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# Portugal at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. 20 competitors, 19 men and 1 woman, took part in 20 events in 7 sports.
## Athletics
**Men\'s 100m:**
- José Fernandes da Rocha -- 1st round: 4th (heat G)
**Men\'s 200m:**
- José Fernandes da Rocha -- 1st round: 5th (heat H)
**Men\'s 1500m:**
- Manuel F. Oliveira -- 1st round: DNS (heat C)
**Men\'s 3000m Steeplechase:**
- Manuel F. Oliveira -- 4th (8.36,2)
**Men\'s 5000m:**
- Manuel F. Oliveira -- 1st round: DNS (heat D)
**Men\'s Marathon:**
- A. R. Aldegalega -- 44th (2:38.02,2)
## Equestrian
**Men\'s Individual Jumping:**
- Henrique Alves Calado -- 34th (−58,25 points)
- Joaquim Duarte Silva -- 5th (−20,00 points)
## Gymnastics
**Women\'s Individual All-Round Competition:**
- Esbela Fonseca -- 68th (69,763 points)
1. Vault -- 18,133
2. Asymmetrical Bars -- 16,699
3. Balance Beam -- 17,499
4. Floor -- 17,432
## Judo
**Men\'s Middleweight (68 -- 80 kg):**
- Fernando Costa Matos -- 1st round: 2nd (group 8)
## Sailing
**Finn:**
- Hélder de Oliveira -- 19th (2591 points)
**Star:**
- Duarte de Almeida Bello and Fernando Pinto Coelho Bello -- 8th (3330 points)
**Dragon:**
- Joaquim Pinto Basto, Eduardo Guedes de Queiroz and Carlos Ferreira -- 16th (1804 points)
## Shooting
Four shooters represented Portugal in 1964
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# Portugal at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. 20 competitors, 19 men and 1 woman, took part in 24 events in 6 sports.
## Athletics
**Men\'s 3000m Steeplechase:**
- Manuel F. Oliveira --- qualifiers: 8th (heat 1)
## Fencing
Four fencers, all men, represented Portugal in 1968.
Men\'s épée
- Francisco da Silva --- 1st round: 7th (poule D)
- João de Abreu --- 1st round: 5th (poule G)
- José Pinheiro --- 1st round: 5th (poule C)
Men\'s team épée
- Francisco da Silva, Hélder Reis, João de Abreu and José Pinheiro --- 2nd round: 2nd (poule B)
## Gymnastics
**Men\'s Individual All-Round Competition:**
- José Filipe Abreu --- 82nd (104,90 points)
1. Floor --- 51st (18,00)
2. Pommelled Horse --- 94th (15,50)
3. Rings --- 47th (18,00)
4. Vault --- 71st (17,95)
5. Parallel Bars --- 88th (17,60)
6. Horizontal Bar --- 99th (16,90)
**Women\'s Individual All-Round Competition:**
- Esbela Fonseca --- 85th (66,70 points)
1. Floor --- 71st (17,35)
2. Asymmetrical Bars --- 72nd (16,95)
3. Balance Beam --- 91st (15,45)
4
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# Portugal at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. 29 competitors, all men, took part in 28 events in 8 sports.
## Athletics
**Men\'s 110m Hurdles:**
- Alberto Filipe Matos -- 1st round: 7th (heat 3)
**Men\'s 400m:**
- Fernando Silva -- 1st round: 6th (heat 5)
**Men\'s 400m Hurdles:**
- José de Jesus Carvalho -- 1st round: 6th (heat 5)
**Men\'s 800m:**
- Fernando Pacheco Mamede -- 1st round: 4th (heat 4)
**Men\'s 1500m:**
- Fernando Pacheco Mamede -- 1st round: 6th (heat 7)
**Men\'s 5000m:**
- Carlos Lopes -- 1st round: 9th (heat 1)
**Men\'s 10000m:**
- Carlos Lopes -- 1st round: 9th (heat 3)
**Men\'s Marathon:**
- Armando Aldegalega -- 41st (2:28.24,6)
**Men\'s 4 × 400 m:**
- Alberto Filipe Matos, Fernando Silva, Fernando Pacheco Mamede and José de Jesus Carvalho -- 1st round: 7th (heat 1)
## Equestrian
**Individual Jumping:**
- Carlos Campos -- 13th
- Francisco Caldeira -- eliminated
- Vasco Ramires Sr. -- eliminated
**Team Jumping:**
- Carlos Campos, Francisco Caldeira and Vasco Ramires Sr. -- 13th (107,5 points)
## Judo
**Men\'s Half-Middleweight (--70 kg):**
- António Roquete Andrade -- qualifiers (poule A)
**Men\'s Middleweight (--80 kg):**
- Orlando Ferreira -- qualifiers (poule B)
## Rowing
**Men\'s Single Sculls**
- José Lopes Marques
:\*Heat -- 8:39.73
:\*Repechage -- 8:54.27 (→ did not advance)
**Double Sculls:**
- Carlos Almeida Oliveira and Manuel Silva Barroso -- repechage: 4th (heat 2)
## Sailing
**Dragon:**
- Mário Quina, Fernando Pinto Coelho Bello and Francisco Quina -- 21st (120 points)
**Finn:**
- José Quina -- 11th (190,7 points)
**Star:**
- António Mardel Correia and Ulrich Henrique Anjos -- 6th (68,4 points)
## Shooting
Five male shooters represented Portugal in 1972.
25 m pistol
- André Antunes -- 36th (578 marks)
50 m pistol
- André Antunes -- 55th (510 marks)
50 m rifle, prone
- César Batista -- 90th (578 marks)
- Mário Ribeiro -- 92nd (575 marks)
50 m rifle, three positions
- César Batista -- 61st (1057 marks)
- Mário Ribeiro -- 63rd (1051 marks)
Skeet
- José de Matos -- 49th (179 marks)
Trap
- Armando Silva Marques -- 19th (187 marks)
## Weightlifting
**Men\'s Bantamweight (--56 kg):**
- Raul Diniz -- 21st (285 points)
## Wrestling
**Men\'s Freestyle Featherweight (--62 kg):**
- Orlando Gonçalves -- 2nd round: eliminated
**Men\'s Greco-Roman Flyweight (--52 kg):**
- Leonel Duarte -- 2nd round: eliminated
**Men\'s Greco-Roman Bantamweight (--57 kg):**
- Luís Grilo -- 4th round: eliminated
## Officials
- Fernando Machado (**chief of mission**)
- Dido Fonseca Aguiar
- Francisco Ferreira Alves
- Fernando Sommer Andrade
- Francisco Augusto
- Luis V. Caldas
- José Carvalhosa
- António Castanheira
- António Madeira Correia
- Domingos A. Souse Coutinho
- Carlos F. Dias Silva
- João Esteves
- Francisco Ferreira
- Manuel Forão
- Francisco Graça Gordo
- Carlos M. Loureiro
- Fernando M. C. Costa Matos
- António M. M
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
The **Hotel Pennsylvania** was a hotel at 401 Seventh Avenue (15 Penn Plaza) in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, across from Pennsylvania Station and Madison Square Garden. Opened in 1919, it was once the largest hotel in the world. It remained the city\'s fourth-largest until it closed permanently on April 1, 2020. After years of unsuccessful preservation battles, it was demolished in 2023. The hotel is to be replaced by 15 Penn Plaza, a 68-story tower.
The Pennsylvania Railroad announced the construction of a hotel on Seventh Avenue in 1916, six years after completing the original New York Penn Station. The Hotel Pennsylvania was formally dedicated on January 25, 1919, and was originally managed by Ellsworth M. Statler of the Statler Hotels chain. Statler Hotels agreed to buy the property in 1948, and the Pennsylvania was renamed the **Hotel Statler**. The hotel became **The Statler Hilton** in 1958, four years after Hilton Hotels & Resorts acquired it.
The developer William Zeckendorf Jr. bought the Statler Hilton in 1979, after which the hotel was operated by Dunfey Hotels and renamed the **New York Statler**. The hotel was sold again in 1983 to a joint venture, renamed the **New York Penta**, and renovated extensively. The hostelry was renamed several times in the 1990s, eventually becoming the Hotel Pennsylvania. Vornado Realty Trust and Ong Beng Seng bought the hotel in 1997, although Vornado later bought out Ong\'s stake. Vornado considered closing and demolishing the Hotel Pennsylvania several times before finally shuttering it in 2020.
The Hotel Pennsylvania was designed by McKim, Mead & White. It was 22 stories high, including the street level and the rooftop; there was also a three-story penthouse. The first four stories occupied nearly the entire site and had an Indiana Limestone facade. Above the fourth story, the facade was made of buff-colored and gray brick, and the hotel building was divided into four wings that faced south toward 32nd Street. The public rooms were largely on the lower floors and included a ground-level lobby, a restaurant called the Cafe Rouge, and a ballroom level. The hotel originally had 2,200 guestrooms, which started at the fifth story. The Hotel Pennsylvania used the prominent and memorable telephone number, PEnnsylvania 6-5000 (736--5000), which inspired the lyrics and title of the song \"Pennsylvania 6-5000\".
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## History
In the late 19th century, the site around the Hotel Pennsylvania was mostly residential, with three- and four-story row houses and four- and five-story tenements. The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) had completed the original Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, in 1910. In conjunction with the railroad station\'s opening, the PRR had acquired all lots on the eastern side of Seventh Avenue between 31st and 33rd Streets, directly east of the station, though the railroad did not initially develop the sites. The northern site, which became the Hotel Pennsylvania, measured 400 ft long on 32nd and 33rd Streets and 197.5 ft long on Seventh Avenue. The southern site was sold in 1921 to Equitable Holdings, which developed 11 Penn Plaza there.
### Development
In January 1916, the PRR announced that it would build a 1,000-room hotel on the Seventh Avenue site for about \$9 million; the hotel itself would cost \$5 million, while the furnishings and land would cost \$4 million. The hotel was to be designed by McKim, Mead & White, which had also designed the original Pennsylvania Station. The planned hotel was cited as being either ten or twelve stories. The PRR hoped that the hotel\'s construction would spur development in the surrounding area, particularly after the Interborough Rapid Transit Company\'s 34th Street--Penn Station subway station opened in two years. In addition, the site was near several major attractions, including multiple Broadway theaters, department stores, and hotels. The PRR wished to compete with the New York Central Railroad, which was concurrently constructing the Commodore Hotel near Grand Central Terminal, as well as attract business travelers and professional conventions.
The PRR hired the George A. Fuller Company as the hotel\'s general contractor in March 1916; the Fuller Company constructed the Pennsylvania and the Commodore simultaneously. The PRR also hired Post & McCord as the steel contractor. The hotel\'s cost had increased to \$11 million by that April; this cost included \$7.5 million for the actual hotel, \$2.5 million for the land, and \$1 million for furnishings. The PRR filed plans for a 20-story hotel in May 1916, to be designed by McKim, Mead & White. Initially, the PRR leased the hotel to Franklin J. Matchette for 21 years. In December 1916, Ellsworth M. Statler of the Statler Hotels chain purchased a controlling interest in Matchette\'s lease. Matchette and Statler formed the New York Hotel Statler Company, which issued stock to finance the hotel\'s construction. Both men initially had a 50 percent stake in the company, but Matchette turned over a 25 percent stake to Statler shortly after the company was established.
The PRR announced in December 1916 that the hotel would be named the Hotel Pennsylvania and that construction of the hotel\'s foundations would commence the next month. Matchette\'s firm, the Servidor Company, also provided the hotel\'s original equipment and furnishings including the doors for each guestroom. The hotel\'s construction required over 18000 ST of steel and nine million bricks, although some of these materials were difficult to obtain because of World War I restrictions. During construction, in July 1917, one worker was killed by a falling steel girder. In addition, the hotel\'s dynamo room caught fire and then exploded in April 1918, damaging the facade and a sidewalk shed around the hotel. That June, Statler Hotels issued \$3 million in bonds to finance the hotel\'s construction. Roy Carruthers was hired as the hotel\'s first general manager in late 1918. Statler planned to rent rooms within a relatively narrow price range, saying: \"I am working on the assumption that New York wants a first-class hotel where the ratio between the minimum and maximum rates will be nearer together than is usually the case.\"
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## History
### Statler operation {#statler_operation}
The Hotel Pennsylvania was formally dedicated on January 25, 1919. On that day, 3,000 spectators viewed the hotel, and 2,000 people ate in the main dining room. The Pennsylvania\'s 2,200 guest rooms and baths made it the largest hotel in the world at the time; it was slightly larger than the Commodore, which opened a few days later on January 28. However, only 1,200 rooms were available when the hotel opened, and some of the public rooms were still incomplete. Thirty days after the hotel opened, Statler Hotels started paying \$200,000 in annual rent for the site; this amounted to five percent of the hotel building\'s assessed value of \$4 million. In addition, Statler would pay six percent of the construction cost each year. One architectural critic wrote that the hotel\'s completion \"marked a great step forward in hotel efficiency\", as it had an efficient design that was not overly ornate.
#### 1920s and 1930s {#s_and_1930s}
In the hotel\'s early years, it hosted such events as a charity event for the Jewish Federations of North America, a meeting for veterans, and a showcase of radio equipment. Employees established a newspaper called *The Pennsylvania Register* in 1921, which according to *The Christian Science Monitor* was \"said to be the only daily newspaper published in a hotel\". In 1922, the Pennsylvania became the first hotel on the East Coast of the United States to receive radio telegraph service. The Pennsylvania remained the world\'s largest hotel until the late 1920s, when the New Yorker Hotel was constructed.
E. M. Statler managed the hotel until January 1928, when Frank A. Duggan took over as the hotel\'s manager. After Duggan left for the Hotel McAlpin that April, Statler again became the hotel\'s manager, although Statler died two weeks later. Following Statler\'s death, Leo Molony was appointed as the hotel\'s manager. In 1929, Matchette filed two lawsuits in the New York Surrogate\'s Court, seeking a combined \$10 million in damages from the New York Hotel Statler Company Inc. and Ellsworth Statler\'s estate. Matchette claimed that Statler had given excessive salaries to himself and his family members and that Statler had mismanaged the hotel\'s construction. Matchette filed four lawsuits in the New York Supreme Court in 1930, seeking \$17.5 million in damages from Statler\'s estate, the Hotel Statler Company, and the directors of the hotel company.
PRR received a \$5 million mortgage loan from Prudential Insurance in 1933, replacing two loans that the hotel had received in 1917 and 1923. The Automobile Club of New York moved its headquarters to the hotel in 1933, and the hotel\'s `{{not a typo|Mad|hattan}}`{=mediawiki} Room, decorated with cartoons depicting life in New York City, opened the same year. The hotel continued to host large events in the 1930s, including ping-pong matches, home equipment exhibitions, National Board of Review conferences, and architects\' conventions. Molony managed the hotel until January 1937, when Duggan replaced him. James H. McCabe became the hotel\'s manager that June after Duggan was promoted to a vice president within Statler Hotels.
#### 1940s and 1950s {#s_and_1950s}
Statler Hotels agreed to buy the property outright from the Pennsylvania Railroad on June 30, 1948. Statler Hotels president Arthur F. Douglas officially took over the hotel that August, paying approximately \$13 million. The Statler chain renovated the hotel\'s main dining room, the Cafe Rouge, that year. The Pennsylvania was renamed the **Hotel Statler** on January 1, 1949. The hotel\'s managers had supported the name change because the Pennsylvania had hosted Statler Hotels\' main offices for many years. Statler Hotels spent \$200,000 on replacing items with the hotel\'s old name or initial, including nearly 800,000 pieces of linen, 127,000 pieces of china, and 134,000 pieces of silver. The hotel also replaced signs in subway stations and sent notices to 300,000 people who held Statler-branded credit cards. The hotel was branded as the \"Hotel Statler, formerly the Hotel Pennsylvania\" for two years after the name change.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## History
### Mid-to-late 20th century {#mid_to_late_20th_century}
#### Hilton operation {#hilton_operation}
In August 1954, Conrad Hilton acquired a controlling interest in all 17 of Statler Hotels\' properties, including the Hotel Statler. Hilton paid an estimated \$76 million for the controlling stake. At the time, Hilton already owned multiple large hotels in New York City. Hilton was installing air conditioners in all of the hotel\'s guestrooms by early 1956. The hotel became **The Statler Hilton** in 1958. Over the years, the hotel was reduced to 1,592 rooms. Many of the smaller rooms had been combined to create larger suites with alcoves for businessmen. In 1960, Hilton renovated the hotel at a cost of \$1 million. The work included the reduction of the original two-story lobby to one story, to add more meeting space.
#### Zeckendorf and Abelco/Penta operation {#zeckendorf_and_abelcopenta_operation}
In January 1979, Hilton Hotels agreed to sell the New York Statler Hilton to developer William Zeckendorf Jr. for \$24 million. At the time, the hotel had 1,756 rooms. Hilton completed its sale in May 1979, recording an estimated after-tax profit of \$8.8 million. The hotel was renamed the **New York Statler** and was operated by Dunfey Hotels, a division of Aer Lingus. Dunfey Hotels sought to market the hotel to business travelers and conventions. During April 1981, the hotel was affected by two fires in as many weeks; the second fire caused damage to the grand ballroom.
The hotel was sold again in August 1983 for \$46 million. A half-interest in the hotel was acquired by Abelco, an investment group consisting of developers Elie Hirschfeld, Abraham Hirschfeld, and Arthur G. Cohen, and the other half was bought by the Penta Hotels chain, a joint venture of British Airways, Lufthansa, and Swissair. The new owners renamed the hotel the **New York Penta**. Anna Quindlen of *The New York Times Magazine* wrote: \"Real New Yorkers, who will be damned if they will call Sixth Avenue Avenue of the Americas, still call it the Statler.\" The owners renovated the facade and the public spaces, creating two restaurant spaces within the hotel. They also refurbished its 1,705 guestrooms, combining some of the rooms to create larger suites. The project was expected to cost \$23 million and was timed to coincide with the completion of Javits Center on the west side of Manhattan. Despite the cost of the renovation, the Abelco/Penta partnership planned to retain the hotel\'s \$100 nightly room rates.
A grand reopening celebration for the Penta was held from December 7 to 10, 1985. It was one of two major structures to open on the west side of Midtown Manhattan that month, the other being the Axa Equitable Center. The Penta\'s owners hired James Parry Inc. as the hotel\'s marketing agency. When James Parry Inc. shuttered in 1988, the hotel\'s partners hired Kirshenbaum & Bond as the Penta Hotel\'s new agency.
#### Ramada and Best Western operation {#ramada_and_best_western_operation}
In 1991, the Hirschfelds acquired the Penta Hotels chain\'s stake in the hotel. The hostelry was renamed the **Ramada Pennsylvania Hotel** in April 1991, two weeks after the Penta chain exited the venture. Hampton Hotels Co. took over the hotel\'s operation in 1993. The hotel remained the third-largest in New York City, after the New York Hilton Midtown and the Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel. Hampton Hotels spent \$15 million on renovations over the next two years. In advance of the 1992 Democratic National Convention, the hotel\'s owners spent \$4 million to \$6 million on renovations, including a refurbishment of the lobby. By the early 1990s, celebrities no longer frequented the Ramada Pennsylvania, which tried to attract guests by offering discounts for guests\' pets. A Sports Authority store at the hotel\'s base was announced in 1993, and it opened the following year, within the hotel\'s former bar and mezzanine.
The board of directors of the Best Western hotel chain voted in November 1993 to rename the hotel **New York\'s Hotel Pennsylvania**, pending an inspection of the hotel\'s quality. The Image Group leased the hotel\'s ballrooms in February 1995 for twenty years, converting the seldom-used ballrooms into television studios. Best Western also added a business center to the hotel the same year, equipped with fax machines, computers, and televisions. At that point, the Pennsylvania no longer had any restaurants, and guest-service directories instead listed restaurants near the hotel. Hirschfeld rebranded the hotel as the **Hotel Pennsylvania** in 1995, and he placed the hotel for sale in April 1996 for \$150 million. Hirschfeld had installed *Lover\'s Bench*, a bronze sculpture depicting a nude couple and a partly clothed woman, outside the Pennsylvania\'s entrance. The sculpture was ultimately removed in 1997.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## History
### Vornado acquisition {#vornado_acquisition}
#### Planet Hollywood plans {#planet_hollywood_plans}
In June 1997, Vornado Realty Trust and Singaporean developer Ong Beng Seng agreed to buy the hotel for \$159 million. Vornado and Ong sought to convert the Pennsylvania to a sports-themed hotel operated by Planet Hollywood (in which Ong held a large stake), citing the hotel\'s proximity to Madison Square Garden. The plans were complicated by the fact that the Riese family held a long-term lease on commercial space at the Pennsylvania. At the end of June 1997, Vornado paid \$75 million to terminate the Rieses\' lease and acquire several buildings that the family owned nearby. Vornado and Ong finalized their acquisition on September 25, 1997, with plans to convert the Pennsylvania into Planet Hollywood\'s first Official All Star Hotel. Vornado and Ong would each own a 40 percent stake in the hotel, while Planet Hollywood would own 20 percent. The Official All Star Hotel plan was announced amid a revival in tourism in New York City, as well as demand for office space in Penn Plaza. The hotel\'s renovation was expected to cost about \$200 million. Vornado would operate about 400000 ft2 of commercial and office space at the hotel.
The planned conversion did not happen, as Planet Hollywood suffered major financial losses in the late 1990s. Vornado bought out Ong\'s 40 percent stake in the hotel in early 1998 for \$70 million, paying \$22 million in cash and taking on \$48 million in debt. When Ong decided to sell his stake, many Asian companies were selling off real estate in New York City. Vornado Realty Trust transferred the hotel\'s management to a subsidiary, Vornado Operating Company, in October 1998 because of regulations concerning non-real-estate holdings of real estate investment trusts. Vornado then acquired the remaining 20 percent stake from Planet Hollywood in August 1999 for \$42 million, paying \$18 million in cash and assuming \$24 million in debt. Vornado thus obtained full ownership of the hotel. The Planet Hollywood transaction valued the hotel at \$216 million. By late 1999, to attract business travelers, the Hotel Pennsylvania was advertising rooms at \$150 to \$300 per night.
#### 2000s
As early as 2001, a Lehman Brothers analyst said that Vornado officials were considering replacing the hotel with a 50- to 60-story tower. Through the 2000s, the hotel remained popular enough that its managers trademarked the slogan \"World\'s Most Popular Hotel\" in 2002. However, the hotel had become noticeably run down, and guests reported bedbug infestations, darkened windows, and dirty carpets, among other things. By the mid-2000s, Vornado officials said the hotel was merely \"a placeholder, sort of like a parking lot\". *Observer* described the hotel as having \"devolved into a cheap, decrepit tourist trap more commonly associated with reported bedbug attacks than big-band nostalgia\". The hotel was divided into two sections by then: the main hotel and the more upscale Penn 5000 Club. Vornado also rented out some of the hotel\'s space to small businesses during the 2000s, and the T. R. Engle Group gradually renovated the hotel\'s lobby and rooms during this decade. As part of the planning process for the 7 Subway Extension, in 2003, city and state officials determined that the Hotel Pennsylvania was eligible for official landmark protections on the city, state, and national levels.
With the redevelopment of west Midtown in the mid-2000s, the Hotel Pennsylvania was again being considered as a prime site for redevelopment. In early 2007, Vornado announced plans to demolish the hotel and develop the 15 Penn Plaza skyscraper there, as part of a redevelopment of the area around Penn Station. Vornado intended to complete the 2500000 sqft building by 2011, marketing the tower to financial tenants. At the time, there was little interest in protecting the hotel as a landmark. Investment firm Merrill Lynch & Co. announced plans to relocate from lower Manhattan to the skyscraper that October. Had the hotel been demolished at that time, Vornado would have been required to maintain a \"museum-quality\" exhibit of the Hotel Pennsylvania\'s history in the new building\'s lobby. Ultimately, Merrill Lynch opted to move to the World Financial Center in January 2008, in part because of the firm\'s financial troubles. At a conference call in June 2008, Vornado chairman Steven Roth said he was considering downsizing his planned development or renovating the Hotel Pennsylvania.
The redevelopment plans prompted the staff of *2600: The Hacker Quarterly*, a magazine that sponsored biennial HOPE hacker conventions at the hotel, began investigating possible ways to save the hotel from demolition. They were joined by the new Save the Hotel Pennsylvania Foundation (later the Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society), whose members included a number of city organizations and politicians to aid in designating the hotel as a landmark, including the Historic Districts Council, Manhattan Community Board 5, and Assemblyman Richard Gottfried. In November 2007, Manhattan Community Board 5 voted 21--8 in support of a landmark designation. Three months later, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) rejected the landmark request. Emmanuel Goldstein of *2600* noted that while people overseas expressed concern over the fate of the hotel:
> New Yorkers might not care enough to get involved. The hotel was old; the rooms weren\'t as big and luxurious as other more modern facilities; and New Yorkers simply weren\'t in a position to grasp the importance of such a place since they normally don\'t need cheap and easily accessible hotels if they already live here.
#### 2010s {#s_1}
In May 2010, the hotel was again in danger of demolition. Manhattan borough president Scott Stringer gave a conditional approval overruling Manhattan Community Board 5. The LPC reviewed the hotel\'s Cafe Rouge for landmark status based on a request by the Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society, but on October 22, 2010, the LPC declined to designate the cafe as a landmark. On July 14, 2010, the New York City Department of City Planning voted unanimously in favor of the construction of the tower. On August 23, 2010, the NYC Council voted to approve the proposed Uniform Land Use Review Procedure submitted by the building owners. In December 2011, Vornado announced a delay in the demolition of the hotel because it was financially infeasible to do so at the moment. Steven Roth said in March 2013 that he wanted to renovate the hotel instead of demolishing it. By 2014, Vornado was again looking to develop a skyscraper on the Hotel Pennsylvania\'s site. Due to uncertainty over the site\'s future, Roth opted not to renovate the hotel during the mid-2010s. In the hotel\'s final years, the mezzanine levels above the lobby were operated as a separate business, the **Penn Plaza Pavilion**, a series of raw spaces used as function facilities. They were the site of numerous trade shows and conventions, including the annual Big Apple Comic Con. The guestrooms were frequented by students and shoppers who sought discounted room rates.
