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stringclasses 8
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listlengths 2
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stringlengths 5
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information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "There are two definitions currently used for subtropical cyclones depending on their location. Across the north Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean, they require some central convection fairly near the center surrounding a warming core existing in the mid-levels of the troposphere. Across the eastern half of the northern Pacific however, they require a mid-tropospheric cyclone to be cut off from the main belt of the westerlies and with only a weak surface circulation. Subtropical cyclones have wider wind fields with the maximum sustained winds located further from the center than typical tropical cyclones, and have no weather fronts linked into their center. There are two definitions currently used for subtropical cyclones depending on which two geographic locations?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Subtropical cyclones are defined differently between the north Atlantic/southwest Indian Ocean area and the northern Pacific.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
There are two definitions currently used for subtropical cyclones depending on their location. Across the north Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean, they require some central convection fairly near the center surrounding a warming core existing in the mid-levels of the troposphere. Across the eastern half of the northern Pacific however, they require a mid-tropospheric cyclone to be cut off from the main belt of the westerlies and with only a weak surface circulation. Subtropical cyclones have wider wind fields with the maximum sustained winds located further from the center than typical tropical cyclones, and have no weather fronts linked into their center. There are two definitions currently used for subtropical cyclones depending on which two geographic locations?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which of the following were recurring characters on The Sopranos: Carmela, Tony, Christopher, Jody, Natasha, Silvio, Adriana, Tom & Jerry, Jerry Seinfeld, George Costanza",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The following were recurring characters on The Sopranos: Carmela, Tony, Christopher, Silvio, Adriana.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which of the following were recurring characters on The Sopranos: Carmela, Tony, Christopher, Jody, Natasha, Silvio, Adriana, Tom & Jerry, Jerry Seinfeld, George Costanza
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "Give me a list of classic English poems with nice message",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. \"If\" by Rudyard Kipling: This poem is highlighting the importance to lead a life with integrity and gaining a clearer perspective about life.\n2. \"Requiescat\" by Oscar Wilde: There is a lot of grief, loss and mourning. Poet dedicated to his younger sister who unfortunately died unexpectedly.\n3. \"And Still I Rise\" by Maya Angelou: This poem is all about hope, courage and undying attitude to move forward in life by winning over all the challenges that life or society throws at you.\n4. \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" by Dylan Thomas: One of the most known piece of the Welsh poet. In short, this poem is a gentle reminder about preciousness of life.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Give me a list of classic English poems with nice message
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life.\nToday, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as \"conventional\" or \"traditional\" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.\nDried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method. Which fruits are most often candied fruit?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life.
Today, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as "conventional" or "traditional" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.
Dried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method. Which fruits are most often candied fruit?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "When was the Tesla Factory in Fremont purchased by Tesla?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In May 2010",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
When was the Tesla Factory in Fremont purchased by Tesla?
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "How long do tennis matches last?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tennis matches do not have a time limit. They can range anywhere from one hour on the short end to five-six hours on the other extreme. In most cases, the matches finish within a couple of hours. The variation in the duration of tennis matches stems from the scoring system which requires a player to win two or three sets, depending on the tournament, to win the match. For really competitive matches, an individual set can go on for hours if players keep running into ties, prolonging the match.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
How long do tennis matches last?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Tell me whether these are mammals or amphibians: Kangaroo, Hellbender, Horse, Taita African Caecilian, Monkey, Pangolins, Squirrel, Frogs",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Horse, Kangaroo, Monkey, Pangolin, and Squirrel are mammals. Frogs, Hellbenders, and Taita African Caecilian are Amphibians.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Tell me whether these are mammals or amphibians: Kangaroo, Hellbender, Horse, Taita African Caecilian, Monkey, Pangolins, Squirrel, Frogs
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is the JRE in Java?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is software that Java programs require to run correctly. Java is a computer language that powers many current web and mobile applications. The JRE is the underlying technology that communicates between the Java program and the operating system.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is the JRE in Java?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "The founder of Gupta dynasty was",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The founder of the Gupta dynasty was Chandragupta Maurya.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The founder of Gupta dynasty was
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which is a species of fish? Mullet or Afro",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mullet",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which is a species of fish? Mullet or Afro
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is HDFS?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) is a distributed file system that handles large data sets running on commodity hardware. It is used to scale a single Apache Hadoop cluster to hundreds (and even thousands) of nodes. HDFS is one of the major components of Apache Hadoop, the others being MapReduce and YARN.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is HDFS?
|
summarization
|
[
{
"content": "A generative artificial intelligence or generative AI is a type of AI system capable of generating text, images, or other media in response to prompts. Generative AI systems use generative models such as large language models to statistically sample new data based on the training data set that was used to create them. According to the paragraph below, what is Generative AI?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to AI systems that respond to user prompts to generate text, images and other media.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
A generative artificial intelligence or generative AI is a type of AI system capable of generating text, images, or other media in response to prompts. Generative AI systems use generative models such as large language models to statistically sample new data based on the training data set that was used to create them. According to the paragraph below, what is Generative AI?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Does Arizona use Daylight Savings?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, Arizona does not use Daylight Savings?",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Does Arizona use Daylight Savings?
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Of French-Canadian ancestry, Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home in Lowell, Massachusetts. He \"learned English at age six and spoke with a marked accent into his late teens.\" During World War II, he served in the United States Merchant Marine; he completed his first novel at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his death. His first published book was The Town and the City (1950), and he achieved widespread fame and notoriety with his second, On the Road, in 1957. It made him a beat icon, and he went on to publish 12 more novels and numerous poetry volumes.\n\nKerouac is recognized for his style of spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers topics such as his Catholic spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in New York City, Buddhism, drugs, and poverty. He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, a progenitor of the hippie movement, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements. He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing many of the cultural icons of the 1960s, including Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Jerry Garcia and the Doors.\n\nIn 1969, at the age of 47, Kerouac died from an abdominal hemorrhage caused by a lifetime of heavy drinking. Since then, his literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published. Given this paragraph about Jack Kerouac, tell me where he was raised, what was his most famous book, when was that book published, and which movement was he a part of?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jack Kerouac raised in Lowell, Massachusetts. He most famous book, On the Road, was published in 1957. He was a member of the Beats.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Of French-Canadian ancestry, Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home in Lowell, Massachusetts. He "learned English at age six and spoke with a marked accent into his late teens." During World War II, he served in the United States Merchant Marine; he completed his first novel at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his death. His first published book was The Town and the City (1950), and he achieved widespread fame and notoriety with his second, On the Road, in 1957. It made him a beat icon, and he went on to publish 12 more novels and numerous poetry volumes.
Kerouac is recognized for his style of spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers topics such as his Catholic spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in New York City, Buddhism, drugs, and poverty. He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, a progenitor of the hippie movement, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements. He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing many of the cultural icons of the 1960s, including Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Jerry Garcia and the Doors.
In 1969, at the age of 47, Kerouac died from an abdominal hemorrhage caused by a lifetime of heavy drinking. Since then, his literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published. Given this paragraph about Jack Kerouac, tell me where he was raised, what was his most famous book, when was that book published, and which movement was he a part of?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Which part of the United States is known as the \"four corners\" area?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The term four corners applies to the area where Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona come together.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which part of the United States is known as the "four corners" area?
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "Andhra Pradesh comprises three major regions namely Rayalaseema in the south-west, Coastal Andhra bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and Uttarandhra at north-east. The state has 26 districts, 6 in Uttarandhra, 12 in Coastal Andhra and 8 in Rayalaseema. The state also borders a union territory, Yanam – a district of Puducherry, which lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state. The economy of Andhra Pradesh is the 8th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹8.84 trillion (US$110 billion) and has the country's 17th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹170,000 (US$2,100). Andhra Pradesh ranks 27th among Indian states in Human Development Index (HDI). It has a jurisdiction over almost 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of territorial waters. From the passage provided, extract the GSDP of Andhra Pradesh",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "GSDP of Andhra Pradesh is US$110 billion",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Andhra Pradesh comprises three major regions namely Rayalaseema in the south-west, Coastal Andhra bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and Uttarandhra at north-east. The state has 26 districts, 6 in Uttarandhra, 12 in Coastal Andhra and 8 in Rayalaseema. The state also borders a union territory, Yanam – a district of Puducherry, which lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state. The economy of Andhra Pradesh is the 8th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹8.84 trillion (US$110 billion) and has the country's 17th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹170,000 (US$2,100). Andhra Pradesh ranks 27th among Indian states in Human Development Index (HDI). It has a jurisdiction over almost 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of territorial waters. From the passage provided, extract the GSDP of Andhra Pradesh
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "What is the best color ?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The best color should be black and white",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is the best color ?
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "Give me a list of 10 different SciFi movies and which year they were released",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Independence Day (1999)\nDune (2021)\nSolaris (2002)\nInception (2010)\nGattaca (1997)\nJurassic Park (1993)\nAI Artificial Intelligence (2001)\nThe Matrix (1999)\nThe Terminator (1994)\nStar Wars (1977)",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Give me a list of 10 different SciFi movies and which year they were released
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "In probability theory and statistics, the harmonic distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It was discovered by Étienne Halphen, who had become interested in the statistical modeling of natural events. His practical experience in data analysis motivated him to pioneer a new system of distributions that provided sufficient flexibility to fit a large variety of data sets. Halphen restricted his search to distributions whose parameters could be estimated using simple statistical approaches. Is the harmonic distribution a discrete distribution?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, it is a continuous distribution.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
In probability theory and statistics, the harmonic distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It was discovered by Étienne Halphen, who had become interested in the statistical modeling of natural events. His practical experience in data analysis motivated him to pioneer a new system of distributions that provided sufficient flexibility to fit a large variety of data sets. Halphen restricted his search to distributions whose parameters could be estimated using simple statistical approaches. Is the harmonic distribution a discrete distribution?
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "How can I compose electronic music in 3 simple ways ?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1 - Use an artificial intelligence backed music application (i.e. Amper Music, MuseNet, AIVA)\n2 - Use a software application to compose instruments partitions (i.e. FruityLoops Studio)\n3 - Play and record single instruments at home or studio and the mix them using an application",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
How can I compose electronic music in 3 simple ways ?
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post or reply to texts, images and videos known as \"tweets\". Registered users can tweet, like, \"retweet\" tweets and direct message (DM), while unregistered users only have the ability to view public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs. Given this paragraph about Twitter, how can programmers connect to Twitter when building custom applications?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Programmers can connect to Twitter when building custom applications by using Twitter APIs.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post or reply to texts, images and videos known as "tweets". Registered users can tweet, like, "retweet" tweets and direct message (DM), while unregistered users only have the ability to view public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs. Given this paragraph about Twitter, how can programmers connect to Twitter when building custom applications?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which of these numbers are odd? 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In this list, 1,3,5,7 are odd numbers",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which of these numbers are odd? 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "The corridor is used by many Amtrak trains, including the high-speed Acela, intercity trains and several long-distance trains. Most of the corridor also has frequent commuter rail service, operated by the MBTA, Shore Line East, Hartford Line, Metro-North Railroad, Long Island Rail Road, New Jersey Transit, SEPTA and MARC. While large through freights have not run on the NEC since the early 1980s, several companies continue to run smaller local freights over some select few sections of the NEC including CSX, Norfolk Southern, CSAO, Providence and Worcester, New York and Atlantic and Canadian Pacific, with the first two considered to have part-ownership over those routes. From the passage provided, extract the freight train companies using the corridor. Place them in a bullet list.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- CSX\n- Norfolk Southern\n- CSAO\n- Providence and Worcester\n- New York and Atlantic\n- Canadian Pacific",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The corridor is used by many Amtrak trains, including the high-speed Acela, intercity trains and several long-distance trains. Most of the corridor also has frequent commuter rail service, operated by the MBTA, Shore Line East, Hartford Line, Metro-North Railroad, Long Island Rail Road, New Jersey Transit, SEPTA and MARC. While large through freights have not run on the NEC since the early 1980s, several companies continue to run smaller local freights over some select few sections of the NEC including CSX, Norfolk Southern, CSAO, Providence and Worcester, New York and Atlantic and Canadian Pacific, with the first two considered to have part-ownership over those routes. From the passage provided, extract the freight train companies using the corridor. Place them in a bullet list.
