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# Henri Ghéon
## Works
`{{div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- *La Solitude de l\'été. Les campagnes simples* (1897)
- *Le Pain. Tragédie populaire en 4 actes et 5 tableaux* (1912)
- *Foi en la France poèmes du temps de guerre per patriam ad dominum* (1916)
- *L\'Homme né de la guerre*
- *Jeux et miracles pour le peuple fidèle* (1922)
- *Partis Pris. Réflexions sur l\'art littéraire* (1923)
- *La Bergère au pays des loups* (1923)
- *Les Trois Miracles de Sainte Cécile* (1923)
- *La Merveilleuse Histoire du jeune Bernard de Menthon. En trois journées et un épilogue* (1924)
- *Le Triomphe de Saint Thomas d\'Aquin* (1924)
- *Le Comédien et la grâce, pièce d\'après la vie de Saint Genès* (1925)
- *Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux*
- *La Parade du Pont du diable d\'après la légende de Saint Kado* (1926)
- *La Vie Profonde de Saint François d\'Assise* (1926)
- *Les Trois Sagesses du vieux Wang* (1927)
- *Demos esclave et roi* (1927)
- *La Fille du sultan et le bon jardinier. Conte en trois tableaux d\'après une chanson flamande* (1928)
- *Les Jeux de l\'enfer et du ciel* (1929)
- *La Vieille Dame des rues* (roman), Fkammarion, (1930)
- *Sainte Anne d\'Auray* (1931)
- *Épiphanie ou le voyage des trois rois* (1931)
- *Promenades avec Mozart, l\'homme, l\'œuvre, le pays* (1932)
- *Le Saint Curé d\'Ars* (1933)
- *Le Noël sur la place ou les enfances de Jésus* (1935)
- *Noêl ! Noël !* (1935)
- *Le Pauvre sous l\'escalier. Trois Épisodes d\'après la vie de saint Alexis*
- *Saint Jean Bosco*
- *Féerie le petit Poucet, impromptu en trois actes pour les enfants* (1935)
- *Les Détours imprévus* (1937)
- *La Quête héroïque du Graal. Action romanesque et féerique en cinq parties et dix tableaux* (1938)
- *Marie, Mère de Dieu* (1939)
- *Judith. Œdipe ou le crépuscule des dieux*
- *L\'Art du théâtre*
- *Dramaturgie d\'hier et de demain*
- *Saint Martin* (1941)
- *Sainte Claire d\'Assise* (1944)
- *Les Jeux de l'enfer et du ciel*
- *La Cathédrale Incendiée*, music by Albert Alain
- *Correspondance Henri Ghéon - André Gide*, t. 1 1897-1903, t. II 1904-1944, Paris : Gallimard, NRF, 1976
- *Correspondance Vielé-Griffin - Ghéon*, édition critique edited by Catherine Boschian-Campaner, Paris : H
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# Douglas Clifton Brown, 1st Viscount Ruffside
**Douglas Clifton Brown, 1st Viscount Ruffside**, `{{postnominals|country=UK|size=100%|sep=,|PC|JP|DL}}`{=mediawiki} (16 August 1879 -- 5 May 1958) was a British politician who represented the Conservative Party (UK). He served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1943 to 1951. Upon stepping down as Speaker he became the Viscount Ruffside; the peerage became extinct with his death.
## Early life {#early_life}
Clifton Brown was born on 16 August 1879. He was the fifth of ten children born to Amelia (née Rowe) Brown and Colonel James Clifton Brown, a Liberal Party Member of Parliament. His maternal grandparents were Charles Rowe, who was mixed race, due to being of African descent, and his Lima-born wife Sarah. His elder brother was Howard Clifton Brown
His paternal grandparents were Alexander Brown and his wife Sarah Benedict Brown. His great-grandfather was the banker and merchant Sir William Brown, 1st Baronet, and his uncle was Liberal politician Sir Alexander Brown, 1st Baronet.
Clifton Brown was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.
## Career
Clifton Brown was a lieutenant in the Lancashire Artillery when on 26 March 1902 he was commissioned a second-lieutenant in the 1st Dragoon Guards, serving in South Africa during the end of the Second Boer War. He advanced to major in the regiment, and later became a lieutenant-colonel in the Volunteer force.
### Political career {#political_career}
Clifton Brown was the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Hexham from 1918 to 1923 and from 1924 to 1951. He was a Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons from 1938 to 1943 and Speaker of the House of Commons from 1943 to 1951. As speaker, he visited the front line shortly after the Normandy landings. It was the last trip to a war zone by a holder of the post until Sir Lindsay Hoyle went to Ukraine in March 2025. Clifton Brown was sworn of the Privy Council in 1941 and raised to the peerage as **Viscount Ruffside**, of Hexham in the County of Northumberland, in 1951. An act of Parliament, `{{visible anchor|Mr. Speaker Clifton Brown's Retirement Act 1951}}`{=mediawiki} (15 & 16 Geo. 6 & 1 Eliz. 2. c. 2), was passed to provide him with a pension as former Speaker.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1907, Ruffside was married to Violet Cicely Kathleen Wollaston (1882--1969), daughter of Frederick Eustace Arbuthnot Wollaston. They were the parents of one child:
- Audrey Clifton Brown (1908--2002), who married Harry Hylton-Foster, who became Speaker of the House of Commons. Audrey was created a life peeress as Baroness Hylton-Foster in honour of her husband in 1965.
His grand-nephew Geoffrey Clifton-Brown has served as a Conservative MP since 1992.
Ruffside died in May 1958, aged 78. As there were no surviving male issue from the marriage, the viscountcy became extinct. His widow, the Viscountess Ruffside, died in November 1969, aged 87
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# MV Spirit of Gosport
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# Eugeniusz Pogorzelski
**Eugeniusz Pogorzelski** (December 30, 1866 -- March 18, 1934) was a Polish military officer. Serving in the rank of Generał dywizji, he was the commanding officer of the Polish 7th Infantry Division during the Kiev offensive of the Polish-Bolshevik War
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# John Scudder (physician)
**John Scudder** (1900 -- December 1976) was an American medical doctor and blood transfusion specialist who developed the Plasma for Britain program during the early years of World War II. He recruited Charles Drew to help develop the organization and its processes to get the plasma supply project operational. Their work was estimated to have helped save the lives of thousands of Allied troops.
## Early life {#early_life}
Scudder was born to John and Ellen Bartholemew Scudder in 1900 in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Rutgers University before deciding to be a surgeon. He completed medical school at Columbia University, where he also did graduate-level work on blood research and surgical procedures for its use.
His family was part of the Scudders in India, who devoted more than 1,100 combined years to Christian medical mission service. Four generations of the family and 42 members served in India.
## Career
After obtaining his doctorate, Scudder began working and teaching at Columbia University-Presbyterian Hospital. There he worked in blood transfusion and surgery. He became an assistant professor of clinical surgery at Columbia University in 1935. He worked on research centering on whole blood, then on fractionated blood and plasmas. By 1940 he was doing research on blood fluid dynamics as well.
## Blood for Britain {#blood_for_britain}
In late 1939, after World War II began in Europe, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Association (BTBA) of New York met with certain members of the British medical establishment about transfusion techniques. Plasma transfusion was possible at that time, but still experimental. No one had a good method for supplementing Britain\'s supplies with American blood plasma. This was crucial since, by all expectations, any war was expected to have the high casualties similar to those of World War I.
The managers of the BTBA turned to Dr. Scudder to organize the project. He recruited Charles Drew, one of his brightest graduate students and recently minted PhD, to lead the project. During the course of Plasma for Britain, Scudder often assisted Drew in organizing and communicating with project managers and other medical authorities. When Plasma for Britain was turned over to the British Military, Scudder returned to his teaching and research position at Columbia.
## Later life {#later_life}
Scudder continued research in fields related both to blood work and surgery. He published papers on shock syndrome, banked blood, and using chemicals and X-rays to map the cardiovascular system. He co-authored many papers.
In the 1960s, when there was a conflict between the Red Cross and the for-profit American Association of Blood Banks, Scudder publicly supported the Red Cross. He stated that blood donation should be a matter of civic responsibility, not profiteering.
His health began to fail in the early 1970s. He died in December 1976 at the age of 76..
## Legacy and honors {#legacy_and_honors}
- The Plasma for Britain program was estimated to save the lives of thousands of Allied troops.
- 1950s, a blood bank in New York City was named after him
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# Ghadhasaru Lake
**Ghadhasaru Lake** or **Gadasru Mahadev Lake** (alternatively spelled as Gandasaru or Gadasaru) is a high altitude lake located near Devikothi village of the Churah tehsil of Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh, India at an elevation of about 3,470 m above the sea level at the base of mountain Gadasaru Peak. The lake is held sacred by the locals and has a circumference of about 1 km.
## History
Near the lake, there is a small temple to the Goddess Kali. Nearby, the Mahakali Lake is considered sacred to the Goddess Mahakali
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# Conrad the Cat
**Conrad the Cat** is a fictional animated Warner Bros. character who was created by Chuck Jones, and starred in three shorts in the 1940s.
He was voiced by Mel Blanc in the first two shorts, and Pinto Colvig in Conrad the Sailor. Conrad having been voiced by Colvig, has been compared to Goofy, but has been criticized as having \"only mannerisms (he rubs his nose a lot and grins, and giggles foolishly), and not a personality.\"
## Shorts
He first appeared in the 1942 color short *The Bird Came C.O.D.* before featuring in *Porky\'s Cafe* (in black and white) and *Conrad the Sailor* (in color). In *Porky\'s Cafe*, Conrad appeared with Porky Pig; in *Conrad the Sailor*, he appears with Daffy Duck. All shorts were released in 1942
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# Mahakali Lake
**Mahakali Lake** is a high altitude lake which lies between Sano and Gudial villages of Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh, India. It is about 4,080 m above the sea level. This lake remains frozen for 6 months from November to April.
## History
Lake is considered sacred to Goddess Mahakali. Nearby Ghadhasaru Lake has a small temple of Goddess Kali
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# Requiem (Rutter)
John Rutter\'s **Requiem** is a musical setting of parts of the Latin Requiem with added psalms and biblical verses in English, completed in 1985. It is scored for soprano, mixed choir and orchestra or chamber ensemble.
Five of its seven movements are based on text from the Latin Requiem Mass, while the second movement is a setting of \"Out of the deep\" (Psalm 130) and the sixth movement is an anthem *The Lord is my Shepherd* (Psalm 23) which Rutter had earlier written. The first movement combines the Introit and Kyrie, the third is *Pie Jesu*, with soprano solo. The central movement is a lively Sanctus, followed by Agnus Dei and finally Lux aeterna. In the Agnus Dei and Lux aeterna, Rutter combines the liturgical Latin text with English biblical verses.
Four of the movements of the Requiem were first performed at Fremont Presbyterian Church, Sacramento, California, on 14 March 1985. The first performance of the complete work was at Lovers\' Lane United Methodist Church, Dallas, Texas, on 13 October 1985. It was published in 1986 by Oxford University Press. `{{TOC limit|3}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
Rutter completed his Requiem in 1985. It bears the dedication \"in memoriam L. F. R.\", John Rutter\'s father, who had died the previous year.
He conducted the first performance on 13 October 1985 at Lovers\' Lane United Methodist Church, Dallas, Texas, where the director of Music Allen Pote prepared the Sanctuary Choir and orchestra. The soprano soloist was Karen Shafer. Movements 1, 2, 4, and 7 had been performed on 14 March 1985 at Fremont Presbyterian Church, Sacramento, California, by the Sanctuary Choir and ensemble, prepared by Mel Olson and also conducted by the composer.
The Requiem was published in 1986 by Oxford University Press, with a singable English text also for the Latin passages.
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# Requiem (Rutter)
## Music
Rutter scored the Requiem for mixed choir and orchestra. It features solos for cello, soprano and oboe. He prepared two versions, one for a chamber ensemble and one for orchestra. The ensemble consists of flute, oboe, timpani, glockenspiel, harp, cello and organ, while the orchestra has 2 flutes, oboe, 2 clarinets, bassoon, 2 horns, timpani, glockenspiel, harp and strings.
Rutter structured the work in seven movements, similar to the setting of Gabriel Fauré. One of the movements is *The Lord is my Shepherd*, which he had written as an anthem in 1976.
### Table of movements {#table_of_movements}
The following table shows the title, Tempo marking, voices, time, key and text sources for the seven movements. The information is given for the beginning of the movements. Rutter frequently shifts tempo, key and time. The source for the details is the vocal score, unless otherwise noted.
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| No. | Title | Tempo marking | Vocal | Time | Key | Text source |
+=====+=========================+========================+==========+======+==========+============================================================================================+
| 1 | | Slow and solemn | Chorus | | C minor\ | Introit and Kyrie |
| | | | | | G major | |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | Out of the deep | Slow, with some rubato | Chorus | | C minor | |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | | Andante e dolce | Soprano\ | | F major | Pie Jesu |
| | | | Chorus | | | |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | | Andante maestoso | Chorus | | C major | Sanctus, Benedictus |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | | Slow and solemn | Chorus | | C minor | Agnus Dei\ |
| | | | | | | `{{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=John|chapter=11|verse=25}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | The Lord is my shepherd | Slow but flowing | Chorus | | C major | |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | | Moderato | Soprano\ | | C minor\ | \ |
| | | | Chorus | | G major | Introit, Kyrie |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | |
+-----+-------------------------+------------------------+----------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
: Movements of Rutter\'s Requiem
#### 1
The first movement consists of the Introit from the Requiem (\"Requiem aeternam\") and the Kyrie. The work opens with a steady beat of the tympani, to which instruments enter, first without a defined key. The voices enter in measure 7, stating in unison on the note C \"Requiem aeternam\". The text beginning \"Kyrie eleison\" is set in G major.
#### 2 {#section_1}
The second movement is entitled *Out of the Deep*, the English version of Psalm 130, a psalm commonly used at Anglican funerals. It is set in C minor and begins with an expanded cello solo. Its motifs are picked up by the voices, first alto and bass in unison, in low register.
#### 3 {#section_2}
The third movement is the *Pie Jesu*, a text that concludes the sequence Dies irae. Rutter, as before him Fauré and Duruflé, omit the sequence, but include the prayer to Jesus for rest. It begins with a soprano soloist singing with a very light accompaniment, with only slight involvement of the chorus echoing the words \"Dona eis requiem, Dona eis sempiternam requiem\".
#### 4 {#section_3}
The central movement is the Sanctus (with Benedictus), a lively, and exclamatory movement which is brightly orchestrated with bells, flute, and oboe and occasional timpani recalling the passage in Old Testament scripture in Isaiah chapter 6, and the worship of the six-winged seraphim in the heavenly throne-room of God.
#### 5 {#section_4}
The fifth movement is the Agnus Dei (Lamb of God) of the Requiem. Rutter uses a steady beat on one note, similar to the timpani of the first movement. The Latin text is contrasted with another biblical passage, \"Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live\" from the Book of Job. The call Agnus Dei in measure 58 is the dynamic climax of the Requiem. After an instrumental interlude which quotes \"Victimae paschali laudes\" associated with Easter, the voices sing very softly \"I am the resurrection and the life\", from the Book of John.
#### 6 {#section_5}
The sixth movement is Psalm 23, another psalm commonly used at Anglican funerals. It mentions the valley of the shadow of death, but is an expression of trust in God and hope for dwelling in his house forever.
#### 7 {#section_6}
The seventh movement includes words from the 1662 *Book of Common Prayer* Burial Service (\"I heard a voice from heaven\...\") and the communion chant from Requiem (*Lux aeterna*).
The work lasts about 40 minutes
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# Helianthus pauciflorus
***Helianthus pauciflorus***, called the **stiff sunflower**, is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Great Lakes region, and naturalized in scattered locations in the eastern United States and in much of southern Canada (from Alberta to Nova Scotia).
Stiff sunflower is a perennial herb 50 - tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Most of the leaves are attached near the bottom of the stem. One plant can produces 1-10 flower heads, each head with 10-20 yellow ray florets surrounding at least 75 red or (less often) yellow disc florets.
Hybrids between *H. pauciflorus* and *H. tuberosus* (Jerusalem artichoke) are known as *H.* × *laetiflorus*. The name *H. laetiflorus* has also been used as a synonym of *H. pauciflorus*.
Subspecies
- *Helianthus pauciflorus* subsp. *pauciflorus*: 80 - tall; leaves alternate near the end of the stem, 8 - long, with tips acuminate (tapered to a point).
- *Helianthus pauciflorus* subsp. *subrhomboideus* (Rydb.) O.Spring & E.E.Schill.: 50 - tall; leaves opposite, 5 - long, with acute or obtuse tips
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# Resource allocation (computing)
**Resource allocation** is the process by which a computing system aims to meet the hardware requirements of an application run by it. Computing, networking and energy resources must be optimised taking into account hardware, performance and environmental restrictions. This process may be undertaken by the hardware itself, an operating system, a distributed computing system, or as part of data center management
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# James A. Van Fleet Award
The **General James A. Van Fleet Award** (`{{Korean|hangul=제임스 밴 플리트상}}`{=mediawiki}), given annually since 1992 by The Korea Society, is awarded to \"one or more distinguished Koreans or Americans in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of U.S.-Korea relations." It is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of U.S.--Korea relations.
The award is named for General James A. Van Fleet, Commander of the U.S. Eighth Army at the height of the Korean War in 1951. Beginning in 1957, General Van Fleet served as the first president of The Korea Society.
The award is formally presented to the recipient(s) each year at The Korea Society\'s Annual Dinner.
## Winners
- 1995 -- Chulsu Kim (Deputy Director-General, World Trade Organization)
- 1996 -- Ambassador James T. Laney (U.S. Ambassador to the South Korea)
- 1997 -- Pyong-Hwoi Koo (Chairman, Korea International Trade Association)
- 1998 -- Jong-Hyon Chey (Chairman, SK Group) and Jeong H. Kim (President, Carrier Networks and DNS / Lucent Technologies)
- 1999 -- William J. Perry (former U.S. Secretary of Defense)
- 2000 -- Jimmy Carter (former U.S. President)
- 2001 -- Kim Kyung Won (President, Institute of Social Sciences)
- 2002 -- Horace G. Underwood (Director, Yonsei University)
- 2003 -- Raymond G. Davis (Retired General, United States Marine Corps)
- 2004 -- Ban Ki-Moon (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, South Korea)
- 2005 -- George H. W. Bush (former U.S. President)
- 2006 -- Lee Kun-hee (Chairman, Samsung)
- 2007 - Kim Dae-jung (former President of the South Korea) and Houghton and Doreen Freeman (The Freeman Foundation)
- 2008 - Kevin O\'Donnell (First Country Director, Peace Corps Korea) and Don Oberdorfer (Chairman, U.S-Korea Institute)
- 2009 - Chung Mong-koo (Chairman, Hyundai Motor Group) and Henry Kissinger (56th Secretary of State, The United States of America)
- 2010 - General Colin Powell (65th Secretary of State, The United States of America) and General Paik Sun-yup (Korean War Veteran, Military of South Korea)
- 2011 - Korea-U.S. Business Council accepted by Hyun Jae-hyun (Chairman of Tongyang Group) and U.S.-Korea Business Council accepted by William R. Rhodes (Senior Vice Chairman of Citigroup and Citibank)
- 2012 - Robert H. Benmosche (President and CEO of American International Group) and Han Duck-soo (former Prime Minister of the South Korea) and Lee Soo-man (Chairman and Founder of S.M. Entertainment)
- 2013 - Ambassadors Ahn Ho-young and Sung Y. Kim on behalf of Korean and U.S. diplomats who have strengthened the 60-year alliance from 1953 to 2013
- 2014 - Marillyn A. Hewson (Chairman, President, and CEO of Lockheed Martin) and Yongmaan Park (Chairman of Doosan Group)
- 2015 - Ho Youn Kim (Founder of Kim Koo Foundation, Chairman and CEO of Binggrae Co., LTD)
- 2016 - Kwon Oh-joon (Chairman and CEO of POSCO)
- 2017 - George W. Bush (former U.S President) and Chey Tae-won (Chairman and CEO of SK Holdings)
- 2018 - Sohn Kyung Shik (Chairman of CJ Group)
- 2019 - The Boeing Company and Cho Yang-ho (Chairman and CEO of Korean Air)
- 2020 - Charles B
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| 0 |
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# Kevin Dresser
the Iowa Hawkeyes `{{MedalCompetition|[[NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships|NCAA Division I Championships]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalGold|[[1986 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships|1986 Iowa City]]| 142 lb}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalCompetition|[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten Championships]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalGold|1985 Evanston|142 lb}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalGold|1986 Minneapolis|142 lb}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalBottom}}`{=mediawiki}
**Kevin Dresser** (November 9, 1962) is a collegiate wrestling coach, currently at Iowa State University and formerly at Virginia Tech (2006--2017). Dresser had also been a coach at Christiansburg HS, Grundy HS, and an assistant at the University of Iowa, after having wrestled for the Hawkeyes.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Fort Dodge and a native of Humboldt, Iowa, Dresser was a two-time high school wrestling state champion and four time place winner fifth (freshman) and sixth (sophomore) at Humboldt High School. Kevin had a high school record of 112-11-1, he holds his school\'s records for number of takedowns and pins. Kevin matriculated to the University of Iowa where he was an NCAA National Champion at 142 pounds in 1986. He was also a two-time NCAA All-American and two-time Big Ten Conference Champion. Kevin had an NCAA record of 34-2-1 with 16 falls. His coach at Iowa was wrestling legend Dan Gable. In 1986, he was given the Mike Howard Award as the most valuable wrestler for the Hawkeyes that season.
## Early coaching career {#early_coaching_career}
He coached under Dan Gable at Iowa for several years after graduation. He then accepted a position as head wrestling coach at Grundy High School in Grundy, Virginia. Dresser led the Virginia powerhouse to eight Virginia state titles in eight years.
Dresser then moved to Christiansburg, Virginia to take over the wrestling program at Christiansburg High School. He successfully built the team from scratch and led them to five consecutive Virginia team state championships. During his tenure, Christiansburg High School was ranked as high as fourth in the nation.
## Collegiate coaching career {#collegiate_coaching_career}
### Virginia Tech {#virginia_tech}
Kevin Dresser took over as head coach for the Virginia Tech Hokies wrestling team in 2006, upon the departure of Tom Brands.
Dresser went 160-51 in 11 seasons. The team earned two ACC Tournament Championships (2012--13 and 2013--14) and three ACC Dual Championships (2014--15, 2015--16, and 2016--17), during his tenure.
Kevin was named the 2016 *NWCA Coach of the Year*.
### Iowa State {#iowa_state}
Nearing the end of the 2016-17 season, Kevin Dresser accepted an offer to be the new head coach of wrestling at Iowa State University.Bringing with him his wife Penny, oldest daughter Emma, middle daughter Anna, and youngest son, Jack. Dresser coached the Cyclones to the 2024 Big XII team wrestling championship. He was also named the Big XII coach of the year in 2019 and 2024. He signed a 7-year, \$2.25 million contract
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# Alibée Féry
Général **Alibée Féry** (28 May 1818 - 1896) was a Haitian playwright, poet, and storyteller. Born in Jérémie, Féry was largely self-taught. He was the first person to tell stories of Uncle Bouqui and Ti Malice, characters who appear frequently in Haitian folklore
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# Sundance (charter vessel)
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# Architectural Design
***Architectural Design***, also known as ***AD***, is a UK-based architectural journal first launched in 1930 as *Architectural Design and Construction*. The journal is currently published by Axiomatic Editions, and has been edited by Neil Spiller since 2018.
## History
In its early days, the journal was more concerned with the British architectural scene, but it gradually became more international in scope. In 1946 Monica Pidgeon became editor and developed the magazine under the ownership of Standard Catalogue Company. Contributors during the 1960s included Theo Crosby and Kenneth Frampton.
Over time, the journal moved away from news coverage towards theme-based issues. During the late 1970s and 1980s it was a bastion of Postmodernism, with frequent articles and special editions guest-edited by Charles Jencks, the theoretical father of postmodern architecture. At that time the journal was the mouthpiece of the publishers Academy Editions (marketed in the USA under St. Martins Press), based in Leinster Gardens, London (they also had their own bookstore), and they published very many well-known titles concerned with postmodernism. The long-standing Editor-in-Chief, until the mid-1980s, was Andreas Papadakis.
The content of the journal is seen during the latter half of its history as running parallel with the cutting edge of avant-gardism, promoting innovation as well as celebrity status -- \'stararchitects\'. Thus, at the height of Postmodernism in the late 1970s -- when it often featured the works of Michael Graves, Robert Stern, Leon Krier, James Stirling, Robert Krier and Aldo Rossi -- it also published Rem Koolhaas\'s later influential book *Delirious New York* (1979). An undercurrent to Postmodernism featured in the journal was that of \"architecture without a style\", a vernacular classical architecture, epitomised by the work of Quinlan Terry, Demetri Porphyrios and John Simpson.
The journal went partly into decline with the demise of postmodernism, though it then shifted its coverage towards Deconstructivism, folding in architecture, \'blob\' architecture, biomorphism, and digital architecture. The shift in emphasis can be pinpointed to a single edition of the journal, devoted to the two polar positions at that time: \"Peter Eisenman versus Leon Krier: \'My ideology is better than yours.\'\" (\'Architectural Design\', 9-10/1989). The current avant-gardist interest of the journal in biomorphism is a return to issues the journal was covering in the 1960s and 1970s, before posism, with the architecture of Archigram, Cedric Price and the thinking of Reyner Banham
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# Lama Dal
**Lam Dal** or **Laam Dal** is a high altitude lake located in Piura Dhar of Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh, India. It is situated 45 km from the town of Chamba at an elevation of about 3,960 m above the sea level.
## History
Lama Dal lake is held sacred to Lord Shiva. It is part of holy pilgrimage that is held in July/August based on Hindu calendar. Kareri Lake is situated just 3 km (air distance) south west. This lake is a moderate/advance trekking destination accessible via Ghera (road accessible) - Kareri - Kareri Lake and also via Mcleod Gung (road accessible) - Truid - Bagga trail
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# Billy (musical)
***Billy*** is a musical based on the novel and play *Billy Liar* by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall. The book was written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, the music is by John Barry, and the lyrics are by Don Black.
## Productions
*Billy* opened at the Palace Theatre, Manchester, before moving on 1 May 1974 to the West End at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, where it ran for 904 performances.
