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# Sai Lor Fah
***Sai Lor Fah*** (*สายล่อฟ้า* or *Pattaya Maniac*) is a 2004 Thai crime-comedy film written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak. Filmed on location in Pattaya, it is the story of friends who become mixed up in an escalating series of crimes.
## Plot
Tun and Tao are friends who enjoy spending time together in karaoke bars in Pattaya. Tao has the bad habit, however, of always singing a loud, off-key rendition of the Asanee-Wasan song \"Sai Lor Fah\" (\"Lighting Rod\"), which always results in Tao and his friends being thrown out of the club.
Tao is dealer of counterfeit DVDs, but his real vocation is gambling and he frequently bets on Premier League soccer. He finally wins some money and decides to pay back a 100,000 baht loan from Tun and also treat Tun to a big night out at the city\'s finest karaoke club.
At the club, the shy, portly Tun meets a young woman, Nok, shares a duet with her, and ends up taking her back to his house. The next morning, Nok disappears. It turns out she is the mistress of Mee, a local crime kingpin, and Tao paid her for a one-time deal to sleep with his friend. Tun, a dealer in rare Buddhist amulets, becomes obsessed with finding Nok. He gives the 100,000 baht he received from Tun to a transvestite pimp who might have a lead on Nok.
Tun, meanwhile, is involved with crimes of his own, and has become beholden to Mee and a rival kingpin, Moo, who are both interested in obtaining a rare amulet that Tao has in his possession. In a complicated scheme, Tao ends up perpetuating the kidnapping of a wealthy American man\'s daughter, and holding her for 3 million baht ransom. Also, a shadowy female assassin has entered the picture to complicate matters.
## Cast
- Choosak Eamsuk as Tun
- Somchai Kemglad as Tao
- Pitchanart Sakakorn as Nok
- Somlek Sakdikul as Moo
- Black Pomthong as Mee
- Petchtai Wongkamlao
### Casting notes {#casting_notes}
- Choosak Eamsuk (also known as Nong Cha Cha Cha) is a popular comedian and comic actor in Thailand. He was cast in the leading dramatic role, a trademark of director Yuthlert Sippapak. In a further role reversal, Somchai Kemglad, an actor who played the dramatic lead in Yuthert\'s debut film, *Killer Tattoo*, was given the comic relief role in *Sai Lor Fah*
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# William Henry Miller (legislator)
**William Henry Miller** (February 28, 1829 -- September 12, 1870) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Miller, the son of Jesse Miller, was born in Landisburg, Pennsylvania. He attended the public schools in Landisburg and a private school in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1846. He studied law, was admitted to the bar the same year and practiced in Harrisburg and later in New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, in 1849. He returned to Harrisburg in 1854 and became clerk of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1854 to 1863. He was clerk of the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1858 and 1859.
Miller was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress, defeating the incumbent Republican Speaker of the House, Galusha Grow. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1864. He was a delegate to the 1864 Democratic National Convention. He resumed the practice of law and also engaged in journalism. He died in Harrisburg in 1870. Interment in Harrisburg Cemetery
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# KBZN
**KBZN** (97.9 FM, \"Now 97.9\") is a commercial radio station licensed to Ogden, Utah and serving the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The station airs a hot adult contemporary radio format and is owned by Capital Broadcasting.
The station\'s studios and offices are located at the 257 Tower building in downtown Salt Lake City, along with sister station KLO-FM. KBZN\'s transmitter site is located southwest of the city on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains. The station is also heard on a repeater station, 97.9 **KBZN-FM1** in Park City and on translator station 103.1 **K276DR** in Montpelier, Idaho.
## History
### Country (1978--1989) {#country_19781989}
In 1978, the station first signed on as KZAN. The station was owned by Ben Lomand and broadcast a country music format. The station switched call letters to KKGB in 1988.
### Top 40 (1989) {#top_40_1989}
In 1989, the station changed its call sign to KKWY, as a Top 40 station.
### Smooth jazz (1989--2009) {#smooth_jazz_19892009}
In late 1989, the license was purchased by locally based Capital Broadcasting, changed call letters to KBZN, and became a smooth jazz station as an affiliate of the syndicated service \"The Breeze\". For several years it was a locally programmed smooth jazz station.
### Hot adult contemporary (2009--present) {#hot_adult_contemporary_2009present}
In 2009, KBZN made the switch to hot AC and the \"Now 97.9\" moniker
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# Robert Carew, 1st Baron Carew
**Robert Shapland Carew, 1st Baron Carew** (9 March 1787 -- 2 June 1856), was an Irish Whig Party politician and landowner.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Carew was born in Dublin, the son of Robert Shapland Carew, also an MP and landowner, and his wife Anne (née Pigott). He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.
## Career
Carew sat as Member of Parliament for County Wexford between 1812 and 1830 and again between 1831 and 1834. He also served as Lord Lieutenant of County Wexford from 1831 until his death.
## Honours
In 1834, Carew was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as **Baron Carew**, of the County of Wexford, and in 1838, he was created **Baron Carew**, of Castle Boro in the County of Wexford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was further honoured in 1851 when he was invested a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP).
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Carew was married on 16 November 1816 to Jane Catherine Cliffe (1798--1901), daughter of Major Anthony Cliffe and Frances Deane. They had four children:
- Robert Shapland Carew, 2nd Baron Carew (28 January 1818 -- 9 September 1881)
- Hon. Anne Dorothea Carew (December 1822 -- 6 April 1909), married John Davies Gilbert (1811--1854).
- Hon. Shapland Francis Carew (19 February 1827 -- 6 June 1892), father of Gerald Carew, 5th Baron Carew.
- Hon. Ellen Jane Carew (c. 1829 -- 12 September 1902), married Charles Glynn Prideaux-Brune.
## Death
Lord Carew died in June 1856 at the age of 69 and was succeeded in his titles by his elder son Robert. Lady Carew died at Woodstown, County Waterford, on 12 November 1901 at the age of 103
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# Archibald McAllister
**Archibald McAllister** (October 12, 1813 -- July 18, 1883) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Archibald McAllister (grandson of John Andre Hanna, and the paternal nephew of George Washington McAllister, the owner of Strathy Hall) was born at Fort Hunter, Pennsylvania, near present-day Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He moved to Blair County, Pennsylvania, in 1842 and engaged in manufacturing charcoal iron at Springfield Furnace, Pennsylvania.