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Select the odd word from this list and explain why:\nChair\nSofa\nTable\nDinosaur\nCupboard",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dinosaur is the odd word in this list. All of the other words are items of furniture, but dinosaurs are large extinct reptiles, not items of furniture.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Select the odd word from this list and explain why:
Chair
Sofa
Table
Dinosaur
Cupboard
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "classify the following as living vs non-living: plants, pants, bees, beer, mug, goat, pen, night lamp, cow, pig, phone, dog, leaf, candle, mosquito",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "living: plants, bees, goat, cow, dog, mosquito, leaf\nnon-living: pants, beer, mug, pen, night lamp, phone, candle",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
classify the following as living vs non-living: plants, pants, bees, beer, mug, goat, pen, night lamp, cow, pig, phone, dog, leaf, candle, mosquito
|
summarization
|
[
{
"content": "Ana María González (born 13 April 1951) is a Spanish lyric soprano trained in Argentina, known for performing at the Teatro Colón from 1973 to 1994. Although associated with the Italian lyric repertoire, she also excelled in lyric soprano roles of the French repertoire such as Manon, Marguerite, and Juliette, which brought her international fame. What is Ana María Gonzalez famous for",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ana María Gonzalez (born 13 April 1951) is a Spanish lyric soprano trained in Argentina, known for performing at the Teatro Colón from 1973 to 1994. Although associated with the Italian lyric repertoire, she also excelled in lyric soprano roles of the French repertoire such as Manon, Marguerite, and Juliette, which brought her international fame.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Ana María González (born 13 April 1951) is a Spanish lyric soprano trained in Argentina, known for performing at the Teatro Colón from 1973 to 1994. Although associated with the Italian lyric repertoire, she also excelled in lyric soprano roles of the French repertoire such as Manon, Marguerite, and Juliette, which brought her international fame. What is Ana María Gonzalez famous for
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is the kiwi bird?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The kiwi is a flightless bird with the scientific name Apteryx, meaning flightless big bird. It has relatives with the ostrich, the largest bird. The diet of the kiwi bird consists of woodlice, millipedes, centipedes, slugs, snails, spiders, insects, seeds, berries, and plant material. The Kiwi is a solitary animal that makes holes as hiding places for sleeping with its feet. The kiwi was created with a small, thin beak to get into crevices. This animal is almost extinct, and is important to the native ecosystem; the kiwi keeps the bug population down and is hunted by natural predators. New Zealand protects its most prized bird, for it is the only flightless bird in that ecosystem and a national symbol. The way we can protect and help the kiwi thrive is by donating to organizations like Save the Kiwi.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is the kiwi bird?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Sheep, Caracal",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sheep is domesticated, Caracal is wild",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Sheep, Caracal
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which of these cities are in Austria: Graz, Warsaw, Amsterdam, Vienna, New York, Jakarta",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Out of the cities you listed, Graz and Vienna are in Austria.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which of these cities are in Austria: Graz, Warsaw, Amsterdam, Vienna, New York, Jakarta
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Who was Calvin Parker MacDonald",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Calvin Parker MacDonald (June 14, 1933 — August 17, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played for five National Hockey League teams between 1953 and 1969. He later coached the Minnesota North Stars and the Los Angeles Kings.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Who was Calvin Parker MacDonald
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "The Last of Us is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The player traverses post-apocalyptic environments such as towns, buildings, forests, and sewers to advance the story. The player can use firearms, improvised weapons, hand-to-hand combat, and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus. For most of the game, the player takes control of Joel, a man tasked with escorting a young girl, Ellie, across the United States. The player also controls Ellie throughout the game's winter segment and briefly controls Joel's daughter, Sarah, in the opening sequence. Locate what the player should defend against in The Last of Us using the sample as a reference, extract them, and place them in a numbered list.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. Hostile humans;\n2. Cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The Last of Us is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The player traverses post-apocalyptic environments such as towns, buildings, forests, and sewers to advance the story. The player can use firearms, improvised weapons, hand-to-hand combat, and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus. For most of the game, the player takes control of Joel, a man tasked with escorting a young girl, Ellie, across the United States. The player also controls Ellie throughout the game's winter segment and briefly controls Joel's daughter, Sarah, in the opening sequence. Locate what the player should defend against in The Last of Us using the sample as a reference, extract them, and place them in a numbered list.
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "How does manufacturing analytics improve production?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Manufacturers often used data-driven techniques such as Six Sigma to improve manufacturing performance. Through the continual aggregation of manufacturing data, analytics can be developed to baseline machine performance and determine anomalous behavior in order to address product quality and machine maintenance issues. Data and analytics are key to improving production metrics in repeatable manner.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
How does manufacturing analytics improve production?
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "Why might I want to stay at home on a Friday night?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- You're feeling under the weather\n- The weather outside is stormy and dangerous\n- All your friends are busy and can't hang out with you\n- There's nothing fun going on\n- It's too crowded out there\n- You need to binge watch the latest show",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Why might I want to stay at home on a Friday night?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Bedug, Moraharpa",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bedug is percussion, Moraharpa is string.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Bedug, Moraharpa
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "In SQL, how can I filter table rows based on a column condition?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "SELECT <columns> FROM <table> WHERE <column> == <condition>",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
In SQL, how can I filter table rows based on a column condition?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What city in the United States is known for its Mardi Gras celebrations?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "New Orleans is famous for its celebrations of Mardi Gras",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What city in the United States is known for its Mardi Gras celebrations?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What marks the change from prehistory to history?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The beginning of writing marks the end of prehistory and the beginning of history. This extraordinary human milestone is thought to have taken place in Sumer and Egypt about 5500 years ago, around 3500 BC. The Sumerians and Egyptians had to keep track of the number of crops and animals they grew because they became more settled and needed a more complex social structure. As technology improved, they also had to keep track of a larger number of crops and animals. Writing is one of the most extraordinary creations of mankind.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What marks the change from prehistory to history?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which of these are helpful for starting a fire and which are better for putting out a fire: water, dirt, matches, dry newspaper, sticks, charcoal lighter fluid, and human pee.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The following items are helpful for starting a fire: matches, dry newspaper, sticks, and charcoal lighter fluid. These items are useful for putting out a fire: water, dirt, and human pee.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which of these are helpful for starting a fire and which are better for putting out a fire: water, dirt, matches, dry newspaper, sticks, charcoal lighter fluid, and human pee.
|
summarization
|
[
{
"content": "Today, Finland became the 31st member of NATO, ending its decades-long policy of neutrality. Foreign minister Pekka Haavisto handed over the official documents in Brussels to United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken.\n\n\nProtestors at a February 2022 rally against Russia's invasion of Ukraine march past the statue of Tsar Alexander II in Senate Square in Helsinki.\nImage: rajatonvimma.\n\nMap of NATO members including Finland\nThe accession was marked by raising the Finnish flag at NATO's main office in Brussels, Belgium, while the NATO flag was raised in Helsinki.\n\nFinland shares a 1,340 kilometers (833 mi)-long border with Russia. By joining NATO, it roughly doubled the length of NATO borders with Russia.\n\n\"Until now, we have defended our country alone,\" said Defense Minister Antti Kaikkonen. \"From now on, we can rely on getting outside help should things get tough. And of course, we are ready to help should someone be in trouble.\"\n\nKremlin representative Dmitry Peskov said it was an \"encroachment on our security and on Russia's national interests\". He said Russia would closely monitor NATO activity in Finland and take \"counter-measures\".\n\n\"Finland's membership is not targeted against anyone. Nor does it change the foundations or objectives of Finland's foreign and security policy,\" read a statement by Finnish President Sauli Niinistö after the accession documents were transferred.\n\n\"President Putin had as a declared goal of the invasion of Ukraine to get less NATO. He is getting exactly the opposite,\" said NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg. \"Finland today, and soon also Sweden will become a full-fledged member of the alliance\".\n\nIn the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine last year, public sentiment in Finland and Sweden, which were both non-aligned countries, shifted drastically, to 80% support in the former's case. On May 18, both nations submitted applications to join NATO. New members must have the support of all existing members before they can join.\n\nThe applications were held up by Turkey under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, because Finland and Sweden have granted political asylum to members of the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which Turkey views as a terrorist organization. Last week, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey voted to approve Finland.\n\nSweden still has to obtain the approval of both Hungary and Turkey before it can join. Hungary objects to Sweden based on its criticism of Viktor Orbán's government. A far-right group in Sweden held a Quran-burning in front of the Turkish embassy in January, which was condemned by the Turkish government.\n\nAfter Russia won the Finnish War over Sweden in 1809, Finland became a Grand Duchy of the tsarist Russian Empire. This lasted until the Russian Civil War started in 1917 and Finland declared its independence.\n\nIn 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland in a conflict called the Winter War. It ended with a treaty in 1940, under which Finland ceded territory to the Soviets. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 during World War II, Finland entered the war on the side of Germany. It ended with an armistice in 1944, and Finland relinquished another province.\n\nUnder President Urho Kekkonen, Finland formally adopted a policy of neutrality in 1956. What are the main points in this article",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Finland became the 31st member of NATO, ending its decades-long policy of neutrality. \nIn the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine last year, public sentiment in Finland shifted drastically, to 80% support in the former's case.\n'Sweden is next in line, however it has to overcome opposition from Hungary and Turkey.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Today, Finland became the 31st member of NATO, ending its decades-long policy of neutrality. Foreign minister Pekka Haavisto handed over the official documents in Brussels to United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken.
Protestors at a February 2022 rally against Russia's invasion of Ukraine march past the statue of Tsar Alexander II in Senate Square in Helsinki.
Image: rajatonvimma.
Map of NATO members including Finland
The accession was marked by raising the Finnish flag at NATO's main office in Brussels, Belgium, while the NATO flag was raised in Helsinki.
Finland shares a 1,340 kilometers (833 mi)-long border with Russia. By joining NATO, it roughly doubled the length of NATO borders with Russia.
"Until now, we have defended our country alone," said Defense Minister Antti Kaikkonen. "From now on, we can rely on getting outside help should things get tough. And of course, we are ready to help should someone be in trouble."
Kremlin representative Dmitry Peskov said it was an "encroachment on our security and on Russia's national interests". He said Russia would closely monitor NATO activity in Finland and take "counter-measures".
"Finland's membership is not targeted against anyone. Nor does it change the foundations or objectives of Finland's foreign and security policy," read a statement by Finnish President Sauli Niinistö after the accession documents were transferred.
"President Putin had as a declared goal of the invasion of Ukraine to get less NATO. He is getting exactly the opposite," said NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg. "Finland today, and soon also Sweden will become a full-fledged member of the alliance".
In the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine last year, public sentiment in Finland and Sweden, which were both non-aligned countries, shifted drastically, to 80% support in the former's case. On May 18, both nations submitted applications to join NATO. New members must have the support of all existing members before they can join.
The applications were held up by Turkey under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, because Finland and Sweden have granted political asylum to members of the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which Turkey views as a terrorist organization. Last week, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey voted to approve Finland.
Sweden still has to obtain the approval of both Hungary and Turkey before it can join. Hungary objects to Sweden based on its criticism of Viktor Orbán's government. A far-right group in Sweden held a Quran-burning in front of the Turkish embassy in January, which was condemned by the Turkish government.