The cast included Michael Crawford in the title role, with Bryan Pringle (Geoffrey Fisher), Avis Bunnage (Alice Fisher), Christopher Hancock (Mr. Shadrack), Billy Boyle, Diana Quick (Liz Benson), Gay Soper (Barbara), and Elaine Paige (Rita). The production was directed by Patrick Garland with choreography by Onna White, set by Ralph Kotai, costumes by Annena Stubbs, and lighting by Jules Fisher. Roy Castle replaced Crawford late in the run.
The first revival and reimagining of Billy was staged at the Union Theatre in London in June 2013. The production received rave five-star reviews under the staging and direction of Michael Strassen, who won Best Director at the Off West End Awards 2013. *The Independent*, awarding it five stars, wrote: \"Michael Strassen\'s feisty, intelligent, sensationally well lit (by Tim Deiling) production\... The first act is extraordinary and the second, like Gypsy\'s, tapers off into mere brilliance.\"
## Plot
Billy Fisher is an undertaker\'s assistant who daydreams and lies about his life. He wants to leave his dull, middle-class home in Yorkshire and his dreams become reality for him. In one dream, he is in the mythical land of \"Ambrosia\", where he is its president and also Captain of its football team. In other dreams he becomes *both* famous dancers Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire.
## Musical numbers {#musical_numbers}
- \"Ambrosia\" --- chorus
- \"And\" --- Alice, Geoffrey, Gran, Billy
- \"Some of Us Belong to the Stars\" --- Billy
- \"Happy to Be Themselves\" --- Billy, Arthur, company
- \"The Witch\'s Song\" --- Barbara, Billy
- \"Lies \" --- Barbara, Billy
- \"It Were All Green Hills\" --- Councillor Duxbury
- \"Aren\'t You Billy Fisher?\" --- Billy, company
- \"My Heart Is Ready When You Are\" --- Liz, Billy
- \"Is This Where I Wake Up\" --- Billy
- \"Billy\" --- Billy, Liz, Barbara, Rita
- \"Remembering\" --- Alice, Geoffrey
- \"Any Minute Now\" --- Rita, Barbara
- \"The Lady from L.A.\" --- Billy, company
- \"I Can Make A Difference\" --- Liz, Billy
- \"Why Can\'t I Feel Something?\" --- instrumental
- \"I Missed the Last Rainbow\" --- Billy
- \"Finale, Some of Us Belong To The Star\" (reprise), \"Ambrosia\" (reprise)
\"My Heart Is Ready When You Are\", \"I Can Make A Difference\", and \"Why Can\'t I Feel Something?\" were not part of the 1970s production. They were written and added for a revival in the 1990s.
## Reception
According to theatre critic Ken Mandelbaum, \"Billy was a brassy, Broadway-style musical, and it took advantage of the services of top-notch American choreographer Onna White. But its trump card was its star, Michael Crawford.\"
## Recording
The Original Cast recording was released by CBS (70133) on May 1, 1974
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# Malachy Bowes Daly
**Sir Malachy Bowes Daly** `{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|sep=,|size=100%|KCMG|KC}}`{=mediawiki} (February 6, 1836 -- April 26, 1920) was a Canadian politician and the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Quebec City, the son of Sir Dominick Daly, he was called to the bar in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1864.
## Political and administrative career {#political_and_administrative_career}
Daly was a private secretary to his father and to three governors of Nova Scotia: Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, Sir Charles Hastings Doyle, and Sir William Fenwick Williams.
He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of Halifax in the 1878 federal election. A Liberal-Conservative, he was re-elected in the 1882 elections. From 1885 to 1887, he was the Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees of the Whole of the House of Commons. From 1890 to 1900 he was the lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. In the New Year Honours list January 1900, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG).
Outside politics, he was also a cricketer, playing twice for the Canada national cricket team in 1874. He also scored the first century in Canadian cricket in Halifax during the 1858 cricket season.
## Family
At Halifax, July 4, 1859, he married Joanna Kenny, second daughter of Sir Edward Kenny, a cabinet minister in the Sir John A. Macdonald government. On retiring from the Governorship, he, Lady Daly and their daughter, Miss Daly, were honoured by public testimonials. He was given a magnificent dressing case; Lady Daly was given a diamond star pendant and Miss Daly was given a diamond ring. Lady Daly served as a volunteer and as President of the Ladies\' Auxiliary in connection with the Mission to Deep Sea Fisheries. She was an amateur actress, and performed at Government House in Nova Scotia
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# Chander Naun
**Chandar Nahan** is a high altitude lake which is located in Rohru tehsil of Shimla district in Himachal Pradesh, India at an elevation of about 4260 m above sea level. It is surrounded by snow for a long time and is the source of the river Pabbar
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# Penketh High School
**Penketh High School** is a secondary school in Penketh, Warrington. It is a co-educational, non-denominational academy school for 11 to 16 year olds. It converted from comprehensive to academy status in April 2013. In April 2018, Mr. John Carlin, one of the youngest headteachers in the United Kingdom, took the role of headteacher at Penketh.
The school has an partnership with *Kwadeda High School* in South Africa, who helped to produce a feature film called *The Opportunity*. This film was targeted at teenage audiences, to make them aware of HIV, drugs and other problems, that are high risk factors in South Africa.
## Extra curricular activities {#extra_curricular_activities}
Penketh High School offers a range of extra curricular activities, including: football, rugby, Basketball, Cricket, athletics, trampoline, badminton, dance and volleyball that can be accessed by all skill levels. Students won the football Cheshire Cup in 1996 & 2017.
The music department offers a range of group and individual lessons. The groups are run at no cost. The individual lessons may have a charge. Drama Club and/or Performing Arts Club. Drama is purely acting whereas Performing Arts is a mixture of acting, singing and dancing. The art department runs an Art club after school for Years 7 an 8. The ICT department houses a homework club for all years every break time and after school.
This is for all homework for which pupils need access to office software and/or the internet. Other extra curricular activities include STEM Club, Robotics and wearable technology, as well as student led clubs from 2018 in the school Makerspace. In February 2018, Penketh High School became the first school in the United Kingdom to embed Maker Education within the National Curriculum.
Spark Penketh makerspace runs within school time and outside of school lessons. In March 2018, Penketh students won the Maths Fest 2018 taking first place at the event ran by the Further Mathematics Support Programme. Penketh became a Future Physics Leader Programme School in March 2018. Penketh Student also won the Sellafield *Big Bang Project* against twelve other regional schools
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# Coast Miwok traditional narratives
**Coast Miwok traditional narratives** include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Coast Miwok people of the central California coast immediately north of San Francisco Bay.
Coast Miwok oral literature shares many characteristics of central California narratives, including that of their linguistic kinsmen the Lake, Plains, and Sierra Miwok, as well as other groups.
## On-line examples of Coast Miwok narratives {#on_line_examples_of_coast_miwok_narratives}
- [*The Dawn of the World*](http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/dawn_of_the_world) by C
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# Helianthemum marifolium
***Helianthemum marifolium*** (syn. *Helianthemum alpinum* Delarbre) is an endangered ornamental plant in the family Cistaceae
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# South Peninsula High School
**South Peninsula High School** is a secondary school in Diep River, a suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. The school celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2010, after opening in 1950.
South Peninsula High School accepts many students from historically disadvantaged areas in Cape Town including Mitchells Plain, Grassy Park, Lotus River, Heathfield, Strandfontein and Retreat. The school is twinned with Great Sankey High School, in Warrington, England, and used to run an exchange programme for staff and students
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# Portsmouth Queen
***Portsmouth Queen*** was a vessel owned by the Gosport Ferry Company Ltd. It was built by Thornycroft of Woolston, Hampshire.
## History
The vessel was built in 1966 to the exact design to the Gosport Queen and was delivered in a green and white livery. Later, it was repainted into the now standard Gosport Ferry colours. The vessel is no longer in service, but use to run alongside the new *Spirit of Gosport* or the *Spirit of Portsmouth*. In the early days it was always hard to tell *Portsmouth Queen* apart from her twin sister Gosport Queen.
The *Portsmouth Queen* was sold to Absolute Charters and left Gosport for the final time on 29 February 2016, to start a new life on the River Thames in London, and was renamed \'London Queen\'. However work stalled on the refit of the former Portsmouth Queen and the vessel remained in Queenborough and was once again up for sale. In April 2022, she was in the drying harbour in St Peter Port, Guernsey. However, in June 2022 under tow she returned to the UK
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# Blue Sky Black Death
**Blue Sky Black Death** (abbreviated **BSBD**) was a production duo with ties to the San Francisco Bay Area and Seattle, Washington. It consisted of Ryan Maguire, better known by his stage name Kingston, and Ian Taggart, better known by his stage name Young God, or, later, Televangel. They are known principally for their hip-hop and instrumental music, made with a mixture of live instrumentation and sampling. Their name is \"a skydiving phrase alluding to beauty and death.\"
## History
Kingston and Young God met and began collaborating on music in 2003. Young God, working under the name Rev. Left, began producing beats to rap over, but abandoned rapping and started producing exclusively around 2000. Kingston, working under the name Orphan, began his solo producing career collaborating with rapper Noah23 and the Plague Language collective (to which Young God also contributed production). Kingston contributed production to Noah23\'s debut album *Cytoplasm Pixel* in 1999, and the two collaborated closely until *Jupiter Sajitarius* in 2004, after which they parted ways. In the same year, Kingston worked on projects for Virtuoso\'s Omnipotent Records. He contributed a number of tracks to Jus Allah\'s scheduled Omnipotent debut, *All Fates Have Changed*, but the album was shelved. The tracks \"Vengeance\" and \"Drill Sergeant\" were later released on BSBD\'s *Dirtnap* mixtape, and a number of other beats recorded for the album were bootlegged on The Devil\'z Rejects album *Necronomicon*. One Kingston beat, \"Supreme (Black God\'s Remix),\" was included on the Babygrande Records release of *All Fates Have Changed* in 2005.
The duo, collaborating initially under the name Torso, signed their first record deal with Mush Records in 2005 to release the label\'s first double-disc album. During the album\'s production, the duo settled on their current name. The album, *A Heap of Broken Images*, was released on June 23, 2006. The first disc featured twelve instrumental tracks with heavy live instrumentation, while the second disc featured nine rap collaborations made with traditional hip-hop sampling and a closing instrumental. The guests included Rob Sonic, Mike Ladd, Jus Allah, Sabac Red, Wise Intelligent, A-Plus, Pep Love, Chief Kamachi, Myka 9, Virtuoso, Awol One and Holocaust. The album received acclaim from various sources, including Vapors, Word, Mean Street, UK Hip Hop, and Allmusic, and landed the duo on URB\'s \"Next 100.\" Around the same time, the duo completed a collaborative project with Ceschi entitled *Deadpan Darling*, which was never released due to the loss of most of the final mixes on a crashed hard drive. 16 years later, in 2021, it was announced that Deadpan Darling had recovered and was later released.
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# Blue Sky Black Death
## Career
The acclaim received for their debut album led to the duo landing a record deal with popular independent rap label Babygrande Records later in 2006. Their first release on the label was a full-length collaboration with Holocaust, titled *Blue Sky Black Death Presents: The Holocaust*, released on September 5. Holocaust provided all the album\'s vocals with no guest appearances, and BSBD provided production for every track. The album included the duo\'s first 12-inch single, *The Ocean / No Image*. The duo\'s next album was a collaboration with another Wu-Tang affiliate, Sunz of Man, and Black Market Militia member Hell Razah. Their album *Razah\'s Ladder* was released on October 23, 2007. Unlike *The Holocaust*, the album included outside guest appearances, featuring Crooked I, Shabazz the Disciple, Ill Bill, Sabac Red, and Prodigal Sunn. The duo strayed from the dark soundscapes featured in *The Holocaust*, instead providing a soulful backdrop for Razah. Shortly before the release of *Razah\'s Ladder*, the duo released their first mixtape, titled *Dirtnap*, featuring various unreleased collaborations and two instrumentals from their forthcoming album.
The duo\'s next release was their first all-instrumental project, *Late Night Cinema*, released on April 29, 2008. The dense instrumentals featured contributions from violinists, organists, trumpeters, synth players, and vocalists, as well as in-house guitar, keyboard, and drum kit work. The album received high acclaim from XLR8R, Music-Reviewer, PopMatters, SputnikMusic and RapReviews.com. RapReviews writer Pedro Hernandez stated, \"With this album, Blue Sky Black Death pushes the limits of what hip-hop music can be\" and called it \"essential listening.\" BSBD stayed active online throughout 2008, releasing two instrumental podcast blends titled *Gifts in Jail Vol. 1* and *Gifts in Jail Vol. 2*, as well as a screwed version of *Late Night Cinema* titled *Lean Night Cinema*.
In June 2008, after an online petition from fans, Babygrande released the acclaimed instrumentals from *The Holocaust* on vinyl and CD. BSBD then contributed twelve of thirteen tracks for Phoenix MC Gutta\'s debut album *Heads Will Roll*, released on Babygrande on September 2. On September 30, Babygrande released the album *The Evil Jeanius*, by pairing Jean Grae vocals with Blue Sky Black Death beats. November saw the duo\'s fifth release of the year, *Slow Burning Lights*, an indie pop project with singer Yes Alexander, which was recorded and completed two years before its release.
*Third Party*, a collaboration with Alexander Chen of Boy in Static, was released on Fake Four Inc in 2010.
In 2011, Blue Sky Black Death released a new album, *Noir*, on Fake Four Inc. The duo also released *For the Glory*, a collaborative album with rapper Nacho Picasso, in the same year.
Two more collaborative albums with Nacho Picasso, *Lord of the Fly* and *Exalted*, were released in 2012. They performed at South by Southwest in March of that year.
A follow-up album with Yes Alexander entitled *World Wide Romance* was scheduled to be released sometime in 2013. The first single from the album *Heart Attack* was released in 2010.
In May 2013, BSBD released a single titled \"Valley of Kings,\" which features Cam\'ron, SAS, and N.O.R.E. This was followed by the release of their new instrumental album *Glaciers* on October 1, 2013.
On February 14, 2014, Blue Sky Black Death released an unofficial remix of Frank Ocean\'s 2012 single \"Pyramids,\" which included a chopped and screwed sample of Pimp C\'s verse from UGK\'s 1999 single \"Wood Wheel.\"
In January 2014, the duo returned to their roots and looked to truly realize ideas that were previously seen in their earlier works. BSBD also had cameos from other Fake Four Inc. signers, Child Actor, and JMSN, in their album Glaciers.
In December 2017, Blue Sky Black Death made a post on their official Twitter saying they were \"resting eternally.\" In a comment, Taggart replied the group hadn\'t been working on a project for some time, but they were still in contact.
The Twitter account remained active after this announcement, largely run by Taggart. In February 2021, he hinted at the release of the then-unreleased Deadpan Darling collaboration with Ceschi from 16 years prior. Later that month, the single \"Sorry\" was released by Fake Four under the Deadpan Darling name (with credits to both Blue Sky Black Death and Ceschi), followed by a full release of the project on March 5. Later that month, Taggart also teased a forthcoming 10-year anniversary reissue of Noir.
## Discography
**Blue Sky Black Death**
- *A Heap of Broken Images* (Mush, 2006)
- *Late Night Cinema* (Babygrande, 2008)
- *Noir* (Fake Four, 2011)
- *Glaciers* (Fake Four, 2013)
**Nacho Picasso & Blue Sky Black Death**
- *For the Glory* (2011)
- *Lord of the Fly* (2012)
- *Exalted* (2012)
- *Stoned & Dethroned* (2015)
**Other collaborations**
- *The Holocaust* (Babygrande, 2006) (with Warcloud)
- *Razah\'s Ladder* (Babygrande, 2007) (with Hell Razah)
- *The Evil Jeanius* (Babygrande, 2008) (with Jean Grae)
- *Slow Burning Lights* (Babygrande, 2008) (with Yes Alexander)
- *Third Party* (Fake Four, 2010) (with Alexander Chen)
- *Skull & Bones* (2012) (with Bolo Nef & Caz Greez)
- *Celestial* (Man Bites Dog, 2016) (with S.A.S
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# Ballylaneen
**Ballylaneen** (`{{Irish place name|Baile Uí Fhlaithnín}}`{=mediawiki} previously spelt as Baile Uí Laithín) is a small village and townland in County Waterford, Ireland, approximately halfway between the villages of Kilmacthomas and Bunmahon on a hill by the River Mahon. Ballylaneen is in a civil parish of the same name.
## Features
The village features a Catholic church (St. Anne\'s, built in 1824), a public house, a now closed shop-garage and about seven dwelling houses. It also has St. Anne\'s Holy Well, where people are said to have gone to pray for cures in the past (enclosed by a wall in 1974). The village was larger in the 19th century and gave its name to a parish of its own, which was administered from Mothel, about 10 miles to the north. Today Ballylaneen is part of Stradbally parish, whose parish priest resides in Stradbally, about 4 miles away. The ruins of a large mill can be seen on the river Mahon, east of the village. This was one of five mills, which were sited on the river Mahon. The other four were at Mahonbridge (one) and Kilmacthomas (three). The present day village, with its church and graveyard, is actually situated in the townland of Carrigcastle, while the old school and old graveyard are located in the townland of Ballylaneen.
There are three graveyards associated with the village. The newer of these, adjacent to St Anne\'s church (built in 1824) has one grave of interest: a flat horizontal tombstone commemorating Mark Anthony of Carrigcastle (1786 -- 1 June 1867) who was an officer in the Royal Navy and served in the battle of Trafalgar. The Anthonys, although catholic, were well-to-do and had a big house (still standing at Seafield about 1.5 miles from Ballylaneen) and lands in Carrigcastle and Seafield. There are also a few plots of local former Royal Irish Constabulary families in that graveyard although those families have dies out in the area. The second graveyard (called the \'old graveyard\' and rarely used nowadays) is outside the present village on the Kilmacthomas road. It is the burial place of the famous poet Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin (see below). Regarding the third: the 1837 Ordnance survey shows a (now defunct) burial ground in a stone-walled circular enclosure half a mile to the west of the village named locally as Cathair Breac. It\'s on a hill overlooking the present day village in an area known as Ballylaneen Upper. According to the Ordnance Survey mapping, it had the ruins of a Roman Catholic church and also a font. It appears this burial ground fell into disuse after the (above-mentioned) old graveyard was opened in the 1700s according to the dates on the gravestones there. Its church would have fallen into disuse with the building of the present-day church in 1824. No gravestones are visible in the earlier graveyard although the ground is much higher inside the stone enclosure than outside. On another hill in Carrigcastle (called Mandeville\'s Rock) south-west of the village, there is a subterranean neolithic corbel-roofed chamber, which was accidentally unearthed by a bulldozer during land reclamation in the early 1970s. It was filled in with stones for safety reasons.
The village had its own primary school, originally established under the British National School system. It was closed down in 1957, after which most of the pupils from the area attended Seafield near Bunmahon. The old school building is still standing adjacent to the old graveyard, and was refurbished as a holiday home in the 1990s.
The best-known teacher at the old National School was the Gaelic scholar Tom Walsh (Tomas Breathnach) around 1910. While he taught there, promising children from other school catchment areas attended, including John Kiely of Stradbally (later FRCSI) and David Hill of Kilmacthomas (later MPSI). Tom Walsh translated the Neo-Latin epitaph on the tombstone of Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin (composed by Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara, a poet friend of Tadhg) into Munster Irish.
Walsh was succeeded by Tom Cashin NT of Stradbally who taught in Ballylaneen until the school\'s closure and who features in accounts of the disappearance of Larry Griffin, the missing postman from Kilmacthomas in 1929.
The name Ballylaneen appears in a book title \"The Road From Ballylaneen to Skellig Michael\" by English writer Michael White, being randomly chosen for its good phonetic sound and its location near the south coast.
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# Ballylaneen
## People
The old graveyard in Ballylaneen is the burial place of the famous composer of Christian poetry in Munster Irish Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin. His tombstone is a flat upright monument with a curved top and a Neo-Latin epitaph on the front. It\'s located a few metres from the gable end of the old National School building. The Latin epitaph was composed by the poet Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara (buried in Newtown, 4 miles away), who was a friend of his. The Irish translation on the black plastic plaque (shown right) was done by Tom Walsh (Tomas Breatnac), the teacher in the old National School in the early 1900s. Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin (Timothy O\'Sullivan) was born in Tuar na Fola (Tournafulla), County Limerick around 1715. He moved first to Cork, where he lived for about 30 years, and later to County Waterford and died in Waterford City in 1795. His writings include *Timothy O\'Sullivan\'s Pious Miscellany* published in English translation in 1802 in Clonmel (his work was originally written and published in Irish while he was alive). His works were republished in Irish in 1868 by John O\'Daly Publishers, 9 Anglesea St., Dublin (see reprint at <https://archive.org/stream/piousmiscellanyo00suoft#page/n3/mode/2up>), and there is considerable information in the preface written by O\'Daly, although O\'Daly\'s account of Tadhg Gaelach\'s dates and birthplace are now agreed to be incorrect. Up to the time of his death, Tadhg Gaelach was admired and possibly sometimes looked after by a relatively prosperous local Catholic farming family, the O\'Callaghans. He was also a frequent guest of Ballylaneen Parish Priest, Rev Richard Morrissey, who is most likely to be responsible for Tadhg\'s being buried here. Other patrons of his included an O\'Phelan (Faoláin) family of the Decies, and one of his songs is written in their honour (\"Do Seoirse agus Domhnall Ó Faoiláin\" to be sung to the air of \"Bonny Jane\", see <https://archive.org/stream/piousmiscellanyo00suoft#page/82/mode/2up>). Tadhg Gaelach\'s hymns were published by *an tAthair* Pádraig Ua Duinnín in Dublin in 1903
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# Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan
Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan is a significant sector of the economy. According to the CIA World Factbook, it comprises 18% of the total GDP and occupies 48% of the total labor force. Only 6.8% of the total land area is used for crop cultivation, but 44% of the land is used as pastures for livestock. Because of the many mountains of Kyrgyzstan, animal husbandry remains a significant part of the agricultural economy.
Cultivation is centered in the Fergana Valley, Talas Region, and Chüy Region.
Among Kyrgyzstan\'s agricultural products are tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits, and berries. As far as total production, the largest crop is assorted types of animal fodder to feed the livestock of the country. The second largest crop is winter wheat, followed by barley, corn, and rice.
Significant animal derived products include sheep, goats, cattle, and wool. Chickens, horses, and pigs are also present. In some regions, yaks are herded and bred.
Of these, the top products for export are cotton and tobacco. Meat is also exported, but in less significant quantities. However, the country has over 9 million hectares of pasture and a favourable environment for the development of animal husbandry. Kyrgyzstan concluded accords to export meat to Saudi Arabia from September 2012.
## History
Due to its climate, Kyrgyzstan was considered as an excellent location for growing cotton, tobacco, wheat, and other crops in the Soviet period. The country has long had agriculture as a core sector of its economy, but its role has declined over time: agriculture has fallen from 43.9% of the GDP in 1996 to 15.9% in 2015, although there is significant regional variation in the size of the agricultural economy. The mono-crop approach of farming was deleterious to the soil and cotton production led to an exhaustion of water resources. In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Kyrgyz agricultural sector experienced substantial reform but the pace of change subsequently slowed and strategic government development became more small-scale and limited.
## Production
Kyrgyz agriculture encompasses a wide variety of products, including cereals, vegetables, fruits, and animal products. From 2018 to 2022, the main agricultural outputs of the country were as follows:
Product Quantity in thousand tonnes
---------------- -----------------------------
2018 2019
Potato 1,446.610
Sugar beet 773.034
Maize 692.877
Wheat 615.926
Barley 429.306
Tomato 224.737
Total milk 1,569.825
Fresh hen eggs 533.242
Various fruits 447.754
: Agricultural Production from 2018 to 2022
The country also produces fruits and berries such as apricots (25,000 tonnes) and has the largest share of land dedicated to organic farming in Central Asia.
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# Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan
## Corruption in the tobacco industry {#corruption_in_the_tobacco_industry}
In 2010, AOI-Kyrgyzstan, a Kyrgyz subsidiary of Pyxus International (then known as Alliance One), a global tobacco leaf merchant headquartered in North Carolina, United States, pleaded guilty to violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, relating to bribes paid to Kyrgyzstan government officials in connection with its purchase of Kyrgyz tobacco.
AOI-Kyrgyzstan admitted that employees paid a total of approximately US\$3 million in bribes from 1996 to 2004 to various officials in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, including officials of the Kyrgyz Tamekisi, a government entity that controlled and regulated the tobacco industry in Kyrgyzstan. Bribes totaling US\$254,262 were made to five local provincial government officials, known as \"Akims\", to obtain permission to purchase tobacco from local growers during the same period.
There was also significant incidence of child labor in the tobacco industry. In fact, the 2013 U.S. Department of Labor report on the worst forms of child labor indicated that 4.5% of children aged 5 to 14 were engaged in such working conditions in tobacco cultivation, and that despite the availability of education, evidence suggested that \"a limited number of schools required children to harvest tobacco on school grounds\". Despite adopting an action plan for the National Program against Human Trafficking for 2013-2016, \"interagency coordination on child labor continued to be poor\", according to the report. More recently in December 2014, the Department\'s *List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor* reported tobacco as a good still produced by Kyrgyz children, among others. To tobacco, the list added cotton, the cultivation of which was determined by national law as hazardous.
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# Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan
## Organic farming {#organic_farming}
Kyrgyzstan has the largest proportion of organic fields as a percentage of its total land used for agriculture; organizations in European Union member countries and Russia have certified 74000 acre which allow products of those acres to be exported under an organic product label. In March 2023, the government passed a law to standardize organic production, including labeling and certification with the goal of encouraging growing to incorporate organic farming practices into their businesses. The stated aim of the 2023 labeling law was to ensure confidence in the Kyrgyz national organic standard as a designation that meets international regulations. In December 2018, the Kyrgyzstan Parliament announced a plan to phase out all non-organic farming and switch to 100% organic agriculture by 2028; the process is slowed by the fact that fields must be \"chemical-free\" for several years before it is possible to consider them organic. In 2019, Kyrgyzstan established the first governmental department of organic agriculture in Central Asia.