In March 2018, Vornado renewed special permits from the City Planning Commission to develop 15 Penn Plaza on the Hotel Pennsylvania\'s site. In an April 2018 letter to investors, Roth mentioned the demolition and 15 Penn skyscraper plan as a continued option, but also described Vornado as being at \"a tipping point\" with regard to redeveloping the Pennsylvania into a \"giant convention/entertainment hotel\". In June 2019, Vornado unsuccessfully tried to lure Facebook to rent space in the proposed office building, with a new design done by Rafael Viñoly.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## History
### Vornado acquisition {#vornado_acquisition}
#### Closure and demolition {#closure_and_demolition}
The hotel was forced to close in April 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. Seeing an opportunity to redevelop the site, Steven Roth again contemplated closing the hotel permanently. Roth announced plans in April 2021 to replace the hotel with a skyscraper, now known as Penn15. According to Roth, \"the hotel math has deteriorated significantly over the last five years\", and the benefits of continuing to operate the hotel were outweighed by the drawbacks of maintenance, taxes, and lack of demand. Several groups, such as the Hotel Trades Council, supported the plans for redeveloping the Pennsylvania\'s site. By then, the hotel had been neglected for several years. Christopher Bonanos of *Curbed* wrote: \"Architecturally, it is like a lot of early-20th-century midsize hotels and office buildings around the city, only larger; it is surely a better-quality example from its period \[\...\] Even if you\'re a hardcore preservationist, your energies might be better spent elsewhere.\" The author and former landmarks commission member Roberta Gratz said, \"If anyone thinks that another office tower is more useful than a creatively repurposed hotel as big and beautiful as the Pennsylvania, I don\'t know what to say.\"
In late 2021, International Content Liquidations finished selling the hotel\'s contents in preparation for demolition. Items for sale included chandeliers and lighting, ornate staircase railings, guest room furniture, unused mattresses and linens, televisions, the entirety of the hotel\'s fitness center and commercial kitchens, banquet tables and chairs, and the original guest room doors. Some artifacts were salvaged by the Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society during this time. The hotel\'s demolition began in January 2022, and the main entrance was converted to a turnstile for demolition workers. The Pennsylvania caught fire on February 7, 2022, while it was being demolished. By the middle of that year, demolition of the hotel had resumed; the hotel had been deconstructed to the 12th floor by March 2023. The hotel was supposed to have been completely demolished by July 2023, but was still partially standing by that August. In July 2023, Steven Lepore of the Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society successfully negotiated with the owners to salvage an 8 ft section of original staircase railing from the rear entrance lobby. This side lobby had a three story staircase leading to the former grand ballroom. By October 2023, the entire above ground structure was gone. The site remains a vacant lot.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## Architecture
The Hotel Pennsylvania was designed by William Symmes Richardson of McKim, Mead & White. The hotel measured 22 stories high, including the street level and the rooftop; there was also a three-story penthouse. The hotel\'s design was intended not only to complement that of the original Penn Station, which was demolished in 1963, but also that of the General Post Office one block west, which still exists.
### Form and facade {#form_and_facade}
The first four stories occupied nearly the entire site. The hotel was set back 15 ft from the property line on Seventh Avenue, creating a plaza in front of the hotel\'s entrance. The plaza had been intended as a forecourt for the original Penn Station, though the hotel\'s height blunted this effect. When the PRR had leased the site to the hotel\'s original operators, the lease agreement included a clause that prevented the hotel\'s operators from constructing any structure, except for an entrance portico, on the westernmost 15 feet of the site for twenty-one years. Three light courts on the southern facade, each measuring 40 ft wide, divided the hotel into four wings that faced south. Each wing measured 54 ft wide. There was another light court facing eastward toward the former Gimbels department store (now Manhattan Mall), which measured 50 ft wide. The two western wings collectively contained 1,000 rooms, while the two eastern wings collectively contained 1,200 rooms.
The Indiana Limestone facade of the lower stories was intentionally designed to closely mirror the architecture of the station. A colonnade of Ionic-style pilasters divided the lowest three stories vertically into bays, with lightly rusticated walls between each set of pilasters. Over the years, the first three stories were modified significantly, and storefronts with various signs and awnings were installed. In the center of the Seventh Avenue facade was a portico of six Ionic columns marking the main entrance. This portico protruded 6 ft from the facade, although it remained well within the property line. When the entrance was widened in the hotel\'s later years, four of the columns were truncated to make way for a marquee. The fourth story was faced in plain ashlar.
Above the fourth story, the facade was made of buff-colored and gray brick. Over the years, the windows on the upper stories were replaced in a piecemeal fashion, and numerous signs were installed on the facade. Near the end of the hotel\'s existence, the upper stories contained aluminum windows of various designs. The top three stories contained a colonnade of pilasters, above which was a cornice made of terracotta. Sometime during the hotel\'s existence, a half-story penthouse was installed above part of the cornice.
Above the westernmost wing was a roof garden with a restaurant, which was topped by the elevator penthouse. The roof restaurant had a simple design, with a plaster vaulted ceiling supported by a colonnade, which formed a central hall with aisles. The walls were of plaster above a tile wainscoting, and the restaurant had simple details, which allowed the decorations to be changed between different seasons. The second-westernmost wing contained an outdoor lounge, connected to the restaurant by a wide bridge. When the hotel opened, the roofs of the two eastern wings were left undeveloped.
### Mechanical features {#mechanical_features}
The hotel received electricity from three sources: a power generator in the building and two power stations outside of it. The hotel received steam from a nearby plant on 32nd Street, and the subbasement also contained a 500 kW steam-driven generator. The hotel also received alternating current from a PRR substation in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens. Cables carried power from the substation to a room in the hotel\'s basement, which contained five banks of transformers. Two of the banks of transformers supplied the hotel\'s lighting system, while the other three banks supplied a set of rotary converters. The lights were operated from three sets of circuits, allowing some parts of the hotel to remain illuminated even if a blackout affected the entire hotel.
The ventilation system contained 27 motors, which powered fans that ventilated the air from all of the hotel\'s bathrooms. In addition, a pair of 20 hp motors powered a vacuum system that collected dust from 487 openings throughout the hotel. The hotel received water from the city\'s water supply system, which supplied ice machines, faucets, and mechanical equipment. The water-drainage system included sewers to the city\'s sewage system, as well as sump pumps that drained water from the basements.
As built, there were two banks of six passenger elevators, which all ran from the basement to the roof. The elevators could be configured so that one bank only served the upper floors and the lobby, while the other bank only served the lower floors. The southeast corner of the hotel contained two elevators which connected the lobby to the subway and railroad stations. Closer to 33rd Street, two elevators ran from ground level to the ballrooms 25 ft above. Three elevators, at the eastern end of the hotel, ran from the basement to the kitchen on the first mezzanine level, stopping at the driveway. There were also eight service elevators and six dumbwaiters. One of the service elevators operated at a slightly slower speed than the remaining service elevators and all of the passenger elevators.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## Architecture
### Interior
The public rooms were largely on the lower floors. The ground level was largely designed in an Italian style. The hotel also had 24000 ft2 for exhibitions and 58,000 ft2 of ballrooms. Large portions of the interiors were clad in Mycenaean marble, including corridors, stairways, and elevator lobbies. Prior to the hotel\'s demolition, most of the interior spaces were substantially altered.
At ground level were the main lobby, office, dining room, tea room, men\'s cafe, bar, and main serving pantry. There were various shops that could be accessed both from the street and from inside the hotel, as well as a florist shop, telegraph office, public telephones, and check rooms at ground level.
#### Basements
There were three floor levels below the street. The first basement contained main and auxiliary kitchens, grill room, lunch room, barber shop, and bathroom. The grill room was designed to resemble an Italian garden with bright colors; its columns and walls contained sgraffito decorations. The sub-basement mezzanine only covered part of the site and contained the hotel\'s workshops, service dining rooms, and locker rooms. The sub-basement contained laundry rooms for staff and guests; refrigerating, pumping, and filtering plants; and machine rooms.
The first basement level also contained a direct entrance to the 34th Street--Penn Station on the New York City Subway\'s IRT Broadway--Seventh Avenue Line (later serving the `{{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh}}`{=mediawiki}). In addition, there were underpasses leading to the railroad station at 32nd and 33rd Streets; these underpasses were outside of the subway station\'s fare control area. Under 33rd Street was a connection to the Gimbels passageway, which opened in 1920 and was shuttered in 1986. The Gimbels passageway led east to the 34th Street--Herald Square station and to the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (later PATH)\'s 33rd Street station. Further connections to Madison Square Garden and the current Pennsylvania Station were built in the late 20th century. The hotel also contained direct subway entrances from the street to the platform, though these entrances had deteriorated significantly by the early 1990s.
#### Lobby
The two-story main lobby was accessible from the main entrance on Seventh Avenue and from one entrance each on 32nd and 33rd Streets. The lobby, measuring 70 by, was described by the *New-York Tribune* as the largest in the city. It was surrounded by 16 fluted columns, designed in the Doric order. Both the columns and the lobby\'s walls were made of Botticino marble. In addition, the lobby originally contained multicolored carpets and walnut furniture, including a walnut registration desk near 32nd Street. The lobby\'s ceiling measured 35 ft high and had a two-color steel-and-glass skylight, designed by G. Rae & Co. Above the skylight were reflectors, which provided gold-tinted illumination; workers replaced the reflectors using a set of trolley tracks. The lobby was flanked by a promenade to the north and south. By the early 21st century, the skylight had been removed and the columns had been reclad multiple times, but the floor was extant.
At the mezzanine level was a gallery that surrounded the lobby. The mezzanine also contained the lounging and writing rooms, a library, a large exhibition space, a hairdresser\'s shop, and the maitre d\'hotel\'s office. The writing room, opening off the southern side of the mezzanine, was designed in a Jacobean style and was paneled in oak. The writing room\'s bookshelves extended nearly to the top of the plaster ceiling, which contained molded centerpieces that represented 16th-century printers\' marks. From the mezzanine\'s gallery, a short flight of steps led to the ballroom floor.
The upper level of the two-story lobby was severed from the room by Hilton in 1960, during major renovations, which reduced the lobby to one story. The mezzanine level floor was extended over the lobby, creating 30,000 sq ft of new exhibition space for conventions, giving the hotel the largest such facilities in the country at the time. In the mid-1990s, part of the mezzanine became a Sports Authority store.
#### Other ground-level spaces {#other_ground_level_spaces}
The Men\'s Cafe was just south of the main entrance and could also be accessed directly from the street. It contained a chestnut-paneled ceiling, tiled floors, Georgian and Flemish-inspired light fixtures, as well as a fireplace and grill on one wall. Just north of the main entrance was a Tuscan-style bar, which had wood paneling, stone walls and ceiling and a mosaic tile floor. Later known as the Penn Bar, the space had become a storefront by the mid-1990s. East of the main lobby was the Tea Room, designed in the Adam style with arches and murals on the wall, as well as mirrored panels, Chinese-style carpets, and a decorative plaster ceiling. The Tea Room was surrounded by an extension of the lobby\'s promenade, which contained Caen stone walls and Italian furniture.
The main restaurant, most famously known later on as the Cafe Rouge, was a double-height space to the south of the tea room. The Cafe Rouge measured approximately 60 by, with a ceiling height of approximately 20 ft. It consisted of a central space flanked on either side by a terrace measuring 18 in high. At the end of each terrace was a colonnade of four columns. Both the wall base and door trim were made of terracotta, while the walls were artificial limestone. The beamed ceiling had various carvings in the Italian and French Renaissance styles, and the ceiling itself was painted to increase the perceived height of the room. The east end of the cafe had a large floor-to-ceiling fountain. A bandstand was located on the central floor of the room on the exterior wall.
The easternmost 50 ft of the first floor, under the eastern light court, contained two parallel driveways, as well as a service driveway with loading platforms. Elevators led to workshops on the upper floors and the storage rooms and kitchen in the basement, and a conveyor belt connected with a baggage storage area on the mezzanine. At the extreme east end was a driveway for the adjacent Gimbels store, which contained elevators and a loading platform. Between the Gimbels store and the Pennsylvania Hotel was a shopping arcade, which was built in 1919. Originally known as the Pennsylvania Arcade, it was known as Gallery 34 by the 1990s.
#### Ballroom floor {#ballroom_floor}
The ballroom floor, above the lobby\'s mezzanine, contained a flexible entertainment area with a grand foyer and ballroom, two large parlors, banquet room and foyer, and three smaller dining rooms. The ballrooms had their own stair and elevator from 33rd Street, which led to a grand foyer flanked by parlors. The ballroom facilities covered 40000 ft2 and were 30 ft high. Each of the ballrooms was a large, open space without columns.
The main ballroom alone covered 10366 ft2 and was one of the largest hotel ballrooms in New York City, having been planned with a capacity of 1,200 people. The main ballroom was on the south side of the building, directly over the main dining room, and measured 72 by. It had a vaulted ceiling with Italian arabesques and was surrounded on three sides by a gallery with boxes. Two silk-and-crystal chandeliers illuminated the space. The banquet room, on the north side of the same floor, had white-oak floors and a foyer with artificial stone walls. The private dining rooms were designed in the Georgian style. The ballroom floor was served by a large banquet kitchen, and the ballrooms could host one large event or multiple smaller events simultaneously.
In 1995, the main ballroom was converted into a television studio measuring 75 by across. The areas around the main ballroom were converted into offices, conference rooms, telecommunications facilities, and audience rooms. The studio was used to tape television shows including *The People\'s Court*, *Idiot Savants*, *Maury*, *Sally Jessy Raphael*, *2 Minute Drill*, and *The Opposition with Jordan Klepper*. In 2009, the studios in the hotel were rebuilt and consolidated into a new 10000 sqft studio for the sitcom *Sherri.* The television studios continued to operate through the 2010s.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## Architecture
### Interior
#### Other public spaces {#other_public_spaces}
Half a story above the ground floor were hotel executives\' offices, baggage and parcel rooms, a print shop, and staff dining rooms. A conveyor belt connected the baggage room to a service driveway on the eastern end of the building.
The second mezzanine and the entire second floor contained service bedrooms, storerooms, sewing and linen rooms, and a telephone exchange. When the hotel opened, *American Architect* said the telephone exchange was \"the largest of its kind ever built\". The eastern end of the fifth floor contained two Turkish baths, one for men and one for women. The women\'s bath was accessed by a stair from the sixth floor. The hotel also originally contained a swimming pool with filtered water.
#### Guest rooms {#guest_rooms}
Guest rooms started at the fifth story, above the roofline of the original Penn Station. There were 17 stories of guest rooms, each of which contained a central corridor flanked by bedrooms. Each story contained an average of 125 rooms, and the larger rooms were generally concentrated in the western part of the hotel. Each room contained its own bathroom; some of the larger guest rooms had bathrooms that faced outward toward the street, while other guest rooms had bathrooms that faced inward toward the corridor. Two of the guest room floors contained living and reception rooms, dining rooms, pantries and bedrooms, which could arranged into different suites with three to ten rooms. In the two eastern wings, three of the upper floors contained large guest rooms with large closets. Each guest room floor contained its own \"floor clerk\", stationed outside the elevators, which acted as concierges for their respective stories. There was also a pantry, as well as a fire lookout station and an electrical clock system, on each story.
Each guest room contained a Servidor, a valet guest room door with exterior and compartments used for various services. These allowed guests to give the valet their clothes to be pressed and shoes to be polished without fully opening the door, as well enabling servants to deliver newspapers, room service, and other deliveres. The items could be delivered to the guest without disturbing them by placing the items within the hall side of the compartment. The Servidor doors, a marvel at the time of their construction, were still in place when the hotel was demolished. A few have been saved from destruction to be preserved. The guest rooms also contained Chippendale furniture; each room typically contained a bed, two chairs, a writing desk, and a dresser. Curtains were hung from cornices or rods, and there were radiators on the ceilings and walls. The bathrooms in each guestroom contained a shower. To reduce the complexity of the electrical equipment, each guest room was originally equipped with a telephone that could only be used for room service. To send messages, guests had to contact their floor clerks, who then sent the messages using telautograph machines or pneumatic tubes.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## Notable guests and events {#notable_guests_and_events}
The hotel hosted multiple notable guests in its early years. On May 6 and 8, 1924, Harry Houdini debunked Joaquin María Argamasilla, a 19-year-old Spaniard who claimed he had X-ray vision. In December 1925, William Faulkner stayed at the Pennsylvania while writing one of his many novels; he subsequently received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Galveston crime boss Johnny Jack Nounes threw a \$40,000 party at the Pennsylvania in the 1920s, inviting silent film stars Clara Bow and Nancy Carroll, who were said to have bathed in tubs of champagne. Herbert Hoover spoke before the Ohio Society of New York at the Hotel Pennsylvania in November 1935. The American Russian Institute presented its first annual award to the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Hotel Pennsylvania in 1946, and Edwin H. Land demonstrated his invention of an instant camera at the hotel in 1947.
U.S. Army bacteriologist Frank Olson died after he crashed through a window on the 10th floor in 1953; the U.S. government first described his death as a suicide, and then as misadventure, while others alleged that he was murdered. Fidel Castro stayed at the Statler Hilton in 1959, shortly after he became the leader of Cuba. Gameel al-Batouti (who was first officer of EgyptAir Flight 990 when it crashed in 1999, killing all 217 people aboard) was reportedly sexually promiscuous with female staff and was nearly banned from the hotel.
The Statler also hosted delegates during several Democratic National Convention meetings at Madison Square Garden. During the 1976 convention, the Statler allocated 80 percent of its rooms to delegates; In advance of the 1980 convention, the Statler spent \$5 million just on preparations, which included a \"fast food\" delicatessen as well as a kitchen in an elevator. Other events at the hotel included Esto 92, an Estonian heritage festival that had booked the entire hotel at the beginning of the 1992 DNC convention, as well as the 1994 edition of the Gay Games. By the 2000s, the hotel hosted hundreds of dogs every year during the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. The hotel\'s other events in the 2000s included auditions for reality TV show *America\'s Next Top Model*.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## Cafe Rouge {#cafe_rouge}
### Big band era {#big_band_era}
The hotel\'s main dining room, later named the Cafe Rouge, was known for several decades as a major venue for big bands. Numerous acclaimed musicians performed at the Cafe Rouge, including Count Basie, the Dorsey Brothers, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, and Fred Waring. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the Cafe Rouge had a big band remote connection to the NBC Red Network (after 1942, the NBC Radio Network) and became known for the performances held inside.
One evening in November 1939, while in the midst of a steady long-term engagement at the Cafe Rouge, bandleader Artie Shaw left the bandstand between sets and decided to quit his own band on the spot. Shaw\'s principal orchestrator from 1937 to 1939, Jerry Gray, was immediately hired by Miller as a staff arranger when Shaw deserted his band. The Glenn Miller Orchestra also had repeated long-term bookings in the Cafe Rouge from 1940 to 1942, when the band was broken up. Miller\'s orchestra broadcast from the cafe; some were recorded by RCA Victor. Les Brown\'s band, with its vocalist Doris Day, introduced their song \"Sentimental Journey\" at the Cafe Rouge in 1944. The cafe was closed for renovation during mid-1948.
Other spaces in the hotel were also used for musical performances. Before air-conditioning became popular, major bands performed in the hotel\'s roof garden ballroom during the summer. In addition, Benny Goodman\'s band frequented the hotel\'s `{{Not a typo|Mad|hattan}}`{=mediawiki} Room and started performing there in late 1936.
### Use as event venue {#use_as_event_venue}
In later years, the former Cafe Rouge space within the structure operated separately from the hotel business, with a separate address and entrance at 145 West 32nd Street. In 2007, for the Garden in Transit project, adhesive weatherproof paintings of flowers attached to taxicabs in New York City were painted inside the cafe. Numerous events from the 2013 New York Fashion Week were held in the Cafe Rouge. In 2014, the Cafe Rouge space was converted to an indoor basketball court known as **Terminal 23**, celebrating the launch of the Melo M10 by the Jordan Brand division of Nike. In its final years, the room operated as **Station 32**, a rental function/event space.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## Impact
### In media {#in_media}
- The Muppet character Statler of Statler and Waldorf was named after the hotel, when it was the Statler Hilton.
- The New York Penta Hotel appeared in the 1986 film *The Manhattan Project* as the setting of a science fair. Rather than construct a set and populate it with actors, the filmmakers hosted an actual science fair in the hotel and filmed as it was going on.
### Phone number {#phone_number}
Early in its existence, the hotel was assigned the phone number (212) 736-5000. The phone number was more commonly known as PEnnsylvania 6-5000, as written in the 2L+5N (two letters, five numbers) format that was common in the mid-20th century; the two letters stood for the telephone exchange. The number may have been assigned after the 2L+5N format was introduced in 1930. With the implementation of the North American Numbering Plan, the area code 212 was added to the number. Initially, all of the hotel\'s landlines used this number. During Glenn Miller\'s 1940 engagement at the hotel, Jerry Gray wrote the tune \"Pennsylvania 6-5000\" (with lyrics later added by Carl Sigman) that made use of the hotel\'s telephone number.
Although the hotel\'s owners claimed that (212) 736-5000 was \"the oldest continuously in-service telephone number in New York\", the veracity of this claim is disputed. Phone numbers in New York City existed as early as the 1880s, and the phone number may have been changed at some point before 1992. The hotel still carried the number when it became the Penta in 1983. A writer for the *Toronto Star* reported in 1993 that, when he dialed (212) 736-5000, a live operator at the Ramada Pennsylvania spoke to him while the song \"Pennsylvania 6-5000\" played in the background. By 1996, a writer for the *Chicago Tribune* reported that an automated voice was directing callers to press a button to access one of the hotel\'s departments. Steven Roth said in 2022 that Penn15 would retain the phone number (212) 736-5000, although he did not specify how the phone number would be reassigned.
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# Hotel Pennsylvania
## Gallery
<File:Exterior> columns at the Hotel Pennsylvania, NY (circa 1919).jpg\|Exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania <File:Foyer> of Hotel Pennsylvania , NY circa 1919.jpg\|The Foyer <File:Lobby> of Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919.jpg\|The Main Lobby <File:Lobby> colonnade (Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919).jpg\|Details of the Lobby Colonnade <File:Lobby> corridor (Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919).jpg\|The Corridor of the Lobby <File:Architectural> diagram of the lobby of Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919.jpg\|Detail of The Main Lobby <File:Main> restaurant (Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919).jpg\|The Main Restaurant of Hotel Pennsylvania, The Cafe Rouge <File:Terrace>, main restaurant (Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919).jpg\|View of the terrace in The Cafe Rouge <File:Hotel> Pennsylvania main restaurant east wall.JPG\|View of the east wall of The Cafe Rouge <File:Hotel> Pennsylvania main restaurant west wall (NY, circa 1919).jpg\|View of the west wall of The Cafe Rouge <File:Hotel> Pennsylvania - main restaurant - fountain, close-up (NY circa 1919) (edit).jpg\|The fountain of The Cafe Rouge <File:Architectural> diagram of the restaurant of Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919.jpg\|Detail of The Cafe Rouge <File:Palm> Room (Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919).jpg\|The Palm Room <File:Detail> of the Palm Room of Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919.jpg\|Detail of the Palm Room <File:Grand> Ballroom of Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919.jpg\|The Grand Ballroom <File:Outer> column detail of Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919.jpg\|Detail of the exterior colonnade <File:Outer> detail of Hotel Pennsylvania, NY circa 1919.jpg\|Detail of the exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania <File:Dining> room of the Cafe Rouge (Hotel Pennsylvania) (postcard circa 1920).jpg\|The Dining Room when the hotel opened, before becoming the Cafe Rouge <File:Wall> of Cafe Rouge, Hotel Pennsylvania (27 10 2012).jpg\|Wall detail in the former cafe Rouge in 2012 <File:Fountain> at the Cafe Rouge (Hotel Pennsylvania, NY - 2012)
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# Toyota F engine
The **Toyota F series** engine was a series of OHV inline-6-cylinder engines produced by Toyota between November 1949 and 1992. They are known for their high amount of torque at low engine speeds, massive cast-iron blocks and heads and also their high reliability. The F engine had one of the longest production runs of any Toyota engine. The F engines all incorporate overhead valves actuated by pushrods from a gear driven camshaft in the lower portion of the engine.
## History
The engine was developed beginning in December 1948 and was largely a bored out version of the earlier Type B engine. However, Toyota incorporated lessons learned during the war, and the F engine benefitted from lightweight alloy pistons and better lubrication than earlier models. The engine\'s first installation was in a 1949 version of the Toyota BM truck (called FM with this engine fitted), originally only in units bound for the Brazilian market. The FM became available in the Japanese market as well beginning in 1950. The F engine gained fame as the Land Cruiser engine, it was used in a variety of other large truck applications as well, such as in fire trucks and the Toyota FQ15 trucks. It was also used in the FH26 police patrol car (based on the RH Super), FS20-FS50 police patrol cars (based on the RS20-MS50 Crown), the FHJ and FH24 fire trucks (both based on the RH Super) and the FS35 (based on the RS30 Crown) and FS45V ambulance (based on the MS40 Crown).
### F
The F engine is a 3.9-liter, 75/93 kW (105/125 hp), carbureted gasoline engine that is capable of 261/289 N·m (189/209 lb·ft) of torque at 2000 rpm; the difference in power and torque is different depending on the export destination. The original design was started in 1948 when Toyota begun to explore exporting their vehicles internationally.
The F engine block, crankshaft and lower end assembly is loosely based on the 1939-63 G.M.C. L6 OHV 236 engine but with a taller deck (rather than the similar but smaller Chevrolet 1937-63 Gen-2 L6 OHV engine), and built under license. The cylinder head and combustion chamber is derived from the Chevrolet L6 OHV \"Stovebolt\" engine, slightly scaled up. The general idea was consumers would feel comfortable with the engine since it was a familiar design and had a proven track record. None of the bottom end of the engine is interchangeable with these engines.
The F engine replaced the early 3.4-liter type B gasoline engine introduced in 1938 (not to be confused with the 2.9-liter B diesel engine introduced much later). The early B engine was based on the original 1929-36 Chevrolet Gen-1 207 inline-6, not the later 1937-1963 Gen-2 216, 235 etc. engine.
First introduced in export models of the 4-ton BM (FM) truck in November 1949 with 6.4:1 compression and 95 PS, it then found its way into the Toyota FX/FZ in September 1951. Beginning in 1954 it became installed in the long running FA/FC series of trucks; this was also when the combustion chambers were reworked and the compression ratio was increased, upping output to 105 PS. The FB type bus also used this engine, as did the Toyota Massy Dyna FC10. From 1964 until 1975 the FA100 truck (and derivatives) used a 130 PS F engine, although by this time, diesel-engined trucks found more favor in the market. A variety of fire trucks and special bodied patrol cars also used the F engine.
The F engine had numerous slight variations over its lifetime. These were changes Toyota made to the engine to improve its power such as the shape of the cylinder head, type of pistons or the shape of the intake manifold. To designate the different iterations, Toyota added a three digit suffix to the engine code ranging from 105-155 (ex: F135).
- F105 - The first iteration of the Toyota F engine.
- F135 - Siamesed Intake ports.
- F145 - Low compression.
- F155 - Domed pistons, high output.
In September 1973 the F engine was updated, to a model sometimes referred to as \"F and a half\" or **F.5.** This remains a 3.9-liter, 75/93 kW (105/125 hp), carbureted gasoline engine capable of 261/289 N·m (189/209 lb·ft) of torque at 2000 rpm; the major difference between the F and the F.5 is the oiling system. The F.5 uses the same oiling set-up and configuration as its 2F successor.
### 2F {#f_1}
The second version of the engine, called the 2F, was introduced in 1975. There are a few differences between the F and 2F, i.e., a larger bore in the 2F, removing one oil ring and forcing the oil to travel through the oil filter before the engine.
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# Toyota F engine
## History
### 3F/3F-E {#f3f_e}
The 3F was introduced in 1985, but did not become available in the United States until 1988. Differences from the 2F engine include a modified cylinder head to reduce warping and separation from inlet and exhaust manifolds, the introduction of electronic fuel injection (EFI) in some markets, a vastly improved emissions system, and a smaller displacement resulting from a shorter piston stroke. The displacement decreased from 4.2 liters to 4 liters, but the engine power increased by 15 kW and torque increased by 14 Nm. As a result of these changes to the engine design the redline was increased, allowing a wider powerband which made this engine far more suitable for on-road travel.
In 1992, the F series engines, after almost 45 years, finally ceased production. In 1993, the F series was replaced by the dual overhead cam (DOHC) 1FZ series.
Due to the low rpm design and cast iron construction of these engines, it is not uncommon to see them reach over 300,000 mi before needing a major overhaul
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# Abisara
***Abisara*** is a genus of butterflies in the family Riodinidae, found in Africa and Southeast Asia. The broad genus was split as it was polyphyletic and separated in 2015. Several species were moved to *Archigenes*.