After Russia won the Finnish War over Sweden in 1809, Finland became a Grand Duchy of the tsarist Russian Empire. This lasted until the Russian Civil War started in 1917 and Finland declared its independence.
In 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland in a conflict called the Winter War. It ended with a treaty in 1940, under which Finland ceded territory to the Soviets. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 during World War II, Finland entered the war on the side of Germany. It ended with an armistice in 1944, and Finland relinquished another province.
Under President Urho Kekkonen, Finland formally adopted a policy of neutrality in 1956. What are the main points in this article
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Classify each of the follow weapons used by the US Military as a Fighter Jet, Rifle, Attack Helicopter, or Tank: M4 Carbine, F16 Falcon, M1 Abrams, F15 Eagle, AH64 Apache, M1903 Springfield, AH1 Cobra, M4 Sherman, F14 Tomcat, F86 Sabre",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "M4 Carbine - Rifle\nF16 Falcon - Fighter Jet\nM1 Abrams - Tank\nF15 Eagle - Fighter Jet\nAH64 Apache - Attack Helicopter\nM1903 Springfield - Rifle\nAH1 Cobra - Attack Helicopter\nM4 Sherman - Tank\nF14 Tomcat - Fighter Jet\nF86 Sabre - Fighter Jet",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Classify each of the follow weapons used by the US Military as a Fighter Jet, Rifle, Attack Helicopter, or Tank: M4 Carbine, F16 Falcon, M1 Abrams, F15 Eagle, AH64 Apache, M1903 Springfield, AH1 Cobra, M4 Sherman, F14 Tomcat, F86 Sabre
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "Budapest has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the ancient times as Roman City of Aquincum in Óbuda (District III), which dates to around 89 AD, to the most modern Palace of Arts, the contemporary arts museum and concert hall.\n\nMost buildings in Budapest are relatively low: in the early 2010s there were around 100 buildings higher than 45 metres (148 ft). The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation, which is aimed at preserving the historic cityscape and to meet the requirements of the World Heritage Site. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings and consequently much of the inner city does not have any. Some planners would like see an easing of the rules for the construction of skyscrapers, and the possibility of building skyscrapers outside the city's historic core has been raised.\n\nIn the chronological order of architectural styles Budapest is represented on the entire timeline, starting with the Roman City of Aquincum representing ancient architecture.\n\nThe next determinative style is the Gothic architecture in Budapest. The few remaining Gothic buildings can be found in the Castle District. Buildings of note are no. 18, 20 and 22 on Országház Street, which date back to the 14th century and No. 31 Úri Street, which has a Gothic façade that dates back to the 15th century. Other buildings with Gothic features are the Inner City Parish Church, built in the 12th century, and the Mary Magdalene Church, completed in the 15th century. The most characteristic Gothic-style buildings are actually Neo-Gothic, like the most well-known Budapest landmarks, the Hungarian Parliament Building and the Matthias Church, where much of the original material was used (originally built in Romanesque style in 1015).\n\nThe next chapter in the history of human architecture is Renaissance architecture. One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was Hungary, and Budapest in particular. The style appeared following the marriage of King Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice of Naples in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and masons came to Buda with the new queen. Today, many of the original renaissance buildings disappeared during the varied history of Buda, but Budapest is still rich in renaissance and neo-renaissance buildings, like the famous Hungarian State Opera House, St. Stephen's Basilica and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.\n\nDuring the Turkish occupation (1541–1686), Islamic culture flourished in Budapest; multiple mosques and baths were built in the city. These were great examples of Ottoman architecture, which was influenced by Muslims from around the world including Turkish, Iranian, Arabian and to a larger extent, Byzantine architecture as well as Islamic traditions. After the Holy League conquered Budapest, they replaced most of the mosques with churches and minarets were turned into bell towers and cathedral spires. At one point the distinct sloping central square in Budapest became a bustling Oriental bazaar, which was filled with \"the chatter of camel caravans on their way to Yemen and India\". Budapest is in fact one of the few places in the world with functioning original Turkish bathhouses dating back to the 16th century, like Rudas Baths or Király Baths. Budapest is home to the northernmost place where the tomb of influential Islamic Turkish Sufi Dervish, Gül Baba is found. Various cultures converged in Hungary seemed to coalesce well with each other, as if all these different cultures and architecture styles are digested into Hungary's own way of cultural blend. A precedent to show the city's self-conscious is the top section of the city's main square, named as Szechenyi. When Turks came to the city, they built mosques here which was aggressively replaced with Gothic church of St. Bertalan. The rationale of reusing the base of the former Islamic building mosque and reconstruction into Gothic Church but Islamic style architecture over it is typically Islamic are still visible. An official term for the rationale is spolia. The mosque was called the djami of Pasha Gazi Kassim, and djami means mosque in Arabic. After Turks and Muslims were expelled and massacred from Budapest, the site was reoccupied by Christians and reformed into a church, the Inner City Parish Church (Budapest). The minaret and Turkish entranceway were removed. The shape of the architecture is its only hint of exotic past—\"two surviving prayer niches facing Mecca and an ecumenical symbol atop its cupola: a cross rising above the Turkish crescent moon\".\n\n\nThe most famous Budapest bridge, the Chain Bridge, the icon of the city's 19th century development, built in 1849\nAfter 1686, the Baroque architecture designated the dominant style of art in catholic countries from the 17th century to the 18th century. There are many Baroque-style buildings in Budapest and one of the finest examples of preserved Baroque-style architecture is the Church of St. Anna in Batthyhány square. An interesting part of Budapest is the less touristy Óbuda, the main square of which also has some beautiful preserved historic buildings with Baroque façades. The Castle District is another place to visit where the best-known landmark Buda Royal Palace and many other buildings were built in the Baroque style.\n\nThe Classical architecture and Neoclassical architecture are the next in the timeline. Budapest had not one but two architects that were masters of the Classicist style. Mihály Pollack (1773–1855) and József Hild (1789–1867), built many beautiful Classicist-style buildings in the city. Some of the best examples are the Hungarian National Museum, the Lutheran Church of Budavár (both designed by Pollack) and the seat of the Hungarian president, the Sándor Palace. The most iconic and widely known Classicist-style attraction in Budapest is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge. Budapest's two most beautiful Romantic architecture buildings are the Great Synagogue in Dohány Street and the Vigadó Concert Hall on the Danube Promenade, both designed by architect Frigyes Feszl (1821–1884). Another noteworthy structure is the Budapest Western Railway Station, which was designed by August de Serres and built by the Eiffel Company of Paris in 1877.\n\n\nThe Hungarian Parliament, completed in 1904\nArt Nouveau came into fashion in Budapest by the exhibitions which were held in and around 1896 and organised in connection with the Hungarian Millennium celebrations. Art Nouveau in Hungary (Szecesszió in Hungarian) is a blend of several architectural styles, with a focus on Hungary's specialities. One of the leading Art Nouveau architects, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), was inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture as well as traditional Hungarian decorative designs. One of his most beautiful buildings in Budapest is the Museum of Applied Arts. Another examples for Art Nouveau in Budapest is the Gresham Palace in front of the Chain Bridge, the Hotel Gellért, the Franz Liszt Academy of Music or Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden.\n\nIt is one of the world's outstanding urban landscapes and illustrates the great periods in the history of the Hungarian capital.\n\nUNESCO\nThe second half of the 20th century also saw, under the communist regime, the construction of blocks of flats (panelház), as in other Eastern European countries. In the 21st century, Budapest faces new challenges in its architecture. The pressure towards the high-rise buildings is unequivocal among today's world cities, but preserving Budapest's unique cityscape and its very diverse architecture, along with green areas, is force Budapest to balance between them. The Contemporary architecture has wide margin in the city. Public spaces attract heavy investment by business and government also, so that the city has gained entirely new (or renovated and redesigned) squares, parks and monuments, for example the city central Kossuth Lajos square, Deák Ferenc square and Liberty Square. Numerous landmarks are created in the last decade in Budapest, like the National Theatre, Palace of Arts, Rákóczi Bridge, Megyeri Bridge, Budapest Airport Sky Court among others, and millions of square meters of new office buildings and apartments. But there are still large opportunities in real estate development in the city. From the text provided, extract the list of styles found on Budapest architecture. Separate them with a semi-colon.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gothic; Renaissance; Ottoman; Baroque; Classical; Neoclassical; Contemporary",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Budapest has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the ancient times as Roman City of Aquincum in Óbuda (District III), which dates to around 89 AD, to the most modern Palace of Arts, the contemporary arts museum and concert hall.
Most buildings in Budapest are relatively low: in the early 2010s there were around 100 buildings higher than 45 metres (148 ft). The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation, which is aimed at preserving the historic cityscape and to meet the requirements of the World Heritage Site. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings and consequently much of the inner city does not have any. Some planners would like see an easing of the rules for the construction of skyscrapers, and the possibility of building skyscrapers outside the city's historic core has been raised.
In the chronological order of architectural styles Budapest is represented on the entire timeline, starting with the Roman City of Aquincum representing ancient architecture.
The next determinative style is the Gothic architecture in Budapest. The few remaining Gothic buildings can be found in the Castle District. Buildings of note are no. 18, 20 and 22 on Országház Street, which date back to the 14th century and No. 31 Úri Street, which has a Gothic façade that dates back to the 15th century. Other buildings with Gothic features are the Inner City Parish Church, built in the 12th century, and the Mary Magdalene Church, completed in the 15th century. The most characteristic Gothic-style buildings are actually Neo-Gothic, like the most well-known Budapest landmarks, the Hungarian Parliament Building and the Matthias Church, where much of the original material was used (originally built in Romanesque style in 1015).
The next chapter in the history of human architecture is Renaissance architecture. One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was Hungary, and Budapest in particular. The style appeared following the marriage of King Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice of Naples in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and masons came to Buda with the new queen. Today, many of the original renaissance buildings disappeared during the varied history of Buda, but Budapest is still rich in renaissance and neo-renaissance buildings, like the famous Hungarian State Opera House, St. Stephen's Basilica and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
During the Turkish occupation (1541–1686), Islamic culture flourished in Budapest; multiple mosques and baths were built in the city. These were great examples of Ottoman architecture, which was influenced by Muslims from around the world including Turkish, Iranian, Arabian and to a larger extent, Byzantine architecture as well as Islamic traditions. After the Holy League conquered Budapest, they replaced most of the mosques with churches and minarets were turned into bell towers and cathedral spires. At one point the distinct sloping central square in Budapest became a bustling Oriental bazaar, which was filled with "the chatter of camel caravans on their way to Yemen and India". Budapest is in fact one of the few places in the world with functioning original Turkish bathhouses dating back to the 16th century, like Rudas Baths or Király Baths. Budapest is home to the northernmost place where the tomb of influential Islamic Turkish Sufi Dervish, Gül Baba is found. Various cultures converged in Hungary seemed to coalesce well with each other, as if all these different cultures and architecture styles are digested into Hungary's own way of cultural blend. A precedent to show the city's self-conscious is the top section of the city's main square, named as Szechenyi. When Turks came to the city, they built mosques here which was aggressively replaced with Gothic church of St. Bertalan. The rationale of reusing the base of the former Islamic building mosque and reconstruction into Gothic Church but Islamic style architecture over it is typically Islamic are still visible. An official term for the rationale is spolia. The mosque was called the djami of Pasha Gazi Kassim, and djami means mosque in Arabic. After Turks and Muslims were expelled and massacred from Budapest, the site was reoccupied by Christians and reformed into a church, the Inner City Parish Church (Budapest). The minaret and Turkish entranceway were removed. The shape of the architecture is its only hint of exotic past—"two surviving prayer niches facing Mecca and an ecumenical symbol atop its cupola: a cross rising above the Turkish crescent moon".
