L905]
Consider the risk of exacerbation of psychosis when discontinuing or changing treatment with antipsychotic medications
during pregnancy and postpartum. Consider early screening for gestational diabetes for patients treated with antipsychotic
medications [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)]. Neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs during the third trimester of
pregnancy are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following delivery. Monitor neonates for symptoms
of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties. The severity of
complications can vary from self-limited symptoms to some neonates requiring intensive care unit support and prolonged
hospitalization.[L905]
The most commonly reported signs and symptoms associated with clozapine overdose are: sedation, delirium, coma,
tachycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression or failure; and hypersalivation. There are reports of aspiration
pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizure. Fatal overdoses have been reported with clozapine, generally at doses above
2500 mg. There have also been reports of patients recovering from overdoses well in excess of 4 g. There is no available specific antidote to an overdose of CLOZARIL. Establish and maintain an airway; ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Monitor cardiac status and vital signs. Use general symptomatic and supportive measures. Consider the possibility of multiple-drug involvement.[L905]
No carcinogenic potential was demonstrated in long-term studies in mice and rats at doses up to 0.3 times and 0.4 times,
respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 900 mg/day on an mg/m2 body surface area basis. Clozapine was not genotoxic when tested in the following gene mutation and chromosomal aberration tests: the bacterial Ames test, the in vitro mammalian V79 in Chinese hamster cells, the in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes or the in vivo micronucleus assay in mice. Clozapine had no effect on any parameters of fertility, pregnancy, fetal weight, or postnatal development when
administered orally to male rats 70 days before mating and to female rats for 14 days before mating at doses up to 0.4 times the MRHD of 900 mg/day on an mg/m2 body surface area basis.[L905]
|
The mean elimination half-life of clozapine after a single 75 mg dose was 8 hours (range: 4 to 12 hours), compared to a mean elimination half-life of 12 hours (range: 4 to 66 hours), after achieving a steady state with 100 mg twice daily dosing.[L905]
A comparison of single-dose and multiple-dose administration of clozapine demonstrated that the elimination half-life increased significantly after multiple dosing relative to that after single-dose administration, suggesting the possibility of concentration-dependent pharmacokinetics.[L905]
|
Clozapine is approximately 97% bound to serum proteins. The interaction between clozapine and other highly protein-bound drugs has not been fully evaluated but may be important.[L905]
|
Approximately 50% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine and 30% in the feces.[L905]
|
The median volume of distribution of clozapine was calculated to be 508 L (272–1290 L).[A256513,A256518,A256523,A256528,A39145]
|
The median clearance of clozapine is calculated to be 30.3 L/h (14.4–45.2 L/h).[A256518,A39145,A256533,A256538,A256543,A256548]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzodiazepines
|
Dibenzodiazepines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N05AH",
"N05A",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.28",
"description": "Clozapine 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.65",
"description": "Clozapine 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.79",
"description": "Fazaclo 12.5 mg odt",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.96",
"description": "Clozaril 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.19",
"description": "Fazaclo 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.4",
"description": "Fazaclo 25 mg odt",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.77",
"description": "Apo-Clozapine 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.77",
"description": "Gen-Clozapine 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.33",
"description": "Clozapine 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.84",
"description": "Clozaril 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.32",
"description": "Clozapine 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.55",
"description": "Fazaclo 100 mg odt",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Apo-Clozapine 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Gen-Clozapine 25 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1993-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2010-01-12",
"number": "5178878"
},
{
"approved": "2001-04-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-04-09",
"number": "6221392"
},
{
"approved": "2000-02-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-04-09",
"number": "6024981"
},
{
"approved": "2000-08-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-12-05",
"number": "6106861"
},
{
"approved": "2011-11-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-05-01",
"number": "8057811"
}
] |
Clozapin | Clozapina | Clozapine | Clozapinum | Dopamine D2 receptor | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | Dopamine D1 receptor | Dopamine D3 receptor | D(2C) dopamine receptor | Dopamine D4 receptor | D(5) dopamine receptor | D1beta dopamine receptor | Dopamine D5 receptor | DRD1B | DRD1L2 | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | 5-HT-1E | 5-HT1E | S31 | Serotonin receptor 1E | 5-HT-3 | 5-HT3-A | 5-HT3A | 5-HT3R | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 | 5HT3R | HTR3 | Serotonin receptor 3A | Serotonin-gated ion channel receptor | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | 5-HT-6 | 5-HT6 | Serotonin receptor 6 | 5-HT-7 | 5-HT-X | 5-HT7 | Serotonin receptor 7 | ADRA2L2 | ADRA2RL2 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4 | Alpha-2C adrenoceptor | Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2CAR | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | AXOR35 | G-protein coupled receptor 105 | GPCR105 | GPRv53 | H4R | HH4R | Pfi-013 | SP9144 | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | ADRA2L1 | ADRA2RL1 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2 | Alpha-2B adrenoceptor | Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2BAR | DRD1IP | 2.5.1.18 | FAEES3 | GST class-pi | GST3 | GSTP1-1 | GABA-B receptor 1 | GABA-B-R1 | GABA-BR1 | GABABR1 | Gb1 | GPRC3A | G-protein coupled receptor 51 | GABA-B receptor 2 | GABA-B-R2 | GABA-BR2 | GABABR2 | Gb2 | GPR51 | GPRC3B | HG20 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-1 | GABAAR subunit beta-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.13.148 | 1.14.13.32 | 1.14.13.8 | Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 | Dimethylaniline oxidase 3 | FMO 3 | FMO form 2 | FMO II | Hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 | Trimethylamine monooxygenase | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 2 | GNT1 | hUG-BR2 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-D | UDPGT 1-4 | UGT-1D | UGT1 | UGT1-04 | UGT1.4 | UGT1*4 | UGT1A4 | UGT1D | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1 | hOCT2 | OCT2 | Organic cation transporter 2 | EMT | EMTH | Extraneuronal monoamine transporter | OCT3 | Organic cation transporter 3
|
[
"Aa-clozapine",
"Aa-clozapine",
"Aa-clozapine",
"Aa-clozapine",
"Auro-clozapine",
"Auro-clozapine",
"Auro-clozapine",
"Auro-clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine",
"Clozapine Tablets",
"Clozapine Tablets",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"Clozaril",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"FazaClo",
"Gen-clozapine",
"Gen-clozapine",
"Gen-clozapine",
"Gen-clozapine",
"Gen-clozapine",
"PMS-clozapine",
"PMS-clozapine",
"Sandoz Clozapine",
"Sandoz Clozapine",
"Versacloz",
"Versacloz"
] |
[
"Azaleptine",
"Cloment",
"Clonex",
"Clopin",
"Clopine",
"Clopsine",
"Clorazem",
"Lanolept",
"Lapenax",
"Leponex",
"Lodux",
"Lozapin",
"Luften",
"Mezapin",
"Refract",
"Refraxol",
"Sensipin",
"Sequax",
"Sizopin",
"Sizopril",
"Syclop",
"Syzopin",
"Tanyl",
"Uspen",
"Zapen",
"Zapenia",
"Zapine",
"Ziproc",
"Zopin"
] |
[] |
[
"P14416",
"P28223",
"P21728",
"P35462",
"P21917",
"P21918",
"P08908",
"P28222",
"P28221",
"P28566",
"P46098",
"P28335",
"P50406",
"P34969",
"P18825",
"P35367",
"Q9H3N8",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P08913",
"P18089",
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"P08173",
"P08912",
"Q9NYX4",
"P09211",
"Q9UBS5",
"O75899",
"P14867",
"P18505",
"Q8N1C3"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P10635",
"P11712",
"P08684",
"P33261",
"P11509",
"P10632",
"P31513",
"P22310",
"P04798"
] |
[
"P02763",
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183",
"O15245",
"O15244",
"O75751"
] |
DB00364
|
Sucralfate
|
Sucralfate is a medication that is widely used to prevent and treat a number of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract such as duodenal ulcers [FDA label], gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, stress ulcer, in addition to dyspepsia [A177655]. It is considered a _cytoprotective agent_, protecting cells in the gastrointestinal tract from damage caused by agents such as gastric acid, bile salts, alcohol, and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), among other substances [A177655, F4519].
Sucralfate has been shown to be a well-tolerated and safe drug. It is sold under many brands and is available in both tablet and suspension forms. It was approved by the FDA 1982 in tablet form, and in 1994 for the suspension form [L6073, L6076].
|
solid
|
The sucralfate suspension [FDA label] and tablet [F4534] are used for the treatment of active duodenal ulcer for up to 8 weeks. The tablet form may be used at a lower dose for healed duodenal ulcers, for the purpose of maintaining healing and preventing recurrence [F4519, F4534].
Sucralfate is also used in the prevention and/or treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, stress ulcer, in addition to dyspepsia [A177655, F4519].
|
This drug aids in the healing of duodenal ulcers, relieving painful inflammation by creating a protective mechanical barrier between the lining or skin of the gastrointestinal tract and damaging substances [A177655]. In addition, sucralfate acts to increase levels of growth factors locally, and also causes an increase in prostaglandins which are important in the healing of the mucosa (lining) of the gastrointestinal tract [A177655].
|
The mechanism of action of this drug in the healing duodenal ulcers is not yet completely defined, however, there are several probable mechanisms that adequately describe the healing activity of sucralfate. There is evidence that sucralfate acts locally to aid in tissue healing, and not systemically [FDA label].
Studies in both humans and animals have indicated that sucralfate forms a complex that binds to protein-rich exudate found on the surface of ulcers. It binds to albumin and fibrinogen [A11831, A177685] preventing blood clot lysis by stomach acid (hydrochloric acid). Sucralfate increases the tissue levels of fibroblast growth factors and epidermal growth factors,[A16738, A16741] leading to an increase in prostaglandins at the gastrointestinal tract lining, which promotes the healing of gastrointestinal ulcers.[A177655]
In the laboratory setting, a sucralfate-albumin film provides a barrier against the entry of hydrogen ions, which are a component of gastric acid. In humans, sucralfate, given at therapeutic doses for ulcers, decreases pepsin activity in gastric fluids by 32% [FDA label]. Pepsin has been shown to be damaging to tissues, further aggravating ulcer lesion inflammation [A177667]. Bile salts have been implicated in mucosal injury to the gastrointestinal tract [A177697, A177700]. Sucralfate has also been shown to adsorb bile salts in the laboratory, setting, which could further contribute to its beneficial effects in ulcer healing [FDA label].
|
This drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in very minimal quantities.[FDA label] The adsorbed sulfated disaccharide is excreted in the urine [F4519]. This drug contains aluminum and after the administration of 1 g of sucralfate 4 times per day, about 0.001% to 0.017% of this aluminum content is absorbed in patients with normal renal function.[F4519] This number is expected to increase in those with impaired renal function.[F4519]
|
This drug is absorbed in very small quantities and is not significantly metabolized [FDA label, F4519].
|
**Overdose**
Overdosage has never been observed with sucralfate [F4519]. It is unlikely, as administering a maximum dose of up to 12 g/kg/body weight in several animal species did not result in death. The lethal dose could not be determined in these studies [F4519]. It is likely that overdose of sucralfate in humans would result in constipation, and supportive treatment would be advised [F4519].
**Use in pregnancy**
This drug is considered a pregnancy Category B drug. Studies have been performed in rodents and rabbits at doses up to 50 times the recommended human dose. No harm to the fetus has been observed in the abovementioned studies. Sufficient and well-controlled clinical trials have not been performed in pregnant women. Due to the fact that the results of animal studies are not always relevant to human response, sucralfate should be used during pregnancy only if it is deemed essential for the mother's health [FDA label].
**Use in nursing**
Whether this drug is excreted in human milk is currently unknown. Many drugs are excreted in breast milk, therefore, if sucralfate is administered to a lactating and nursing woman, caution should be observed [FDA label].
**Carcinogenesis**
24 month toxicity studies were performed in rodents, and the dose of sucralfate reached up to 1 g/kg (equivalent to 12 times the recommended human dose). No signs of sucralfate-related tumors were noted[FDA label].
|
The half-life is not known. In animals, the elimination half-life of the sucrose component of this drug is from 6-20 h [F4537].
|
Sucralfate is bound to plasma proteins, especially albumin and transferrin [F4519].
|
The negligible amount of this drug that is absorbed is excreted mainly in the urine within 48 hours [FDA label, F4537].
|
This drug is absorbed in a very small quantity, and normally localizes to inflamed gastrointestinal lesions [FDA label].
|
Sucralfate contains aluminum. The administration of sucralfate in non-dialyzed chronic renal failure patients warrants careful consideration from the treating physician as the excretion of absorbed aluminum may be decreased, causing possible aluminum toxicity [F4519].
In dialyzed patients diagnosed with chronic renal failure, aluminum toxicity related to sucralfate has been observed and reported. The daily amount of aluminum ingestion (including sucralfate) should be carefully examined before administering sucralfate in combination with other drugs also containing aluminum, including various antacids [F4519].
| null | null | null | null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"A02BX",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.45",
"description": "Carafate 1 gm tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "13.99",
"description": "Sucralfate 1 gm/10ml Suspension 10ml Cup",
"unit": "cup"
},
{
"cost": "0.11",
"description": "Sulcrate Suspension Plus 200 mg/ml Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.24",
"description": "Carafate 1 gm/10ml Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.31",
"description": "Apo-Sucralfate 1 g Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.31",
"description": "Novo-Sucralate 1 g Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.31",
"description": "Nu-Sucralfate 1 g Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.31",
"description": "Pms-Sucralfate 1 g Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Sulcrate 1 g Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Sucralfate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Sucralfate 1 gm tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Hexadeca-μ-hydroxytetracosahydroxy[μ8-[1,3,4,6-tetra-O-sulfo-β-Dfructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside tetrakis(hydrogen sulfato)8-)]]hexadecaaluminum | Sucralfat | Sucralfate | Sucralfato | Sucralfatum | 3.4.23.1 | Pepsinogen-5 | Basic fibroblast growth factor | bFGF | FGF-2 | FGFB | HBGF-2 | Heparin-binding growth factor 2 | EGF
|
[
"Apo-sucralfate - Tab 1g",
"Carafate",
"Carafate",
"Carafate",
"Carafate",
"Dom-sucralfate",
"Nu-sucralfate - Tab 1gm",
"PMS-sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate",
"Sucralfate Powder",
"Sucralfate-1 - Tab 1g",
"Sulcrate",
"Sulcrate Sus 100mg/ml",
"Sulcrate Suspension Plus",
"Teva-sucralfate",
"Varecell Intensive Liposome DoubleCream"
] |
[
"Antepsin",
"Sucramal",
"Sucraxol",
"Ulcogant"
] |
[
"Varecell Intensive Liposome DoubleCream"
] |
[
"P0DJD9",
"P09038",
"P01133",
"P02671",
"P02675",
"P02679"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00365
|
Grepafloxacin
|
Grepafloxacin is an oral broad-spectrum quinoline antibacterial agent used to treat bacterial infections. Due to the QTc-prolonging potential, as indicated by the changes in the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, and the risk for cardiovascular adverse events, grepafloxacin was withdrawn in the United States.
|
solid
|
For treatment of adults with mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>, <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, or <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>.
|
Grepafloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic microorganisms, as well as some atypical microorganisms.
|
Grepafloxacin exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes for duplication, transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA.
|
Rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration. The absolute bioavailability is approximately 70%.
|
Primarily hepatic via CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. The major metabolite is a glucuronide conjugate; minor metabolites include sulfate conjugates and oxidative metabolites. The oxidative metabolites are formed mainly by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2, while the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 plays a minor role. The nonconjugated metabolites have little antimicrobial activity compared with the parent drug, and the conjugated metabolites have no antimicrobial activity
|
Withdrawn from the US market in 1999 due to associations with QTc prolongation and adverse cardiovascular events.
|
15 ± 3 hours
|
50%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Quinolines and derivatives
|
Quinoline carboxylic acids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"J01MA",
"J01M",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria",
"Streptococcus pneumoniae"
] |
[] |
[
{
"approved": "1996-10-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-10-08",
"number": "5563138"
},
{
"approved": "1999-04-13",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2016-04-13",
"number": "1340492"
}
] |
Grepafloxacin | 5.99.1.3 | 5.99.1.3 | 5.99.1.3 | 5.99.1.3 | Topoisomerase IV subunit A | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOCT2 | OCT2 | Organic cation transporter 2 | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
|
[
"Raxar"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P05177",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183",
"P33527",
"Q4U2R8",
"O15244",
"O76082",
"Q92887"
] |
DB00366
|
Doxylamine
|
Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in parkinsonism.
|
liquid
|
Used alone as a short-term sleep aid, in combination with other drugs as a night-time cold and allergy relief drug. Also used in combination with Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) to prevent morning sickness in pregnant women.
|
Doxylamine is an antihistamine commonly used as a sleep aid. This drug is also used to relieve symptoms of hay fever (allergic rhinitis), hives (rash or itching), and other allergic reactions. Doxylamine is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistamines and has anti-allergy power far superior to virtually every other antihistamine on the market, with the exception of diphenhydramine (Benadryl). It is also the most powerful over-the-counter sedative available in the United States, and more sedating than many prescription hypnotics. In a study, it was found to be superior to even the barbiturate, phenobarbital for use as a sedative. Doxylamine is also a potent anticholinergic.
|
Like other antihistamines, doxylamine acts by competitively inhibiting histamine at H1 receptors. It also has substantial sedative and anticholinergic effects.
|
Readily absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract.
|
Hepatic.
|
Signs of overdose include wheezing, tightness in the chest, fever, itching, bad cough, blue skin color, fits, swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat.