## Career
McAllister was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress. Although he was a Democrat, he supported the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. During the congressional debate, McAllister justified his new stance because he saw destroying \"the corner-stone of the Southern Confederacy\" as the only path to peace. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1864.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
He resumed the manufacture of iron and died in Royer, Pennsylvania. He is interred in Mountain Cemetery
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# Tiago Gomes (footballer, born 1985)
**Tiago Filipe Figueiras Gomes** (born 19 August 1985) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Portugal
Born in Vila Franca de Xira, Lisbon District, Gomes was part of the S.L. Benfica youth system for a few years, and his first professional seasons were also spent in the Lisbon area, with G.D. Estoril Praia, Clube Oriental de Lisboa and Odivelas FC.
He made his debut in Primeira Liga with another team from the capital, C.F. Estrela da Amadora, first appearing against Associação Naval 1º de Maio on 27 August 2006, and was a permanent fixture throughout the entire campaign, playing alongside another Benfica youth product, namesake Tiago Henrique Damil Gomes.
### Steaua and Hércules {#steaua_and_hércules}
On 29 May 2008, after a two-month spell in Málaga CF in which he failed to make an official appearance due to delays in the arrival of his international transfer, Gomes joined FC Steaua București on loan from Estrela, with the Romanian club retaining an option to buy him at the end of the season. In mid-July 2009, he was sold to Hércules CF in Spain for €400,000 upon signing a three-year contract. He appeared in 37 Segunda División games and scored six goals in his first season, in a return to La Liga after a 13-year absence.
Gomes was again regularly used in 2010--11. On 24 April 2011 he netted his first Spanish top-flight goal in a 1--0 home win over Deportivo de La Coruña, adding a second two games later against Racing de Santander in a 2--3 home loss, but the team from Alicante was eventually relegated after only one year.
### Blackpool
On 24 July 2012, Gomes signed a one-year deal with Football League Championship club Blackpool after his contract with Hércules expired.
He made his competitive debut on 18 August by starting and playing 56 minutes in a 2--0 victory at Millwall. He finished his first and only season with 27 overall appearances (no goals).
### APOEL
On 14 June 2013, Gomes moved teams and countries again, penning a two-year contract with APOEL FC from Cyprus. He made his debut against NK Maribor on 31 July, in a 1--1 home draw in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League. In the 2013--14 season he appeared in three games in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League, and helped his side conquer the treble of league, Cup and Super Cup.
Gomes scored his first official goal for APOEL on 21 March 2015, in his team\'s 2--2 home draw with Apollon Limassol in the league playoffs. In his second year, he played every game in his team\'s Champions League campaign.
On 25 May 2015, one day after winning his second consecutive double, Gomes left the club as it was announced his contract would not be renewed.
## International career {#international_career}
Gomes made two appearances for Portugal at under-21 level, his first call-up being in March 2007
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# The Alien (unproduced film)
***The Alien*** was an unproduced Indian-American science fiction film in development in the late 1960s which was eventually cancelled. It was to be directed by Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray and co-produced by Columbia Pictures. The script was written by Ray in 1967, loosely based on ***Bankubabur Bandhu*** (*Banku Babu\'s Friend* or *Mr. Banku\'s Friend*), a Bengali science fiction story he had written in 1962 for *Sandesh*, the Ray family magazine, which gained popularity among Bengalis in the early 1960s. *Bankubabur Bandhu* was eventually adapted into a television film by Satyajit Ray\'s son Sandip Ray, and a play by the theatre group Swapnasandhani Kaushik Sen, in 2006.
## Plot
The plot revolves around a spaceship that lands in a pond in rural Bengal. The villagers begin worshiping it as a temple risen from the depths of the earth. The alien, known as \"Mr Ang\", establishes contact with a young village boy named Haba (meaning \"Dumb\" in Bengali) through dreams and also plays a number of pranks on the village community in the course of its short stay on planet Earth. The plot contains the ebullient presence of an Indian businessman, a journalist from Calcutta and an American engineer.
Ray\'s biographer W. Andrew Robinson describes one particular scene from the screenplay as follows: \"In a series of fantastically quick, short steps over the lotus leaves, the Alien reaches the shore of the pond. He looks down at the grass, examines the blade and is off hopping into the bamboo grove. There the Alien sees a small plant. His eyes light up with a yellow light. He passes his hand over the plant, and flowers come out. A thin, soft high-pitched laugh shows the Alien is pleased.\"
## Production
*The Alien* had Columbia Pictures as producer for this planned US--India co-production, and Peter Sellers and Marlon Brando acting in lead roles. However, Ray was surprised to find that the script he had written had already been copyrighted and the fee appropriated by Michael Wilson, a Colombo-based producer who acted as Ray\'s representative in Hollywood. Wilson had copyrighted the script as co-writer, despite not being involved in any way in its creation. Marlon Brando later dropped out of the project and though an attempt was made to bring James Coburn in his place, Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta. Columbia expressed interest in reviving the project several times in the 1970s and 1980s but nothing came of it.
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# The Alien (unproduced film)
## Legacy
When the film *E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial* was produced in 1982, Ray noted similarities in the movie to his own earlier script. Ray discussed the collapse of the project in a 1980 *Sight & Sound* feature, with further details revealed by his biographer Andrew Robinson (in *The Inner Eye*, 1989). Ray claimed that Steven Spielberg\'s film \"would not have been possible without my script of *The Alien* being available throughout America in mimeographed copies.\" When the issue was raised by the press, Spielberg denied this claim and said \"I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood.\" *Star Weekend Magazine* disputes Spielberg\'s claim, pointing out that he had graduated from high school in 1965 and began his career as a director in Hollywood in 1969. *The Times of India* noted that *E.T.* and *Close Encounters of the Third Kind* (1977) had \"remarkable parallels\" with *The Alien*. These parallels include the physical nature of the alien. In his screenplay, which Ray wrote entirely in English, he described the alien as \"a cross between a gnome and a famished refugee child: large head, spindly limbs, a lean torso. Is it male or female or neuter? We don\'t know. What its form basically conveys is a kind of ethereal innocence, and it is difficult to associate either great evil or great power with it; yet a feeling of eeriness is there because of the resemblance to a sickly human child.\"
The 2003 Hindi film *Koi\... Mil Gaya*, directed by Rakesh Roshan, appears to be based on Satyajit Ray\'s *The Alien*. In particular, the film appears to parallel *The Alien* more closely than *E.T.* in that it revolves around an intellectually disabled person coming in contact with a friendly alien.