The organic movement began in Kyrgyzstan in 2004. In 2013, the non-profit Bio-KG, a state-private partnership umbrella organization of the Kyrgyz organic sector, launched the \"Organic Aymak\" program that has helped established 23 villages that produce all of their food without synthetic fertilizers and pesticides; the program also includes elements of pre-Islamic Kyrgyz culture, including the celebration Shirge zhyar (*Ширге жыяр*), and Tengrism that is seen as an ecocentric belief system. The 23 villages span 4 provinces and are home to almost 70,000 residents. Bio-KG Federation of Organic Development was one of the winners of the UNDP\'s Equator Prize in 2021.
Bio-KG established the IFOAM Euro-Asia, a regional alliance of 12 Russian-speaking countries, that aimed to unite organic movements in post-Soviet countries; its activities have been limited by a lack of resources
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# I Wish You Love (Keely Smith album)
***I Wish You Love*** is the debut solo album by Keely Smith. It was released in 1957 by Capitol Records as T-914 (mono) and ST-914 (stereo). The arranger and conductor was Nelson Riddle.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
The track sequence on album cover differs from the LP label: Below list is from the label.
1. \"I Wish You Love\" (Léo Chauliac, Charles Trenet, Albert A. Beach)
2. \"You Go To My Head\" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie)
3. \"When Your Lover Has Gone\" (Einar Aaron Swan)
4. \"I Understand\" (Mabel Wayne, Kim Gannon)
5. \"Fools Rush In\" (Rube Bloom, Johnny Mercer)
6. \"Don\'t Take Your Love From Me\" (Henry Nemo)
7. \"Imagination\" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke)
8. \"If We Never Meet Again\" (Louis Armstrong, Horace Gerlach)
9. \"As You Desire Me\" (Allie Wrubel)
10. \"Mr. Wonderful\" (Jerry Bock, George David Weiss, Larry Holofcener)
11. \"When Day Is Done\" (Buddy DeSylva, Robert Katscher)
: Bonus Tracks on the CD (2003):
12. \"All the Things You Are\" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II)
13. \"Just As Much\" (Louis Prima, Keely Smith)
14. \"Shy\" (Kal Mann, Bernie Lowe) (flip side of \"I Wish You Love\" single)
15. \"I Would Do Most Anything\" (Mack David)
16. \"Rock-A-Doodle-Doo\" (Charles Singleton, Rose Marie McCoy)
17. \"I Wish You Love\" (Chauliac, Trenet, Beach)(1956 single version)
First pressings of this album on vinyl had turquoise labels in mono only. Second pressings had the Capitol dome logo on the left side in both mono (Capitol T-914) and stereo (Capitol ST-914). Original Capitol stereo issues had the vocals out-of-phase, so playing them in mono caused the vocals to disappear
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# Selcë e Poshtme
**Selcë e Poshtme** (\"Lower Selcë\") is a village located in the Mokra area, Korçë County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Pogradec. Near the village, on the right bank of Shkumbin river at an elevation of 1040 m above sea level, 5 Illyrian Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme are found. In 1996, Albania included the Royal Tombs of Lower Selcë in the UNESCO World heritage list of proposals.
## History
At Selcë e Poshtme an Illyrian settlement was established since the early Iron Age. At the beginning of the 4th century BC the first pre-urban phase evolved into a second urban phase that lasted until the 1st century AD. It was located in the region of the Illyrian Dassaretii. The Illyrian Royal Tombs were built on this site during the 4th and 2nd centuries BC.
The third and last phase of the site was less developed than the two previous phases. Archaeological remains of the first three centuries of the Common Era are the least representative of the site. The settlement continued being inhabited during the Roman Imperial period under Anastasius I and Justinian. The third phase lasted until the settlement was abandoned in late antiquity between the 4th and 6th centuries CE.
The site of Selcë was in antiquity a flourishing economical centre more developed than the surroundings because it occupied a predominant position inside the region currently called Mokër, and because it controlled the road which led from the Adriatic coasts of Illyria to Macedonia.
Lower Selcë is a suggested location of the historic site of Pellion, where in 335 BC Alexander the Great advanced his forces to attack the Illyrians under Cleitus, son of Bardylis and Glaukias of the Taulantii, following the death of Philip II, thus securing Macedonia\'s northern border before leaving to conquer Asia. However alternative locations for Pelion have been proposed, including Zvezde near Korça or in Goricë. In the area of modern Pogradec, Illyrians seems to have been influenced by the styles of the Macedonians
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# Hibbertia dentata
***Hibbertia dentata***, commonly known as **toothed guinea flower**, **trailing guinea flower** or **twining guinea flower**, is an ornamental plant in the family Dilleniaceae native to the east coast of Australia. Found in woodland, it is a trailing or twining vine with leaves with several small \'teeth\' on the margins and bright yellow flowers in early spring. It adapts readily to cultivation and can be grown as a pot plant. The species was first described in 1817.
## Description
*Hibbertia dentata* grows as a twining vine, the stems of which can be up to 2 -- in length, and trail over rocks and other shrubs. The dark green leaves are ovate, measuring 4 -- long by 1.5 -- wide., and sit on 1 cm long petioles. The apex of the leaf blade can be pointed or blunt, while the leaf margins are toothed. They can be purple-tinged and covered in fur when young and smooth upon reaching maturity. The flowers appear mainly from July to November. They arise from axillary buds or on the ends of short stems. They have five petals that are 2 -- long each, and over 30 stamens. The flowers generally wither within a day or two. The fruit is mature over November to January, splitting to release the seeds.
## Taxonomy
*Hibbertia dentata* was first formally described in 1817 in *Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale* of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle by the prolific botanist Robert Brown. The species name is the Latin adjective *dentata* \"toothed\", referring to the toothed leaf margins. George Bentham classified it in the series Hemihibbertiae based on flower anatomy, defining members of the group having glabrous carpels and numerous stamens.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
*Hibbertia dentata* occurs in open forest or on the edge of rainforest along the east coast and hinterlands of New South Wales, extending into southeastern Queensland and eastern Victoria. Associated forest species in the Sydney region include mountain grey gum (*Eucalyptus cypellocarpa*), Sydney peppermint (*E. piperita*), messmate (*E. obliqua*), Sydney red gum (*Angophora costata*), turpentine (*Syncarpia glomulifera*) and scrub species such as coastal tea tree (*Leptospermum laevigatum*). Within this habitat it is found on sheltered slopes in areas with good drainage, on clay-, shale- or sandstone-based soils that are high in nutrients.
## Ecology
*Hibbertia dentata* can resprout after bushfire from its roots and flower within ten months. Seedlings have also been recorded in this time frame.
The flowers are visited by European honeybees, native short-tongue bees of the families Halictidae and Colletidae, and large hoverflies of the genus *Melangyna*.
## Cultivation
Although not often seen in cultivation, *Hibbertia dentata* is an easy plant to grow in the garden and more shade-tolerant than the widely cultivated *H. scandens*. Though fair drainage is required, the plant suffers if allowed to dry out and hence needs to be kept moist. It grows well as a pot plant. It was brought into cultivation in England in 1814. In 1817, it was described in the Loddiges periodical *The Botanical Cabinet* as being \"a fine subject for planting out in a conservatory\".
Propagation is relatively easy by cuttings of mature material, and seedlings may spontaneously arise in gardens where it is established
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# Herman Van Rompuy
**Herman Achille, Count Van Rompuy** (`{{IPA|nl|ˈɦɛrmɑɱ vɑn ˈrɔmpœy|lang|Pronunciation-Herman Van Rompuy.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician who served as Prime Minister of Belgium from 2008 to 2009, and later as the first permanent President of the European Council from 2009 to 2014.
Van Rompuy, a politician from Belgium\'s Christian Democratic and Flemish party, served as the 49th prime minister of Belgium from 30 December 2008 until 25 November 2009, when he was succeeded by his predecessor, Yves Leterme. On 19 November 2009, the European Council, which consists of the heads of state or government of the EU member states, selected Van Rompuy as its first full-time President under the Treaty of Lisbon. His term officially began on 1 January 2010 and was set to run until 31 May 2012 On 1 March 2012, he was re-elected for a second and final term, serving from 1 June 2012 to 30 November 2014. In 2019, he was appointed chairman of the board of the College of Europe.
## Early life, career and family {#early_life_career_and_family}
### Early life {#early_life}
Born in Etterbeek, Brussels, Herman Van Rompuy was the son of Dr. Victor Lodewijk Maurits \"Vic\" van Rompuy (Begijnendijk, 27 February 1923 -- Begijnendijk, 14 November 2004), a later Professor of Economics, and wife Germaine Geens (Begijnendijk, 1 December 1921 -- Begijnendijk, 23 November 2004), he attended Sint-Jan Berchmanscollege in Brussels until 1965, where Ancient Greek and Latin were his main subjects. During his early teens, he was an avid rock and roll fan, particularly of American singer Elvis Presley.
Later, he studied at the *\[\[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven\]\]* and received a bachelor\'s degree in Philosophy in 1968, and a master\'s degree in Applied Economics in 1971. From 1972 to 1975, he worked at the Belgian Central Bank.
Between 1980 and 1987, he was a Lecturer at the Handelshogeschool Antwerpen (now Lessius University College). From 1982, he was also taught at the Vlaamse Economische Hogeschool Brussel (VLEKHO), which later became part of Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel and is now the University of Leuven Brussels campus.
### Family
Van Rompuy is married to Geertrui Windels, with whom he has four children: Peter (born 1980), Laura (born 1981), Elke (born 1983), and Thomas (born 1986). His eldest son, Peter, is involved in the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) party and was a candidate in the 2009 Belgian regional elections.
His younger brother, Eric Van Rompuy, is also a politician in the CD&V and served as a minister in the Flemish Government from 1995 to 1999. His sister, Tine Van Rompuy, is affiliated with the Workers\' Party of Belgium. His another sister, Anita Van Rompuy, is not politically active and is married to Arne van der Graesen.
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# Herman Van Rompuy
## Political career {#political_career}
### Early career {#early_career}
Van Rompuy was the chairman of the national Christian People\'s Party\'s (CVP) youth council (1973--1977). From 1975 to 1980, he worked in the ministerial cabinets of Leo Tindemans and Gaston Geens. In 1978 he was elected a member of the national CVP\'s bureau (1978--present). He first was elected to the Belgian Senate in 1988, and served until 1995. In 1988 he briefly served as Secretary of State for Finance and Small and Medium Enterprises before becoming the national chairman of the CVP (1988--1993).
### Belgian Minister of Budget (1993--1999) {#belgian_minister_of_budget_19931999}
Van Rompuy was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Budget from September 1993 to July 1999, in the two governments led by Jean-Luc Dehaene. As budget minister, together with finance minister Philippe Maystadt, he helped drive down Belgium\'s debt from a peak of 135% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1993. It fell to below 100% of GDP in 2003.
### Member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (1995--2009) {#member_of_the_belgian_chamber_of_representatives_19952009}
He was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in the 1995 general election, but as he remained a minister, he was barred from taking the seat while holding that office. After his party\'s defeat in the 1999 Belgian general election, he became a member of the Chamber of Representatives. He was re-elected in 2003 and 2007. In 2004, he was designated Minister of State.
#### Position on Turkish accession to the European Union {#position_on_turkish_accession_to_the_european_union}
Before he was president, Van Rompuy expressed reticence about possible Turkish membership of the EU. In 2004, he stated \"An enlargement \[of the EU\] with Turkey is not in any way comparable with previous enlargement waves. Turkey is not Europe and will never be Europe.\" He continued \"But it\'s a matter of fact that the universal values which are in force in Europe, and which are also the fundamental values of Christianity, will lose vigour with the entry of a large Islamic country such as Turkey.\"
As President, Van Rompuy has avoided opposing Turkish membership of the EU. On 23 December 2010, he said \"Turkish reform efforts have delivered impressive results.\" He continued \"Turkey plays an ever more active role in its neighbourhood. Turkey is also a full-standing member of the G-20, just like five EU countries and the EU itself. In my view, even before an outcome of the negotiations, the European Union should develop a close partnership with the Turkish Republic.\"
#### President of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (2007--2008) {#president_of_the_belgian_chamber_of_representatives_20072008}
After eight years in opposition, CD&V (formerly known as CVP) returned to government. On 12 July 2007, *Van Rompuy* was elected as the President of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, succeeding Herman De Croo.
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# Herman Van Rompuy
## Political career {#political_career}
### Prime Minister of Belgium {#prime_minister_of_belgium}
On 28 December 2008, following the 2007--2008 Belgian political crisis, Van Rompuy was asked by King Albert II to form a new government after he was reluctant to take up the role of Prime Minister. He was sworn in as Belgian prime minister on 30 December 2008.
#### Taxes
On 13 October 2009, Bloomberg reported that the government of Herman Van Rompuy would seek to tax banks and nuclear power to tame the deficit.
#### Quote on financial recovery {#quote_on_financial_recovery}
\"We are in the early stages of a recovery and at this time it is important not to weaken burgeoning confidence and to lay the foundations of a sustainable recovery\" Van Rompuy said in a speech to parliament in Brussels. \"Most important is to keep the direction. That will also provide stability and support.\"
#### Policy on government debt {#policy_on_government_debt}
On 13 October, Bloomberg reported the following about *Van Rompuy\'s* Government Debt Policy: \"Belgium will trim its budget deficit to 5.3% of gross domestic product in 2011 from almost 5.7% both this year and next, according to a slide presentation handed out by State Secretary for the Budget *Melchior Wathelet*. *Van Rompuy* told Parliament earlier today that the deficit would widen to 5.4% of GDP this year. Belgium\'s deficit will be little changed next year as the shortfall at the level of regional governments and municipalities will widen to 1.5% of GDP from 0.7%, offsetting efforts by the federal government to trim its deficit. Government debt will start exceeding one year\'s worth of national output `{{As of|2010|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}, according to European Commission forecasts. Belgium had trimmed debt to as little as 84% of GDP in 2007, before bailouts of Fortis, Dexia SA, KBC Group NV and mutual insurer Ethias Group increased the nation\'s borrowing costs and inflated the debt ratio to 89.6% at the end of last year.\"
#### Negotiations and dispute with GDF Suez {#negotiations_and_dispute_with_gdf_suez}
On 22 October 2009, Reuters reported that the *Van Rompuy* government had signed a commitment with GDF Suez for nuclear power fees to Belgium. The outstanding dispute with GDF concerns the €250 million fee that Belgium is attempting to charge GDF for 2009 as part of its \"Renewable Energy Fund\" as stated in the article: \"Belgium has also charged nuclear producers a total of 250 million euros for 2008, and the same for 2009, as well as 250 million euros this year payable to a renewable energy fund. These fees remain in dispute. The producers are challenging the 2008 payment in Belgium\'s constitutional court. A spokesman for *Van Rompuy* said the government would pass a law to enforce the 500 million euro charge for this year, adding that this could also be contested by GDF Suez.\"
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# Herman Van Rompuy
## Political career {#political_career}
### President of the European Council (2009--2014) {#president_of_the_european_council_20092014}
On 19 November 2009, Van Rompuy was chosen unanimously by the European Council, at an informal meeting in Brussels, to be the first full-time President of the European Council; for the period of 1 December 2009 (the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon) until 31 May 2012. He took up his position officially on 1 January 2010.
Gordon Brown also praised Van Rompuy as \"a consensus-builder\" who had \"brought a period of political stability to his country after months of uncertainty\". This opinion is shared by others; he has been described as the painstaking builder of impossible compromises (*l\'horloger des compromis impossibles*) A statement made by Van Rompuy at a news conference after his selection illustrates his approach: `{{blockquote|Every country should emerge victorious from negotiations. A negotiation that ends with a defeated party is never a good negotiation. I will consider everyone's interests and sensitivities. Even if our unity remains our strength, our diversity remains our wealth." He has also described his role of chairing a body composed of 27 heads of state or government (and finding consensus among them) as being "neither a spectator, nor a dictator, but a facilitator}}`{=mediawiki}
Given Van Rompuy\'s support for Europe and opposition to far right, not all parties and factions had positive words for him when he took office. British MEP and Eurosceptic Nigel Farage attacked the freshly appointed president by stating that he had \"the charisma of a damp rag and the appearance of a low grade bank clerk.\" The remarks generated controversy and he was fined €3000 (ten days\' pay) by the President (Speaker) of the European Parliament for his unparliamentary comments.
In a November 2009 press conference, Van Rompuy related to global governance by stating: \"2009 is also the first year of global governance with the establishment of the G20 in the middle of a financial crisis; the climate conference in Copenhagen is another step towards the global management of our planet.\" Van Rompuy referred to the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009.
On 28 January 2010, Van Rompuy attended the 2010 International Conference on Afghanistan at Lancaster House in London. It was at this event that the framework for the next decade of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was settled by the Afghan president Hamid Karzai and his successor Ashraf Ghani and their donors. As seen at right, Gordon Brown, Hillary Clinton, Catherine Ashton and Anders Fogh Rasmussen amongst other Western leaders were in attendance.
In or just before the first months of his presidency Van Rompuy visited all EU member states, he also organised an informal meeting of the heads of state of the EU. The meeting took place on 11 February 2010, in the Solvay Library (Brussels), topics to be discussed were the future direction of the economic policies of the EU, the outcome of the Copenhagen Conference and the then recent earthquake in Haiti.
In fact, the meeting was in part taken over by the growing sovereign debt crisis (at that time, Greece), which was to become the hall mark of Van Rompuy\'s first two years as president. With EU member states holding divergent positions on this issue, he had to find compromises, not least between France and Germany, at subsequent European Council meetings and summits of Eurozone heads of state or government leading to the establishment of the three-year European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) in May 2010, to provide loans to Greece (and later Ireland and Portugal) to help stabilise their borrowing costs, but subject to strict conditions.
The European Council also gave him the assignment of chairing a task force on economic governance, composed of personal representatives (mostly ministers of finance) of the heads of government, which reported ahead of schedule to the October 2010 European Council. Its report, which proposed stronger macro-economic co-ordination within the EU in general and the Eurozone in particular and also a tightening of the Stability and Growth Pact was endorsed by the European Council. The latter also charged him with preparing, by December 2010, a proposal for a limited change to the Treaty required to enable a more permanent financial stability mechanism. His draft -- for an addition to Article 136 TFEU, pertaining to the Eurozone -- was endorsed by the European Council at its October 2010 meeting.
His second year in office, 2011, was also marked by a deterioration of the Greek debt crisis, leading to Van Rompuy calling an extraordinary meeting of the Eurozone heads of state or government in July to adopt a first package of further measures (notably longer-term loans at lower interest rates, private sector debt-writedown, further fiscal consolidation in Greece) and again in October (in conjunction with full European Council meetings) to contain contagion from Greece to other countries (through bank recapitalisation across Europe and by leveraging the firepower of the EFSF to about €1 trillion).
His first two years were also marked by his role in co-ordinating European positions on the world stage at G8 and G20 summits and bilateral summits, such as the tense 5 October 2010, EU-China summit. He called a special European Council at short notice in early 2011, on the emerging Libya crisis, which, in agreeing conditions for military intervention, made it impossible for Germany to oppose such intervention once the conditions were fulfilled.
On 1 March 2012, Van Rompuy was re-elected unanimously as President of the European Council by the heads of state or government of the 28 EU member states. President Van Rompuy\'s second term lasted for two and a half years, from 1 June 2012 to 30 November 2014. After this second mandate he could not have been re-elected because the European Council President\'s term of office can only be extended once.
Van Rompuy was also appointed as the first President of the Euro Summit, and this for the same term of office as his Presidency of the European Council. The Euro Summit meetings are to take place at least twice a year.
In 2014, Van Rompuy was awarded the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen for his EU role.
#### President\'s cabinet {#presidents_cabinet}
Although the European Council is, under the terms of the Lisbon treaty, a separate institution of the EU, it does not have its own administration. The administrative support for both the European Council and its president is provided by the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union.
The president does have, however, his own private office (*cabinet*) of close advisers. Van Rompuy chose as his chief of staff (*chef de cabinet*) Baron Frans van Daele, formerly Belgian ambassador to, variously, the US, the UN, the EU and NATO and chief of staff of several Belgian foreign ministers. Also in his team were the former (and later) UK Labour MEP Richard Corbett, former Hungarian Ambassador to NATO Zoltan Martinusz, former head of the EU\'s economic & financial committee Odile Renaud-Basso, Dutch philosopher and journalist Luuk van Middelaar, his main speech writer, and Van Rompuy\'s long standing press officer Dirk De Backer.
In 2013, Frans Van Daele retired both as a diplomat and as chief of Staff of Van Rompuy, and was appointed chief of staff to His Majesty King Philippe. He was succeeded as chief of staff of Herman Van Rompuy by Didier Seeuws.
## Later career {#later_career}
When the EPP membership of Hungarian party Fidesz was suspended in 2019, EPP president Joseph Daul appointed van Rompuy -- alongside Hans-Gert Pöttering and Wolfgang Schüssel -- to a group of high-level experts who were mandated to monitor Fidesz\'s compliance with EPP values.
He was appointed chairman of the board of the College of Europe in 2019.
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# Herman Van Rompuy
## Other activities {#other_activities}
### Corporate boards {#corporate_boards}
- Dexia, board member and member of the audit committee (before 2008)
### Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
- Centre International de Formation Européenne (CIFE), President
### Non-profit organizations {#non_profit_organizations}
- Club of Madrid, Member
- European Policy Centre (EPC), Chair of the Strategic Council
- New Pact for Europe, Chair of the Advisory Group
- Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group
## Honours
### Belgian honours`{{Flag|Belgium}}`{=mediawiki} {#belgian_honours}
- - Created **Count van Rompuy**, by Royal Decree of 8 July 2015 of King Philippe.
- Minister of State, by Royal Decree of 26 January 2004 of King Albert II.
- Order of Leopold:
- **Commander**, by Royal Decree of 22 May 2003 of King Albert II.
- **Grand Cordon**, by Royal Decree of 23 December 2009 of King Albert II.
### Foreign honours {#foreign_honours}
- : Grand Cross of the National Order of Benin
- : Grand Officier of the Legion of Honour
- : Grand Officer of the National Order of the Ivory Coast
- : Grand Cordon (or 1st Class) of the Order of the Rising Sun
- : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (10 October 2014)
- : Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
- : Grand Officer (or 2nd Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross
- Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe, in 2014.
- : Order for Exceptional Merits
### Honorary citizenships {#honorary_citizenships}
- Beersel, Belgium (13 May 2012)
- De Haan, Belgium (7 July 2012)
- Olen, Belgium (3 October 2013)
- Matsuyama, Japan (18 November 2013)
- Kortessem, Belgium (16 May 2014)
### Academic honorary degrees {#academic_honorary_degrees}
- :
- Doctor honoris causa from the Catholic University of Louvain (2 February 2010)
- Doctor honoris causa from the Ghent University (18 March 2011)
- Doctor honoris causa from the Catholic University of Leuven (1 June 2012)
- : Doctor honoris causa from the Kobe University (4 March 2011)
- : Doctor honoris causa from the Azerbaijan University of Languages (5 July 2012)
- : Doctor honoris causa from the Vietnam National University, Hanoi (1 November 2012)
- : Doctor honoris causa from the CEU San Pablo University (12 December 2013)
- : Doctor honoris causa from the university of Abomey-Calavi (21 February 2014)
- : Doctor honoris causa from the VU University Amsterdam (20 October 2015)
- : Honorary LL.D. degree from the University of St Andrews (21 June 2016)
- : Honorary D.C.L. degree from the University of Kent (14 July 2016)
- : Honorary LL.D
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# Tom Butcher
**Thomas Alfred Butcher** (born 29 June 1963) is an English actor, known for his roles as PC Steve Loxton in the ITV procedural drama *The Bill* and Marc Eliot in the BBC soap opera *Doctors*.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Butcher made his acting debut in an episode of the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street*, playing a police constable in a 1988 episode. Then from 1990 to 1997, Butcher portrayed PC Steve Loxton in *The Bill*, returning for a one-off in 1999. He then went on to play Marc Eliot in the BBC soap opera *Doctors* from 2001 to 2005. Later in 2005, Butcher portrayed the guest role of Tim Gaskill in fellow BBC medical series *Casualty*. He has also guest starred in *Holby City*, *Peak Practice*, *Heartbeat*, *Bugs*, *The Mrs Bradley Mysteries*, and *Dangerfield*. In 2010, Butcher portrayed the lead role of Mike in the urban horror thriller *Cherry Tree Lane*.
Butcher married his former *Doctors* co-star Corrinne Wicks in November 2005. They got married at Berrow Court in Edgbaston, a location where they had filmed together on *Doctors*. In 2010, she revealed that the pair did not like each other when they first began working together. However, after their on-screen characters got together romantically, it meant they worked more closely and began an off-screen relationship. Although happily married, the pair did not live together the first seven years of marriage: he lived in London, while she continued to live at her home in Birmingham. Wicks explained that initially, she liked her home too much to move.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------------------ ------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- --------------------------------
1988 *Coronation Street* Police Constable 1 episode
1990--1997, 1999 *The Bill* P.C. Steve Loxton Main role
1998 *Bugs* Terry Recurring role
1998 *The Mrs Bradley Mysteries* Bertie Philipson Episode: \"Speedy Death\"
1999 *Wing and a Prayer* David Tyrell 1 episode
1999 *Heartbeat* Alan Episode: \"Old Ties\"
1999 *Peak Practice* Mickey Parker Episode: \"Hearts and Minds\"
1999 *The Gift* Television film
2000 *Little Bird* Alan Film
2000 *Holby City* Tony Wheatley Episode: \"First Impressions\"
2001--2005 *Doctors* Marc Eliot Regular role
2005 *Casualty* Tim Gaskill Recurring role
2007 *Piccadilly Cowboy* Nigel Backman Film
2007 *And When Did You Last See Your Father?* Dr. Taggart Film
2010 *Casualty* Mike Geddes Episode: \"Angel\"
2010 *Cherry Tree Lane* Michael Film
2010 *Miliband of Brothers* Political Aide Television film
2012 *Holby City* Patrick Haines 2 episodes
2012 *Crime Stories* Narrator 20 episodes
2014 *Emulsion* Barry Stevens Film
2020 *Squall* Jake Short film
2020 *Terms & Conditions* Dr
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# Issiar Dia
**Issiar Dia** (born 8 June 1987) is a former professional footballer who played as a winger. Born in France, he represented Senegal at international level.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Nancy
In summer 2006, Dia joined AS Nancy from SC Amiens for a €2 million transfer fee. On 10 September 2006, he made his Ligue 1 debut in a match against Toulouse FC replacing Monsef Zerka in the 68th minute. 18 days later, he scored on his international debut in a 3--1 return leg win against tournament favourites FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the UEFA Cup; he was involved in all three goals.