Most species in the genus have the common name **Judy**
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# Gandantegchinlen Monastery
**Gandantegchinlen Monastery** (*Гандантэгчэнлин хийд*, *Gandantegchenlin khiid*), also known as **Gandan Monastery**, is a Buddhist monastery in Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It was founded in 1809, closed amid persecutions in 1939, and from 1944 to 1989 was the country\'s only active monastery. Today, it is the center of Buddhism in Mongolia. The monastery has more than 100 resident monks and numerous Buddhist treasures, including a 26 m statue of Avalokiteśvara made of gilded bronze and precious stones.
## Name
The name of the monastery, Gandantegchinlen (Tibetan for \"complete rejoicing\"), is derived from Ganden Monastery in Tibet, established by Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Its translated name in Mongolian is Tegüsbayaskhulangtu, and in Sanskrit it is Tushitamahayanavipa.
## History
The second Jebtsundamba Khutuktu established a *tsanid* (Buddhist education center) for the monks of Khüree (modern Ulaanbaatar) in the early 18th century. *Datsan* (colleges) were built at Dashchoinpel (in 1736), Gungaachoilin (in 1809), and Idgaachoinzinlin (in 1912).
At Gungaachoilin, on a hill west of Khüree, Shar Temple was built in 1809, followed by the Lamrin *dugan* (assembly hall) in 1824. After he ordered the Khüree clergy to move west, further from encroaching Chinese buildings, the fifth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu built a palace, named Gandantegchinlen, just south of Shar Temple between 1834 and 1838; the monastery itself also took this name. Other buildings were added, including the Tsogchin *dugan* in 1839 and Ochirdari (Vajradhara) Temple in 1840, which has a silver and gold statue created in 1683 by Zanabazar. Jüd (Tantra) Temple, founded in 1739 by the second Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, is now housed in a yurt. The fifth, seventh, and eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktus were interred at Gandan, though in 1855 they and their monks moved back to their original palace near the current city center. To celebrate independence from Qing China in 1911, the eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu ordered the construction of Megzed Janraiseg (Eye-Opening Avalokiteśvara) Temple, completed in 1913 as Mongolia\'s tallest monastery building. It had a 25.6 m statue of the boddhisatva Avalokiteśvara made of gilded bronze and precious stones.
Gandan was closed in 1939 during the Stalinist anti-religious persecutions in Mongolia, and its *dugan* buildings were razed. Escaping the mass destruction of other monasteries, its surviving buildings were used to house the administration of Töv Province. In 1940, the monastery was placed under direct Soviet military command and used as a stable, ammunition store, and firing range. The statue of Avalokiteśvara was broken apart in 1937 (alternatively by Soviet soldiers in 1938 or 1943), and is thought to have been shipped to Moscow and melted down. In January 1944, the monastery was reopened by dictator Khorloogiin Choibalsan (on the recommendation of Joseph Stalin) as the country\'s only working monastery. By 1947, it had 57 monks and was holding public services. That year, Mongolian scholars, aided by a few Soviet advisers, intervened to save the Megzed Janraiseg Temple from demolition, and in 1961 the temple was made a national cultural monument.
With the advent of religious freedom in 1990, when Mongolia established an independent, democratic government, Gandan expanded to 200 monks and began a full-scale renovation. In 1996, a new 26.5 m statue of Avalokiteśvara, modeled on the old, was dedicated. Built over six years using a mix of government and private funds, it weighs 90 tons and is made of 20 tons of copper, 25 kg of silver, 8.6 kg of gold, and over 2,100 precious stones.
As of 2004, Gandan is Mongolia\'s largest active monastery, with 100 monks. It has 70,000 Buddhist manuscripts and woodblock prints, including the 108-volume Ganjuur (precepts), 226-volume Danjuur (commentaries), and other works in Mongolian, Tibetan, and Sanskrit, some written in the \"nine precious materials\": gold, silver, turquoise, lapis lazuli, coral, pearl, mother-of-pearl, copper, and steel. The monastery\'s other treasures include a 15 kg silver statue of Tsongkhapa. Despite development in Ulaanbaatar, its vicinity has remained occupied by the monks\' yurts. Gandan is considered the center of Mongolian Buddhism, and its *khamba lama* (abbot) is held to be its leader. Since 1992, the abbot of Gandan has been Gabju Demberel Choijamts.
## Gallery
<File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (02).jpg\|Southern gateway <File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (30).jpg\|Stupa <fILE:Gandantegchinlen> Monastery 14.jpg\|Incense burner <File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (20).jpg\|Statue of Avalokiteśvara <File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (39).jpg\|Decorated door of Dzuu Temple <File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (44).jpg\|Inscription at entrance to Ochirdari Temple <File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (09).jpg\|Monastery buildings <File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (15).jpg\|Stone tablet with *Soyombo* symbol <File:Zespół> klasztoru Gandan (33).jpg\|Prayer wheels <File:Gandantegchinlen> Monastery 16
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# Live at The Venetian – Las Vegas
***Live at The Venetian -- Las Vegas*** is a digital album by Blue Man Group, released through the iTunes Store on July 25, 2006. The 10-track album is a compilation of various live recordings of the group\'s performances at The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino\'s *Blue Man Theater* on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, where the group has been performing since October 2005. The album features seven songs, albeit different arrangements, from their debut album, *Audio*, and one song from their second album, *The Complex* (\"Time to Start\"). The two other tracks on the album, \"Feast Picking\" and \"Chant Jam,\" are the live arrangements/combinations of past pieces in the show. A series of Blue Man Group podcasts were also released through the iTunes Store to promote both the album and the show itself.
A live version of \"Rods and Cones\" was released as a digital single two weeks before the release of the album, on July 11, 2006. A video of the live performance of \"Rods and Cones\" has also been released through the iTunes Store, which marked the first time that a Blue Man Group theatrical performance has been released to the public.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Opening Mandelbrot\" -- 1:48
2. \"Tension Song\" -- 1:31
3. \"Drumbone\" -- 2:29
4. \"Feast Picking\" -- 6:38
5. \"PVC IV\" -- 3:55
6. \"Time to Start\" -- 4:19
7. \"Rods and Cones\" -- 4:38
8. \"Utne Wire Man\" -- 3:48
9. \"Klein Mandelbrot\" -- 4:54
- live arrangement of \"Klein Mandelbrot\" from *Audio*
10. \"Chant Jam\" -- 4:33
11
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# June Gonsalves
**Dame June Gonsalves** (c.1927-2018), DSG, was a radio broadcaster in Trinidad and Tobago for many years. She was an announcer on Radio Trinidad, where she started in 1956 and was programme director there from 1964 to 1970. Prior to joining the staff at Radio Trinidad, she hosted the \'Catholic Forum of the Air\', a Catholic religious programme, on Sunday afternoons at 12.45. It was while doing that programme that she came to the attention of the Radio Trinidad management.
She died at her home in Anderson Terrace, Maraval, at 6.45 p.m. on Friday, 10 August 2018, aged 91, after battling Alzheimer\'s disease for the previous seven years.
She was the widow of national football goalkeeper Joey Gonsalves who died on 30 September 2010. They were married for more than 60 years.
Gonsalves was the first female programme director of a radio station in Trinidad and the West Indies. She moved on to Trinidad and Tobago Television as a TV newscaster in the early 1970s. She also worked as the secretary to the late Roman Catholic archbishop of Port-of-Spain, Anthony Pantin, until his death in 2000.
In 2000, she became the first woman in Trinidad and Tobago to be named a Dame Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great in the Roman Catholic Church
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# Hasora
***Hasora***, the **awls**, are a genus of skipper butterflies. *Hasora* species are found in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms.
## Species
- *Hasora alta* de Jong, 1982 Sumatra
- *Hasora anura* (de Niceville, 1889) - slate awl
- *Hasora anura taiwana* Hsu, Tsukiyama & Chiba, 2005 Taiwan
- *Hasora badra* (Moore, 1857) - common awl; India
- *Hasora borneensis* Elwes & Edwards, 1897 Indonesia (Borneo)
- *Hasora buina* Evans, 1926 Solomon Islands (Bougainville, Vella Lavella).
- *Hasora celaenus* (Stoll, \[1782\]) New Guinea, Maluku Islands.
- *Hasora coeruleostriata* De Jong, 1982 Philippines
- *Hasora chromus* Cramer, 1780 - common banded awl; India to Australia
- *H. c. chromus* Cramer, 1780
- *Hasora danda* Evans, 1949 Burma, Thailand, Laos, North Vietnam, West China
- *Hasora discolor* Felder & Felder, 1859 - green awl; Australia, Papua New Guinea etc.
- *H. d. mastusia* Fruhstorfer
- *Hasora fushigina* Maruyama & Ueda, 1992
- *Hasora leucospila* (Mabille, 1891)
- *Hasora lizetta* (Plötz, \[1883\]) Malaya, Java
- *Hasora mavis* Evans, 1934 Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Talaud, Philippines
- *Hasora mixta* (Mabille, 1876)
- *H. m. fenestrata* Fruhstorfer, 1911 Sulawesi, etc.
- *H. m. limbata* Hsu & Huang, 2008 Taiwan
- *H. m. mixta* (Mabille, 1876) Luzon \[inc. *cirta* Bazilan\]
- *H. m. simplicissima* (Mabille, 1876) Moluccas
- *H. m. prabha* Fruhstorfer, 1911 Palawan \[inc. *lioneli* Sumatra; *tyrius* West Java; *yanuna* Nias\]
- *Hasora hurama* - broad-banded awl Butler, 1870 Australia
- *Hasora khoda* - large banded awl Mabille, 1876 Australia
- *H. k. haslia* Swinhoe
- *H. k. khoda* Swinhoe
- *Hasora moestissima* (Mabille, 1876) Sulawesi
- *Hasora mus* Elwes & Edwards, 1897 Malaya
- *Hasora myra* (Hewitson, \[1867\]) Thailand, Malay Peninsula
- *Hasora perplexa* (Mabille, 1876) Moluccas
- *Hasora proximata* (Staudinger, 1889) Palawan
- *Hasora proxissima* Elwes & Edwards, 1897 Mindoro
- *H. p. lavella* Evans, 1928 Solomon Islands
- *H. p. proxissima* Elwes & Edwards, 1897 Mindoro
- *H. p. siamica* Evans, 1932 Thailand, Laos
- *H. p. siva* Evans, 1932 Borneo \[= *chalybeia* Vietnam\]
- *H. p. takwa* Evans, 1949 New Guinea
- *Hasora quadripunctata* (Mabille, 1876) Moluccas
- *Hasora saida* (Hewitson, 1867) Philippines
- *Hasora sakit* Maruyama & Ueda, 1992
- *Hasora salanga* (Plötz, 1885)
- *Hasora schoenherr* (Latreille, 1824) India to Southeast Asia
- *Hasora simillima* Rothschild, 1916 Kapaur
- *Hasora subcaelestis* Rothschild, 1916 New Guinea
- *Hasora taminatus* (Hübner, 1818) - white-banded awl; India to Philippines
- *H. t. vairacana* Fruhstorfer, 1911
- *Hasora thridas* (Boisduval, 1832) New Guinea
- *Hasora umbrina* (Mabille, 1891) Vanuatu
- *Hasora vitta* - plain banded awl
- *Hasora wilcocksi* Eliot, 1970 Tioman
- *Hasora zoma* Evans, 1934 Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra
<File:Seitz9FaunaIndoAustralicaPlate168.JPG> \| *Hasora mus* Elwes & Edwards, 1897, *Hasora celaenus* (Stoll, \[1782\]) and *Hasora leucospila* (Mabille, 1891)in Seitz <File:Seitz9FaunaIndoAustralicaPlate166.JPG> \| More *Hasora* in Seitz <File:Seitz9FaunaIndoAustralicaPlate165.JPG> \| *Hasora quadripunctata* gnaeus (Plötz, \[1883\]) and *Hasora lizetta* (Plötz, \[1883\]) in Seitz <File:Piepers> and Snellen Rhopalocera of Java Plate VI.jpg \| *Hasora badra* (Moore, \[1858\]), *Hasora lizetta* (Plötz, \[1883\]), *Hasora mixta* (Mabille, 1876), *Hasora chromus* (Cramer, \[1780\]) and *Hasora myra* (Hewitson, 1867) in Piepers and Snellen *The Rhopalocera of Java* <File:Transactions> of the Zoological Society of London (1897) Plate XX
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# Irén Marik
**Irén Marik** (1905 - 1986) was a classical pianist born in Hungary.
Although she studied with composer Béla Bartók and studied at Budapest\'s Liszt Academy, she fled Hungary after World War II and moved to the United States, where she taught at Sweet Briar College and eventually moved to the small town of Independence, California, outside of Death Valley, where she lived with author Evelyn Eaton.
She taught piano there and occasionally recorded in studios, but for the most part gave performances in her desert home for her neighbors and friends. Irén Marik died in 1986
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# Rosario de Lerma
**Rosario de Lerma** is a town in the center of the province of Salta, Argentina.
## Overview
It has 21,592 inhabitants as per the `{{census-ar|2001}}`{=mediawiki}, and is the head town of the Rosario de Lerma Department. It lies by the Rosario River, 35 km southwest from the provincial capital Salta and northwest of the Cabra Corral Dam
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# Anton Gag
**Anton** **Gag** (12 June 1859 -- 22 May 1908) was a Sudeten-American painter and studio photographer known for his portraits, still lifes, landscapes, and murals. Immigrating to the United States at the age of 14 with his family in 1873, he later settled in New Ulm, Minnesota, where he spent most of his working life.
Together with other local painters, Gag decorated altars and walls of several churches in the area. He and a partner also produced a large panorama with eleven panels on the Dakota War of 1862. One of his paintings of the Battle of New Ulm hung in the Minnesota Capitol building until its removal in 2016.
## Biography
Anton Gag (also spelled \"Gaag\") was born in 1859 as the last of five children in his family in Walk (now Valcha), a hamlet of 15 homes, which is part of today\'s Stráž in western Bohemia, Austrian Empire (now Czech Republic). The family were Sudeten German Catholics. His father George Gaag was a wood craftsman and his mother Theresia Hamperl-Heller (b. 1821) was the legitimized daughter of a sheepherder.
His family immigrated to the United States in 1873, when Gaag was 14; his older sister had earlier emigrated there. They first settled in St. Paul, Minnesota, a city on the Mississippi River. (He changed the spelling of his surname to \"Gag\" after some time in the US.) By the time he was growing up there, the city had grown to 30,000 people. For a time he lived with his older brother Joseph, a tailor. In the 1875--76 city directory, Gag identified as an \"artist\". By 1878--79 he was working as a \"cigar maker\".
In 1880 Gag moved to New Ulm, an immigrant community along the Cottonwood River. It had many residents who were ethnic German and Bohemian, and most of his family had settled here. He was befriended by August Schell, founder of Schell\'s Brewery. The older man acted as a mentor and patron, commissioning Gag to paint murals in a guest house.
That year Schell also arranged for Gag to attend art school in Chicago, likely the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, and to study for a time in Milwaukee. After his return to New Ulm, Gag earned most of his income through his photography studio, especially portraits and the popular cartes de visite. He pursued working as an artist, although it did not earn him much money.
In 1886, Gag married Ida Berndt. She died the next year of complications from child birth. Their infant daughter died a month later.
In 1892 the young widower Gag married Elizabeth (known as Lissi) Biebl of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, whose family had migrated to Minnesota. They were well-educated immigrants from Kscheutz (Ksire), Bohemia. Lissi had worked as his assistant in his photography studio. They raised a family of seven children in the German tradition. He was known to allow his children much freedom and was non-conforming in his personal behavior. His life and art were formed by the liberal humanist values of the German-Bohemian culture.
In 1894, Gag built a Queen-Anne style family home that he decorated with murals. He reserved a room in it for his photographic studio. He also painted works on canvas and board. With other local artists Alexander Schwendihger and Christian Heller, he decorated New Ulm\'s Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, built in 1883 in the German Baroque style. They created an altar and painted ceiling murals that were similar to traditional church ornament in Bohemia. The trio also worked in 1898 for St. Patrick\'s Catholic Church in Zumbro Falls, Minnesota. Heller and Gag renovated the Congregational Church in New Ulm that year.
Together with Heller, Gag collaborated on a large panorama of the Dakota War of 1862, telling about the second battle of New Ulm. These works, often devoted to historical events, were highly popular. This panorama had 11 panels, each 7 x 10 feet, and painted on a long roll of fabric. It was favorably received. The firm of Heller and Gag also performed interior decoration of homes and clubs, painted drop curtains for theatres, and at times employed up to 30 workmen for their many projects.
Gag painted an estimated 60 works: his 1904 painting *Battle of New Ulm* (1904) depicted part of the Dakota War. It was displayed in the Minnesota State Capitol until its removal in 2016 due to controversy surrounding its portrayal of Sioux people.
Gag died at age 48 in New Ulm, Minnesota in 1908 from tuberculosis. He is buried in the New Ulm City Cemetery. His daughter, Wanda Gág (who added the accent to her name), became a celebrated author and artist in her own right. She continued to live in the family house after her parents died.
## Legacy
The house where the Gag family lived, at 226 N. Washington, New Ulm, is now known as the Wanda Gág House. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is open for public tours. The house has been preserved and is operated as a museum to tell the story of this family, showing examples of their art and way of life during their residence. The exterior of the house has been restored to the original colors of the period when the Gag family lived there, including Wanda after her parents died. The interior is also being restored to that time period. The process has uncovered detailed, decorative hand-painting done by Gag and Wanda on walls throughout the house
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# Henry Wells Tracy
**Henry Wells Tracy** (September 24, 1807 -- April 11, 1886) was an Independent Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Formative years {#formative_years}
Henry W. Tracy was born in Ulster Township, Pennsylvania on September 24, 1807. He attended the Angelica Seminary in Allegany County, New York.
## Career
Tracy studied law, engaged in mercantile pursuits and as a road contractor in Standing Stone, Pennsylvania, Havre de Grace, Maryland, and Towanda, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1861 and 1862.
Tracy was elected as an Independent Republican to the Thirty-eighth Congress. He served as collector of the port of Philadelphia in 1866. He resumed mercantile pursuits.
## Death and interment {#death_and_interment}
Tracy died at Standing Stone in 1886, aged 78. He was interred in the Brick Church Cemetery in Wysox, Pennsylvania
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# Need for cognition
The **need for cognition** (**NFC**), in psychology, is a personality variable reflecting the extent to which individuals are inclined towards effortful cognitive activities.
Need for cognition has been variously defined as \"a need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways\" and \"a need to understand and make reasonable the experiential world\". Higher NFC is associated with increased appreciation of debate, idea evaluation, and problem solving. Those with a high need for cognition may be inclined towards high elaboration. Those with a lower need for cognition may display the opposite tendencies, and may process information more heuristically, often through low elaboration.
Need for cognition is closely related to the five factor model domain openness to experience, typical intellectual engagement, and epistemic curiosity (see below).
## History
Cohen, Stotland and Wolfe (1955), in their work on individual differences in cognitive motivation, identified a \"*need for cognition*\" which they defined as \"the individual\'s need to organize his experience meaningfully\", the \"need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways\", and \"need to understand and make reasonable the experiential world\" (p. 291). They argued that, if this \"need\" were frustrated, it would generate \"feelings of tension and deprivation\" that would instigate \"active efforts to structure the situation and increase understanding\" (p. 291), though the particular situations arousing and satisfying the need may vary (p. 291). Cohen argued that even in structured situations, people high in NFC see ambiguity and strive for higher standards of cognitive clarity.
Cohen and colleagues themselves identified multiple prior identifications of need for cognition, citing works by Murphy, Maslow, Katz, Harlow and Asch. They distinguished their concept from the apparently similar \"intolerance of ambiguity\" proposed by Frenkel-Brunswik, arguing that NFC does not reflect the need to experience an integrated and meaningful world. Contemporary research suggests that Cohen\'s conception of need is, however, closer to tolerance of ambiguity, need for structure, or need for cognitive closure than to current ideas of need for cognition. For instance, studies using Cohen\'s measures indicated avoidance of ambiguity and a need to get \"meaning\" even if this meant relying on heuristics or expert advice rather than careful scrutiny of incoming information.
Building on this work, Cacioppo therefore moved away from drive-reduction toward measuring individual differences in the self-reward potential of cognitive activity, stressing (p. 118) that they were using the word need in the statistical sense of a \"likelihood or tendency\", rather than in the rudimentary biological sense of \"tissue deprivation\", they defined the need for cognition as an individual\'s tendency to \"engage in and enjoy thinking\" (p. 116) and the tendency to \"organize, abstract, and evaluate information\" (p. 124)---or, variously, as a stable, but individually different \"tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors\", or an \"intrinsic motivation to engage in effortful cognitive endeavors\... and exercise their mental faculties\", or an \"intrinsic motivation for effortful thought\".
Cacioppo and Petty (1982) created their own 34-item scale to measure the need for cognition. Two years later, an 18-item version was published and in most of the cases reported in the subsequent literature it is this amended scale that is administered. Recently, a 6-item version of the need for cognition scale was proposed that is comparable to the 18-item scale in terms of validity and reliability.
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# Need for cognition
## Features
People high in the need for cognition are more likely to form their attitudes by paying close attention to relevant arguments (i.e., via the central route to persuasion), whereas people low in the need for cognition are more likely to rely on peripheral cues, such as how attractive or credible a speaker is. People low in need for cognition are also more likely to rely on stereotypes alone in judging other people than those high in need for cognition.
Psychological research on the need for cognition has been conducted using self-report tests, where research participants answered a series of statements such as \"I prefer my life to be filled with puzzles that I must solve\" and were scored on how much they felt the statements represented them. The results have suggested that people who are high in the need for cognition scale score slightly higher in verbal intelligence tests but no higher in abstract reasoning tests.
Research has concluded that individuals high in NFC are less likely to attribute higher social desirability to more attractive individuals or to mates. College students high in NFC report higher life satisfaction.
A study on lucid dreaming found that frequent and occasional lucid dreamers scored higher on NFC than non-lucid dreamers. This suggests there is continuity between waking and dreaming cognitive styles. Researchers have argued that this is because self-reflectiveness or self-focused attention is heightened in lucid dreams and also is associated with greater need for cognition.
### Relationship to intelligence {#relationship_to_intelligence}
A number of studies have found moderate correlations between NFC and measures of verbal intelligence. One study found that need for cognition had a moderate positive correlation with fluid intelligence (reasoning ability, particularly verbal, and to a lesser extent numeric and figural reasoning), and a weaker correlation with crystallised intelligence (knowledge), which had much smaller positive correlations.
### Dual-system theory {#dual_system_theory}
NFC has been incorporated into Epstein\'s dual-system theory of personality called cognitive-experiential self-theory. The theory proposes that people have two information processing systems, a rational system and an experiential system. The rational system is thought to be logical, verbal and relatively unemotional. The experiential system is thought to be intuitive, based on images and highly reliant on emotion. A modified version of the Need for Cognition scale has been used to assess individual differences in the rational system, whereas the experiential system has been assessed using a scale called Faith in Intuition.
Research shows that the two systems are uncorrelated and hence independent of each other. That is individuals either high or low in need for cognition may also make use of their intuitions in forming judgments. In fact, individuals high and low in need for cognition respectively may make use of their intuitions in differing ways. When individuals give little thought to their judgments these judgments may be influenced directly by emotions, intuitions, and images in an automatic way. On the other hand, those who are high in need for cognition tend to give more thought to their judgments, and the thoughts generated may be indirectly biased by their emotions, intuitions, and images. Hence individuals high in need for cognition are not necessarily more \"rational\" than those low in this trait, if their faith in intuition is also high. Rather, their \"irrational\" intuitions tend to be given more thoughtful elaboration than those who are low in need for cognition and yet also high in faith in intuition.
### Biases and decision making {#biases_and_decision_making}
NFC is associated with the amount of thought that goes into making a decision. Both high and low levels of the trait may be associated with particular biases in judgment. People low in need for cognition tend to show more bias when this bias is due to relying on mental shortcuts, that is, heuristic biases. People high in this trait tend to be more affected by biases that are generated by effortful thought.
#### False memories {#false_memories}
High need for cognition is associated with a greater susceptibility to the creation of false memories associated with certain learning tasks. In a commonly used research paradigm, participants are asked to memorise a list of related words. Recognition is tested by having them pick out learned words from a set of studied and non-studied items. Certain non-studied items are conceptually related to studied items (e.g., *chair* if the original list contained *table* and *legs*). People high in NFC are more likely to show false memory for these lures, due to their greater elaboration of learned items in memory as they are more likely to think of semantically related (but non-studied) items.
#### Halo effects {#halo_effects}
A bias associated with low need for cognition is the halo effect, a phenomenon in which attractive or likeable people tend to be rated as superior on a variety of other characteristics (e.g., intelligence). People low on NFC are more likely to rely on stereotypes rather than individual features of a person when rating a novel target. People high in NFC still show a halo effect, however, albeit a smaller one, perhaps because their thoughts about the target are still biased by the target\'s attractiveness.
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# Need for cognition
## Relationship with personality traits {#relationship_with_personality_traits}
### Related constructs {#related_constructs}
NFC has been found to be strongly associated with a number of independently developed constructs, specifically epistemic curiosity, typical intellectual engagement, and openness to ideas.
- Epistemic curiosity can be defined as \"desire for knowledge that motivates individuals to learn new ideas, eliminate information-gaps, and solve intellectual problems\".
Typical intellectual engagement was proposed by Goff and Ackerman (1992) and was defined as a \"personality construct that represents an individual\'s aversion or attraction to tasks that are intellectually taxing\".
- Openness to ideas is a facet of openness to experience associated with \"aspects of being open minded, engaging in unconventional thoughts, and solving problems and thinking as an end in itself\".
:
: Based on the very large positive correlation between NFC and typical intellectual engagement (*r* = .78) it has been argued that they may be essentially the same construct.
- Further studies have found that NFC, typical intellectual engagement, epistemic curiosity, and openness to ideas were all strongly intercorrelated. Factor analysis showed that measures of all four constructs loaded strongly onto a single factor suggesting they all share a common conceptual basis.
:
: The author of this study argued that although the four constructs lack discriminant validity they are not necessarily all conceptually equivalent as each one may emphasise particular aspects of functioning more than others.
- A study comparing need for cognition and openness to ideas using confirmatory factor analysis found that although the two constructs were very strongly related they were not redundant. NFC and openness to ideas had somewhat contrasting correlation patterns with other personality traits.
:
: For example, NFC was more strongly correlated with emotional stability and activity than openness to ideas, whereas openness to ideas was more strongly correlated with novelty and experience seeking than NFC.
### Other personality characteristics {#other_personality_characteristics}
- Within the Big Five model of personality, NFC has been found to relate positively to openness to experience most strongly and to a more moderate extent to conscientiousness, particularly the competence and achievement striving facets, and to relate inversely to an extent to neuroticism.
- Regarding Cloninger\'s temperament traits, NFC has been related negatively to harm avoidance and positively to persistence and was unrelated to reward dependence or novelty seeking.
- NFC has only a weak positive relationship with sensation seeking, specifically a weak correlation with the boredom susceptibility subscale but no relationship to the other subscales.
- NFC has a modest inverse correlation with negative affect. NFC had no significant correlation with a broad measure of overall positive affect, although it was positively correlated with feelings of activity, interest, and alertness.
- NFC has been positively related to other, theoretically unrelated, personality characteristics such as self-esteem, masculine sex-role attitudes, and absorption.