|
10 hours
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzylethers
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"R06AA",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R",
"R06AA",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.5",
"description": "Doxylamine succinate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Sleep aid 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Unisom sleep aid tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2002-01-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-06-21",
"number": "6340695"
},
{
"approved": "2009-07-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-01-25",
"number": "7560122"
},
{
"approved": "2016-12-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-02-18",
"number": "9526703"
},
{
"approved": "2016-06-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-02-18",
"number": "9375404"
},
{
"approved": "2015-07-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-02-18",
"number": "9089489"
},
{
"approved": "2018-04-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-02-18",
"number": "9937132"
}
] |
2-(alpha-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy)-alpha-methylbenzyl)pyridine | 2-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenylmethyl-2-picoline | Dossilamina | Doxilamina | Doxilminio | Doxylamine | Doxylaminum | N,N-Dimethyl-2-(1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)ethanamine | Phenyl-2-pyridylmethyl-beta-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl ether | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | CAR | Constitutive activator of retinoid response | Constitutive active response | Constitutive androstane receptor | Orphan nuclear receptor MB67 | CYP2B7 | Cytochrome P450 2B7 short isoform
|
[
"7 Select Night Time Relief",
"7 Select Night Time Relief",
"7 Select Sleep Aid",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan HBr Doxylamine succinate Phenylephrine HCl",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan HBr Doxylamine succinate Phenylephrine HCl",
"ACETAMINOPHEN DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE and DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Doxylamine Succinate Phenylephrine Hydrochloride",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Doxylamine Succinate Phenylephrine hydrochloride",
"Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan HBr, Phenylephrine HCl, Doxylamine Succinate",
"ACETAMINOPHEN, DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE, and DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE",
"Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide, Doxylamine Succinate",
"Acetaminophen,Dextromethorphan,Doxylamine",
"Acetaminophen/pseudoephedrine/dextromethorphan/doxylamine",
"Adult Aurotussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Adult Tussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Aldex AN",
"Algidol Flu",
"Alka Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Sinus, Allergy And Cough Power Max Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Day and Night PowerMax gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Day and Night PowerMax gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cough, Mucus and Congestion Day and Night Powermax",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Cold",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Formula",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Severe Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Cough, Mucus and Congestion Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu PowerMax Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu PowerMax Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Night Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Night Cold and Flu PowerMax Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Severe Sinus, Allergy and Cough",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Smptom Cold and Flu Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Day and Night Liquid Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Symptom Cold Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Symptom Cold Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold Formula (Lemon)",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold Medicine",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Severe Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Allergy Sinus Congestion And Headache Formula",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold and Cough Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold Night PowerFast Fizz",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold PowerFast Fizz",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold PowerFast Fizz Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold PowerFast Fizz Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold Powerfast Fizz Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cough and Cold Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cough Mucus and Congestion Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion Allergy and Cough",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Liquid Gels Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion, Allergy and Cough",
"All Nite",
"All-Nite Cold and Flu",
"All-Nite Cold and Flu",
"Allergy and Cough",
"Alog-doxylamine/pyridoxine",
"Ampigrin Ultra Forte Night",
"Apo-doxylamine/b6",
"ASP Nighttime Max",
"Aspire Night Cold and Flu Softgel",
"Aurophen Cold Multi Symptom",
"AuroQuil COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"AuroQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"AuroQuil Cough Nighttime Cough Relief",
"AuroQuil Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Aurotussin Maximum Strength Daytime and Nighttime Cough Relief",
"AXIM DayTime - Night Time 48 Softgels",
"AXIM DayTime - Night Time 72 Softgels",
"Axim Night Time",
"Basic Care Day Time Cold and Flu Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care daytime nighttime severe cold and flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Night Time Cough",
"Basic Care Nighttime",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu Severe",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Sleep Aid",
"Basic Care Sleep Aid",
"Being Well Cold and Flu Relief PM",
"Being Well Cold Flu Relief PM Multi Symptom",
"Being Well Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Berkley and Jensen Sleep Aid",
"Betr Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Bonjesta",
"Buckley's Cold & Sinus 24 Hour Pack",
"Buckley's Cold & Sinus Night",
"Buckley's Complete 24 Hour Pack",
"Buckley's Complete Nighttime Softgels",
"Buckley's Nighttime Cold and Sinus",
"Care One Cold Mutli Symptom",
"Care One Sleep Aid",
"Careone Allergy and Cough Severe Sinus Congestion",
"CareOne Cold and Cough",
"Careone Cold Max",
"Careone Day Cold and Flu Night Cold and Flu",
"Careone Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Careone Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Night TIme Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"CareOne NightTime Cough",
"CareOne Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"CareOne Nitetime Cold Flu Relief",
"CareOne Nitetime Cold Flu Relief",
"CareOne Nitetime Severe Cold Flu Relief",
"Careone Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Careone Tussin DM",
"CareOne Tussin DM Nighttime Cough",
"Caring Mill Nighttime",
"Caring Mill Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Childrens HoneyWorks Plus Nighttime Cough Syrup",
"Childrens Robitussin Honey Nighttime Cough DM",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"ClearTime",
"Cold & Flu",
"Cold & Flu Nighttime",
"Cold & Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold & Sinus Liquid Capsules",
"Cold and Cough",
"Cold and Cough",
"Cold and Cough",
"Cold and Cough Nighttime",
"Cold and Cough Nighttime Cool Blast",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Day Night",
"Cold and Flu Day, Night",
"Cold and Flu Daytime Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Daytime Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Daytime-nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu DayTime, NightTime Severe",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Maximum Strength",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime/Nightime",
"Cold and Flu Daytime/Nightime",
"Cold and Flu Daytime/Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Medicine - Night Time Formula",
"Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Daytime Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Multi-symptom Relief/cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Multi-symptom Relief/cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Night",
"Cold and Flu Night",
"Cold and Flu Night Time Multi-Symptom Relief Original",
"Cold and Flu Night-time Multi Symptom Relief Cherry",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime D",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Multi-symptom",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe, 24-7 Life",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime/Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime/multi-symptom",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime/Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Day Relief and Night Relief",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Plus",
"Cold and Flu plus Congestion Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime/Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime/Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom, Day, Night",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief NightTime, Multi-symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Non-Drowsy / Daytime Severe / Nighttime Severe",
"Cold and Flu Severe Daytime/Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Severe Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Severe, Nighttime, Maximum Strength",
"Cold and Sinus Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Sinus Relief Combo",
"Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold Max Nighttime",
"Cold Multi Symptom",
"Cold Multi Symptom",
"Cold Multi Symptom",
"Cold Night",
"Cold Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Cold/flu Medicine",
"Complete Cold & Flu Relief",
"Complete Liquid Capsules",
"Complete Liquid Capsules Nighttime Relief",
"ConRx NightTime",
"Contac Cold and Flu Cooling Relief",
"Cooling Severe Daytime Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Cooling Severe Daytime Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Core Values Night Time Relief",
"Coricidin HBP Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Day and Night",
"Coricidin HBP Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Day and Night",
"Coricidin HBP Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Coricidin HBP Nighttime Multi-Symptom Cold",
"Cough",
"Cough",
"Cough and Sore Throat Multi Symptom",
"Cough and Sore Throat Nighttime",
"Cough and Sore Throat Pain Relief",
"Cough Day Night",
"Cough Multi Symptom",
"COUGH Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Cough Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"CVS Daytime and Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief Bundle",
"CVS DayTime and NightTime Value Pack Cold and Flu",
"CVS Daytime COLD and FLU RELIEF and Nighttime COLD and FLU RELIEF",
"CVS Daytime COLD and FLU RELIEF and Nighttime COLD and FLU RELIEF",
"CVS DT and NT Combo Pack Cold and Flu",
"CVS Health Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu Max Softgels Minis",
"CVS Health Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Single Serve Cups Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"CVS Health Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"CVS Health Non Drowsy Daytime Cold and Flu Relief And Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Day and Night Twin Pack",
"CVS NightTime Cold",
"CVS Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"CVS Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"CVS Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Dalmacol",
"Dalmacol",
"Day and Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Day and Night Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Maximum Strength",
"Day and Night Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Maximum Strength",
"Day and Night Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Day Cold and Flu Night Cold and Flu",
"DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Day Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Relief",
"Day Night Cold and Flu",
"Day Relief Night Relief Free",
"Day Relief Night Relief Sinus PE",
"Day Severe Cold and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Day Severe Cold and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"DAY TIME and NIGHT TIME COLD and FLU FORMULA",
"Day Time and Night Time Sinus and Congestion",
"Day Time Night Time",
"Day Time Night Time",
"Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Day Time Night Time Severe Cold and Flu",
"Day Time Night Time Sinus Relief",
"Day Time Nighttime Cough",
"Day-night Cold and Flu",
"Day-night Severe Cold and Flu",
"Day-Time Night-Time",
"DayQuil and Nyquil Severe plus Vicks VapoCool Cold and Flu",
"DayQuil and NyQuil VapoCOOL SEVERE COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Dayquil Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Severe Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Severe Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Severe Cold Flu",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DAYTIME and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DayTime and NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Plus",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cough Relief",
"DAYTIME and NIGHTTIME SEVERE COLD AND FLU DAYTIME NON DROWSY NIGHTTIME",
"DAYTIME and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"DayTime and NiteTime",
"Daytime Cold and Flu and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Cold and Flu and Nigttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Cold and Flu Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"DayTime Cold and Flu Severe and NightTime Cold and Flu Severe",
"Daytime Cough Nighttime Cough",
"Daytime Fast Severe Cold Relief Nitetime Fast Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"DayTime Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime ClearTime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Cough",
"DAYTIME NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu",
"DayTime NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Daytime Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"DayTime NightTime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Combo Pack",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold/Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold/flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold/flu",
"DayTime NightTime Cold/Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"DayTime Nighttime multi symptom cold and flu relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"DAYTIME NIGHTTIME SEVERE COLD AND FLU Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"DayTime NightTime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nite Time",
"Daytime Nitetime",
"Daytime Nitetime",
"Daytime NiteTime",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"DayTime NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"DayTime Nitetime cold and flu relief",
"DayTime NiteTime Cold Flu Relief",
"DayTime NiteTime Severe",
"Daytime Nitetime Sinus",
"DayTime Nitetime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime Non Drows Cold and Flu and Nighttime Cold and",
"Daytime Non Drows Cold and Flu and Nighttime Cold and",
"Daytime PE Nitetime",
"Daytime PE Nitetime",
"Daytime Sinus Relief and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime Sinus Relief and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime Sinus Relief and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime- Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime-nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime, Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime/Nighttime Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief",
"DayTime/NiteTime Severe Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"DDM Day time and Nite time cold and flu",
"Delsym Night Time Cough and Cold",
"Delsym Night Time Multi Symptom",
"Delsym Night Time Multi-Symptom",
"DG Day Time Cold and Flu Formula and Night Time Cold and Flu Formula",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu",
"DG Health cold and flu relief",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"DG Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief Night Time",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief Nite Time",
"DG Health Cold and Flu Severe",
"DG Health Cold Max",
"Dg Health Cough and Sore Throat Nite Time",
"Dg Health Cough Night Time",
"Dg Health Day Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief Night Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Dg Health Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"DG Health night time cold and flu relief",
"Dg Health Night Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"DG Health NightTime SEVERE Cold and Flu",
"DG Health Pain Relief Cold Night Time",
"Dg Health Sleep Aid",
"DG Health Tussin",
"Dg Health Tussin",
"Diclectin",
"Diclegis",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"Doxylamine succinate and Pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Dye Free Cold and Flu",
"Equaline Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Daytime Cold and Flu Fast Relief Nighttime Cold and Flu Fast Relief",
"Equaline Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Daytime Severe Cold Fast Relief Nighttime Cold and Flu Fast Relief",
"Equaline night time cough",
"Equaline Nighttime",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Equaline Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Equaline Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Equaline Sleep Aid",
"Equate Adult Tussin DM Max Daytime Nighttime",
"Equate Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equate Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equate DayTime NiteTime",
"Equate Daytime Nitetime",
"Equate Daytime Nitetime",
"Equate Daytime Nitetime",
"Equate DayTime NiteTime Severe",
"Equate daytime severe vaporice cold and flu nighttime severe vapor ice cold and flu",
"Equate Health Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Equate Health Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Equate Nightime Cough",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equate Nighttime Liquid Capsules",
"Equate Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Equate Nite Time Cold Flu Relief",
"Equate Nite Time Cough",
"Equate NiteTime",
"Equate Nitetime",
"Equate Nitetime",
"Equate Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Equate NiteTime DayTime",
"Equate Nitetime Severe",
"Equate Sinus Night Time",
"Equate sleep aid",
"EQUATE Tussin DM Max Daytime Nighttime",
"Equate Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Extra Strength Tylenol Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Extra Strength TYLENOL Severe Cough Plus Sore Throat Night",
"Family Care Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Family Care Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Family Care Cough Nighttime",
"Family Dollar Daytime and Nighttime Combo Pack Cold and Flu",
"Family Dollar Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Family Dollar Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Original Flavor",
"Family DollarSevere Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Fast Dissolving Daytime - Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Firstcare Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide, Doxylamine Succinate",
"Foster and Thrive Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Fulton Street Market cold and flu",
"Fulton Street Market Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Glentuss",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Cold Multi Symptom",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Cough and Sore Throat",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Multi Symptom",
"good neighbor pharmacy Night time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy night time cough",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time D",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time D",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time Severe",
"Good Neighbor pharmacy severe night time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Severe Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Sleep Aid",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Sleep Aid",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Tussin DM Max",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Tussin DM MAX Nighttime Cough",
"Good Sense Cough and Sore Throat Night Time",
"Good Sense Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"good sense DayTime Night Time",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Good Sense Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense night time cold and flu",
"Good Sense Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Nighttime",
"Good Sense Nighttime Cough",
"Good Sense NightTime DayTime Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Severe Daytime Cold and Flu Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Severe NightTime",
"Good Sense Severe NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Good sense sleep aid",
"Good Sense Sleep Aid Ultra",
"Harmon Face Values Night Time Relief",
"Harmon Face Values Night Time Relief",
"Harris Teeter DayTime NightTime",
"Harris Teeter DayTime NightTime",
"Harris Teeter NightTime",
"Harris Teeter NightTime",
"Harris Teeter NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Harris Teeter Sleep Aid",
"Health Mart Day Time Cold and Flu Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Health Mart Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Night Time",
"Health Mart Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Health Mart Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Health Mart Sleep Aid",
"Healthy Accents Cold and Cough",
"Healthy Accents Cough and Sore Throat Night Time",
"Healthy Accents Day Time Night Time",
"Healthy Accents Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Night Time Cough",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents nighttime cold and flu",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Sleep Aid",
"HoneyWorks Plus Adult Nighttime Cough Syrup",
"Jack & Jill Bedtime Honey Cough & Cold",
"Kirkland Signature Sleep Aid",
"Kroger Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Softgel",
"Kroger Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Kroger Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Kroger Nighttime Cold and Flu Softgel",
"L-Oral COLD AND FLU RELIEF-DS Syrup",
"Leader Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nighttime Cough",
"Leader Nighttime Sever Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Leader Nite Time Cold Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Leader Nite Time Cough",
"Leader Nite Time Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Leader nite time multi symptom cold flu relief",
"Leader Nite Time Severe Cold and Flu",
"Leader Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Leader sleep aid",
"Leader Sleep Aid",
"LIDL Nightyime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Lil Drug Store Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Lil Drug Store Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Lil Drug Store Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Lil Drug Store NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu, Max Strength",
"Lortuss DM",
"Lortuss DM",
"Lortuss Lq",
"Lortuss Lq",
"Lortuss Lq",
"Major Night Time Multi Symptom cold and flu relief",
"Maximum Strength Day-night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Maximum Strength Daytime - Nighttime Cold and Flu Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Maximum Strength Mucinex Fast-Max Day Cold and Flu and Night Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Sever Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strenth Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"McKesson Nite Time",
"meijer Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu SOFTGEL",
"meijer Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Meijer Nitetime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Mercodol With Decapryn",
"Mersyndol With Codeine",
"Mucinar PLUS",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Cold and Flu and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Cold and Flu and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Severe Cold and Night Cold and Flu",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Severe Congestion and Cough and Night Cold and Flu",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Mucinex Sinus - Max Day / Night",
"Mucinex Sinus-Max Day and Night Maximum Strength",
"Mucus Relief Daytime Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Mucus Relief Daytime Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Multi symptom Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Multi Symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Cold and Flu Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"Multi-symptom Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Multi-Symptom Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Plus",
"Multi-symptom Nighttime",
"Multi-Symptom Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Multi-Symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"N - Time",
"N - Time Sinus",
"Neocitran Cold & Flu Syrup",
"NEXT COLD and FLU NIGHTTIME",
"Next Night Severe Cold, Flu and Sore Throat",
"Next Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Next Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"NEXT Severe Cold, Flu and Sore Throate Night Max Strength",
"Nicold Medicine for Adults",
"Night Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Cold Flu Cough and Allergy",
"Night Relief",
"Night Relief Cold and Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Night Relief Cough",
"Night Relief Free",
"Night Relief Free",
"Night Relief Free",
"Night Relief Multi Symptom Cold and Flu",
"Night Relief sinus",
"Night Time",
"Night Time",
"Night Time",
"Night Time",
"Night Time",
"Night Time",
"Night Time Caps Cold Flu Multi symptom",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night time cold and flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night time cold and flu",
"Night time cold and flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"NIGHT TIME COLD and FLU CHERRY",
"NIGHT TIME COLD and FLU FORMULA",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Night time cold and flu multi symptom",
"Night time cold and flu multi symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Original",