In 2003, Satyajit Ray\'s son Sandip Ray began working on adapting Ray\'s original 1962 story *Bankubabur Bandhu* into a Bengali television movie of the same name. The adapted film, directed by Kaushik Sen, was eventually shown on television in India in 2006. This version is based on Ray\'s original story *Bankubabur Bandhu* where the protagonist was a school teacher named Banku Babu, in contrast to his script for *The Alien* where the protagonist was a boy named Haba
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# KBER
**KBER** (101.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a mainstream rock format. Licensed to Ogden, Utah, United States, the station serves the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The station is currently owned by Cumulus Media. The station\'s studios are located in South Salt Lake (behind the I-15/I-80 interchange).
## History
Prior to March 1986, KBER was known as **KDAB**, and was licensed to Ogden (as KBER is to this day). It was known then as \"B101\". KBER began on 106.5, but moved to its current dial position in March 1990. It was purchased by Citadel Broadcasting during that time. It also morphed into \"101 The Bear\".
In 1998 the station reverted to the more familiar \"KBER 101\" slogan of its earlier years and is currently a top rated mainstream rock station in Salt Lake City Utah. By 2008, the station\'s sister station KHTB became a modern rock station, carrying mostly newer rock. KBER gradually began to change its playlist to include more classic rock songs, although it has since returned to a mainstream rock format. Later on, Mediabase & Nielsen BDS began reporting KBER on the mainstream rock panel. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.
## Early programming {#early_programming}
The station arrived as one of the leading FM radio stations in the market with on air personalities Street and Katherine, Tom Collins, Kevin Lewis, John Edwards, Mark Christiansen and Jay \"J-bear\" Stevens to name a few. The early to mid 1990s were the days of Mike Marble\'s wildly successful KBER-RAFTERS Showcase Concert Series.
The Ron & Allen Morning Show was wildly popular and they even had their own television show called \"Rock Utah\" which aired on local channel 30. After Ron Harrison was summarily dismissed for an on-air stunt, Allen Handy and Michael Hayes took over as \"Handy & Hayes\" for several months carrying on the tradition of placing within the top 1-2 stations in the 18-34 demographic within Salt Lake City\'s market. Darby hosted the midday show prior to Kelly Hammer taking over in 2008. Prior to Darby, the midday shift was hosted by Helen Powers, who went on to work for a number of other radio stations.
Mornings during the week on KBER previously featured the syndicated \"Bob and Tom Show\". The Mick and Allen Show returned to KBER in 2005. and remained until 2023.
### Current programming {#current_programming}
Along with regular shows including Helmut VonSchmidt who has been with the station for nearly 30 years, the station also does live broadcasts during business or station promotions at various events. Every year, KBER hosts an event known as \"The North Pole Express\" which is a take on the story *The Polar Express* and is an event co-hosted by the Make-A-Wish Foundation. It is held at Soldier Hollow, outside of Heber, Utah.
## Signal
KBER broadcasts an HD signal along with analog on 101.1 MHz. Its transmitter is located 18 mi southwest of Salt Lake City on Farnsworth Peak. As with its sister FM stations, the station has an ERP of 25,000 watts. This, along with the characteristics and elevation of Farnsworth Peak allow KBER to be received in most of northern Utah, specifically the Wasatch Front
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# Gilbert Dean
**Gilbert Dean** (August 14, 1819 -- October 12, 1870) was an American lawyer and politician who was a U.S. Representative from New York from 1851 to 1854.
## Life
Dean was born on August 14, 1819, in Pleasant Valley, Dutchess County, New York. He was educated at Amenia Seminary, and graduated from Yale College in 1841. Then he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Poughkeepsie in 1844.
Dean was elected as a Democrat to the 32nd and 33rd United States Congresses, and served two terms from March 4, 1851, to July 3, 1854, when he resigned.
He was appointed a justice of the New York Supreme Court (2nd District) on June 26, 1854, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Seward Barculo, and remained on the bench until the end of 1855, being ex officio a judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1855. Afterwards he removed to New York City, and resumed the practice of law.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 15th D.) in 1863, and was the Democratic candidate for Speaker in the tied assembly. Dean and the Republican candidate Henry Sherwood retired after the 78th ballot, and Theophilus C. Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot.
### Death
He died on October 12, 1870, in Poughkeepsie, New York. He was buried at the Presbyterian Cemetery in Pleasant Valley. Later he was re-interred at the Portland Evergreen Cemetery in Brocton, New York
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# KJMY
**KJMY** (99.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Bountiful, Utah, and serving the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, including Ogden and Provo. The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., and it broadcasts a hot adult contemporary radio format, switching to Christmas music for much of November and December. The station\'s studios are located in West Valley City.
KJMY has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 40,000 watts. Its transmitter is on Nelson Peak Road in West Jordan. KJMY broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its digital subchannel carries business news from Bloomberg Radio, which in turn feeds an FM translator at 99.1 MHz.
## History
### Smooth jazz (1988--1989) {#smooth_jazz_19881989}
The construction permit was assigned the call sign **KBZE** on February 22, 1988, while it was still an unbuilt station. KBZE signed on the air on `{{start date and age|1988|3|15}}`{=mediawiki}. It was owned by the Bountiful Broadcasting Company and it carried a smooth jazz format as \"The Breeze.\"
### Adult contemporary (1989--1990) {#adult_contemporary_19891990}
On February 14, 1989, the station changed its call letters to **KLVV**. As \"K-Love,\" the station carried an adult contemporary format.
### Top 40 (1990--1991) {#top_40_19901991}
On October 8, 1990, KLVV flipped to Top 40/CHR as \"Q-99.\"
### Rock (1991--1996) {#rock_19911996}
On June 17, 1991, the station became **KUTQ** with the name \"Rock 99\". As KUTQ, the station achieved its highest ratings with the afternoon show *Mick and Allen* which later moved to KBER 101.1 FM.
### Classic rock (1996--2004) {#classic_rock_19962004}
On September 6, 1996, the station became **KURR**, and changed its format to classic rock, keeping the \"Rock 99\" name. In 1999, KURR was acquired by Clear Channel Communications, the forerunner to today\'s iHeartMedia.
### Hot adult contemporary (2004--present) {#hot_adult_contemporary_2004present}
After struggling in the ratings for many years, on November 4, 2004, the current call sign **KJMY** was adopted. The station\'s format became hot adult contemporary. KJMY became the only hot AC again in Salt Lake City following the reverting of KBEE to adult contemporary in February 2012. (KBEE later shifted back to Adult Top 40 in 2013.)