- NFC is negatively related to social anxiety (more strongly in females than males).
- It has been speculated that people who more carefully analyse their world feel a greater sense of mastery, and hence greater self-esteem, although it is also possible that higher self-esteem may lead to greater motivation to engage in thinking.
- NFC may be related to masculine sex-role due to the stereotype associating masculinity with rationality.
- Regarding absorption, people high in NFC may find it easier to devote their attentional processes exclusively to intellectual tasks.
- Regarding social anxiety, it is possible that greater attention to cognitive activity may be associated with reduced attention to social cues associated with negative evaluation.
- NFC is positively related to stimulation, self-direction, and universalism values, and negatively to security and conformity values.
## Consumers
Research has shown that high-need-for-cognition consumers prefer open-ended comparative advertising that allows consumers to decide which brand is best.
NFC has also offered insights into how people respond to alternative web site designs. Martin, Sherrard and Wentzel (2005) demonstrate that high-need for cognition people prefer web sites with high verbal complexity (more in-depth information) and low visual complexity (static images rather than animations)
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# Frederick W. Baller
**Frederick William Baller** (21 November 1852 -- 12 August 1922) was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China, Chinese linguist, translator, educator and sinologist.
## Missionary career {#missionary_career}
Following his conversion to Christianity at age 17, Baller was one of the first students of the Missionary Institute established in the East End of London by Henry Grattan Guinness.
Baller applied to the China Inland Mission (CIM) and left England on 3 September 1873 with Charles Henry Judd, M. Henry Taylor, and Mary Bowyer. They arrived at Shanghai on 5 November 1873. The following year, he and Mary Bowyer were married at Shanghai, on 17 September. Mary was a veteran missionary to China who had ventured out with Hudson Taylor on the Lammermuir (clipper) in 1866, at the beginning of the China Inland Mission. She had been baptised by Taylor, along with some others, en route at the Sunda Strait.
Baller studied the Chinese language in Nanking (Nanjing), then just recently liberated from the ravages of the Taiping rebels. Baller was then appointed superintendent of missions in Anhui and Jiangsu with the China Inland Mission. He went to Shanxi in 1876, with George King, to distribute famine relief. Due to the continued famine in 1878, he returned to Shanxi with Taylor\'s wife Jane Elizabeth Faulding and single women missionaries Horne and Crickmay. Baller took a China Inland Mission party through Hunan, facing anti-foreign opposition, to Guiyang in 1880, visiting the capital of Guizhou. He was appointed secretary to the first China Inland Mission China Council in 1885.
## Writing and teaching career {#writing_and_teaching_career}
In 1896, he was appointed principal of the new training home for CIM male missionaries at Anqing and Sichuan. There he not only helped train missionaries in the Chinese language but also published his lectures in *Letters, from an Old Missionary to His Nephew* (1907).
In 1897, he began his extensive literary work. From 1900 to 1918 he served on the committee to revise the Mandarin Bible as a member of the Union Mandarin Bible Revision Committee at Beijing, for the New Testament in 1907, and the Old Testament 1907--1918. He was one of the translators of the Christian Union Version of the Bible, along with Calvin Wilson Mateer, Cheng Jingyi and George Owen.
Among his many books, the best known are *An Anglo-Chinese Dictionary*, *The Mandarin Primer* (at least 14 editions), *An Idiom a Lesson, An Analytical Vocabulary of the New Testament*, *Lessons in Wenli*, *An English Translation of the Sacred Edict*, and *The Life of Hudson Taylor*.
After the death of his first wife, Baller married H. B. Fleming on 23 January 1912.
Due to his work with the Chinese language, in 1915 he was made a Life Governor of the British and Foreign Bible Society; he was also a vice-president of the National Bible Society of Scotland; and a Life Member of the American Bible Society.
In 1919, Baller went on furlough after nineteen years of uninterrupted service in China.
Baller died in 1922 and was buried in Shanghai shortly after completing his book on Taylor.
## Works authored or translated {#works_authored_or_translated}
-
-
-
-
-
- *Life of C. H. Spurgeon Translated into Mandarin*
- *A Retrospect* by J. Hudson Taylor (translated into Chinese)
- [*An analytical Chinese-English dictionary : compiled for the China Inland Mission* (1900)](https://archive.org/details/analyticalchines00balluoft)
- [*\'An analytical vocabulary of the New Testament* (1907)](https://archive.org/details/analyticalvocabu00balluoft)
- [*A Mandarin primer* (1911)](https://archive.org/details/mandarinprimer00balluoft)
- [*An idiom a lesson; a short course in elementary Chinese* (1921)](https://archive
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# Fatix Əmirxan
**Fatix Əmirxan** (Möxəmmətfatix Möxəmmətzarif uğlı Əmirxan; 1886--1926) was a Tatar classic writer, editor and publicist.
Əmirxan was born in 1886 in Kazan, Russian Empire. His father Möxəmmətzarif was a mullah of Old Stone Mosque. He was an author of Qur\'anical tafsir and the founder of the *Əmirxaniyə* madrasa.
Əmirxan graduated *Möxəmmədiyə* madrasa in Kazan, that was the most prominent Tatar educational institution at that time. In 1906-1907 he lived in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, where he published a Tatar journal for children.
Working in Kazan, Əmirxan was an editor of *Əl-İslax* (The Renewal). He was published in newspapers *Qoyaş* (The Sun), *Yoldız* (The star), *İdel* (Volga); journals *Yalt-yolt* (The Lightning) and *Añ* (The Consciousness).
Fatix Əmirxan is an author of the stories *Fətxulla xəzrət (*1909), *Xəyət* (1911); plays *Yəşlər* (1913), *Tigezsezlər* (1915); novel *Urtalıqta* (1912). In this writings he had reflected the problems of Tatar society in the beginning of the 20th century, tried to imagine the human behavior of the future generations. In 1926, he criticized the dogmatism and fanaticism of the Bolshevism in satiric manner. Əmirxan was a follower of realism and upheld national character in literature. Fatix Əmirxan explored the heritage of Tatar enlighteners, such as Qayum Nasıyri, wrote articles on the works of Ğəliəsğar Kamal, Ğafur Qoləxmətov. Əmirxan was one of the admirers of Tuqay\'s literary works and his close friend. For many years Əmirxan was paralyzed and eventually died of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1926
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# General Paz Partido
**General Paz Partido** is a partido in the northeast of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.
The provincial subdivision has a population of about 10,000 inhabitants in an area of 1197 km2, and its capital city is Ranchos, which is 110 km from Buenos Aires.
The partido is named in honour of Brigadier General José María Paz, a veteran of the Argentine War of Independence.
## Settlements
- Ranchos (pop. 7,333)
- Loma Verde (pop. 596)
- Villanueva (pop. 572)
- Barrio Río Salado (pop. 60)
- Alegre
- Rural area (pop
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# 1991 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification
The **1991 Rugby World Cup -- Africa qualification** was a qualifying tournament for the 1991 Rugby World Cup which was jointly hosted by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Confederation of African Rugby was allocated one place (Africa 1) and a tournament took place in Zimbabwe, which was won by the home team.
## Format
In May 1991 four nations played in a round-robin tournament with each nation playing their opponents once and every nation playing three times.
The points system was as follows:
- 3 points for a win
- 2 points for a draw
- 1 point for playing
All six matches were played at the Police Ground, Harare, Zimbabwe.
## Overview
**Final standings**
: {\| class=\"wikitable\"
\|- !width=165\|Team !width=40\|Played !width=40\|Won !width=40\|Drawn !width=40\|Lost !width=40\|For !width=40\|Against !width=40\|Difference !width=40\|Points \|- bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|ZIM}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|62\|\|22\|\|+40\|\|**9** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|TUN}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|41\|\|43\|\|−2\|\|**7** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|MAR}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|1\|\|0\|\|2\|\|23\|\|36\|\|−13\|\|**5** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|CIV}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3\|\|20\|\|45\|\|−25\|\|**3** \|}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
qualified to 1991 Rugby World Cup, Pool 2
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# Lewis Feild
**Lewis Feild** (October 28, 1956`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}February 15, 2016) was an American professional rodeo cowboy. He specialized in bareback bronc riding and saddle bronc riding and competed on the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) circuit. He was the All-Around World Champion from 1985 to 1987 at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR). He was also the Bareback Riding World Champion from 1985 to 1986. The ProRodeo Hall of Fame inducted him in 1992 in the all-around category.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born on October 28, 1956, to Keith and True Feild in Peoa, Utah. He was of British and Scandinavian descent. Feild was raised near Peoa in the Kamas Valley, where Feild saw his first rodeo. \"It was the most exciting thing I had ever seen, to watch those cowboys stay on those broncs. It was love at first sight,\" said Feild. Feild started riding calves after that, which he did at his parents\' ranch in Peoa. It was in Ogden at the Golden Spike Rodeo where he rode his first bucking horse. \"It was a junior rodeo and it was not a full-sized horse, but it bucked and I stayed on. They gave me a buckle for an award \... first thing I ever won.\"
When he grew older, he attended college. With the assistance of an intercollegiate rodeo scholarship, he attended Utah Valley Community College, now known as Utah Valley University, and Weber State University. At Utah Valley University, he qualified for the National High School Finals Rodeo three times. He also earned three National Finals appearances. Then, in 1980, with some assistance from friends, he turned professional.
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# Lewis Feild
## Career
Feild competed on the PRCA rodeo circuit throughout his professional rodeo career. He was the All-Around World Champion from 1985 to 1987, and the Bareback Riding World Champion from 1985 to 1986 at the NFR. He won the NFR All-Around Average from 1986 to 1988. He won the NFR Average in Bareback Riding in 1984 and 1986. Feild became the first rough-stock cowboy since Larry Mahan to earn all-around world titles since 1973. In 1980, he was the PRCA Resistol Rookie of the Year.
In the years 1981, 1988, and 1991, Feild won the Linderman Award. This award is given to the cowboy who works both ends of the arena (this means timed events on one side and rough-stock on the other side) and has the highest earnings. Feild was also an established team roper.
In 1987, Feild took the record for single-season earnings in the bareback bronc event to \$114,657. In that same year, he also set a new single rodeo earnings record of \$75,219. He held the record for single-season arena earnings until 1986 until Ty Murray set a new record of \$213,771. In 1990, Feild was the first rough-stock contestant to win more than \$1 million in his career in the PRCA. He was the third cowboy to do it at any level. Tom Ferguson did it first and Roy Cooper did it second.
According to many personnel, Feild was a staple at the Ogden Pioneer Days rodeo in Ogden, Utah, for as long as they can remember. The committee made him the focus of an opening act which lasted around 10 years up until his death. He was such an icon to the rodeo that it inducted him into its Utah Cowboy Hall of Fame. It also recognized him as the Utah County honoree for the National Day of the American Cowboy. Each of these two honors were awarded to Feild inaugurally in Ogden.
\"Someday, when rodeo people look back at what I\'ve done, I\'d like them to say these things: that I rode tough; I could ride with pain and courage; that I was a fierce competitor in the arena, but a quiet, respectable man outside the gate. I just want to be remembered as a cowboy,\" said the soft-spoken champion. \"That probably says it all.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He coached the UVSC rodeo team and lived in Elk Ridge, Utah, with his wife Veronica. He has three children and thirteen grandchildren.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Feild died on February 15, 2016, in Elk Ridge, Utah, at the age of 59 after battling stage 4 pancreatic cancer. His son Kaycee Feild won six World Bareback Bronc Champion titles at the NFR from 2011 to 2014 and 2020 to 2021. He also has won four NFR Average titles.
## Awards
- 1980 Bareback Riding Rookie of the Year
- 1981, 1988 Linderman Award
- 1986-1988 NFR All-Around Average Champion
- 1984, 1986 NFR Bareback Riding Average Champion
- 1985-1987 PRCA All-Around World Champion
- 1985-1986 PRCA Bareback Riding World Champion
## Honors
- 1985 Rodeo Hall of Fame of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
- 1992 ProRodeo Hall of Fame
- 1997 Utah Sports Hall of Fame, 2nd inducted after Earl Bascom
- 2012 Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
- 2015 Pendleton Round-Up and Happy Canyon Hall of Fame
- 2017 Molalla Walk of Fame
- 2018 PBR Ty Murray Top Hand Award
- The Lewis Feild Bareback Riding Award is administered by the Utah Sports Commission.
- Listed in the 50 greatest sports figures of the century from each of the 50 states
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# Automation and Remote Control
***Automation and Remote Control*** (*translit=Avtomatika i Telemekhanika*) is a Russian scientific journal published by MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Press and distributed in English by Springer Science+Business Media.
The journal was established in April 1936 by the USSR Academy of Sciences Department of Control Processes Problems. Cofounders were the Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences and the Institute of Information Transmission Problems. The journal covers research on control theory problems and applications. The editor-in-chief is Andrey A. Galyaev. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 0.7.
## History
The journal was established in April 1936 and published bimonthly. Since 1956 the journal has been a monthly publication and was translated into English and published in the United States under the title *Automation and Remote Control* by Plenum Publishing Corporation. During its existence, the scope of the journal substantially evolved and expanded to reflect virtually all subjects concerned in one way or another with the current science of automation and control systems. The journal publishes surveys, original papers, and short communications
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# Oliver Elton
**Oliver Elton**, FBA (3 June 1861 -- 4 June 1945) was an English literary scholar whose works include *A Survey of English Literature (1730--1880)* in six volumes, criticism, biography, and translations from several languages including Icelandic and Russian. He was King Alfred Professor of English at Liverpool University. He also helped set up the Department of English at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born at Holt, Norfolk, on 3 June 1861, Elton was the only child of Sarah and the Reverend Charles Allen Elton (1820--1887), the headmaster of Gresham\'s School, where Oliver was taught by his father until he proceeded to Marlborough College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was a scholar from 1880 to 1885. He graduated with a BA with first class honours in *Literae Humaniores* in 1884.
His friends at Oxford included Leonard Huxley, Michael Sadler and Dugald Sutherland MacColl, whose sister he later married.
## Career
Elton\'s first work was as a tutor and lecturer in London, while preparing school editions of Shakespeare and Milton. He translated Einar Hafliðason\'s *Laurentius Saga* as *The Life of Laurence Bishop of Hólar in Iceland* (Lárentíus Kálfsson) into English. In this he was encouraged by Frederick York Powell, whose biography Elton would later publish in 1906.
In 1890 he went as a lecturer to Owens College, Manchester, remaining for ten years. During his time there he published a translation of nine of the books of the *Gesta Danorum* by *Saxo Grammaticus*, a study of Michael Drayton, and *The Augustan Ages* (1899) which brought him recognition from the academic literary world. Meanwhile, he got to know Charles Edward Montague and wrote for the *Manchester Guardian*.
He went to Liverpool in 1901 as Professor of English Literature and stayed till his retirement in 1925. While there, he completed two-thirds (four volumes) of his *Survey of English Literature* and lectured and wrote on Milton, Tennyson, Henry James, Chekhov and others.
After retirement he went to Harvard as a visiting professor and later settled in Oxford. He completed the *Survey of English Literature*, and published a book on English poetry: *The English Muse: a Sketch* (1933). He also continued an interest in Russian and other Slavic literature (mainly Serbian) which had begun during the first world war, and published further translations, notably of Pushkin\'s *Eugene Onegin* (1937).
Elton\'s encyclopedic range is impressive. George Sampson, in the *Cambridge History of English Literature*, brackets him with two of his contemporaries who were also \"scholars on the heroic scale of learning\": William Paton Ker and George Saintsbury.
## Family
In 1888 Elton married Letitia Maynard MacColl, the sister of his Oxford friend Dugald Sutherland MacColl. Letitia became a children\'s writer. They had three sons, one of whom was the biologist Charles Sutherland Elton
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# James Tracy Hale
**James Tracy Hale** (October 14, 1810 -- April 6, 1865) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Biography
James T. Hale was born October 14, 1810, in Towanda, Pennsylvania, the son of Reuben & Wealthy Ann (Tracy) Hale. He studied law partly with his brother-in-law, General William Patton (1799-1877), and partly with his uncle, Elias White Hale (1775-1832). He was admitted to the bar in 1832 in Lewistown, Pennsylvania, and where he practiced for several years. He married Jane Walker Huston (1815-1883), daughter of Justice Charles Huston of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and Mary Winter. Afterward Mr. Hale and his bride moved to Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, where his father-in-law resided. After practicing there for a short time in 1851 he was appointed president judge of the twentieth judicial district and served in that office until 1858. Hale served as president of the Tyrone and Clearfield Railroad from 1856--1858.
In 1858 Hale was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and in 1860 elected to Thirty-seventh Congresses and in 1862 as an Independent Republican to the Thirty-eighth Congress. During his last term he served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Claims. He was conservative in his political views and urged Congress to pass compromise resolutions soon after the outbreak of the Civil War.
He was a Christian, and a member of the Episcopal Church.
Children of James T. Hale and Jane Walker Huston: Charles H. Hale (1837--1872), James Tracy Hale (1848--1877) & George N. Hale (1850--1885).
James T. Hale, Sr. died after a short bout of typhoid fever on April 6, 1865, in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, and was there buried at Union Cemetery. He was the first cousin of Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles
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# Adalvard the Elder
**Adalvard the Elder** (dead c. 1064) was a German clergyman. He was first the dean of Bremen, but he was sent to the diocese of Skara in Sweden, as bishop during the early 1060s. Adam of Bremen wrote well of him, and tells that he made missionary attempts in Värmland. In Skara Cathedral a chalice was found with the inscription *Adalwardus Peccator* (Adalvard the sinner). He was succeeded by Adalvard the Younger
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# Wicked Wicked Games
***Wicked Wicked Games*** is a telenovela that debuted on December 6, 2006 on the American television network MyNetworkTV. Twentieth Television produced 62 episodes to air weekdays. The limited-run serial was directed by Terry Cunningham, Dennis Dimster, P. David Ebersole, Jeff Hare and Jeremy Stanford. It focuses on a bitter, obsessed woman\'s vendetta against her former lover.
As of 2021, the entire series is streaming on Tubi.
## Story
This romantic melodrama starred Tatum O\'Neal as Blythe Hunter, a beautiful scorned woman, whose boyfriend Theodore Crawford (Clive Robertson) left her twenty-five years ago to marry someone else. As revenge, she decides to destroy him by grooming her two sons to marry his two daughters and take over The Tides, a racetrack in Del Mar, California. She wreaks havoc on the Crawfords, but the plan doesn\'t go the way she had hoped.
*Wicked Wicked Games* also starred David Smith and Jack Krizmanich as Blythe\'s sons, Josh and Aaron, respectively. Josh is a doctor who gets manipulated into Blythe\'s schemes by the more \"wicked\" son Aaron. Jessie Ward and Kate French played Emma and Brooke respectively, the Crawford daughters.
Blythe approaches Aaron to pose as \"Daniel Karol\" and help her undermine Theodore and take control of the Tides. Blythe also employs her lawyer, Benjamin Grey to help her do her dirty work. Aaron quickly gets the job, and begins to work for Theo. Only Taylor Burns, CFO of the Tides, is suspicious of him. Over the show\'s first month, Emma gets engaged to the Tides lawyer Edward (who is cheating on her with secretary Jennifer), Brooke quickly falls for Daniel, and Blythe reveals herself to Theo, and tries to rekindle the flame between them, steaming Theo\'s girlfriend, Hope Lorca, who raised Brooke and Emma after their mother\'s death, and was the family housekeeper.
Soon, Emma makes a startling discovery- that Theo is not Brooke and herself\'s real father, but her late mother, Anna had a lover named Gavin. She confronts Theo and Madeline, Theo\'s sister, who confirm the truth. Madeline indulges in cyber romance with \"Phillipe\", who she confides in. Lani Walker, Blythe\'s assistant, falls for Taylor, and is shocked by the lengths her boss is going to. Blythe loves to torture Lani, and she soon begins to undermine Blythe, a huge mistake on her part. Theo is soon on to Blythe. Blythe is thrilled to learn that Theo may be planning to propose to her, but instead proposes to Hope, which soon pleases Blythe, realizing that he will be too busy planning a wedding to notice his business being taken from him. Not too much later, Blythe takes over the Tides, and throws Theo out. She takes pride in revealing that \"Daniel\" is her son, Aaron, which also stuns Brooke. Theo is devastated, and turns to alcohol for comfort. Jennifer wants Edward to leave Emma, and Edward\'s obsession with Emma grows, as Emma continues to fall for Josh. Taylor ends things with Lani after realizing that she was aware of what Blythe was planning, and Lani is devastated. Brooke continues on a downward spiral with alcohol and drugs. She soon learns that her father, Gavin died several years ago, and nearly dies from an overdose.
Tension had been mounting between Theo and Hope following the loss of the Tides, and Hope decides to leave town for a while. Madeline asks her to stay and work things out, but Hope thinks it is for the best. She has a final encounter with Blythe, when Blythe strangles her to death. Blythe makes it look as though Hope completely vanished, and left Theo. Blythe continues with the second stage of the plan, getting her hands on the Crawford estate. Blythe reveals to Theo that Josh and Aaron are his sons and that she was pregnant when he left her for Anna. \"Why, because he\'s your son?\" Theo asks. \"No, because he\'s yours.\" Blythe reveals in front of Aaron. Aaron and Brooke as well as Josh and Emma do eventually get together because Brooke and Emma are their stepsisters and they are their stepbrothers because they\'re Theo\'s sons just like they\'re Anna\'s daughters with her lover Gavin. It\'s revealed that Blythe is bipolar and has another personality who she created after Theo left her pregnant with their sons
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# Charles Swinfen Eady, 1st Baron Swinfen
**Charles Swinfen Eady, 1st Baron Swinfen**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|PC}}`{=mediawiki} (31 July 1851`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}15 November 1919) was a British lawyer and judge.
## Biography
Eady was the son of George John Eady of Chertsey, Surrey, and his wife Laura Maria Smith, daughter of Richard Smith. He was educated privately and at the University of London, and was admitted a solicitor in 1874.
In 1879 Eady was called to the Bar, Inner Temple. He built a successful legal practice and became a Queen\'s Counsel in 1893. He was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Justice (Chancery Division) in November 1901, and knighted the following month. He held this office until 1913, when he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal, serving until 1918. The latter year he succeeded Lord Cozens-Hardy as Master of the Rolls. However, Eady\'s health soon began to decline and he resigned in the autumn of 1919. He had been admitted to the Privy Council in 1913 and on 1 November 1919 was raised to the peerage as **Baron Swinfen**, of Chertsey in the County of Surrey.
Mr Justice Swinfen Eady gave a key judgment in 1903 which protected Kodak\'s trademarks from infringement from competitors, which the *British Journal of Photography* described as the most important for photography to have been heard since *Talbot v. Laroche* in 1854. He also gave the judgment in *Percival v Wright* \[1902\] 2 Ch 401, a key decision on directors\' duties.
Lord Swinfen married, in 1894, Blanche Maude Lee, daughter of Sydney Williams Lee. They had one son and two daughters.
He died, aged sixty-eight, at 33 Hyde Park Gardens, London, on 15 November 1919, only two weeks after his elevation to the peerage. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. He was succeeded in the barony by his only son Charles, 2nd Baron Swinfen
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# Echo-class survey ship (1957)
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# Dic Edwards
**Dic Edwards** (born 1948) is a British playwright, poet and teacher of creative writing. His writing often touches upon political and social issues, nationalism and democracy.
## Early life {#early_life}
Edwards was born in Cardiff. He was educated at Whitchurch High (Grammar), Cardiff, St David\'s University College, Lampeter, Hughes Hall, Cambridge and the University of Wales at Aberystwyth.
## Career
Edwards\' early work was produced at the Sherman Theatre, Cardiff. These included *At The End of The Bay*, *Canned Goods* and *Looking For The World*. At the beginning of his career, he was introduced to Edward Bond who became, and still is, a supporter of his work.
Before taking up a residency at Theatr Clwyd in 1989 and producing the play *the fourth world*, Edwards worked with The Haymarket Theatre in Leicester where his productions were *Long To Rain Over Us* and *Low People*.
At this time Edwards began to be published by Oberon Books Ltd., London. Its publishing editor, James Hogan, encouraged The Citizens\' Theatre, Glasgow to produce his play *Casanova Undone* which was followed a year later by *Wittgenstein\'s Daughter*. Both were subsequently produced at The White Bear Theatre in London.
In the early 1990s Edwards worked with Mark Dornford May at Broomhill which resulted in the opera *The Juniper Tree*, written with composer Andrew Toovey and *The Beggar\'s New Clothes*, a reworking of *The Beggar\'s Opera*, with music by Warren Belshaw. The latter transferred to The Cockpit Theatre, London.
Edwards returned to working in Wales with Sgript Cymru, and in 2002, his comedy titled *Franco\'s Bastard* was produced at the Chapter Arts Centre in Cardiff. The play revisits Edwards\' time as a young student at Lampeter University, when he met the controversial Welsh nationalist activist and leader of the Free Wales Army (FWA), Julian Cayo-Evans. Edwards recounted how he was attacked by Cayo-Evans and another man after they mistakenly believed him to have attempted to burn down a cottage at a party, which resulted in a month\'s stay at Chepstow Hospital where Edwards\' head injuries were treated. However, Cayo-Evans later apologised for the altercation, and the two became friends. The play centres on a sometimes scathing and sometimes affectionate account of the charismatic Cayo-Evans. During the play\'s premier, a group of Welsh nationalists protested the play by leading walkouts and throwing stink bombs, an event that prompted questions in parliament. Following the controversy surrounding the play, Edwards stated that \"the play wasn\'t biographical\" and apologised to Cayo-Evans\' children for any offence caused.
In 2003, Edwards wrote the libretto for Keith Burstein\'s opera, *Manifest Destiny*. The opera was performed at The Tricycle Theatre, London as a benefit for the Redgraves\' Guantanamo Human Rights Commission and subsequently played at The Edinburgh Festival in 2005. At the same time, in the same season, Cambridge University\'s ADC produced Edwards\' play *Astrakhan (Winter)*.
In 2013, after writing *The Opportunist* for The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Edwards turned away from writing for the theatre, arguing that \"British Theatre has become a director\'s theatre. Directors want an easy life and, in the main, hire only TV writers now.\"
His play *Over Milk Wood*, a response to the radio play by Dylan Thomas, has been translated into Catalan as *Sobre El Bosc Lacti* and published by Arola Editors, Tarragona.
There have been productions of his work at NIDA in Sydney, Australia and That Theatre, Copenhagen, Denmark and a public reading of *The Pimp* in New York.
For many years, Edwards has worked with Theatre in Education companies most notably *Spectacle Theatre* and collaborated very successfully with director Steve Davis.
Edwards has recently finished *The Vote*, a play about the collapse of British democracy. He is working on *Nude* a play about the Welsh painter Augustus John. He is also working on a collection of short stories with the working title *From the Backland*.
Edwards founded the Creative Writing program at University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, where he was a lecturer until 2019. He is the editor and founder of the literary magazine *The Lampeter Review*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Edwards is married to Gwenda and has three children and eight grandchildren. He lives in Aberaeron in West Wales.