"Night Time Cold and Flu original",
"Night Time Cold and Flu ReadyInCase",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Severe",
"Night Time Cold and Flue Relief",
"Night Time Cold Max",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Cherry",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Cherry",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Cherry",
"Night time cold/flu relief multi symptom",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Original",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Original",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Original",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough and Sore Throat Cool Blast",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Night Time Cough cherry",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Night Time Cough Relief",
"Night Time Day Time",
"Night Time Gelcap",
"Night time multi symptom cold/flu relief",
"Night Time Multi Symptom Flu Cold Medicine",
"Night Time Multi Symptom Relief",
"Night time Multi Sympton Cold Max",
"Night Time MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Relief",
"Night Time Severe Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Sinus",
"Night time sinus",
"Night Time Sinus and Congestion",
"Night Time Sinus Relief",
"Night Time Sleep Aid",
"Night Time Softgels",
"Night-Time Cherry MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"Night-Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night-Time COUGH RELIEF",
"NIGHT-TIME MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU Cherry",
"NIGHT-TIME MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU Original",
"Night-Time Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief",
"Night-Time Original MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"Nightcap Cold & Flu Liquid Gels",
"Nightcap Cold and Flu Liquid Gels",
"Nightcap Complete Liquid Gels",
"Nightcap Complete Liquid Gels",
"Nightime",
"Nightime Cold and Flu",
"Nightime Cold and Flu",
"NightRelief DayRelief",
"NightRelief Free Multi symptom cold flu",
"Nighttime",
"Nighttime",
"Nighttime",
"NightTime",
"NightTime",
"NightTime",
"Nighttime",
"NightTime",
"Nighttime 325 Liqua Caps",
"NightTime Cold",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief Liquid Gels",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief Syrup",
"Nighttime Cold & Sinus",
"Nighttime cold and flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime cold and flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime cold and flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NIGHTTIME COLD and FLU",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NIGHTTIME COLD and FLU",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Cherry",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu cherry",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Extra Strength Medicine",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Lil Drug Store Products",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Liquid Gels",
"NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Max Softgels MAXIMUM STRENGTH",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"NIGHTTIME COLD AND FLU Maximum Strength",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu original",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu ReadyInCase",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu ReadyInCase",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Plus",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Softgels Multi-symptom",
"Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold Max",
"Nighttime Cold Medicine",
"Nighttime Cold Multi-Symptom Cool Blast",
"Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief Softgels",
"Nighttime Complete",
"Nighttime Cough",
"Nighttime Cough",
"NightTime Cough",
"Nighttime Cough",
"Nighttime Cough",
"Nighttime Cough all night cough relief",
"Nighttime Cough and Sore Throat Liquid",
"Nighttime Cough DM",
"Nighttime Cough DM",
"Nighttime Cough DM Max",
"NightTime Cough DM Maximum Strength",
"Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Nighttime Cough Relief Cherry",
"Nighttime Cough. Cold. Flu Gel Capsules",
"Nighttime D Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime D Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime D Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Daytime Cough",
"NightTime DayTime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Fast Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Hbp",
"Nighttime HBP Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Liqua Caps",
"NightTime Maximum Strength Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime multi symptom",
"NIGHTTIME Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"NightTime Multi-Symptom Flu Cold",
"Nighttime Relief Complete",
"NightTime Relief Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime severe",
"Nighttime Severe",
"Nighttime Severe",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime SEVERE COLD and FLU",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"NightTime Sinus",
"Nighttime sinus",
"Nighttime Sinus and Congestion Relief",
"Nighttime Sinus Multi symptom",
"NightTime Sinus Relief",
"Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"NightTime Sinus Relief",
"Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep-Aid",
"Nighttime Sleep-Aid",
"Nighttime Sleepaid",
"Nite Time",
"Nite Time",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nite time cold and flu relief",
"Nite Time Cold Flu Relief",
"Nite Time Cold Medicine",
"Nite Time Cold Medicine Cherry Flavor",
"Nite Time Cold/Flu Relief",
"Nite Time Day Time",
"Nite Time Multi symptom cold flu relief",
"Nite Time multi symptom cold flu relief",
"Nite Time MULTI SYMPTOM COLD FLU RELIEF",
"Nite Time multi symptom cold/flu",
"Nite time Severe Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Nite-Time Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief",
"Nite-Time COLD/FLU Medicine",
"Nite-Time COLD/FLU Medicine Cherry",
"Nite-Time COLD/FLU ORIGINAL",
"Nite-TimeCOLD/FLU CHERRY COLD/FLU CHERRY",
"Nitecap Sinus Liquid Gels",
"Nitecap Sinus Liquid Gels",
"Nitecin",
"NiteTime",
"Nitetime",
"NiteTime",
"Nitetime",
"Nitetime",
"NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime cold and flu relief",
"Nitetime cold and flu relief",
"NiteTime Cold Flu Relief",
"NiteTime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nitetime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine Liq",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine Original and Cherry",
"NiteTime Cold plus Flu Releif",
"NiteTime Cold/Flu, Multi-Symptom Relief",
"NItetime cough",
"Nitetime Cough",
"Nitetime Cough",
"NiteTime Cough DayTime Cough",
"Nitetime D",
"Nitetime D multi symptom cold flu relief",
"NiteTime DayTime Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief",
"Nitetime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"NiteTime Sinus",
"NiteTime Sinus",
"Nitetime Sinus Relief",
"NiteTime Sinus Relief",
"Nocto Sleep Aid",
"Non Drowsy DAY and NIGHT Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Formula",
"Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Non Drowsy DAYTIME and NIGHTTIME Sinus Congestion and Cough Relief",
"Non Drowsy DAYTIME and NIGHTTIME Sinus Congestion and Cough Relief",
"Non Drowsy Nighttime Cold and Flu Softgel",
"Non Drowsy Severe Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu Relf Cherry",
"Nyquil Cold Flu Relf Cherry",
"Nyquil Cold Flu Relf Cherry",
"Nyquil Complete",
"Nyquil Complete + Vicks Vapocool",
"Nyquil Complete + Vicks Vapocool Cold & Flu Liquid",
"Nyquil Cough DM + Congestion",
"Nyquil Honey",
"Nyquil Kids",
"Nyquil Kids Honey",
"Nyquil Liquicaps",
"NyQuil Severe",
"NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe Plus VapoCOOL Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe plus Vicks VapoCool",
"NyQuil Severe plus Vicks VapoCool Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe Plus Vicks Vapocool Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe VapoCool",
"Nyquil Sinus Liquicaps",
"NyQuil VapoCOOL SEVERE COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Original Night-Time MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"P.M. Cold Relief Formula",
"Pentrexcilina Night Time",
"PMS-doxylamine-pyridoxine",
"Poly Hist Forte",
"Poly Hist Forte",
"Preferred Plus Severe Nite Time",
"Preferred Plus Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Publix Cherry Flavor Nitetime",
"Quality Choice Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Ratio-calmydone",
"Regular Strength Sinus Medication",
"Rexall Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Rexall Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu",
"Rexall Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Rexall Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Robitussin Complete Nighttime",
"Robitussin Honey Cough & Cold Nighttime",
"Robitussin Honey Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Robitussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Robitussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Robitussin Maximum Strength Severe Multi-Symptom 7 in 1 Relief Nighttime",
"Robitussin Peak Cold Nighttime Cold Plus Flu",
"Rompe Pecho Nighttime",
"Rotosxika Sleep Aid Patch",
"Rotosxika Ventilation Health patch",
"Rx Act Cough and Sore Throat",
"Rx Act Nighttime Cold Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Safetussin PM",
"Safetussin PM",
"Safetussin PM",
"Safetussin PM Nighttime Cough relief",
"Safeway Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Sambrosa Night",
"Sambrosa night",
"Sambrosa Nighttime",
"Sambrosa Sweet Dreams Nighttime",
"sanaflu Night-Time Xtreme Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Sanaflu Nighttime Xtreme Multi Symptom Cold Flu Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Sanatos",
"SanaTos Day and Night Multi Symptom",
"Sanatos Night",
"Sanatos Nighttime Multi Symptoms",
"Sever Daytime Cold and Flu and Sever Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"SEVERE COLD AND FLU DAYTIME NON DROWSY and NIGHTTIME",
"SEVERE COLD AND FLU DAYTIME NON DROWSY and NIGHTTIME",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime/nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Night time",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu nighttime",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Daytime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Plus Congestion",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief Daytime/Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Severe Cold Plus Flu Daytime Nighttime",
"Severe DayTime NightTime Cold and Flu Relief Max Strength",
"Severe Nighttime",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Severe Nighttime Severe Daytime",
"Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Severe Sinus Congestion Allergy and Cough Formula",
"Severe Sinus Congestion Allergy and Cough Formula",
"Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Daytime Non-drowsy / Nightime",
"shop rite Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"Shoprite Ni Calm",
"ShopRite Ni Calm Cough",
"ShopRite Sleep-Aid",
"Signature Care daytime nighttime severe cold and flu relief",
"Signature Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Signature Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Simply Right Night Time",
"simply right Night Time",
"Sinex",
"Sinex",
"Sinex Nighttime Sinus",
"Sinex Severe plus Vicks VapoCool",
"Sinex Severe plus Vicks VapoCool",
"Sinus Day/night Extra Strength",
"Sinus Max Relief Day and Night",
"Sinus Medication",
"Sinus Medication Day & Night",
"Sinus Medication Extra Strength Night Time",
"Sinus Medication Night Tablets",
"Sinus Nighttime",
"Sinus Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"Sleep Aid",
"SLEEP AID 25mg",
"Sleep Aid Nighttime",
"Sleep Aid Nighttime",
"Sleep Aid Ultra",
"Sleep-Aid",
"Sleep-Aid",
"Smart Sense Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Smart Sense Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Smart Sense NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Smart Sense nighttime cold and flu",
"Smart Sense Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Smart Sense Nighttime Cough",
"Smart Sense NightTime DayTime",
"Smart Sense Severe Cold and Flu NightTime",
"Smart Sense Sleep Aid",
"SMITH BROS NIGHT TIME COUGH and CONGESTION",
"Sound Body Cold and Flu Relief",
"Sound Body Cold and Flu Relief",
"Sound Body Cold and Flu Relief",
"Sound Body Daytime Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Sound Body Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Sunmark Nite Time",
"Sunmark Nite Time",
"Sunmark nite time cold and flu",
"Sunmark Nite Time Cough",
"Sunmark Nite Time D Cold and Flu",
"Sunmark Severe Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Sunmark sleep aid",
"Target Cold/Flu Relief",
"Teva-doxylamine/pyridoxine Dr",
"Topcare Clear Time",
"Topcare Cold and Cough",
"Topcare Cold and Flu",
"TopCare Cold Max",
"Topcare Cough and Sore Throat",
"Topcare Day Night",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"TopCare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Topcare Daytime Nighttime Clear Time",
"Topcare Daytime Nitetime Multi Symptom Relief",
"TopCare Health Non Drowsy Daytime Cold and Flu Relief And Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Day and Night Combo Pack",
"TopCare Nite Time",
"TopCare Nite Time Cold and flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and flu relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cough",
"Topcare Nite Time D",
"Topcare Nite Time Day Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Day Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Multi Symptom Relief",
"TopCare Pain Relief Cold Nightttime",
"Topcare Severe Sinus Congestion",
"TopCare Sleep Aid",
"Topcare Sleep Aid",
"Topcare Tussin DM Max",
"Topcare Tussin DM Max",
"TopCare Tussin DM Nighttime Cough",
"Tukol Honey Daytime and Nighttime Value Pack",
"Tukol Honey Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Tukol Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Softgels",
"Tussin DM",
"Tussin DM Cough Nighttime Maximum Strength",
"Tussin DM Daytime Nighttime",
"Tussin DM Max Daytime Nighttime",
"Tussin DM Max Nighttime",
"Tussin DM Maximum Strength",
"Tussin DM Nighttime",
"Tussin DM Nighttime Cough Maximum Strength",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough Control",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough DM Maximum Strength",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough DM Maximum Strength",
"Tylenol Cold & Flu Nighttime",
"Tylenol Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Tylenol Cold Max Night",
"TYLENOL COLD Multi-Symptom",
"Tylenol Cold Multi-symptom",
"Tylenol Cold plus Flu plus Cough Night",
"Tylenol Cold plus Flu Severe and Tylenol Cold Max",
"TYLENOL Cold Plus Flu Severe and TYLENOL COLD MAX CoPack",
"Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Severe Day and Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Plus Cough Night 2-pack",
"Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Severe Day and Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Plus Cough Night 3-Pack",
"Tylo Cold and Flu Night",
"Unisom SleepTabs",
"Unisom SleepTabs",
"Unisom-2 Tablets",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Day and Night Combo Pack",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief Day Night",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief multi symptom night",
"Up and Up Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Daytime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Daytime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up nighttime cough control",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cough Control DM Max",
"Up and Up Nighttime Daytime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Up and Up Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up severe cold and flu",
"Vapor Chill Cold and Flu Daytime/nighttime",
"Vapor Ice Daytime and Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Nyquil VapoCOOL Severe COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cherry Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil COLD and FLU",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE COLD and FLU",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil Kids Honey and Vicks NyQuil Kids Honey COLD and COUGH plus",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE COLD and FLU",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu combo",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil Severe Honey Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil ULTRA CONCENTRATED COLD and FLU",
"Vicks DayQuil Severe and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil Severe and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil Tropical and Vicks NyQuil Cherry Cough",
"Vicks Formula 44 Cough and Congestion Severe Daytime and Nighttime",
"Vicks Formula 44 VapoCool Severe Nighttime Cough and Cold",
"Vicks NyQuil",
"Vicks Nyquil Adult Nighttime Colds Medicine",
"Vicks Nyquil Cold & Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil COLD and FLU",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief and Vicks Childrens NyQuil Cold and Cough",
"Vicks Nyquil Complete Cold & Flu",
"Vicks Nyquil Complete Cold & Flu Caplets",
"Vicks Nyquil Complete Cold & Flu Liquicaps",
"Vicks NyQuil Cough",
"Vicks NyQuil Cough",
"Vicks NyQuil Cough DM plus Congestion",
"Vicks NyQuil D Cold And Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil D Severe Cold And Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil HBP Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE COLD and FLU",
"Vicks NyQuil Kids Honey Cold Cough Congestion",
"Vicks NyQuil Kids Honey Cold Cough Congestion",
"Vicks Nyquil Liquicaps",
"Vicks Nyquil Liquicaps Cold & Flu Multi-symptom Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Nature Fusion Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Honey Cold and Flu",
"VICKS NyQuil SEVERE HONEY FLAVOR COLD and FLU",
"Vicks NyQuil Sinex",
"Vicks NyQuil Sinus",
"Vicks Nyquil Sinus Liquicaps",
"Vicks NyQuil ULTRA CONCENTRATED COLD and FLU",
"Vicks NyQuil VapoCOOL Severe COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Vicks QlearQuil Daytime Sinus and Congestion and Nighttime Sinus and Congestion",
"Vicks QlearQuil Nighttime Sinus and Congestion",
"Vicks Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks ZzzQuil Ultra",
"Viro Flu PM Relief",
"WAG HBP Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Wal Som Nighttime Sleep Aid",
"Wal Tussin DM Max Nighttime Wal Tussin DM Max",
"Walgreen Day Time NightTime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Walgreen Day Time Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Honey Flavor",
"Walgreen High Blood Pressure Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreen Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreen Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Walgreen NightTime Cold and Flu relief",
"Walgreens Adult Nighttime Wal Tussin DM Max Maximum Strength",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non-Drowsy Day and Night Sinus and Cold",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non-Drowsy Day and Night Sinus and Cold",
"Walgreens NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens Nighttime Kids Honey Cold Cough Congestion",
"WalTussin DM Max",
"Welby Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Welly Travel Medicine Kit",
"XL-3 Xtreme",
"XL-3 Xtreme",
"Zicam",
"Zicam",
"Zicam Multi-symptom Cold & Flu Nighttime"
] |
[] |
[
"Zicam",
"N - Time",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"TopCare Nite Time Cold and flu",
"Sanatos Night",
"ACETAMINOPHEN, DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE, and DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE",
"Vicks NyQuil Sinus",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold Medicine",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"N - Time Sinus",
"Vicks NyQuil",
"Delsym Night Time Multi-Symptom",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Cherry",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Original",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Cherry",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Original",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cough",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night time cold/flu relief multi symptom",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Original",
"Night Time Cold/Flu Relief Cherry",
"Sinus Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"NiteTime Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief",
"Night-Time Cherry MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"Night-Time Original MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"Night Time Gelcap",
"Night time cold and flu",
"Nighttime cold and flu",
"Night Time MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"Day Time Night Time Sinus Relief",
"Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cough and Cold Day and Night",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold/Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Sinex",
"Vicks NyQuil Nature Fusion Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold/flu",
"ConRx NightTime",
"Cough Multi Symptom",
"Cough and Sore Throat Nighttime",
"Family Care Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Plus",
"Day-Time Night-Time",
"Night Time Sinus and Congestion",
"TYLENOL COLD Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Daytime Nighttime",
"NightTime Multi-Symptom Flu Cold",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Nighttime Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Daytime Nighttime",
"SMITH BROS NIGHT TIME COUGH and CONGESTION",
"Next Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Multi-Symptom Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Plus",
"Day Time and Night Time Sinus and Congestion",
"Delsym Night Time Cough and Cold",
"Delsym Night Time Multi Symptom",
"Family Care Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Family Care Cough Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Plus",
"Night Time Pseudo-Free",
"Glentuss",
"Multi-Symptom Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Acetaminophen,Dextromethorphan,Doxylamine",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"Vicks QlearQuil Daytime Sinus and Congestion and Nighttime Sinus and Congestion",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu ReadyInCase",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief and Vicks Childrens NyQuil Cold and Cough",
"Vicks NyQuil D Cold And Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks QlearQuil Nighttime Sinus and Congestion",
"Topcare Daytime Nighttime Clear Time",
"Topcare Clear Time",
"Topcare Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Adult Aurotussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Cold Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold/flu",
"Smart Sense Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nite Time Multi symptom cold flu relief",
"Nite Time",
"NiteTime",
"Good Neighbor pharmacy severe night time",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Relief",
"good neighbor pharmacy Night time",
"NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cough and Sore Throat Cool Blast",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Sinus Relief",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief multi symptom night",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Doxylamine Succinate Phenylephrine Hydrochloride",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Doxylamine Succinate Phenylephrine hydrochloride",
"Nite-Time COLD/FLU ORIGINAL",
"Equaline Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Equate Sinus Night Time",
"Equate Nite Time Cold Flu Relief",
"Equate NiteTime",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Safetussin PM",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Fulton Street Market cold and flu",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Preferred Plus Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"Fulton Street Market Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief",
"Good Sense night time cold and flu",
"Simply Right Night Time",
"simply right Night Time",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief Nite Time",
"DG Health cold and flu relief",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Next Night Severe Cold, Flu and Sore Throat",
"Night Time Cough",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"Night Relief Free",
"Nite Time",
"Night Relief Free",
"Careone Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Nitetime",
"Cold Multi Symptom",
"NightRelief Free Multi symptom cold flu",
"Night Relief Cough",
"Night Relief",
"Night Relief Multi Symptom Cold and Flu",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan HBr Doxylamine succinate Phenylephrine HCl",
"Nitetime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nite Time multi symptom cold flu relief",
"Nite Time MULTI SYMPTOM COLD FLU RELIEF",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Day and Night",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime D Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief",
"Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan HBr Doxylamine succinate Phenylephrine HCl",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Equate Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Tylenol Cold Multi-symptom",
"Walgreens Adult Nighttime Wal Tussin DM Max Maximum Strength",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"Being Well Cold Flu Relief PM Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime multi symptom",
"Sunmark nite time cold and flu",
"NIGHTTIME Multi Symptom",
"Sunmark Nite Time Cough",
"Day Time Night Time",
"Sunmark Nite Time D Cold and Flu",
"Night Time",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Being Well Cold and Flu Relief PM",
"Allergy and Cough",
"Equaline Nighttime",
"Equaline night time cough",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time D",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time D",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Cold",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Rx Act Nighttime Cold Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Smart Sense NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cough",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"NiteTime",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"NIGHT-TIME MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU Original",
"NIGHT-TIME MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU Cherry",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"All-Nite Cold and Flu",
"Careone Cold Max",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Nighttime D Cold and Flu",