The most famous Budapest bridge, the Chain Bridge, the icon of the city's 19th century development, built in 1849
After 1686, the Baroque architecture designated the dominant style of art in catholic countries from the 17th century to the 18th century. There are many Baroque-style buildings in Budapest and one of the finest examples of preserved Baroque-style architecture is the Church of St. Anna in Batthyhány square. An interesting part of Budapest is the less touristy Óbuda, the main square of which also has some beautiful preserved historic buildings with Baroque façades. The Castle District is another place to visit where the best-known landmark Buda Royal Palace and many other buildings were built in the Baroque style.
The Classical architecture and Neoclassical architecture are the next in the timeline. Budapest had not one but two architects that were masters of the Classicist style. Mihály Pollack (1773–1855) and József Hild (1789–1867), built many beautiful Classicist-style buildings in the city. Some of the best examples are the Hungarian National Museum, the Lutheran Church of Budavár (both designed by Pollack) and the seat of the Hungarian president, the Sándor Palace. The most iconic and widely known Classicist-style attraction in Budapest is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge. Budapest's two most beautiful Romantic architecture buildings are the Great Synagogue in Dohány Street and the Vigadó Concert Hall on the Danube Promenade, both designed by architect Frigyes Feszl (1821–1884). Another noteworthy structure is the Budapest Western Railway Station, which was designed by August de Serres and built by the Eiffel Company of Paris in 1877.
The Hungarian Parliament, completed in 1904
Art Nouveau came into fashion in Budapest by the exhibitions which were held in and around 1896 and organised in connection with the Hungarian Millennium celebrations. Art Nouveau in Hungary (Szecesszió in Hungarian) is a blend of several architectural styles, with a focus on Hungary's specialities. One of the leading Art Nouveau architects, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), was inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture as well as traditional Hungarian decorative designs. One of his most beautiful buildings in Budapest is the Museum of Applied Arts. Another examples for Art Nouveau in Budapest is the Gresham Palace in front of the Chain Bridge, the Hotel Gellért, the Franz Liszt Academy of Music or Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden.
It is one of the world's outstanding urban landscapes and illustrates the great periods in the history of the Hungarian capital.
UNESCO
The second half of the 20th century also saw, under the communist regime, the construction of blocks of flats (panelház), as in other Eastern European countries. In the 21st century, Budapest faces new challenges in its architecture. The pressure towards the high-rise buildings is unequivocal among today's world cities, but preserving Budapest's unique cityscape and its very diverse architecture, along with green areas, is force Budapest to balance between them. The Contemporary architecture has wide margin in the city. Public spaces attract heavy investment by business and government also, so that the city has gained entirely new (or renovated and redesigned) squares, parks and monuments, for example the city central Kossuth Lajos square, Deák Ferenc square and Liberty Square. Numerous landmarks are created in the last decade in Budapest, like the National Theatre, Palace of Arts, Rákóczi Bridge, Megyeri Bridge, Budapest Airport Sky Court among others, and millions of square meters of new office buildings and apartments. But there are still large opportunities in real estate development in the city. From the text provided, extract the list of styles found on Budapest architecture. Separate them with a semi-colon.
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of the police?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. The police serve as a \"watchful guardian\" to keep us safe.\n2. The police are a \"protector of the law\" who protects us from harm.\n3. The police are an \"impartial enforcer\" of the law.\n4. The police are an \"intermediary of justice\" who helps us get justice.\n5. The police are a \"counselor of the law\" who helps us understand the law.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of the police?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as either a pokemon or a pokemon trainer: Charmander, Squirtle, Bulbasaur, Ash, Brock, Golem, Arbok",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Charmander, Squirtle, Bulbasaur, Golem and Arbok are pokemon. Ash and Brock are pokemon trainers.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Classify each of the following as either a pokemon or a pokemon trainer: Charmander, Squirtle, Bulbasaur, Ash, Brock, Golem, Arbok
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Bachendri Pal (born 24 May 1954) is an Indian mountaineer. She is the first Indian woman to climb the summit of world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, what she did in 1984. She was awarded the third highest civilian award Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 2019.\n\nBachendri Pal was born to a Bhotiya family on 24 May 1954 in Nakuri village, in the Uttarkashi district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. She was one of five children to Hansa Devi, and Shri Kishan Singh Pal, – a border tradesman who supplied groceries from India to Tibet. She was born only five days prior to the first anniversary of the original ascension of Mount Everest by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary. She completed her M.A. and B.Ed. from D.A.V. Post Graduate College, Dehradun. She started mountaineering at the age of 12 when, along with her friends, she scaled a 13,123 ft (3,999.9 m) high peak during a school picnic. On the invitation of her school principal, she was sent to college for higher studies and, during her course at Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, became the first female to climb Mount Gangotri 23,419 ft (7,138.1 m) and Mount Rudragaria 19,091 ft (5,818.9 m) in 1982. In that time, she became an instructor at the National Adventure Foundation (NAF), which had set up an adventure school for training women to learn mountaineering.\n\nPal encountered stiff opposition from her family and relatives when she chose a career as a professional mountaineer rather than a schoolteacher. However, she soon found success in her chosen field when, after summiting a number of smaller peaks, she was selected to join India's first mixed-gender team to attempt an expedition to Mount Everest in 1984.\n\nBachendri Pal has been conferred with following awards and accolades:\n\nGold Medal for Excellence in Mountaineering by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (1984)\nPadma Shri – the fourth highest civilian award of the Republic of India (1984)\nGold Medal by the Department of Education, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (1985)\nArjuna Award by the Government of India (1986)\nCalcutta Ladies Study Group Award (1986)\nListed in the Guinness Book of World Records (1990)\nNational Adventure Award by the Government of India (1994)\nYash Bharti Award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (1995)\nHonorary Doctorate from the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (formerly known as Garhwal University) (1997)\nShe is the first recipient of the Virangana Lakshmibai Rashtriya Samman 2013–14, which was given by the Ministry of Culture, Government of Madhya Pradesh, India at Gwalior on 18 June 2013 for her personal achievement in adventure sports and women's upliftment in the country.\nPadma Bhushan – the third highest civilian award of the Republic of India (2019)\nBharat Gaurav Award by East Bengal Club: 2014 From the given text, please tell me what were Bachendari Pal's accomplishments?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bachendari Pal is an Indian mountaineer. Despite stiff opposition from her family, she still chose to pursue professional mountaineer as a career. Some of her noted accomplishments are:\n1. She is the first Indian woman to climb the summit of world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, in 1984.\n2. While pursuing her course at Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, she became the first female to climb Mount Gangotri 23,419 ft (7,138.1 m) and Mount Rudragaria 19,091 ft (5,818.9 m) in 1982.\n\nBachendari Pal has also been conferred with several awards and accolades. She was awarded \"Padma Shri\" (fourth highest civilian award of Republic of India) in 1984 and \"Padma Bhushan\" (third highest civilian award of Republic of India) in 2019.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Bachendri Pal (born 24 May 1954) is an Indian mountaineer. She is the first Indian woman to climb the summit of world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, what she did in 1984. She was awarded the third highest civilian award Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 2019.
Bachendri Pal was born to a Bhotiya family on 24 May 1954 in Nakuri village, in the Uttarkashi district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. She was one of five children to Hansa Devi, and Shri Kishan Singh Pal, – a border tradesman who supplied groceries from India to Tibet. She was born only five days prior to the first anniversary of the original ascension of Mount Everest by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary. She completed her M.A. and B.Ed. from D.A.V. Post Graduate College, Dehradun. She started mountaineering at the age of 12 when, along with her friends, she scaled a 13,123 ft (3,999.9 m) high peak during a school picnic. On the invitation of her school principal, she was sent to college for higher studies and, during her course at Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, became the first female to climb Mount Gangotri 23,419 ft (7,138.1 m) and Mount Rudragaria 19,091 ft (5,818.9 m) in 1982. In that time, she became an instructor at the National Adventure Foundation (NAF), which had set up an adventure school for training women to learn mountaineering.
Pal encountered stiff opposition from her family and relatives when she chose a career as a professional mountaineer rather than a schoolteacher. However, she soon found success in her chosen field when, after summiting a number of smaller peaks, she was selected to join India's first mixed-gender team to attempt an expedition to Mount Everest in 1984.
Bachendri Pal has been conferred with following awards and accolades:
Gold Medal for Excellence in Mountaineering by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (1984)
Padma Shri – the fourth highest civilian award of the Republic of India (1984)
Gold Medal by the Department of Education, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (1985)
Arjuna Award by the Government of India (1986)
Calcutta Ladies Study Group Award (1986)
Listed in the Guinness Book of World Records (1990)
National Adventure Award by the Government of India (1994)
Yash Bharti Award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (1995)
Honorary Doctorate from the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (formerly known as Garhwal University) (1997)
She is the first recipient of the Virangana Lakshmibai Rashtriya Samman 2013–14, which was given by the Ministry of Culture, Government of Madhya Pradesh, India at Gwalior on 18 June 2013 for her personal achievement in adventure sports and women's upliftment in the country.
Padma Bhushan – the third highest civilian award of the Republic of India (2019)
Bharat Gaurav Award by East Bengal Club: 2014 From the given text, please tell me what were Bachendari Pal's accomplishments?
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "What are three crafts with a wire coat hanger?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Create a mobile by cutting up the coat hanger and joining the pieces together.\n- Make a wire sculpture of your favorite animal.\n- Fashion a spring and affix a pompom on top of it, finishing your creation with googly eyes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What are three crafts with a wire coat hanger?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "How many years did the Pony Express mail delivery service last?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Pony Express was in operation for just around one-and-a-half years, from April 1860 to October 1861.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
How many years did the Pony Express mail delivery service last?
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What are the machine learning model lifecycle phases?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Data access, Data cleansing, feature engineering, model training, model comparison, model registering, model deployment, model monitoring, then retraining if needed be",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What are the machine learning model lifecycle phases?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is Gingham fabric?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gingham, also called Vichy check, is a medium-weight balanced plain-woven fabric typically with striped, check or plaid duotone patterns, in bright colour and in white made from dyed cotton or cotton-blend yarns. It is made of carded, medium or fine yarns.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is Gingham fabric?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which of these are soccer players? Maradona, Joe Biden, Michelle Platini, John Terry, John Oliver, Mike Anderson, Steven Gerrard, Mo Salah, Obama, Michael Jordan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maradona, Michelle Platini, John Terry, Steven Gerrard and Mo Salah are soccer players.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which of these are soccer players? Maradona, Joe Biden, Michelle Platini, John Terry, John Oliver, Mike Anderson, Steven Gerrard, Mo Salah, Obama, Michael Jordan
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What are three capital cities in South America?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Three capital cities in South America are Montevideo, Quito, and Lima.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What are three capital cities in South America?
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "How do you do meal prep efficiently and make cooking easy?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Doing meal prep efficiently is mainly about getting things prepared before your cooking time and use the right kitchen appliances to free you up. You will want to prepare the ingratiations for multiple meals together. Bulk cutting and seasoning your vegetables and meats first. Put them in containers with the same dimensions like silicon bags in your freezer or refrigerator. Then, when you need to cook, you can start cooking right away. Also, use kitchen appliances like Instant Pot and oven can help you free up your hands to do other things. There are lots of Instant Pot or one pan recipes online to help you get inspired.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
How do you do meal prep efficiently and make cooking easy?