## KJMY-HD2 {#kjmy_hd2}
Since March 2010, KJMY\'s HD2 digital subchannel has fed an analog FM translator station, K256AE (99.1), licensed to Salt Lake City. The station was initially branded as \"Classic Country 99.1\", and operated using a loophole in FCC translator regulations to broadcast an additional analog signal to the market. On September 15, 2011, KJMY-HD2 changed to classic rock, branded as \"Rock 99.1\".
On January 11, 2013, KJMY-HD2 changed to alternative rock, branded as \"The Alternative Project\". On May 21, 2014, KJMY-HD2 changed its format to country music, branded as \"Country 99.1\". On May 6, 2015, KJMY-HD2 was changed to a simulcast of contemporary hit sister station KZHT 97.1 FM.
On February 7, 2019, KJMY-HD2 changed to soft adult contemporary, branded as \"Easy 99.1\". On January 27, 2021, KJMY-HD2 flipped to business news from Bloomberg Radio, branded as \"Business 99.1\"
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# Càrn Dearg, Monadh Liath
**Càrn Dearg** is the highest peak of the Monadh Liath mountains in the Highlands of Scotland. Its eastern flanks slope steeply down into Glen Ballach, while to the north, the large plateau of the Monadh Liath extends for many miles. The nearest settlements are Newtonmore and Kingussie in the Spey valley. The rocky slopes of Carn Dearg and A\' Chailleach contrast with the remainder of the Monadh Liath, which are described by Cameron McNeish as \"sprawling, undistinguished affairs\"
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# Potiphar's wife
**Zuleikha** is a figure in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran. She was the wife of Potiphar, the captain of Pharaoh\'s guard in the time of Jacob and his twelve sons. According to the Book of Genesis, she falsely accused Joseph of attempted rape after he rejected her sexual advances, resulting in his imprisonment.
In Genesis she is given no name, but in later medieval Jewish sources and Islamic tradition, she is identified as **Zuleikha** (`{{IPAc-en|z|uː|ˈ|l|eɪ|k|ɑː}}`{=mediawiki} *zoo-LAY-kah*; *z\'likháh*; *translit=zulayḵā*). The story of Yusuf and Zulaikha is a popular one in Islamic literature.
## In Genesis {#in_genesis}
The Bible ([Genesis 39:5--20](http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0139.htm#5)) narrates her treatment of Joseph, slave to her husband Potiphar:
## In Quran {#in_quran}
Potiphar\'s wife, as well as Potiphar himself, are not explicitly named in the Quran, though it alludes to a governor (Arabic: العزيز al-azīz) and his wife. The book narrates her treatment of Yusuf as follows:
## Interpretation
### In Jewish sources {#in_jewish_sources}
The Sefer haYashar adds more lurid details to Potiphar\'s wife\'s character. She tried to seduce Joseph with fine garments, delicious viands and amorous words but when these attempts failed, she resorted to threats. Joseph resisted every temptation and this caused the wife to feel sick. One day, she saw her friends cutting themselves with knives whilst they peeled oranges due to Joseph\'s appearance. The wife told them that she suffered like them because she was forced to see Joseph every day.
Other Jewish traditions say that the wife tried to kill her husband so she could keep Joseph to herself. Joseph reprimanded her for making him complicit in attempted adultery and murder. But the wife told him that she and her people would accept Joseph\'s religion if he yielded. Again, Joseph told her that Yahweh does not desire \"unchaste worshippers\" and after the wife invited him in a bedroom filled with idols, he told her that he feared Yahweh, who \"saw all things\".
They also state that the wife attempted to seduce Joseph during a religious festival at the Nile River and that everyone knew Joseph\'s innocence, including the wife\'s eleven month old child and Asenath, who was the first to inform Potiphar. But Potiphar imprisoned Joseph to save his wife from public humiliation. Even after Joseph\'s freedom, the wife forced Joseph to look at her by putting an iron spear beneath his chin. Once more, Joseph resisted.
Rashi comments that the wife of Potiphar saw through astrology that she would have children through Joseph. The astrological calculations however were slightly off. Asenath, her daughter (by adoption, in some accounts) became the wife of Joseph and therefore the wife of Potiphar begot grandchildren (not children) through Joseph.
### In Islamic sources {#in_islamic_sources}
Muslim scriptural commentators (Mufassirun) have regarded Zuleikha as a sinner and villainess with the exceptions of the Muslim mystic poets Rumi, Hafiz and Jami. For Rumi, Zuleikha\'s obsession with Joseph is a symptom and manifestation of the soul\'s great deep longing for God. For this, he insists, it is true of any person\'s deep love for another.
### Scholarly criticism {#scholarly_criticism}
Scholars such as Meir Sternberg (1985) characterise the woman\'s repetitive behaviour towards Joseph as sexual assault. McKinlay (1995) noted that Potiphar\'s wife is treated as an object in his master\'s possession (Gen 39:8--9), and the reason Joseph refuses is not because he doesn\'t find her attractive, but because it would violate his master\'s trust and be a sin against the God Yahweh. Secular feminist perspectives that are not trying to understand the biblical perspective but are critical of the patriarchal nature of the myth as part of broader textual criticism of the Old Testament have argued the woman is trying to assert herself as a person who makes her own choices instead of remaining an object owned by her husband, and invites Joseph to join her in this action which the narrative frames as a \'sin\'. Simultaneously, however, she abuses her position of power as the slave master\'s wife to coerce Joseph into sex, and to punish him for refusal. Susan Tower Hollis (1989) demonstrated that the narrative of Potiphar\'s wife \"is in line with certain ancient folk-tales\", where a \"woman makes vain overtures to a man and then accuses him of attempting to force her\", with the man \"unjustly punished for his alleged attempt to seduce the woman.\" Rachel Adelman suggests that both Potiphar and his wife were sexually attracted to Joseph and planned to assault him. But the angels castrated Potiphar, according to Talmudic legend, whilst his wife proceeded her plot so that Joseph could be the \"Jewish hero\" that resists the \"bear\". Others believe the story is a typical seduction/adultery plot, which was common in Hellenistic literature, and a criticism of assimilation in Egyptian society
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# Agricultural & General Engineers
**Agricultural & General Engineers Limited** (**AGE**) was a holding company formed on 4 June 1919 during a postwar economic \"boom\" to combine five British engineering companies: Aveling & Porter, E H Bentall, Blackstone, Richard Garrett and J & F Howard. The holding company\'s business was described to the judge considering its 1932 winding up as: \"agricultural, transport, road, constructional and general engineers\". It paid no dividend on any class of its shares and after a catastrophic trading loss in 1931 and allegations of fraud was liquidated following Barclays Bank\'s successful application for the winding up order made by the court in April 1932. Many of its subsidiaries were revived as independent businesses.