In his first spell at AS Nancy, he made a total of 115 league appearances scoring 13 goals with 8 of those coming in his last season at the club.
### Fenerbahçe
On 21 July 2010, Fenerbahçe announced that Dia had joined the team on a four-year contract for a sum of €8 million. He ended a long scoring drought on 5 February 2011 with a goal against Manisaspor, as Fenerbahçe won 3--1 in the dying minutes of the game. After a two-year spell with the Turkish club, he joined Qatari champions Lekhwiya SC.
### Lekhwiya
#### Al Kharaitiyat (loan) {#al_kharaitiyat_loan}
### Gazélec Ajaccio {#gazélec_ajaccio}
### Al Kharaitiyat {#al_kharaitiyat}
### Nancy {#nancy_1}
On 31 August 2016, Dia returned to Nancy on a one-year deal. He left the club at the end of the season.
### Yeni Malatyaspor {#yeni_malatyaspor}
On 1 July 2017, Dia returned to Turkey and sign three years deal with Yeni Malatyaspor.
## International career {#international_career}
Dia earned a call up to the France U-21 squad, the country of his birth.
After his 21st birthday, he chose to pledge his future to the Senegalese. He was selected for the squad the first time possible, against Gambia, and came on as a substitute in the 61st minute for Frederic Mendy.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Club
Club Season League Cup
------------------- ---------- -------------------- ----- ------- -----
Division App Goals App Goals App
Amiens 2004--05 Ligue 2 14 0 0
2005--06 29 8 3
2006--07 2 0 1
Total 45 8 4
Nancy 2006--07 Ligue 1 15 1 3
2007--08 31 1 3
2008--09 24 3 3
2009--10 33 8 2
Total 103 13 11
Fenerbahçe 2010--11 Süper Lig 25 2 3
2011--12 16 3 3
Total 41 5 6
Lekhwiya 2012--13 Qatar Stars League 16 3 0
2013--14 12 0 3
Total 28 3 3
Al Kharaitiyat SC 2014--15 Qatar Stars League 19 2 0
2015--16 11 1 0
Total 30 3 0
Gazélec Ajaccio 2015--16 Ligue 1 11 0 1
Nancy 2016--17 Ligue 1 31 8 3
Yeni Malatyaspor 2017-18 Süper Lig 12 0 3
2018-19 Süper Lig 2 0 2
Total 14 0 5
Career total 303 40 33
: Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
### International
: *Scores and results list Senegal\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dia goal.*
No
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# Michelle Butterly
**Michelle Butterly** (born 5 February 1970) is an English actress.
## Career
She graduated from the Central School of Speech and Drama. She has played Julie Oldroyd in *Soldier Soldier* in 1997, Melanie Dyson in *Casualty* from 1999 to 2001, and she has appeared in *Pie in the Sky*, *The Bill*, *No Angels*, *Midsomer Murders*, and *Dangerfield*. She appeared for two series as Ms Perin in the BBC2 sitcom *Beautiful People*.
In 2012, she joined the cast for the fifth series of *Benidorm*, playing scouser Trudy alongside her friend Sam, played by Shelley Longworth
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# Misak Metsarents
**Misak Metsarents** or **Medzarents** (*Միսաք Մեծարենց*; 18 January 1886 -- 5 July 1908) was a leading Ottoman Armenian neo-romantic poet.
## Biography
Misak Metsarents was born **Misak Metsaturian** in January 1886 in the village of Pingyan/Benka, near Agn in the Harput Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, to parents Iskuhi and Garabed. He was the youngest of four children (he had two brothers and a sister). His family belonged the most prominent clan of their village. According to one tradition, the Metsaturians were descended from one of the Armenian *meliks* (local rulers) of Karabakh; another tradition traces their origins to the medieval city of Ani. Pingyan was an almost entirely Armenian-populated village of about 1000 people; there, Armenians retained a degree of autonomy, and the men bore arms. As a child, Misak often explored the fields and woods around the village and liked folk songs and tales. Scholar James R. Russell connects the lively descriptions of nature and village life, as well as the \"deep, indestructible cheerfulness\", in Metsarents\'s poetry with the poet\'s early childhood experiences in Pingyan.
In 1895, after Pingyan was attacked by Muslims for the first time during the Hamidian massacres, Misak moved with his mother to live with his brother in Sivas, where he attended the Aramian School. In 1898, he enrolled in the Anatolia College in Merzifon, which was a boarding school run by American missionaries. There, he learned English and French, and he read the works of authors such as Oscar Wilde, Paul Verlaine, Bedros Tourian, Arshag Chobanian, Krikor Zohrab, Yeghia Demirjibashian, and possibly also Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, Edgar Allan Poe and William Blake. He is described as thin, melancholy, and somewhat shy. He first displayed symptoms of tuberculosis in 1901, after an incident in Sivas in which Metsarents was attacked by a group of Turkish boys who mistook him for one of his relatives, with whom they had fought earlier. They wounded Metsarents with a pocketknife, and a few days later he began to cough up blood. The attack also prompted Metsarents to write his first poem, \"Marmni verk, srti verk\" (Wounds of the body, wounds of the heart). In September 1902, he moved in with his father in Constantinople, where he attended the Getronagan Armenian High School and soon began to publish his works in Armenian journals. However, tuberculosis forced him to drop his studies in 1905. Metsarents died from the illness `{{OldStyleDateNY|5 July|22 June}}`{=mediawiki} July 1908, at the age of 22.
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# Misak Metsarents
## Poetry
Metsarents began writing in 1901, with his first verses published in 1903. He published in many Armenian periodicals, including *Masis*, *Hanragitak*, *Arevelyan Mamul*, *Luys*, *Surhandak*, *Manzume-i Efkâr*, and *Biuzandion*. He wrote more than 130 lyric poems during his lifetime, as well as about ten prose poems and short stories and a few articles of literary criticism. His poems quickly drew attention, including some criticism, to which Metsarents enthusiastically responded. He only managed to publish two volumes of poetry in his lifetime: *Tsiatsan* (Rainbow, 1907) and *Nor tagher* (New poems, 1907). He also kept a manuscript collection titled *Babakhumner* (Heartbeats), consisting of his poems from his student years. Metsarents translated and adapted some works by foreign writers, mostly English-language authors such as Rudyard Kipling, Oscar Wilde, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas Love Peacock, and Eugene Field.
Metsarents\'s poems have been praised for their language and use of imagery. Literary scholar Kevork Bardakjian writes that Metsarents \"paid meticulous attention to form and wrote effortlessly, in a crystal clear, elegantly compact Western Armenian with fresh, vibrant imagery all his own.\" Armenian literary critic Edward Jrbashian connects Metsarents\'s poetry with the styles of classical Romanticism and Symbolism. (Earlier critics, who considered Symbolism a foreign and undesirable influence, had criticized Metsarents\'s work as excessively influenced by that style, while many defenders had denied any connection whatsoever between his poetry and Symbolism.) Some of his poems make use of connections between hue, sound, and sense. However, Metsarents did not adopt the Symbolists\' individualistic and urban themes. Russell writes that Metsarents\'s poetry, while sharing some common elements with Symbolist poetry, \"cherishes nature, celebrates life, and regards its Creator with grateful amazement\", rather than identifying symbols of another, superior world as the Symbolists do. Jrbashian credits the poet with introducing new forms of poetic imagery into Western Armenian poetry, perfecting the short poem, and emphasizing the use of figurative language.
Some authors have compared Metsarents\'s work to that of an earlier Western Armenian poet, Bedros Tourian, who also died of tuberculosis at a young age. Hacikyan et al. state that the difference between Metsarents\'s and Tourian\'s poetry is great: Tourian complained intensely about his approaching death in his poems, whereas Metsarents \"had a gentle and resigned nature and did not allow the thought of premature death to color his poetry.\" Eastern Armenian authors have drawn parallels with the work of Vahan Terian. According to Jrbashian, Metsarents drew from medieval Armenian poetry, especially the work of Gregory of Narek, and from folk poetry. His own works left their mark on later Western and Eastern Armenian poets, particularly in the realm of natural imagery and the theme of man\'s relationship with nature. The Eastern Armenian poet Yeghishe Charents was influenced by Metsarents and promoted the publication of his works in Soviet Armenia.
## Legacy
Many editions of Metsarents\'s poetry have been published since his death. His prose writings were collected and published in the volume *Voski arishin tak* (Under the golden vine arbor) in 1934. His complete works were published in Yerevan in 1934 and again in 1981; another complete collection was published in Antelias in 1986. Individual poems of his have been translated into English, French, German, Russian, and Italian. In 2020, Metsarents\'s lyric poems were published alongside English translations and commentary by James R. Russell in the volume *Misak Medzarents: The Complete Lyric Poems*.
In 2012, a commemorative postal stamp bearing Metsarents\'s portrait was issued in Armenia. A school in Yerevan is named after him
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# Holden Chapel
**Holden Chapel** is a small building in Harvard Yard on the campus of Harvard University. Completed in 1744, it is the third oldest building at Harvard and one of the oldest college buildings in America.
## Early history {#early_history}
In December 1741, Mrs. Samuel Holden, the widow of a former Governor of the Bank of England, offered Harvard a 400 pound sterling donation towards the construction of a chapel on campus, prompted by a suggestion from Thomas Hutchinson. After additional funds were raised, the chapel opened in March 1745. From 1744 to 1772 (except for 1767--68) the chapel housed morning and evening prayers for the Harvard student body, as well as providing space for some secular uses such as lectures. After the 1783 establishment of the Harvard Medical School, the building was used by its founder, John Warren, on a regular basis for 19 years, and intermittently by him and others thereafter until 1825.
## 20th/21st century {#th21st_century}
In the 1930s, Holden Chapel (and Hollis Hall) were chosen by the Historical American Buildings Survey Commission as two of the finest examples of early Colonial architecture in Massachusetts
For much of the 20th century, Holden Chapel housed the student offices of the Harvard Glee Club and later the Radcliffe Choral Society and the Harvard-Radcliffe Collegium Musicum, which collectively came to be known as the Holden Choirs. The chapel was remodeled in 1999 to serve as both a classroom and a musical rehearsal and performance space. Though no longer housing the Holden Choirs\' offices, Holden Chapel now serves as their primary rehearsal space
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# Thomas Madiou
**Thomas Madiou** (Port-au-Prince, April 30 1815-*ibidem*, May 25, 1884) was a Haitian historian. His work *Histoire d\'Haïti* (English: *History of Haiti*) is the first complete history of Haiti from 1492 to 1846 (Madiou\'s present). It is considered one of the most valuable documents of Haitian history and literature.
Born in Port-au-Prince to \"fairly affluent parents\", Madiou left Haiti at the age ten to study in France at the Royal College of Angers (*Collège Royal d\'Angers*). He later studied in Rennes, France and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Letters there. He then attended the Law School of Paris for two years before returning to Haiti. During his time in France, Madiou met Isaac Louverture, the son of Haiti\'s revolutionary hero Toussaint Louverture. This encounter supposedly sparked Madiou\'s interest in his country\'s past, and he returned to Haiti with the intention to write its history. Over a decade later, Madiou published three volumes covering Haiti\'s history from 1492 to 1807 with the Port-au-Prince publisher J. Courtois. A fourth volume (1843--46) appeared as part of Haiti\'s centennial in 1904. 150 years after the text\'s initial printing, the Haitian publishing house, Henri Deschamps, published the complete history, eight volumes spanning 1492 to 1846.
In *Histoire d\'Haïti,* Madiou continued the work of earlier Haitian authors to combat racialized portrayals of Haiti\'s past, in particular the country\'s founding. He saw himself filling a crucial void by writing the first complete national history by a Haitian author. The history was valuable not only for Haitians but all members of the African Diaspora. To construct, his multi-volume history, Madiou relied heavily upon French written sources; however, he also recognized the importance of oral histories as a supplement to the written archive. He interviewed aging revolutionary veterans during his travels across the country with General Joseph Balthazar Inginac, the secretary-general for Haiti\'s longest serving nineteenth-century president, Jean-Pierre Boyer. His history tried to repair the reputation of the black leaders of the Haitian Revolution, especially Toussaint Louverture, portraying the struggle as a justified rebellion against the terrible oppression of slavery. This placed his work in contrast to the history written by Beaubrun Ardouin, appearing a few years after Madiou\'s, which tried to place the Haitian Revolution in the context of the other independence struggles in Latin America and deny it a class or racial character. Ardouin was trying to make Haiti fit into the community of nations in the Americas in the 1830s while Madiou was stressing what made Haiti unique.
In addition to his writing, Madiou served in various government positions, including director of the national high school and minister plenipotentiary to Spain. He also worked as Director of *Le Moniteur*, the official government publication, and was a contributor to Haiti\'s small but vibrant press
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# John Le Hay
**John Le Hay** was the stage name of **John Mackway Healy** (25 March 1854 -- 2 November 1926), an English singer and actor known for his portrayal of the comic baritone roles in the Savoy Operas. He also appeared in non-musical plays, adaptations of French comic operas and opérettes, and in Edwardian musical comedy, usually in comic roles, though sometimes in more serious character parts. As a skilled ventriloquist he appeared before royalty, and periodically he presented his own one-man entertainment during his half-century long stage career.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Early years {#early_years}
Le Hay was born in Bethnal Green, London, although later he would say that he had been born in Ireland. His parents were John Healy (1820--1901) and his wife Sophia Elizabeth Mackway (1823-- 1886), both Londoners. He had a younger brother, Joseph (1858--1931). His father worked as a manager in a pawnshop, where Le Hay began his working life.
As a young actor he made his first stage appearance at the King\'s Cross Theatre in London and then travelled with a minstrel troupe, where he developed his gift for ventriloquism. He was engaged in 1879 at the Royalty Theatre, London, where he worked as an understudy and appeared in the chorus of a revival of Stephenson and Sullivan\'s *The Zoo*. Later that year he joined the D\'Oyly Carte Opera Company, serving in the chorus on tour. In July 1879, he survived a boating accident on the River Avon at Bathampton in which two other members of the touring company drowned. He appeared in the single copyright performance of *The Pirates of Penzance* in Paignton on 30 December 1879, as James, a role that was included in the libretto only for that performance. During 1880 and 1881, he continued in the chorus and also appeared as Mr. Liverby in *In the Sulks*, and Benjamin Walker in *Four by Honours*, curtain-raisers that accompanied *H.M.S. Pinafore*.
Le Hay married Marian Lowry (1854--1940), also a member of the D\'Oyly Carte company, who performed under the stage name of Marian May for about a decade. The couple had three daughters and a son; two of these, Norah Sophia (1884--1970) and Millicent Marian Rylance (1888--1966), became actresses. From 1881 to 1883, Le Hay served as the principal comedian with a D\'Oyly Carte touring company, playing J. W. Wells in *The Sorcerer*, Sir Joseph Porter in *H.M.S. Pinafore*, and Major General Stanley in *Pirates*. He also appeared briefly in the tenor role of Ralph Rackstraw in *Pinafore* and filled in as Frederic in *Pirates* on one occasion. *The Western Mail* praised his performance in *H.M.S. Pinafore*: `{{blockquote|Mr John Le Hay's Sir Joseph Porter is a most happy piece of acting. The "First Lord of the Admiralty" … is presented in all his pomposity and officialdom, without the character being rendered either too outrageously absurd or violently ludicrous. Mr Le Hay is so natural that one feels inclined to believe that he is really saturated with official snobbishness and upstart arrogance; while his singing is capital, and his clear enunciation especially commendable.<ref>"H.M.S. Pinafore at Cardiff", ''Western Mail'', 16 May 1882, p. 3</ref>|}}`{=mediawiki}
Le Hay left the D\'Oyly Carte company in 1884; he toured as Dick in *Vice-Versa* and Coombes in the Victorian burlesque *Silver Guilt*. and played in pantomime, in low comedies with Cooper Cole\'s Strand Company, and, for a year, was a member of the company headed by Edward Terry at the Gaiety Theatre in London. In 1886 he created the part of Tom Strutt in Alfred Cellier\'s comic opera *Dorothy*, and played it throughout its run of 931 performances, which ended on 6 April 1889. A fortnight later he created the role of Crook in Cellier\'s next opera, *Doris*. Over the following years, among other roles, he created or played leading roles in various other West End musicals and operettas: Private Smith in *The Red Hussar* (1889) Jacob in *The Black Rover* (1890), a revival of the comic opera *Les cloches de Corneville* alongside Leonora Braham (1890), and Prince Bulbo in Augustus Harris\'s production of a musical adaptation of *The Rose and the Ring* (1890--1891).
In 1891 Le Hay played Sir Guy of Gisborne in *Maid Marian* by Harry B. Smith and Reginald De Koven, after which he rejoined D\'Oyly Carte for a year. Initially he was a member of a touring company, playing Punka, Rajah of Chutneypore, in *The Nautch Girl*. In November Richard D\'Oyly Carte brought him to London to play Master Guillot in the British premiere of Messager\'s *The Basoche* at the Royal English Opera House; *The Era* judged it his best performance to date. When *The Basoche* closed in early 1892 Le Hay rejoined the *Nautch Girl* company, playing Punka for the remainder of the tour.
Later in 1892 Le Hay played Sacrovir in *The Wedding Eve*, an adaptation of an opérette by Frédéric Toulmouche, with Decima Moore as its leading lady, after which he recreated his original role of Tom Strutt in a revival of *Dorothy*. In 1893 he was in *The Black Domino*, a melodrama starring Mrs. Patrick Campbell, in which Le Hay played a character role, and Arthur Williams provided the principal comic relief. The piece was preceded by a curtain-raiser, billed as an \"Entertainment\", given by Le Hay. He rejoined D\'Oyly Carte for the last time in late 1893, creating the part of Phantis in *Utopia, Limited* at the Savoy Theatre, and playing it until the end of the run in June 1894.
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# John Le Hay
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Later years {#later_years}
Later in 1894 Le Hay appeared with Lillian Russell in *The Queen of Brilliants*, and then as Mats Munck in Gilbert and Carr\'s comic opera *His Excellency*. He later played the same part in New York, with a George Edwardes touring company. In 1896, he played Alexander McGregor in the musical comedy *My Girl*, an Edwardes production written by James T. Tanner, Carr and Adrian Ross, in a West End cast that also included Ellaline Terriss, Willie Warde and Connie Ediss. In September 1897 Le Hay starred with Florence St. John in a new production of Offenbach\'s *La Périchole* at the Garrick Theatre. Both performers received excellent notices: *The Era* described her performance as \"a complete triumph\", and his as \"inimitable\"; the critic in *The Pall Mall Gazette* wrote, \"Mr John Le Hay as the Viceroy was simply admirable. Not only have we not seen this part better rendered, but we can hardly imagine it so. ... pure comedy\".
Le Hay appeared in New York as Hassan in Hood and Sullivan\'s *The Rose of Persia* (1900, opposite Ruth Vincent as the Sultana), and as Coquenard in the American premiere of Messager\'s *Véronique* (1905). He toured America three times and South Africa once. His talents as a ventriloquist were in demand, and he appeared in that capacity on several occasions before King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace and Sandringham. From time to time Le Hay appeared solo or with his own small company in sketches at music halls. One of his later theatrical parts was in Thomas Hardy\'s *Tess of the d\'Urbervilles* in 1925, with Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies in the title role. The reviewer in *Punch* wrote, \"Mr John Le Hay gave us a superb little study of an old countryman which richly deserved the enthusiastic applause that rewarded it\".
On 1 November 1926 Le Hay was struck by a car on his way home from the Lyceum Theatre in London, where he had been appearing as Florent, the butler, in *The Padre*. He died the next day at the age of 77. He was survived by his wife, Marian May, a former D\'Oyly Carte performer
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# Arts First
**Harvard Arts Festival** (formerly ARTS FIRST) is an annual arts festival held at Harvard University over four days at the end of the spring semester. It includes live performances (music, dance, theater, poetry readings, comedy, fashion, and more) as well as art exhibitions and art-making activities. It was founded by alum John Lithgow and Office for the Arts Director Myra Mayman in 1994 to honor the artistic community at Harvard, and is produced by Harvard\'s [Office for the Arts (OFA)](https://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/arts). The festival producer is [Alicia Anstead](https://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/people/alicia-anstead) and the Arts Fest Coordinator is [Marin Orlosky](https://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/people/marin-orlosky-07-08). The celebratory event is open to the public, and many of the events are free.
## Participation
All Harvard affiliates (undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, staff, and alumni/ae) may apply to perform and exhibit artwork during ARTS FIRST. Performing ensembles may include non-Harvard affiliates, as long as at least one performer is a Harvard affiliate.\
The festival involves up to 2,000 artists, giving over 100 performances and exhibitions.
Volunteers are recruited to assist in running the festival. They are not required to be affiliated with Harvard University.
## Participant funding {#participant_funding}
Some funding is provided for selected Public Art projects in Harvard Yard. ARTS FIRST Performance Fair performances are directly given a free venue, publicity, and production support, instead of funding.
## Performances
The Performance Fair includes opera, dance, music of many genres, stand-up and improv comedy, theater, poetry and experimental performances.
## Public art {#public_art}
The festival includes exhibitions of public art in Harvard Yard and other locations around the campus. Works include sculpture, installations, or installations with performance/video components and film/video.
Student projects that are selected for exhibition in Harvard Yard receive supporting guidance from a professional visual artist.
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# Arts First
## Harvard Arts Medal {#harvard_arts_medal}
**The Harvard Arts Medal** is an annual award established in 1995 to recognize \"excellence and demonstrated achievement in the arts by a Harvard or Radcliffe alumnus/a or faculty member*.*\" The medal is given to an individual who has achieved distinction in the arts and who has made a special contribution to the good of the arts, to the public good in relation to the arts, or to education. It is awarded on the recommendation of a committee of (Harvard) faculty, alumni and administrators, by the Office of Governing Boards and the president of Harvard.
During a 2012 interview discussing his part in initiating the Harvard Arts Fest annual festival, John Lithgow said, \"In 1995, I proposed the Harvard Arts Medal. The idea was to celebrate the fact that, although it's rare, Harvard men and women do go into the creative arts.\"
The recipient of the annual Harvard Arts Medal is celebrated during the course of the festival.
### Recipients
Arts Medal year Recipient
----------------- ---------------------------------------------
1995 Jack Lemmon '47
1996 Pete Seeger '40
1997 Bonnie Raitt '72
1998 John Updike '54
1999 David Hays '52
2000 John Harbison '60
2001 Peter Sellars '80
2002 William Christie '66
2003 Mira Nair '79
2004 Yo-Yo Ma '76
2005 Maxine Kumin '46
2006 Christopher Durang '71
2007 John Adams '69 MA '72
2008 Joshua Redman \'91
2009 Fred Ho \'79 and John Ashbery \'49
2010 Catherine Lord \'70
2011 Susan Meiselas Ed.M. '71
2012 Tommy Lee Jones \'69
2013 Matt Damon \'92
2014 Margaret Atwood AM \'62, Litt.D. \'04
2015 Damian Woetzel MPA \'07
2016 Frank Gehry GSD \'57 ArD \'00
2017 John Lithgow \'67 & \'07
2018 Colson Whitehead \'91
2019 Tracy K. Smith \'94
2022 Rubén Blades LL.M
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# Faretta v. California
***Faretta v. California***, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that criminal defendants have a constitutional right to refuse counsel and represent themselves in state criminal proceedings.
Quoting *Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann* (1942), the Court reasoned that, \"The right to assistance of counsel and the *correlative right to dispense with a lawyer\'s help* are not legal formalisms\... To deny an accused a choice of procedure in circumstances in which he, though a layman, is as capable as any lawyer of making an intelligent choice, is to impair the worth of great Constitutional safeguards by treating them as empty verbalisms. ... \[T\]o deny him in the exercise of his free choice the right to dispense with some of these safeguards ... is to imprison a man in his privileges, and call it the Constitution.\"
## Facts of the case {#facts_of_the_case}
The defendant Anthony Faretta was accused of grand theft in Los Angeles County, California. Well before the trial began, the defendant requested permission to represent himself. Questioning by the judge revealed that he had once represented himself in a criminal case and that he believed that the public defender\'s office was under a heavy case load. The judge warned him that he was making a mistake and emphasized that he would receive no special treatment. The judge entered a preliminary ruling allowing Faretta to represent himself, however stating that he might reverse his decision if it seemed that he was unable to adequately represent himself.
Several weeks later, but still before the trial, the judge initiated a hearing to inquire into Faretta\'s ability to defend himself. After questioning him on numerous topics, including hearsay and juries, the judge ruled that his answers were inadequate and he had not made an intelligent decision to waive counsel. In addition he ruled that Faretta had no constitutional right to his own defense. Therefore, he rescinded his previous decision. During the trial the judge denied Faretta\'s motions to be co-counsel and other motions he attempted to make on his behalf. Subsequently, he was convicted by a jury and sentenced to time in prison.
The California Court of Appeal, which relied on a recent California Supreme Court decision that had expressly decided the issue, ruled that Faretta had no federal or state right to represent himself. Appeal to the Supreme Court of California was denied.
## Opinion of the court {#opinion_of_the_court}
In the opinion of the court by Justice Stewart, the Court held that a defendant in a state criminal trial has the constitutional right to refuse appointed counsel and conduct the trial when he or she voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so. However, such a defendant may not later complain that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. The court brought analogies to the Star Chamber, saying \"the Star Chamber has, for centuries, symbolized disregard of basic individual rights. The Star Chamber not merely allowed, but required, defendants to have counsel. The defendant\'s answer to an indictment was not accepted unless it was signed by counsel. When counsel refused to sign the answer, for whatever reason, the defendant was considered to have confessed.\"
## Dissents
Chief Justice Burger wrote a dissent arguing there is no constitutional basis for a right to self-representation, in which Justice Blackmun and Justice Rehnquist joined.
Justice Blackmun wrote a dissent arguing that the Sixth Amendment does not support the right to self-representation and raised the additional procedural problems that would inevitably arise by the decision, arguing that such procedural problems would far outweigh whatever tactical advantage the defendant may feel he has gained by electing to represent himself. Blackmun concludes with the following: \"If there is any truth to the old proverb \'one who is his own lawyer has a fool for a client,\' the Court by its opinion today now bestows a *constitutional* right on one to make a fool of himself.\" Chief Justice Burger and Justice Rehnquist joined in this dissent
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# Lliwedd Bach
**Lliwedd Bach** is a top of Y Lliwedd in the Snowdonia National Park, North Wales. It is the last \"top\" on the main ridge of Y Lliwedd, the other being Y Lliwedd East Peak. A broad ridge at around 580m carries on northwards until the subsidiary summit of Gallt y Wenallt is reached.