"ClearTime",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Formula",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion, Allergy and Cough",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Smptom Cold and Flu Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Allergy Sinus Congestion And Headache Formula",
"Nighttime D Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nite Time Cold/Flu Relief",
"Nite-TimeCOLD/FLU CHERRY COLD/FLU CHERRY",
"Leader Nite Time Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Leader nite time multi symptom cold flu relief",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime D multi symptom cold flu relief",
"Daytime Nitetime",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Relief",
"TopCare Nite Time",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time",
"Topcare Nite Time Multi Symptom Relief",
"Nitetime D",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time D",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Zicam",
"CareOne Tussin DM Nighttime Cough",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Severe Congestion and Cough and Night Cold and Flu",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Severe Cold and Night Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Cold and Cough",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Healthy Accents Cough and Sore Throat Night Time",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents nighttime cold and flu",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"NEXT COLD and FLU NIGHTTIME",
"Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Lortuss DM",
"Lortuss Lq",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"sanaflu Night-Time Xtreme Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Cough",
"Topcare Cold and Cough",
"Cough and Sore Throat Pain Relief",
"Topcare Cough and Sore Throat",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Cough and Sore Throat",
"Cough and Sore Throat Multi Symptom",
"Night Time",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"NiteTime Sinus",
"Rx Act Cough and Sore Throat",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Cold and Cough",
"Topcare Tussin DM Max",
"Daytime Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold Flu Relief",
"TopCare Cold Max",
"Nite-Time COLD/FLU Medicine Cherry",
"Nite-Time COLD/FLU Medicine",
"Daytime Sinus Relief and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime Sinus Relief and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Equaline Cold and Flu Relief",
"Rexall Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Contac Cold and Flu Cooling Relief",
"CareOne Nitetime Severe Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold and Cough",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Rexall Night Time Cold and Flu",
"DG Health Pain Relief Cold Night Time",
"NightRelief DayRelief",
"Dg Health Cough and Sore Throat Nite Time",
"Nite Time Cold Medicine",
"Nite Time Cold Medicine Cherry Flavor",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Vicks Formula 44 VapoCool Severe Nighttime Cough and Cold",
"Sinex Severe plus Vicks VapoCool",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Liquid Gels Night",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Tussin DM MAX Nighttime Cough",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Topcare Daytime Nitetime Multi Symptom Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Next Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"CareOne Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time Severe",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Original Night-Time MULTI-SYMPTOM COLD/FLU RELIEF",
"Night-Time Multi-Symptom Cold/Flu Relief",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Symptom Cold Night",
"Signature Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime severe",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu",
"Equaline Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Day Time Nighttime Cough",
"Nighttime Cough Relief Cherry",
"Cold and Flu Night-time Multi Symptom Relief Cherry",
"Cold and Flu Night Time Multi-Symptom Relief Original",
"XL-3 Xtreme",
"XL-3 Xtreme",
"Nitetime",
"Nighttime",
"Nitetime cold and flu relief",
"DayTime Nitetime cold and flu relief",
"Daytime Cough Nighttime Cough",
"Tussin DM Max Daytime Nighttime",
"Rexall Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu",
"TopCare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Tylenol Cold Max Night",
"Tussin DM",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"DAYTIME NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu",
"Careone Tussin DM",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cough Day Night",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough Control",
"NItetime cough",
"Harris Teeter DayTime NightTime",
"Equate Nitetime Severe",
"Nighttime cold and flu",
"Nighttime Cough",
"Day Night Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"Equate DayTime NiteTime",
"Nitetime cold and flu relief",
"NightTime Cough",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"DayTime Nighttime",
"Multi symptom Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Daytime Fast Severe Cold Relief Nitetime Fast Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cherry",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Equate Nitetime",
"Equate NiteTime DayTime",
"TopCare Tussin DM Nighttime Cough",
"Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Equate Nite Time Cough",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Equate Nitetime",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy night time cough",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu",
"Equaline Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Equaline Daytime Severe Cold Fast Relief Nighttime Cold and Flu Fast Relief",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Equaline nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Cold Multi Symptom",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"Being Well Night Time Cold and Flu",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"ShopRite Ni Calm Cough",
"ShopRite Ni Calm",
"Nighttime Severe",
"Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Harris Teeter NightTime",
"Harris Teeter DayTime NightTime",
"Daytime Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Harris Teeter NightTime",
"Cold and Flu Plus",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold Multi-Symptom Cool Blast",
"Preferred Plus Severe Nite Time",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up nighttime cough control",
"Up and Up Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Careone Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime Cold Flu Relief",
"All Nite",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DG Health Cold Max",
"DayTime NightTime Sinus Relief",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"DG Health Tussin",
"Dg Health Cough Night Time",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Night time multi symptom cold/flu relief",
"Nite-Time Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Caps Cold Flu Multi symptom",
"Healthy Accents Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Healthy Accents Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Multi-Symptom Nitetime",
"Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime Multi Symptom",
"Smart Sense NightTime DayTime",
"Good Sense Nighttime Cough",
"Quality Choice Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Multi Symptom",
"Good Sense Nighttime",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Safeway Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Smart Sense Nighttime Cough",
"Good Sense NightTime DayTime Cold and Flu",
"Nite time cold and flu relief",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Cough",
"Good Sense Severe NightTime",
"Smart Sense Nighttime",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Smart Sense Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night-Time COUGH RELIEF",
"Night Relief sinus",
"Leader Nighttime Sever Cold and Flu",
"TopCare Pain Relief Cold Nightttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Careone Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"NightTime DayTime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Day Time Night Time Severe Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Severe Daytime",
"Signature Care daytime nighttime severe cold and flu relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime DayTime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up severe cold and flu",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Wal Tussin DM Max Nighttime Wal Tussin DM Max",
"Equate DayTime NiteTime Severe",
"Tylo Cold and Flu Night",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough DM Maximum Strength",
"Robitussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Shoprite Ni Calm",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Cough",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"EQUATE Tussin DM Max Daytime Nighttime",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime PE Nitetime",
"Leader Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nighttime Cough",
"Leader Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Mucus Relief Daytime Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Robitussin Maximum Strength Severe Multi-Symptom 7 in 1 Relief Nighttime",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Tussin DM Nighttime Cough Maximum Strength",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care daytime nighttime severe cold and flu",
"Equate Adult Tussin DM Max Daytime Nighttime",
"Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"Nitetime Cough",
"Mucinar PLUS",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"TopCare Health Non Drowsy Daytime Cold and Flu Relief And Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Day and Night Combo Pack",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Lil Drug Store Products",
"Topcare Nite Time Day Time Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime Cough DayTime Cough",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Day Severe Cold and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Good Sense Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Daytime/Nighttime Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Daytime Cold and Flu Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe plus Vicks VapoCool Cold and Flu",
"Dye Free Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe Plus VapoCOOL Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold Plus Flu Daytime Nighttime",
"Basic Care Nighttime",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Tussin DM Max",
"Night time Multi Sympton Cold Max",
"Night time cold and flu multi symptom",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Sinus Congestion Allergy and Cough",
"Robitussin Honey Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"CVS Health Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu Max Softgels Minis",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"CVS Health Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Dg Health Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Poly Hist Forte",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Tylenol Cold plus Flu plus Cough Night",
"DayTime NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Nitetime Cold Flu Relief",
"DayTime NightTime Cold/Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"DayTime NiteTime Cold Flu Relief",
"Major Night Time Multi Symptom cold and flu relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"NiteTime Cold plus Flu Releif",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cough DM Max",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu Severe",
"LIDL Nightyime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe plus Vicks VapoCool",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Sinex",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Multi-symptom Relief/cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Sinus Nighttime",
"NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cough",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equaline Daytime Cold and Flu Fast Relief Nighttime Cold and Flu Fast Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Careone Day Cold and Flu Night Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Day Time Cold and Flu Night Time Cold and Flu",
"DayTime Nitetime Sinus Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nitetime Sinus Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil Severe and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil HBP Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime/Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Multi-symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief Daytime/Nighttime",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Up and Up Daytime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Daytime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Night",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cherry Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Cough",
"Vicks DayQuil Tropical and Vicks NyQuil Cherry Cough",
"7 Select Night Time Relief",
"7 Select Night Time Relief",
"Cold and Flu Severe, Nighttime, Maximum Strength",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe VapoCool",
"Diclegis",
"Cold and Flu Relief NightTime, Multi-symptom",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Health Mart Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Night Time",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DayTime Nighttime multi symptom cold and flu relief",
"Night Time Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Original Pseudo-Free",
"Night Time Cherry Pseudo-Free",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"NightTime Cough DM Maximum Strength",
"Nighttime Cold Max",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Sinus Multi symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Maximum Strength Mucinex Fast-Max Day Cold and Flu and Night Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Mucinex Sinus - Max Day / Night",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Equate Nighttime Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Sanaflu Nighttime Xtreme Multi Symptom Cold Flu Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Night Time Cough",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Cherry",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Nighttime cold and flu",
"Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom, Day, Night",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Night Time Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Tussin DM Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Multi Symptom Nitetime",
"Night Time Cold Max",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"NightTime Relief Severe Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Aurophen Cold Multi Symptom",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"Safetussin PM",
"AuroQuil Cough Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Coricidin HBP Nighttime Multi-Symptom Cold",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Severe Sinus, Allergy and Cough",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Day and Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Night Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Night Cold and Flu PowerMax Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu PowerMax Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu PowerMax Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Day and Night Liquid Gels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cough Mucus and Congestion Day and Night",
"Severe Cold and Flu nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Mucus Relief Daytime Severe Cold Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Night Cold Flu Cough and Allergy",
"NightTime Sinus Relief",
"Safetussin PM",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cold and Cough Nighttime Cool Blast",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"NightTime Sinus",
"Welby Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"DayTime Cold and Flu Severe and NightTime Cold and Flu Severe",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Severe",
"Day and Night Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Maximum Strength",
"Sound Body Cold and Flu Relief",
"Sound Body Cold and Flu Relief",
"Sound Body Cold and Flu Relief",
"NiteTime Cold/Flu, Multi-Symptom Relief",
"Nighttime Hbp",
"Day and Night Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Night Time Cough",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"DG Day Time Cold and Flu Formula and Night Time Cold and Flu Formula",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu cherry",
"Severe Sinus Congestion Allergy and Cough Formula",
"CVS Daytime COLD and FLU RELIEF and Nighttime COLD and FLU RELIEF",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu original",
"Night Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cough cherry",
"Leader Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Cold and Flu and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Day and Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cough",
"Sever Daytime Cold and Flu and Sever Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nitetime",
"Maximum Strength Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nitetime",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Night Time",
"NightTime",
"Nite Time multi symptom cold/flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Night",
"DayTime NiteTime Severe",
"Night Time Day Time",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Lil Drug Store Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Lil Drug Store Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Lil Drug Store Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Bonjesta",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Original",
"NIGHT TIME COLD and FLU CHERRY",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"AuroQuil Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"AuroQuil COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"COUGH Nighttime Cough Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cough",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Severe Night Time",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"COLD and FLU Nighttime Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"NiteTime Sinus",
"AuroQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Adult Tussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Tussin DM Max",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cold Max Nighttime",
"Nighttime Daytime Cough",
"Topcare Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night time cold and flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Aurotussin Maximum Strength Daytime and Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cough all night cough relief",
"Night time cold and flu",
"WalTussin DM Max",
"Night Time Cold and Flu ReadyInCase",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Cough",
"Night Time Cough",
"NEXT Severe Cold, Flu and Sore Throate Night Max Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"NightTime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu ReadyInCase",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime D",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe",
"Night Time",
"Tussin DM Cough Nighttime Maximum Strength",
"Night Time Cough Relief",
"Night Time",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and flu relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Night time cold and flu multi symptom",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Dg Health Tussin",
"SanaTos Day and Night Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"DG Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"DG Health night time cold and flu relief",
"Sanatos Nighttime Multi Symptoms",
"shop rite Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom, Nighttime",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"CareOne Night TIme Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DayTime and NiteTime",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Rexall Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Day Severe Cold Night Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"CareOne NightTime Cough",
"Topcare Day Time Nite Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Smart Sense Severe Cold and Flu NightTime",
"Smart Sense Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Severe NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Smart Sense nighttime cold and flu",
"Dg Health Cold and Flu Relief Night Time",
"Cold Multi Symptom",
"Harris Teeter NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Core Values Night Time Relief",
"NIGHTTIME COLD and FLU",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NIGHT TIME COLD and FLU FORMULA",
"Good Sense Night Time",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Up and Up Nighttime Cough Control DM Max",
"Nighttime SEVERE COLD and FLU",
"Up and Up Cold Flu Relief Day Night",
"Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime Multi Symptom",
"Up and Up Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Cold Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Sinus",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cough Relief Nighttime",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Nighttime Cough Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"DayTime/NiteTime Severe Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Maximum Strength",
"Topcare Nite Time Day Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"Day Severe Cold and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Sinus and Congestion Relief",
"Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"NiteTime Sinus Relief",
"Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Nighttime sinus",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"ACETAMINOPHEN DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE and DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE",
"Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Daytime Non-drowsy / Nightime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough DM Maximum Strength",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cough",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Severe Sinus Congestion Allergy and Cough Formula",
"Daytime Sinus Relief and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Multi-symptom Relief/cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"NightTime Maximum Strength Cold and Flu",
"NIGHTTIME COLD and FLU",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"DDM Day time and Nite time cold and flu",
"DAY TIME and NIGHT TIME COLD and FLU FORMULA",
"Night Time Sinus Relief",
"CVS Daytime COLD and FLU RELIEF and Nighttime COLD and FLU RELIEF",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil Severe and Vicks NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Multi-Symptom Relief/Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"DayQuil and Nyquil Severe plus Vicks VapoCool Cold and Flu",
"Day and Night Severe Sinus Congestion and Cough Maximum Strength",
"Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Cooling Severe Daytime Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Equate Health Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Nighttime Multi Symptom Cold and Flu Relief",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Day and Night Severe Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Day and Night",
"Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Sunmark Nite Time",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Lil Drug Store NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu, Max Strength",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Health Mart Day Time Cold and Flu Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"meijer Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Nighttime Cough DM",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Day Cold and Flu Night Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Non Drowsy DAYTIME and NIGHTTIME Sinus Congestion and Cough Relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non-Drowsy Day and Night Sinus and Cold",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Multi-Symptom Cold Day and Night",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"NightTime",
"Cooling Severe Daytime Cooling Severe Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and flu Relief",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Multi-symptom Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Night Time Cold and Flue Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"DAYTIME and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Up and Up Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"DAYTIME and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Equate Nightime Cough",
"Cold and Flu DayTime, NightTime Severe",
"Nighttime",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nite Time Day Time",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime Non Drowsy Nighttime",
"Daytime Mucus Relief Severe Cold and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Childrens Robitussin Honey Nighttime Cough DM",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief Softgels",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold Powerfast Fizz Night",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold PowerFast Fizz",
"Welly Travel Medicine Kit",
"Health Mart Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Sunmark Nite Time",
"Vicks Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu combo",
"Tussin DM Max Nighttime",
"Health Mart Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Nite time Severe Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Lortuss Lq",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil D Severe Cold And Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu Daytime/nighttime",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Daytime-nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime/multi-symptom",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Cough, Mucus and Congestion Day and Night",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cough, Mucus and Congestion Day and Night Powermax",
"Night Time Multi Symptom Flu Cold Medicine",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Daytime-nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Relief Non-Drowsy / Daytime Severe / Nighttime Severe",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride",
"Up and Up Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom Day and Night Combo Pack",
"Night Time Cough Cherry",
"CVS Health Non Drowsy Daytime Cold and Flu Relief And Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Day and Night Twin Pack",
"DayTime NiteTime Cold and Flu",
"Leader Nite Time Cough",
"Daytime NiteTime",
"CVS Nighttime Cold/Flu Relief",