## Perceived benefits {#perceived_benefits}
Thomas Lake Aveling and Frank Garrett wanted to bring together a number of agricultural machinery businesses into one strong combine where they would be rationalised and their efficiency improved. They planned to end competition between members in their home market and create a business large enough to compete with the North American firms in export markets.
However, the centralisation of purchasing, which was soon dispensed with, sales and finance in expensive London headquarters created a heavy financial burden not justified by its benefits. As it turned out, the lack of competition in the home market seemed to inhibit innovation and responses to market conditions. Subsidiaries moved rather late from steam to internal combustion engines. The substantial profits of some combine members shored up weaker members and supported the expensive headquarters and that left no income for the shareholders.
## Public listed company {#public_listed_company}
Shares were offered to the general public in November 1919 for the funds needed to carry out this large holding company plan and the issue was completed and listed on the London Stock Exchange a week later. The principal subscriptions may have come from the previous owners of the new subsidiaries.
Constituent companies were assigned sectors of the market to reduce competition within the group. The group headquarters were located in AGE\'s own impressive Aldwych House in Aldwych, London, but most of the member companies were in rural areas. Negotiations for the site in Aldwych were completed in early January 1920, AGE were in occupation in early 1924 and the building was finally completed in 1926.
## Difficult trading {#difficult_trading}
Following difficult trading conditions the company\'s capital was \"heavily written down\" in 1924 from £8 million to £6.7 million.
## Over-expansion {#over_expansion}
In October 1928 the chairman was able to report that there were close to 10,000 \"workpeople\" in AGE\'s employ and the various works covered a total of 350 acres. The sharp slumps and difficult strikes of the 1920s had not been foreseen and with ample capital large extensions were made to the works and plants of the constituent businesses. By 1924 plant and buildings were utilised to less than one-third of their capacity. Speaking to shareholders in October 1928 the chairman hoped they would become fully employed in the 1930s. He also noted another major problem --- changes to taxation laws meant losses by subsidiaries could not be offset against profits from sister companies.
In late 1930 the chairman proposed to offer shareholders an opportunity to invest further capital. There is no further mention of this proposal. The 70 per cent holding in Peter Brotherhood was realised in early 1931.
## No dividends {#no_dividends}
In December 1931 many of the main board directors circulated a letter to shareholders pointing out that the profits of the group\'s three most successful businesses, Blackstone, Barford & Perkins and Aveling & Porter, had never reached shareholders being swallowed up by the heavy expenses of the holding company and the unsuccessful businesses in the group. The holding company paid no dividend on any class of shares for eleven years. These directors asked for an investigation before the full board\'s now apparently inevitable reconstruction proposals and a formal request for new capital.
| 652 |
Agricultural & General Engineers
| 0 |
7,742,998 |
# Agricultural & General Engineers
## Liquidation
There was a counter-suggestion to make the holding company a trading business by buying the businesses of all the subsidiaries but the directors remained divided and in the face of an enormous trading loss for 1931 a court order requested by AGE\'s bankers for the compulsory winding up of Agricultural & General Engineers Limited was issued 25 April 1932.
The financially healthy component businesses were bought from the receiver and re-established, often by groups of previous owners.
AGE shareholders lost all their investment after waiting more than twelve fruitless years for a report of good profits and their first dividend.
## Member companies {#member_companies}
source Five original businesses:
- Aveling & Porter, Rochester established 1850 and incorporated 1895
- E.H
| 127 |
Agricultural & General Engineers
| 1 |
7,743,001 |
# Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
***Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis*** (\"Song of the Treachery of Ganelon\") is an anonymous poem in medieval Latin, written in the first half of the 12th century. Composed in elegiac couplets by an unskilled versifier, it is a version of the legendary history of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. This is the same story that is told in the Old French *Chanson de Roland* and in several other versions and languages. The Latin poem seems to be based on a hearing or reading of an Old French *chanson de geste*, in the same tradition as the written *Chanson* but differing from it in many details, perhaps around the year 1120
| 114 |
Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
| 0 |
7,743,003 |
# Bayard Clarke
**Bayard Clarke** (March 17, 1815 -- June 20, 1884) was a United States representative from New York.
## Biography
Born in New York City on March 17, 1815, Clarke was a member of one of the city\'s oldest and most prominent families. He graduated from Geneva College in 1835, studied law, and was admitted to the bar.
From 1836 to 1840 he was attaché to Lewis Cass, United States Minister to France. While in France he was a student in the Royal Cavalry School.
Upon returning to the United States, Clarke joined the United States Army, receiving a commission as a second lieutenant in the 8th Infantry in March, 1841. He transferred to the 2nd Dragoons in September, 1841. During his service Clarke took part in the Seminole Wars in Florida.
Clarke resigned from the army in December, 1843 and practiced law in New York City and Westchester County. Also in December, 1843 he married Alletta Remsen Lawrence, a member of another prominent New York family.
He was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for election in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress. In 1854 he was elected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1855, to March 3, 1857. He declined renomination as a Republican in 1856 and resumed practicing law.
At the start of the American Civil War, Clarke went to Washington, D.C. to offer his services. He was commissioned as a colonel, and was an organizer of the 1st New York Cavalry Regiment (Lincoln Cavalry), which was commanded by Carl Schurz, Clarke, and then Andrew T. McReynolds.
In mid-1861 there were news accounts indicating that Clarke would be commissioned a brigadier general and assigned to command a school for cavalry in Westchester County. This plan does not seem to have been carried out, since there are no further references to Clarke\'s promotion or the operation of a cavalry school in Westchester County.
In retirement Clarke lived in England for several years. He later resided in Florida during the winter and an island on Schroon Lake, New York during the summer. He died on June 20, 1884, at his summer home, Isola Bella, in Schroon Lake. He was interred in a vault at First Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Newtown, New York.
His name sometimes appears as \"Clark\" in contemporary news accounts and other records
| 392 |
Bayard Clarke
| 0 |
7,743,017 |
# Angela Goethals
**Angela Bethany Goethals** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|θ|əl|z}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|GOH|thəlz}}`{=mediawiki}; born May 20, 1977) is an American film, television and stage actress. Goethals made her acting debut as a child actor in the 1987 Broadway production of *Coastal Disturbances*, and was 14-years-old when she won the Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress, for her portrayal of Edna Arkins in the 1991 Off-Broadway production of *The Good Times Are Killing Me*. She played the sister of Macaulay Culkin\'s character in *Home Alone* (1990), and went on to star in several independent films and television shows, including the title role on the short-lived sitcom *Phenom* (1993), as well as a small role in *Jerry Maguire* (1996).