The summit is unmarked and offers good views of Y Lliwedd\'s cliffs, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa) and Crib Goch
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# Parbati Sankar Roy Choudhury
**Parbati Sankar Roy Choudhury** (**Rai Parvatisankara Chaudhuri**), (1853--1918) was the zamindar of Teota (now in Manikganj District, Bangladesh) and a philanthropic landholder.
## Early life {#early_life}
Choudhury was born in 1853, and was the elder son of Joy Sankar Choudhuri of the Teota zamindars, who were one of the well-known zamindars of Bengal. Their ancestral surname was Dasgupta (Dash-sharma). He studied at the Hindu School, Kolkata but never completed his education as he was managing the zamidari estate.
## Career
Sankar was an active member of the British Indian Association, the Indian Association, the Indian National Congress, and the Dacca district board. He was also one of the founders of the Indian Industrial Association, which was set up to promote the material and economic development of the region. As part of the economic reconstruction programme, Parbati Sankar attempted to make use of the material raw resources available within the Teota zamindari (in Goalondo, Faridpur and elsewhere). His name is also associated with the formulation of a concrete and detailed plan (1890s) of extension of the railways to Manikganj, linking it up with the town of Dacca on the east and the river port of Goalando on the west.
Sankar is best remembered, however, for pioneering the \'dharmagola\' system of co-operative grain banking, intended to alleviate scarcity and resulting famine. He founded the grain banks with his cousin Raja Shyama Sankar Ray. \'Dharmagolas\' or grain banks were established at various places within the Teota Estate and elsewhere in Dinajpur and the system was a success. These grain banks were registered as formal co-operative societies in the second decade of the 20th century. Parbati Sankar wrote a number of articles in which he not only outlined the basic features of the \'dharmagola\' system, but also clearly brought out its many virtues and advantages. He spoke on the \"Indebtedness of the Bengal peasantry\" at an annual session of the Congress (INC) in the early 1900s. He was a member of the Dhaka District Board. He had attempted to convince the British colonial administration of the importance creating a rail line from Dhaka to Manikganj unsuccessfully.
## Death
Sankar was honoured with the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in 1912. He died in Calcutta in 1918
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# Sao Kawng Kiao Intaleng
Sao **Kawng Kiao Intaleng** succeeded his brother to become the 53rd ruler (Sawbwa) of the Shan state of Kengtung in 1895. He, his first wife, and his sister, Princess Tip Htila, all attended the Delhi Durbar in 1903 in a party of Shan princes guided by J. G. Scott. After this journey, in 1905, he built a new palace in Imperial Indian style at his capital, Kengtung. He was a popular and capable ruler, and abolished domestic slavery in the state. He died in 1935.
The *Kengtung State Chronicle* lists his six wives and nineteen children. The politician and scholar Sao Sāimöng was one of his sons
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# Victoria Finney
**Victoria Finney** is a British actress on stage, screen and radio. On TV, she is best known as Louise Richards in *Families* from 1990 to 1993. Finney has also performed in the TV series *The Grand*, *Children\'s Ward*, *The Bill* and *Holby City*. On stage, she has appeared in Shakespeare and in contemporary plays, to critical acclaim: \"outstanding \.... her performance \... steals the show\"; \"excellent performance with \[her\] exhibition of strong and dignified womanhood\"; \"Finney \... plays Kath with quiet assurance and wit\". She is married to theatre producer Julian Crouch.
## Selected stage performances {#selected_stage_performances}
Year Title Role Theatre
-------------- --------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------------------------------
1993 *And All Because the Lady Loves \..
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# Martin Glyn Murray
**Martin Glyn Murray** (born 1 February 1966 in Helsingør, Denmark) is a Danish-born British actor who has played Mark Thompson in *Families* and he has also been in *The Bill*, *Sharpe*, *Aristocrats*, *Enigma*, *Enemy at the Gates*, *Captain Corelli\'s Mandolin*, *Made in Estonia* and *Heartbeat*. He also enjoyed some chart success as the lead guitarist in The Mock Turtles, most notably with the single \"Can You Dig It?\"
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# Crouçie d'où là
***Crouçie d\'où là*** is the debut album by Icelandic singer-songwriter Emilíana Torrini. It was released in 1995 in Iceland by Japis records. The album consists entirely of cover songs. The title of the record is a play on words. It is spelled as if it were a French phrase, but it is a homonym of the Icelandic word *Krúsídúlla* which means *cutie pie*. The songs include \"Crazy Love\" written by Van Morrison, \"I\" written by the Japanese group Pizzicato Five and \"Miss Celie\'s Blues\" (from the movie *The Color Purple*).
*Crouçie d\'où là* is currently out of print. When Emilíana was asked by a French fansite in a 2008 interview, she responded: `{{blockquote|"No I really don't want it to. I have a funny relationship with that record and I guess I have disowned it in someways. My mum proudly took it out of the shelves at Christmas and played it to my boyfriend. I hadn't heard it since I recorded it. It was too painful... I didn't like it. She laughed. He blushed."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emilianafans.com/en/press/interviews/2008-enu3.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630154739/http://www.emilianafans.com/en/press/interviews/2008-enu3.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 June 2012|title=interview emiliana.nu 2008 Emiliana Torrini {{!}} emilianafans.com|date=30 June 2012|access-date=21 November 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
}}
, the album sold 15,000 units in Iceland.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"I\'m a Bad Luck Woman\" (Memphis Minnie)
2. \"Crazy Love\" (Van Morrison)
3. \"The Man with the Golden Gun\" (Don Black, John Barry)
4. \"Today I Sing the Blues\" (Curtis Reginald Lewis & Jack Hammer \[aka Earl Solomon Burroughs\])
5. \"I\" (Pizzicato Five, Yasuharu Konishi)
6. \"The Dirty Dozen\" (J. Mayo Williams & Rufus George \"Speckled Red\" Perryman)
7. \"Tomorrow\" (Paul Williams)
8. \"Find It\" (Igo Kantor & Stu Phillips)
9. \"Miss Celie\'s Blues\" (Quincy Jones, Rod Temperton & Lionel Richie)
10. \"Aaaa\...\" (V.G
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# Kerry Peers
**Kerry Peers** (born 1 November 1964) is a British actress who is best known for her role in *The Bill* where she played Suzi Croft from 1993 to 1998. She has also been in *Casualty*, *Doctors*, *Holby City*, *Brookside* and appeared on *Coronation Street* from October 2019 to January 2020.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kerry Roberta Peers was born on 1 November 1964 in the small village of Northop Hall, near Mold in North Wales, where she spent her childhood.
## Acting
Peers moved to London, where she attended the Central School of Speech and Drama. On leaving drama school she performed in a number of plays, such as Les liaisons dangereuses (with the Royal Shakespeare Company) and was also in the original cast of Alan Ayckbourn\'s *Mr A\'s Amazing Maze Plays* at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough.
In 1993, Peers joined the cast of *The Bill* as DC Suzi Croft, leaving in 1998. Since then she has continued to appear on television in series such as *Waterloo Road*, *Casualty*, *Holby City*, *The Case*, *Doctors*, *The Royal Today* and *Shameless*. She was also a regular cast member of *Brookside* 2002--2003, playing the part of Helen Carey. In November 2019, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera *Doctors* as Yvette Froom.
Peers has also continued to appear on-stage, playing Nurse Ratched in an acclaimed version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo\'s Nest as well as roles in *Paradise Bound* and *Billy Liar*.
In 2018, she appeared in a supporting role in the ITV1 miniseries *Butterfly*.
## Awards
In 2003, Peers won the Manchester Evening News Theatre Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Actress Role for her part in Neil Simon\'s Brighton Beach Memoirs at the Oldham Coliseum Theatre
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# Martin Marquez
**Martin Joseph Marquez** (born 8 October 1964)`{{fact|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} is an English actor.
He is best known on television for his role as Gino Primirola, the head barman, in the British television comedy drama *Hotel Babylon*. He also played Danny Pearce in *The Bill* from 1993 to 1995, and Neil in *EastEnders* in 2002, and he has appeared in *Doc Martin* alongside his real life brother John Marquez, *The Catherine Tate Show*, *Murder Most Horrid*, and *Plastic Man*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Marquez was born in Coventry, Warwickshire to a Spanish father and an English mother. Marquez\'s father formerly worked as a waiter at the Costa Brava Ritz Hotel and later opened a chip shop when the family moved to Binley Woods. Martin attended King Henry VIII School in Coventry. He worked as a personal trainer and a barman, before beginning his career in acting.
## Career
Marquez first appeared on television in *The Bill*, where he portrayed Detective Sergeant Danny Pearce. He also had small roles in such series as *Doc Martin*, *The Catherine Tate Show*, *Elizabeth I*, *The Business*, *EastEnders* and *Bedtime*. From 2006 to 2009, he played the character of head barman on the television series *Hotel Babylon*. In 2013, he appeared in new ITV comedy drama *The Job Lot*, playing security guard Paul.
He is also known for his theatre work, including Trevor Nunn\'s revival of *Anything Goes* in 2002, in which he played Moonface Martin and Terry Johnson\'s play *Insignificance*. He has performed as a comedy team, The Brothers Marquez, with his brother John Marquez, who also portrayed his fictional brother in a \"Doc Martin\" episode. He has played the lead role of Dad in *Billy Elliot the Musical* at the Victoria Palace Theatre in London\'s West End since November 2010.
In October 2013, he went on to play the role of Captain Dana Holmes in *From Here to Eternity the Musical*.
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# Martin Marquez
## Filmography
### Film
Year Film Role Notes
------ ---------------------- ------------------ ---------
1999 *Plastic Man* Steve Persey TV film
2000 *Dirty Tricks* Garcia TV film
2001 *Down* Policeman #2
2005 *The Business* Pepe
2006 *Stan* Hal Roach TV film
2011 *Holy Flying Circus* Richard Klein TV film
2012 *Les Misérables* Ensemble
2013 *Girl on a Bicycle* Clive
2015 *A Louder Silence* Martin
2017 *The Mercy* Franchessi
2019 *After Louise* Ken
2020 *7 Hours on Earth* Mr. Merriweather
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------
1991--1996 *The Bill* D.S. Danny Pearce Series regular
1992 *Desmond\'s* Policeman Episode: \"Too Young\"
*In Suspicious Circumstances* Episode: \"An Uncommon Murder\"
1999 *Murder Most Horrid* Tony La Paglia Episode: \"Whoopi Stone\"
2001 *Bedtime* Sam 2 episodes
2002 *EastEnders* Neil 4 episodes
*Heartbeat* Joe Kidd Episode: \"Closing the Book\"
2005 *Empire* General Crito Mini-series
*Elizabeth I* Don Bernadino de Mendoza
2006 *The Catherine Tate Show* Taxi Driver Episode: \"1951--2006\"
2006--2009 *Hotel Babylon* Gino Primirola Series regular
2007 *Waking the Dead* Harris Wall Episode: \"Mask of Sanity\"
*Children in Need* Gino Primirola *Hotel Babylon* sketch
*Lead Balloon* Tony Episode: \"Hero\"
2008 *Heartbeat* Rafael Episode: \"Danse Macabre\"
2009 *Doc Martin* Brother of Joe Penhale Episode: \"Perish Together as Fools\"
2010 *New Tricks* Danny Johnson Episode: \"Where There\'s Smoke\"
2012 *Twenty Twelve* Kevin Thingle Episode: \"Loose Things\"
*Falcón* Doctor Episode: \"The Blind Man of Seville\"
2013--2015 *The Job Lot* Paul Franks Series regular
2015 *Benidorm* Juan Episode: \"Walking on Broken Glass\"
*Vera* Michael Tennant Episode: \"Old Wounds\"
*SunTrap* Mr. De Luca Episode: \"Casino\"
*The Javone Prince Show* Policeman 1 episode
2017 *Bounty Hunters* The Supplier 1 episode
*Modus* Hunter Russell 4 episodes
*The Crown* Royal Detective Episode: \"Paterfamilias\"
2018 *Holby City* Saul Vernon Episode: \"Hold My Hand\"
2019 *Dead Pixels* Barry Episode: \"Patricide\"
2024 *Heartstopper* Ant Spring Episode: \"Winter\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He has three sons and two daughters, including Ramona Marquez, who is known for playing Karen Brockman in *Outnumbered*
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# An-Nisa, 34
`{{Quran}}`{=mediawiki}**An-Nisa 4:34** is the 34th verse in the fourth chapter of the Quran. This verse adjudges the role of a husband as protector and maintainer of his wife and how he should deal with disloyalty on her part. Scholars vastly differ on the implications of this verse, with many Muslim scholars saying that it serves as a deterrent from anger-based domestic violence. The translation of the verse, which can read \'discipline them gently\' is also subject to debate among Muslim scholars. According to a hadith transmitted by Abu Huraira, slapping someone across the face was forbidden.
## Text and translations {#text_and_translations}
### Verse
### Transliteration
### English translations {#english_translations}
**Abdullah Yusuf Ali, *The Holy Qur\'an* (1934):** `{{Blockquote|Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient, and guard in (the husband's) absence what Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whose part ye fear disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (Next), refuse to share their beds, (And last) strike them; but if they return to obedience, seek not against them Means (of annoyance): For Allah is Most High, great (above you all).<ref>{{Qref|4|34|c=y|t=y}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
**Muhammad Abdel-Haleem, *The Qur\'an* (2004):** `{{bq|Husbands should take good care of their wives, with [the bounties] God has given to some more than others and with what they spend out of their own money. Righteous wives are devout and guard what God would have them guard in their husbands’ absence. If you fear high-handedness from your wives, remind them [of the teachings of God], then ignore them when you go to bed, then hit them. If they obey you, you have no right to act against them: God is most high and great.<ref>{{Qref|4|34|c=y|t=h}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
**Mustafa Khattab, *The Clear Quran* (2015):** `{{bq|Men are the caretakers of women, as men have been provisioned by Allah over women and tasked with supporting them financially. And righteous women are devoutly obedient and, when alone, protective of what Allah has entrusted them with. And if you sense ill-conduct from your women, advise them ˹first˺, ˹if they persist,˺ do not share their beds, ˹but if they still persist,˺ then discipline them ˹gently˺. But if they change their ways, do not be unjust to them. Surely Allah is Most High, All-Great.<ref>{{Qref|4|34|c=y|t=c}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
## Verses in context {#verses_in_context}
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# An-Nisa, 34
## Background of the verse {#background_of_the_verse}
There are a number of translations of this verse from the Arabic original, and all vary to some extent. Some Muslims, such as Islamic feminist groups, say that Muslim men use the text as an excuse for domestic violence.
In Muhammad\'s farewell sermon as recorded in al-Tabari\'s History, and in a Sahih Hadith collected by Abu Dawud, he gave permission to husbands to hit their wives under certain circumstances *without severity* (فَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ضَرْبًا غَيْرَ مُبَرِّحٍ *fadribuhunna darban ghayra mubarrih*; literal translation: \"\... then beat them, a beating without severity\") When the cousin and companion of Muhammad, Ibn Abbas, replied back: "I asked Ibn Abbas: 'What is the hitting that is \'without severity\'?' He replied \[with\] the *siwak (tooth-stick)* and the like'. Muhammad himself caused physical pain to his wife A\'isha as she recorded herself.
Another hadith narration of the Farewell Sermon appears in Sunan Ibn Majah. The Arabic phrase mentioned above is here translated, \"hit them, but without causing injury or leaving a mark.\"
There have been several fatwas against domestic violence. Feminist writers have said that society during Quranic times differed from modern times, especially in how children were reared and raised, creating a need for gender roles. These scholars say that the Qur\'an can be interpreted differently as society changes.
Jonathan A.C. Brown said:
The first part of the verse about men having authority over women is meant for obedience towards God, not the husband.
### Background on the roles of men and women in Islam {#background_on_the_roles_of_men_and_women_in_islam}
The Qur\'an states that men are in charge of women because God has favored one over the other and they are responsible to provide them. Women, however, are given a degree of autonomy over their own income and property. Nevertheless, they are responsible for educating the children, as God has given the one preference over the other. Man is also considered to be the head of the family. The Qur\'an recommends that wives be obedient and adaptable to their husbands. Wives should also keep the secrets of their husbands and protect their honor and integrity. Islamic scholars consider this important in running a smooth family system.
For both men and women, *zulm*- known in English as actions of \'cruelty\' against someone- is explicitly prohibited.
#### Shared Treatment of genders throughout the Qur\'an {#shared_treatment_of_genders_throughout_the_quran}
The equality of men and women is discussed in many places throughout the text. `{{Blockquote|Then Satan tempted them in order to expose what was hidden of their nakedness.<ref>{{qref|7|20|c=y}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} The Qur\'an is also very specific that both men and women should receive equal punishment for wrongdoings (`{{qref|24|2|pl=y}}`{=mediawiki}), and that God will give a believer who does a righteous deed, regardless of being male or female, Paradise (`{{qref|4|124|pl=y}}`{=mediawiki}). `{{Blockquote|As for female and male fornicators, give each of them one hundred lashes<ref>{{qref|24|2|c=y}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Blockquote|But those who do good—whether male or female—and have faith will enter Paradise and will never be wronged ˹even as much as˺ the speck on a date stone.<ref>{{qref|4|124|c=y}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
#### Male and female relationships in the times of Muhammad {#male_and_female_relationships_in_the_times_of_muhammad}
In her book *Qur\'an and Women*, scholar Amina Wadud writes about the importance of women in the time of Muhammad. During this time, women did not have access to the technology that women today have; giving birth and raising children was much more difficult due to diseases and lack of healthcare knowledge. For this reason, Wadud writes, \"The Qur\'an establishes his \[the husband\'s\] responsibility as *qiwamah*: seeing to it that the women is not burdened with additional responsibilities which jeopardize that primary demanding responsibility only she can fulfill.\" The need to reproduce and raise children contributed to the importance of gender roles in the time of Muhammad.
Scholar Ayesha Chaudhry writes that many Muslims have this fundamentally flawed way of examining the text, writing that \"Despite the potential for such verses \[4:34\] to have multiple plain-sense meanings, living Muslim communities place these interpretations in conversation with the pre-colonial Islamic tradition\".
#### Examples from Muhammad {#examples_from_muhammad}
The late Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Hussein Tabataba\'i (1903-1981 AD) provides the following exegesis on 4:34 from both Sunni and Shi\'ite sources in his Mizan:
> Ibn Abi Hatim has narrated through Ash'ath ibn 'Abdil-Malik from al-Hasan that he said: "A woman came to the Prophet complaining against her husband that he had slapped her. The Messenger of Allah said: "Retribution". Then Allah revealed the verse, "Men are maintainers of women... (4:34); so the woman returned without retribution \[ad-Durr \'l-munthur, as-Suyuti\]. \[as-Suyuti\] has narrated it from the Prophet through other chains too. Some of them say that the Messenger of Allah said: "I wanted one thing (retribution), but Allah decided otherwise\"\...there were some instances where Allah had amended some prophetic orders by adding to or deleting from it, but it was only in his administrative order, not in matters of the law ordained by him for his people, otherwise it would have been an invalid nullification\...the Messenger of Allah used to wonder aloud: \"How can you embrace the woman with a hand you had hit her with?\". It is narrated also in al-Kafi through his chain from Abu Maryam from Abu Ja'far (Imam Muhammad al-Baqir) that he said: "The Messenger of Allah said: "What! Does one of you hit his wife, and then attempt to embrace her?\". Countless such statements are found in the traditions; and one may understand from them the Islamic views on this subject.
Al-Tabari (839-923 AD) wrote that, \"The Prophet never raised his hand against one of his wives, or against a slave, nor against any person at all.\" In fact, when Muhammad faced rebellion of his wives, rather than beat them, Al-Tabari accounts that he instead, \"stayed away from his wives for 29 nights.\"
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# An-Nisa, 34
## Debates and discussion about the text {#debates_and_discussion_about_the_text}
In response to *nushûz*, admonishment, leaving wives in their beds and *idribihunna* are permitted. Islamic scholars agree such actions can not be undertaken for any reason other than those mentioned in the Qur\'an (see *nushûz*).
### Authority of men {#authority_of_men}
This allots men authority, *qawwamun*, over women conditional on men being responsible of earning income on behalf of for women and spending their property to support women i.e., clothing, residence, and sustenance.
#### Obedient or *Qanitat* {#obedient_or_qanitat}
The verse commands women to be *qanitat*. The term has been used in Quran `{{qref|33|35|pl=y}}`{=mediawiki} to refer to men and women alike, who are obedient to God. Some commentators use the term to mean obedience to the husband, while others assert that it means obedience to God. Some scholars agree that the husband does not have absolute control over his wife, and her first loyalty is to God.
#### To admonish them {#to_admonish_them}
The first response to *nushuz* is *wā\'z* ('وَعَظ'), meaning to first admonish or scold the wife of her behaviour. There is strong agreement amongst Muslim scholars that this admonishment must be conducted in a spirit of reconciliation.
#### To leave them alone in beds {#to_leave_them_alone_in_beds}
According to tafsir ibn kathir, a well known commentary of Quran. He describes in his exegesis.
Should the *nushuz* continue, the next step is to refuse to share the bed with the wife. Again Muslim scholars emphasize on the spirit of healing while conducting this action.
#### To beat them (*iḍribūhunna*) {#to_beat_them_iḍribūhunna}
There are a number of translations of the original Arabic 4:34.
The term *iḍribūhunna* (usually translated, \'beat them\') in 4:34 is the imperative form of the phrase *ḍaraba* (Arabic: ضرب \'to beat, beat, smote, or strike\'). Scholars interpret *iḍribūhunna* in different ways. Whereas the consensus interprets it to mean \"to strike\", some hold that the term means \"to separate\". Such an action is to be administered only if neither the husband nor the wife are willing to divorce.
The term *daraba* is translated by Yusuf Ali as \"beat,\" but the Arabic word is used elsewhere in the Qur\'an to convey different meanings. The phrase, \"*Daraba Allah mathalan*\" translates to, \"Allah *gives* or *sets* an example.\" The use of this word might be compared to the way \"to strike\" is used in English, which can mean, \"to strike a pose,\" or \"to strike a bargain,\" not just referring to the physical act of hitting something. The use of *daraba* is also intentional, because a different Arabic word exists, \"*daraba*\" which is translated to, \"to strike repeatedly or intensely.\"
Muslim scholars who permit hitting, emphasize that it must not be harsh, but rather light. Muslim men are never to hit their spouse\'s face, nor to hit them in such a way as would leave marks on their body. Scholars suggest that the response administered should be in proportion to the fault committed. Traditionally the idea of beating was \"with a toothbrush\" or \"with a folded handkerchief.\" Jonathan A.C. Brown resumes the situation:
> If a wife exhibited egregious disobedience (nushuz) such as uncharacteristically insulting behavior, leaving the house against the husband\'s will and without a valid excuse or denying her husband sex (without medical grounds), the husband should first admonish her to be conscious of God and proper etiquette. If she did not desist from her behavior, he should cease sleeping with her in their bed. If she still continued in her nushuz, he should then strike her to teach her the error of her ways. Shaffii law only allowed the husband to use his hand or a wound-up handkerchief (mina malfuf), not a whip or stick. All schools of law prohibited striking the wife in the face or in any sensitive area likely to cause injury. All except some Maliki jurists held that the wife could claim compensation payment (diya) from the husband for any injury she sustained, and Hanbalis, the later Shaffii school as well as the Maliki school, allowed a judge to dissolve the marriage at no cost to the wife if harm had been done. In effect, any physical harm was grounds for compensation and divorce since the Prophet had limited striking one\'s wife to \'a light blow that leaves no mark.\' Causing any injury thus meant that a husband had exceeded his rights. All schools of law agreed that if the wife died due to a beating, her family could claim her wergild or possibly even have the husband executed.
Many jurists interpret *iḍribūhunna* as \"more or less symbolic.\" Others,`{{Who|date=September 2018}}`{=mediawiki} however, argue that a mere symbolic administration would be pointless and rather should be an \"energetic demonstration\" of the love of the husband. But it is agreed that the demonstration should not seriously hurt the wife.
The 2007 translation *The Sublime Quran* by Laleh Bakhtiar translates *iḍribūhunna* not as \'beat them\' but as \'go away from them\'. The introduction to her translation discusses the linguistic and shari'ah reasons in Arabic for understanding this verb in context. Muhammad never beat his wives, and his example from the Sunnah informs the interpretation of this verse. This interpretation is supported by the fact that some other verses, such as 4:101 which contains word *darabtum* (derivation from *daraba*), demonstrate also the interpretation of Arabic word *daraba* to have meaning \'going\' or \'moving\'.
The Islamic scholar Tahir-ul-Qadri has given the same translation in his translation of the Quran \"*Irfan-ul-Quran*\": \"(\...)and (if they still do not improve) turn away from them, striking a temporary parting.(\...)\". This translation is further supported by the fact that the word \"*darabtum*\" is used in the same chapter (specifically, in `{{qref|4|94|b=y|pl=y}}`{=mediawiki}), which means to \"go abroad\" in the sake of Allah and which is derived from the same root word (\"*daraba*\") as \"*idribuhunna*\" in 4:34.
The book *Woman in the Shade of Islam* by Saudi scholar Abdul Rahman al-Sheha stated that a man may \"beat\" his wife only if it occurs without \"hurting, breaking a bone, leaving blue or black marks on the body and avoiding hitting the face, at any cost.\"
A widely used 1930 English translation of the Quran by British Muslim scholar Marmaduke Pickthall determined the verse to mean that, as a last resort, men can \"scourge\" their wives.
Some jurists argue that even when hitting is acceptable under the Qur\'an, it is still discountenanced.
In his book *No god but God*, University of Southern California scholar Reza Aslan, stated that false interpretations of the text have occurred because Quranic commentary \"has been the exclusive domain of Muslim men.\"
The Islamic prophet Mohammed himself, according to Islamic tradition, never once struck a woman in argument. This fact is sometimes cited in debates about the text.