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# Dic Edwards
## Selected produced works {#selected_produced_works}
### Theatre
- *Late City Echo* (1981), Sherman Arena Cardiff
- *At the End of the Bay* (1982), Sherman Arena, Cardiff
- *Canned Goods* (1983), Sherman Arena, Cardiff
- *Looking for the World* (1986), Sherman Main Stage, Cardiff †
- *Long To Rain Over Us* (1987), Haymerket Theatre, Leicester †
- *low people* (1989), Haymarket Theatre, Leicester
- *the fourth world* (1990), Theatr Clwyd †
- *Regan*, 1991, Theatr Powys
- *Casanova Undone* (1992), Citizens Theatre, Glasgow and The White Bear, London †
- *The Juniper Tree* (1992), Opera Libretto, Broomhill Opera, Kent
- *The Beggar\'s New Clothes* (1992), book and lyrics, Broomhill Opera, Kent and Cockpit Theatre, London
- *Wittgenstein\'s Daughter* (1993), Citizens Theatre, Glasgow and The White Bear, London †
- *Utah Blue* (1995), The Point, Cardiff †
- *Lola Brecht* (1995), Castaway, UK Tour †
- *Manifest Destiny* (2005), Tricycle Theatre, London, Assembly Rooms, Edinburgh Festival, *Opera Close Up*, London
- *Astrakhan (Winter)* (2005), Cambridge ADC, Edinburgh Festival †
- *The Pimp* (2006), The White Bear, London †
- *The Opportunist* (2013) Basement Players, University of Michigan, US
† Published by Oberon Books, London
Also published:
- *The Shakespeare Factory and other plays for children*, Seren Books (1998)
- *Sobre El Bosc Lacti*, Arola Editors, Tarragona (2002)
- *Kid* , Argraff, Cardiff (2004)
- *Solitude*, (In *Two Immorality Plays)*Oberon Books, London (2007)
### Poetry
- *Walt Whitman and Other Poems* (2008)
- Pieces in *The Manhattan Review*, *Poetry Wales* etc
| 251 |
Dic Edwards
| 1 |
7,743,999 |
# Callionima
***Callionima*** is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae first described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1857.
## Species
- *Callionima acuta* (Rothschild & Jordan, 1910)
- *Callionima calliomenae* (Schaufuss, 1870)
- *Callionima denticulata* (Schaus, 1895)
- *Callionima elainae* (Neidhoefer, 1968)
- *Callionima ellacombei* (Rothschild, 1894)
- *Callionima falcifera* (Gehlen, 1943)
- *Callionima gracilis* (Jordan, 1923)
- *Callionima grisescens* (Rothschild, 1894)
- *Callionima guiarti* (Debauche, 1934)
- *Callionima inuus* (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
- *Callionima juliane* Eitschberger, 2000
- *Callionima nomius* (Walker, 1856)
- *Callionima pan* (Cramer, 1779)
- *Callionima parce* (Fabricius, 1775) type species for the genus
- *Callionima ramsdeni* (Clark, 1920)
names brought to synonymy:
- *Callionima elegans* (Gehlen., 1935), a synonym for *Callionima grisescens*
Callionima acuta MHNT CUT 2010 348 Ixiamas, Bolivia, male.jpg\|*Callionima acuta* Callionima calliomenae MHNT CUT 2010 0 156 El Guapo Venezuela male.jpg\|*Callionima calliomenae* Callionima denticulata MHNT CUT 2010 0 156 San Juan de Navay, Tachira Venezuela male.jpg\| *Callionima denticulata* Callionima falcifera MHNT CUT 2010 0 40 Puente national Vera Cruz Mexico male.jpg\|*Callionima falcifera* Callionima inuus MHNT CUT 2010 0 16 Pimenta Bueno Rondonia Brazil male.jpg\|*Callionima inuus* Callionima nomius MHNT CUT 2010 0 337 Napo Ecuador female.jpg\|*Callionima nomius* Callionima pan MHNT CUT 2010 0 337 French Guiana, male.jpg\|*Callionima pan* Callionima parce MHNT CUT 2010 0 16 Punta Lobos, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| 219 |
Callionima
| 0 |
7,744,004 |
# Krasue Valentine
***Krasue Valentine*** (*กระสือวาเลนไทน์*, also *Ghost of Valentine*) is a 2006 Thai romance-horror film written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak. The film concerns the krasue ghost legend that is common in Southeast Asian countries.
## Plot
Sao is a nurse who comes to work at an older, rundown hospital in Bangkok. Witnessing her arrival is Num, a disabled orderly. Num is shy, but a little girl selling roses convinces him to buy one. He gives her money and the girl in turn gives the rose to Sao, forming a bond between the two.
Sao takes room in an old house behind the hospital, near a disused gymnasium and the old morgue. She is getting over a breakup with an old boyfriend who left her because she turns into a ghost. And, indeed, unbeknownst to her, she does turn into the krasue ghost that very night, scaring the hospital\'s security guard
| 152 |
Krasue Valentine
| 0 |
7,744,024 |
# 1991 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
In 1989--1990, 14 European teams competed for the two available positions in the **1991 Rugby World Cup**.
## Preliminary
### Pool 1 {#pool_1}
(played in France)
: {\| class=\"wikitable\"
\|- !width=165\|Team !width=40\|Played !width=40\|Won !width=40\|Drawn !width=40\|Lost !width=40\|For !width=40\|Against !width=40\|Difference !width=40\|Points \|- bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|98\|\|25\|\|+63\|\|**9** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|42\|\|57\|\|-15\|\|**7** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|1\|\|0\|\|2\|\|49\|\|74\|\|-25\|\|**5** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|ISR}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3\|\|31\|\|64\|\|-33\|\|**3** \|}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Pool 2 {#pool_2}
- **Round 1**
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- **Round 2**
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- **Round 3**
------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Preliminary final {#preliminary_final}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Round 2 {#round_2}
**Final Standings**
: {\| class=\"wikitable\"
\|- !width=165\|Team !width=40\|Played !width=40\|Won !width=40\|Drawn !width=40\|Lost !width=40\|For !width=40\|Against !width=40\|Difference !width=40\|Points \|- bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|110\|\|30\|\|+80\|\|**9** \|- bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|NED}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|80\|\|68\|\|+12\|\|**7** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|POL}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|1\|\|0\|\|2\|\|61\|\|79\|\|-18\|\|**5** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3\|\|41\|\|115\|\|-74\|\|**3** \|}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Round 3 {#round_3}
**Final Standings**
: {\| class=\"wikitable\"
\|- !width=165\|Team !width=40\|Played !width=40\|Won !width=40\|Drawn !width=40\|Lost !width=40\|For !width=40\|Against !width=40\|Difference !width=40\|Points \|- bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|83\|\|38\|\|+45\|\|**9** \|- bgcolor=#ccffcc align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|ROM}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|85\|\|42\|\|+43\|\|**7** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|1\|\|0\|\|2\|\|34\|\|61\|\|-27\|\|**5** \|- align=center \|align=left\| `{{ru|NED}}`{=mediawiki} \|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3\|\|30\|\|91\|\|-61\|\|**3** \|}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
and `{{ru|ROM}}`{=mediawiki} qualified to 1991 Rugby World Cup, Pool 1 and Pool 4, respectively
| 206 |
1991 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
| 0 |
7,744,025 |
# Khalid al-Odah
**Khalid al-Odah** is the father of Guantanamo Bay detainee, Fawzi al-Odah, and the founder of the Kuwaiti Family Committee, a group established in 2004 to heighten global awareness of the prisoners in Guantanamo Bay. Over the past five years, Khalid has waged legal, media, and public relations campaigns to promote the need for due process for the prisoners at Guantanamo. In 2004, Khalid brought his son\'s case to the Supreme Court Rasul v. Bush/ al-Odah v. Bush.
Khalid is a retired lieutenant colonel in the Kuwait Air Force and has five children. He is committed to seeking justice for his son and other detainees. Khalid lives in Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Al Odah commented on a poll on American\'s attitudes towards the Guantanamo detainees. The poll found that:
- Nearly 60 percent of the Americans surveyed, *\"\...believe the prisoners being held in Guantanamo Bay should either be granted a hearing before an independent judge or be released to their home countries.\"*
- 52 percent of the Americans surveyed, *\"\...believe the Military Commissions Act, a new law created in October that denies \"enemy combatants\" the right to challenge their imprisonment in front of an independent judge, is unfair.\"*
- Less than 20 percent of the Americans surveyed, *\"\...believe that the detainees should be held indefinitely.\"*
Al Odah said:
: *\"I am heartened that so many Americans agree that my son and others in Guantanamo Bay deserve a hearing before an independent judge,\"*
Al Otah\'s son received a habeas corpus hearing before a federal judge, who ruled on August 24, 2009 that he was detained legally.
On October 28, 2011, *CNN* reporter Jenifer Fenton visited Khalid al-Odah\'s house, where she met and interviewed several former Guantanamo captives, including Fouad al Rabiah and Abd Al Aziz Sayer Uwain Al Shammeri. Fenton reported that former captives routinely met at al Odah\'s house for moral support
| 313 |
Khalid al-Odah
| 0 |
7,744,057 |
# Campionato Nazionale Primavera
The **Campionato Nazionale Primavera -- Trofeo Giacinto Facchetti**, was an Italian football youth competition. It is organised by the Lega Serie A and the participating teams that take part in Serie A and Serie B: the first edition was held in the 1962--63 season, in place of the \"Campionato Cadetti\". Due to ceremonial reasons, the league is officially called **Campionato Primavera Tim -- Trofeo Giacinto Facchetti**.
Torino have the highest number of titles, having won the Campionato Primavera nine times.
From the 2017--18 season, the league was replaced with Campionato Primavera 1 and Campionato Primavera 2.
## Competition format {#competition_format}
From the 2012--13 season players who are at least 15 years old and who are under 19 in the calendar year of the season ends (i.e. born 1994 for 2012--13 season). At the discretion of the league, teams are allowed a maximum of four \"non-quota\" (*fuori quota*) players, of which one has no age limit and the rest must be under 20; until the 2011--12 season the age limit was 20 and for the \"non-quota\" player was 21.
The initial phase of the Primavera Championship consists of 3 rounds, each consisting of 14 teams, organised by geographical criteria: teams play in a true robin-round format, for a total of 26 games in the regular season. The top two in each group have direct access to the final phase: the remaining two positions are assigned via the play-offs, with the participation of eight teams (the third and fourth ranked, plus the fifth best). The matching pattern is as following:
- First round:
- Best 3rd vs. second-best 5th (match n. 1);
- Best 4th vs. second-best 4th (match n. 2);
- Best 5th vs. second-best 3rd (match n. 3);
- Worst 3rd vs. worst 4th (match n. 4);
- Second round:
- Winner of match 1 vs. winner of match 2;
- Winner of match 3 vs. winner of match 4;
The latest slots (two) are awarded after a play-off series, in which eight teams are involved: the final stage (also «Final Eight»), held on a neutral venue, is based on knockout format. The final phase of the Primavera Championship is hosted every year by a different region: the winning team is awarded a trophy, like the Serie A trophy (received, as a reward, by the Italian Champions). The winners are eligible for Supercoppa Primavera, against Coppa Italia Primavera winners: if the same club wins both competitions, the runners-up of Coppa Italia are admitted in Supercoppa
| 419 |
Campionato Nazionale Primavera
| 0 |
7,744,075 |
# Limoges Football
**Limoges Football** (`{{IPA|fr|limɔʒ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Limoges.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is an association football club based in Limoges, France. Founded in 1947 as **Limoges Football Club**, the team underwent several name changes, becoming **Limoges Foot 87** from 1987 to 2003 before reverting to its original name, Limoges FC. The club competes in the seventh tier of the French football league system and hosts matches at the Stade Saint-Lazare, which has a capacity of 3,000.
In January 2020, the original entity was placed into compulsory liquidation, resulting in the dissolution of the senior men\'s teams. The sporting rights were transferred to a new entity, **Limoges Football**, which resumed activities for youth and women\'s teams. The senior men\'s program restarted in the 2020--21 season at the lowest league level, Départemental 1, following a ruling by the French Football Federation (FFF). Despite this setback, the club achieved two consecutive promotions, reaching Régional 2 by 2023.
The club played in Division 1 from 1958 to 1961.
## History
Limoges Football Club was formed in 1947 through a merger of two rival clubs, *Red Star Athlétique de Limoges* (founded 1917) and Star Limousin Université Club (founded 1906). In 1957, after playing the majority of their first ten years at the top level of amateur football, they gained professional status, and became part of an expanded French Division 2. They finished third in the table, which gained them promotion to the top division.
The club stayed in French Division 1 for three seasons, with their highest finish being 10th in 1959--60. From relegation in 1961 until 1987, the club competed in Division 2 or Division 3. They came close to promotion back to Division 1 in both 1964 and 1965, qualifying for the playoffs on both occasions. Twice during this period they reached the quarter-final of the Coupe de France, losing after extra time to Stade de Reims in 1962--63 and to Stade Rennais over two legs in 1969--70. At the end of the 1972--73 season they were relegated to Division 3, returning to Division 2 in 1977.
In June 1987, despite a seventh-place finish in Division 2, the leaders of the club declared bankruptcy with a debt of more than five million francs. The club, reborn under the title Limoges Foot 87, were administratively relegated to French Division 4.
From 1987 to 2003, the club played at the fourth and fifth levels of French football. At the end of the 2002--03 season, the club was again forced into bankruptcy, and were administratively relegated to level 6 of the French football league system; Limoges Foot 87 was dissolved, and the reborn club took back the old title of Limoges Football Club.
The club won promotion back to Championnat de France amateur 2 immediately, as champions of the 2003--04 Division d\'Honneur *Centre-Ouest* (Centre-West) group. They spent time at level five and six until 2014 when they won promotion to level 4 from Championnat de France Amateur 2, but were relegated again in 2014--15.
In 2017 the club won promotion to the new fourth level Championnat National 2, but despite finishing 12th in their group in 2017--18 they were relegated administratively back to the fifth level after being placed into administration during the season. At the end of the 2018--19 season they were relegated administratively again to the Regional league due to not being in compliance with the financial rules of the competition.
In January 2020 the club was placed into compulsory liquidation, with the senior men\'s teams declaring forfeit. The sporting rights of the club were assigned to a new entity, Limoges Football, by the FFF on 24 January 2020, ensuring continuation of junior and women\'s football at the club. The future of the senior men\'s teams would be defined at the end of the 2019--20 season.
Ultimately, due to the general forfeiture of the first team, the FFF ruled that Limoges Football must restart the senior men\'s program in the ninth-tier Départemental 1 (D1) for the 2020--21 season, in line with its general regulations.
Despite the challenges, the club achieved two consecutive promotions, reaching Régional 2 (R2) by 2023. This comeback, just three years after the club\'s liquidation, culminated in a decisive 1--0 victory against ES Nouaillé in the final match of the Régional 3 season at the Stade Saint-Lazare
| 712 |
Limoges Football
| 0 |
7,744,082 |
# Portugal at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Portugal sent a delegation to compete in the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway from 15 to 25 February 1952. This was the nation\'s first time participating in the Winter Olympic Games, and it would be 36 years before they competed in the Winter Olympics again. Portugal was represented in Oslo by a single alpine skier, Duarte Silva. In his only event, the men\'s downhill, he came in 69th place.
## Background
The Olympic Committee of Portugal was recognised by the International Olympic Committee on 1 January 1909. The nation first joined Olympic competition at the following Summer Olympic Games, the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, and they have participated in every Summer Olympiad since. Despite this, they did not enter the Winter Olympic Games for the first time until these Oslo Games, and it would be 36 years until the nation would return to the Winter Olympics, at the 1988 Calgary Olympics. The 1952 Winter Olympics were held in Oslo, Norway from 14 to 25 February 1952; a total of 694 athletes representing 30 National Olympic Committees took part. Portugal was represented in Oslo by a single alpine skier, Duarte Silva, who was selected as the flag-bearer for the opening ceremony.
## Alpine skiing {#alpine_skiing}
Duarte Silva was 27 years old at the time of the Oslo Olympics, and was making his only Olympic appearance. On 16 February, he participated in the men\'s downhill race, which was held over a single run of the course. Silva finished the race in 3 minutes and 58.4 seconds, which put him in 69th place out of 74 competitors who completed the event. The gold medal was won by Zeno Colò of Italy in 2 minutes and 30.8 seconds, 87 seconds faster than Silva\'s time. The silver and bronze medals were both won by Austrians, Othmar Schneider and Christian Pravda, respectively.
Athlete Event Final/Total
-------------- ----------------- -------------
Time Diff Rank
Duarte Silva Men\'s downhill 3:58
| 327 |
Portugal at the 1952 Winter Olympics
| 0 |
7,744,090 |
# Panos G. Rontoyannis
**Panos G. Rontoyannis** (Alternate spelling **Rontogannis** *Πάνος Γ. Ροντογιάννης*; June 20, 1911 in Lefkas -- December 26, 1996 in Athens) was a philologist-historian of Lefkas
| 29 |
Panos G. Rontoyannis
| 0 |
7,744,094 |
# Portugal at the 1988 Winter Olympics
**Portugal** competed at the **1988 Winter Olympics** in Calgary, Canada. It was the first time in 36 years that the nation sent athletes to the Winter Games.
A delegation of five competitors participated in one sport - bobsleigh - but no medal was gained.
## Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Sport Men Women Total
----------- ----- ------- -------
Bobsleigh 5 -- 5
Total 5 0 5
## Bobsleigh
+-------------------+----------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Athlete | Event | Run 1 | | Run 2 | | Run 3 |
+===================+==========+=======+======+=======+======+=======+
| Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time |
+-------------------+----------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Antonio Reis\ | Two-man | 60.72 | 36 | 61.59 | 36 | 61.86 |
| João Poupada | | | | | | |
+-------------------+----------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Jorge Magalhães\ | | 62.85 | 41 | 63.18 | 41 | 65.19 |
| João Pires | | | | | | |
+-------------------+----------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+
| Antonio Reis\ | Four-man | 58.42 | 26 | 59.67 | 26 | 58
| 185 |
Portugal at the 1988 Winter Olympics
| 0 |
7,744,101 |
# Portugal at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Portugal was represented at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway by the Olympic Committee of Portugal.
In total, one athlete (Jorge Mendes) represented Portugal in alpine skiing. No medals were won.
## Background
Portugal last competed at the winter Olympics in 1988 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada when a record five Portuguese athletes took part. It was only their second appearance at the Winter Olympics after their debut appearance at the 1952 Games in Oslo, Norway. They did not compete at the 1992 Games in Albertville, France.
## Competitors
In total, one athlete represented Portugal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway in one sport.
Sport Men Women Total
--------------- ----- ------- -------
Alpine skiing 1 0 1
Total 1 0 1
## Alpine skiing {#alpine_skiing}
One Portuguese athlete participated in the alpine skiing events -- Jorge Mendes in the men\'s combined, downhill, super-G and giant slalom.
The alpine skiing events were held at Kvitfjell in Ringebu and Hafjell in Øyer. The slalom events were held at Hafjell and the downhill and super-G were helf at Kvitfjell.
The men\'s downhill took place on 13 February 1994 at 11 am. Mendes completed the course in one minute 49.2 seconds to finish 41st overall.
The men\'s super-G took place on 17 February 1994 at 11 am. Mendes did not finish.
The men\'s giant slalom took place on 23 February 1994. Mendes completed his first run in one minute 35.94 seconds and his second run in one minute 29.26 seconds for a combined time of three minutes 5.2 seconds to finish 32nd overall.
The men\'s combined took place on 14 and 25 February 1994. The downhill runs took place of 14 February at 11 am and the two slalom runs took place on 25 February. Mendes completed his downhill run in one minute 40.29 seconds. However, he did not start the slalom runs.
Men:
Athlete Event Run 1 (DH) Run 2 (Sl)
-------------- -------------- --------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------
Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank
Jorge Mendes Downhill colspan=6 `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} 1:49.20 +3.45 41
Super-G colspan=6 `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} Did not finish
Giant slalom 1:35.94 41 1:29.26 33
Combined 1:40
| 361 |
Portugal at the 1994 Winter Olympics
| 0 |
7,744,176 |
# Aristazabal Hawkes
**Aristazabal Emi Chen Hawkes** is the double bass player for the British indie band Guillemots. She was born in Sointula, on Malcolm Island in British Columbia, Canada. Hawkes is of mixed Chinese and Japanese ancestry. She has studied piano classically, and jazz at the New School in New York City.
She used to work on a cruise ship where she claims she only played Frank Sinatra songs. She cites some of her influences as Ron Carter, Paul Chambers and Charles Mingus. During an interview in the summer of 2006, it was also mentioned that fellow band member Fyfe Dangerfield had bought the Van Morrison album *Astral Weeks* for her (Richard Davis plays the upright bass on this album). She claims that she is \"the biggest sucker for hip-hop and R&B in the group\".
On an episode of *Never Mind the Buzzcocks*, Fyfe said that Aristazabal had found the perfect note to give a lady an orgasm, but she wouldn\'t tell the rest of the band what it was. She later revealed that this was a joke.
She wrote and performed the song \"By the Water\" from Guillemots\' EP *Of the Night*, and sings lead vocals on the track \"Last Kiss\" from their 2008 album, *Red*
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Aristazabal Hawkes
| 0 |
7,744,178 |
# History of the Jews in Liechtenstein
`{{Jews and Judaism sidebar}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Culture of Liechtenstein}}`{=mediawiki}
The **history of the Jews in Liechtenstein** goes back nearly a century, in particular to the time of the Holocaust.
The Jewish community of Liechtenstein in 2022 is a population of 30 people who attend a synagogue in Switzerland.
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
From 2001 to 2005, an international team of six historians (including Dan Michman and Peter Geiger) investigated the matter for the World Jewish Congress. Their conclusions are following.
In its report, the commission concludes that the tiny state did not employ slave workers and no assets belonging to Jewish families were confiscated but the country\'s refugee policy was ambivalent.
About 400 Jewish refugees fled to Liechtenstein during the Nazi era to find safety in the neutral Alpine principality during World War II, 235 were accepted but 165 were turned back. In addition, the principality allowed 144 Jews to become citizens \"in return for high fees\" during the Nazi era. Most of those new citizens (*Neubürger*) never lived in Liechtenstein but chose another country. The fact of being a Liechtensteiner made it easier for them to establish themselves in a Western country.
Even though it was sandwiched between neutral Switzerland and Nazi-controlled Austria, Liechtenstein still had some room to maneuver. Liechtenstein accepted mainly rich Jews, who were expected to spend their money in the country or who created jobs by establishing companies in the principality. Like most other Western and overseas countries, Liechtenstein tightened its immigration laws in 1938. Liechtenstein\'s policy can therefore be compared to that of other countries.
The family of Liechtenstein\'s Prince Franz Josef II bought 3 estates taken from Jews in Austria and Czechoslovakia, where rented Jewish inmates from a Nazi SS concentration camp near Vienna worked. No works of art plundered by the Nazis were traced to Liechtenstein collections
| 311 |
History of the Jews in Liechtenstein
| 0 |
7,744,198 |
# Despatch Box
***Despatch Box*** is a late night political analysis television programme produced by the BBC. It was broadcast on BBC Two between 20 October 1998 and 20 December 2002. The programme replaced the nightly political programme *The Midnight Hour*, and like its predecessor, was initially presented by a team of single-presenter journalists, rotated nightly, consisting of Zeinab Badawi, Michael Dobbs, Andrew Neil and Steve Richards. The programme regularly gained an audience of more than 350,000 viewers. Following a change of format, it was decided that the programme should have one, regular presenter, a role for which Andrew Neil was chosen. The programme was produced at the BBC\'s Millbank studios in London.
Following changes to sitting hours in the United Kingdom parliament, and extensive changes to the BBC\'s line-up of political programmes, *Despatch Box* was discontinued, and the programme\'s then regular presenter, Andrew Neil, moved on to present the *Daily Politics* and *This Week*
| 155 |
Despatch Box
| 0 |
7,744,205 |
# Sébastien Maté
**Sébastien Maté** (born September 19, 1972) is a retired professional footballer
| 14 |
Sébastien Maté
| 0 |
7,744,250 |
# Olivier Jacque
**Olivier Jacque** (born 29 August 1973 in Villerupt, France) is a French former professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.
## Career
He was second in the 250cc European Championship in 1994, before moving on to the 250cc World Championship. He achieved a top ten finish in the points standings every year he competed. In 2000 he had a season-long battle for the championship with Tech3 teammate Shinya Nakano and Daijiro Kato, ultimately winning the 250cc Motorcycle World Champion on a Yamaha YZR250.
For 2001, he moved up to the 500cc class with the Tech3 team. He spent three years with Tech3, before starting 2004 without a ride. He made one appearance on a Moriwaki bike, but again was without a ride as 2005 started. He stepped in for the injured Alex Hofmann in China and stunned the series regulars by finishing second to Valentino Rossi on the factory Kawasaki. He was then permanently hired by Kawasaki as an occasional extra race rider. He did not race for them in 2006, but was chosen for 2007 alongside countryman Randy de Puniet, replacing Nakano. Sete Gibernau was later revealed to have rejected the ride before Jacque was offered it.
However, the season was a disaster. At Istanbul he triggered a four-bike collision, missing his braking point into a corner on lap 1 and hitting Colin Edwards, with Dani Pedrosa and Chris Vermeulen also getting caught up. In the next round in Shanghai he crashed in practice, gashing his arm severely enough to be unable to race there or at Le Mans. He again crashed in practice at Barcelona, missing this race too.
Following the series of injuries, Jacque announced his retirement from MotoGP in June 2007. He remains as development rider and technical advisor for Kawasaki Racing Team.
## Commitment
Olivier Jacque is today a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization
| 338 |
Olivier Jacque
| 0 |
7,744,271 |
# Nuclear Information and Resource Service
The **Nuclear Information and Resource Service** (**NIRS**) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit anti-nuclear group founded in 1978. Its mission is to be an information and networking center for citizens and organizations concerned about nuclear power, radioactive waste, radiation and sustainable energy issues. The organization advocates for energy efficiency, solar power, wind power and plug-in hybrids.
In 2000, NIRS\' affiliation with World Information Service on Energy (WISE) turned it into an international organization (NIRS/WISE).
## Issue stances {#issue_stances}
## International offices {#international_offices}
NIRS and WISE have merged their operations and WISE has relay offices in Amsterdam, Argentina, Austria, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, and Ukraine.
Michael Mariotte (1952-2016) was president and executive director of the Nuclear Information and Resource Service for 30 years. He was a well-known opponent of nuclear power and organized anti-nuclear activities in Europe after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. Mariotte was a keen supporter of renewable energy and efficient energy use. He believed that nuclear power would become obsolete, to be replaced by clean energy sources.
## Press
On 3 August 2004, NIRS issued a report stating that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission may allow the illegal practice of manually shutting down nuclear power plants in the event of fire.
On 15 May 2007, NIRS issued a report claiming that radioactive scrap, concrete, equipment, asphalt, plastic, wood, chemicals, and soil from U.S. nuclear weapons facilities are being released to regular landfills and could get into commercial recycling streams.\"
On 17 July 2007, regarding the leakage of water from the spent fuel pool of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant after the 2007 Niigata earthquake, Michael Mariotte, spoke on behalf of the NIRS and commented \"The leak itself doesn\'t sound significant as of yet, but the fact that it went unreported is a concern, when a company begins by denying a problem, it makes you wonder if there\'s another shoe to drop.\"
The magazine *Nuclear Engineering International* has said that NIRS runs the best website on uranium mining throughout the world.
In October 2010, Michael Mariotte, then the executive director of NIRS, predicted that the U.S. nuclear industry will not experience a nuclear renaissance, for the simple reason that "nuclear reactors make no economic sense". The economic slump has driven down electricity demand and the price of competing energy sources, and Congress has failed to pass climate change legislation, making nuclear economics very difficult.
## Controversy
Critics accuse NIRS of fearmongering and question the qualifications of NIRS staff to adequately assess the safety of nuclear energy. No NIRS staff member is credited with formal training in nuclear physics or engineering.