"Careone Allergy and Cough Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Walgreen Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"McKesson Nite Time",
"Leader Nite Time Cold Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Relief Free",
"Sanatos",
"Equate Daytime Nitetime",
"Good Sense Cough and Sore Throat Night Time",
"Daytime Nitetime Sinus",
"Cold and Cough Nighttime",
"CareOne Nitetime Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu",
"Daytime PE Nitetime",
"Day Relief Night Relief Free",
"All-Nite Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Cold and Flu",
"CVS Health Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Single Serve Cups Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu Night time",
"NightTime",
"Leader Nite Time Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Lortuss Lq",
"Leader Severe Sinus Congestion",
"Robitussin Peak Cold Nighttime Cold Plus Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime ClearTime",
"Publix Cherry Flavor Nitetime",
"Up and Up Nighttime Daytime Cold and Flu",
"Harmon Face Values Night Time Relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu",
"Day Time Night Time",
"Poly Hist Forte",
"Leader Nite Time",
"Target Cold/Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu",
"Lortuss DM",
"Sinex",
"Robitussin Maximum Strength Nighttime Cough DM",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nite Time",
"Severe Sinus Congestion",
"good sense DayTime Night Time",
"Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Daytime",
"Cough Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"Harmon Face Values Night Time Relief",
"CareOne Nitetime Cold Flu Relief",
"Night time sinus",
"Equate Daytime Nitetime",
"Healthy Accents Day Time Night Time",
"Healthy Accents Night Time Cough",
"CareOne Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Day Night",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold and Cough Night",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"CareOne Cold and Cough",
"NyQuil Severe Cold and Flu",
"Care One Cold Mutli Symptom",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Night Cold Formula (Lemon)",
"Day Relief Night Relief Sinus PE",
"Cold and Flu Daytime/Nightime",
"Equate Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Day Time Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Equate Daytime Nitetime",
"Coricidin HBP Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Day and Night",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Maximum Strength Daytime - Nighttime Cold and Flu Cold and Flu",
"Nightime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime- Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"Dg Health Night Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Signature Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Equate Vapor Ice Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Equate Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Equate daytime severe vaporice cold and flu nighttime severe vapor ice cold and flu",
"Day-night Severe Cold and Flu",
"Fast Dissolving Daytime - Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Day Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Night",
"Cold Night",
"Maximum Strenth Night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Maximum Strength Day-night Cold and Flu Formula",
"Tukol Honey Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"ASP Nighttime Max",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Tukol Honey Daytime and Nighttime Value Pack",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime/Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi Symptom",
"Kroger Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Cough",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Relief Multi symptom, Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime/Multi-Symptom",
"Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime",
"Nighttime HBP Cold and Flu Relief",
"Night Time Severe Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime, Nighttime",
"Doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Vapor Chill Cold and Flu Daytime/nighttime",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Relief Daytime/Nighttime",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Kroger Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"NightTime Cold",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Severe Daytime Cold and Flu Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreen Day Time NightTime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Walgreen Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide, Doxylamine Succinate",
"Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan HBr, Phenylephrine HCl, Doxylamine Succinate",
"Walgreen Day Time Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Honey Flavor",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"L-Oral COLD AND FLU RELIEF-DS Syrup",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Severe cold and flu Nighttime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Cold and Flu Severe Daytime/Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Severe Nighttime",
"Sinus Max Relief Day and Night",
"Cold and Flu Daytime/Nighttime",
"Non Drowsy Nighttime Cold and Flu Softgel",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Aspire Night Cold and Flu Softgel",
"Maximum Strength Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Vicks Formula 44 Cough and Congestion Severe Daytime and Nighttime",
"Night Time Cold and Flu original",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Dg Health Day Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief Night Time Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"CVS Daytime and Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief Bundle",
"CVS Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Daytime/Nightime",
"Night Cold and Flu Relief",
"Day-night Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Kids Honey Cold Cough Congestion",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold Night PowerFast Fizz",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cough DM",
"Sound Body Daytime Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Basic Care Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold PowerFast Fizz Day and Night",
"Basic Care Daytime Severe Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime and Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DAYTIME and NIGHTTIME SEVERE COLD AND FLU DAYTIME NON DROWSY NIGHTTIME",
"Non Drowsy DAYTIME and NIGHTTIME Sinus Congestion and Cough Relief",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreens NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"Severe Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"SEVERE COLD AND FLU DAYTIME NON DROWSY and NIGHTTIME",
"Cold and Flu Daytime, Nighttime, Multi-Symptom",
"SEVERE COLD AND FLU DAYTIME NON DROWSY and NIGHTTIME",
"DayTime NightTime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Multi-symptom Cold and Flu Relief Daytime Nighttime",
"Vicks NyQuil Cough DM plus Congestion",
"Multi-symptom Cold and Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Severe DayTime NightTime Cold and Flu Relief Max Strength",
"Basic Care Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Caring Mill Nighttime",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Cold and Flu Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Severe Day and Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Plus Cough Night 2-pack",
"Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Severe Day and Tylenol Cold Plus Flu Plus Cough Night 3-Pack",
"Tylenol Cold plus Flu Severe and Tylenol Cold Max",
"TYLENOL Cold Plus Flu Severe and TYLENOL COLD MAX CoPack",
"NightTime Cold and Flu Multi Symptom",
"Sinex Severe plus Vicks VapoCool",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Vapor Ice Daytime and Nitetime Cold and Flu",
"Caring Mill Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Betr Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Coricidin HBP Maximum Strength Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Mersyndol With Codeine",
"Vicks NyQuil Cough",
"Sinus Medication Night Tablets",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Nyquil Sinus Liquicaps",
"Vicks Nyquil Cold & Flu",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Vicks Nyquil Complete Cold & Flu",
"Nyquil Liquicaps",
"Mercodol With Decapryn",
"Vicks Nyquil Adult Nighttime Colds Medicine",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Vicks Nyquil Liquicaps",
"Neocitran Cold & Flu Syrup",
"Vicks Nyquil Sinus Liquicaps",
"Night Relief Cold and Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Tylenol Cold & Flu Nighttime",
"Regular Strength Sinus Medication",
"Cold and Flu Medicine - Night Time Formula",
"Cold & Flu Nighttime",
"Cold/flu Medicine",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"Zicam Multi-symptom Cold & Flu Nighttime",
"Nicold Medicine for Adults",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine",
"Night Time Relief",
"Nighttime 325 Liqua Caps",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief Syrup",
"P.M. Cold Relief Formula",
"Equate Nighttime Liquid Capsules",
"Nighttime Cough and Sore Throat Liquid",
"Nighttime Cold Medicine",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Extra Strength Medicine",
"Acetaminophen/pseudoephedrine/dextromethorphan/doxylamine",
"Nighttime Sinus Relief",
"Sinus Day/night Extra Strength",
"Cold and Sinus Nighttime Relief",
"Nightcap Complete Liquid Gels",
"Nitecap Sinus Liquid Gels",
"Vicks Nyquil Complete Cold & Flu Caplets",
"Tylenol Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Extra Strength Tylenol Cold and Flu Nighttime",
"Nightcap Cold and Flu Liquid Gels",
"Buckley's Cold & Sinus Night",
"Sinus Medication Extra Strength Night Time",
"Diclectin",
"Cold Flu Relief",
"Ratio-calmydone",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Liquid Capsules",
"Buckley's Nighttime Cold and Sinus",
"Cold & Flu",
"Sinus Medication Day & Night",
"Cold and Sinus Relief Combo",
"Sinex Nighttime Sinus",
"Vicks Nyquil Liquicaps Cold & Flu Multi-symptom Relief",
"PMS-doxylamine-pyridoxine",
"Cold & Flu Relief Nighttime",
"Apo-doxylamine/b6",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine Original and Cherry",
"Nighttime Complete",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"Complete Liquid Capsules Nighttime Relief",
"Dalmacol",
"Dalmacol",
"Nighttime Cough. Cold. Flu Gel Capsules",
"Nitetime Cold Medicine Liq",
"Nighttime Liqua Caps",
"Robitussin Complete Nighttime",
"Teva-doxylamine/pyridoxine Dr",
"Complete Liquid Capsules",
"Sinus Medication",
"Buckley's Complete Nighttime Softgels",
"Cold & Sinus Liquid Capsules",
"Night Time Multi Symptom Relief",
"Nighttime Relief Complete",
"Nighttime Cold & Sinus",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Softgels",
"Nyquil Complete + Vicks Vapocool",
"Nyquil Complete + Vicks Vapocool Cold & Flu Liquid",
"Vicks Nyquil Complete Cold & Flu Liquicaps",
"Robitussin Honey Cough & Cold Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"Complete Cold & Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief Liquid Gels",
"Buckley's Complete 24 Hour Pack",
"Buckley's Cold & Sinus 24 Hour Pack",
"Nightcap Complete Liquid Gels",
"Nitecap Sinus Liquid Gels",
"Nightcap Cold & Flu Liquid Gels",
"Nyquil Complete",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Circle K Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Cold and Flu and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Mucinex Sinus-Max Day and Night Maximum Strength",
"Vicks NyQuil Severe Honey Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Night Time Cough",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Multi-Symptom",
"Jack & Jill Bedtime Honey Cough & Cold",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Liquid Gels",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe",
"Firstcare Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide, Doxylamine Succinate",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"NyQuil Severe Plus Vicks Vapocool Cold and Flu",
"NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Max Softgels MAXIMUM STRENGTH",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Severe Cold PowerFast Fizz Day and Night",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"AXIM DayTime - Night Time 48 Softgels",
"AXIM DayTime - Night Time 72 Softgels",
"Axim Night Time",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu Nighttime Relief",
"Basic Care Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Combo Pack",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"DAYTIME NIGHTTIME SEVERE COLD AND FLU Maximum Strength",
"Daytime Nighttime Sinus Relief Maximum Strength",
"Nyquil Kids",
"Nitecin",
"Pentrexcilina Night Time",
"Ampigrin Ultra Forte Night",
"Viro Flu PM Relief",
"Sunmark Severe Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime",
"Nightime",
"NIGHTTIME COLD AND FLU Maximum Strength",
"Alka Seltzer Plus Maximum Strength Sinus, Allergy And Cough Power Max Gels",
"Vicks NyQuil Kids Honey Cold Cough Congestion",
"Vicks NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Cold and Flu",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Day and Night PowerMax gels",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Maximum Strength Nighttime Sever Cold and Flu",
"Algidol Flu",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Day Relief and Night Relief",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Equate Health Non Drowsy DAY Cold and Flu Plus and NIGHTTIME Cold and Flu Plus",
"Kroger Nighttime Cold and Flu Softgel",
"Kroger Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Softgel",
"Nightime Cold and Flu",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non-Drowsy Day and Night Sinus and Cold",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Non Drowsy Day and Night Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Basic Care Daytime Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Coricidin HBP Maximum Strength Cold and Flu Day and Night",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime",
"Cold and Flu Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Daytime, Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Non Drowsy Severe Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Day, Night",
"Cold and Flu Night",
"Night Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe",
"Daytime Non Drows Cold and Flu and Nighttime Cold and",
"NyQuil VapoCOOL SEVERE COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"Vicks NyQuil VapoCOOL Severe COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Vicks NyQuil COLD and FLU",
"Vicks DayQuil Kids Honey and Vicks NyQuil Kids Honey COLD and COUGH plus",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Tukol Night Time Cold and Flu Relief Softgels",
"CVS NightTime Cold",
"Rompe Pecho Nighttime",
"Multi-symptom Nitetime",
"HoneyWorks Plus Adult Nighttime Cough Syrup",
"Childrens HoneyWorks Plus Nighttime Cough Syrup",
"CVS Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Walgreens Nighttime Kids Honey Cold Cough Congestion",
"Walgreen High Blood Pressure Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Night Time Cough",
"Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Day and Night PowerMax gels",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"WAG HBP Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"CVS DayTime and NightTime Value Pack Cold and Flu",
"Tussin Nighttime Cough",
"Non Drowsy DAY and NIGHT Multi-Symptom Cold and Flu Formula",
"Night-Time Cold and Flu Relief",
"Dayquil Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Severe Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu Relf Cherry",
"Meijer Nitetime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Softgels Multi-symptom",
"Non Drowsy Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Walgreen NightTime Cold and Flu relief",
"Dayquil Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Severe Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu Relf Cherry",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Relief",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil COLD and FLU",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE COLD and FLU",
"NightTime Cold and Flu",
"DayTime and NightTime Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Daytime Non Drows Cold and Flu and Nighttime Cold and",
"Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Nyquil VapoCOOL Severe COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil Severe Honey Cold and Flu",
"Dayquil Cold Flu",
"Dayquil Severe Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu",
"Nyquil Cold Flu Relf Cherry",
"Mucinex Fast-Max Day Cold and Flu and Night Cold and Flu Maximum Strength",
"Extra Strength TYLENOL Severe Cough Plus Sore Throat Night",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold Flu Relief",
"Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Severe Cold and Flu Plus Congestion",
"Foster and Thrive Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Daytime Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Vicks NyQuil ULTRA CONCENTRATED COLD and FLU",
"Topcare Nite Time Cold and Flu",
"Family DollarSevere Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"Family Dollar Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief Original Flavor",
"Family Dollar Nighttime Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Daytime Nighttime",
"Tussin DM Nighttime",
"Vicks NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE COLD and FLU",
"Tussin DM Daytime Nighttime",
"Daytime Cold and Flu and Nigttime Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime cold and flu relief",
"CVS DT and NT Combo Pack Cold and Flu",
"Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Good Sense Night Time Cold and Flu",
"DG Health NightTime SEVERE Cold and Flu",
"Safetussin PM Nighttime Cough relief",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil ULTRA CONCENTRATED COLD and FLU",
"Cold and Flu plus Congestion Nighttime",
"DayQuil and NyQuil VapoCOOL SEVERE COLD and FLU plus CONGESTION",
"Vicks DayQuil NyQuil HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE COLD and FLU",
"Up and Up Nighttime Severe Cold and Flu",
"Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride",
"VICKS NyQuil SEVERE HONEY FLAVOR COLD and FLU",
"Family Dollar Daytime and Nighttime Combo Pack Cold and Flu",
"Vicks DayQuil and Vicks NyQuil Cold and Flu",
"Severe Cold and Flu Relief",
"Cold and Flu Nighttime Severe, 24-7 Life",
"Nighttime Severe",
"Equate Nighttime Cold and Flu",
"DG Health Cold and Flu Severe",
"Rotosxika Sleep Aid Patch",
"Rotosxika Ventilation Health patch",
"Nyquil Cough DM + Congestion",
"Doxylamine succinate and Pyridoxine hydrochloride",
"Nyquil Kids Honey",
"Nighttime Cold & Flu Relief",
"meijer Daytime and Nighttime Cold and Flu SOFTGEL",
"Alog-doxylamine/pyridoxine",
"Nyquil Honey"
] |
[
"P35367",
"Q14994",
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"P08173",
"P08912"
] |
[
"Q14097"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00367
|
Levonorgestrel
|
Levonorgestrel (LNG) is a synthetic progestogen similar to [Progesterone] used in contraception and hormone therapy.[A181988,T659] Also known as Plan B, it is used as a single agent in emergency contraception, and as a hormonal contraceptive released from an intrauterine device, commonly referred to as an IUD. Some of these devices are known as Jaydess, Kyleena, and Mirena. A subdermal implant of levonorgestrel that slowly releases the hormone over a long-term period is also available.[L7823] In addition to the above uses, levonorgestrel is used as a component of long-term combination contraceptives.[A181991,L7760,L7778]
Globally, levonorgestrel is the most commonly used emergency contraceptive. It was initially granted FDA approval in 1982 and was the first emergency contraceptive containing only progesterone, showing high levels of efficacy and a lack of estrogenic adverse effects when compared to older emergency contraceptive regimens.[A181976,A181994,L7760]
|
solid
|
**Emergency contraception**
Levonorgestrel, in the single-agent emergency contraceptive form, is indicated for the prevention of pregnancy after the confirmed or suspected failure of contraception methods or following unprotected intercourse. It is distributed by prescription for patients under 17, and over the counter for those above this age.[L7760] This levonorgestrel-only form of contraception is not indicated for regular contraception and must be taken as soon as possible within 72 hours after intercourse.[A181976,L7760] It has shown a lower efficacy when it is used off label within 96 hours.[T659]
**Long-term contraception or nonemergency contraception**
In addition to the above indication in emergency contraception, levonorgestrel is combined with other contraceptives in contraceptive formulations designed for regular use, for example with ethinyl estradiol.[L7766] It is used in various hormone-releasing intrauterine devices for long-term contraception ranging for a duration of 3-5 years.[L7778,L7781,L7787] Product labeling for Mirena specifically mentions that it is recommended in women who have had at least 1 child and can be indicated for the prevention of pregnancy for up to 8 years.[L7778,L42950] A subdermal implant is also available for the prevention of pregnancy for up to 5 years.[L7823]
**Hormone therapy and off-label uses**
Levonorgestrel is prescribed in combination with estradiol as hormone therapy during menopause to manage vasomotor symptoms and to prevent osteoporosis.[L7805]Off-label, levonorgestrel may be used to treat menorrhagia, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometriosis.[T659]
|
Levonorgestrel prevents pregnancy by interfering with ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. The levonorgestrel-only containing emergency contraceptive tablet is 89% effective if it is used according to prescribing information within 72 hours after intercourse.[A181976,A181988] The intrauterine and implantable devices releasing levonorgestrel are more than 99% in preventing pregnancy.[A182123,L7778,L7781] Levonorgestrel utilized as a component of hormonal therapy helps to prevent endometrial carcinoma associated with unopposed estrogen administration.[A182042]
|
**Mechanism of action on ovulation**
Oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel suppress gonadotropins, inhibiting ovulation. Specifically, levonorgestrel binds to progesterone and androgen receptors and slows the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This process results in the suppression of the normal physiological luteinizing hormone (LH) surge that precedes ovulation. It inhibits the rupture of follicles and viable egg release from the ovaries. Levonorgestrel has been proven to be more effective when administered before ovulation.[T659]
**Mechanism of action in cervical mucus changes**
Similar to other levonorgestrel-containing contraceptives, the intrauterine (IUD) forms of levonorgestrel likely prevent pregnancy by increasing the thickness of cervical mucus, interfering with the movement and survival of sperm, and inducing changes in the endometrium, where a fertilized ovum is usually implanted.[L7778,L7781] Levonorgestrel is reported to alter the consistency of mucus in the cervix, which interferes with sperm migration into the uterus for fertilization. Levonorgestrel is not effective after implantation has occurred.[A181976]
Interestingly, recent evidence has refuted the commonly believed notion that levonorgestrel changes the consistency of cervical mucus when it is taken over a short-term period, as in emergency contraception. Over a long-term period, however, levonorgestrel has been proven to thicken cervical mucus.[A181976] The exact mechanism of action of levonorgestrel is not completely understood and remains a topic of controversy and ongoing investigation.[A181976,L7760]
*Effects on implantation**
The effects of levonorgestrel on endometrial receptivity are unclear, and the relevance of this mechanism to the therapeutic efficacy of levonorgestrel is contentious.[A175372,A218666] Prescribing information for levonorgestrel IUDs state that they exert local morphological changes to the endometrium (e.g. stromal pseudodecidualization, glandular atrophy) that may play a role in their contraceptive activity.[L7778,L7781]
**Mechanism of action in hormone therapy**
When combined with estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis, levonorgestrel serves to lower the carcinogenic risk of unopposed estrogen therapy via the inhibition of endometrial proliferation. Unregulated endometrial proliferation sometimes leads to endometrial cancer after estrogen use.[L7808]
|
Orally administered levonorgestrel is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract while levonorgestrel administered through an IUD device is absorbed in the endometrium. Levonorgestrel is absorbed immediately in the interstitial fluids when it is inserted as a subdermal implant.[L7823] After insertion of the subdermal implant, the Cmax of levonorgestrel is attained within 2-3 days.[L7823]The Cmax following one dose of 0.75 mg of oral levonorgestrel is reached within the hour after administration, according to one reference.[A181976] In a pharmacokinetic study of 1.5 mg of levonorgestrel in women with a normal BMI and those considered to be obese (BMI>30), mean Cmax was found to be 16.2 ng/mL and 10.5 ng/mL respectively. Tmax was found to be 2 hours for those with normal BMI and 2.5 hours for patients with increased BMI.[A181985] The bioavailability of levonorgestrel approaches 100%.[L7793]
Mean AUC has been shown to be higher in patients with a normal BMI, measuring at 360.1 h × ng/mL versus a range of 197.28 to 208.1 h × ng/mL in an obese group of patients. Obesity may contribute to decreased efficacy of levonorgestrel in contraception.[A181985]
|
After absorption of the oral emergency contraceptive preparation, levonorgestrel is conjugated and forms a large number of sulfate conjugates. In addition, glucuronide conjugates have been identified in the plasma.[A182033] High levels of conjugated and unconjugated 3α, 5β-tetrahydrolevonorgestrel are found in the plasma. The entire metabolic pathway for levonorgestrel has not been studied, however, 16β-hydroxylation is one pathway that has been identified.[L7823] Small quantities of 3α, 5α tetrahydrolevonorgestrel and 16βhydroxylevonorgestrel are also formed.[L7760] No active metabolites have been identified.[L7793] The rate of metabolism may be considerably different according to the patient and may explain a wide variation in levonorgestrel clearance.[L7760] Liver CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 hepatic enzymes are reported to be involved in the metabolism of levonorgestrel.[A182084,L7760]
|
The oral LD50 in rats is greater than 5000 mg/kg.[L7790]
An overdose of this drug, like other contraceptives, may cause nausea and withdrawal bleeding. Provide symptomatic treatment in the case of a levonorgestrel overdose and contact the local poison control center. There is no specific antidote for a levonorgestrel overdose.[L7760,L7793,L7796]