Muslim feminist writer Asra Q. Nomani has argued, `{{blockquote|Indeed, Muslim scholars and leaders have long been doing what I call "the 4:34 dance" -- they reject outright violence against women but accept a level of aggression that fits contemporary definitions of domestic violence.<ref name=issue/>}}`{=mediawiki}Feminist writer Amina Wadud writes in her book, \'\'Inside the Gender Jihad: Women\'s Reform in Islam\'\':
Ibn Ishaq has said that Muhammad in his The Farewell Sermon said that:
Nada Ibrahim of the University of South Australia states that three words---*qawwamuna*, *nushuzahunna*, and *wadribuhunna*---are mistranslated due to the lack of equivalent English alternatives. She explains that in particular, English language Qur\'an commentators have not agreed to merely one translation of the word *wadribuhunna* and that \"A clear disagreement exists among English-language Qur'an commentators on how best to translate this word. All translations give an explicit negative connotation, and -- when read out of context -- further exacerbates any misunderstanding.\"
The keywords of Verse 34 of Surah An-Nisa come with various meanings, each of which enables us to know a distinct aspect, meaning and matter. Each aspect, i.e., meanings proposed by commentators, translators, and scholars throughout history for this verse, is according to a distinct wonted system of the family in history. \"Zarb\" does not mean assault or any form of violence against women. Rather, it means a practical action to inspire disobedient women to obey the legitimate rights of their spouse.
### When they obey {#when_they_obey}
In the Quran\'s Commentary exegesis of this part of verse is as following: `{{blockquote|but if they return to obedience, seek not against them means (of annoyance),) meaning, when the wife obeys her husband in all that Allah has allowed, then no means of annoyance from the husband are allowed against his wife. Therefore, in this case, the husband does not have the right to beat her or shun her bed.<ref name="ibk|4:34" />}}`{=mediawiki}
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# An-Nisa, 34
## Debates and discussion about the text {#debates_and_discussion_about_the_text}
### Glorification of God {#glorification_of_god}
Ibn Kathir in the commentary of this part of verse says `{{blockquote|(Surely, Allah is Ever Most High, Most Great.) reminds men that if they transgress against their wives without justification, then Allah, the Ever Most High, Most Great, is their Protector, and He will exert revenge on those who transgress against their wives and deal with them unjustly
| 74 |
An-Nisa, 34
| 3 |
7,742,501 |
# Sydenham E. Ancona
**Sydenham Elnathan Ancona** (November 20, 1824 -- June 20, 1913) was an American educator and politician who served three terms as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1861 to 1867.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Ancona was born near Lititz, Pennsylvania. His father, Moses Ancona, came from a British Sephardic Jewish family, and his paternal grandmother was a member of the prominent Montefiore family. He moved to Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1826 with his parents, who settled near Sculls Hill, Pennsylvania. He attended public and private schools, and taught school. He moved in 1856 to Reading, Pennsylvania, where he entered the employ of the Reading Company and served as a member of the Board of Education.
### Congress
Ancona was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Thirty-ninth Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1866.
### Later life and career {#later_life_and_career}
After leaving Congress, he became engaged in the trust, fire-insurance, and relief-association businesses in Reading. He was one of the organizers of the Reading Fire Insurance and Trust Company, serving as its secretary and treasurer for over 30 years. He reportedly was very interested in government services, especially the fire department. He was a member of the Firemen\'s Union for many years.
He was a delegate to the 1880 Democratic National Convention at Cincinnati, Ohio. During a visit to the Capitol at Washington, D.C., in 1912 he was tendered a reception on the floor of the House of Representatives, because he was at the time the last surviving Member of the Thirty-seventh Congress which had been assembled at the extraordinary session called by Abraham Lincoln on July 4, 1861.
He also served multiple terms on the Reading School Board.
In his retirement, he traveled the country and many foreign countries.
He was engaged in banking and in the insurance business until his death in Reading in 1913. He is interred in Reading\'s Charles Evans Cemetery
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Sydenham E. Ancona
| 0 |
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# Casimir's Code
**Casimir\'s Code** (*Судзебнік Казіміра*; *Kazimiero teisynas*; *Statut Kazimierza*), also known as the **Sudebnik of 1468**, was a legal code adopted by Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Casimir IV Jagiellon with the approval of the Lithuanian Council of Lords. It was the first attempt to codify the laws of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The code prescribed punishment for property crimes and limited court procedures. Much of the legal system was left uncodified and was governed by customs.
The manuscript is now in the State Historical Museum in Moscow, as MS Uvar. 702-4°.
## Context
The date or the circumstances when the code was adopted are unknown. The historians conjured that the most probable date is February 1468 when the Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania met in Vilnius. The code differed from privileges previously issued by the Grand Duke because the code granted no new rights to the nobility. Judging from the content, the code was intended for the nobility and landowners, who received Casimir\'s privilege in 1447 to try *veldamai*, a class of dependent people that eventually became serfs. The code attempted to impose some consistency in the treatment of *veldamai*. The document also did not specify the effective date or territory. Historians believe that the code was in effect in entire Lithuania up to the first Statute of Lithuania of 1529 even though no court cases are known that referenced the code.
Written in the Ruthenian language, the original document did not survive, but several copies are known from the end of 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. The document was first published in 1826 by Ignacy Daniłowicz, law professor at Vilnius University. The document did not have a proper name and was named *Casimir\'s Code* or *Casimir\'s Statute* by modern historians. The original code was not divided into articles; modern historians have identified 25 articles.
## Content
The code prescribed various punishments for crimes and some court procedures. It dealt only with crimes against property (theft and robbery). The code primarily dealt with common thieves, but also addressed crimes by the Lithuanian nobility (such as cutting forest trees without permission or luring away *veldamai* from another noble). The nobility was to be tried and sentenced by the Grand Duke and the Council of Lords. Civil disputes between nobles were to be decided by the third-party judges. Peasants dependent on the Grand Duke were to be tried by *tijūnai* (high-ranking supervisors of royal estates), while those dependent on other dukes and nobles -- by the nobles themselves or their appointed officials.
A criminal first had to compensate the victim for the material losses (the stolen object was usually not returned to the victim, but transferred to the court). The code devoted special attention to this issue. Then criminal was subject to the actual punishment. There were four types of punishments: the stolen object was confiscated for the benefit of the court; if the object was not available, it was replaced by other compensation of equal value; flogging and putting into stocks; hanging. The death sentence was limited to repeated offenders, thefts of cows and horses, and other crimes that exceeded a certain monetary limit. The responsibility for the crimes did not extend to family members unless they knew or participated in the theft
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# St. Stephen's Armenian Elementary School
**St. Stephen\'s Armenian Elementary School** (*Սուրբ Ստեփանոս հայկական տարրական դպրոց*), located in Watertown, Massachusetts, was founded in 1985. It is a small Armenian private school.
## History
The school was founded to provide the Armenian Community of the Greater Boston Area with a place where children could learn to read, write and speak Armenian. The school is associated with the St. Stephen\'s Armenian Apostolic Church
| 71 |
St. Stephen's Armenian Elementary School
| 0 |
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# Finiq
**Finiq** (*Finiq*, `{{lang-sq-definite|Finiqi}}`{=mediawiki}, *Foiniki*) is a settlement, considered a town or village, and municipality in Vlorë County, in southern Albania located 8 km from the Ionian Sea and 20 km north of the Greek border. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former communes Aliko, Dhivër, Livadhja, Mesopotam, and Finiq itself. It is inhabited by ethnic Greeks and is one of two municipalities in Albania in which Greeks form a majority, alongside Dropull. The seat of the municipality is the village Dërmish. The total population is 10,529 (2011 census), in a total area of 444.28 km^2^.
The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 1,333; according to the civil offices, which count all citizens including those who live abroad, was 6,780 (2011 estimate).
## Name
The ancient name of the Greek toponym (*Φοινίκη*) was not preserved through literary revival. As such, the modern settlement retained in the Ottoman register of 1431 its name *Finiki*.
## History
In antiquity, Phoenice was the political center of the Epirot Greek tribe of the Chaonians. Early Byzantine architecture (4th-7th century) is evident in the settlement, in particular that of the three aisled basilica type.
The settlement retained its ancient name and is mentioned in an Ottoman record of 1431 as *Finiki*. According to the *Chronicle of Gjirokastër* the first years of Ottoman rule (15th century) were peaceful but after the Fall of Constantinople (1453) Finiki (that time known as *Phinikoupolis*) was destroyed by the Muslims. At the end of the 16th century Finiki witnessed a drastic population increase and became one of the largest settlements in the area with 359 households (compared to contemporary Gjirokastër with 302 and Delvinë with only 204 taxable households).
By 1870, a secondary Greek language school was already operating in Finiq.
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| 0 |
7,742,532 |
# Finiq
## Demographics
### Ottoman registries {#ottoman_registries}
In the Defter of the Sanjak of Delvinë from 1431-1432, 4 villages in the area of Vurgu are recorded: Finiki (Finiqi), Vurgo, Jeromi and Krajna (Kranéja) each with very few inhabitants. Among these villages, the Ottoman register of 1520 attests typical Albanian names are attested inscribed such as: *Gjin*, *Reçi*,*Leka*,*Gjon*, *Dorza*, *Meksh* *Nika* and *Deda*.
The Ottoman *defter* of 1582 for the Sanjak of Delvina provides records for the village of Finiq. A significant portion of the anthroponyms recorded in the register belonged to the Albanian onomastic sphere, including personal names such as *Bos*, *Dedë*, *Dodë*, *Gjergj*, *Gjin*, *Gjokë*, *Gjon*, *Lalë*, *Lekë*, *Muzhak*, and others. However, more ambiguous or general Christian anthroponyms that were historically used by both Albanian and non-Albanian groups are also attested. In Finiq, a quarter of the population recorded bore purely Albanian anthroponyms. These figures do not take into account kinship ties shared between individuals bearing typical Albanian anthroponymy and those bearing more ambiguous names, and also do not include those bearing names that can be etymologically explained through Albanian (e.g., *Buzmiri*, *Bala*, *Bardhi*, *Burriqi*, *Buzuku*, *Çobani*, *Dera*, *Iriqi*, *Kuka*,*Marsi*, *Mara*, *Macja*, *Poçi*, *Plaku*, *Uk*, *Ylli*). As such the ethnic Albanian element must have represented a larger proportion.
### 19th century {#th_century}
Athanasios Psalidas (1767--1829), counselor of Ali Pasha of Ioannina noted that the town was inhabited by an ethnic Greek community.
### Modern demographics {#modern_demographics}
The 2015 Albanian civil registry, which counts all citizens including those who live abroad, recorded a much higher municipal population of 39,055. The municipal unit of Finiq comprises the villages Finiq, Buronjë (Mavropull), Çlirim, Vrion, Karahaxhë and Bregas (Vromero).
The town of Finiq and all the villages of the municipality are exclusively inhabited by Greeks, except the village of Çlirim, which is mixed.
According to the ministry of foreign affairs of Albania, the Greek population of Finiq is 5,531, making Greeks a majority. Greek is used for some official purposes, and toponyms and street addresses are written in both Albanian and Greek in official documents
| 343 |
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| 1 |
7,742,538 |
# Shane Stefanutto
**Shane Stefanutto** (born 12 January 1980) is an Australian former professional footballer who is the Technical Director of Brisbane Roar. He previously played for Brisbane Strikers, Lillestrøm, Lyn, North Queensland Fury, Brisbane Roar, Olympic FC and Australian national team.
## Club career {#club_career}
Stefanutto trained at the Queensland Academy of Sport before playing for the Brisbane Strikers in the defunct National Soccer League from 1998 to 2004, before transferring Lillestrøm in Norway. On 26 August 2007, Stefanutto scored his first goal for LSK in his 112th match, against Aalesund. The goal came from a long-range free kick. His contract with Lillestrøm expired at the end of the 2007 season, and he played for Lyn Oslo in the 2008 season, before signing for North Queensland Fury on 5 August 2009.
He sustained a potentially season-ending knee injury in a match against Perth Glory after an innocuous challenge with Adriano Pellegrino, which was presumed to be a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. The injury hindered his World Cup 2010 selection hopes. On 13 April 2010, Stefanutto signed a contract with the Brisbane Roar, which would see him play there for the next three seasons.
Shane announced his retirement from professional football on 30 April 2016 at the end of the 2015--16 A-League season.
In June 2016, he signed with National Premier Leagues Queensland side Olympic FC.
## International career {#international_career}
On 2 November 2006 he received his first call-up to the Australian national team for an international friendly against Ghana, in London but did not play. On 24 March 2007 Stefanutto won his first international cap in a friendly match against China. He remained out of the team for more than two years before receiving a recall in Australia\'s final qualification match for the 2010 World Cup against Japan in June 2009.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Stefanutto is also an Italian citizen, and his family originates from the town of Latisana, near the city of Udine, in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. He is married to Tammy Woolf and they have two children, Stella and Max. Following his professional retirement in 2016, Stefanutto transitioned into Brisbane Roar\'s administration staff, re-joining the club as their Media & Communications Officer.
## A-League statistics {#a_league_statistics}
Club Season League^1^ Cup
----------------------- ---------- ----------- ------- ------ -------
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
North Queensland Fury 2009--10 7 0 -- --
Total 7 0 -- --
Brisbane Roar 2010--11 23 0 -- --
2011--12 29 0 -- --
2012--13 28 0 -- --
2013--14 18 0 -- --
2014--15 13 0 0 0
2015--16 16 0 1 0
Total 134 0 1 0
Career Total 141 0 1 0
^1^ - includes A-League final series statistics\
^2^ - includes FIFA Club World Cup statistics; AFC Champions League statistics are included in season commencing after group stages (i.e. ACL and A-League seasons etc
| 477 |
Shane Stefanutto
| 0 |
7,742,546 |
# List of airports in Switzerland
This is a **list of airports in Switzerland**, sorted by location. \_\_TOC\_\_
## Airports
Airport names shown in **bold** have scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines.
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| City served / Location | Canton | ICAO | IATA | Airport name | Passengers (2019) |
+=================================+=================================+======+===============+=============================================================================================+===================+
| Public airports | | | | | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Ambri / Piotta | Ticino | LSPM | | Ambri Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Basel, Switzerland /\ | Basel\ | LFSB | BSL, MLH, EAP | **EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg** | |
| Mulhouse, France /\ | *(Haut-Rhin (F), Freiburg (D))* | | | | |
| Freiburg, Germany | | | | | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Bern / Belp | Bern | LSZB | BRN | **Bern Airport** (Bern-Belp Airport) | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Bex | Vaud | LSGB | | Bex Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Birr / Lupfig | Aargau | LSZF | | Birrfeld Airport `{{smaller|[http://www.birrfeld.ch/]}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Ecuvillens (de, fr) | Fribourg | LSGE | | Fribourg-Ecuvillens Airport `{{smaller|[http://www.aerodrome-ecuvillens.ch/]}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Buochs (de, fr) | Nidwalden | LSZC | BXO | Buochs Airport `{{smaller|[http://www.airportbuochs.ch/]}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Geneva | Geneva | LSGG | GVA | **Geneva Airport** (Geneva--Cointrin Airport) | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Gruyère | Fribourg | LSGT | | Gruyère Airport `{{smaller|[http://www.aerodrome-gruyere.ch]}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Grenchen | Solothurn | LSZG | | Grenchen Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Interlaken / Matten | Bern | LSMI | | Interlaken Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| La Chaux-de-Fonds | Neuchâtel | LSGC | | Les Eplatures Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Lausanne / Blécherette (de, fr) | Vaud | LSGL | | Lausanne Airport (Lausanne--La Blécherette Airport) | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Locarno | Ticino | LSZL | | Locarno Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Lugano / Agno | Ticino | LSZA | LUG | Lugano Airport (Lugano--Agno Airport) | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Colombier, Neuchâtel | Neuchâtel | LSGN | | Neuchâtel Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Saanen / Gstaad | Bern | LSGK | | Saanen Airport | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Sion (*Sitten* ) | Valais | LSGS | SIR | **Sion Airport** (Public / Military: 14th Air Base) | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| St. Gallen / Altenrhein (fr) | St. Gallen | LSZR | ACH | **St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport** | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| St. Moritz / Samedan | Graubünden | LSZS | SMV | Samedan Airport (Engadine Airport) | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| St. Stephan | Bern | LSTS | | St
| 424 |
List of airports in Switzerland
| 0 |
7,742,563 |
# Émile Nau
**Émile Nau** (26 February 1812 - 27 February 1860) was a Haitian historian and politician. Born in Port-au-Prince, Nau\'s most famous work is *Histoire des Caciques d\'Haïti*, a history of the \"Caciques\", or tribal chiefs of native inhabitants (Taïnos), of Haiti. Nau was the co-editor of two important magazines, *Le Républicain* and *L\'Union*, which were published by his brother Ignace Nau. Emile and the Ardouin brothers, Beaubrun, Céligny, and Coriolan, were members of the literary society \"The School of 1836\" founded by his brother Ignace. Emile Nau also served as Delegate of Port-au-Prince during the presidency of Jean-Pierre Boyer
| 102 |
Émile Nau
| 0 |
7,742,570 |
# Canacidae
**Canacidae**, incorrectly Canaceidae, or beach flies, surf or surge flies, is a family of Diptera. As of 2010, 307 species in 27 genera. The family now includes Tethininae as a subfamily.
## Family description {#family_description}
For terms see Morphology of Diptera.
Minute (1.6--5 mm) yellow, grey or grey-brown pruinose flies with whitish to greyish markings. The head is large with small antenna bearing bare to pubescent arista. The \"mouth\" is a large oval opening. There are three or four pairs of orbital bristles on the head directed outward (inset upswept). Postvertical bristles are absent but diverging pseudopostocellar bristles are present. Other head bristles present are ocellar bristles, 2-5 pairs of frontal bristles, curving outward, interfrontal bristles and vibrissae (\"whiskers\"). The genae are high with 1 or more upcurving bristles. Tibiae are without a dorsal preapical bristle.
The wing is unmarked in almost all species. The costa has a subcostal break; the subcosta is parallel to vein R1 and merging with that vein just before the costa. Tibiae without dorsal preapical bristle.
See [1](http://delta-intkey.com/britin/dip/www/canacida.htm) Drawings of *Canace*.`{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Classification
## Biology
Canacidae are mostly intertidal flies. They are found along sea coasts, on the surface of small water bodies, saline and fresh, at places protected from wind. They feed on Infusoria and other minute organisms
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| 0 |
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# Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom
The **Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom** (Dutch Union for Progressive Judaism; until 2006: **Verbond voor Liberaal-Religieuze Joden in Nederland**, Union for Liberal-Religious Jews in the Netherlands) is the umbrella organisation for Progressive Jews in the Netherlands, and is affiliated to the World Union for Progressive Judaism. It was founded in 1931.
The \"Verbond\" claims a membership of some 3,700, spread in ten different congregations throughout the country. The biggest one is the congregation in Amsterdam, with some 1,700 members. Other congregations exist in The Hague, Rotterdam, Culemborg (PJG Midden-Nederland),Utrecht, Arnhem (LJG Gelderland), Tilburg (LJG Brabant), Enschede (LJG Twente), Heerenveen, Zuidlaren (LJG Noord-Nederland) and Almere (LJG Flevoland). The NVPJ\'s rabbis are: Menno ten Brink, David Lilienthal, Awraham Soetendorp, Edward van Voolen, Marianne van Praag, Tamara Benima, Albert Ringer and Peter Luijendijk. It publishes its own magazine three times a year, *Joods Nu* (lit. Jewish Now).
The *Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom* has separate organisations for women (FLJVN) and youngsters (Netzer Holland); there is also a separate Zionist organisation based on Progressive Jewish grounds, ARZA. It is also connected to four Jewish cemeteries: one in Hoofddorp (1937) and one in Amstelveen (2002). The Liberal communities in The Hague and Rotterdam also have their own cemetery in the town of Rijswijk, Beth Hachaim. The cemetery was founded in 1990 after several requests from members from both communities. The Congregation in Twente has its cemetery Gan ha-Olam in Enschede. `{{World Union for Progressive Judaism}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
Progressive Judaism was brought to the Netherlands in the 1930s by German immigrants, many of them fleeing Nazi persecution. The first Progressive rabbi in the Netherlands was Meir L. Lasker, followed by German-born Rabbi Norden. The first congregation was founded in 1931 in The Hague, in the same year followed by one in Amsterdam. The congregations grew rapidly throughout the years, mostly because of the arrival of thousands of German Jews (of whom most were part of the Reform tradition). On 18 October 1931, the *Verbond van Liberaal-Godsdienstige Joden* (lit. Union for Liberal-Religious Jews) was founded. Services were held regularly, and the Union published its own paper, *Nieuw Joods Leven* (lit. New Jewish Life).
At the eve of World War II, the Amsterdam community alone had some 900 members; ten years earlier, Progressive Judaism had virtually been non-existent in the Netherlands -- the religious landscape was limited to Ashkenazi Orthodox Judaism and a smaller community of Sephardi Jews.
## The Holocaust {#the_holocaust}
World War II saw the destruction of most of Jewish life in the Netherlands during the Holocaust; more than 75% of Dutch Jews were killed by the Nazis. But the community was vibrant, and small initiatives were started in the years after the Second World War to revitalize Jewish life again, although this was hard in a country where the Jewish community had diminished from more than 140,000 in 1940 to a mere 25,000 in the 1950s. A new Liberal community was started in Amsterdam in 1946; the community had some 50 members, only a fraction of the 900 six years earlier.
## 1945--2006
It was not until the 1960s that Progressive Judaism started to grow once again in the Netherlands. Much of its success was related to the hard work of Rabbi Jacob Soetendorp, rabbi for the Liberal community in Amsterdam since 1954. Because of his hard work, new communities started to spring up again within the Jewish Netherlands -- sometimes much to the disagreement of the Orthodox Jewish community in the Netherlands, combined in the *Nederlands Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap*, which, until this day, does not fully recognize the *Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom*.
The 1990s and the first years of the 21st century saw a new impulse to Progressive Judaism in the Netherlands with the establishment of three new communities: one in Utrecht in 1993; one in Heerenveen (*Beth Hatsafon*) in 2000; and one in Almere (*Beth B\'nei Jonah*) in 2003.
## Levisson Instituut {#levisson_instituut}
The Levisson Instituut was founded in 2002 with the aim to provide rabbinical training for Dutch Jewish students affiliated with the NVPJ. The institute is based on the premises of the University of Amsterdam and receives educational assistance from the Leo Baeck College in London, amongst others. Currently, seven students are training at the Institute and are providing liturgical and pastoral support within the Liberal communities. Dean of Studies is Swedish-born Rabbi David Lilienthal.
| 730 |
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| 0 |
7,742,585 |
# Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom
## Overview
- [LJG Amsterdam](http://www.ljgamsterdam.nl/): 1,700 members, some 725 families. Rabbi for the community is Menno ten Brink. The synagogue of the community is located in the Jacob Soetendorpstraat since 1966. A new synagogue is in construction at the moment. As of October 2007 the community has been relocated from the Jacob Soetendorpstraat to the Stadionweg, awaiting its new synagogue to be inaugurated. The community was established on October 31, 1931; it celebrated its 75 year jubilee on October 26, 2006, with Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands as honorary guest. The community publishes a quarterly called \"Kol Mokum\", translated as \"Voice of Amsterdam\" or \"Whole of Amsterdam\" (Amsterdam is also known as Mokum, which comes from the Yiddish spoken by the first Jewish immigrants to the city and which is derived from the Hebrew word \"Makom\", which means \"place\" or \"town\"; Mokum is used both by Jews as well as non-Jews when referring to Amsterdam).
- [LJG Rotterdam](http://www.verbond.eu/index.cfm?/web_ljg_Rotterdam_EN): Rabbi for the community is Albert Ringer. Founded in 1968 by rabbi Avraham Soetendorp, son of Jacob Soetendorp. A new synagogue was put into use on August 25, 1995.
- [LJG The Hague Beth Jehoeda](http://www.ljgdenhaag.nl/): some 325 families are members of congregation Beth Jehoeda, which makes it the second largest Liberal Jewish community in the Netherlands (after the one in Amsterdam). Although a community was established already in 1931 (the first Progressive Jewish congregation in the country), the Second World War meant a devastating blow to the community and it was not until 1962 before the community was re-established again with the finding of a new shelter in the Stadhouderslaan (the community was already informally re-established in the 1950s, but had no place for worship). In the years following however, plans were made to use the old Sephardic synagogue in The Hague (the Snoge) as a new shelter for the community. During the Second World War the Sephardic community in The Hague was completely destroyed, leaving the synagogue empty after the War. Eventually, on September 3, 1973, plans became reality when the synagogue was inaugurated as the new place of worship for the Liberal community in the presence of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. Rabbi for the community is Marianne van Praag.
- [LJG Gelderland, Kehillath Adath Jesjoeroen](http://www.ljggelderland.nl/): more than 70 families are members of this congregation; rabbi for the community is Marianne van Praag. The community was established on February 14, 1965, in Arnhem. In 2010 the congregation moved to a newly restored synagogue in the nearby small town of Dieren, to give the community a place of worship.
- [LJG Brabant Aree Hanegev](http://www.ljgbrabant.nl/): founded in 1981 in Tilburg, Aree Hanegev attracts Liberal Jews from the provinces of North Brabant, Limburg and Zeeland, as well as from Flanders. Rabbi for the community is Corrie Zeidler.
- [LJG Utrecht](http://home.zonnet.nl/paul_smid/LJGU/LJGU.html): the community was established on December 7, 1993. Rabbi for the community is Nava Tehilah Livingstone-Shmuelit. The congregation has had its own synagogue since the end of 2004.
- [LJG Twente Or Chadasj](http://www.ljgtwente.nl/): this community was established in 1972 in the city of Enschede. Rabbi for the community is Albert Ringer. Its synagogue, built in 1828, is situated in Haaksbergen. The congregation owns her own cemetery in Enschede.
- [Progressief Joodse Gemeente Midden-Nederland (PJGMN](https://progressiefjoodsegemeentemiddennederland.nl//): this community was established in 2020 in the city of Culemborg. Rabbi for the community is Peter Luijendijk. The former synagogue is now owned by Dutch Reformed Church Culemborg.
- [PJG Noord-Nederland Beth Hatsafon](http://www.ljg-noordnederland.nl/): in 1997 house meetings were first started. In 1998, this group adopted the name \"Liberaal Joods Lernminjan Noord Nederland\" (*Liberal Jewish Lernminjan Northern Netherlands*); meetings were held in the village of Goutum. In 1999 the group changed its name to \"Liberaal Joodse Vereniging Noord-Nederland\" (*Liberal Jewish Association Northern Netherlands*). Eventually, in 2000, the group became part of the LJG and established its base in Heerenveen. The community now has some 36 members. Rabbi Tamara Benima is rabbi for the community. In May 2006, the community announced its plans to relocate the congregation to the small town of Zuidlaren, where they hire the old synagogue which was renovated; as of late 2007, services are held there. With the move came a name change, \"Liberaal\" was replaced by \"Progressief\".