In a 2008 response to NIRS claims appearing on the website palmbeachpost.com, David Bradish of the *Nuclear Energy Institute* challenged a contention of NIRS Southeast Office Director Mary Olson that \"A nuclear power plant takes so much water and energy to build, it has to run for 15 years to offset its carbon footprint.\" Citing data from the *World Nuclear Association*, Bradish argues \"it is reasonable to say a nuclear plant takes about one year to offset its energy consumption from its other stages.\" At a 2006 talk before the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, Olson claimed that when full-lifecycle emissions are included \"the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) as the result of making electricity from uranium is comparable to burning natural gas to make electric power
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# Stanisław Klicki
**Stanisław Klicki** of Prus (1775--1847) was a Polish military commander, aristocrat and a general of the Polish forces. For his service during the Napoleonic Wars, he was made a baron of the French Empire by Napoleon Bonaparte. During the November Uprising he commanded all Polish forces on the left bank of the Vistula River.
## Life
Born to a lesser szlachta family, Klicki started his military career in 1791, joining the ranks of the National Cavalry. He fought with distinction in the War of the Constitution. A skilled cavalryman, during the Kościuszko\'s Uprising of 1794 he became the *governor of National Cavalry* under Tadeusz Kościuszko. For his valour shown in the battles of Ostrołęka and Łasia, he was promoted to the rank of Captain of Cavalry. Soon afterwards he was attached to Gen. Zieliński. After the fall of the uprising he was forced to leave the country and settled in Italy.
There in 1797 he joined the Polish Legions in Italy and fought under command of Gen. Jan Henryk Dąbrowski. Klicki took part in the battles of Legnano, Castel Nuovo, Castel Franco and the battle of Naples. During the siege of Mantua in 1799 he was taken prisoner by the Austrians, but was released soon afterwards and returned to his unit. Promoted to the rank of Major, he became a commanding officer of the 5th Battalion. Soon afterwards, in 1800, he left the infantry and was among the first officers to be accepted in the newly formed 1st Uhlans\' Regiment of the Legion.
During the Napoleonic Wars he fought with distinction in several campaigns. During the war against Prussia he took part in the battles of Świdnica, Glogau and Neisse. On 1 July 1807 he was again promoted, this time to the rank of podpułkownik (lieutenant colonel). In that rank he joined the Vistulan Legion and became the commander of the cavalry of that unit. With his men he took part in the Peninsular War and fought in the battles of Mallen, Alagon, Epila and Tudela. In the summer of 1808 he fought in the First Siege of Saragossa. Following the Siege of Valencia he was awarded by Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet with a private audience with Napoleon Bonaparte. The Emperor granted him a yearly reward of 2000 francs and a promotion to colonel. Considered a hero, in 1812 Klicki was made a Baron of the Empire.
During the French invasion of Russia Klicki returned to front-line service and fought at battles of Smolensk, Vitebsk, Mozhaysk and Maloyaroslavets. During the retreat he was among the most successful commanders of the fleeing armies and managed to save almost all of his 4000 men, including viceroy of Italy Eugene Beauharnais. He found his way to Vilna, which he attempted to defend against the pursuing Russians. However, his attempt failed and Klicki retreated with his units further westwards. He then fought in the Saxon Campaign (at Köppen, Motzern, Dresden, Magdeburg and Möchern). On 22 July 1813 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and became the commanding officer of the 32nd Light Cavalry Brigade of the V Cavalry Corps under General Édouard Jean-Baptiste Milhaud. He led his brigade in the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813. He moved to France and fought in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube in 1814. However, the abdication of Napoleon stopped his military career in the French forces.
He resigned his post and returned to Congress Poland, where he joined the army and became the commanding officer of the 2nd Brigade of Mounted Rifles. In 1817 he was nominated the commanding officer of the entire division, but for unknown reasons the document was handed to him only in 1826. He set up his staff in Łowicz. There he greeted the outbreak of the November Uprising. Together with his division he arrived to Warsaw and subordinated himself to the Provisional Government and General Józef Chłopicki. Following the latter\'s resignation, Klicki briefly served as a deputy Commander-in-Chief, and since 18 December 1830 was a member of the War Council. As his support for the uprising was weak and his health was failing, in 1831 he resigned his post and was allowed to leave Poland for Bavaria, where he intended to settle. However, on crossing the Austrian border he was arrested and handed over to the Russians, who imprisoned him and resettled to Kostroma. Released in 1836, he spent the rest of his life in sanatoria. Stanisław Klicki died on 23 April 1847 in Rome and was buried at the Campo Verano cemetery
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# County Route 16 (Suffolk County, New York)
**County Route 16** (**CR 16**) is a main thoroughfare through central Suffolk County, New York, in the United States. Its western terminus is at Middle Country Road (New York State Route 25 or NY 25) in Village of the Branch, and its eastern terminus is at Montauk Highway (CR 80) in Brookhaven. The route carries five different names along its length: Terry Road, Smithtown Boulevard, Lake Shore Road, Portion Road, and Horseblock Road.
## Route description {#route_description}
CR 16 begins as Terry Road at an intersection with NY 25 in Village of the Branch. From NY 25, the road runs to the south near a former concrete factory. It then crosses NY 347. Several blocks south of NY 347, CR 16 joins Smithtown Boulevard, while Terry Road continues to run south as a road maintained by the Town of Smithtown, and crosses the Islip town line into Ronkonkoma. A former section of Terry Road exists near NY 25A. It is unknown how this section connected to the present terminus of Terry Road at NY 25 while traversing the surrounding terrain.
Of the five roads shared by CR 16, Smithtown Boulevard is the only road completely controlled by Suffolk County. Not only are there no former sections, but there are no sections of the road that branch off as local streets. Smithtown Boulevard goes from Smithtown, through Nesconset where it serves as the hamlet\'s main street, and eventually terminates in Lake Ronkonkoma east of CR 93 (Rosevale Avenue). At one time, CR 76 (Town Line Road) was proposed to curve north of the Smithtown--Islip town line, and terminate between Old Nichol\'s Road (not to be confused with CR 97, named Nicolls Road) and Rosevale Avenue.
Along the north and east side of Lake Ronkonkoma is a road known as Lake Shore Drive, the northern portion of which consists mostly of CR 16, except between Spectacle Lake Road and Schoolhouse Road, which is maintained by the Town of Smithtown. The east end of this section near Schoolhouse Road has suffered such excessive flooding that it was closed by Suffolk County and turned over to the Parks Department, while the rest of it was sold to a local night club on the lake and transformed into part of the parking lot. East of Schoolhouse Road however, the road crosses the Smithtown--Brookhaven town line and runs high along the bluffs of Lake Ronkonkoma until it reaches Portion Road. CR 16 moves east onto Portion Road while Lake Shore Drive continues south along the lake as a road maintained by the Town of Brookhaven.
Portion Road begins at the intersection of Lake Shore Drive. Old Portion Road is a former section of Portion Road located just south of that intersection. Through Lake Ronkonkoma and western Farmingville, CR 16 crawls eastward in a hilly region of Long Island, as it intersects with Ronkonkoma Avenue, Hawkins Avenue, CR 19 (Patchogue--Holbrook Road), and Holbrook Road before reaching an interchange with CR 97 (Nicolls Road), where the road opens up to four lanes. Suffolk County is currently planning to widen the rest of the road to four lanes. This section of CR 16 once carried the additional name of Farm-to-Market Road.
For all intents and purposes, Horseblock Road is the main section of CR 16. Like Portion Road, it once shared the additional name of Farm-to-Market Road. Unlike the rest of CR 16, Horseblock Road\'s western terminus is at Middle Country Road (NY 25) in Centereach. Originally, Horseblock Road was connected to another street a few blocks west of the current terminus named Mark Tree Road. The two sections formed a single road that ran from South Setauket to South Haven. The connection between the two streets are cut off by a shopping center on the north side of NY 25 between Mark Tree and Eastwood Road. It then traverses to the south-southeast, and is cut off by CR 97 (Nicolls Road), Suffolk County Community College, and other county facilities in Farmingville, and joins up with Portion Road from a frontage road west of Nicolls Road named Leeds Boulevard at the interchange with Nicolls Road. The section east of Nicolls Road resumes at Horseblock Place and then joins Portion Road west of Waverly Avenue.
Horseblock Road then travels east-southeast through Farmingville (home of the historic Bald Hill Schoolhouse and Cotten Coverage Insurance Agency), intersecting Blue Point Road, Granny Road, and CR 83 (North Ocean Avenue) and then narrows down to two lanes eventually entering Medford, intersecting NY 112, the Long Island Expressway at exit 65, and CR 101 (Patchogue--Yaphank Road). It then enters southern Yaphank and Brookhaven, where it intersects CR 99 (Woodside Avenue, a road whose construction in the early 1970s lead to Horseblock Road\'s realignment) and then CR 21 (Yaphank Avenue), where it shares an interchange with Sunrise Highway (NY 27) before terminating at CR 80 (Montauk Highway) in Brookhaven.
## History
The segment between Ronkonkoma and South Haven was built by the Works Progress Administration and gave the Portion Road and Horse Block Road southeast of Portion the dual name of \"Farm to Market Road,\" in the hopes of giving farmers of southeastern Long Island an accessible road to western segments of Long Island.
Though CR 16 has run consistently from Smithtown to Brookhaven since the mid-1960s, this wasn\'t always the case. Many segments have been part of other county roads. East Lake Shore Terrace Drive and Portion Road used to be part of CR 19 from the Smithtown--Brookhaven Town Line to Waverly Avenue in Farmingville. In 1960, this terminus was moved to Patchogue--Holbrook Road. The construction of Sunrise Highway in 1957 lead to the realignment of Horseblock Road west of its original eastern terminus with South Country Road (former Montauk Highway) in South Haven. Because the interchange is shared with CR 21, the new alignment was originally designated as CR 21A. Horseblock Road used to be a western extension of CR 56 between Victory Avenue, a frontage road along Sunrise Highway that begins at CR 46, in Brookhaven and Waverly Avenue in Farmingville. In 1964, it was moved only to Victory Avenue. The frontage road was mainly unmarked until the 2010s
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# Clam Abuse
**Clam Abuse** was the title of a collaborative side project of Ginger, of The Wildhearts, and Alex Kane, of Life, Sex & Death. The band also featured The Prodigy\'s live-drummer Kieron Pepper.
Ginger and Kane, who assumed the alter egos of \'Clam Savage\' and \'Clint Abuse\' respectively for the project, are said to have met and formed the band whilst on drug rehabilitation (\"the bucket\"). Their collaboration yielded only one album, entitled *Stop Thinking* (1999; re-issued 2003 and 2005), which included a cover of The Partridge Family\'s \"I Think I Love You\".
Recorded just outside Milton Keynes, lyrics and backing vocals were aided by Jay Butler (formerly of \'Grand Theft Audio) and Simon Barnes (T.V presenter and Human Cannonball)
In an interview`{{Which|date=August 2010}}`{=mediawiki} Ginger stressed that the only reason he and Kane formed was because he had filed for bankruptcy in the United States after \"pissing it away on drinks and drugs\", and made an album to take back to the UK, supporting it with a tour to make money. He had no idea that the tour, and the band, would be so popular.
Kane went on to form his own band, AntiProduct, in the UK.
## Discography
*Stop Thinking* (1999)\
**Track listing**
1. \"Sing Like a Girl\"
2. \"I Think I Love You\"
3. \"Message to Geri\"
4. \"Unlucky in Love\"
5. \"**.**com Together\"
6. \"Falling in Bed with You Again\"
7. \"Sunday Driving on a Thursday Afternoon\"
8. \"For That Girl Everything Is Groovy\"
9. \"Barney Sings the Blues\"
10. \"She\'s So Taboo\"
11. \"There\'s Always Someone More Fucked Up Than You\"
**Bonus-tracks (not all editions)**
1. \"I Think I Love You\" \[remix\]
2. \"Message to Geri\" \[remix\]
3
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# Walter of Compiègne
**Walter of Compiègne** was a French poet who lived in the middle of the 12th century and was a monk at Saint Martin\'s at Tours. He composed a Latin biography of Muhammad in elegiac couplets.
The story of Mahomet reached Walter by oral tradition, according to the information he himself provides. Its source was a young Muslim who was brought to France after the First Crusade by a French knight, and who converted to Christianity. He narrated the life of Mahomet to Pagan of Sens, the abbot of Notre Dame d\'Étampes. Paganus told it to Warner, abbot of the monastery at Tours, and Warner told it to Walter of Compiègne. *Otia de Machomete* (*Poetic Pastimes on Muhammad*) may be given as its title
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# Ole Kjær
**Ole Kjær** (born 16 August 1954) is a Danish former footballer, who won the 1978 Danish *Player of the Year* award. He played as a goalkeeper, and most prominently represented Danish club Esbjerg fB, with whom he won the 1979 Danish Championship. He played 26 games for the Danish national team from 1977 to 1984, and represented Denmark at the 1984 European Championship.
## Club career {#club_career}
Kjær began his professional career in 1974 with Esbjerg fB. Two years after, he was able to win the Danish Cup with Esbjerg. This was their first victory in the tournament since 1964 and only the second in the club\'s history. The team won 2--1 against Holbæk B&I. In the 1978 season, Kjær and his team finished runners-up, four points behind title winners Vejle Boldklub. They reached the final of the cup again, but had to admit defeat after three 1--1 draws and a penalty shoot-out against Frem. In the same year he was voted Danish Football Player of the Year, succeeding OB\'s Allan Hansen. In the following season, the team managed to win the league title. With only two defeats and thirty goals conceded, Kjær\'s team recorded the best defence and finished six points ahead at first place in the league. As the defending champions, however, the club only came in a disappointing tenth place the following year. The sporting situation at Esbjerg did not improve in the coming years either. As the club relegated at the end of the 1986 season, Kjær decided to move to first division rivals Danish 1st Division rivals Næstved Boldklub. In 1990, however, he returned to Esbjerg fB, and retired two years later in 1992. With a total of 474 competitive matches for Esbjerg, Kjær holds the club record. On 11 April 1992, he replaced Jens Peter Hansen (465 games between 1943 and 1966) as the record holder.
## International career {#international_career}
Ole Kjær was a part of Danish national team manager Sepp Piontek\'s successful \"Danish Dynamite\" team in the early 1980s, where he competed for the starting goalkeeper spot with Ole Qvist and Troels Rasmussen. He played an important part as Denmark qualified for the 1984 European Championship. Especially the game against England at Wembley Stadium on 21 September 1983 saw Kjær make a number of saves, as Denmark beat England 1--0. After a 6--0 pre-tournament loss to the Netherlands, Kjær was replaced in the Danish goal by Ole Qvist, and he did not play any games at the 1984 European Championship main tournament.
## Outside football {#outside_football}
Kjær is educated as a carpenter. He has worked six years in the sports business, sold holiday homes at Club La Santa for Tjæreborg Rejser, been a salesman for ten years for Naturgas Syd, been director of Esbjerg Elite (1994--96) and been employed by TDC and DanReklame.
Kjær still lives in Esbjerg and has coached Esbjerg fB\'s U14 goalkeepers
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# The University Observer
***The University Observer*** is a broadsheet newspaper distributed throughout the campus of University College Dublin, Ireland, once four three weeks.
Launched in 1994 by University College Dublin Students\' Union, the newspaper was an immediate successor to the publication *Students\' Union News*. *The University Observer* was founded by dual editors Pat Leahy (who later joined *The Irish Times*) and Dara Ó Briain (later a broadcaster and comedian). Other former editors include a number of Irish journalists who went on to other publications, including Killian Woods (later of the *Business Post*), Samantha Libreri (of RTÉ News), and Gavan Reilly (of Virgin Media Television and Newstalk).
*The University Observer* has received several awards, including five \"newspaper of the year\" awards at Ireland\'s National Student Media Awards
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# Kaoru Kakizakai
is an internationally renowned performer and teacher of the *shakuhachi*, a traditional vertical bamboo flute of Japan.
Kakizakai studied under and recorded with Yokoyama Katsuya. He graduated from the NHK Traditional Music Conservatory and is a past winner of the Kumamoto All Japan Hougaku competition. Kakizakai has performed widely in Japan and abroad, notably as shakuhachi soloist in Toru Takemitsu\'s *November Steps* with the NHK Symphony Orchestra. As of 2006, he is a research fellow at the Tokyo College of Music. He is also full-time instructor for the International Shakuhachi Kenshukan and NHK Culture Centre, and President of the International Shakuhachi Kenshu-kan Chichibu School and Oizumigakuen School. He is a member of the regular faculty of the Shakuhachi Summer Camp of the Rockies in Colorado.
## Discography
- \"Koten Shakuhachi\". Victor - VZCG-304. 2003.
- \"Koten Shakuhachi 2.\" Freekick - FRK-0901. 2009
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# Sa'adu Abubakar
**Muhammadu Sa\'ad Abubakar** `{{Post-nominals|country=NGA|CFR}}`{=mediawiki} (*محمد سعد أبو بكر*) (born 24 August 1956) is the 20th Sultan of Sokoto. As Sultan of Sokoto, he is considered the spiritual leader of Nigeria\'s Muslims.
Abubakar is the heir to the two-century-old throne founded by his ancestor, Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio (1754--1817), leader of the Maliki school of Islam and the Qadiri branch of Sufism.
## Early life {#early_life}
### Family
Sa\'adu Abubakar was born on 24 August 1956, in Sokoto. He is the youngest son of the 17th Sultan, Sir Siddiq Abubakar III, who held the Sultanate for over fifty years.
### Education
Sa\'adu Abubakar attended Barewa College in Zaria and proceeded to the Nigerian Defence Academy in 1975, where he was a member of the 18th Regular Course.
## Military career {#military_career}
Abubakar was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in 1977 and served in the elite Armoured Corps. He headed a presidential security unit of the Armoured Corps that guarded then military ruler, General Ibrahim Babangida in the late 1980s. Abubakar also commanded a battalion of African peacekeepers in Chad during the early 1980s, as part of the Organisation of African Unity\'s force and was military liaison officer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in the mid 1990s.
He was appointed Commanding Officer 241 Recce Battalion, Kaduna in 1993. From 1995 to 1999, he was ECOWAS military liaison officer and commanding officer, 231 Tank Battalion (ECOMOG Operations) in Sierra Leone, from 1999 to 2000. From 2003 to 2006, he served as Defence Attaché to Pakistan (also accredited for Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan) and retired as a brigadier general in 2006.
## Sultan of Sokoto {#sultan_of_sokoto}
On 2 November 2006, Abubakar ascended the throne following the death of his brother, Muhammadu Maccido, who died on ADC Airlines Flight 53.
As the Supreme Leader of Muslims in Nigeria, he holds the position of Chief Moonsighting Officer, responsible for determining the official start and end of the Ramadan fast across Nigeria
## Titles and honours {#titles_and_honours}
As the Sultan of Sokoto, Abubakar is the leader of the Qadiriyya sufi order, which is the most important Muslim position in Nigeria and senior to the Emir of Kano, the leader of the most populous Tijaniyya sufi order. He is also the head of Jama\'atu Nasril Islam (Society for the Support of Islam -- JNI), and president-general of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA)
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# HMS Cherub (1806)
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``
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# James Leslie Findlay
**James Leslie Findlay** (30 April 1868 -- 19 September 1952) was a Scottish architect and soldier.
James Leslie Findlay was the younger son of John Ritchie Findlay and Susan Leslie. He practised as an architect in Edinburgh between 1885 and 1915. Initially apprenticed to A G Sydney Mitchell, he went into partnership with James Bow Dunn in 1894. The Dunn & Findlay partnership\'s most notable building is probably [The Scotsman building](https://web.archive.org/web/20070326185939/http://images.scotsman.com/2006/02/01/scotsman.jpg) in Edinburgh\'s North Bridge, begun in 1898, now The Scotsman Hotel.
Findlay served in the Great War, reaching the rank of Lt Colonel, commanding the First Lowland Brigade of the Royal Field Artillery in France. Invalided out of the Army he did not resume his architectural career, but retired to the house in Craigellachie, Banffshire, that he had built for himself and his family.
He died on 19 September 1952.
Many papers and drawings of the Dunn & Findlay partnership are held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland in Edinburgh
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# Tokyo College of Music
`{{nihongo|'''Tokyo College of Music'''|東京音楽大学|Tōkyō Ongaku Daigaku|}}`{=mediawiki} is a private music school and university in Tokyo, Japan. Offering a range of undergraduate, post graduate and doctoral degree programs, the college was originally named as the `{{nihongo|'''Toyo Conservatory of Music'''|東洋音楽学校|Tōyō Ongaku Gakkō}}`{=mediawiki} in Kanda, Tokyo, in 1907.
## History
The college moved to Toshima, Tokyo in 1924 after the original campus was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake. The college changed its name to Tokyo College of Music in 1969. A second modern campus and performance facility was opened in 2019 in Kamimeguro, Meguro
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# 4-Sight Fax
**4-Sight Fax** is a fax server program for Apple Macintosh computer systems, produced by Soft Solutions Inc., USA.
Now on its 7th version, the server can handle an unlimited number of users, and may be accessed by a variety of means, including a virtual printer and supplied client software. It can run on Mac OS X and Mac OS 9 systems.
The supplied client software allows the server to be configured on a per-user basis, with settings for junk handling, archiving, and receipt confirmation, among other features. It is available in versions for Mac OS X, Mac OS 9, and Windows
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# National Museum of Colombia
The **National Museum of Colombia** (*Museo Nacional de Colombia*) is the National Museum of Colombia housing collections on its history, art, culture. Located in the Santa Fe locality of Bogotá, Colombia, it is the largest and oldest museum in Colombia. The National Museum of Colombia is a dependency of the Colombian Ministry of Culture.
The museum houses a collection of over 20,000 pieces including works of art and objects representing different national history periods. Permanent exhibitions present archeology and ethnography samples from Colombian artefacts dating 10,000 years BC, up to twentieth century indigenous and afro- Colombian art and culture. Founders and New Kingdom of Granada room houses Liberators and other Spanish iconography; the round room exhibits a series of oleos from Colombia painting history.
## History
Established by an act of Congress on 28 July 1823, the National Museum of Colombia is the oldest museum in the country and one of the oldest in the Americas.
## Building
Designed by Danish architect Thomas Reed in 1850, but constructed in 1872, the *Panóptico* was Colombia\'s largest and most important prison until it was replaced by *La Picota* prison in 1946.
After the last prisoners were transferred to the new facilities, the *Panóptico* underwent two years of restoration and adapted for museum functions, but the inauguration, scheduled for April 9, 1948, had to be postponed due to the riots that occurred in the city following the assassination of the liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. On 2 May 1948, the building was opened to the public with \"three national museums\": on the first floor the \"Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum\", on the second the \"Historical Museum\" and, on the third, the \"Museum of Fine Arts\".
Between 1976 and 1977, the building was partially restored and the permanent exhibition rooms were restructured with educational criteria and a contemporary museographic design. The same process was followed in 1980 to accommodate the archaeology and ethnography collections.
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# National Museum of Colombia
## Collection
Unlike other national museums, the National Museum of Colombia is not divided into different institutions that focus on particular collections. For that reason, the museum divides its collection into four main categories: Archeology, art, ethnography, and social history.
### Archeology
Around 10,000 pieces that began to be collected as \"curiosities\" in the 18th century, as \"antiquities\" in the 19th century and as a result of systematic research from the first decades of the 20th century, constitute the archaeological collection preserved by the Colombian Institute of Anthropology (ICAN) in the National Museum of Colombia.
When the National Museum was founded in 1823, \"large bones of unknown animals\" and \"a mummy found near Tunja\" were part of the collection. Later, during the second half of the 19th century, important studies began to be produced on the \"antiquities of the Indians\" and in this way objects from the Muisca, Quimbaya and San Agustín cultures were collected.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first purely archaeological investigations took place, including the excavations carried out by Konrad Theodor Preuss in San Agustín (1913-1914), John Alden Mason in Pueblito and other Tairona areas (1922-1923), and Carlos Cuervo and Gerardo Arrubla in Sogamoso (1924). Important pieces that were exhibited to the public were the product of these excavations.
With the creation of the National Archaeological Service - founded in 1938 by Gregorio Hernández de Alba - and the National Ethnological Institute - founded in 1941 by Paul Rivet - archaeology in Colombia was definitively established and within the department various expeditions were promoted to describe the archaeological areas of the country. In this context, Gregorio Hernández de Alba highlighted the idea of considering objects as revealing documents of the culture of their creators and with this he promoted a new concept in the field of archaeological museums. Towards 1950, stratigraphic excavations, field reports and dating using the Carbon 14 method provided more reliable data on the different cultural areas of the country. It was within this context that such important processes as sedentarization, the emergence of agriculture and ceramics could be duly recorded.
In the 1960s, studies focused on excavations of the first settlers in Colombian territory, under the direction of Gonzalo Correal and Thomas van der Hammen, among others. Numerous objects resulting from these investigations, such as stone tools and bone remains dating from 10,500 to 9,000 BC, were added to the collection. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on research into environmental conditions with important results regarding soils, pollen and bone remains, contributing to further clarifying the panorama of the pre-Hispanic past. Therefore, demographic and settlement patterns, production, exchange and consumption strategies have been accurately established.
The most recent research in the northern region and in the Colombian Amazon has revealed the great antiquity of regional developments, through vestiges of very early farming villages and hunter-gatherer groups. This has enabled us to record processes of capital importance such as the domestication of plants and the emergence of ceramics.
For the reasons stated above, these collections, in addition to being witnesses to the history of pre-Hispanic societies, are testimony to the formation of anthropology as a discipline in Colombia.
The Archaeology and Heritage Division of the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History (ICANH) enriches the collections through the research it carries out in the country. Today, the archaeological collections bring together representative pieces from the different periods of settlement of the Colombian territory, ranging from hunter-gatherer groups - approximately 12,000 years ago - to the complex societies that existed upon the arrival of the Spanish. For classification and research, these collections have been divided into ceramic, stone, bone, goldsmith, and textile pieces.
The entire archaeological collection is registered and catalogued in the ISIS program, which allows for faster searches and consultations and contributes to ongoing research. In addition, ICANH is carrying out a project to incorporate the systematized information into a National Archaeology Network that will allow open consultation for students, researchers, and people interested in these collections.
### Ethnography
In the 1940s, interest in the study and support of indigenous communities was consolidated, thanks to the foundation of the Indigenista and Etnológico Nacional Institutes - the latter annex to the Escuela Normal Superior. Under the guidance of Paul Rivet, Gregorio Hernández de Alba, and Justus Wolfran Schottelius, among many other outstanding professors, numerous pioneers carried out expeditions that covered a large part of the national territory. One of the specific objectives was to collect pieces that, in addition to definitively and exceptionally enriching the collections, would reflect the technology and material culture of that time. This fundamental step allowed ethnographic pieces to be considered as \"artifacts\" and thus separating them from the definitions of relics, antiquities, curiosities or indigenous works of art.
The ethnographic studies that were carried out brought to light the great diversity of indigenous communities, their forms of sociocultural organization, oral tradition, and religious life; the objects collected were eloquent testimony to this. In this way, nearly four thousand pieces of diverse nature were gathered and recorded, such as basketry, clothing, everyday and ritual attire, hunting weapons, featherwork, musical instruments, necklaces, ceramics, and tools that today make up the ethnographic collection.