|
The elimination half-life of a 0.75 mg dose of 1.5 mg of levonorgestrel ranges between 20-60 hours post-administration.[A181976] A pharmacokinetic study of women with a normal BMI and BMI over revealed an elimination half-life of 29.7 h and 41.0-46.4 hours, respectively.[A181985] Another pharmacokinetic study revealed a mean elimination half-life of 24.4 hours after a 0.75 mg dose of levonorgestrel was administered to 16 patients.[A181979]
|
The protein binding of levonorgestrel ranges from 97.5-99%, and it is mainly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Levonorgestrel is also bound to albumin.[A10375,L7760,L7781,L7823] The prescribing information for the implanted levonorgestrel indicates that the concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is reduced in the span of a few days after levonorgestrel administration, decreasing the levels of the drug.[L7823]
|
Approximately 45% of an oral levonorgestrel dose and its conjugated or sulfate metabolites are found to be excreted in the urine. Approximately 32% of an orally ingested dose is found excreted in feces, primarily in the form of glucuronide conjugates of levonorgestrel.[L7760]
|
One pharmacokinetic study determined a mean steady-state volume of distribution of 1.5 mg of levonorgestrel to be 162.2 L in those with normal BMI and in the range of 404.7 L to 466.4 L in obese patients with a body mass index of at least 30.[A181985] Mean volume of distribution in 16 patients receiving 0.75 mg of levonorgestrel in another pharmacokinetic study was 260 L.[A181979] The Plan B one-step FDA label reports an apparent volume of distribution of 1.8 L/kg.[L7760]
|
Clearance was found to 4.8 L/h in healthy female volunteers with a normal BMI, and 7.70-8.51 L/h in obese patients after a single 1.5 mg dose.[A181985] After a 0.75 mg dose of levonorgestrel in 16 patients in another pharmacokinetic study, mean clearance was calculated at 7.06 L/h.[A181979] Following levonorgestrel implant removal, the serum concentration falls below 100 pg/mL within the first 96 hours and further falls below the sensitivity of detection within the range of 5 days to 2 weeks.[L7823]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Estrane steroids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
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"G",
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"G03A",
"G03",
"G",
"G03FA",
"G03F",
"G03",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
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{
"cost": "1.25",
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{
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{
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},
{
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{
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"unit": "tablet"
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{
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"description": "Nordette (28) 28 0.15-30 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "363.54",
"description": "Mirena System 52 mg Insert",
"unit": "insert"
},
{
"cost": "843.66",
"description": "Mirena system",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Acidophilus 10 bu/gm granules",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.98",
"description": "Trivora-28 tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
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(-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one | (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-13-ethyl-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy- 1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17- tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a] phenanthren-3-one | 13-beta-Ethyl-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one | 13-Ethyl-17-alpha-ethynyl-17-beta-hydroxy-4-gonen-3-one | 13-Ethyl-17-alpha-ethynylgon-4-en-17-beta-ol-3-one | 17-alpha-Ethinyl-13-beta-ethyl-17-beta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one | 17-alpha-Ethynyl-13-ethyl-19-nortestosterone | 17-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone | 17alpha-Ethynyl-13beta-ethyl-3-oxo-4-estren-17beta-ol | 17alpha-Ethynyl-17-hydroxy-18-methylestr-4-en-3-one | 17alpha-Ethynyl-18-homo-19-nortestosterone | 18-Methyl-17-alpha-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone | 18-Methylnorethisterone | d(-)-Norgestrel | Lèvonorgestrel | Levonorgestrel | Levonorgestrelum | NR3C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 | PR | 1.3.1.22 | S5AR 1 | SR type 1 | Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 1 | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | DHTR | Dihydrotestosterone receptor | NR3C4 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 | ABP | SBP | Sex steroid-binding protein | SHBG | TeBG | Testis-specific androgen-binding protein | Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin | Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
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"After Banger",
"Aftera",
"Aftera",
"AfterPill",
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"AfterPlan",
"Alesse 21",
"Alesse 28",
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"Altavera",
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"Alysena 21",
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"Amazon Basic Care Levonorgestrel",
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"Amethia Lo",
"Amethia Lo",
"Amethyst",
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"Levonorgestrel",
"Levonorgestrel",
"Levonorgestrel",
"Levonorgestrel",
"Levonorgestrel",
"Levonorgestrel",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradoil",
"Levonorgestrel Emergency Contraceptive",
"Levonorgestrel Tablet, 1.5 mg",
"Levonorgestrel Tablets, 0.75mg",
"Levonorgetsrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levora",
"Levora",
"Levora",
"Levora",
"Levora",
"Levora",
"Liletta",
"Liletta",
"Lillow",
"Lo Simpesse",
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"LoSeasonique",
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"Lutera 28",
"Lybrel",
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"Min-ovral 28 Tab",
"Minivlar 30",
"Minzoya",
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"Morning After",
"Morning After",
"Morning After",
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"My Choice TM",
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"My Way",
"My Way",
"My Way",
"My Way",
"My Way",
"My Way",
"Mystep",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"New Day",
"New Day",
"Next Choice",
"Next Choice",
"Next Choice",
"Next Choice",
"Next Choice",
"Next Choice",
"Next Choice",
"Next Choice One Dose",
"Next Choice One Dose",
"Next Choice One Dose",
"Nordette",
"Norlevo",
"Norlevo",
"Norplant System Kit 36mg/implant",
"Opcicon One-Step",
"Option 2",
"Option 2",
"Optionelle",
"Orsythia",
"Orsythia",
"Orsythia",
"Orsythia",
"Orsythia",
"Orsythia",
"Ovima 21",
"Ovima 28",
"Plan B",
"Plan B",
"Plan B",
"Plan B",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Plan B One-Step",
"Portia",
"Portia",
"Portia 21",
"Portia 28",
"PostDay One-Step",
"PostDay One-Step",
"PostDay One-Step",
"PostDay One-Step",
"Preven Emergency Contraceptive",
"Preven Tablets",
"Preventeza",
"Quartette",
"Quartette",
"Quartette",
"Quasense",
"Quaterna",
"React",
"Rivelsa",
"Rivelsa",
"Rivelsa",
"Seasonale",
"Seasonale",
"Seasonale",
"Seasonique",
"Seasonique",
"Seasonique",
"Setlakin",
"SheWise",
"Simpesse",
"Skyla",
"Sronyx",
"Sronyx",
"Sronyx",
"Sronyx",
"Stix Restart",
"Stix Restart",
"Stix Restart",
"Take Action",
"Take Action",
"Teva-levonorgestrel",
"Triphasil 21",
"Triphasil 21",
"Triphasil 21",
"Triphasil 21 Tab",
"Triphasil 21 Tab",
"Triphasil 21 Tab",
"Triphasil 28",
"Triphasil 28",
"Triphasil 28",
"Triphasil 28 Tab",
"Triphasil 28 Tab",
"Triphasil 28 Tab",
"Triphasil-21",
"Triphasil-21",
"Triphasil-21",
"Triquilar 21",
"Triquilar 21",
"Triquilar 21",
"Triquilar 28",
"Triquilar 28",
"Triquilar 28",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Twirla",
"Tyblume",
"Vienva",
"Vienva TM",
"Vienva TM",
"Vienva TM",
"Vienva Tm"
] |
[
"Jadelle",
"Levonelle",
"Medonor",
"Microlut",
"Microluton",
"Microval",
"Neogest",
"Norgeston",
"Norplant",
"Postinor"
] |
[
"Climara Pro",
"Aviane",
"Aviane 28 Day",
"Seasonique",
"Enpresse",
"Enpresse",
"Enpresse",
"Enpresse",
"Enpresse",
"Enpresse",
"Jolessa",
"Seasonale",
"Lutera",
"Levora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"LoSeasonique",
"Nordette",
"Seasonale",
"Levora",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradoil",
"Falessa",
"Levlite",
"Delyla",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Lybrel",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Myzilra",
"Orsythia",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Alesse 28",
"Amethia Lo",
"Levora",
"Lutera",
"Lessina",
"Portia",
"Levora",
"Chateal",
"Orsythia",
"Lutera",
"Aubra",
"Sronyx",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Rivelsa",
"Rivelsa",
"Rivelsa",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Minivlar 30",
"Levonest",
"Levonest",
"Levonest",
"Setlakin",
"Falmina",
"Sronyx",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Kurvelo",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Myzilra",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Larissia",
"Lillow",
"Marlissa",
"Aubra",
"Chateal",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Amethia",
"Orsythia",
"Amethyst",
"Quasense",
"Afirmelle",
"Iclevia",
"Orsythia",
"Ayuna",
"Lo Simpesse",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Simpesse",
"Vienva",
"LoJaimiess",
"Jaimiess",
"Introvale",
"Levora",
"Orsythia",
"Climara Pro",
"Aubra EQ",
"Chateal EQ",
"Marlissa",
"Aviane",
"Enpresse",
"Enpresse",
"Enpresse",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Aviane",
"Lessina",
"Lutera",
"Portia",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Daysee",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Ashlyna",
"Amethia Lo",
"Balcoltra",
"Fayosim",
"Fayosim",
"Fayosim",
"Camrese",
"camrese Lo",
"Seasonique",
"Jolessa",
"Marlissa",
"Kurvelo",
"Altavera",
"Tyblume",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Quartette",
"Quartette",
"Quartette",
"LoSeasonique",
"Amethia",
"Sronyx",
"Triphasil-21",
"Triphasil-21",
"Triphasil-21",
"Ashlyna",
"Vienva TM",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Vienva TM",
"Levonest",
"Levonest",
"Levonest",
"Introvale",
"Levonest",
"Altavera",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Twirla",
"Chateal EQ",
"Orsythia",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Trivora",
"Jolessa",
"Dolishale",
"Altavera",
"Jaimiess",
"Vienva TM",
"Vienva Tm",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Min-ovral 21",
"Min-ovral 28",
"Alesse 21",
"Alesse 28",
"Portia 21",
"Portia 28",
"Aviane 21",
"Aviane 28",
"Triquilar 28",
"Triquilar 28",
"Triquilar 28",
"Triquilar 21",
"Triquilar 21",
"Triquilar 21",
"Ovima 21",
"Ovima 28",
"Alysena 28",
"Triphasil 21",
"Triphasil 21",
"Triphasil 21",
"Triphasil 28",
"Triphasil 28",
"Triphasil 28",
"Preven Tablets",
"Min-ovral 28 Tab",
"Min-ovral 21 Tab",
"Triphasil 28 Tab",
"Triphasil 28 Tab",
"Triphasil 28 Tab",
"Triphasil 21 Tab",
"Triphasil 21 Tab",
"Triphasil 21 Tab",
"Laylaa 21",
"Laylaa 28",
"Indayo",
"Seasonale",
"Seasonique",
"Lutera 21",
"Lutera 28",
"Esme 21",
"Esme 28",
"Preven Emergency Contraceptive",
"Alysena 21",
"Climara Pro",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Audrina 21",
"Audrina 28",
"Amethyst",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Levonorgetsrel and Ethinyl Estradiol",
"Kurvelo",
"Aubra EQ",
"Quaterna",
"Joyeaux",
"Chateal EQ",
"Lutera",
"Levora",
"Sronyx",
"Minzoya"
] |
[
"P06401",
"P18405",
"P03372",
"P10275",
"P04278",
"P04150"
] |
[
"P20815",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB01086
|
Benzocaine
|
Benzocaine is an ester local anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings.[A231219] It is commonly used for local anesthesia in many over the counter products.[L32454,L32459,L32464] Benzocaine was first used for local anesthesia in dentistry.[A231259]
|
solid
|
Benzocaine is indicated for local anesthesia in dentistry, minor trauma, and as preparation for infiltrative anesthesia.[A231219] Benzocaine products are indicated for topical anesthesia in a wide variety of conditions including skin irritation,[L32454] oral pain,[L32459] and hemorrhoids.[L32464]
|
Benzocaine is indicated for use as a topical anesthetic.[A231219] It has a duration of action of approximately 10 minutes[A231254] and a wide therapeutic window.[A231219] Patients should be counselled regarding the risks of methemoglobinemia.[A231219,A231234,A231244,A231249]
|
Benzocaine diffuses into nerve cells where it binds to sodium channels, preventing the channels from opening, and blocking the influx of sodium ions.[A231129,A6271,A231219] Nerve cells unable to allow sodium into cells cannot depolarize and conduct nerve impulses.[A6271,A231219]
| null |
Benzocaine undergoes ester hydrolysis to form 4-aminobenzoic acid, acetylation to form acetylbenzocaine, or N-hydroxylation to form benzocaine hydroxide.[A231094] 4-aminobenzoic acid can be acetylated or acetylbenzocaine can undergo ester hydrolysis to form 4-acetaminobenzoic acid.[A231094]
|
Patients experiencing an overdose may present with local anesthetic systemic toxicity syndrome, decreased cardiovascular function, decreased central nervous system function, cardiac arrest, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, syncope, and seizures.[A231219] Patients should be treated with symptomatic and supportive measures which include airway maintenance, controlling seizures, and hemodynamic stabilization.[A231219]
| null |
Benzocaine binds to both serum albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein.[A231124]
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzoic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C05AD",
"C05A",
"C05",
"C",
"R02AD",
"R02A",
"R02",
"R",
"D04AB",
"D04A",
"D04",
"D",
"N01BA",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.26",
"description": "Americaine 20% ear drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "22.99",
"description": "Americaine Anesthetic 20% Gel 28 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Dermoplast pain relieving spry",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Dermoplast spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.09",
"description": "Benzocaine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.39",
"description": "Cepacol 6 mg fizzlers tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Anbesol baby 7.5% gel",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Hurricaine 20% spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Hurricaine 20% liquid swab",
"unit": "swab"
},
{
"cost": "0.71",
"description": "Americaine lubricant",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Oticaine 20% ear drops",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester | Amben ethyl ester | Benzocaina | Benzocaine | Benzocainum | Ethyl aminobenzoate | Ethyl p-aminobenzoate | Ethyl p-aminophenylcarboxylate | p-(Ethoxycarbonyl)aniline | p-Carbethoxyaniline | p-Ethoxycarboxylic aniline | hPN3 | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 3 | PN3 | Sodium channel protein type X subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.8 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | ACAT | Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase | Brain carboxylesterase hBr1 | Carboxylesterase 1 | CE-1 | CEH | CES2 | Cholesteryl ester hydrolase | Cocaine carboxylesterase | Egasyn | hCE-1 | HMSE | Methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase 1 | Monocyte/macrophage serine esterase | REH | Retinyl ester hydrolase | Serine esterase 1 | SES1 | TGH | Triacylglycerol hydrolase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"10 Person ANSI",
"20/20 Topical Anesthetic",
"25 Person ANSI",
"2x Med Liq",
"2x Med Liq",
"3M Nexcare Cold Sore Treatment",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"3X Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"3X Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"3x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"3x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4125 First Aid Kit",
"4125 First Aid Kit",
"4129 First Aid Kit",
"4142 First Aid Kit",
"4209 First Aid Kit",
"4211 First Aid Kit",
"4215 First Aid Kit",
"4217 First Aid Kit",
"4221 First Aid Kit",
"4221 First Aid Kit",
"4230 First Aid Kit",
"4232 First Aid Kit",
"4232 First Aid Kit",
"4240 First Aid Kit",
"4240 First Aid Kit",
"4241 First Aid Kit",
"4241 First Aid Kit",
"4242 First Aid Kit",
"4242 First Aid Kit",
"4243 First Aid Kit",
"4246 First Aid Kit",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"4249 First Aid Kit",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"4339 First Aid Kit",
"4339 First Aid Kit",
"4345 First Aid Kit",
"4355 First Aid Kit",
"4355 First Aid Kit",
"4356 First Aid Kit",
"4356 First Aid Kit",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"4358 First Aid Kit",
"4367 First Aid Kit",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4x Medicated Gum Cream",
"4X Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4x Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4X Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4x Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4X Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"50 Person ANSI",
"7 Select Oral Pain Maximum Strength Relief",
"Acella Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"Acella Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"ACME FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"Actisep",
"Actisep",
"Adazin",
"Advance Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Advance Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Advance Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Advance Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Advance Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Advance Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Adventure First Aid .5 Tin",
"Adventure First Aid Water Resistant",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1 Person First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person National Ski Patrol First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-4 Person First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits Dental Medic",
"Aeroaid Antiseptic First Aid",
"Aeroburn Burn First Aid",
"Aerowipe",
"Aerowipe",
"After Bite Wipe Insect Sting Relief",
"After Bite Wipe Insect Sting Relief",
"Aftertest Pain Relief",
"Aid and First Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Aidplus Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Alcohol Prep Pad with Benzocaine",
"Alcohol Prep Pad with Benzocaine",
"Alcohol Prep Pad with Benzocaine",
"Alcohol Prep Pads",
"Alcohol Prep Pads with Pain Relief",
"Alcohol Prep Pads with Pain Relief",
"Alcohol Prep Swab with Pain Relief",
"Alcohol Swab with Benzocaine",
"Alcohol Swabs with Benzocaine",
"Alcohol Swabs with Benzocaine",
"Allegenal-M",
"Alpha-Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Alpha-Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Alpha-Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Alpha-Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Americaine",
"Americaine",
"Anadent Kanka Gel",
"Anal Blu",
"anal GLIDE",
"Anal Swabs 20%",
"Anal-ese",
"Anal-ese",
"Anbesol Baby Gel 7.5%",
"Anbesol Cold Sore Therapy",
"Anbesol Extra Strength Gel - 20%",
"Anbesol Gel",
"Anbesol Jr",
"Anbesol Liquid",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid",
"Anbesol Regular Strength",
"Anbesol Regular Strength",
"Anesgerm",
"Anesgerm",
"Anesgerm LA MUELA Fast Pain Relief",
"Anestenka",
"Anestesico Topical Gel",
"Anesthetic",
"Anesthetic Lozenges Honey Lime Flavors",
"Anesthetic Lozenges Raspberry flavour",
"Angidol Cherry Flavor",
"Angidol Honey Lemon Flavor",
"Angidol Honey-Lime",
"Angidol Raspberry",
"Anivy",
"Anti Itch",
"Anti-Itch Medicated Maximum Strength",
"Anti-Itch Medicated Maximum Strength",
"Anti-Itch Regular Strength",
"Antibiotic Cold Sore Ointment",
"Antibiotic Lozenges",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic First Aid",
"Antiseptic Medicated CVS",
"Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"Appedrine",
"aramark Antiseptic",
"Aramark Medi-Band",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES",
"Arkodyne",
"Assist II Anorectal (Hemorrhoidal)",
"Assured Feminine Anti-itch",
"Assured Feminine Anti-itch",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Astra-dent Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"ATOPALM Oral Pain Relief",
"Auralgan",
"Auralgan Eardrops",
"Auralgan Solution",
"Aurax Otic",
"Aurisan Dps",
"Aurodex",
"Aurodex",
"Aurodex Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"Auto 157",
"Avant",
"Avant",
"Avant",
"Avant",
"Avant",
"Avant",
"Avant",
"Baby Anbesol",
"Baby Anestenka",
"Baby Orajel Daytime Regular Formula and Nighttime Formula",
"Baby Orajel Daytime Regular Formula and Nighttime Formula",
"Baby Orajel Instant Relief Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"Baby Orajel Instant Relief Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"Baby Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain Longer Lasting",
"Baby Orajel Instant Teething Pain Relief",
"Baby Orajel Instant Teething Pain Relief",
"Baby Orajel Instant Teething Pain Relief Nighttime Formula",
"Baby Orajel Nighttime Formula",
"Baby Orajel Nighttime Instant Relief for Teething Pain Long Lasting Extra Strength",
"Baby Orajel Smartdose Teething",
"Baby Orajel Teething Medicine",
"Baby Orajel Teething Pain Medicine",
"Baby Orajel Teething Pain Relief",
"Baby SensiGel",
"Baby SensiGel Night Time Formula",
"Baby Teething Oral Pain Reliever",
"Bactimicina for Sore Throat",
"Bactimicina for Sore Throat",
"Bactimicina for Sore Throat",
"Balminil Loz",
"Balzarol Ont",
"Basic Care Vagicaine",
"BeeGentle Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"BencoCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Benz O Sthetic",
"Benz O Sthetic",
"Benz O Sthetic",
"Benzal Vagisil Creme Regular Strength",
"Benzo Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel",
"Benzo-Jel Banana",
"Benzo-Jel Bubble Gum",
"Benzo-Jel Cherry",
"Benzo-Jel Mint",
"Benzo-Jel Pina Colada",
"Benzo-Jel Raspberry",
"Benzo-Jel STRAWBERRY",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzo-Jel Topical Anesthetic",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Benzocaine and Benzethonium",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"Benzocaine and Triclosan",
"Benzocaine and Triclosan",
"BENZOCAINE Bubble Gum",
"BENZOCAINE Bubble Gum",
"BENZOCAINE Cherry",
"BENZOCAINE Cherry",
"BENZOCAINE Mint",
"BENZOCAINE Mint",
"BENZOCAINE Pina Colada",
"BENZOCAINE Pina Colada",
"BENZOCAINE Raspberry",
"BENZOCAINE Raspberry",
"BENZOCAINE Strawberry",
"BENZOCAINE Strawberry",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine,isopropyl Alcohol",
"Benzodent",
"Benzodent",
"Best Health Sore Throat Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Best Health Sore Throat Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Bionet Lozenge",
"Bite and Sting Medicated Relief Pads CVS",
"Bite and Sting Medicated Relief Pads CVS",
"Bite and Sting relief",
"Bite and Sting Relief GNP",
"Bite and Sting Relief Signature Care",
"Bite and Sting Relief Stick",
"Bite and Sting Relief Well at Walgreens",
"Bite Relief",
"Bite relief Scherer Labs",
"BiteMD External Analgesic First Aid Antiseptic",
"Blistex",
"Blistex Baby Kanka",
"Blistex Foille Medicated First Aid",
"Blistex Kank-A",
"Blistex Kank-Eze",
"Blt 1",
"BLT Skin Cream",
"BLUE ACME SLEEVE FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"BODY ACTION PRODUCTS Anal Glide Extra",
"BODY ACTION PRODUCTS Butt Eze Benzocaine",
"BODY ACTION PRODUCTS Climax Control Gel",
"BODY ACTION PRODUCTS Endless Love for Men",
"BODY ACTION PRODUCTS Higher Control Male Climax",
"BODY ACTION PRODUCTS Prolong Lubricating",
"Boil Ease",
"Boil Ease",
"Boil Ease Drawing Salve Ont",
"Boil Ease Pain Relieving Ointment",
"Boy Butter Desensitizing Lubricant",
"Boy Butter Desensitizing Lubricant",
"Boy Butter Extreme H2O Desensitizing Lubricant",
"Brace Relief",
"Budpack Feminine Anti-itch",
"Budpak Baby Teething Oral Pain Reliever",
"Budpak Feminine Anti-Itch",
"Budpak Oral Maximum Strength",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burkhart Topical Anesthetic",
"Burn O Sol Spray",
"Burn Water Soluble",
"Burncare Cream 5.0%",
"Burncare Kit",
"Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Bye Bye Bite Lot",
"Bye Bye Burn Lot",
"Caine Tips Oral Pain Relief Swabs",
"CaineTips",
"Candee Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Candee Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Candee Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Candee Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Candee Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Candee Caine Topical Anesthetic",
"Care Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"CARMEX COLD SORE treatment External Analgesic",
"CARMEX COLD SORE treatment External Analgesic Skin Protectant",
"CARMEX Multi-Symptom 3 in 1 COLD Sore treatment External Analgesic Skin Protectant",
"Cepacol Citrus Extra Strength Lozenges",
"Cepacol Dual Relief",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Lozenge",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Orange Citrus Lozenge",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat and Cough",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat Cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat Cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat honey lemon",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat honey lemon",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat mixed berry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat sugar free cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat Tangerine",
"Cepacol Fizzlers",
"Cepacol Instamax Sore Throat Arctic Cherry",
"Cepacol InstaMax Sore Throat Berry Frost Sugar Free",
"Cepacol Sensations Cooling",
"Cepacol Sensations Hydra",
"Cepacol Sensations Sore Throat Cooling ice cool",
"Cepacol Sensations Sore Throat Hydra citrus splash",
"Cepacol Sensations Warming",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat and Coating",
"Cepacol SORE THROAT AND COUGH",
"Cepacol Sore Throat and Cough",
"Cepacol Sore Throat and Cough",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Extra Strength Sucrose-free Lozenge (cherry Flavour)",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Cherry",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Citrus",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Honey Lemon",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Sugar Free Cherry",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Sugar Free Cherry",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Plus Coating",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Plus Cough",