In 1999, Goethals graduated from Vassar College with a A.B. in French before returning to acting. In 2005, she landed a recurring guest appearance on *24*, and also gained recognition and critical acclaim for her starring role in the black comedy horror mockumentary *Behind the Mask: The Rise of Leslie Vernon* (2006). Her last appearance was in the 2018 short film, *P.T.A-Holes*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Goethals was born and raised in New York City, the daughter of Rosalind, a teacher who raised Angela and her sister Sara. She is a great-great-granddaughter of the from Flanders originating George Washington Goethals, the chief engineer of the Panama Canal, and namesake of New York\'s Goethals Bridge.
She was a cheerleader at Stuyvesant High School and was introduced to the acting world by actress Jeanie Hackett, a family friend, who took her to several auditions. In 1986, at the age of nine, she got her first professional acting job, as the understudy to Sarah Michelle Gellar in *The Widow Claire*, an off-Broadway play written by Horton Foote. Two years later `{{when|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Goethals appeared as the daughter of Edwin Booth, portrayed by David Strathairn, in a workshop production of *Booth: A House Divided*, at The Players, New York City.
| 320 |
Angela Goethals
| 0 |
7,743,017 |
# Angela Goethals
## Career
Goethals\' first movie role was in *Rocket Gibraltar* in 1988. Her sister Sara also had a small part. Later that same year, she appeared in *Heartbreak Hotel*, a film about the fictional kidnapping of Elvis Presley.
Goethals\'s first starring role came in the 1993 TV series *Phenom*. She played Angela Doolan, a young tennis player struggling with the challenges of life. It ran for 22 episodes before being cancelled by network ABC in May 1994.
In 1990, Goethals played Linnie, the sister of main character Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin), in *Home Alone*. Goethals was one of only three main cast members not to return in the sequel, *Home Alone 2: Lost in New York*, two years later. She appeared in 1996\'s *Jerry Maguire*, playing Kathy Sanders, Jerry\'s client who fakes tears when he calls her to inform her of his departure from the agency.
In 1999, Goethals graduated from the private liberal arts college, Vassar, with a bachelor\'s degree in French, in which she is fluent, and she rode in the IHSA Zone II Region 1 at the Advanced Walk-Trot-Canter level. In February 2002, she moved back to Los Angeles to pursue film and television. That year, she starred as Polly in Comedy Central\'s first original movie, *Porn \'n Chicken*. named for the club at Yale University that made headlines in 2001 when members announced plans to make their own porn film. Later in 2002, she starred in the sitcom *Do Over*, playing the sister of the lead character who is catapulted back in time to 1981. Between 2003 and 2004, Goethals made guest appearances on single episodes of *Boston Public*, *Six Feet Under* and *Without a Trace*, as well as playing a minor role in the Adam Sandler romantic comedy, *Spanglish*.
In 2005, Goethals made a recurring guest appearance on the TV show *24*. She played Maya Driscoll, the mentally ill daughter of then Director of CTU Los Angeles, Erin Driscoll. She went on to make guest appearances on *Grey\'s Anatomy*, *CSI*, and *Crossing Jordan*.
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
In 1991, she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award, and won the Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress, for her portrayal of Edna Arkins in the Off-Broadway production, *The Good Times Are Killing Me*.
She was nominated four times to a Young Artist Award at the Young Artist Awards: in 1989 for Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Fantasy for *Heartbreak Hotel* (1988), in 1991 for Best Young Actress Supporting Role in a Motion Picture for *Home Alone* (1990), in 1992 for Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture for *V.I. Warshawski* (1991) and in 1994 for Youth Actress Leading Role in a Television Series for *Phenom* (1993).
## Theatre
- *Coastal Disturbances* (Broadway, 1987) \.... Miranda Bigelow
- *Approaching Zanzibar* (Off-Broadway, 1989) \.... Pony Blossom
- *The Good Times Are Killing Me* (Off-Broadway, 1991) \.... Edna Arkins
- *Four Baboons Adoring the Sun* (Broadway, 1992) \.... Halcy
- *Picnic* (Broadway, 1994) \.... Millie Owens
- *Hazelwood Jr. High* (Off-Broadway, 1998)
- *True History and Real Adventures* (Off-Broadway, 1999)
- *Be Aggressive* (2001) \.... Hannah
- *Blur* (2001) \.... Dot DiPrima
- *The Mandrake Root* (2001) \.... Kate Randall/Young Man
- *As You Like It* (2002) \.... Rosalind
- *House of Blue Leaves* (2008) \.... Little Nun
- *Who\'s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?* (Off-Broadway, 2009) \.... Honey
- *Nothing Sacred* (2010) \.... Becky Shaw
- *Long Day\'s Journey into Night* (2017) \.... Kathleen
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------
1988 *Rocket Gibraltar* Dawn Black
1988 *Heartbreak Hotel* Pam Wolfe
1990 *Home Alone* Linnie McCallister
1991 *Triple Bogey on a Par Five Hole* Bree Levy
1991 *V.I. Warshawski* Katherine \"Kat\" Grafalk
1996 *Jerry Maguire* Kathy Sanders
2001 *Storytelling* (segment: \"Fiction\") Elli
2002 *Changing Lanes* Sarah Windsor
2003 *Stealing Christmas* Noelle Gibson
2004 *Spanglish* Gwen
2006 *Behind the Mask: The Rise of Leslie Vernon* Taylor Gentry
2018 *P.T
| 665 |
Angela Goethals
| 1 |
7,743,052 |
# List of the dioceses of the Orthodox Church in America
In the Orthodox Church in America (OCA), the diocese is the basic church body that comprises all the parishes of a determined geographical area. It is governed by the Diocesan Bishop, with the assistance of a Diocesan Assembly and a Diocesan Council. The OCA is currently composed of twelve geographic and three ethnic dioceses. The boundaries of the ethnic dioceses overlap those of certain geographic ones. These dioceses are the result of smaller ethnic jurisdictions joining the OCA at some point in its history, usually after having broken from other bodies.
The Stavropegial Institutions are churches, monastic communities, and theological schools that are under the jurisdiction of the OCA\'s primate, Metropolitan Tikhon (Mollard).