- [LJG Flevoland Beth b\'nei Jonah](http://www.ljgflevoland.nl/): established in 2003, the community of Flevoland, located in Almere. The community is rapidly growing due to its proximity to Amsterdam, which harbors some 15,000 Jews. At the moment the community harbors some 16 members. Rabbi for the community is Marianne van Praag.
- [LJG Heerenveen "Tsliliem Chadasjiem"](http://www.bethnoord.nl/): split in 2004 from Beth HaTsafon, became on 1 March 2007 the association "Beth haChidoesj haTsfoni", an independent Jewish community, which in 2009 contacted the NVPJ, which it joined in December 2010 as its 10th recognized community. Its rabbi is Tamara Benima
| 804 |
Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom
| 1 |
7,742,590 |
# Dhruva Mistry
**Dhruva Mistry** `{{Postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|RA}}`{=mediawiki} (born 1 January 1957) is an Indian sculptor.
## Biography
Mistry was born on 1 January 1957, Kanjari, central Gujarat in India and studied Sculpture at the Faculty of Fine Arts, M. S. University of Baroda in 1974-1981 and the Royal College of Art in London on a British Council Scholarship in 1981--1983. He was Artist in Residence in association with the Arts Council at Kettle\'s Yard Gallery in Cambridge with a Fellowship at the Churchill College, University of Cambridge in 1984--85. Dhruva represented Britain at the Third Rodin Grand Prize Exhibition, Japan in 1990 and was Elected Member at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1991. Birmingham City Council appointed him principal artist for the Victoria Square Sculptures in 1992--1993. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of British Sculptors, London in 1993. Selected by the Asian Art Museum Fukuoka, to represent India for the Asian Artist Today- Fukuoka Annual VII Exhibition in 1994. In 1997, he resumed his work in Vadodara. 1999 Appointed Professor, Head of Sculpture & Dean of the Faculty of Fine Arts, M. S. University of Baroda. Mistry was awarded Honorary CBE in 2001. In 2002, he quit the MSU for failing to implement the minimum qualification for university teachers. Awarded Honorary Doctor of the Birmingham City University, Birmingham in 2007 and Kailas Lalit Kala Award in 2020. Dhruva has held over 25 solo exhibitions apart from being included in significant national and international shows since 1979 and has done some major site-specific works and public commissions. His works are held in important public and private collections in the UK, Japan and India, including the Tate, Arts Council, Royal Academy, Victoria & Albert Museum, Royal College of Art in London, Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow the National Museum of Wales, Sculpture at Goodwood, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, in the UK and Fukuoka Asian Art Museum in Japan, University of Delhi, Lalit Kala Akademi in New Delhi and Roopankar Museum in Bhopal.
The artist lives and works in Vadodara.
**Work**
Art as a mode of expression and a living symbol of life profoundly inspires Dhruva Mistry as he delves into various mediums, including drawing, painting, etching, dry point, digital works, photography, and materials like clay, plaster, cast stone, talc, chalk, wood, stone, lead, brass, bronze, aluminum, fiberglass, mild steel, and stainless steel for creating three-dimensional forms. His art embodies a dialogue of an artist as a creator exploring the enigma of omnipresent consciousness. Mistry\'s work reflects his individual curiosity and personal interests, offering a perambulatory experience of the life of forms. He is among a select group of artists working with scale, quality, concepts, and materials. His explorations mirror the ever-evolving nature of language, reflecting not only a range of visual ideas but also diverse cultural concepts. Mistry draws inspiration from a broad spectrum of civilizations and cultures, including Indian, Chinese, Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek, European, Mayan, Oceanic, African, tribal, folk, and both historical and contemporary influences. The interplay of instinct and wisdom, tradition and the challenges of modernity, fuels his engagement with contemporary art and culture.
**Solo Exhibitions**
**(1981)** Selected Work: 1978--1981, Art Heritage, New Delhi and tour, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, **(1983)** Work 1978--1981, Contemporary Art Gallery, Ahmedabad **(1985)** Sculpture and Drawings, Kettle\'s Yard Gallery, University of Cambridge and tour Cartwright Hall, Bradford, Arnolfini Gallery, Bristol, Mostyn Art Gallery Llandudno and Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool **(1986--87)** Selected works 1983--1986, Artsite Gallery, Bath **(1987)** Nigel Greenwood Gallery, London, **(1988--89)** Cross-Sections, Sculpture and Drawings 1982--88, Collins Gallery, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow and tour to Cleveland Gallery, Middlesbrough and Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne **(1990)** Bronzes 1985--1990, Nigel Greenwood Gallery, London **(1994)** Asian Artist Today: Fukuoka Annual VII, Asian Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan **(1995)** Work 1990--1995, Royal Academy, Friends Room, London **(1996)** Recent Sculpture, Yorkshire Sculpture Park West Bretton, Unmasked, Meghraj Gallery, London **(1998)** Thoughts about Things: Leaves from Ire, Nazar Gallery, Vadodara and tour in 2000, Limerick City Gallery of Art, Ireland (**1999)** Prints 1988--1998, Gallery Espace, New Delhi **(2000)** Thoughts about Things: Leaves from Ire, Limerick City Gallery of Art, Ireland **(2001)** Work 1997--2001, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai and tour Queen\'s Gallery, The British Council, New Delhi **(2005)** Table Pieces 2003--2004, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai and tour Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai and Lalit Kala Gallery, RabindraBhavan, New Delhi **(2007)** Steel, Stainless Still, New Work 2004--2006, Coimbatore Palace, Bodhi Art, New Delhi, Ink Jet, canvas & Sculpture, Art Pilgrim, New Delhi, Another Subcontinent, Introduced by Arnab Chakladar, A web retrospective exhibition, South Asian Society and Culture, University of Colorado, Boulder **(2008)** Artist in Focus, Contemporary Works: India 2008: Harmony Show, Harmony Art Foundation, Mumbai **(2010)** Recent Work, Hatheesing Centre, Ahmedabad **(2011)** Bronzes 1987--1990, Grosvenor Vadehra, London (**2014)** Something Else 2010--2014, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai **(2015)** Something Else, 2010--2014, DistXlll Gallery, New Delhi (tour), Selected Works 1974--2014, Inaugural show at Knots an experimental art space, Vadodara [**(2016)** The Human Abstract, Jhaveri Contemporary, Mumbai](http://jhavericontemporary.com/exhibitions/past/dhruva-mistry) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123215741/http://jhavericontemporary.com/exhibitions/past/dhruva-mistry |date=23 November 2020 }}`{=mediawiki} **(2019)** [New Work:1999-2019, Akara Art, Mumbai](https://www.akaraart.com/shows/shows_details/27)`{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
**Selected Commissions**
**(1982)** Mitchell Beazley, London, **(1983)** Peter Moores Foundation, Liverpool, **(1985)** Churchill College, Cambridge, **(1987)** Nitchiman Corporation, Japan, **(1988)** Glasgow Garden Festival, Glasgow, British Art Medal Society, London, **(1989)** National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, **(1990)** Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow, **(1992)** Victoria Square, The City Council, Birmingham, **(2002)** Tamano City Project, Uno, Japan, (2004)Romulus construction, London, **(2019)** Aly\'s Foundation, Florida
**Selected Awards**
**(1984--85)**Artist in Residence in association with the Arts Council of Britain at Kettle\'s Yard Gallery with Fellowship at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, UK **(1988)**Sculptor in Residence, Victoria & Albert Museum, London **(1990)**Represented Britain at the Third Rodin Grand Prize Exhibition, Japan (Award) **(1991)** Elected Royal Academician (RA), Royal Academy of Arts, London and Won Jack Goldhill Award **(1992)** Commissioned Sculptor of the Victoria Square by the City Council of Birmingham, The Civic Trust, Woodhouse and the Renaissance Awards for Victoria Square **(1993)** Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of British Sculptors (FRBS), London **(1994)** Selected as Asian Artist Today- Fukuoka Annual VII Exhibition, organized by the Asia Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan, Award for the Design of Humanities Prize Medal, London **(1995)** Design and President\'s Award and The Landscape Institute and Marsh Fountain of the Year Award for Victoria Square, Birmingham **May 1999-October 2002** Appointed Professor, HoD of Sculpture & Dean of the Faculty of Fine Arts, M. S. University of Baroda **(2001)** Awarded Honorary CBE by the Queen Elizabeth, London **(2006)** Award of Excellence by Gujarat Gaurav Samiti, Vadodara **(2007)** Awarded Honorary Doctor of the Birmingham City University, Birmingham **(2009)** Pride of Vadodara, Felicitation of top 20 by Divya Bhaskar News, Vadodara **(2014)** Triveni Award and Felicitation, Vadodara **(2020)** Kailas Lalit Kala Award, Chitrakutdham, Mahua, Gujarat, Kalidas Samman, Bharat Bhavan, Madhya Praqdesh Government, Bhopal.
**Selected Public Collections**
The Arts Council Britain, Alys Foundation, Florida, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham
The British Council, London, The British Museum, London, Birmingham City Council, Birmingham
Contemporary Art Society, London, Churchill College, Cambridge, Cartwright Hall, Bradford
Chelmsford Museum, Chelmsford, City of Stoke-on-Trent, Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Fukuoka Asian Art Museum, Japan, Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh, Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston, The Royal Collection Trust, London, The Hakone Open Air Museum, Japan
Jigyo-Chuo-Koen Park, Fukuoka, Kröller-Müller Museum, Netherlands, Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, New Delhi, Leicestershire Education Authority, Leicestershire, Lalbhai Museum, Ahmedabad, Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle upon Tyne, Liverpool, Museum of Art & Photography, Bangalore, National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, Sculpture at Goodwood, Goodwood
Tate Gallery, Britain, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, West Bretton
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *Sitting Bull*, Liverpool Garden Festival, 1984. Otterspool Promenade, 2006.
- *`{{Not a typo|Re|guarding}}`{=mediawiki} Guardians*, Hayward Annual, 1985
- *City of Stoke on Trent: Her Head*, Gilman Place, Stoke, 1985, bronze, 1m. x 1m. x 1m., commissioned for the National Garden Festival 1986
- *`{{Not a typo|Re|guarding}}`{=mediawiki} Guardians of Art*, National Museum Cardiff, 1988--90
- *Dialectical Image Series*, 1990
- *River*, *Youth*, *Guardians* and *Object (Variations)*, a set of sculptures in Victoria Square, Birmingham, England, 1993
- *Woman on Rock* a sculpture at Tout Quarry, Isle of Portland, Dorset, England
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# Myer Strouse
**Myer Strouse** (December 16, 1825 -- February 11, 1878) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Biography
Myer Strouse was born in Oberstrau, Kingdom of Bavaria to a Jewish family. He immigrated to the United States in 1832 with his father, who settled in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. He attended private schools and edited the *North American Farmer* in Philadelphia from 1848 to 1852. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1855 and commenced practice in Pottsville.
Strouse was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1866. He resumed the practice of law, and was attorney and solicitor for the \"Molly Maguires,\" a secret organization in the mining regions of Pennsylvania, in 1876 and 1877. He died in Pottsville in 1878, and was buried in Odd Fellows Cemetery
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# E-patient
An **e-patient** is a health consumer who participates fully in their own medical care, primarily by gathering information about medical conditions that impact them and their families, using the Internet and other digital tools. The term encompasses those who seek guidance for their own ailments, and the friends and family members who research on their behalf. E-patients report two effects of their health research: \"better health information and services, and different, but not always better, relationships with their doctors.\"
E-patients are active in their care and demonstrate the power of the participatory medicine or Health 2.0 / Medicine 2.0. model of care. The \"e\" can stand for \"*electronic*\" but has also been used to refer to other terms, such as \"equipped\", \"enabled\", \"empowered\" and \"expert\".
The current state of knowledge on the impact of e-patients on the healthcare system and the quality of care received indicates:
- A growing number of people say the internet played a crucial or important role as they helped another person cope with a major illness.
- Many clinicians underestimated the benefits and overestimated the risks of online health resources for patients.
- Medical online support groups are an important healthcare resource.
- \"The net friendliness of clinicians and provider organizations---as rated by the e-patients they serve---is becoming an important new aspect of health care quality.\"
- According to one study, the advent of patients as partners is one of the most important cultural medical revolutions of the past century.
- In order to understand the impact of the e-patient, clinicians will likely need to move beyond \"pre-internet medical constructs\".
- Medical education must adapt to take the e-patient into account, and to prepare students for medical practice that includes the e-patient.
A 2011 study of European e-patients found that they tended to be \"inquisitive and autonomous\" and that they noted that the number of e-patients in Europe appeared to be rising. A 2012 study found that e-patients uploading videos about their health experienced a loss of privacy, but also positive benefits from social support. A later 2017 study utilizing social network analysis found that when e-patients are included in health care conferences, they increase information flow, expand propagation, and deepen engagement in the conversation of tweets when compared to both physicians and researchers while only making up 1.4% of the stakeholder mix.
## Non-English translations and adaptations of \"e-patient\" {#non_english_translations_and_adaptations_of_e_patient}
### Japan
According to Maho Isono, PhD, at the International University of Health and Welfare in Ōtawara, Japan, the term closest to *e-patient* in Japanese is *tojisha-kenkyu*, where \"*kenkyu* means study, investigation and research\" and \"*tojisha* refers to interested persons, disabled persons themselves or patients themselves.\"
### Sweden
Inspired by the seminal work on e-patients by Tom Ferguson and the e-Patients Scholars Working Group, Swedish patient and engineer Sara Riggare coined a new Swedish word, \"spetspatient\", meaning \"lead user patient\" or \"lead patient\", in February 2016
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# Rowing at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Rowing at the 1964 Summer Olympics featured seven events, for men only.
Russian Vyacheslav Ivanov of the Soviet Union took his third consecutive gold medal in the single sculls event
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# Yellow woodsorrel
**Yellow woodsorrel** may refer to any member of the woodsorrel genus (*Oxalis*) with yellow flowers (also called \"yellow-sorrels\"), but especially:
- *Oxalis corniculata* (creeping woodsorrel), a low-lying species
- *Oxalis dillenii* (southern yellow woodsorrel), an erect species with hairy fruits
- *Oxalis grandis* (large yellow woodsorrel)
- *Oxalis priceae* (tufted yellow woodsorrel)
- *Oxalis stricta* (common yellow woodsorrel), an erect species with nude fruits
- *Oxalis suksdorfii* (western yellow woodsorrel)
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# Herman Swaiko
**Metropolitan Herman** (born **Joseph Swaiko**, 1 February 1932 -- 6 September 2022) was the primate of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA). As the head of the OCA, he was the Archbishop of Washington and New York, and Metropolitan of All America and Canada.`{{refn|name="ocabio"|{{Cite web |title=Past Primates: His Beatitude, Metropolitan Herman (Swaiko) |url=https://www.oca.org/holy-synod/past-primates/herman-swaiko |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022051237/https://www.oca.org/holy-synod/past-primates/herman-swaiko |archive-date=2020-10-22 |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Orthodox Church in America]] |language=en-US}}}}`{=mediawiki} He was elected Metropolitan on 22 July 2002, replacing Metropolitan Theodosius (Lazor), who retired due to health problems related to a series of strokes.`{{refn|name="elected"|{{Cite web |title=Archbishop Herman of Philadelphia Elected Primate of the Orthodox Church in America |url=http://biserica.org/Publicatii/2002/NoVII/XIV_index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909013312/http://biserica.org/Publicatii/2002/NoVII/XIV_index.html |archive-date=2021-09-09 |access-date=2006-11-02 |website=Holy Trinity Romanian Orthodox Church |language=en-US}}}}`{=mediawiki}
## Biography
Joseph Swaiko was born 1 February 1932 in Bairdford, Pennsylvania, to Wasil and Helen Heridish Swaiko. He had nine siblings, all born between 1919 and 1933.`{{refn|{{Cite news |date=1973-02-12 |title=New Russian Orthodox Bishop Consecrated in Wilkes-Barre |volume=108 |page=19 |work=Hazelton Standard-Speaker |issue=30023 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/65859874/ |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}}}`{=mediawiki}
He completed his primary and secondary education in the West Deer Township school system, and enrolled in Robert Morris College. He graduated from Robert Morris with an associate degree in secretarial science. Upon graduation, he served as a company clerk in the United States Army Adjutant General\'s Corps, and was stationed in Labrador.`{{r|ocabio}}`{=mediawiki}
After his honorable discharge from the army in 1959, he enrolled at Saint Tikhon\'s Orthodox Theological Seminary.`{{r|ocabio}}`{=mediawiki} There, in 1961, he was appointed personal secretary to bishop Kiprian (Borisevich).`{{refn|name="Tarasar"|{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/orthodoxamerica10000unse |title=Orthodox America 1794–1976 |date=1975 |publisher=The Orthodox Church in America Department of History and Archives |editor-last=Tarasar |editor-first=Constance J. |location=[[Syosset, New York]] |lccn=76368792 |oclc=1245636329 |ol=4941373M |access-date=2022-04-19 |editor-last2=Erickson |editor-first2=John H. |editor-link2=John H. Erickson |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}}}`{=mediawiki}
In March 1964, he was ordained as a deacon and, on 7 April 1964, was ordained a priest. Subsequently, he served on the seminary\'s administrative staff and was an instructor of Church Slavonic. He also served as Rector of St. John the Baptist Church in Dundaff and Sts. Peter and Paul Church in Union Dale, Pennsylvania.`{{r|ocabio}}`{=mediawiki}
He was tonsured as a monk on 4 December 1970, and received the name Herman in recognition of St. Herman of Alaska. On 17 October 1971, Herman was elevated to the rank of Igumen and was named Deputy Abbot of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk Orthodox Monastery. In October 1972, Herman was raised to the rank of Archimandrite.`{{r|ocabio}}`{=mediawiki}
On 10 February 1973, he was consecrated Bishop of Wilkes-Barre in his Cathedral Church of the Holy Resurrection and assigned as auxiliary bishop of the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Archdiocese.`{{r|Tarasar}}`{=mediawiki}
After the death of Archbishop Kiprian (Borisevich), Herman was elected Bishop of Philadelphia on 17 March 1981, and Rector of Saint Tikhon\'s Seminary in May 1982. In 1994, he was elevated to the rank of Archbishop. From May to September 2001, Archbishop Herman served as the temporary administrator of the OCA, while Metropolitan Theodosius was on a medical leave of absence.`{{r|ocabio}}`{=mediawiki}
### Election to Metropolitan {#election_to_metropolitan}
On 2 April 2002, Metropolitan Theodosius (who had suffered a series of strokes) submitted a petition to the Holy Synod of the OCA requesting his retirement. The Holy Synod granted his request and announced an election for his replacement to be held on July 22, at the OCA\'s Thirteenth All-American Council in Orlando.`{{refn|name="elections"|{{Cite web |last=Liberovsky |first=Alexis |title=Primatial Elections in the OCA |url=https://www.oca.org/history-archives/primatial-elections |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417200939/https://www.oca.org/history-archives/primatial-elections |archive-date=2022-04-17 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Orthodox Church in America]] |language=en-US}}}}`{=mediawiki}
No candidate received the required two-thirds majority during the first round of voting, which necessitated a second round. During the second round, Bishop Seraphim of Ottawa and Canada received the majority of votes, but again not the required two-thirds. Subsequently, the Holy Synod decided to elect Archbishop Herman (Metropolitan Theodosius was selected in a similar manner in 1977, having not received a two-thirds majority of votes).
Archbishop Herman was enthroned on 8 September 2002, at a ceremony in St. Nicholas Cathedral in Washington, D.C.
After numerous complaints of financial improprieties were lodged with the Holy Synod of the OCA, a Special Investigating Committee was established in October 2007 under the chairmanship of Bishop Benjamin of the West. (see *Financial scandal in the Orthodox Church in America*). The final report was issued in November 2008. It detailed numerous dubious transactions and poor accounting practices. It recommended the replacement of Metropolitan Herman. Aware of this coming recommendation, Metropolitan Herman retired in September 2008.`{{refn|name="Report"|{{Cite web |last1=Peterson |first1=Benjamin |last2=Tkachuk |first2=John |last3=Reese |first3=Philip |last4=Skordinski |first4=Faith |last5=Solodow |first5=Dmitri Robert |date=2008-11-08 |title=Report of the Special Investigating Committee |url=http://www.oca.org/PDF/SIC/2008-1108-1-sicreport-final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225043830/http://www.oca.org/PDF/SIC/2008-1108-1-sicreport-final.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-25 |access-date=2008-11-12 |website=[[Orthodox Church in America]] |language=en-US}}}}`{=mediawiki}
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Following his retirement Herman lived in a small residence on the grounds of St. Tikhon\'s Monastery in Pennsylvania where he died on 6 September 2022 aged 90 following a long illness
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# Duncan Cameron Fraser
**Duncan Cameron Fraser** (1 October 1845 -- 27 September 1910) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, judge, and the ninth Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.
He was born in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, the son of Alexander Fraser and Ann Chisholm. He studied at Dalhousie College, and went on to article in law. He was admitted to the bar in 1873 and set up practice in New Glasgow. He married Bessie Grant Graham in 1878. In the same year, he ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly. Fraser was a member of the province\'s Legislative Council from 1887 to 1891, also serving as a minister without portfolio in the Executive Council. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Guysborough in the 1891 federal election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in the 1896 and 1900 elections.
From 1904 to 1906, he was a judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. In 1906, he was appointed lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia and served until his death in 1910.
His daughter, Margaret Marjory Fraser, was a nursing sister in World War I. She, then 33 years old, served as the matron of the 14 nurses on the last voyage of the hospital ship *HMHS Llandovery Castle* when it was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine in 1918. All of the 14 nurses died. His son, Lieut. James Gibson Laurier Fraser, was killed in action in France on 4 March 1918, aged 22; another son, Alistair Fraser, served as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia from 1952 to 1958.
<File:Margaret> Marjory (Pearl) Fraser
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# Toché (footballer)
**José Verdú Nicolás** (born 1 January 1983), known as **Toché**, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker.
He played 297 matches in Segunda División over 11 seasons, scoring a total of 96 goals for Hércules, Valladolid, Numancia, Albacete, Cartagena, Deportivo and Oviedo. He added 32 appearances in La Liga, and also competed professionally in Greece.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Santomera, Region of Murcia, Toché came up through the ranks of Atlético Madrid, making his first-team debut during the 2003--04 season in a 0--0 home draw against Deportivo de La Coruña. The following campaign he was loaned to CD Numancia, where he appeared in only five games as the club from Soria was eventually relegated from La Liga, although he was seriously injured in the process.
Toché spent the following seasons on loan at Hércules CF and Real Valladolid, both in the Segunda División. He returned to Numancia for 2007--08, and appeared sporadically in the side\'s promotion.
On 30 December 2008, having taken almost no part in the top-flight season, Toché left Numancia for second-tier side Albacete Balompié, signing a contract for the rest of the campaign and the next one. On 28 August of the following year, however, he moved teams again, joining promoted FC Cartagena. He had a breakthrough year in 2009--10, as they nearly achieved a second consecutive promotion, only missing two league matches -- 3,317 minutes of action -- and ranking in the Pichichi Trophy\'s top three.
On 19 July 2011, after scoring a further 16 league goals with Cartagena, Toché signed a three-year contract with Panathinaikos F.C. in Greece. He netted on his official debut for the team, making it 2--1 in an eventual 3--4 home loss against Odense Boldklub in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League (5--4 aggregate defeat).
In November 2013, Toché cut ties with the Athens club after being unpaid for four months. On 20 January of the following year, he returned to his homeland and signed a short-term deal with Deportivo de La Coruña.
Toché scored four times for *Depor* during the season, as the Galicians returned to the top division at the first attempt. He netted his first goal in the competition on 20 September 2014, but in a 2--8 home loss to Real Madrid.
On 30 July 2015, Toché agreed to a one-year contract with Real Oviedo, newly promoted to the second tier. On 19 July 2019, having been a starter for the better part of his spell at the Estadio Carlos Tartiere, scoring 17 times in each of his first two seasons, the 36-year-old left by mutual consent
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# Serlo of Wilton
**Serlo of Wilton** (`{{c.}}`{=mediawiki} 1105--1181) was a 12th-century English poet, a friend of Walter Map and known to Gerald of Wales. He studied and taught at the University of Paris. He became a Cluniac and then a Cistercian monk, and in 1171 he became abbot of L\'Aumône Abbey, a Cistercian monastery between Chartres and Blois. He died in 1181.
Serlo\'s poems are in Latin, of which the most famous is *Linquo coax ranis*.
He is the subject of an 1899 essay by the French author Marcel Schwob, *La légende de Serlon de Wilton*
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# Richard Garrett & Sons
**Richard Garrett & Sons** was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, steam engines and trolleybuses. Their factory was Leiston Works, in Leiston, Suffolk, England. The company was founded by Richard Garrett in 1778.
The company was active under its original ownership between 1778 and 1932.
In the late 1840s, after cultivating a successful agricultural machine and implement business, the company began producing portable steam engines. The company grew to a major business employing about 2,500 people. Richard Garrett III, grandson of the company\'s founder, visited the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, where he saw some new American manufacturing ideas. Richard Garrett III introduced flow line production -- a very early assembly line -- and constructed a new workshop for the purpose in 1852, known as the \"long shop\" on account of its length. A machine would start at one end of the long shop and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. There was also an upper level where other parts were made; they would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be complete.
In 1914, following a major fire at the works, it was decided to build a new factory on land that had been owned as a demonstration farm next to the station. From then on the sites were always known as the \"Old Works\" and the \"New Works\".
The company joined the Agricultural & General Engineers (AGE) combine in 1919, and the combine entered receivership in 1932.
The company was purchased by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1932 after the collapse of AGE. The business continued as Richard Garrett Engineering Works until the works finally closed in 1981.
Today, part of the old works is preserved as the Long Shop Museum. Some of the offices are used as flats but the rest of that site has been demolished and the land used for housing. Some of the New Works is still used as industrial units while the offices have been converted to flats and more built on the site, known as Colonial House. About 120 of the company\'s steam engines survived into preservation.