"Cepacol Ultra Sore Throat",
"CEPASTAT Sore throat and Cough",
"Certus Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Liquid",
"Cetacaine Spray",
"Cetacaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenze",
"Cherry Sore Throat Relief Lozenge",
"Cherry Throat Drops",
"Cherry Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Cherry Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Cherry Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Chigg Away",
"Chigg Away",
"Chigg Away",
"Chigg Away",
"Chigger Relief Evora Labs",
"Chiggerex",
"Chiggerex 2X Medicated",
"Chloraseptic",
"Chloraseptic",
"Chloraseptic Max",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Max Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Total Sore Throat and Cough",
"Chloraseptic Total Sore Throat and Cough, Sugar Free",
"Chloraseptic Warming Green Tea",
"Chloraseptic Warming Honey Lemon",
"Chloraseptic Warming Sore Throat",
"Chloraseptic Warming Sore Throat",
"Chloraspetic",
"Chlorphenylcaine",
"Climax Control Benzocaine",
"CliniStat Pain Relieving",
"Coghlan s Sting Relief",
"Cold Sore Lotion",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Colgate Orabase",
"Comfortcaine",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"ComfortCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortcaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Comfortox Benzocaine",
"Cora Caine",
"CoreTex Professional Outdoor Skin Protection Wallet",
"Cut Care Insect Bite Antiseptic and Pain Relieving Wipe",
"Cut Cleaner",
"Cut Cleaner",
"Cutiecaine",
"CVS 2x Liq (CSR)",
"CVS Adult Enema",
"CVS Fast Acting Baby Teething",
"CVS Health All Purpose Kit",
"CVS Health Healing on the Go Kit",
"CVS Itch Relief and Repellent",
"CVS Maximum Strength",
"CVS Maximum Strength Boil Relief",
"CVS Maximum Toothache Relief Double Medicated",
"CVS Mini Enema",
"CVS Oral Anesthetic",
"CVS Pharmacy",
"CVS Pharmacy Instant Toothache",
"CVS Pharmacy Instant Toothache",
"CVS Pharmacy Maximum Strength",
"CVS Pharmacy Maximum Strength",
"CVS Pharmacy Maximum Strength",
"CVS Pharmacy Mouth Sore",
"CVS Pharmacy Mouth Sore Gel",
"CVS Pharmacy Nighttime Oral Pain Relief",
"CVS Pharmacy Sensitive Medicated Cream",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache and Gum Reliever",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache and Gum Reliever",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache reliever",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache reliever",
"CVS Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"CVS Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"CVS Sore Throat Mixed Berry Flavor",
"CVS Tooth and Gum Pain Relief Cushions",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Defend",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental City Topical Anesthetic",
"Dental Relief",
"Dental Relief",
"Dentalgar Liq",
"DenTek Instant Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"DenTek Instant Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Dentek Instant Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Bubblegum",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Bubblegum",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Cherry",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Cherry",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Mint",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Mint",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Raspberry",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Raspberry",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Strawberry",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Strawberry",
"Denti-care Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Denti-care Topical Anesthetic Liquid Spray",
"Denticare Pro-freeze",
"Denture Orajel Gel",
"Dermacaine-R",
"Dermaphy Ont",
"DermaWound Wound Care Venous Stasis",
"Dermoplast Anesthetic Pain and Itch",
"Dermoplast Anesthetic Pain Relieving Antibacterial",
"Dermoplast First Aid",
"Dermoplast First Aid",
"Dermoplast Insect Itch and Sting Relief",
"Dermoplast Kids First Aid",
"Dermoplast Pain Relieving",
"Dermoplast Pain Relieving",
"Dermoplast Pain relieving",
"Dermoplast Pain Relieving Antibacterial",
"Dermoplast Sunburn and Burn Relief",
"Desensitizing cream",
"Detane Gel 7.5%",
"Dexatrim Tablets",
"DG 3x Medicated Toothache adn Gum Gel",
"DG 4x Medicated Tooth and Gum Cream",
"DG Health Feminine Anti-itch",
"DG Health Maximum Toothache Relief",
"Diphen",
"DocuSol Plus",
"Dollar General Health Oral Pain Reliever",
"Dollar General Toothache Relief",
"Dukal Sting Relief Pad",
"Dyve Comfort B",
"DZEUS Climax control wipes",
"DZues Climax control wipes",
"E-Vac Plus",
"Easy Care First Aid",
"Easy Care First Aid - All Purpose",
"Easy Care First Aid Chest - Home and Workshop",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Outdoor and Travel",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Sports and Travel",
"Eclipse Topical Analgesic FA",
"ECOLAB Antiseptic",
"EJECTDELAY Cream",
"EJECTDELAY Gel",
"Emercol Loz",
"Emercreme No4 Ont Efa",
"endless Love FOR MEN",
"Endless Love For Men",
"Endocaine Spray 20%",
"Endospray",
"ENEMEEZ Plus",
"Equaline Vagicaine Maximum Strength",
"Equate Benz-Dex Cough and Throat Lozenges",
"Equate Oral Pain Relief",
"equate Severe Toothache and Gum Relief",
"Equate vagicaine maximum strength",
"Everlit Survival Sting Relief Pad",
"Exactacain Topical Anesthetic",
"Extra Strength Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Ez Access",
"EZ WOUNDCARE Pain Relieving and First Aid Antiseptic",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"Family Dollar Oral Pain Relief",
"Family Wellness",
"Family Wellness",
"Family wellness Regular",
"Feminine Anti-Itch Creme",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"FIDELIS Topical Anesthetic",
"Finafta",
"Finafta",
"Finafta Baby",
"Finafta MultiOral",
"Fire Out",
"First Aid",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic Water Soluble",
"First Aid Antiseptic Well at Walgreens",
"FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"First Aid Direct Soothe-A-Sting",
"First Aid Medicated Rite Aid",
"First Aid Only Sting Relief",
"First Aid Only Sting Relief Pad",
"First Aid Only Sting Relief Pad",
"First Aid Only Sting Relief Pad",
"First Aid Pads CVS",
"First Degree Burn",
"Foille Ont",
"FranklyNumb 1",
"GAUKE Sting Relief Pad",
"Gelato Anestesico Topical Gel",
"Gelato Anestesico Topical Gel",
"Gelato Anestesico Topical Gel",
"Gelato Anestesico Topical Gel",
"Gelato Anestesico Topical Gel",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"Gelato Topical Anesthetic",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 Pieces",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES HARDCASE",
"Genuine First Aid Insect Sting Relief Pad 1 ct",
"Gercillin",
"GFA First Aid 75 Person Metal Case",
"Giltuss Bucalsep",
"GingiCaine Fusion",
"GingiCaine Fusion",
"GingiCaine Gel",
"Gingicaine Gel 20%",
"Gingicaine Gel Strawberry",
"Gingicaine Gel Variety Pak",
"GingiCaine gel, Cherry",
"GingiCaine Gel, Chocolate Mint",
"GingiCaine Gel, Cotton Candy Flavor",
"GingiCaine Gel, Mint Julep",
"GingiCaine Gel, Pina Colada",
"Gingicaine Liq Top Anesthetic",
"GingiCaine Liquid, Cherry",
"Good Neighbor Pain Relief",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Cold Sore Treatment",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and First Aid Contains 167 Pieces",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy First Aid",
"GOOD NEIGHBOR PHARMACY FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Vagicaine",
"Good Sense Cherry Benzocaine Lozenges",
"Good Sense Vagicaine Anti Itch",
"Goodsense Oral Pain Relief",
"Gouttes Dentaires",
"Gouttes Pour Mal D'oreilles",
"Goyescas 7 Syrups Sore Throat Relief",
"Goyescas Broncovac 5 Sore Throat Relief",
"GPS Topical Anesthetic",
"GPS Topical Anesthetic",
"GPS Topical Anesthetic",
"GPS Topical Anesthetic",
"GPS Topical Anesthetic",
"GPS Topical Anesthetic",
"Green Guard Antiseptic First Aid",
"Green Guard Burn First Aid",
"Gumnumb Topical Anesthetic",
"Gumnumb Topical Anesthetic",
"Gumnumb Topical Anesthetic",
"Gumnumb Topical Anesthetic",
"Gumnumb Topical Anesthetic",
"Gumnumb Topical Anesthetic",
"Gumsol",
"Gumsol",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"Health-Tec Topical Anesthetic",
"HEB Mouth Sore Relief",
"HEB Severe Toothache",
"HEB Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Hemorro-dol Sup",
"Hemovirtu's Hemorrhoidal Ointment",
"Henry Schein Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Herbasoul Male Genital Desensitizer Cream",
"HIGHER CONTROL Male Climax Control Lubricating",
"HIGHER CONTROL Male Climax Control Lubricating",
"Hims Delay Wipes",
"Honey Lemon Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Honey Lemon Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Honey Lemon Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Honey Lemon Throat Drops",
"HurriCaine",
"HurriCaine",
"Hurricaine Dry Handle Swab",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic Liquid",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic Liquid",
"HurriCaine Topical Anesthetic Liquid",
"Hurricaine Topical Anesthetic Spray",
"Image Essentials Vagicaine",
"Inderma MD",
"Insect Bite Relief",
"Insect Bite Relief",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Insect Sting Relief Pad",
"Insect Sting Relief Pad",
"Insect Sting Relief Wipes",
"Insect String Relief pad",
"Instant Erection",
"Instant First Aid CVS",
"Instant Toothache Pain Relief",
"Intense CVS Intense Toothache",
"INTIMALE Benzocaine Delay Gel",
"Intimate Wipe",
"Iodent Maximum Strength Oral Analgesic",
"Iodent Oral Analgesic",
"Ioline",
"Iolite",
"Iolite",
"Iolite",
"Iolite",
"Iolite",
"Iolite",
"Iolite",
"Iolite",
"Ipana 20% Benzocaine Topical",
"Ipana 20% Benzocaine Topical",
"Ipana 20% Benzocaine Topical",
"Ipana 20% Benzocaine Topical",
"Ipana 20% Benzocaine Topical",
"iSmile Topical Anesthetic",
"iSmile Topical Anesthetic",
"iSmile Topical Anesthetic",
"iSmile Topical Anesthetic",
"iSmile Topical Anesthetic",
"iSmile Topical Anesthetic",
"Isopropyl Alcohol with Benzocaine",
"Jianze Sting Relief Pads",
"Jiffy Toothache Drops",
"JO Prolonger with Benzocaine",
"Johnson and Johnson Burn Crm 5.0%",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 303 Pieces",
"Kama Sutra Pleasure Balm",
"Kank-A",
"Kank-A Mouth Pain",
"Kank-A with Blistex Medicated Lip",
"KANKA SoftBrush",
"KANKA SoftBrush",
"Keep Going Sting Relief Pad",
"Keep Going Sting Relief Pad",
"KMart Smart Sense",
"Kolorz Topical Anesthetic Blue Rasberry",
"Kolorz Topical Anesthetic Cherry Burst",
"Kolorz Topical Anesthetic Cotton Candy",
"Kolorz Topical Anesthetic Pina Colada",
"Kolorz Topical Anesthetic Triple Mint",
"Kroger Maximum Strength",
"Kroger Toothache Pain Relief",
"KY Duration for Him",
"KY Duration for Men",
"Lanacane Anti Itch Maximum Strength",
"Lanacane Anti Itch Original Strength",
"Lanacane Anti Itch Original Strength",
"Lanacane Anti-bacterial First Aid Spray",
"Lanacane First Aid",
"Lanacane Maximum Strength Anti Bacterial First Aid",
"Lanacane Maximum Strength Anti-Itch",
"Laryngets Loz",
"Leader Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Leader Anti-Itch Regular Strength",
"Leader Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Leader Honey Lemon Benzocaine Throat Lozenge",
"Leader Maximum Strength Anti-Itch",
"Leader Mixed Berry Benz-Dex Lozenges",
"Leader Oral Analgesic",
"Leader Oral Pain Relief Anesthetic",
"Leader Regular Strength Anti-Itch",
"LIGHTS Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Little Colds Sore Throat Relief Melt Aways",
"Little Ouchies Little Remedies Pain Relief",
"Lollicaine Bubble Gum",
"LolliCaine Bubble Gum",
"LolliCaine Bubble Gum",
"LolliCaine Bubble Gum",
"Lollicaine Cherry",
"LolliCaine Cherry",
"LolliCaine Cherry",
"LolliCaine Cherry",
"Lollicaine Mint",
"LolliCaine Mint",
"LolliCaine Mint",
"LolliCaine Mint",
"Lollicaine Pina Colada",
"LolliCaine Pina Colada",
"LolliCaine Pina Colada",
"LolliCaine Pina Colada",
"LubeLife Climax Control Delay",
"Lucky Oral Pain Relief",
"Lucky Oral Pain Relief",
"Magic STAMINA",
"MAGIC STAMINA Climax Control",
"Maintain",
"Major Oral Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"MakeSense Feminine Anti-itch",
"MAKESENSE Junior Pain Relief",
"MAKESENSE Pain Relief",
"Male Desensitizer Pleasure Balm",
"Mandelay Male Genital Desensitizer",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Mark 3",
"Massage Men Gel Max Delay",
"Massage Men Gel Max Power",
"Massage Men Gel Max Size",
"Massage Men Gel Max Time",
"Max 4 Men - Max Control Male Sex Prolong Unscented",
"Maximum Strength Feminine Anti-Itch Family Wellness",
"McKesson Orasol Gel",
"Medi-first Antiseptic First Aid",
"Medi-first Burn First Aid",
"Medi-first Ivy-Rid First Aid",
"Medi-first Protective Coating Bandage",
"Medi-First Sting Relief",
"Medi-First Sting Relief Wipes",
"Medi-First Sting Relief Wipes",
"Medicaine Sting and Bite",
"Medicaine Sting and Bite",
"Medicaine Sting and Bite",
"Medicaine Swabs",
"Medicated First Aid Good Sense",
"Meditowel Antibacterial First Aid",
"Meijer Maximum Strength Oral Pain Relief",
"Meijer Maximum Strength Vagicaine",
"Meijer Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Men Delay Wipe",
"Mend19 Wound Care Venous Stasis",
"Midway Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Midway Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Midway Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Midway Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Midway Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Midway Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Mint Rx Endurance Wipes",
"Mirakel",
"Mirakel Pain and Itch Relief",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough lozenge",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Mixed Berry sore throat and cough lozenge",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenges",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Mixed Berry Throat and Cough Lozenges",
"MK Sting Relief Pads",
"Monistat Care Instant Itch Relief",
"Mouth Sore Medication",
"Mouth Sore Relief Applicator",
"Mouth Sore Relief Professional Strength",
"MS Topical Anesthetic",
"MS Topical Anesthetic",
"MS Topical Anesthetic",
"MS Topical Anesthetic",
"MS Topical Anesthetic",
"MS Topical Anesthetic",
"MS Topical Anesthetic",
"Mucinex Insta soothe Sore Throat Winter Fresh",
"Mucinex Instasoothe Sore Throat Plus Pain Relief",
"My Fair Baby Instant Pain Relief",
"My Fair Baby oral gel Instant Pain Relief",
"MyDerm Bite Relief",
"MyOxin",
"NBE Anbesol",
"Ndc 72934- 5010-4 Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 8% / Tetracaine 4%.",
"Nene Dente",
"NeuroMed FA",
"NeuroMed FA",
"NeutraCaine",
"North Burn",
"North First Aid Antiseptic",
"North First Aid Antiseptic Water Soluble",
"Novex Sore Throat",
"Novex Sore Throat Honey Lemon Flavor",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"NRG Topical Anesthetic",
"OFF Bite and Itch Relief First Aid Antiseptic",
"OLP Baby Teething",
"Ombre Men overtime wipes",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Bubble Gum",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Cherry",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Gel Cool Mint",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Strawberry Ice",
"One Touch Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"OneTouch Revolution Topical Anesthetic",
"OneTouch Revolution Topical Anesthetic",
"OP First Aid Series Insect Sting Relief Pad",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl",
"Opahl Dye Free",
"Optimum Rock Hard Cream",
"OptimV Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Orabase Benzocaine Purple Ice",
"Oragel Liq 205mg/gm",
"Orajel",
"Orajel 3X Medicated For All Mouth Sores",
"Orajel 3X Medicated for Denture Pain",
"Orajel 3X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 3X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum, Cream",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum, Cream",
"Orajel 4X Medicated PM For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 4X Medicated PM For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel Cold Sore Moisturelock",
"Orajel Cold Sore Touch Free - Single Dose",
"Orajel Denture",
"Orajel Denture Pain Relief",
"Orajel Denture Pain Relief",
"Orajel Denture Pain Relief",
"Orajel Denture Plus",
"Orajel Extra Strength",
"Orajel for All Mouth Sores Maximum Strength",
"Orajel for Codl Sores Relief and Concealer",
"Orajel for Cold Sores",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Double Medicated, Cream",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Maximum Strength",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Single Dose",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Single Dose",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Single Dose",
"Orajel for Toothache Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Gum Pain 3X Medicated",
"Orajel Gum Pain 3X Medicated",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief For All Mouth Sores",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief for Severe Toothache Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief for Toothache Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief MAXIMUM",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief MAXIMUM Toothache Oral Pain Relief",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Regular",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Regular Strength",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief SEVERE",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe PM",
"Orajel Instant Pain Reliver for Canker Sores Extra Strength Pain Relief",
"Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain",
"Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain Cooling Cucumber",
"Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain Longer Lasting",
"Orajel Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Medicated for Toothache and Gum, Liquid",
"Orajel Mouth-aid",
"Orajel Multi-action Cold Sore Medicine",
"Orajel Nighttime Instant Relief for Teething Pain Longer Lasting Extra Strength",
"Orajel Regular Strength",
"Orajel Severe Toothache Maximum Strength Fast-Acting Formula",
"Orajel Toothache Strips",
"Orajel Toothache Strips",
"Orajel Ultra Canker Sore Medicine",
"Oral Analgesic Maximum Strength",
"Oral Analgesic Maximum Strength",
"Oral Analgesic Maximum Strength",
"Oral Analgesic Maximum Strength",
"Oral B Instant Pain Relief",
"Oral Gel Maximum Strength",
"Oral Gel Oral Pain Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief Anesthetic Anesthetic",
"Oral Pain Relief Gel",
"Oral Pain Relief Gel",
"Oral Pain Reliever",
"OraLabs Cold Sore Treatment",
"Oralgar Dps",
"Orasep",
"Orasep",
"Ortizol Otic Solution",
"Oti Cal",
"Otic Care Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Otic Edge",
"Otozin",
"Outgro",
"Outgro",
"Oxipor Lotion",
"Oxipor Lotion",
"Pac-Dent Top Gel",
"Pac-Dent Top Gel",
"Pac-Dent Top Gel",
"Pac-Dent Top Gel",
"Pac-Dent Top Gel",
"Pain Prescriptives Topical Analgesic FA",
"Pain Relief",
"Pain Relief Alcohol Swabs",
"Pain, Burn, and Itch Relief",
"Painless Tattoo 1",
"Panocaine Gel",
"Panocaine Gel",
"Pastilles Antiseptiques Jener",
"Pastilles Merol",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Patterson Dental Topical Anesthetic",
"Penichillin",
"Pennacaine",
"Permathene-12 - Caplet",
"Physicians Care Sting Relief Pad",
"Pleasure Balm Kama Sutra",
"Pleasure Balm Kama Sutra",
"Plush anesthetics B",
"PM Toothache Relief",
"POWERECT Benzocaine Male Delay Gel",
"Preboost",
"Preboost",
"Preboost",
"Precaine B",
"Precaine B Bubblegum",
"Precaine B Chocolate Mint",
"Precaine B Chocolate Vanilla",
"Prime-Gel",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Primo Topical Anesthetic",
"Pro-caine Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Procicept B Benzocaine 20%",
"Projel-20",
"Projel-20",
"Projel-20",
"Projel-20",
"Prolong",
"Prolong Plus",
"Promescent Delay Wipes",
"ProStat Antiseptic First Aid",
"ProStat Burn First Aid",
"ProStat Protective Coating Bandage First Aid",
"Protection",
"Pulmosirum Pastille",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"PureLife Topical Anesthetic",
"Pyrocaine Burn",
"Pyrocaine Burn",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quala Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Quality Choice Maximum Strength Oral Pain Relieving",
"Quality Choice Maximum Strength Oral Pain Relieving",
"Quality Choice Vaginal Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"RE Benzotic",
"Ready America First Aid Outdoor- 107 Pieces",
"Realtree",
"Rectogel HC",
"Red Cross Canker Sore",
"Red Cross Oral Pain Relief",
"Rexall Feminine Maximum Strength Anti-itch",
"Rexall Maximum Strength",
"Rite Aid Baby Care",
"Rite Aid Liquid Anesthetic Oral Pain Relief",
"Rite Aid Maximum Strength",
"Rite Aid Maximum Strength",
"Rite Aid Maximum Strength",
"Rite Aid Maximum Strength",
"Rite Aid Maximum Toothache Reliever",
"Rite Aid Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Rite Aid Oral Pain Reliever",
"Rite Aid Original Strength Vagicaine",
"Rite Aid Original Strength Vagicaine",
"Rite Aid Pain Relieving",
"Rite Aid Professional Strength",
"Rite Aid Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Rite Aid Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Rite Aid Tooth and Gum Pain Relief Cushions",
"Roman Male Genital Desensitizer",
"Roman Swipes",
"Rougier Swab Insect Bite Relief Swabs",
"Safco Sensicaine Ultra Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Safco Sensicaine Ultra Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Safco Sensicaine Ultra Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Safco Sensicaine Ultra Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Safco Sensicaine Ultra Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Safco Sensicaine Ultra Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Safeton Sting Relief Pad 60 Isopropyl Alcohol 6 Benzocaine",
"Salinocaine",
"SalivaCAINE",
"Sally Hansen Microwavable Eybrow, Face and Lip Wax Kit",
"Sally Hansen Ouch-Relief Numbing Wipes",
"Sally Hansen Ouch-Relief Stripless Hard Wax Kit",
"Sally Hansen Ouch-Relief Wax Kit",
"Sally Hansen Ouch-Relief Wax Strip Kit",
"Sally Hansen Ouch-Relief Wax Strip Kit",
"Sanatos Lozenges EX",
"Scotts Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Scotts Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Scotts Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Scotts Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Scotts Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Scotts Select Topical Anesthetic",
"Sensicaine TM Extra Topical Anesthetic",
"Sensicaine TM Extra Topical Anesthetic",
"Sensicaine TM Extra Topical Anesthetic",
"Sensicaine TM Extra Topical Anesthetic",
"Sensicaine TM Extra Topical Anesthetic",
"Sensicaine TM Extra Topical Anesthetic",
"Sensicaine TM Extra Topical Anesthetic",
"SensiGel",
"Severe Oral Pain Reliever",
"Severe Oral Pain Reliever",
"Severe Triple Medicated Gel",
"Sheffield Baby Teething Gel",
"Sheffield Pain Relief",
"Shunga Male Genital Desensitizer",
"Shunga Sensation Balm",
"Shunga Sensation Balm",
"Shunga Sensation Balm",
"Shunga Sensation Balm",
"Signature Care Bite and Sting Relief",
"Signature Care Vagicaine",
"Sirop Dentition",
"Sj3",
"Sj3",
"SKINS DELAY Climax Control Benzocaine Gel",
"Slim-mint Gum",
"Smart Sense Vagicaine Maximum Strength",
"SmartPractice topical anesthetic gel Bubble Gum",
"SmartPractice topical anesthetic gel Cherry",
"SmartPractice topical anesthetic gel Mint",
"SmartPractice topical anesthetic gel Pina Colada",
"SmartPractice topical anesthetic gel Raspberry",
"SmartPractice topical anesthetic gel Strawberry",
"Solarcaine First Aid Cream",
"Solarcaine First Aid Spray",
"Sooth-a-Sting",
"Sooth-a-Sting",
"Soothe-A-sting",
"Soothe-A-Sting",
"Sorbet Anestesico Topical Gel",
"Sore Throat and Cough",
"Sore throat and cough lozenge",
"Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat-",
"Sore Throat Lozenges Menthol Flavour",
"Sta-hard",
"Stallion",
"Stay Hard",
"Sting and Bite",
"Sting Eze",
"Sting Kure - Liq",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief Medicated Pad",
"Sting Relief Medicated Pad",
"Sting Relief Medicated Pad",
"Sting Relief Medicated Pad",
"Sting Relief Medicated Pad",
"Sting Relief Medicated Pad",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Sting relief pad",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Sting Relief Pads",
"Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Sting Relief Swab",
"Sting Relief Wipe",
"Sting Relief Wipe",
"Sting Relief Wipe",
"Sting-eze-liq",
"Sting-Kill",
"Sting-Kill",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Max Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze with Aloe for kids",
"StingX",
"Super T",
"Super T",
"Superdent Banana",
"Superdent Bubble Gum",
"Superdent Cherry",
"Superdent Mint",
"Superdent Pina Colada",
"Superdent Raspberry",
"Superdent Strawberry",
"Swabplus Anesthetic Swabs",
"Swabplus Tooth & Gum Pain Relief Swabs",
"T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch Test",
"Tanac",
"Tanac Liquid",
"Tanac Liquid",
"TANAC Oral Pain Reliever",
"Tempo Sting Relief Pad",
"Terpacan",
"Terrasil Boil Pain Relief",
"TheraCare Maximum Strength Oral Pain Relief Severe",
"Throat Lozenges",
"Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Tiger Supply Inc Topical Anesthetic",
"Tiger Supply Inc Topical Anesthetic",
"Tiger Supply Inc Topical Anesthetic",
"Tiger Supply Inc Topical Anesthetic",
"Tiger Supply Inc Topical Anesthetic",
"Tiger Supply Inc Topical Anesthetic",
"Tokisan Sore Throat Relief",
"Toothache and Gum Relief",
"Toothache and Gum Relief Cushions",
"Top Quality Mfg. Topical Anesthetic",
"Top Quality Mfg. Topical Anesthetic",
"Top Quality Mfg. Topical Anesthetic",
"Top Quality Mfg. Topical Anesthetic",
"Top Quality Mfg. Topical Anesthetic",
"Top Quality Mfg. Topical Anesthetic",
"Top Quality Mfg. Topical Anesthetic",
"Topcare Maximum Strength",
"TopCare Oral Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"TopCare Sore Throat Cherry Flavor",
"TopCare Sore Throat Honey Lemon Flavor",
"Topcare Vagicaine",
"Topco 4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"Topex",
"Topex",
"Topex",
"Topex",
"Topex",
"Topex",
"Topex",
"Topex Bubble Gum",
"Topex Bubble Gum",
"Topex Cherry",
"Topex Cherry",
"Topex Cherry",
"Topex Mint",
"Topex Mint",
"Topex Pina Colada",
"Topex Pina Colada",
"Topex Pina Colada",
"Topex Raspberry",
"Topex Strawberry",
"Topicaine - Top Gel 20%",
"Topicaine Gel 20%",
"Topical Anesthetic",
"Topical Anesthetic",
"Topical Anesthetic",
"Topical Anesthetic",
"Topical Anesthetic",
"Topical Anesthetic",
"Topical Anesthetic Banana",
"Topical Anesthetic Banana",
"Topical Anesthetic Bubble Gum",
"Topical Anesthetic Bubble Gum",
"Topical Anesthetic Cherry",
"Topical Anesthetic Cherry",
"Topical Anesthetic Mint",
"Topical Anesthetic Mint",
"Topical Anesthetic Pina Colada",