Diocese Bishop Territory Chancery
-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
**Diocese of Alaska** Bishop Alexis (Trader) Alaska Anchorage, AK
**Albanian Archdiocese** Bishop Nikodhim (Preston) California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania South Boston, MA
**Bulgarian Diocese** Archbishop Alexander (Golitzin) California, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario, Washington, D.C. Toledo, OH
**Archdiocese of Canada** Archbishop Irénée (Rochon) Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan Spencerville, Ontario
**Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania** Archbishop Mark (Maymon) Delaware, Pennsylvania South Canaan, PA
**Diocese of Mexico** Archbishop Alejo (Pacheco y Vera) Chiapas, Jalisco, Mexico City, Mexico, Veracruz México D.F.
**Diocese of the Midwest** Archbishop Daniel (Brum) Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Ohio, Wisconsin Chicago, IL
**Diocese of New England** Bishop Benedict Churchill Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont Southbridge, MA
**Diocese of New York and New Jersey** Archbishop Michael (Dahulich) New Jersey, New York Syosset, NY
**Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America** Archbishop Nathaniel (Popp) Alberta, Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Manitoba, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Rhode Island, Saskatchewan, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington Jackson, MI
**Diocese of the South** Archbishop Alexander (Golitzin) Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia Dallas, TX
**Archdiocese of Washington** Metropolitan Tikhon (Mollard) Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C
| 355 |
List of the dioceses of the Orthodox Church in America
| 0 |
7,743,088 |
# Burt Van Horn
**Burt Van Horn** (October 28, 1823 -- April 1, 1896) was a United States representative from New York during the American Civil War. He served New York\'s 31st District from 1861 to 1863, and the 29th District from 1865 to 1869. He was a staunch supporter of President Abraham Lincoln and the Union.
## Biography
Born in Newfane, New York, on October 28, 1823, to James Augustus Van Horn and Abigail Van Horn (née Carpenter). He attended the common schools, Yates Academy in Orleans County, and Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution (predecessor of Colgate University) in Hamilton. He engaged in agricultural pursuits in Niagara County and later in the manufacture of cloth.
Van Horn was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1858 to 1860. On January 15, 1860, standing before the Assembly, Burt delivered the speech, \"Liberty and The Union\".
Van Horn was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress, holding office from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1863. He was elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1865, to March 3, 1869; he was not a candidate for renomination in 1868.
On March 31, 1868, Van Horn testified in the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, having been called as a witness by the prosecution.
Van Horn moved to Lockport in 1867, where he engaged in the family farming and textile businesses. He was also involved with community banking, specifically making loans. He was a collector of internal revenue at Rochester from 1877 to 1882. He died in 1896 in Lockport, NY and is interred at Glenwood Cemetery
| 273 |
Burt Van Horn
| 0 |
7,743,090 |
# Starr sting pain scale
The **Starr sting pain scale** was created by the entomologist Christopher Starr as a scale to compare the overall pain of hymenopteran stings on a four-point scale, an expansion of the \"pain index\" originally created by Justin Schmidt. 1 is the lowest pain rating; 4 is the highest.
## Scale
Rating \| Insects
-------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Southern fire ant (*Solenopsis xyloni*), Red imported fire ant (*Solenopsis invicta*)
1.5 Western cicada killer (*Sphecius grandis*)
2.0 Honeybee,`{{which|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Africanized bee, Bumblebees,`{{which|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Yellowjackets
3.0 Velvet ants,`{{which|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki}, Paper wasps,`{{which|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Florida harvester ant (*Pogonomyrmex badius*)
4
| 99 |
Starr sting pain scale
| 0 |
7,743,163 |
# Joseph Saint-Rémy
**Joseph Saint-Rémy** (c. 1818--1856) was a Haitian historian. He is best known for his biography *La Vie de Toussaint Louverture* about the Haitian Revolution leader Toussaint L\'Ouverture, and for his work *Pétion et Haïti*, about another Revolutionary figure, Alexandre Pétion. Born in Guadeloupe, Saint-Rémy emigrated to Haiti as a young child and grew up in Les Cayes before leaving for school in France
| 66 |
Joseph Saint-Rémy
| 0 |
7,743,176 |
# 2008 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships
The **2008 Men\'s Ice Hockey World Championships** was the 72nd such event hosted by the International Ice Hockey Federation. Teams representing 48 countries participated in four levels of competition. The competition also served as qualification for division placements in the 2009 competition. Russia won the Top Division tournament and became the world champions. In the Division I Championship held in April, Austria and Hungary were promoted to the Championship division, while South Korea and Estonia were demoted to Division II. In the Division II competition, Romania and Australia were promoted, Ireland and New Zealand were relegated to Division III. Greece won the Division III qualification in February, and competed in the Division III competition from March to April. In that competition, North Korea and South Africa were promoted to Division II for 2009.
## Championship (Top Division) {#championship_top_division}
Sixteen teams comprise Top Division, with the bottom two teams relegating to Division I for the following year.
Final standings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. --- *relegated to Division I for 2009*
16. --- *relegated to Division I for 2009*
## Division I {#division_i}
Twelve teams comprise Division I. They are broken into two groups, with the winner of each group gaining promotion to the World Championship pool for the following year.
**Group A**
Final standings
1. --- *promoted to Championship pool for 2009*
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. --- *relegated to Division II for 2009*
**Group B**
Final standings
1. --- *promoted to Championship pool for 2009*
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. --- *relegated to Division II for 2009*
## Division II {#division_ii}
Twelve teams comprise Division II. They are also broken into two groups competing to advance into Division I.
**Group A**
Final standings
1. --- *promoted to Division I for 2009*
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. --- *relegated to Division III for 2009*
**Group B**
Final standings
1. --- *promoted to Division I for 2009*
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. --- *relegated to Division III for 2009*
## Division III {#division_iii}
Three teams comprised the Division III Qualification with the winning team advanced to the 2008 Division III main tournament. The main tournament of the Division III is made up of six teams. The top two teams are promoted to Division II for the following year.
**Qualification tournament**
Final standings
1. --- *qualified for the main tournament*
2.
3.
**Main tournament**
Final standings
1. --- *promoted to Division II for 2009*
2. --- *promoted to Division II for 2009*
3.
4.
5.
6
| 431 |
2008 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships
| 0 |
7,743,185 |
# Stalag XIII-D
**Stalag XIII-D Nürnberg Langwasser** was a German Army World War II prisoner-of-war camp built on what had been the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg, northern Bavaria.