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "Dharma Sabha was formed in 1830 in Calcutta by Radhakanta Deb. The organization was established mainly to counter the ongoing social reform movements led by protagonists such as Raja Ram Mohun Roy and Henry Derozio. More specifically, the impetus of forming the organization came from a new law enacted by the colonial British rule which banned the barbaric practice of burning widows alive (sati) in the country; the focus of the new association was to repel the law which was seen as an intrusion by the British into the religious affairs of the indigenous people by some sections of the Hindu community. The Dharma Sabha filed an appeal in the Privy Council against the ban on Sati by Lord William Bentinck as, according to them, it went against the assurance given by George III of non-interference in Hindu religious affairs; however, their appeal was rejected and the ban on Sati was upheld in 1832. It published a newspaper called Samachar Chandrika.\n\nThe Dharma Sabha campaigned against the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 and submitted a petition against the proposal with nearly four times more signatures than the one submitted for it by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. However Lord Dalhousie personally finalized the bill despite the opposition and it being considered a flagrant breach of Hindu customs as prevalent then, and it was passed by Lord Canning.\n\nThe organization soon morphed into a 'society in defense of Hindu way of life or culture'.[ What is Dharma Sabha",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Dharma Sabha was formed in 1830 in Calcutta by Radhakanta Deb to counter the ongoing social reform movements led by protagonists such as Raja Ram Mohun Roy and Henry Derozio. The organization was established to repel a new law enacted by British colonial rule, which banned the barbaric practice of burning widows alive (sati) in the country. The Dharma Sabha filed an appeal in the Privy Council against the ban on Sati by Lord William Bentinck, but their request was rejected, and the ban on Sati was upheld in 1832. It published a newspaper called Samachar Chandrika.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Dharma Sabha was formed in 1830 in Calcutta by Radhakanta Deb. The organization was established mainly to counter the ongoing social reform movements led by protagonists such as Raja Ram Mohun Roy and Henry Derozio. More specifically, the impetus of forming the organization came from a new law enacted by the colonial British rule which banned the barbaric practice of burning widows alive (sati) in the country; the focus of the new association was to repel the law which was seen as an intrusion by the British into the religious affairs of the indigenous people by some sections of the Hindu community. The Dharma Sabha filed an appeal in the Privy Council against the ban on Sati by Lord William Bentinck as, according to them, it went against the assurance given by George III of non-interference in Hindu religious affairs; however, their appeal was rejected and the ban on Sati was upheld in 1832. It published a newspaper called Samachar Chandrika.
The Dharma Sabha campaigned against the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 and submitted a petition against the proposal with nearly four times more signatures than the one submitted for it by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. However Lord Dalhousie personally finalized the bill despite the opposition and it being considered a flagrant breach of Hindu customs as prevalent then, and it was passed by Lord Canning.
The organization soon morphed into a 'society in defense of Hindu way of life or culture'.[ What is Dharma Sabha
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Why do kids love peppa pig?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Peppa pig is loved by children because it’s “cheeky”, children can understand the scenes, and there are many rhymes and songs that children love to sing along with. As a result of being loved by children, parents may need to endure repetitive peppa pig sessions.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Why do kids love peppa pig?
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Who is the best shooter in the NBA?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jose Harris has the highest 3-pointers percentage, but Stephen Curry is THE best shooter in the NBA all time. He broke NBA 3-pointers field goals record in 2022.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Who is the best shooter in the NBA?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is Purchasing power parity (PPP)?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measurement of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a basket of goods at one location divided by the price of the basket of goods at a different location. The PPP inflation and exchange rate may differ from the market exchange rate because of tariffs, and other transaction costs.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is Purchasing power parity (PPP)?
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "Give me a list of the top six premier league football clubs",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "While clubs participating in the Premier League table can end in different positions in each season, the historical top six, known commonly as the \"Big Six\", have been:\n\n- Arsenal\n- Chelsea\n- Liverpool\n- Manchester City\n- Manchester United\n- Tottenham \n\nThese are considered the top six clubs due to their consistency and success within the Premier League and continental competitions like the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Give me a list of the top six premier league football clubs
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "The game involves using figures mounted on rotating bars to kick a ball into the opposing goal. Table football tables can vary in size, but a typical table is about 120 centimetres (3.9 ft) long and 61 centimetres (2.00 ft) wide. The table usually contains eight rows of foos men, which are plastic, metal, wooden, or sometimes carbon-fibre figures mounted on horizontal metal bars. Each team of one or two human players controls four rows of foos men, one row each for the goalkeeper, defenders, midfield and strikers. Players manipulate the rods to control the figures, using them to hold up, pass or 'kick' the ball. Games begin when the ball is served through a hole at the side of the table, or simply placed by hand at the feet of a figure in the centre of the table. A coin toss is usually used to determine which player or team serves first. If it is not the first match or if the ball gets out of play or if the ball suddenly stops out, then the team scored last would get the serve after he scores one. The term for when the ball leaves the table or gets stopped somewhere out of the men-like figures’ reach is dead ball. Expert players have been known to move balls at speeds up to 56 km/h (35 mph) in competition.\n\nThe rules prohibit \"over 360-degree shots\", or \"spinning\": using the palm of the hand to swiftly spin the bar all around, instead of using wrist strokes to kick the ball with a bar-mounted figure. Since the establishment of the International Table Soccer Federation (ITSF), the rules have become standardised in most international competitions. However, since January 2012, the annual World Championships and the World Cup have permitted two full 360-degree rotations.\n\nThe winner is determined when one team scores a predetermined number of goals, typically five, ten or eleven in competition. When playing Bonzini competitions, the target number of goals is seven and players must win by at least two clear goals. per this description of the game of fooseball, how many full rotations are allowed in the game at the championship level?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "2 360-degree rotations are allowed since January 2012.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The game involves using figures mounted on rotating bars to kick a ball into the opposing goal. Table football tables can vary in size, but a typical table is about 120 centimetres (3.9 ft) long and 61 centimetres (2.00 ft) wide. The table usually contains eight rows of foos men, which are plastic, metal, wooden, or sometimes carbon-fibre figures mounted on horizontal metal bars. Each team of one or two human players controls four rows of foos men, one row each for the goalkeeper, defenders, midfield and strikers. Players manipulate the rods to control the figures, using them to hold up, pass or 'kick' the ball. Games begin when the ball is served through a hole at the side of the table, or simply placed by hand at the feet of a figure in the centre of the table. A coin toss is usually used to determine which player or team serves first. If it is not the first match or if the ball gets out of play or if the ball suddenly stops out, then the team scored last would get the serve after he scores one. The term for when the ball leaves the table or gets stopped somewhere out of the men-like figures’ reach is dead ball. Expert players have been known to move balls at speeds up to 56 km/h (35 mph) in competition.
The rules prohibit "over 360-degree shots", or "spinning": using the palm of the hand to swiftly spin the bar all around, instead of using wrist strokes to kick the ball with a bar-mounted figure. Since the establishment of the International Table Soccer Federation (ITSF), the rules have become standardised in most international competitions. However, since January 2012, the annual World Championships and the World Cup have permitted two full 360-degree rotations.
The winner is determined when one team scores a predetermined number of goals, typically five, ten or eleven in competition. When playing Bonzini competitions, the target number of goals is seven and players must win by at least two clear goals. per this description of the game of fooseball, how many full rotations are allowed in the game at the championship level?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Iguanodon, Irrawaddy Dolphin",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Irrawaddy Dolphin is alive, Iguanodon is extinct.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Iguanodon, Irrawaddy Dolphin
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "On May 5, 2022, in a secret auction at the brand's museum in Germany, Mercedes-Benz sold one of just two 1955 300 SLR Uhlenhaut coupes from its extensive collection of historical automobiles—which dates back to the earliest days of the car in the late 19th century. The sale, to a private buyer, was for 135 million euros ($142,769,250). It handily outstripped the previous record-setting $48.4-million sale of a 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO at a 2018 auction to become the most expensive car ever sold at auction. Both of these high-dollar sales were brokered by RM Sotheby's. What was the most expensive car ever sold at auction",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A 1955 Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR was reportedly sold in a secret auction for 135 Million Euros",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
On May 5, 2022, in a secret auction at the brand's museum in Germany, Mercedes-Benz sold one of just two 1955 300 SLR Uhlenhaut coupes from its extensive collection of historical automobiles—which dates back to the earliest days of the car in the late 19th century. The sale, to a private buyer, was for 135 million euros ($142,769,250). It handily outstripped the previous record-setting $48.4-million sale of a 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO at a 2018 auction to become the most expensive car ever sold at auction. Both of these high-dollar sales were brokered by RM Sotheby's. What was the most expensive car ever sold at auction
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "What are some places to visit in Anchorage?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Anchorage has a great food scene. Restaurants and breweries include Moose's Tooth, Spenard Roadhouse, and 49th State Brewing. Cafes include Kaladi Brothers and Steamdot. Bakeries include Fire Island Rustic Bakeshop, and Wild Scoops is a great ice cream shop.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What are some places to visit in Anchorage?
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summarization
|
[
{
"content": "Associative reinforcement learning\nAssociative reinforcement learning tasks combine facets of stochastic learning automata tasks and supervised learning pattern classification tasks. In associative reinforcement learning tasks, the learning system interacts in a closed loop with its environment.\n\nDeep reinforcement learning\nThis approach extends reinforcement learning by using a deep neural network and without explicitly designing the state space. The work on learning ATARI games by Google DeepMind increased attention to deep reinforcement learning or end-to-end reinforcement learning.\n\nAdversarial deep reinforcement learning\nAdversarial deep reinforcement learning is an active area of research in reinforcement learning focusing on vulnerabilities of learned policies. In this research area some studies initially showed that reinforcement learning policies are susceptible to imperceptible adversarial manipulations. While some methods have been proposed to overcome these susceptibilities, in the most recent studies it has been shown that these proposed solutions are far from providing an accurate representation of current vulnerabilities of deep reinforcement learning policies.\n\nFuzzy reinforcement learning\nBy introducing fuzzy inference in RL, approximating the state-action value function with fuzzy rules in continuous space becomes possible. The IF - THEN form of fuzzy rules make this approach suitable for expressing the results in a form close to natural language. Extending FRL with Fuzzy Rule Interpolation allows the use of reduced size sparse fuzzy rule-bases to emphasize cardinal rules (most important state-action values).\n\nInverse reinforcement learning\nIn inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), no reward function is given. Instead, the reward function is inferred given an observed behavior from an expert. The idea is to mimic observed behavior, which is often optimal or close to optimal.\n\nSafe reinforcement learning\nSafe reinforcement learning (SRL) can be defined as the process of learning policies that maximize the expectation of the return in problems in which it is important to ensure reasonable system performance and/or respect safety constraints during the learning and/or deployment processes. Please describe the broad classes of Reinforcement Learning (RL) within Machine Learning and what problems they attempt to address.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Reinforcement Learning is an area of Machine Learning that works in a problem space or environment where the agent or Reinforcement Learning algorithm, uses an understanding of the past test results and the potential paths through the environment to calculate a policy that solves for the goal of a maximized reward.\n\nGiven the variety of environments that RL can operate in, there are a range of approaches that the agent can take and are broadly categarized as six different approaches:\n1. Associated RL - which combines traditional approaches of Machine Learning classification with the automated learning on random, or stochastically distributed results.\n2. Deep RL - which leverages traditional deep neural networks but allows for flexibility and a lack of pre-defined layers and the state space.\n3. Adversarial Deep RL - where end results are compared using vulnerabilities in state stored in Deep Neural Networks and attempts to find weaknesses in these models.\n4. Fuzzy RL - which leverages a near natural language definition of if-then fuzzy rules which determine the calculation of the value of a result.\n5. Inverse RL - which removes the common reward function evaluation part of the model and instead injects a human to observe and evalutate the results.\n6. Safe RL - is an approach to defining policies that also takes into account the behavior of the agent in the envionment, such that those agent steps are reasonaable or respect safety constraints.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Associative reinforcement learning
Associative reinforcement learning tasks combine facets of stochastic learning automata tasks and supervised learning pattern classification tasks. In associative reinforcement learning tasks, the learning system interacts in a closed loop with its environment.