"Topical Anesthetic Pina Colada",
"Topical Anesthetic Raspberry",
"Topical Anesthetic Raspberry",
"Topical Anesthetic Strawberry",
"Topical Anesthetic Strawberry",
"Topicale",
"Topicale",
"Topicale",
"Topicale",
"Topicale",
"Topicale",
"Topicale",
"Topicale Gel Pump Pina Colada",
"Topicale Xtra",
"Topicale Xtra",
"Topicale Xtra",
"Treagan Otic",
"Trioxin",
"Trojan Extended Pleasure",
"UEC Medical Insect Sting Relief",
"UltraCare Anesthetic Gel",
"UltraCare Oral Anesthetic Bubble Gum",
"UltraCare Oral Anesthetic Butter Rum",
"UltraCare Oral Anesthetic Cool Mint",
"Ultracare Oral Anesthetic Creme de Menthe",
"UltraCare Oral Anesthetic Orange Cream",
"UltraCare Oral Anesthetic Pina Colada",
"UltraCare Oral Anesthetic Walterberry",
"Up and up vagicaine",
"Vacuant Plus",
"Vagi care",
"Vagi-cure (maximum Strength)",
"Vagi-cure (regular Strength)",
"Vagi-Cure Advanced Sensitive Medicated",
"Vagicaine",
"Vagicaine Maximum Strength",
"Vagicaine Maximum Strength Anti-Itch Cream",
"Vagicaine Medicated Maximum Strength",
"Vagisil Anti Itch Maximum Strength",
"Vagisil Anti Itch Original Strength",
"VAGISIL Anti-Itch Creme Regular Strength",
"VAGISIL Anti-Itch Medicated Creme Maximum Strength",
"VAGISIL Anti-Itch Medicated Creme Regular Strength",
"VERGE Male Genital Desensitizer",
"VH Essentials Sensitive Medicated Cream",
"Vicks Formula 44 Cough and Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"Vicks VapoCool Sore Throat",
"Vicks VapoCool Sore Throat",
"Vicks VapoCool Sore Throat",
"Viroxyn Professional Use",
"VistaCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"VistaCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"VistaCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"VistaCaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Walgreens Baby Teething",
"Walgreens Baby Teething",
"Walgreens Cold Sore Treatment",
"Walgreens Instant Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Walgreens Instant Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Walgreens Intense Toothache",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength",
"Walgreens Mixed Berry Benz-Dex Lozenges",
"Walgreens Pain Burn Itch Relief",
"Walgreens Pain Relief",
"Walgreens Pain Relieving for Boils",
"Walgreens Severe Oral Pain Reliever",
"Walgreens Severe Toothache Relief",
"Warrior Chiggerex Relief",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"WinCo Foods Maximum Strength Oral Analgesic",
"Xpect Sting Wipes",
"Your Logo Here Antiseptic First Aid",
"Your Logo Here Bandage Aid",
"Your Logo Here Burn First Aid",
"Your Logo Here Burn First Aid",
"Your Logo Here Poison Ivy First Aid",
"Zap Liquid",
"Zap Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Zap Topical Anesthetic Spray",
"Zap Topical Anesthetic Spray Aerosol",
"Zapotol Dentidol Oral Analgesic",
"Zee Insect Sting Relief Wipes",
"Zilactin Baby (teething Gel)",
"Zilactin Tooth and Gum Pain Reliever",
"Zilactin Toothache Swab",
"Zilactin-B",
"Zilactin-B",
"Zip Topical Anesthetic Gel Mint",
"Zip Topical Anesthetic Gel Strawberry",
"Zonsen Sting Relief Pad"
] |
[
"Anacaine",
"Anaesthesin",
"Anbesol Baby",
"Dermoplast"
] |
[
"Otic Edge",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-4 Person First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person National Ski Patrol First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1 Person First Aid",
"Alcohol Prep Pad with Benzocaine",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and First Aid Contains 167 Pieces",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES HARDCASE",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 Pieces",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"50 Person ANSI",
"Sting Relief",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 303 Pieces",
"Alcohol Prep Pads with Pain Relief",
"Alcohol Prep Pads with Pain Relief",
"FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"Alcohol Swabs with Benzocaine",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES",
"ACME FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"BLUE ACME SLEEVE FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"Alcohol Prep Pad with Benzocaine",
"25 Person ANSI",
"Auto 157",
"Alcohol Swabs with Benzocaine",
"Pain Relief Alcohol Swabs",
"GOOD NEIGHBOR PHARMACY FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"Alcohol Swab with Benzocaine",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"Alcohol Prep Swab with Pain Relief",
"10 Person ANSI",
"Alcohol Prep Pads",
"Sting Relief",
"Treagan Otic",
"Cepacol SORE THROAT AND COUGH",
"Chlorphenylcaine",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"Exactacain Topical Anesthetic",
"Easy Care First Aid Chest - Home and Workshop",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Outdoor and Travel",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Gel Cool Mint",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Cherry",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Bubble Gum",
"One Touch Advanced Topical Anesthetic Strawberry Ice",
"Insect Sting Relief Pad",
"Easy Care First Aid - All Purpose",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"GFA First Aid 75 Person Metal Case",
"Antiseptic",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Sports and Travel",
"Easy Care First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person First Aid",
"Cutiecaine",
"BENZOCAINE and RESORCINOL",
"Isopropyl Alcohol with Benzocaine",
"Cepacol Sore Throat and Cough",
"Budpack Feminine Anti-itch",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Viroxyn Professional Use",
"Baby Orajel Daytime Regular Formula and Nighttime Formula",
"Baby Orajel Daytime Regular Formula and Nighttime Formula",
"Rite Aid Original Strength Vagicaine",
"Baby Orajel Instant Relief Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"Baby Orajel Instant Relief Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"Rite Aid Maximum Strength",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"North First Aid Antiseptic",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat mixed berry",
"Aurodex",
"Budpak Feminine Anti-Itch",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Insect Sting Relief Wipes",
"Cut Care Insect Bite Antiseptic and Pain Relieving Wipe",
"StingEze Max Insect Bite Relief",
"First Degree Burn",
"Ready America First Aid Outdoor- 107 Pieces",
"Your Logo Here Bandage Aid",
"Your Logo Here Antiseptic First Aid",
"Your Logo Here Poison Ivy First Aid",
"Your Logo Here Burn First Aid",
"Aeroaid Antiseptic First Aid",
"CVS Sore Throat Mixed Berry Flavor",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"ProStat Antiseptic First Aid",
"MakeSense Feminine Anti-itch",
"ProStat Protective Coating Bandage First Aid",
"Vagicaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy First Aid",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"MyOxin",
"Salinocaine",
"Cepacol Sore Throat and Coating",
"Cepacol Sore Throat and Cough",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Meijer Maximum Strength Oral Pain Relief",
"Zapotol Dentidol Oral Analgesic",
"Blistex Foille Medicated First Aid",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Aerowipe",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Vagi-Cure Advanced Sensitive Medicated",
"Rexall Feminine Maximum Strength Anti-itch",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Assured Feminine Anti-itch",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Rite Aid Original Strength Vagicaine",
"Benzocaine and Triclosan",
"Otozin",
"Benzocaine and Benzethonium",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"GAUKE Sting Relief Pad",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Vagicaine Maximum Strength Anti-Itch Cream",
"Acella Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Otic Care Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Trioxin",
"Aidplus Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Dermoplast First Aid",
"Instant First Aid CVS",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Medi-first Antiseptic First Aid",
"Antiseptic Medicated CVS",
"First Aid Pads CVS",
"Assured Feminine Anti-itch",
"CVS Pharmacy Sensitive Medicated Cream",
"Cepacol Dual Relief",
"Lanacane Anti Itch Original Strength",
"Lanacane Anti Itch Maximum Strength",
"Lanacane Anti Itch Original Strength",
"Aurodex",
"Green Guard Antiseptic First Aid",
"Dermoplast Pain Relieving Antibacterial",
"Equaline Vagicaine Maximum Strength",
"Coghlan s Sting Relief",
"Benzocaine and Triclosan",
"Orajel Denture Pain Relief",
"ECOLAB Antiseptic",
"Sting Relief",
"Sting Relief",
"Adventure First Aid Water Resistant",
"Adventure First Aid .5 Tin",
"Vacuant Plus",
"First Aid Antiseptic Well at Walgreens",
"Maximum Strength Feminine Anti-Itch Family Wellness",
"Insect String Relief pad",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine",
"Lanacane Maximum Strength Anti Bacterial First Aid",
"Vagi-cure (regular Strength)",
"Vagi-cure (maximum Strength)",
"Leader Anti-Itch Regular Strength",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Leader Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Quality Choice Vaginal Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Plus Coating",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Plus Cough",
"Antiseptic Pain Relieving",
"Family Wellness",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Anti Itch",
"First Aid Medicated Rite Aid",
"Medicated First Aid Good Sense",
"FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 202 PIECES",
"Aurodex Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"VAGISIL Anti-Itch Medicated Creme Regular Strength",
"Aerowipe",
"Dukal Sting Relief Pad",
"Anbesol Cold Sore Therapy",
"Sore throat and cough lozenge",
"VH Essentials Sensitive Medicated Cream",
"Gumsol",
"Gumsol",
"Cepacol Ultra Sore Throat",
"Meditowel Antibacterial First Aid",
"Good Sense Vagicaine Anti Itch",
"Basic Care Vagicaine",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache reliever",
"HEB Mouth Sore Relief",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Vagicaine Maximum Strength",
"4209 First Aid Kit",
"4211 First Aid Kit",
"Signature Care Vagicaine",
"4215 First Aid Kit",
"4217 First Aid Kit",
"Up and up vagicaine",
"4243 First Aid Kit",
"First Aid Only Sting Relief Pad",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"Rite Aid Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"4249 First Aid Kit",
"4142 First Aid Kit",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Ndc 72934- 5010-4 Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 8% / Tetracaine 4%.",
"Zonsen Sting Relief Pad",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"Benzocaine 20% / Lidocaine 10% / Tetracaine 10%",
"4345 First Aid Kit",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"4358 First Aid Kit",
"4367 First Aid Kit",
"E-Vac Plus",
"Blistex Kank-A",
"Ortizol Otic Solution",
"ENEMEEZ Plus",
"DG Health Feminine Anti-itch",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Vagicaine",
"Topcare Vagicaine",
"Leader Regular Strength Anti-Itch",
"Leader Maximum Strength Anti-Itch",
"Lanacane Maximum Strength Anti-Itch",
"Lanacane First Aid",
"CVS Pharmacy Mouth Sore",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache reliever",
"VAGISIL Anti-Itch Creme Regular Strength",
"Cetacaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Topical Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"After Bite Wipe Insect Sting Relief",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough lozenge",
"KANKA SoftBrush",
"CVS Health All Purpose Kit",
"CVS Health Healing on the Go Kit",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Single Dose",
"CVS Adult Enema",
"Sting relief pad",
"DocuSol Plus",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenges",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"First Aid",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Bubblegum",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Mixed Berry Throat and Cough Lozenges",
"Antiseptic",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum, Cream",
"Orajel 4X Medicated PM For Toothache and Gum",
"OFF Bite and Itch Relief First Aid Antiseptic",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 3X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Family Wellness",
"Soothe-A-sting",
"Cut Cleaner",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"First Aid Antiseptic",
"Antiseptic First Aid",
"CVS Pharmacy Mouth Sore Gel",
"Tempo Sting Relief Pad",
"Anti-Itch Regular Strength",
"Benzocaine",
"Pyrocaine Burn",
"Pyrocaine Burn",
"First Aid Antiseptic Water Soluble",
"North First Aid Antiseptic Water Soluble",
"BLT Skin Cream",
"Finafta",
"Antiseptic",
"Aid and First Sting Relief Prep Pad",
"Dermoplast Pain Relieving",
"CoreTex Professional Outdoor Skin Protection Wallet",
"Vagi care",
"T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch Test",
"Dermoplast First Aid",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Mint",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Strawberry",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Raspberry",
"Denti-Care Denti-Freeze Topical Anesthetic Cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat and Cough",
"Bite and Sting Relief Stick",
"VAGISIL Anti-Itch Medicated Creme Maximum Strength",
"Sting Relief",
"Leader Mixed Berry Benz-Dex Lozenges",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"3M Nexcare Cold Sore Treatment",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Image Essentials Vagicaine",
"UEC Medical Insect Sting Relief",
"Mixed Berry sore throat and cough lozenge",
"Orajel for Cold Sores",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Single Dose",
"Aurax Otic",
"Alcohol Prep Pad with Benzocaine",
"Benzal Vagisil Creme Regular Strength",
"Acella Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"Mixed Berry Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"KANKA SoftBrush",
"Sore Throat and Cough",
"Smart Sense Vagicaine Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Gum Pain 3X Medicated",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum",
"Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"Orajel Instant Relief for Teething Pain Daytime Nighttime Twin Pack",
"StingEze with Aloe for kids",
"Vagisil Anti Itch Original Strength",
"Vagisil Anti Itch Maximum Strength",
"Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic",
"Equate vagicaine maximum strength",
"Adazin",
"Sore Throat and Cough Lozenge",
"Physicians Care Sting Relief Pad",
"Medi-first Protective Coating Bandage",
"Medi-first Ivy-Rid First Aid",
"Lucky Oral Pain Relief",
"Medi-First Sting Relief",
"4129 First Aid Kit",
"4246 First Aid Kit",
"Care Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Mirakel",
"Feminine Anti-Itch Creme",
"BiteMD External Analgesic First Aid Antiseptic",
"Sj3",
"Super T",
"Sting Relief Medicated Pad",
"Genuine First Aid Insect Sting Relief Pad 1 ct",
"OP First Aid Series Insect Sting Relief Pad",
"After Bite Wipe Insect Sting Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief",
"Sanatos Lozenges EX",
"Sting Relief",
"Oral Pain Relief",
"Well at Walgreens Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Lucky Oral Pain Relief",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"EZ WOUNDCARE Pain Relieving and First Aid Antiseptic",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Double Medicated, Cream",
"Antiseptic",
"Protection",
"CARMEX COLD SORE treatment External Analgesic Skin Protectant",
"Vicks Formula 44 Cough and Sore Throat Lozenge",
"CARMEX Multi-Symptom 3 in 1 COLD Sore treatment External Analgesic Skin Protectant",
"Sting Relief",
"Cut Cleaner",
"Soothe-A-Sting",
"Equate Benz-Dex Cough and Throat Lozenges",
"Dermoplast Insect Itch and Sting Relief",
"Dermoplast Sunburn and Burn Relief",
"aramark Antiseptic",
"Aramark Medi-Band",
"Keep Going Sting Relief Pad",
"CVS Pharmacy",
"Sj3",
"Super T",
"CVS Mini Enema",
"Anti-Itch Medicated Maximum Strength",
"Vagicaine Medicated Maximum Strength",
"Anti-Itch Medicated Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Cold Sore Touch Free - Single Dose",
"MK Sting Relief Pads",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Single Dose",
"Zap Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"One Touch Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Zap Topical Anesthetic Spray",
"Lanacane Anti-bacterial First Aid Spray",
"Denticare Pro-freeze",
"Bye Bye Bite Lot",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid",
"Burn O Sol Spray",
"Antibiotic Cold Sore Ointment",
"Laryngets Loz",
"Auralgan Solution",
"Pulmosirum Pastille",
"Antibiotic Lozenges",
"Auralgan Eardrops",
"Cold Sore Lotion",
"Panocaine Gel",
"Cepacol Citrus Extra Strength Lozenges",
"Permathene-12 - Caplet",
"Balminil Loz",
"Bye Bye Burn Lot",
"Aurisan Dps",
"Slim-mint Gum",
"Sore Throat Lozenges Menthol Flavour",
"Endospray",
"Panocaine Gel",
"Anivy",
"Dentalgar Liq",
"Oralgar Dps",
"Dermaphy Ont",
"Balzarol Ont",
"Jiffy Toothache Drops",
"Foille Ont",
"Gouttes Dentaires",
"Gouttes Pour Mal D'oreilles",
"Tanac Liquid",
"Bite Relief",
"Solarcaine First Aid Cream",
"Anbesol Liquid",
"Anbesol Gel",
"Oxipor Lotion",
"Sting Kure - Liq",
"Sting-eze-liq",
"Boil Ease Drawing Salve Ont",
"Oxipor Lotion",
"Emercol Loz",
"Denture Orajel Gel",
"Burncare Kit",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Lozenge",
"Denti-care Topical Anesthetic Liquid Spray",
"Sting Eze",
"Orajel Mouth-aid",
"Kama Sutra Pleasure Balm",
"Orajel Ultra Canker Sore Medicine",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Extra Strength Sucrose-free Lozenge (cherry Flavour)",
"Orajel Multi-action Cold Sore Medicine",
"Orajel Denture Plus",
"Tanac Liquid",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Orange Citrus Lozenge",
"Extra Strength Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Gercillin",
"Henry Schein Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Zap Topical Anesthetic Spray Aerosol",
"Auralgan",
"Throat Lozenges",
"Pastilles Antiseptiques Jener",
"Pastilles Merol",
"Arkodyne",
"Oti Cal",
"Bionet Lozenge",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Cetacaine Spray",
"Zap Liquid",
"Rectogel HC",
"Denti-care Topical Anesthetic Gel",
"Solarcaine First Aid Spray",
"Hemovirtu's Hemorrhoidal Ointment",
"Cetacaine Liquid",
"Emercreme No4 Ont Efa",
"Topicale Gel Pump Pina Colada",
"Kank-A",
"Dermacaine-R",
"Terpacan",
"Appedrine",
"Dexatrim Tablets",
"Cora Caine",
"Hemorro-dol Sup",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Max Liquid Center",
"Oral Analgesic Maximum Strength",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"Little Ouchies Little Remedies Pain Relief",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Orajel for Cold Sores Maximum Strength",
"Your Logo Here Burn First Aid",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"TopCare Sore Throat Cherry Flavor",
"ProStat Burn First Aid",
"TopCare Sore Throat Honey Lemon Flavor",
"CliniStat Pain Relieving",
"Best Health Sore Throat Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Aeroburn Burn First Aid",
"Medi-first Burn First Aid",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief for Severe Toothache Maximum Strength",
"Orajel Maximum Strength",
"Kroger Maximum Strength",
"Cepacol Sensations Cooling",
"Cepacol Sensations Sore Throat Cooling ice cool",
"Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Sting-Kill",
"Chloraseptic Total Sore Throat and Cough, Sugar Free",
"Chloraseptic Total Sore Throat and Cough",
"Dermoplast Anesthetic Pain Relieving Antibacterial",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe",
"Green Guard Burn First Aid",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe",
"Dermoplast Pain Relieving",
"CEPASTAT Sore throat and Cough",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Liquid Center",
"Sting-Kill",
"Dyve Comfort B",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Cherry",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Sugar Free Cherry",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Sugar Free Cherry",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Citrus",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Maximum Numbing Honey Lemon",
"Procicept B Benzocaine 20%",
"First Aid Only Sting Relief",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Honey Lemon Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Actisep",
"Actisep",
"Chloraseptic Max",
"Medicaine Sting and Bite",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache and Gum Reliever",
"CVS Pharmacy Toothache and Gum Reliever",
"Giltuss Bucalsep",
"4232 First Aid Kit",
"4232 First Aid Kit",
"4221 First Aid Kit",
"4221 First Aid Kit",
"4230 First Aid Kit",
"4242 First Aid Kit",
"4242 First Aid Kit",
"4240 First Aid Kit",
"4240 First Aid Kit",
"Fire Out",
"4241 First Aid Kit",
"4241 First Aid Kit",
"4125 First Aid Kit",
"4125 First Aid Kit",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat sugar free cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat Tangerine",
"Cepacol InstaMax Sore Throat Berry Frost Sugar Free",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat cherry",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"Cepacol Instamax Sore Throat Arctic Cherry",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"4339 First Aid Kit",
"4339 First Aid Kit",
"4355 First Aid Kit",
"4355 First Aid Kit",
"Chloraseptic",
"Chloraspetic",
"Chloraseptic",
"Benzocaine",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"Angidol Honey Lemon Flavor",
"Angidol Cherry Flavor",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"4356 First Aid Kit",
"4356 First Aid Kit",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat",
"Orajel Denture Pain Relief",
"Orajel Denture Pain Relief",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Orajel Gum Pain 3X Medicated",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Dermoplast Anesthetic Pain and Itch",
"Burn Water Soluble",
"North Burn",
"Orajel",
"Best Health Sore Throat Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat Cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat Cherry",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat honey lemon",
"Orajel Cold Sore Moisturelock",
"Novex Sore Throat",
"Novex Sore Throat Honey Lemon Flavor",
"3X Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4X Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"3x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"Leader Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"3X Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"Leader Honey Lemon Benzocaine Throat Lozenge",
"Orajel for Codl Sores Relief and Concealer",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe PM",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Severe",
"Orajel Instant Pain Relief Maximum",
"Orajel Instant Pain Reliver for Canker Sores Extra Strength Pain Relief",
"Kank-A with Blistex Medicated Lip",
"Orajel Toothache Strips",
"Honey Lemon Throat Drops",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4x Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Gel",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"3x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"Toothache and Gum Relief",
"Toothache and Gum Relief Cushions",
"Benzocaine",
"Orajel Toothache Strips",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum, Cream",
"DG 4x Medicated Tooth and Gum Cream",
"DG 3x Medicated Toothache adn Gum Gel",
"Severe Triple Medicated Gel",
"Orasep",
"Orasep",
"Orajel 3X Medicated For All Mouth Sores",
"Cherry Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Cepacol Extra Strength Sore Throat honey lemon",
"Vicks VapoCool Sore Throat",
"Vicks VapoCool Sore Throat",
"4x Medicated Gum Cream",
"Sooth-a-Sting",
"Vicks VapoCool Sore Throat",
"Orajel 3X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Benzocaine, Menthol, Zinc Chloride",
"Orajel 4X Medicated For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 4X Medicated PM For Toothache and Gum",
"Orajel 3X Medicated for Denture Pain",
"Mucinex Instasoothe Sore Throat Plus Pain Relief",
"HEB Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Rite Aid Maximum Toothache Reliever",
"Rite Aid Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Meijer Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"CVS Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"CVS Maximum Toothache Relief Double Medicated",
"equate Severe Toothache and Gum Relief",
"Good Sense Cherry Benzocaine Lozenges",
"CVS Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Walgreens Instant Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"DG Health Maximum Toothache Relief",
"Rite Aid Severe Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"Walgreens Instant Toothache and Gum Relief Triple Medicated",
"2x Med Liq",
"CVS 2x Liq (CSR)",
"2x Med Liq",
"Orajel Medicated for Toothache and Gum, Liquid",
"Medicaine Swabs",
"Topco 4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat-",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4x Medicated Toothache and Gum Gel",
"3x Medicated Mouth Sore Gel",
"4X Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Cream",
"4X Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Gel",
"Honey Lemon Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Relief Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Cherry Throat Drops",
"Cherry Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenze",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Throat Relief Lozenges",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Cherry Sore Throat Lozenge",
"Honey Lemon Sore Throat Lozenges",
"Sore Throat Logenzes Sore Throat",
"Zee Insect Sting Relief Wipes",
"Benzocaine,isopropyl Alcohol",
"Benzocaine",
"TheraCare Maximum Strength Oral Pain Relief Severe",
"First Aid Only Sting Relief Pad",
"Keep Going Sting Relief Pad",
"Dermoplast Pain relieving",
"Sting Relief Wipe",
"OptimV Anti-Itch Maximum Strength",
"Walgreens Mixed Berry Benz-Dex Lozenges",
"Walgreens Pain Burn Itch Relief",
"Rite Aid Pain Relieving",
"Diphen",
"Antiseptic",
"First Aid Direct Soothe-A-Sting",
"Sooth-a-Sting",
"Sting Relief Pad",
"Safeton Sting Relief Pad 60 Isopropyl Alcohol 6 Benzocaine",
"Insect Sting Relief Pad",
"Mirakel Pain and Itch Relief",
"PM Toothache Relief",
"Dermoplast Kids First Aid",
"Sting Relief Wipe",
"Sting Relief Wipe",
"Angidol Honey-Lime",
"Angidol Raspberry",
"Anesthetic Lozenges Raspberry flavour",
"Anesthetic Lozenges Honey Lime Flavors",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"Cetacaine Anesthetic",
"Insect Sting Relief",
"Mucinex Insta soothe Sore Throat Winter Fresh",
"Pain, Burn, and Itch Relief",
"4x Medicated Severe Toothache and Gum Gel",
"Meijer Maximum Strength Vagicaine",
"Finafta",
"Oral Gel Oral Pain Relief",
"Everlit Survival Sting Relief Pad",
"Sting Relief Swab"
] |
[
"Q9Y5Y9"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P20813",
"P33261",
"P10635",
"P05181",
"P23141"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763",
"P19652"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
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