During the last decades, multiple studies continue to be developed and the schools of anthropological thought are recognized in monographs that cover the great diversity of existing groups. However, the collection of material culture has ceased to be a fundamental objective and the acquisition of new pieces is increasingly less due, among other causes, to new techniques for recording information - such as audiovisual media and research carried out by and for the community itself - that allow other ways of reviewing in context the objects used by contemporary indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities.
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# National Museum of Colombia
## Collection
### Art
The Art Department is in charge of the paintings, sculptures, drawings, engravings, photographs and videos in the museum\'s collection. The investigation of these objects emphasizes artistic narratives about the geography, nature, regions and people of Colombia. Likewise, it reveals the symbolic power of the image in the processes of religious and political domination. The collections reveal the transitions from a classical academic language towards new aesthetic expressions of national art. The interest in beauty, the encounter with plastic expression through bright color and loose brushstrokes, the search for identity in indigenism, the international projection of local artists and the development of conceptual communication accounts for the richness of this collection.
#### Drawing
The drawing area includes works by artists and scientists: painters, sculptors, miniaturists, geographers, caricaturists and architects, through techniques such as charcoal, pencil, ink, pastel, watercolor and miniature; The latter is an important section of the collection, made up of 92 pieces. Aware of the specificity of this collection, the National Museum of Colombia created the Cabinet of Drawing and Graphic Arts and the Cabinet of Miniatures, two rooms equipped for the exhibition of this type of works, in which selected works are temporarily exhibited to make them known to the public.
#### Painting
The painting area is made up of easel painting, mural painting, and other formats that bring together almost 900 works.
Although the Museum was created as a complement to the School of Mining, painting had a notable presence from the very beginning. In the first systematic catalogue of the collection, published in 1881, a total of 77 works were recorded. At the beginning of the 20th century, the receipt of legacies allowed the presence of paintings to be consolidated in the collections.
The painting, together with the other pieces of the art collection, passed into the hands of the National University, and until 1948, the year in which they were returned to the National Museum, they formed the collection of the Museum of the School of Fine Arts of Bogotá. During this time, important paintings of international art were acquired. At present, it is characterized by its representation of Colombian artists of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The collection includes significant groups of works by painters such as José María Espinosa, Epifanio Garay, Ricardo Acevedo Bernal, Andrés de Santa María, Ricardo Borrero Álvarez, Miguel Díaz Vargas, Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo, among others. In recent years, this panorama has been enriched by donations of paintings by Guillermo Wiedemann, Fernando Botero, and Enrique Grau.
The museum houses *Escena campesina* (1575), a rare panel painting by Flemish painter Marten van Cleve depicting a rural scene.
#### Decorative arts {#decorative_arts}
Although the Decorative Arts Area represents a small percentage of the art collections, the objects distributed among furniture, household items, and decorative objects are representative of the development of the national industry with high-quality manufacturing. The collection includes among its most notable pieces the first objects produced by the La Bogotana pottery factory, donated by Francisco de Paula Santander in 1834, and the hand-operated organ for domestic use made by Juan P. Silgado, a craftsman from Sahagún, Bolívar, in 1899.
This collection also shows the trade of luxury objects with countries such as France, England, and Spain, which contextualize the daily life and customs of Colombians in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.
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# National Museum of Colombia
## Collection
### History {#history_1}
#### Historic documents {#historic_documents}
Within the Historical Documents area, there are three types of documents that can be found: photographs, printed material, and manuscripts. To date, 1,347 pieces have been classified as such, including photographs, business cards, books, brochures, maps, atlases, sheet music, official documents, and letters.
There are two important groups: one formed by the donation of former President Eduardo Santos Montejo in 1959, made up of the series of 19th-century travelers\' books, photographs, manuscripts, and printed material that illustrate different aspects of the country\'s history during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The second group corresponds to the acquisition of nearly 100 letters to Juan Antonio Pardo Ospina around 1955, in which there are eight autographed letters from Simón Bolívar, 37 addressed to him, and many others from protagonists of the history of Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela in the first half of the 19th century.
The recent donation by Enrique Mutis Dávila of 15 documents belonging to José Celestino Mutis and some of his descendants, dating from 1793 to 1906, stands out within the area.
#### Numismatic
The numismatic collection of the National Museum preserves coins, banknotes, and public debt documents representative of the country\'s economic history.
From the colonial period, there are outstanding examples of macuquina and cordoncillo coins minted in Potosí, Lima, Bogotá, and Popayán. The collection is also made up by a group of dies that were used in the Bogotá mint to manufacture coins, royal oaths, medals, and seals for public documents from the 18th to the 20th century.
From the 19th century, there are examples of different issues of metallic currency issued from Independence to the Regeneration. An important chapter in the country\'s monetary history was the Thousand Days\' War, as it produced a number of numismatic samples of great interest. The collection also includes bonds, vouchers, and other public debt documents circulated together with banknotes and coins while the country\'s economy was recovering, until the founding of the Bank of the Republic in the 1920s, from which time on, this institution was in charge of issuing the national currency.
#### Testimonial objects {#testimonial_objects}
The Testimonial Objects Area includes pieces that are testimony to historical events and relevant figures in the development of the nation\'s cultural processes.
The first piece was admitted with a decree from Congress, dated February 12, 1825, which deposited in the Museum a silver medal, commemorating the battles of Junín and Ayacucho. Other early pieces that made up this collection are the Royal Standard of Castile, with which Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru in 1531, and captured during the Independence Campaign in 1824 along with four other flags sent by General Antonio José de Sucre to the Government of Colombia. The collection also includes a civic gold garland that the people of Cusco offered to Bolívar in 1825.
The area has around 600 pieces, including a large collection of weapons sent by the Ministry of War in 1958 and others donated by the Beatriz Osorio Foundation from 1950 onwards, uniforms, furniture, decorations, and objects of individuals who were part of national history, many of them donated by their relatives, ranging from the 16th to the 20th century.
#### Scientific objects {#scientific_objects}
The National Museum was initially conceived as a museum of natural sciences. The collection included mineralogical samples, zoological collections, herbariums and objects of historical value. Between 1842 and 1945, the Museum\'s holdings were divided and formed the basis of the different collections and museums of the National University: the botanical samples that formed the herbarium went to the Faculty of Medicine and Natural Sciences; the zoology collection went to the Natural History Museum of the Institute of Natural Sciences and the geology, mineralogy and paleontology collections went to the Geological Museum of the Faculty of Mathematics and Engineering, currently the National Geological Museum of Ingeominas José Royo Gómez.
For this reason, the current National Museum preserves a small sample of instruments and objects related to scientific research, which serve as a reference to this important aspect of Colombian history. Some of these objects became part of the collection from the beginning of the National Museum and were tools used during the Botanical Expedition, the Scientific Mission of 1823 and the Chorographic Commission.
## Exhibitions
### Selected exhibitions {#selected_exhibitions}
- 13 May 2000 -- 11 August 2000: *Picasso in Bogotá*
- 30 August 2002 -- 27 October 20002: *Rembrandt in Colombia: Engravings*
- 20 June 2003 - 20 July 2003: *Francisco Toledo: Killing Luck. Drawings.*
- 7 November 2003 -- 4 January 20004: *Pierre Balmain, a fashion architect (1945-2002)*
- 8 April 2005 -- 31 July 2005: *Egypt: A step towards eternity (4000 BC - 135 AC)*
- 16 March 2006 - 14 May 2006: *The Édgar Negret Era*
- 15 June 2006 -- 17 September 2006: *The Chinese Terracotta Army: An Immortal Army*
- 3 December 2009 -- 28 February 2010: *Feliza Bursztyn, In Praise of Scrap Metal*
- 11 July 2013 -- 13 October 2013: \'\'Gods, Myths, and Religion of Ancient Greece
- 12 February 2015 -- 17 February 2016: *Omar Rayo: Vibrant Geometry*
- 17 June 2017 -- 4 September 2017: *Julio Abril, with sculptor\'s wood*
- 4 August 2018 -- 28 October 2018: *A Young Master. The Early Work of Fernando Botero (1948-1963)*
- 13 April 2019 -- 16 June 2019: *Pedro Nel Gómez, tales of the nation*
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# National Museum of Colombia
## Gallery
<File:San> Agustín Chaquira.jpg\|A pre-Columbian stone sculpture from the San Agustín culture <File:Figura> humana sentada.jpg\|A pre-Columbian Tumaco-La Tolita culture ceramic <File:Gramatica> en la lengua general del Nueuo Reyno, llamada Mosca.jpg\|1634 textbook by Bernardo de Lugo documenting the extinct Chibcha language <File:Aerolito> de Santa Rosa de Viterbo.jpg\|Large fragment of the Santa Rosa de Viterbo meteorite found in 1810 <File:Acción> del castillo de Maracaibo.jpg\|*Acción del Castillo de Maracaibo* (1823) by José María Espinosa Prieto <File:Broche> del Corazón de María.jpg\|A gold brooch representing the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ca 1874) <File:Cañón> de la Guerra de los Mil Días.jpg\|A cannon used in the Thousand Days\' War <File:La> poesía (ca 1917) de Marco Tobón Mejía.jpg\|*La poesía* (ca 1917) by Marco Tobón Mejía <File:Pared> de Obregón.jpg\|Various paintings by Alejandro Obregón <File:SNMN> Bog.JPG\|*Cascada* (1988) by Édgar Negret <File:La> paloma de la paz (Botero)
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# Customer attrition
**Customer attrition**, also known as **customer churn**, **customer turnover**, or **customer defection**, is the loss of clients or customers.
Companies often use customer attrition analysis and customer attrition rates as one of their key business metrics (along with cash flow, EBITDA, etc.) because the cost of retaining an existing customer is far less than the cost of acquiring a new one. Examples include banks, telephone service companies, internet service providers, pay TV companies, insurance firms, and alarm monitoring services. Companies from these sectors often have customer service branches which attempt to win back defecting clients, because recovered long-term customers can be worth much more to a company than newly recruited clients.
Companies usually make a distinction between **voluntary churn** and **involuntary churn**. Voluntary churn occurs due to a decision by the customer to switch to another company or service provider, involuntary churn occurs due to circumstances such as a customer\'s relocation to a long-term care facility, death, or the relocation to a distant location. In most applications, involuntary reasons for churn are excluded from the analytical models. Analysts tend to concentrate on voluntary churn, because it typically occurs due to factors of the company-customer relationship which companies control, such as how billing interactions are handled or how after-sales help is provided.
When companies are measuring their customer turnover, they typically make the distinction between **gross attrition** and **net attrition**. Gross attrition is the loss of existing customers and their associated recurring revenue for contracted goods or services during a particular period. Net attrition is gross attrition plus the addition or recruitment of similar customers at the original location. Financial institutions often track and measure attrition using a weighted calculation, called **Monthly Recurring Revenue** (or **MRR**). In the 2000s, there are also a number of business intelligence software programs which can mine databases of customer information and analyze the factors that are associated with customer attrition, such as dissatisfaction with service or technical support, billing disputes, or a disagreement over company policies. More sophisticated predictive analytics software use churn prediction models that predict customer churn by assessing their propensity of risk to churn. Since these models generate a small prioritized list of potential defectors, they are effective at focusing customer retention marketing programs on the subset of the customer base who are most vulnerable to churn.
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# Customer attrition
## Retail services applications {#retail_services_applications}
Financial services such as banking and insurance use applications of predictive analytics for churn modeling, because customer retention is an essential part of most financial services\' business models. Other sectors have also discovered the power of predictive analytics, including retailing, telecommunications and pay-TV operators. One of the main objectives of modeling customer churn is to determine the causal factors, so that the company can try to prevent the attrition from happening in the future. Some companies want to prevent their *good* customers from deteriorating (e.g., by falling behind in their payments) and becoming less profitable customers, so they introduced the notion of **partial customer churn**.
Customer attrition merits special attention by mobile telecom service providers worldwide. This is due to the low barriers to switching to a competing service provider especially with the advent of Mobile Number Portability (MNP) in several countries. This allows customers to switch to another provider while preserving their phone numbers. While mature markets with high teledensity (phone market penetration) have churn rates ranging from 1% to 2% per month, high growth developing markets such as India and China are experiencing churn rates between 3% and 4% per month. By deploying new technologies such churn prediction models coupled with effective retention programs, customer attrition could be better managed to stem the significant revenue loss from defecting customers.
Customer attrition is a major concern for US and Canadian banks, because they have much higher churn rates than banks in Western Europe. US and Canadian banks with the lowest churn rates have achieved customer turnover rates as low as 12% per year, by using tactics such as free checking accounts, online banking and bill payment, and improved customer service. However, once banks can improve their churn rates by improving customer service, they can reach a point beyond which further customer service will not improve retention; other tactics or approaches need to be explored.
Churn or Customer attrition is often used as an indicator of customer satisfaction. However the churn rate can be kept artificially low by making it difficult for the customers to resiliate their services. This can include ignoring resiliations requests, implementing lengthy and complicated resiliation procedures to follow through by an average consumer and various other barriers to resiliation. Thus, churn can improve while customer satisfaction deteriorates. This practice is short sighted and will backfire. However, it was shown`{{By whom|date=October 2017}}`{=mediawiki} to be common in telephone companies and among internet providers.
## Research
Scholars have studied customer attrition at European financial services companies, and investigated the predictors of churn and how the use of customer relationship management (CRM) approaches can impact churn rates. Several studies combine several different types of predictors to develop a churn model. This model can take demographic characteristics, environmental changes, and other factors into account.
Research on customer attrition data modeling may provide businesses with several tools for enhancing customer retention. Using data mining and software, one may apply statistical methods to develop nonlinear attrition causation models. One researcher notes that \"\...retaining existing customers is more profitable than acquiring new customers due primarily to savings on acquisition costs, the higher volume of service consumption, and customer referrals.\" The argument is that to build an \"\...effective customer retention program,\" managers have to come to an understanding of \"\...why customers leave\" and \"\...identify the customers with high risk of leaving\" by accurately predicting customer attrition.
Customer attrition modeling has a dual objective. First, it should achieve good predictive performance, which is often measured using area under the ROC curve or top decile lift. Second, it should deliver insights in the drivers of churn to steer managerial decisions.
## Prediction
In the business context, \"churn\" refers both to customers\' migration and to their loss of value. So, \"churn rate\" refers, on the one hand, to the percentage of customers who end their relation with the organization, or, on the other hand, to the customers who still receive their services, but not as much or not as often as they used to. Current organizations face therefore a huge challenge: to be able to anticipate to customers' abandon in order to retain them on time, reducing this way costs and risks and gaining efficiency and competitivity. There are in the market advanced analytics tools and applications, especially designed to analyze in depth the enormous amount of data inside the organizations, and to make predictions based on the information obtained from analyzing and exploring those data. They aim to put at the service of marketing departments and agencies --and of all business users- the necessary weapons to:
- Detect soon which customers are about to abandon and to know them in depth, answering to questions such as: Who are they? or How do they behave?
- Know the real value of the potential loss of those customers, with the aim of establishing priorities and distributing business efforts and resources efficiently, optimizing resources and maximizing the value of the current customers' portfolio.
- Put into practice personalized retention plans in order to reduce or avoid their migration, increasing the capability to react and anticipating to possible non-predicted fugues.
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# Customer attrition
## Reduction
There are organizations that have developed international standards regarding recognition and sharing of global best practice in customer service in order to reduce customer attrition. The International Customer Service Institute has developed The International Customer Service Standard to strategically align organizations so they focus on delivering excellence in customer service, whilst at the same time providing recognition of success through a 3rd Party registration scheme.
## Management
Not all customer attrition is bad. For many firms, it is useful and desirable that unprofitable customers should churn away. This is known as customer divestment of unprofitable customers. However, simply because a customer is unprofitable does not mean that the customer should be divested, because there are strategic reasons for retaining unprofitable customers
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# Aarni
**Aarni** is an avant-garde metal band from Finland, which consists primarily of Master Warjomaa and, occasionally, some session musicians. Although many sources claim the existence of other band members, these may be fictional characters (probably created by Warjomaa himself) and include a French count born in the 17th century (Count of Saint-Germain), a cartoon character with a T-shirt with Aarni\'s logo (Doomintroll) and an old woman (Mistress Palm).
Aarni\'s music bears similarities to funeral doom metal (in *Reaching Azathoth*, for example) and has sometimes similarities to folk metal (*The Weird of Vipunen*). Their style has been described as *almost orthodox doom metallish Lovecraftian-Jungian Kalevala avantgarde music*. The band themselves sometimes use the term *Chthonic Musick*. The lyrics of Aarni include varied themes such as Finnish folklore, transhumanism, the works of H. P. Lovecraft, paganism, parapsychology, psychoanalytical theories and mythology. The lyrics have been sung in English, Finnish, Latin, and occasionally in Enochian, Ancient Egyptian, Ouranian Barbaric, Swedish, and Glossolalic.
## History
Aarni was founded in 1998, in Finland, by Master Warjomaa (occasionally known as Mahatma M. Warjomaa). Master Warjomaa is also an active member of a doom metal band called Umbra Nihil, playing lead guitar. Aarni released a demo in 2001, and a split album with Umbra Nihil the following year. After a second demo in 2002, Aarni released its first full-length album, *Bathos*, in 2004. Aarni was signed to Firebox Records\'s subsidiary label Firedoom Music, but is now signed to Epidemie Records. Aarni released their second album, called *Tohcoth*, in February 2008. In late 2008 Aarni also released a CD-R EP titled *Omnimantia*. In April 2012 Aarni released a split album with Persistence in Mourning.
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# Aarni
## Controversy
### Band members {#band_members}
On Aarni\'s official website, the band section contains four members (also referred to as \"Responsible Cultists\"), as well as information concerning each of them. The four members of the band are Master Warjomaa, Comte de Saint-Germain, Doomintroll and Mistress Palm. Warjomaa commented on this in a 2004 interview:
> The number of Aarni is five and five is the number of Aarni. Think a while about this and you will see\... because Aarni consists of four personalities plus me. Why four? Because I\'ve chosen to adhere to the (Jungian) concept of quaternity - four personality types, four seasons, four equinoxes, four elements, four stations of the sun, four stages of the human life, four cardinal directions, four Qabbalistic worlds, four limbs of the human body, four main themes in Aarni\'s songs, four basic human brain circuits of Timothy Leary\'s theory etc. Visualize the pentagram representing human existence: there\'s four points combined in/ruled by the fifth. It\'s all of course symbolic. Or is it?
#### Master Warjomaa {#master_warjomaa}
Master Warjomaa is the alias of the band\'s most stable member. According to the band\'s official website, Warjomaa was born in 1974. It is stated that he is influenced by Joe Satriani, Taoism, Camel, and H. P. Lovecraft, that he belongs to the *Homo Superior* species, and that his favorite place is Cydonia. Along with many other artists, Warjomaa has named Black Sabbath, Candlemass, Hawkwind, King Crimson and Van der Graaf Generator as his musical influences. In a fan interview in June 2006, Warjomaa stated:
> \"While I prefer a female unicorn deity to a gaseous alpha male vertebrate of cosmic heft anytime, I\'d rather choose no deity or deities at all. I think it\'s high time we stopped worshiping gods and started to aim at becoming gods.\"
#### Comte de Saint Germain {#comte_de_saint_germain}
Le Comte de Saint Germain (translated from French: \"The Count of Saint Germain\") is one of the members of Aarni. His role in the band has been stated as \"Sensation, alchemical processes and keys to secrets\". It is written that he was born in 1665 and is an \"ex-human\". It is not stated whether le Comte de Saint Germain was an actual individual that lived centuries ago or if he is an entirely fictional character. It may be possible that le Comte de Saint Germain has something to do with the Count of St Germain, an actual count living in the 18th century.
#### Doomintroll & Mistress Palm {#doomintroll_mistress_palm}
Doomintroll has been represented by a cartoon-style drawing of a person with a very prominent nose, a pipe in the mouth, the Aarni logo on the T-shirt, and a hand sticking up the middle finger. According to Aarni he \"originated\" in 1998, (also the date of the formation of Aarni) which would make him 6 years old at the time of the release of the band\'s first full-length album. It is written that Doomintroll belongs to the \"Duumipeikko\" species. \"Duumipeikko\", roughly translated from Finnish, gives \"Doomintroll\". This is a reference to the popular Finnish cartoon series, Moomin, in which *Muumipeikko* is one of the main characters. According to Doomintroll, the band wants to *support the anarcho-shamanistic attitude of moomintrolls*.
Mistress Palm (also referred to as Mrs. Palm) is the fourth claimed band member. She is depicted as a rather elderly woman in an apron holding a dish brush and opening her mouth in dismay. She has been thought to be a computer program or *artificial, phlogiston-driven rectoplasm*.
### Website
At the top of the band page is written \"4=1\". The motive of this equation is maybe to consider the situation of the 4 declared members and one actual member and/or can be a reference to the Jungian concept of quaternity. On the news page (also referred to as the \"Unspeakable Tidings\"), the news are listed chronologically. However the dates are said to be written in the form corresponding to these in the Discordian calendar. These dates follow the \"DD/SS/YYYY\" form, as stated on the official website. Therefore, e.g. the year 2007 CE is noted as 3173 AM.
### Lyrics
The lyrics have been sung in English, Finnish, Latin, and occasionally in French, Ancient Egyptian, Glossolalic, Swedish, Ouranian Barbaric and Enochian. In several songs, the lyrics refer to the Cthulhu Mythos.
In \"Squaring The Circle\", the lyrics say \"zero equals two\". This may be a reference to the ideas of Aleister Crowley and similar to the \"4=1\" statement on top of the band page of the official website. In \"The Thunder, Perfect Mindfuck\", it is said \"I am the shameless and I am ashamed\" as well as \"I am falsehood and I am truth\". These could be considered paradoxical and controversial as the Gnostic poem the lyrics seem to be based upon, The Thunder, Perfect Mind.
## Line-up {#line_up}
- Master Warjomaa - Creating, playing, and producing most of the lyrics and music.
- Rhesus Christ - Session drums for *Bathos*.
- Albert Frankenstein - Session vocalist for *Bathos*.
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# Aarni
## Discography
### *Demo 2001* {#demo_2001}
*Demo 2001* was released independently by Aarni in 2001. It was the first CD release of Aarni. Its cover features a picture of the Conte de Saint-Germain.
: **Track listing:**
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: 1\. \"Myrrys\" - 5:00
: 2\. \"The Black Keyes (of R\'lyeh)\" - 5:53
: 3\. \"Metsänpeitto\" - 0:58
: 4\. \"Persona Mortuae Cutis\" - 5:52
\"Persona Mortuae Cutis\" appears as a cover version of the Slayer song *Dead Skin Mask* translated to Latin.
### *Aarni / Umbra Nihil Split* {#aarni_umbra_nihil_split}
*Aarni / Umbra Nihil Split* was released through Firebox Records in 2002.
: **Track listing:**
- Aarni
: 1\. \"Ubbo-Sathla\" - 3:37
: 2\. \"Myrrys\" - 5:00
: 3\. \"Transcend Humanity\" - 12:00
: 4\. \"Liber Umbrarum vel Coniunctio\" - 6:18
: 5\. \"Reaching Azathoth\" - 11:55
: 6\. \"Anima\" - 4:14
- Umbra Nihil
: 7\. \"Follow and Believe / Fall Without Relief\" - 9:12
: 8\. \"A Mere Shell\" - 8:25
: 9\. \"My Way to the Lakeshore\" - 2:04
: 10\. \"Determination\" - 7:09
: 11\. \"Water in Lungs\" - 8:31
### *Duumipeikon paluu* {#duumipeikon_paluu}
*Duumipeikon paluu* was released independently by Aarni in 2002.
: **Track listing:**
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: 1\. \"Myrrys\" - 5:00
: 2\. \"Lampaan Vaatteissa\" - 6:03
: 3\. \"The Weird of Vipunen\" - 7:22
: 4\. \"Transcend Humanity\" - 12:00
: 5\. \"Reaching Azathoth\" - 11:55
Duumipeikon paluu and Demo 2001 were re-released together in 2003, and re-re-released as a remaster in late 2008. \"Duumipeikon paluu\" translated from Finnish means \"The Return of Doomintroll\".
### *Bathos*
*Bathos* was released through Firedoom Music, a sub-label of Firebox Records, on November 8, 2004.
: **Track listing:**
:# \"Ονειροσκόπος (Oneiroskopos)\" - 1:31
:# \"Squaring The Circle\" - 7:50
:# \"Quinotaurus (Twelve Stars In Sight)\" - 3:48
:# \"Kivijumala\" - 11:45
:# \"V.I.T.R.I.O.L.\" - 6:33
:# \"The Thunder, Perfect Mindfuck\" - 8:32
:# \"Mental Fugue\" - 6:49
:# \"Niut Net Meru\" - 9:20
:# \"Kesäyö\" - 8:59
VV from Umbra Nihil played session drums on the album. Oneiroscope means \'an instrument for watching dreams\'. V.I.T.R.I.O.L. is an acronym for \"Visita interiora terrae rectificandoque invenies occultum lapidem\" in Latin, meaning \"Visit the innermost of the earth and by rectifying what is there, you will find the hidden stone.\" *The Thunder, Perfect Mindfuck* refers to the gnostic poem *The Thunder, Perfect Mind*.
The Bathos cover was painted by Tuomas M. Mäkelä (of the ambient band Jääportit) based partially on an earlier artwork he had done. Magister Warjomaa said about it: \"We wanted a colourful cover, because I feel very bored with the usual dark-hued album art most metal bands choose for some pathetic reason. But mainly we wanted that cover because to us it has a spaced-out, candlylike and pleasing feeling. THC green feels such a beautiful color\...\"
### *Tohcoth*
*Tohcoth* was released through Epidemie Records on February 19, 2008. The Enochian title was taken from the works of Dr. John Dee: \"This name comprehendeth the number of all the fayries, who are diuels next to the state and condition of man\". This album featured Sampo Marjomaa as a guest vocalist.
The Tohcoth cover artwork was realized by Genius Albert Frankenstein & Master Warjomaa.
: **Track listing:**
1. Coniuratio Sadoquae
2. The Hieroglyph
3. Riding Down the Miskatonic on a Dead Thing
4. Arouse Coiled Splendour
5. Λογος
6. All Along The Watchtowers
7. Chapel Perilous
8. The Sound of One I Opening
9. The Battle Hymn of The Eristocracy
10. Barbelith
11. Iku-Turso
### *Omnimantia*
*Omnimantia* was self-released as a CD-R by Aarni in November 2008. The title means \"divination from everything\".
: **Track listing:**
:# Rat King
:# Dimwa Depenga
:# This Is Not A Mask
:# Hypnagogia
:# \"Untitled\"
:# Verivaikerrus / Hurmehanki
:# Lovecraft Knew
### *Aarni / Persistence in Mourning Split* {#aarni_persistence_in_mourning_split}
*Aarni / Persistence in Mourning Split* was released through Witch Sermon Productions on April 1, 2012. The album\'s artwork was realized by Conte di San Pietro.
: **Track listing:**
- Aarni
: 1\. 49 Angeli Boni
: 2\. Emuu
: 3\. Land Beyond the Night
: 4\. Lemminkäinens Tempel
: 5\. Goetia
- Persistence in Mourning
: 6\. The Passage
: 7\. Tangled Mess of Veins
: 8\. Through Hellfire
: 9\. Purification
: 10\. Poking Holes in the Sky
### *Deliria - Odds and Ends and Beginnings 2000-2012* {#deliria___odds_and_ends_and_beginnings_2000_2012}
The album is a collection of 32 tracks, some of which have been only unofficially released as digital downloads
| 752 |
Aarni
| 2 |
7,744,438 |
# West African Gas Pipeline
The **West African Gas Pipeline** (French: *Gazoduc ouest-africain*; **WAGP** or **GOA**) is a natural gas pipeline to supply gas from Nigeria\'s Escravos region of the Niger Delta area to Benin, Togo and Ghana. It is the first regional natural gas transmission system in sub-Saharan Africa.