Deep reinforcement learning
This approach extends reinforcement learning by using a deep neural network and without explicitly designing the state space. The work on learning ATARI games by Google DeepMind increased attention to deep reinforcement learning or end-to-end reinforcement learning.
Adversarial deep reinforcement learning
Adversarial deep reinforcement learning is an active area of research in reinforcement learning focusing on vulnerabilities of learned policies. In this research area some studies initially showed that reinforcement learning policies are susceptible to imperceptible adversarial manipulations. While some methods have been proposed to overcome these susceptibilities, in the most recent studies it has been shown that these proposed solutions are far from providing an accurate representation of current vulnerabilities of deep reinforcement learning policies.
Fuzzy reinforcement learning
By introducing fuzzy inference in RL, approximating the state-action value function with fuzzy rules in continuous space becomes possible. The IF - THEN form of fuzzy rules make this approach suitable for expressing the results in a form close to natural language. Extending FRL with Fuzzy Rule Interpolation allows the use of reduced size sparse fuzzy rule-bases to emphasize cardinal rules (most important state-action values).
Inverse reinforcement learning
In inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), no reward function is given. Instead, the reward function is inferred given an observed behavior from an expert. The idea is to mimic observed behavior, which is often optimal or close to optimal.
Safe reinforcement learning
Safe reinforcement learning (SRL) can be defined as the process of learning policies that maximize the expectation of the return in problems in which it is important to ensure reasonable system performance and/or respect safety constraints during the learning and/or deployment processes. Please describe the broad classes of Reinforcement Learning (RL) within Machine Learning and what problems they attempt to address.
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "Give me a list of the teenage mutant ninja turtles",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have the following names:\n- Leonardo\n- Donatello\n- Raphael\n- Michelangelo",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Give me a list of the teenage mutant ninja turtles
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Do you prefer a Tesla model S or a Porsche Taycan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tesla model S and Porsche Taycan share many similarities. They are both premium electric vehicles starting from $80k. Some say that Tesla has a better acceleration speed with its best trim Plaid S of 0-100km/h in 2.3s, while the the Porsche Taycan Turbo S can do in 2.8s. However, some people prefer Porsche Taycan for its brand for luxury and better in-car furnitures.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Do you prefer a Tesla model S or a Porsche Taycan
|
summarization
|
[
{
"content": "Hamilton's first season in Formula One saw him partner two-time and defending World Champion Fernando Alonso. Hamilton is the first and, as of 2022, the only black driver to race in the series. After finishing on the podium in his debut, Hamilton went on to set several records as he finished runner-up in the 2007 World Drivers' Championship to Kimi Räikkönen by one point, including those for the most consecutive podium finishes from debut (9), the joint most wins in a debut season (4) and the most points in a debut season (109). Throughout the season, Hamilton and Alonso were involved in a number of incidents which resulted in tensions between both drivers and the team, culminating in Alonso and McLaren terminating their contract by mutual consent in November. Following a successful first season at McLaren, Hamilton signed a multi-million-pound contract to stay with the team until 2012. Is it true that Lewis Hamilton won the championship in his first F1 season?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lewis Hamilton did not win the F1 world driver's championship in his rookie season in 2007. The title went to Kimi Räikkönen in the Ferrari team. Hamilton finished runner up, in second place, after a close battle with both Ferrari and his teammate Fernando Alonso.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Hamilton's first season in Formula One saw him partner two-time and defending World Champion Fernando Alonso. Hamilton is the first and, as of 2022, the only black driver to race in the series. After finishing on the podium in his debut, Hamilton went on to set several records as he finished runner-up in the 2007 World Drivers' Championship to Kimi Räikkönen by one point, including those for the most consecutive podium finishes from debut (9), the joint most wins in a debut season (4) and the most points in a debut season (109). Throughout the season, Hamilton and Alonso were involved in a number of incidents which resulted in tensions between both drivers and the team, culminating in Alonso and McLaren terminating their contract by mutual consent in November. Following a successful first season at McLaren, Hamilton signed a multi-million-pound contract to stay with the team until 2012. Is it true that Lewis Hamilton won the championship in his first F1 season?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which of the following words are conjunctions, and which are prepositions: and, between, but, for, in, of, on, or, under, yet",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The following are conjunctions: and, but, or, yet\nThe following are prepositions: between, for, in, of, on, under",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which of the following words are conjunctions, and which are prepositions: and, between, but, for, in, of, on, or, under, yet
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Polly, a 51-year-old female, visits your fitness facility. Polly has been told she has pre-diabetes. Explain to her what this means. What role can exercise play in reversing this?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "From a scientific point of view, this means that she is insulin resistant, but she does not have hyperglycemia. As a result, she should be concerned; she is at a high risk for developing type 2 diabetes. The health risks are numerous: damage to blood vessels, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis (thinning bones), and even certain types of cancer like colon, breast, and prostate. However, she can lower insulin resistance and mitigate her risk of pre-diabetes by improving her exercise habits. According to ACSM’s Health and Fitness Journal, almost “all physical activity has a positive effect on insulin.” To maximize efficacy, she should focus on moderate to higher intensity physical activities to best enhance insulin action and glycemic control.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Polly, a 51-year-old female, visits your fitness facility. Polly has been told she has pre-diabetes. Explain to her what this means. What role can exercise play in reversing this?
|
summarization
|
[
{
"content": "Muhammad Ejaz Shafi is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2002 to May 2018.\n\nEarly life and education\nHe was born on 1 May 1969 in Khanpur.\n\nHe has the degree of the Bachelor of Arts.\n\nPolitical career\nHe was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He received 22,531 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Awami Tehrik.\n\nHe was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 24,751 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party.\n\nHe was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2013 Pakistani general election. Who is Muhammad Ejaz Shafi",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Muhammad Ejaz Shafi is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2002 to May 2018. He was born on 1 May 1969 in Khanpur.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Muhammad Ejaz Shafi is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2002 to May 2018.
Early life and education
He was born on 1 May 1969 in Khanpur.
He has the degree of the Bachelor of Arts.
Political career
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He received 22,531 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Awami Tehrik.
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 24,751 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party.
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2013 Pakistani general election. Who is Muhammad Ejaz Shafi
|
summarization
|
[
{
"content": "Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, it has been described as \"the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world\". The painting's novel qualities include the subject's enigmatic expression, monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism.\n\nThe painting has been definitively identified to depict Italian noblewoman Lisa del Giocondo. It is painted in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. Leonardo never gave the painting to the Giocondo family, and it is believed he later left it in his will to his favored apprentice Salaì. It was believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic. It has been on permanent display at the Louvre in Paris since 1797.\n\nThe painting's global fame and popularity stem from its 1911 theft by Vincenzo Peruggia, who attributed his actions to Italian patriotism—a belief it should belong to Italy. The theft and subsequent recovery in 1914 generated unprecedented publicity for an art theft, and led to the publication of many cultural depictions such as the 1915 opera Mona Lisa, two early 1930s films (The Theft of the Mona Lisa and Arsène Lupin) and the song Mona Lisa recorded by Nat King Cole—one of the most successful songs of the 1950s.\n\nThe Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest-known painting insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962 equivalent to $1 billion as of 2023. Explain me the characteristics of the Monalisa that make it a masterpiece",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The enigmatic expression of the subject, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism made the Mona Lisa one of the most valuable paintings in the world.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, it has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world". The painting's novel qualities include the subject's enigmatic expression, monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism.
The painting has been definitively identified to depict Italian noblewoman Lisa del Giocondo. It is painted in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. Leonardo never gave the painting to the Giocondo family, and it is believed he later left it in his will to his favored apprentice Salaì. It was believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic. It has been on permanent display at the Louvre in Paris since 1797.
The painting's global fame and popularity stem from its 1911 theft by Vincenzo Peruggia, who attributed his actions to Italian patriotism—a belief it should belong to Italy. The theft and subsequent recovery in 1914 generated unprecedented publicity for an art theft, and led to the publication of many cultural depictions such as the 1915 opera Mona Lisa, two early 1930s films (The Theft of the Mona Lisa and Arsène Lupin) and the song Mona Lisa recorded by Nat King Cole—one of the most successful songs of the 1950s.
The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest-known painting insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962 equivalent to $1 billion as of 2023. Explain me the characteristics of the Monalisa that make it a masterpiece
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Tibet (/tɪˈbɛt/ (listen); Tibetan: བོད་, Lhasa dialect: [pʰøː˨˧˩] Böd; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region in Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi). It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as the Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa and Lhoba peoples and, since the 20th century, considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui settlers. Since the 1951 annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, the entire plateau has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China. Tibet is divided administratively into the Tibet Autonomous Region, and parts of the Qinghai and Sichuan provinces.Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,380 m (14,000 ft). Located in the Himalayas, the highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft) above sea level.\n\nThe Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century. At its height in the 9th century, the Tibetan Empire extended far beyond the Tibetan Plateau, from the Tarim Basin and Pamirs in the west, to Yunnan and Bengal in the southeast. It then divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling under Chinese rule; most of this area was eventually annexed into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century. How big is the Tibetan plateau?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Tibetan Plateau spans about 2,500,000 km2",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Tibet (/tɪˈbɛt/ (listen); Tibetan: བོད་, Lhasa dialect: [pʰøː˨˧˩] Böd; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region in Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi). It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as the Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa and Lhoba peoples and, since the 20th century, considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui settlers. Since the 1951 annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, the entire plateau has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China. Tibet is divided administratively into the Tibet Autonomous Region, and parts of the Qinghai and Sichuan provinces.Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,380 m (14,000 ft). Located in the Himalayas, the highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft) above sea level.
The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century. At its height in the 9th century, the Tibetan Empire extended far beyond the Tibetan Plateau, from the Tarim Basin and Pamirs in the west, to Yunnan and Bengal in the southeast. It then divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling under Chinese rule; most of this area was eventually annexed into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century. How big is the Tibetan plateau?
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Why are Christmas markets so popular in Germany?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Germans love Christmas markets because they are a lot of fun. They are a great way to socialize and get out of the house in the darkest time of the year.\nChristmas markets start at the end of November and last until Christmas. Every small town has at least one. It's best to go there when it's cold, because everybody drinks Gluehwein (mulled wine) to warm up. You can find typical German food at these markets as well as local crafts, so you can get your Christmas shopping done.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Why are Christmas markets so popular in Germany?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is Microfinance?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Microfinance refers to the financial services provided to low-income individuals or groups who are typically excluded from traditional banking. Most microfinance institutions focus on offering credit in the form of small working capital loans, sometimes called microloans or microcredit.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is Microfinance?
|
creative_writing
|
[
{
"content": "Write a paragraph of a blog post about owning a Cavoodle.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Cavoodle is a cross between a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and a Poodle. These are now one of the most sort after breeds based on their temperament, overall genetic makeup and an all-round nature as a breed. The Cavoodle is a pack animal that loves nothing more than being a member of the family. Highly intelligent the Cavoodle has the smarts of a poodle and the relaxed nature of the Cavalier. Put together this is a breed that will suit most families, older owners looking for companionship and people living on their own. A loving nature, mixed with a playful attitude, may owners immediately fall in love with this breed. Social, friendly, intelligent and an easy dog breed to look after the Cavoodle continues to grow in popularity.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Write a paragraph of a blog post about owning a Cavoodle.