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# Richard Garrett & Sons
## Products
### Portable engines {#portable_engines}
The majority of the steam engines produced by Garrett were portable engines -- combined with their fixed steam engines and semi-portables, they represented 89% of the works\' output.
### Traction engines {#traction_engines}
Garrett produced a wide range of traction engines and ploughing engines, 49% of which were exported.
### Steam rollers {#steam_rollers}
The construction of steam rollers was generally apportioned to Aveling & Porter by the AGE combine, limiting the production of these engines by Garrett. 90% of the rollers produced by Garrett were exported. Garrett rollers were produced under licence under the name \"Ansaldo-Garrett\" by Gio. Ansaldo & C. of Italy.
### Steam tractors {#steam_tractors}
Richard Garrett and Sons are perhaps best known for their steam tractors, the most popular design of which was the Number 4 compound tractor, commonly referred to as the \"4CD\".
### Steam wagons {#steam_wagons}
thumb\|left\|upright=1.5\|Garrett Six Wheeled tipping wagon 35464 of 1931 The company produced steam wagons of both the undertype and overtype configurations. Their first steam wagons were three relatively unsuccessful undertypes constructed between 1904 and 1908.
The failed undertype wagons were followed by a relatively successful line of overtypes, the first being constructed in 1909. These wagons were developed using the experience Garrett\'s designers had gained producing the tractors. The majority of these wagons were fitted with superheaters, a feature used as a marketing point against the un-superheated Foden wagons. The overtype wagons were initially produced in a 5-ton capacity, with a 3-ton design following in 1911. By the early 1920s, the overtype wagon market was declining in the face of competition from undertype steam wagons and petrol wagons. In 1926 a last-ditch attempt was made to produce an updated design of 6-ton capacity using components from the new undertype designs, but only 8 were produced. Overall, 693 overtypes were produced to the firm\'s designs.
The final Aveling & Porter overtype wagons were assembled by Garrett, under the arrangements made at the formation of AGE.
By 1920 the success of the Sentinel undertypes was evident, and Garretts decided to re-enter the undertype wagon market. Their first prototype was produced in 1921, driven by a two-cylinder engine with piston valves actuated by Joy valve gear. Unusually for the time, the wagon was fitted with Timken roller bearings on the crankshaft, countershaft and axles. This design was built under licence as the \"Adamov-Garrett\" by Adamov of Czechoslovakia from 1925. In 1926 a prototype rigid six-wheeled wagon was produced. In 1927 a poppet valve engine replaced the earlier design, this being used until the end of production in 1932. 310 wagons were produced in this second phase of undertype construction.
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# Richard Garrett & Sons
## Products
### Electric vehicles {#electric_vehicles}
Garrett began to look at whether there was a market for electric vehicles in 1912, and having decided that they were ideally suited for certain types of work, produced their first vehicle in 1913. This was a 3.5-ton battery-powered vehicle, intended for local deliveries.
Garrett obtained a patent, No.103,617 in 1916 for an interlocking device, that ensured that the current to the motor of an electric vehicle was disconnected automatically when the brakes were applied, and that ensured the vehicle could not be driven away with the handbrake still applied. One of their first electric vehicles was bought by the Great Eastern Railway, and worked at `{{rws|Norwich}}`{=mediawiki}. It had an 8 hp motor, which was fully enclosed and mounted in front of the rear axle. This was connected to a differential cross shaft by chains running in an oil bath, which was in turn connected to the rear axle by two roller chains. The batteries were mounted below the chassis, to the rear of the driver\'s seat, while the control system included the patented interlock, providing six forward speeds and four in reverse. The range of the vehicle was between 35 and on a single charge, at speeds of 9 to. In 1917 Garrett also made a smaller 2.5-ton model, of a similar design.
With the end of the First World War, many manufacturing companies found themselves freed from their contracts for war supplies for the Ministry of Munitions, including Garrett, who announced in December 1918 that they could take orders again for their 3-ton and 5-ton steam wagons, as well as three types of electric vehicles, the 1.5-ton, 2.5-ton and 3.5-ton models. In January 1919, Lieut-Col F Garrett was appointed to be a representative of the manufacturers of electric vehicles on the Electric Vehicle Committee. At the Roads and Transport Congress held in 1919, Garrett displayed a 2.5-ton electric vehicle with an electrically operated end-tipping body. In a review of electric vehicle manufacturing in East Anglia, *Commercial Motor* noted that Garrett had experienced a period where it had been difficult to obtain sufficient motors and electrical equipment for their requirements, but that this had been alleviated by taking over a company making these components.
An assessment of the use of electric vehicles by municipalities in 1922 revealed that Garrett had supplied 33 of the 501 in use at the time. In an effort to combat the perception that electric vehicles were particularly slow, Garrett introduced a new chassis in 1922, which was designed for fast delivery work in towns. It was much lighter than previous models, though still able to carry loads of 1.5 to 2 tons, and had a range of around 45 mi on a single charge. *Commercial Motor* noted that the speed was a great improvement on the previous heavy vehicles, but did not give any figures. A Garrett patent controller gave the vehicle eight forward speeds and seven in reverse, controlled by a foot pedal, while the motor was connected to a worm drive on the Timken-Detroit back axle by a carden shaft, rather than using chains. They must also have introduced some larger models, as they won a contract to supply ten 5-ton electric dustcarts to the Sheffield Corporation Cleansing Department in 1923, nine with chain drives, and one with a worm drive.
By the end of the year, they were advertising models carrying from 1.5 tons to 6 tons. The 2.5-ton, 3.5-ton and 5-ton models were each available with two lengths of chassis, with the shorter models able to be fitted with tipping bodies. In 1924 they obtained a patent, No.214,093, jointly with A E Collins of the City Engineers\' Office, Norwich, for a system of extra controls, enabling the vehicle to be moved by the driver while he was walking beside it, which would be particularly useful for doorstep deliveries.
In 1926, Garrett won a contract to supply dustcarts to Glasgow Corporation, who were looking for a special design for collecting refuse from the tenements of Govan. Electric vehicles were needed, because much of the refuse was collected during the night. Garrett put a lot of effort into producing a suitable vehicle, which became known as the model GTZ. To make them more manoeuvrable, the front wheels were located behind the cab, and the chassis was redesigned to produce a very low loading line, only 4 ft above the road surface. The batteries were fitted over the front axle, between the cab and the body. Because they were only ever likely to work out of the recycling plant at Govan, tipping gear was not fitted to each vehicle, but was instead built into the Govan plant. The first vehicle of a batch of 36 was completed on 25 February 1927, and proved successful, at Garret eventually supplied 54 GTZ units with solid tyres, and later a smaller batch fitted with pneumatic tyres. They continued to work in Glasgow until the GTZ system was phased out in 1964.
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# Richard Garrett & Sons
## Products
### Trolleybuses
When Ipswich Corporation opened their first trolleybus route in 1923, Garrett and another local manufacturer, Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies both saw an opportunity, and decided to enter the trolleybus market. Garrett produced an experimental vehicle in February 1925, with a high straight chassis, solid tyres, and brakes on the rear wheels only. Another member of the Agricultural and General Engineers group, Bull Motors, supplied the 50 hp motor, while Garrett designed and built their own controller for it, operated by a foot pedal. The chassis was then despatched to Charles H Roe of Leeds, who fitted a 32-seat body with a central entrance, and proving trials were carried out on the systems at Leeds, Keighley and Bradford before the vehicle arrived back in Ipswich for extended trials on 16 July 1925. Ipswich kept it until March 1926, when deliveries of their order for 15 trolleybuses began. The bodywork was by Strachan & Brown, complete with 31 seats and dual entrances. The front entrance was designed to facilitate one-man operation, and the front wheels were set back behind it.
Garrett\'s second prototype was completed in time for the Commercial Motor Show at Olympia in November 1925. The chassis and floor level were lower, and Strachan & Brown fitted a 36-seat body with a central entrance. It was demonstrated on the Mexborough and Swinton system in December, and then ran trials on the Leeds system until November 1926, when it was bought by Bradford. Ipswich\'s vehicles had a wheelbase of 13 ft and solid wheels, but the Type O trolleybus was also offered with a wheelbase of 15 ft and there was an option of having pneumatic types on the shorter chassis. All had a controller manufactured by British Thomson-Houston. A fourth variation was offered, with a 57-seat double deck body, but no orders were received for this model. For the Commercial Motor Show in November 1927, they built a 3-axle Model OS, with double-deck bodywork which they had built themselves.
After the show, the vehicle was hired by Southend-on-Sea Corporation, and subsequently bought by them. Doncaster ordered four similar vehicles, but with 60-seat bodywork by Charles H. Roe, the first of which was tested on the Mexborough and Swinton system, while Southend ordered five more vehicles, with 60-seat bodyword built by Garrett. They produced a 52-page catalogue in May 1929, but the only order received was for three single-deck type O vehicles for Mexborough and Swinton. Building trolleybuses did not prove to be particularly profitable for Garrett, and they decided to withdraw from the market in late 1930. Their final sale was of a demonstrator which had been built to promote sales in Europe, which they converted to right hand drive and sold to Ipswich on 24 November 1931. During the five years in which they had been active in this field, they sold 101 trolleybuses.
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# Richard Garrett & Sons
## Products
### Diesel wagons {#diesel_wagons}
Garrett were a pioneer in the construction of diesel-engined road vehicles, and their two 1928-built experimental *Crude Oil Wagons*, known as *COWS* in the works, are believed to be the first British-built wagons fitted with diesel engines from new. These vehicles were constructed using the chassis and running gear from the undertype wagon designs, one a four-wheeler and the other a six-wheeler, both fitted with a McLaren Benz engine.
The *COWS* proved the concept of a diesel wagon, and in 1930 the company embarked on designing a production vehicle. Due to the company being part of the AGE combine, the engine chosen for the design was a Blackstone\'s design, the BHV6. The first vehicle, designated the *GB6*, was completed in 1931 and a test programme was initiated. The venture was not successful, primarily due to the unreliability of the Blackstone engine, and the perilous economic state of the works at that time. After the company was bought by Beyer Peacock, a half-hearted attempt was made to market the design with a Gardner engine fitted, but no wagon was ever produced
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# P. Unnikrishnan
**Parakkal Unnikrishnan** (born 9 July 1966) is an Indian Carnatic vocalist and playback singer.
## Early life and background {#early_life_and_background}
Unnikrishnan was born to K. Radhakrishnan and Dr. Harini Radhakrishnan in Palakkad, Kerala. The family home, Kesari Kuteeram, was a well-known`{{By whom|date=May 2022}}`{=mediawiki} landmark of Madras city, with great-grandfather Dr. K. N. Kesari, an Ayurvedic physician and the promoter of the Telugu women\'s magazine Gruhalakshmi.
He went to Asan Memorial Senior Secondary School, Chennai. He later transferred to Santhome Higher Secondary School in Chennai and completed his schooling in 1984. He graduated from Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Chennai, and received his B.Com degree from the Madras University. He earned a General Law and Post Graduate Diploma in Personnel Management and Industrial Relations.
He worked as an executive in Parry\'s Confectionery Ltd. from 1987 to 1994, when he quit his job to become a professional singer.
## Singing career {#singing_career}
Unnikrishnan was initiated into Carnatic music aged 12 by V. L. Seshadri. He was inspired by Dr. S. Ramanathan. Later, under the tutelage of Savithri Sathyamurthy, a student of Dr. S Ramanathan herself, helped Unnikrishnan become the singer. He attended a special workshop for six months on \"*Veena Dhanammal Bhani*\" under T. Brinda and T. Vishwa Nathan.
He won the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer for his debut film songs \"Ennavale Adi Ennavale\" and \"Uyirum Neeye\". These songs were composed by A. R. Rahman, with whom Unnikrishnan gave most of his memorable songs. He is the first male playback singer to be awarded the national award for a Tamil song. He was one of the permanent judges in the reality television show AIRTEL Super Singer on Vijay TV in seasons (2006, 2008, 2010--2011, 2013, 2015--2016, 2018) and 2008 Idea Star Singer on Asianet.
Unnikrishnan is also becoming known for his experimental work. In 2008, he presented a novel jazz concert in Thiruvananthapuram with the Eli Yamin Jazz Quartet and pianist Anil Srinivasan.
He prefers singing classical songs over pop music. He is the recipient of many awards like Tamil Nadu\'s Kalaimamani, Nada Bhushanam, Isai Peroli, Yuva Kala Bharathi, Isayin Punnagai, Isai Selvam, Sangeetha Kalasarathy, Sangeetha Chakravarthy. In 2014, he received the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award for Classical Music.
In 2012, Unnikrishnan rendered a series of Devotional songs on Lord Ganesha, Lord Ayyappan, Lord Venkateswara, and Devi among others. The albums were produced by Gaananjali Recordings and were composed and released by Manachanallur Giridharan. The album titles include Ayyan Malai Engal Malai, Om Nava Sakthi Jaya Jaya Sakthi, Sabarimalai Va Charanam Solli Va, Vindhaigal Purindhai Nee En Vazhvile, jeans, and Uchi Pillaiyare Charanam. Notable among them is the Harivarasanam, part of the Ayyappa album and is the only other popular rendering after the famous K. J. Yesudas\'s.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Unnikrishnan is married to Priya, a Bharathanatiyam and Mohiniyattam dancer and a native of Kozhikode, Kerala. They got married in November 1994 and have 2 children -- a son named Vasudev Krishna (b. 1997) and a daughter Uthara (b. 2004). Uthara won the National award for playback singing for her debut song \"Azhagu\" in the movie \"Saivam\". Both Unnikrishnan and Uthara received national awards for their debut songs.
Vasudev is passionate about cricket and is a member of the Madras Cricket Club and Life Member of the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association
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# Pierson Dixon
**Sir Pierson John Dixon** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG|CB}}`{=mediawiki} (13 November 1904`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}22 April 1965) was a British diplomat and writer. He was known to be a firm believer in the value of diplomacy to solve international issues.
## Education
Dixon was educated at Bedford School and Pembroke College, Cambridge.
## Career
Dixon was the Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary from 1943 to 1948. He held the post of Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1948--1950), and he was invested as Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1950. He later held the offices of Deputy Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office (1950--1954) and Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations (1954--1960). He was involved during the Suez Crisis and the Hungarian Uprising in 1956. He was invested as a Knight Grand Cross, Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1957 and served as the ambassador to France from 1960 to 1964.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Dixon married Alexandra Ismene Atchley in 1928 in Chelsea; they had a son and two daughters. Their son, Piers, was a Conservative politician who represented Truro from 1970 to 1974 and wrote *[Double Diploma: The Life of Sir Pierson Dixon](https://books.google.com/books?id=onhnAAAAMAAJ)* (1968).
Jennifer Nina Flora Mary Dixon married Peter Blaker, Baron Blaker, and Ann Anastasia Corinna Helena Dixon married James Hamilton, 4th Baron Hamilton of Dalzell.
His ashes are buried in the Dixon family grave on the west side of Highgate Cemetery
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# Ignace Nau
**Ignace Nau** (July 13, 1808 Léogâne - 1845) was a Haitian poet and storyteller. Born in Port-au-Prince, Nau studied in a renowned military school in Haiti before attending the Catholic University of New York. After returning to Haiti, Nau founded a literary society named \"The School of 1836\" with his brother, Emile Nau, and the Ardouin brothers, Beaubrun, Céligny, and Coriolan. Ignace Nau published the literary magazine *Le Républicain*, which was censored by the Haitian government and was later renamed *L\'Union*
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# Paulo Jorge (footballer, born 1970)
**Paulo Jorge Carreira Nunes** (born 16 June 1970), known as **Paulo Jorge**, is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
## Club career {#club_career}
Paulo Jorge was born in Luanda to Portuguese parents. During his career, he represented U.D. Leiria, AD Fafe, C.D. Feirense, S.C. Vila Real and Gil Vicente FC; having signed from the lower leagues into the Segunda Liga in 1998, he contributed seven matches as the latter team promoted as champions.
For the next six Primeira Liga seasons, Paulo Jorge remained an undisputed starter, going on to make nearly 300 overall appearances for the Barcelos-based club and retiring at the age of 38 after a ten-year spell. At the end of the 2003--04 campaign, as Gil finished 12th, his displays earned him the *Portuguese Goalkeeper of the Year* award
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# Kumar Sankar Ray
**Kumar Sankar Ray** was born in 1882 and was a scion of the zamindar family of Teota (now in Bangladesh). Although initially trained as a barrister he never took up law as his profession. Instead, he entered politics as part of the Swarajya Party, founded by Chittaranjan Das and was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly on a Congress ticket. He was a member of the Council of State until his death in 1944. He was an elder cousin to the nationalist leader Kiran Sankar Roy
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# Richard Liboff
**Richard Lawrence Liboff** (December 30, 1931 -- March 9, 2014) was an American physicist who authored five books and over 100 other publications in variety of fields, including plasma physics, planetary physics, cosmology, quantum chaos, and quantum billiards.
## Career
He earned his Ph.D., 1961 from New York University. His advisors were Harold Grad in mathematics (13 moment method) and B. Zumino in physics (TCP theory). During his graduate years, he was a research assistant at the Courant Institute.
After graduation, he stayed on as assistant professor of physics. In 1965, he was appointed associate professor in the College of Engineering at Cornell. Later appointments at Cornell included membership in the Center for Applied Mathematics and the Department of Applied & Engineering Physics. Fulbright Program and Solvay Fellowships supported three sabbatical leaves abroad. He was appointed full professor in 1970. His research was supported by AFSOR and ARO. In 1969, he chaired the first International Meeting in Kinetic Theory, sponsored by the NSF and co-chaired by N. Rostoker.
He was a distinguished professor of physics at the University of Central Florida.
He died 9 March 2014 in New York, NY, US.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
### Film
In Spider-Man 2, Peter Parker (played by Tobey Maguire) is seen dropping some of his books at Columbia University. Among the books is the Fourth Edition of Liboff\'s Introductory Quantum Mechanics
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# Architectural model
An **architectural model** is a type of scale model made to study aspects of an architectural design or to communicate design intent. They are made using a variety of materials including paper, plaster, plastic, resin, wood, glass, and metal.
Models are built either with traditional handcraft techniques or via 3D printing technologies such as stereolithography, fused filament fabrication, and selective laser sintering.
## History
The use of architectural models dates to pre-history. Some of the oldest standing models were found in Malta at Tarxien Temples. Those models are now stored at the National Museum of Archaeology in Malta.
## Purpose
Architectural models are used by architects for a range of purposes, including:
- Ad hoc or \"sketch\" models are sometimes made to study the interaction of volumes, different viewpoints, or concepts during the design process. They\'re useful in explaining a complicated or unusual design to builders. They also serve as a focus for discussion between architects, engineers, and town planners.
- Presentation models can be used to exhibit, visualize, or sell a final design.
A model also serves as a show piece. Once a building is finished, the model is sometimes featured in a common area of the building.
Types of models include:
- Exterior models are models of buildings that usually include some landscaping or civic spaces around the building.
- Interior models are models showing interior space planning, finishes, colors, furniture, and beautification.
- Landscaping design models are models of landscape design and development, representing features such as walkways, small bridges, pergolas, vegetation patterns, and beautification. Landscape design models usually represent public spaces and, in some cases, include buildings as well.
- Urban models are typically built at a much smaller scale (starting from 1:500 and less, 1:700, 1:1000, 1:1200, 1:2000, and 1:20,000), representing several city blocks, even a town or village, a large resort, a campus, an industrial facility, a military base, and so on. Urban models are a tool for town and city planning and development. Urban models of large urban areas are displayed at museums such as the Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center, the Queens Museum in New York, the Beijing Planning Exhibition Hall, and the Singapore City Gallery.
- Engineering and construction models show isolated building or structure elements and components and their interactions.
<File:Truman71-381.jpg%7CA> model by architect Lorenzo Winslow which he used to explore the structure of the Grand Staircase at the White House for his redesign of the East Wing. <File:Auckland> Museum Model Stage II.jpg\|Model of a museum building. <File:Architectural> model condo interior.jpg\|Model of a building interior. <File:1.150> Capitol Theatre Hong Kong.jpg\|A scale replica model of the now demolished Capitol Theatre in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong <File:W-latblada.1.JPG%7CA> model used for urban planning in the Buenos Aires Province <File:30> years of progress, 1934-1964 - Department of Parks - 300th anniversary of the City of New York - New York World\'s Fair. (1964) (16479363909).jpg\|Model of New York City, World\'s Fair (1964)
## Virtual modeling {#virtual_modeling}
Buildings are increasingly designed in software with CAD (computer-aided design) systems. Early virtual modeling involved the fixing of arbitrary lines and points in virtual space, mainly to produce technical drawings. Modern packages include advanced features such as databases of components, automated engineering calculations, visual fly-throughs, dynamic reflections, and accurate textures and colors.
As an extension to CAD (computer-aided design) and BIM (building information modeling), virtual reality architectural sessions are also being adopted. This technology enables participants to be immersed in a 1:1 scale model, essentially experiencing the building before it is built.
### List of CAD and BIM software {#list_of_cad_and_bim_software}
- Autodesk Revit
- AutoCAD
- Rhinoceros 3D
- SketchUp
- ARCHICAD
- Vectorworks
- Autodesk 3ds Max
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# Architectural model
## Materials
Rough study models can be made quickly using cardboard, wooden blocks, polystyrene, foam, foam boards, and other materials. Such models are an efficient design tool for the three-dimensional understanding of a structure, space, or form, and are used by architects, interior designers, and exhibit designers.
Common materials used for centuries in the construction of architectural models were card stock, balsa wood, basswood, and other woods. Modern professional architectural model builders use 21st-century materials, such as Taskboard (a flexible and lightweight wood/fiberboard), plastics, wooden and wooden-plastic composites, foams, foam board, and urethane compounds.
Several companies produce ready-made pieces for structural components (e.g., girders, beams), siding, furniture, figures (people), vehicles, trees, bushes, and other features that are found in the models. Features such as vehicles, people figurines, trees, streetlights, and others are called \"scenery elements\" and serve not only to beautify the model but also to help the observer obtain a correct feel of the scale and proportions represented by the model.
Increasingly, rapid prototyping techniques such as 3D printing and CNC routing are used to automatically construct models directly from CAD plans.
Image:Pottery tower 6.JPG\|An earthenware model of two residential towers, made during the Han dynasty in China. Image:House Model.JPG\| Paper architectural models of a bungalow, office and house. Image:Royal Military College of Canada model.jpg\|A wooden exterior model of the Royal Military College of Canada grounds. Image:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-029-02,\_%22Germania%22,\_Modell\_%22Gro%C3%9Fe_Halle%22.jpg\|Painted wood model of the *Volkshalle* in Hitler\'s planned *Germania* project.
### Cork models {#cork_models}
A cork model is an architectural model made predominantly of cork. The art of cork modeling is also called phelloplasty (Greek φελλός phellos, cork). In Napoli in the sixteenth century, cork was being used to create Christmas cribs. The 18th and early 19th centuries saw an increase in the popularity of crib-making there.
The invention of architectural models made of cork was self-attributed to Augusto Rosa (1738--1784), but Giovanni Altieri (documented 1766--1790) and Antonio Chichi (1743--1816) were already active in Rome as manufacturers of cork models.
Chichi\'s models were copied by Carl May (phelloplaster) (1747--1822) and his son Georg Heinrich May (1790--1853).
Other artists include Luigi Carotti (Rome), Carlo Lucangeli (1747--1812, Rome, Naples), Domenico Padiglione and his sons Agostino and Felice (Naples), and Auguste Pelet (1785--1865, Nîmes). In Marseille, several scale models were made representing archaeological digs by Hippolyte Augier (1830--1889) (Marseille History Museum/Musée d'Histoire de Marseille) or Stanislas Clastrier (1857--1925).
Dieter Cöllen is an example of a contemporary phelloplast that continues the art.
#### Collections
Many cork models of classical monuments in Italy were made and sold to tourists during their Grand Tour. Cork, especially when carefully painted, was ideal to reproduce the weathered look of wall surfaces.
As a rule, they were produced on a large scale (the Colosseum in Aschaffenburg is three meters long and one meter high) and with high precision.
Cork models were esteemed in the princely courts of the 18th century. They were also acquired for their scientific value by schools of architecture in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, or by institutions like the Society of Antiquaries of London and the British Museum, as a way of introducing the general public to ancient architecture.
Despite their fragility, cork models have often survived better than wooden models threatened by wood-destroying insects.
Apart from kings and princes, cork models were collected by people such as Filippo Farsetti (1703--1744) in Venice, Pierre Gaspard Marie Grimod d\'Orsay (1748--1809), and the architect Louis-François Cassas in France, Charles Townley, or Sir J. Soane in London, who turned his home into a museum, and Sir John Soane\'s Museum, housing a collection of 14 models in cork of Roman and Greek buildings.
Chichi\'s cork models can be found at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, Russia (34 models made around 1774); Schloss Wilhelmshöhe, Kassel (33 models made 1777--1782); Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt (26 models acquired 1790--91); and the Herzogliches Museum Gotha (12 models acquired after 1777--1778; see Wikipedia in German).
The largest collection of cork models by Carl May, with 54 pieces (after war losses), is in Aschaffenburg (Schloss Johannisburg); another large collection of his models is in the Staatliches Museum Schwerin.
In France, the Musée des Antiquités Nationales à Saint-Germain-en-Laye has works by Rosa, Lucandeli and Pelet. The Musée archéologique de Nîmes (Musée archéologique de Nîmes) and the Marseille History Museum also have cork models.
Modern cork models of antique buildings by Dieter Cöllen are exhibited in the Praetorium in Cologne.
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# Architectural model
## Scales
Architectural models are being constructed at a much smaller scale than their 1:1 counterpart.
The scales and their architectural use are broadly as follows:
- 1:1 full (or real) size for details
- 1:2 Details
- 1:5 Details
- 1:10 Interior spaces and furniture
- 1:20 Interior spaces and furniture
- 1:50 Interior spaces, detailed floor plans, and different floor levels
- 1:100 Building plans and layouts
- 1:200 Building plans and layouts
- 1:500 Building layouts or site plans
- 1:1000 Urban scale for site or location plans
- 1:1250 Site plans
- 1:2500 Site plans and city maps
- 1:5000 City maps/Island
Sometimes model railroad scales such as 1:160 and 1:87 are used due to the ready availability of commercial figures, vehicles, and trees in those scales, and models of large buildings are most often built in approximately that range of scales due to size considerations
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