## History
The project began in 1982, when the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa. In 1991, a feasibility report conducted by the World Bank on supplying Nigerian gas to West African markets deemed that a project was commercially viable.
In September 1995, the governments of four African countries signed a Heads of State Agreement. The feasibility study was carried out in 1999. On 11 August 1999, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed by participating countries in Cotonou, Benin. In February 2000, an Inter-Governmental Agreement was signed. The WAGP implementation agreement was signed in 2003. Groundbreaking ceremonies for the project were held at Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana, on 3 December 2004. Construction began in 2005.
The offshore pipeline was completed in December 2006 and was scheduled to start operating on 23 December 2007 but was delayed after leaks were detected in supply pipelines in Nigeria. The second delivery deadline was scheduled on 13 February 2008, but regular deliveries were delayed again, when one of the contractors of Willbros was shot and killed in Nigeria by armed robbers.
Gas deliveries were expected by the end of 2009 after commissioning regulating and metering stations in Takoradi and Tema, Ghana, Lagos Beach, Nigeria, Cotonou, Benin, and Lomé, Togo in May 2008. However, deliveries were postponed again due to an irregular amount of moisture found inside the onshore gas pipeline.
## Route
The pipeline consists of three sections with a total length of 678 km. The 569 km long offshore section starts at the Itoki terminal in southeastern Nigeria and runs through the waters of Benin, Togo and Ghana parallel to the coastline, approximately 15 km to 20 km offshore in water depths of between 30 m and 75 m. The Nigerian onshore section of the pipeline connects the offshore section compressor station at Lagos Beach with the Chevron-owned Escravos--Lagos Pipeline System, operational since 1989. It is possible that later the WAGP will be extended to Côte d\'Ivoire and in longer term even to Senegal.
## Technical description {#technical_description}
The diameter of the onshore section is 30 in. The diameter of the offshore pipeline is 20 in and the capacity is 5 billion cubic meter (bcm) of natural gas per year. The pipeline was constructed by Willbros, with Bredero Shaw Ltd applying a concrete coating to the pipeline at its facility in Tema, Ghana. The pre-commissioning services were provided by BJ Process and Pipeline Services. The total pipeline costs around US\$974 million, for which the World Bank provided a guarantee of \$50 million for Ghana, while the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency provided a \$75 million political risk guarantee for WAGPo as a whole.
## Project company {#project_company}
The pipeline is owned by West African Gas Pipeline Company Limited (WAGPCo), a consortium of Chevron (36.7%), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (25%), Royal Dutch Shell (18%), Volta River Authority of Ghana (16.3%), Société Togolaise de Gaz (SoToGaz - 2%) and Société Beninoise de Gaz S.A. (SoBeGaz - 2%). The managing director of the company is Walter Perez. It is operated by Chevron Corporation.
## Consumers
In Ghana, provided gas was intended for the Takoradi Power Station at Aboadze near Takoradi, operated by Volta River Authority and the Takoradi International Company\'s (TICO). As of 2014, however, most of the gas was being consumed in Lagos.
| 607 |
West African Gas Pipeline
| 0 |
7,744,438 |
# West African Gas Pipeline
## Controversy
Environmental group Friends of the Earth has criticized the project, after local communities in Nigeria complained it would damage land, destroy livelihoods and pollute fishing areas.
## Damage by Pirates {#damage_by_pirates}
On 27 August 2012, the West African Gas Pipeline was damaged when pirates who had tried to board an oil tanker in an attempt to get away from the pursuing Togolese Navy, severely damaged the pipeline with their anchor. For nearly a year, the supply of gas to Ghana, Togo and Benin ceased, causing major power supply problems to the affected countries
| 100 |
West African Gas Pipeline
| 1 |
7,744,446 |
# The Londoner
***The Londoner*** was a newsletter in the style of a newspaper published by the Mayor of London, and delivered free to most households in Greater London, United Kingdom.
In the words of the Mayor of London\'s office, it was \"a newsletter for Londoners from the Mayor of London. It provided information about the policies and services delivered by the Greater London Authority, and key issues affecting life in the capital, and encouraged participation in current debates and consultation.\"
According to the Mayor\'s Annual Report 2005/06, the budget for *The Londoner* was £2,882,000, of which £632,000 came directly from the GLA precept portion of council tax paid by householders in London. Most of the remaining £2,250,000 came from advertising and editorial material, paid for by Transport for London and the Metropolitan Police Authority.
## Criticism
Costing £2.8 million a year to fund, many stated that the publication was \"expensive propaganda\". It became the topic of many heated blog articles, particularly those who criticised mayor Ken Livingstone.
Those targeting the Londoner attacked what they saw as political bias; for example, putting the Flag of Venezuela on an advertisement for bus travel. The succeeding Mayor Boris Johnson scrapped *The Londoner* by May 2008, as part of his mayoral manifesto pledge, describing it as \"the Mayor\'s ludicrous Pyongyang style newspaper\". Johnson pledged to use up to £1 million of the saved money to plant 10,000 trees
| 235 |
The Londoner
| 0 |
7,744,492 |
# Peter Pan Records
**Peter Pan Records** is an American record label specializing in children\'s music. The label was introduced to the public in March 1948. The label was owned by the Synthetic Plastics Company of Newark, New Jersey until the 1970s.
The label became one of the largest and most successful children\'s specialty record labels in America, manufacturing releases that often contrasted with those of its competitors (Golden Records, Disneyland Records, Wonderland Records, Kid Stuff Records, and Pickwick Records). Peter Pan enjoyed its greatest success as a children\'s label during the 1950s. Many of their most famous releases were issued on 78-RPM 7- and 10-inch records, and on 45-RPM 7-inch records. Both songs (such as a cover version of \"Frosty the Snowman\") and stories (such as a heavily abridged version of *Peter and the Wolf*, with Victor Jory narrating) were released. Releases credited a variety of performers, including Dick Edwards with the Peter Pan Chorus and Orchestra, the Caroleer Singers, the Peter Pan Players and variations on these titles.
The label was notable for its series of book-and-record sets, combining an illustrated storybook (and, later, comic book) with a vinyl record that contained music and narration by \"your Peter Pan Storyteller\" (who would prompt the listener to turn the page at the sound of a bell or similar sound). Others featured a repertory company of actors performing the stories as audio dramas. Bugs Bunny and the Looney Tunes characters, Popeye the Sailor Man, Huckleberry Hound, The Flintstones, Yogi Bear, Bozo the Clown, the superheroes of DC (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Plastic Man, Green Lantern, Aquaman and Metamorpho) and Marvel (Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, Hulk and Captain America), Conan the Barbarian, G.I. Joe, Scooby-Doo, Casper the Friendly Ghost, and later Betty Boop, Inspector Gadget, the robots of *Robotech*, the ThunderCats, and the SilverHawks were among the characters and stories featured in these sets. Peter Pan also produced original stories, most of them based upon TV and film franchises such as *The Six Million Dollar Man*, *Space: 1999*, *Star Trek: The Original Series*, *Kojak*, and *Planet of the Apes*. Another original title was *The Amazing Adventures of Holo-Man*, whose publication did not last beyond its introductionary issue. In the 1970s, many of these properties were released by its subsidiary label Power Records.
One of its most successful releases was *Santa Claus is Coming to Town*, an original production by Peter Pan\'s studio collective (known as the Peppermint Kandy Kids), that featured remakes of classic Christmas holiday songs, original songs for the album, and portrayals of Santa Claus and Mrs. Claus.
Also notable was the company\'s run of Irwin the Disco Duck albums, which featured popular songs of their time (1976 to 1980) and were aimed at children, with the title character acting as a DJ.
Peter Pan Records was spun off into its own entity, Peter Pan Industries. In 1986, the company created Parade Video as a home-video division, as well as Peter Pan Video and Ambassador Video later in the line. In the late 1980s, while keeping its primary asset alive (even though the children\'s label market had declined), Peter Pan Industries branched into music releases not aimed at the children\'s market.
The company changed its name to PPI Entertainment of Newark, New Jersey, and established new label divisions and imprints, including Rohit International Records, a budget label from the 1980s and 1990s that specialized in reggae.
In 2006, PPI Entertainment Group changed its name yet again to Inspired Studios, based in West Palm Beach, Florida
| 586 |
Peter Pan Records
| 0 |
7,744,504 |
# Knight or Dame of St Andrew
**Knight or Dame of St Andrew** was an award within the Order of Barbados that was part of the national honours system of Barbados when the country was still a realm within the Commonwealth.
## History
The Order of Barbados was instituted by Queen Elizabeth II by letters patent dated 25 July 1980. With Barbados becoming a republic on 30 November 2021, a new Order of Barbados came into force that was established with the Barbados National Honours and Decorations Act 2021 by the Parliament of Barbados on 28 October 2021, and which replaced the former Order of Barbados. Due to this, the former Order became obsolete and appointments of Knights and Dames of St. Andrew have also ceased. However, all appointments conferred prior to 30 November 2021 pursuant to the Letters Patent continue to be acknowledged as validly conferred, and with the Knights or Dames deemed to be members of the new Order.
## Prestige
Until Barbados ceased to be a constitutional monarchy and became a republic on 30 November 2021, *Knight or Dame of St. Andrew* was the highest honour given by the monarch of Barbados, and was awarded for \"extraordinary and outstanding achievement and merit in service to Barbados or to humanity at large\".`{{cite quote|date=August 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Most recipients were invested in November during the month-long celebration of Barbadian political independence. When the country was a monarchy, the award was conferred to awardees by the office of the Governor-General of Barbados.
## Styles
Conferees are styled as a Knight or Dame of St Andrew. They carry the prefix Sir or Dame, and the post-nominal letters KA (Knight of St Andrew) or DA (Dame of St Andrew).
| 285 |
Knight or Dame of St Andrew
| 0 |
7,744,504 |
# Knight or Dame of St Andrew
## Recipients
Arranged by prefix, name, post-nominal letters, date of conferral:
- Sir MacDonald Blunt, KA (July 1980)
- Dame Elsie Payne, DA (July 1980)
- Sir Erskine Ward, KA (July 1980)
- Dame Nita Barrow, GCMG, DA, OCC (November 1980)
- Sir Kenneth Hunte, KA, OBE (November 1980)
- Sir Edwy Talma, KA, CBE (November 1980)
- Sir Maurice Byer, KA, OBE (November 1982)
- Sir Ronald Mapp, KA (November 1982)
- Sir Neville Osborne, KA, OBE (November 1983)
- Sir Donald Wiles, KA, CMG, OBE (November 1984)
- Sir Frank Blackman, KCVO, KA, OBE (November 1985)
- Senator Sir Frank Walcott, KA, OBE (November 1987)
- Sir Keith Donnerson Hunte, KA (November 1987)
- Sir Frederick Smith, KA, QC (November 1987)
- Sir Stanley Augustus Blanchette, KA (November 1988)
- Sir William Harvey Clyde Gollop, KA, MBE, JP (November 1988)
- Sir Kenmore Nathaniel Rhystone Husbands, KA, CBE, JP (November 1989)
- The Hon. Sir Douglas Percy Lynch, KA, CMG, QC (November 1990)
- Sir Neville Vernon Nicholls, KA (November 1990)
- Sir James Cliviston King, KA, OBE (November 1992)
- Sir John Stanley Goddard, KA (November 1993)
- Sir Clyde Leopold Walcott, KA, OBE, AA (November 1993)
- The Hon. Sir Harold Bernard St. John, KA, QC (November 1994)
- Sir Clifford Straughn Husbands, KA (November 1995)
- Dame Edna Ermyntrude Bourne, DA (November 1995)
- His Honour Sir Fred Winlyn Gollop, KA (November 1996)
- Sir Henry deBoulay Forde, KA, QC (November 1997)
- Sir Courtney Blackman, KA (November 1998)
- Sir Conrad Hunte, KA (November 1998)
- Sir Stephen Errol Emtage, KA (November 1999)
- The Rt. Hon. Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, KA, JP (November 2000)
- The Rt. Rev. Sir Wilfred Denniston Wood, KA, JP (November 2000)
- Sir David Anthony Cathcart Simmons, KA, BCH (November 2001)
- Sir Aubrey Gordon Leacock, KA, CBE (November 2002)
- Sir Roy Cardinal Trotman, KA (November 2002)
- The Hon. Dame Billie Antoinette Miller, DA, BCH, MP (November 2003)
- Sir Richard Christopher Haynes, KA, FRCP (November 2003)
- The Hon. Sir Richard Lionel Cheltenham, KA, QC, JP (November 2005)
- Dame Olga Christine Lopes-Seale, DA, GCM, MBE, BSS (November 2005)
- Sir Louis Randall Tull, KA, QC, MP (November 2006)
- Sir Hilary McDonald Beckles, KA (November 2007)
- Sir Kyffin Donald Simpson, KA, CBE (November 2007)
- Sir Philip Marlowe Greaves, KA, QC (November 2008)
- Sir Maurice Athelstan King, KA, QC (November 2008)
- Sir Marcus deLambert Jordan, KA (November 2009)
- Sir Branford Mayhew Taitt, KA (November 2010)
- The Hon
| 435 |
Knight or Dame of St Andrew
| 1 |
7,744,534 |
# American Coalition of Life Activists
The **American Coalition of Life Activists** (ACLA) was a controversial anti-abortion advocacy group in the United States. The organization was known for its extreme tactics, including the creation of \"wanted-style\" posters targeting abortion providers, which led to significant legal battles over the limits of free speech and the definition of threats.
## History
During a 1995 meeting, the group unveiled a \"wanted\" poster that listed the names and addresses of a \"Deadly Dozen\" abortion providers. The poster accused them of \"crimes against humanity\" and offered a \$5,000 reward for the \"arrest, conviction and revocation of license to practice medicine\" of these physicians. The poster was published in Life Advocate magazine. A second poster targeted a doctor, Robert Crist, offered a reward for persuading him \"to turn from his child killing,\" and included his name, address, and photo.
In 1996 the coalition revealed its \"Nuremberg Files\" which included dossiers on abortion providers, politicians, judges, clinic employees and other abortion rights supporters. They claimed that these dossiers could be used for trials for \"crimes against humanity\" when the nation\'s laws changed to prohibit abortion. Neal Horsley, an activist, published the information on his website. His website greyed the names of those injured and crossed out the names of those killed by anti-abortion activists.
## Legal Challenges {#legal_challenges}
The ACLA\'s activities led to significant legal challenges, most notably in the case of *Planned Parenthood of Columbia/Willamette v. American Coalition of Life Activists*. Planned Parenthood successfully sued the ACLA, arguing that their posters and website constituted a threat to abortion providers. Although the posters and website did not contain explicit threats, the jury awarded \$107 million in damages. The coalition appealed the verdict on First Amendment grounds. Initially, a panel of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the verdict, ruling that the ACLA\'s actions were protected speech under the First Amendment since they did not directly threaten harm to the plaintiffs and were not communicated privately. However, the en banc 9th Circuit reversed this decision, holding that the ACLA could be held liable for damages because the website\'s content was intended as a deliberate threat, anticipating that someone might act on it, which is not protected by the First Amendment.
The decision was heavily influenced by the fact that several abortion providers had been murdered following the publication of such materials. The majority of the en banc Ninth Circuit concluded that the posters and website were designed to intimidate, rather than persuade, abortion providers, which constituted a \"true threat\" under the FACE Act.
## Broader Implications {#broader_implications}
The case highlighted the ongoing debate over the limits of free speech and the definition of threats. It underscored the tension between advocating controversial political views and inciting violence. Legal scholars and commentators have debated whether the court\'s decision appropriately balanced First Amendment protections with the need to prevent intimidation and violence against specific individuals
| 485 |
American Coalition of Life Activists
| 0 |
7,744,535 |
# Piesseville, Western Australia
**Piesseville** is a small town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 211 km south-east of Perth on the Great Southern Highway between Narrogin and Wagin. It is also on the Great Southern Railway. At the `{{CensusAU|2016}}`{=mediawiki}, Piesseville had a population of 59.
## History
In the 1860s, early settlers came to the area to graze their flocks, but the first official records of it began in 1889 when the Great Southern Railway opened, and a siding called Buchanan River was opened. In 1897, the Government set aside land for subdivision here, and in 1903 lots were surveyed and the town of Buchanan gazetted. The land agent at Katanning reported considerable interest, and a hall, school and other facilities had been completed by 1904.
However, the name clashed with a town in New South Wales (now little more than a historic gallery outside Kurri Kurri in the Hunter Valley), so the town was renamed Barton in 1905 to honour Australia\'s first prime minister (1901--1903), Sir Edmund Barton. However, after the construction of the Trans-Australian Railway in 1917, another railway station named after Barton in the South Australian stretch of the Nullarbor Plain led to another name change -- this time to Piesse, after two prominent residents Frederick Henry Piesse and Charles Austin Piesse, in December 1918. Five years later, the town was changed to its present name -- its fourth in 20 years.
Piesseville today is more of an agricultural locality, although the original 1904 hall still stands
| 252 |
Piesseville, Western Australia
| 0 |
7,744,551 |
# David MacKeen
**David MacKeen** (September 20, 1839 -- November 13, 1916) was a Canadian surveyor, mine manager, politician, and the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.
## Life
Born in Mabou, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Cape Breton in the 1887 federal election. A Conservative, he was re-elected in the 1891 election. He was summoned to the Senate of Canada in 1896, representing the senatorial division of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. He resigned in 1915 when he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. He died in office in 1916
| 100 |
David MacKeen
| 0 |
7,744,570 |
# Portugal at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Portugal participated at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, held between 7 and 22 February 1998. The country\'s participation in the Games marked its third appearance at the Winter Olympics since its debut in the previous Games. The Portugal team consisted of two athletes who competed across two sports. Skier Mafalda Pereira served as the country\'s flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. Portugal did not win any medal in the Games, and has not won a Winter Olympics medal as of these Games.
## Background
The Olympic Committee of Portugal was formed on 28 October 1909 and the nation made its debut in the Olympics in the 1912 Summer Olympics. The 1952 Winter Olympics marked Portugal\'s first participation in the Winter Olympics. After the nation made its debut in the Winter Olympics at the 1952 Games, the nation did not participate in Winter Games till 1988. This edition of the Games in 1998 marked the nation\'s fourth appearance at the Winter Games.
The 1998 Winter Olympics was held in Nagano, Japan, held between 7 and 22 February 1998. The Portugal team consisted of two athletes who competed across two sports. Skier Mafalda Pereira served as the country\'s flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. Portugal did not win any medal in the Games, and has not won a Winter Olympics medal as of these Games.
## Competitors
Portugal sent two athletes who competed in two events across two sports at the Games.
Sport Men Women Total
------------------ ----- ------- -------
Freestyle skiing 0 1 1
Speed skating 1 0 1
Total 1 1 2
## Freestyle skiing {#freestyle_skiing}
Freestyle skiing competitions were held between 16 and 18 February at Iizuna Kogen Resort. Mafalda Pereira represented Portugal at the sport in the women\'s category. This was the first and only Winter Games participation for Pereira. She finished 21st in the qualifying rounds of the women\'s aerials event and did not advance to the finals.
Athlete Event Qualifying
----------------- ------------------ ------------ ------
Points Rank Points Rank
Mafalda Pereira Women\'s aerials 118.86 21
## Speed skating {#speed_skating}
Speed skating competitions were held at M-Wave in Nagano. Fausto Marreiros represented Portugal at the sport in the men\'s category. This was the first and only Winter Games participation for Marreriors. He finished 31st in the final classification of the men\'s 5000 m event.
Athlete Event Final
------------------ -------- ---------
Time Rank
Fausto Marreiros 5000 m 7:01
| 406 |
Portugal at the 1998 Winter Olympics
| 0 |
7,744,573 |
# KSOP-FM
**KSOP-FM** (104.3 FM, \"Z104\") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, the station serves the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The station is owned by KSOP, Inc. Its studios are located along Redwood Road, and the transmitter site is atop Farnsworth Peak.
KSOP-FM also has a sister station, KSOP, on AM 1370 kHz. The FM station went on the air December 10, 1964, and has claimed to be the first FM country music station in the United States. The two stations simulcast until May 2002, when KSOP AM broke away to launch a classic country format to complement the more contemporary playlist on KSOP-FM.
On August 1, 2011, at midnight, after stunting with a countdown of 10 popular non-country pop songs, KSOP-FM rebranded as \"Z104\".
On November 15, 2017, at approximately 12 pm (MST) the station switched on its HD Radio transmitter, allowing for clearer radio, album art in car, and other HD options. KSOP-FM\'s second HD Radio channel simulcasts KSOP AM; the subchannel will be discontinued in June 2025, concurrently with the closure of the AM station and the move of its classic country programming to Internet radio.
## Translators
In addition to the main station, KSOP-FM is relayed by ten additional translators to widen its broadcast area. `{{RadioTranslators
| call1 = K221AX
| freq1 = 92.1
| watts1 = 12
| class1 = D
| city1 = Laketown, UT
| call2 = K224BR
| freq2 = 92.7
| watts2 = 16
| class2 = D
| city2 = Park City, UT
| call3 = K244AO
| freq3 = 96.7
| watts3 = 12
| class3 = D
| city3 = Randolph, UT
| call4 = K244DH
| freq4 = 96.7
| watts4 = 36
| class4 = D
| city4 = Fort Douglas, Utah
| call5 = K255AD
| freq5 = 98.9
| watts5 = 10
| class5 = D
| city5 = Monroe, UT
| call6 = K274AH
| freq6 = 102.7
| watts6 = 10
| class6 = D
| city6 = Junction, UT
| call7 = K280EA
| freq7 = 103.9
| watts7 = 5
| class7 = D
| city7 = Hanksville, UT
| call8 = K292AT
| freq8 = 106.3
| watts8 = 157
| class8 = D
| city8 = Price, UT
| call9 = K296AF
| freq9 = 107.1
| watts9 = 12
| class9 = D
| city9 = Heber, UT
| call10 = K296AQ
| freq10 = 107
| 421 |
KSOP-FM
| 0 |
7,744,578 |
# Fusuisaurus
***Fusuisaurus*** (meaning \"Fusui lizard\" from the name of the county where it was discovered) is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. Fragmentary postcranial remains of this animal have been discovered in 2001 in the Napai Formation of Guangxi, China and consist of the left ilium, left pubis, anterior caudals, most of the dorsal ribs and distal end of the left femur. This sauropod has been described as a basal titanosauriform.
The type species is *F. zhaoi*, named in honour of Chinese paleontologist Zhao Xijin.
## Size
In 2016 Gregory S. Paul gave a length of 22 meters (72 ft) and a weight of 35 tonnes (38.6 short tons). This sauropod was a very large animal, as its humerus was 183.5 cm long. Despite this, its weight is estimated \"only\" at about 35 000 kilograms
| 141 |
Fusuisaurus
| 0 |
7,744,580 |
# Payton v. New York
***Payton v. New York***, 445 U.S. 573 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case concerning warrantless entry into a private home in order to make a felony arrest. The Court struck down a New York statute providing for such warrantless entries because the Fourth Amendment draws a firm line at the entrance to the house. Absent exigent circumstances, that threshold may not be reasonably crossed without a warrant. The court, however, did specify that an arrest warrant (as opposed to a search warrant) would have sufficed for entry into the suspect\'s residence if there had been reason to believe that the suspect was within the home.
Payton and related case law establish that the principle that a person in a home, particularly his or her own, is entitled Fourth Amendment protections not afforded to persons in automobiles, as per *Whren v. United States*, or to persons in public, as per *United States v. Watson*.
## Background
Theodore Payton of New York City was suspected of murdering an employee of a gas station in the city. Thinking Payton was home, the New York City police \"forcibly entered Payton\'s home.\" Payton was in fact not home, and the police gathered evidence from his home connecting him to the murder of the gas station attendant. The police acted under a New York law \"allowing police to enter a private residence to make a felony arrest without a warrant.\" At his trial, Payton was unable to have the evidence thrown out, and his conviction was upheld at the appellate level. The judge noted that the police entering Payton\'s house was \"authorized by the New York law\" and therefore was permissible
| 282 |
Payton v. New York
| 0 |
7,744,589 |
# List of NBC personalities
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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unexpected 'w'
{| wikitable''
^
``
| 20 |
List of NBC personalities
| 0 |
7,744,599 |
# Rudolf Kreitlein
**Rudolf Kreitlein** (14 November 1919 -- 31 July 2012) was a German international football referee which was active in the 1960s.
## England v Argentina, 1966 World Cup {#england_v_argentina_1966_world_cup}
Kreitlein is perhaps best known for having refereed the 1966 World Cup quarter-final match between England and Argentina in which he dismissed Antonio Rattín from the field of play in the 35th minute of the game for a second caution - dissent. Rattín initially refused to leave the pitch, arguing furiously with Kreitlein (even though neither man understood each other\'s native language) and the game was held up for several minutes until Rattín reluctantly departed. It was also during that game that Jack Charlton was cautioned, only to discover the fact the next day from the newspaper report. As a result of this incident, Kreitlein and Ken Aston developed the idea of yellow cards and red cards to aid on-field communication in football. Kreitlein, who had never seen the match, requested a copy of the game from the Football Association in 2006. Kreitlein retired from international competition in 1967.
## Career
Kreitlein began his refereeing career at the age of 17, and soon moved to the US to train referees. He subsequently returned to Germany, where he tried to become a professional footballer. However, a serious knee injury ended this aspiration, and he concentrated on refereeing instead. Kreitlein\'s rise to prominence within the European game was evident prior to the World Cup. He had been appointed as one of the German representatives for the 1963 UEFA European Under-18 Championship in England, refereeing the final between England and Northern Ireland at Wembley (his assistants were the Hungarian orchestral conductor and referee István Zsolt and the Belgian Mark Raemaekers).
Kreitlein had been a Bundesliga referee from its inauguration in 1963 but had only refereed 36 matches at national level before being appointed referee (in May 1966) to the European Cup final, where he took charge of the game between Real Madrid and Partizan Belgrade in Brussels.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kreitlein worked as a tailor. He was married, but had no children. His wife died in 2008
| 357 |
Rudolf Kreitlein
| 0 |
7,744,624 |
# Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover
***Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover***, 359 U.S. 500 (1959), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States dealing with jury trials in civil matters. The court held that where legal and equitable claims are joined in the same action, the *legal* claims must be tried by a jury before the *equitable* claims can be resolved.
Cornell Law School\'s Legal Information Institute summarized it like this: `{{Blockquote
|text=In ''Beacon Theatres v. Westover'', the Court held that a district court erred in trying all issues itself in an action in which the plaintiff sought a [[declaratory judgment]] and an injunction barring the defendant from instituting an [[antitrust]] action against it, and the defendant had filed a [[counterclaim]] alleging violation of the antitrust laws and asking for treble damages. It did not matter, the Court ruled, that the equitable claims had been filed first and the law counterclaims involved allegations common to the equitable claims. Subsequent jury trial of these issues would probably be precluded by [[collateral estoppel]], hence "only under the most imperative circumstances which in view of the flexible procedures of the Federal Rules we cannot now anticipate, can the right to a jury trial of legal issues be lost through prior determination of equitable claims."
}}`{=mediawiki}
The question was whether the exclusive agreement of Fox Theatres with the distributor Westover for first-run movies was reasonable
| 235 |
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| 0 |
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