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "The 1999 UEFA Champions League final was an association football match between Manchester United of England and Bayern Munich of Germany, played at Camp Nou in Barcelona, Spain, on 26 May 1999, to determine the winner of the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League. Injury time goals from Manchester United's Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær cancelled out Mario Basler's early goal for Bayern to give Manchester United a 2–1 win. Referee Pierluigi Collina has cited this match as one of the most memorable of his career, and described the noise from the crowd at the end of the game as being like a \"lion's roar\".\n\nThe two sides had played each other earlier in the competition, having both been drawn in Group D in the group stage; Bayern won the group, while Manchester United qualified for the knockout phase as one of the two best runners-up across all six groups. After beating Inter Milan in the quarter-finals, Manchester United beat another Italian side, Juventus, in the semis to reach the final; meanwhile, Bayern beat fellow Germans Kaiserslautern in the quarter-finals, before overcoming Ukrainian side Dynamo Kyiv in the semis. The victory completed a treble-winning season for Manchester United, after they had won the Premier League and FA Cup. Bayern were also playing for a treble, having won the Bundesliga and reached the DFB-Pokal final, although they went on to lose that match as well. Tell me about the 1999 UEFA champions league final?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The 1999 Champions league final was won by Manchester United in dramatic fashion when they scored two goals in injury time. Teddy Sheringham and Ole Solskjaer scored late on for United after they'd conceded a goal early in the first half. The victory gave manchester United the \"treble\" and is considered one of the greatest achievements in the history of club football.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The 1999 UEFA Champions League final was an association football match between Manchester United of England and Bayern Munich of Germany, played at Camp Nou in Barcelona, Spain, on 26 May 1999, to determine the winner of the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League. Injury time goals from Manchester United's Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær cancelled out Mario Basler's early goal for Bayern to give Manchester United a 2–1 win. Referee Pierluigi Collina has cited this match as one of the most memorable of his career, and described the noise from the crowd at the end of the game as being like a "lion's roar".
The two sides had played each other earlier in the competition, having both been drawn in Group D in the group stage; Bayern won the group, while Manchester United qualified for the knockout phase as one of the two best runners-up across all six groups. After beating Inter Milan in the quarter-finals, Manchester United beat another Italian side, Juventus, in the semis to reach the final; meanwhile, Bayern beat fellow Germans Kaiserslautern in the quarter-finals, before overcoming Ukrainian side Dynamo Kyiv in the semis. The victory completed a treble-winning season for Manchester United, after they had won the Premier League and FA Cup. Bayern were also playing for a treble, having won the Bundesliga and reached the DFB-Pokal final, although they went on to lose that match as well. Tell me about the 1999 UEFA champions league final?
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life.\nToday, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as \"conventional\" or \"traditional\" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.\nDried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method. What techniques are used to male dried fruit?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life.
Today, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as "conventional" or "traditional" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.
Dried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method. What techniques are used to male dried fruit?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as either a drink or a food: apple juice, cake, hamburger, carrot, orange juice, soda.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "apple juice is a drink\ncake is a food\nhamburger is a food\ncarrot is a food\norange juice is a drink\nsoda is a drink",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Classify each of the following as either a drink or a food: apple juice, cake, hamburger, carrot, orange juice, soda.
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "If we wanted to play sports that involve a ball, which of these would we play: soccer, football, swimming, snowboard, skiing, baseball.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Soccer, football and baseball are sports that require a ball whereas swimming, snowboarding and skiing do not.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
If we wanted to play sports that involve a ball, which of these would we play: soccer, football, swimming, snowboard, skiing, baseball.
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "How can I improve my table tennis skills?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "To improve your table tennis skills, first you need to play more to build muscle memory. You can also watch videos online to learn specific techniques. And you can also consider taking some personal training courses. All of the above will help you improve your table tennis skills.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
How can I improve my table tennis skills?
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Are humans animals?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yes, humans are animals; humans are mammals related to the great apes. Other mammals include bears, dogs, and cats. Other non-mammalian animals include penguins, lobsters, and alligators. Even insects such as bees and flies are animals, though they are not mammals.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Are humans animals?
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "A rare-earth mineral contains one or more rare-earth elements as major metal constituents. Rare-earth minerals are usually found in association with alkaline to peralkaline igneous complexes, in pegmatites associated with alkaline magmas and in or associated with carbonatite intrusives. Perovskite mineral phases are common hosts to rare-earth elements within the alkaline complexes. Mantle-derived carbonate melts are also carriers of the rare earths. Hydrothermal deposits associated with alkaline magmatism contain a variety of rare-earth minerals. What are rare-earth materials",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Although originally thought to be rare, many of the minerals are actually common in the Earth's crust. However, due to the difficulties in extracting the metal from the ore, rare is a fitting term.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
A rare-earth mineral contains one or more rare-earth elements as major metal constituents. Rare-earth minerals are usually found in association with alkaline to peralkaline igneous complexes, in pegmatites associated with alkaline magmas and in or associated with carbonatite intrusives. Perovskite mineral phases are common hosts to rare-earth elements within the alkaline complexes. Mantle-derived carbonate melts are also carriers of the rare earths. Hydrothermal deposits associated with alkaline magmatism contain a variety of rare-earth minerals. What are rare-earth materials
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "While pursuing his doctorate in computer science, Metcalfe took a job with MIT's Project MAC after Harvard refused permission for him to connect the university to the then-new ARPAnet. At MAC, Metcalfe was responsible for building some of the hardware that would link MIT's minicomputers with ARPAnet. Metcalfe made ARPAnet the topic of his doctoral thesis, but Harvard initially rejected it. Metcalfe decided how to improve his thesis while working at Xerox PARC, where he read a paper about the ALOHA network at the University of Hawaii. He identified and fixed some of the bugs in the AlohaNet model, then added that work to his revised thesis. It was then accepted by Harvard, which granted his PhD.\n\nMetcalfe was working at PARC in 1973 when he and David Boggs invented Ethernet, initially as a standard for connecting computers over short distances. He later recalled that Ethernet was born on May 22, 1973, the day he circulated a memo titled \"Alto Ethernet\" which contained a rough schematic of how it would work. \"That is the first time Ethernet appears as a word, as does the idea of using coax as ether, where the participating stations, like in AlohaNet or ARPAnet, would inject their packets of data, they'd travel around at megabits per second, there would be collisions, and retransmissions, and back-off,\" Metcalfe explained. Boggs argued that another date was the birth of Ethernet: November 11, 1973, the first day the system actually functioned.\n\nIn 1979, Metcalfe departed PARC and co-founded 3Com, a manufacturer of computer networking equipment, in his Palo Alto apartment. 3Com became a leading provider of networking solutions, and Ethernet became the dominant networking standard for local area networks (LANs). In 1980 he received the ACM Grace Hopper Award for his contributions to the development of local networks, specifically Ethernet. In 1990, the 3Com board of directors appointed Éric Benhamou as CEO instead of Metcalfe, who then left the company. He spent 10 years as a publisher and pundit, writing an internet column for InfoWorld. In 1996, he co-founded Pop!Tech, an executive technology conference. He became a venture capitalist in 2001 and subsequently a general partner at Polaris Venture Partners.\n\nFrom 2011 to 2021 he was a professor at The University of Texas at Austin's Cockrell School of Engineering, specializing in innovation initiatives. Metcalfe was a keynote speaker at the 2016 Congress of Future Science and Technology Leaders and in 2019 he presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture in South Africa. In June 2022, Metcalfe returned to MIT by joining the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory as a research affiliate and computational engineer, working with the MIT Julia Lab. What was Robert Metcalfe's impact on society?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Robert Metcalfe was a successful entrepreneur, having started companies like 3Com and Pop!Tech. He was also a professor at the University of Texas and a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His biggest contribution, however, was the invention of Ethernet in 1973. This became the standard for wired internet connection, which is still used 50 years later.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
While pursuing his doctorate in computer science, Metcalfe took a job with MIT's Project MAC after Harvard refused permission for him to connect the university to the then-new ARPAnet. At MAC, Metcalfe was responsible for building some of the hardware that would link MIT's minicomputers with ARPAnet. Metcalfe made ARPAnet the topic of his doctoral thesis, but Harvard initially rejected it. Metcalfe decided how to improve his thesis while working at Xerox PARC, where he read a paper about the ALOHA network at the University of Hawaii. He identified and fixed some of the bugs in the AlohaNet model, then added that work to his revised thesis. It was then accepted by Harvard, which granted his PhD.
Metcalfe was working at PARC in 1973 when he and David Boggs invented Ethernet, initially as a standard for connecting computers over short distances. He later recalled that Ethernet was born on May 22, 1973, the day he circulated a memo titled "Alto Ethernet" which contained a rough schematic of how it would work. "That is the first time Ethernet appears as a word, as does the idea of using coax as ether, where the participating stations, like in AlohaNet or ARPAnet, would inject their packets of data, they'd travel around at megabits per second, there would be collisions, and retransmissions, and back-off," Metcalfe explained. Boggs argued that another date was the birth of Ethernet: November 11, 1973, the first day the system actually functioned.
In 1979, Metcalfe departed PARC and co-founded 3Com, a manufacturer of computer networking equipment, in his Palo Alto apartment. 3Com became a leading provider of networking solutions, and Ethernet became the dominant networking standard for local area networks (LANs). In 1980 he received the ACM Grace Hopper Award for his contributions to the development of local networks, specifically Ethernet. In 1990, the 3Com board of directors appointed Éric Benhamou as CEO instead of Metcalfe, who then left the company. He spent 10 years as a publisher and pundit, writing an internet column for InfoWorld. In 1996, he co-founded Pop!Tech, an executive technology conference. He became a venture capitalist in 2001 and subsequently a general partner at Polaris Venture Partners.
From 2011 to 2021 he was a professor at The University of Texas at Austin's Cockrell School of Engineering, specializing in innovation initiatives. Metcalfe was a keynote speaker at the 2016 Congress of Future Science and Technology Leaders and in 2019 he presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture in South Africa. In June 2022, Metcalfe returned to MIT by joining the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory as a research affiliate and computational engineer, working with the MIT Julia Lab. What was Robert Metcalfe's impact on society?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "At what age should I get a shingles vaccine?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The US CDC recommends adults at the age of 50 or older receive a singles vaccine, but adults at the age of 19 or older are also recommended to get one if they have a weakened immune system.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
At what age should I get a shingles vaccine?
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "Chennai has a dry-summer tropical wet and dry climate under the (Köppen climate classification). The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known regionally as Agni Nakshatram (\"fire star\") or as Kathiri Veyyil, with maximum temperatures around 35–40 °C (95–104 °F). The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 19–25 °C (66–77 °F). The lowest recorded temperature was 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905. The highest recorded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 31 May 2003. The average annual rainfall is about 140 cm (55 in). From the passage provided, extract which month is the coolest in Chennai",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The coolest part of the year is January",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Chennai has a dry-summer tropical wet and dry climate under the (Köppen climate classification). The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known regionally as Agni Nakshatram ("fire star") or as Kathiri Veyyil, with maximum temperatures around 35–40 °C (95–104 °F). The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 19–25 °C (66–77 °F). The lowest recorded temperature was 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905. The highest recorded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 31 May 2003. The average annual rainfall is about 140 cm (55 in). From the passage provided, extract which month is the coolest in Chennai
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is the nickname for Spokane, Washington?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Spokane's official nickname is \"Hooptown USA\" which it received from hosting Hoopfest which is the world's largest basketball tournament. Spokane is also known as the \"Lilac City.\"",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is the nickname for Spokane, Washington?
|
summarization
|
[
{
"content": "The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, in a game the NBA now refers to as the first game played in NBA history. The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues, including the American Basketball League (ABL) and the NBL, the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league's 1948 title, and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title. Prior to the 1948–49 season, however, NBL teams from Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, and Rochester jumped to the BAA, which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional.\n\nOn August 3, 1949, the remaining NBL teams–Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo–merged into the BAA. In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications, the league name was changed to the present National Basketball Association, even though the merged league retained the BAA's governing body, including Maurice Podoloff as president. To this day, the NBA claims the BAA's history as its own. It now reckons the arrival of the NBL teams as an expansion, not a merger, and does not recognize NBL records and statistics. Tell me about the history of how the NBA started?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3, 1949, after merging with the competing National Basketball League..",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, in a game the NBA now refers to as the first game played in NBA history. The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues, including the American Basketball League (ABL) and the NBL, the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league's 1948 title, and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title. Prior to the 1948–49 season, however, NBL teams from Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, and Rochester jumped to the BAA, which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional.
On August 3, 1949, the remaining NBL teams–Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo–merged into the BAA. In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications, the league name was changed to the present National Basketball Association, even though the merged league retained the BAA's governing body, including Maurice Podoloff as president. To this day, the NBA claims the BAA's history as its own. It now reckons the arrival of the NBL teams as an expansion, not a merger, and does not recognize NBL records and statistics. Tell me about the history of how the NBA started?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which one of these are unlike the others: Toyota Supra, Mitsubishi 3000GT, Mazda RX-7, Nissan 300ZX?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "All of these are iconic 90s Japanese sports cars, but the RX-7 is unique in that it has a rotary engine, as opposed to the piston engines of the other cars.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which one of these are unlike the others: Toyota Supra, Mitsubishi 3000GT, Mazda RX-7, Nissan 300ZX?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is the difference between Angular and AngularJS?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "One vital distinction between Angular vs AngularJS is AngularJS is JavaScript-based while Angular is TypeScript based. That means you need to use Typescript in Angular to create applications.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is the difference between Angular and AngularJS?
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "Piombino's first published poems appeared in 1965 in American Weave Literary Journal. Throughout the 1970s, he continued to publish in small literary journals, such as The World, Dodgems, Telephone, and Roof.\n\nHis first volume of poetry, titled simply Poems, was published by the Sun & Moon Press in 1988 and won an Author's Recognition Award from the Postgraduate Center for Mental Health in 1992.[citation needed] His second chapbook, Light Street, did not appear until 1996. It was followed by Theoretical Objects (1999), a collection of manifestos, aphorisms, essays, and seemingly autobiographical prose poems.\n\nPiombino's poetry took a different turn with Hegelian Honeymoon (2004), in which he moved away from the conventions of Language poetry to explore more traditional forms. Inspired by the poetry that accompanied an exhibition of Japanese calligraphy, the poems are a cross between haiku and aphorism. The poems were originally published on the SUNY/Buffalo poetics list-serve before being published in chapbook form by Chax Press. Extract a list of poems and the year they were published in the following form: {Poem name}: {Year published}\n\nAnd sort the list chronologically",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sure, here is a chronologically-sorted list of poems and the year they were published:\n\nPoems: 1988\nLight Street: 1996\nTheoretical Objects: 1999\nHegelian Honeymoon: 2004",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Piombino's first published poems appeared in 1965 in American Weave Literary Journal. Throughout the 1970s, he continued to publish in small literary journals, such as The World, Dodgems, Telephone, and Roof.
His first volume of poetry, titled simply Poems, was published by the Sun & Moon Press in 1988 and won an Author's Recognition Award from the Postgraduate Center for Mental Health in 1992.[citation needed] His second chapbook, Light Street, did not appear until 1996. It was followed by Theoretical Objects (1999), a collection of manifestos, aphorisms, essays, and seemingly autobiographical prose poems.
Piombino's poetry took a different turn with Hegelian Honeymoon (2004), in which he moved away from the conventions of Language poetry to explore more traditional forms. Inspired by the poetry that accompanied an exhibition of Japanese calligraphy, the poems are a cross between haiku and aphorism. The poems were originally published on the SUNY/Buffalo poetics list-serve before being published in chapbook form by Chax Press. Extract a list of poems and the year they were published in the following form: {Poem name}: {Year published}
And sort the list chronologically
|
information_extraction
|
[
{
"content": "RELX plc (pronounced \"Rel-ex\") is a British multinational information and analytics company headquartered in London, England. Its businesses provide scientific, technical and medical information and analytics; legal information and analytics; decision-making tools; and organise exhibitions. It operates in 40 countries and serves customers in over 180 nations. It was previously known as Reed Elsevier, and came into being in 1993 as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and Elsevier, a Netherlands-based scientific publisher. The company is publicly listed, with shares traded on the London Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbols: London: REL, Amsterdam: REN, New York: RELX). The company is one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index, Financial Times Global 500 and Euronext 100 Index. Which exchanges is RELX listed on?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "RELX plc is listed on the London, Amsterdam and New York Stock exchanges.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
RELX plc (pronounced "Rel-ex") is a British multinational information and analytics company headquartered in London, England. Its businesses provide scientific, technical and medical information and analytics; legal information and analytics; decision-making tools; and organise exhibitions. It operates in 40 countries and serves customers in over 180 nations. It was previously known as Reed Elsevier, and came into being in 1993 as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and Elsevier, a Netherlands-based scientific publisher. The company is publicly listed, with shares traded on the London Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbols: London: REL, Amsterdam: REN, New York: RELX). The company is one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index, Financial Times Global 500 and Euronext 100 Index. Which exchanges is RELX listed on?
|
creative_writing
|
[
{
"content": "Write a paragraph on why visit and stay at Marysville in Victoria Australia.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maryville is located 120km from Melbourne. Nestled just past the Victorian Yarra Valley, Marysville offers a range of activities for the outdoor enthusiast. Mountain Biking, Bush Walking and during winter Marysville's Lake Mountain is the closest snow resort to the Melbourne CBD. Marysville has some fantastic accommodation options from Caravan Parks all the way to high-end houses for multiple families to enjoy time together. A magnificent location to get away and feel connected with nature. Marysville also has some amazing places to enjoy a meal. From the Duck Inn Pub to the various other eatery options Marysville caters for all tastes and budgets.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Write a paragraph on why visit and stay at Marysville in Victoria Australia.
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is ADO connection?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A connection that uses the ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) data access interface.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is ADO connection?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What are some of the causes for the 1929 US stock market crash?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The 1920’s were a booming time for Americans as the stock market was surging due to speculative investing. Stock prices rose to records heights which drove the public to invest their liquid assets into securities. Billions of dollars were drawn from banks for broker’s loans to carry margin accounts. People were mortgaging their homes to pour money into stocks. In late 1929, the market eventually overheated and prices began to fall despite efforts by the banks to buy up large blocks of stock to stem the losses. Eventually, the panic was too much and the market crashed on Black Monday, October 24th when the market closed down 12.8 percent. The sharp decline in the 1929 stock market eventually led to the Great Depression of the 1930’s.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What are some of the causes for the 1929 US stock market crash?
|
brainstorming
|
[
{
"content": "Why can't the whole world be 2 countries?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The whole world cannot be split into two countries because it would be impossible to maintain the balance of power between the two countries.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Why can't the whole world be 2 countries?
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cantaro, Gudok",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gudok is string, Cantaro is percussion.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cantaro, Gudok
|
classification
|
[
{
"content": "Which of these are Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo, Guido, Shredder, Luca, Enzo, Maximiliano, Giulia, Donatello, Raphael, Diego, Pedro, Michelangelo, John",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Donatello. Guido, Shredder, Luca, Enzo, Maximiliano, Giulia, Diego, Pedro, and John are not Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Which of these are Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo, Guido, Shredder, Luca, Enzo, Maximiliano, Giulia, Donatello, Raphael, Diego, Pedro, Michelangelo, John
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "When do avalanches occur?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Avalanches are primarily caused by unstable snow conditions. Although a mountainside covered in snow might appear as a uniform surface, it is actually made up of many layers of snow from different storms, each of which might have very different compositions. For example, a \"dry\" snow from a very cold storm might land directly on top of a sun-baked layer which turned to ice. The point at which these layers meet is called an interface, and is where slipping or sliding of one layer on top of another is most likely to occur. This occurrence is what can trigger an avalanche. Snow conditions on a slope can also evolve over time with wind and sun and other weather patterns, so even a once-safe slope might increase in risk under certain conditions. People recreating in the outdoors in the winter can benefit from learning about these situations from avalanche professionals.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
When do avalanches occur?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Who is the author of Atomic Habits?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "James Clear is the author of the bestselling book titled Atomic Habits.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Who is the author of Atomic Habits?
|
general_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is bond duration?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Duration is a time-weighted measurement of the average cash flow of an interest paying financial instrument. Bond investors use duration to measure the interest rate sensitivity of an asset. Type of duration calculations include Macaulay, Modified and Effective durations.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is bond duration?
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "Teodoro \"Teddy\" de Villa Diaz (1 April 1963 – 21 August 1988) was a Filipino musician and composer, best known as the founder and original guitarist of The Dawn.\n\nAs a composer, he co-wrote the band's first single \"Enveloped Ideas\" and their well-known hit \"Salamat\", which was released posthumously in 1989. He played guitar on the albums The Dawn (1986) and I Stand With You (1988). Aside from being a guitarist, he played keyboards as credited on The Dawn's 1986 debut album.[citation needed]\n\nAt the height of his career and at the peak of The Dawn's popularity in the late 1980s, he was stabbed to death in front of his girlfriend's house by two bystanders who were allegedly under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Given a reference text about Teodoro \"Teddy\" de Villa Diaz, tell me how he died and how old he was when he died.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Teodoro \"Teddy\" de Villa Diaz was stabbed to death by two bystanders when he was 25 years old.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
Teodoro "Teddy" de Villa Diaz (1 April 1963 – 21 August 1988) was a Filipino musician and composer, best known as the founder and original guitarist of The Dawn.
As a composer, he co-wrote the band's first single "Enveloped Ideas" and their well-known hit "Salamat", which was released posthumously in 1989. He played guitar on the albums The Dawn (1986) and I Stand With You (1988). Aside from being a guitarist, he played keyboards as credited on The Dawn's 1986 debut album.[citation needed]
At the height of his career and at the peak of The Dawn's popularity in the late 1980s, he was stabbed to death in front of his girlfriend's house by two bystanders who were allegedly under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Given a reference text about Teodoro "Teddy" de Villa Diaz, tell me how he died and how old he was when he died.
|
closed_qa
|
[
{
"content": "A gravel bicycle is a type of bicycle intended for gravel cycling, including gravel racing. They are also sometimes known as \"adventure bicycles\", particularly ones intended for harsher off-road terrain.\n\nWhile bicycles have been used for riding on such roads since bicycles were invented, the \"modern\" gravel bicycle, as a category, evolved in the 2000s, adopting technology from road bicycles, cyclocross bicycles and mountain bikes. They also share many characteristics of touring bicycles, such as relaxed geometry, wide tires and wide-range gearing. What type of terrain is a gravel bike used for?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gravel bikes are a do-it-all kind of bike. They are effective on a wide array of terrain, ranging from smooth roads to singletrack trails, but thrive on harsher off-road terrain.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
A gravel bicycle is a type of bicycle intended for gravel cycling, including gravel racing. They are also sometimes known as "adventure bicycles", particularly ones intended for harsher off-road terrain.
While bicycles have been used for riding on such roads since bicycles were invented, the "modern" gravel bicycle, as a category, evolved in the 2000s, adopting technology from road bicycles, cyclocross bicycles and mountain bikes. They also share many characteristics of touring bicycles, such as relaxed geometry, wide tires and wide-range gearing. What type of terrain is a gravel bike used for?
|
open_qa
|
[
{
"content": "What is AWS ECS?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) is a highly scalable, high performance container management service that supports Docker containers and allows you to easily run applications on a managed cluster of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
What is AWS ECS?
|
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