## Camp history {#camp_history}
In September 1939 an internment camp for enemy civilians was created within the buildings of the Sturmabteilung camp at the rally grounds. Within a couple of months, the civilians were moved out and prisoners from the invasion of Poland arrived. From May 1940, after the invasion of Norway and the Battle of France, prisoners arrived in large numbers, until they totalled 150,000 from all occupied countries, except Britain. British prisoners were held in separate camps all over Germany. Part of the facilities were used as Oflag XIII-A for officers.
In this camp during August 1940, prisoners of war celebrated a \"special Olympics\" called International Prisoner-of-War Olympic Games where prisoners of Belgium, France, Great Britain, Norway, Poland, Russia and Yugoslavia took part.
In August 1940 most enlisted men were shipped to other camps: Stalag XIII-A, Stalag XIII-B and Stalag XIII-C. Only those remained who were already employed in local industry and were housed in individual Arbeitskommandos.
In June 1941 the massive influx of Soviet prisoners from Operation Barbarossa began. In August 1943 the camp was severely damaged during an Allied air-raid. 23 wooden huts were burnt down. Miraculously only two Soviet prisoners were killed in the camp. However, in this and subsequent bombing attacks, many prisoners were killed in individual Arbeitskommandos. In late 1944/early 1945 the camp population grew enormously with the arrival of prisoners evacuated from camps in the east in front of the advance of the Red Army. These included many Americans and British airmen from Stalag Luft III. On 12 April 1945 large numbers were marched to Stalag VII-A, and on 16 April the camp was liberated by advance elements of the United States Army.
## Post-War {#post_war}
After the war, former SS military personnel were held in Stalag XIII-D. It imprisoned 15,000 SS members. In 1946 there was an attempt to kill the SS prisoners, apparently by Abba Kovner\'s Jewish revenge organisation Nakam. A member of the group got a job as a baker and poisoned the bread to be fed to the prisoners. Large numbers were taken ill, but the actual death toll is not known
| 384 |
Stalag XIII-D
| 0 |
7,743,200 |
# List of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
This is a **list of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film.** The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film was created in 1956 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to honour non-English-speaking films produced outside the United States. The award is handed out annually, and is accepted by the winning film\'s director, although it is considered an award for the submitting country as a whole. Countries are invited by the Academy to submit their best films for competition according to strict rules, with only one film being accepted from each country.
For the 70th Academy Awards, forty-four films were submitted in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The submission deadline was set on November 1, 1997. The highlighted titles were the five nominated films, which came from Brazil, Germany, Russia and Spain and Netherlands. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luxembourg and Ukraine submitted a film for the first time. South Africa sent its first film since the end of apartheid.
Netherlands won the award for the third time with *Character* by Mike van Diem
| 200 |
List of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
| 0 |
7,743,234 |
# Tokugawa Iesato
Prince `{{nihongo|'''Tokugawa Iesato'''|{{linktext|徳川}} {{linktext|家達}}||extra= August 24, 1863 – June 5, 1940}}`{=mediawiki} was the first head of the Tokugawa clan after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate, and a significant figure in Japanese politics and diplomacy during the Meiji, Taishō and early Shōwa period of Japan. When Prince Tokugawa travelled to other nations representing Japan during his diplomatic journeys, he usually presented his name as Prince Iyesato Tokugawa. For 30 years, Prince Tokugawa held office as President of the House of Peers, the upper chamber of Japan\'s National Diet. In this capacity, Tokugawa promoted democratic principles and international goodwill. It was only after his death in 1940 that Japanese militants were able to push Japan into joining the Axis Powers in World War II.
## Early life {#early_life}
Tokugawa Iesato was born to the Tayasu branch of the Tokugawa clan, under the name **Kamenosuke**, he became its 16th head on June 19, 1868, following the resignation of the last *shōgun,* Tokugawa Yoshinobu. His brothers were Tokugawa Satotaka and Tokugawa Takachiyo, who also held the Tayasu headship at different times. Iesato was also briefly the *daimyō* of the short-lived Shizuoka Domain, before the abolition of the han system in the early 1870s. His guardian at the time was Matsudaira Naritami, the former lord of the Tsuyama Domain. He was an adopted son of the fourteenth shogun, Tokugawa Iemochi and his wife, Kazu-no-Miya Chikako or Seikan\'in no Miya (although Iesato was Iemochi\'s adopted son they only met once. Later Iemochi\'s foster mother, Tenshō-in, raised Iesato). In 1866 he was sent to Edo Castle as Iemochi\'s son and was raised by Tenshō-in and Kazu-no-Miya Chikako. In 1868 he was sent to Kyoto by his mother, Kazu-no-Miya Chikako and met with Emperor Meiji. He married the daughter of Konoe Tadafusa, Konoe Hiroko, who bore him Iemasa Tokugawa, the seventeenth Tokugawa family head, Yasuko Tokugawa, who married Nobusuke Takatsukasa and bore him Toshimichi Takatsukasa, Ryōko Tokugawa, and Toshiko Tokugawa.
## Family
- Father: Tokugawa Yoshiyori
- Mother: Takai Takeko
- Adoptive Father: Tokugawa Iemochi
- Adoptive Mother: Kazu-no-Miya Chikako
- Wife: Konoe Hiroko (1867--1944)
- Children:
- Tokugawa Iemasa
- Tokugawa Yasuko married Nobusuke Takatsukasa
- Tokugawa Ryoko married Matsudaira Yasumasa
- Tokugawa Toshiko married Matsudaira Naokuni
| 374 |
Tokugawa Iesato
| 0 |
7,743,234 |
# Tokugawa Iesato
## Career and legacy {#career_and_legacy}
In 1877, Iesato was sent to Eton College in Great Britain to study. He aspired to be matriculated at either the University of Cambridge or Oxford, but on Tenshō-in\'s request, he decided to give up his studies in England and went back to Japan in 1882. In 1884, when the nobility system was reformed to align more with the British system, he was given the title of *kōshaku* (公爵, prince or duke) in the newly created *kazoku* peerage system. He became a member of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan from its creation in 1890, and served as President of the House of Peers from 1903 to 1933. When the administration of Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was brought down by the Siemens scandal, there was a strong movement to have Tokugawa Iesato nominated to be his successor as the new Prime Minister.
Japan not only militarily supported its western allies in their war efforts, it also aided the Allies' sick and wounded during and after the war. In 1917, out of empathy for the suffering resulting from the enormous death and destruction in Europe during World War I, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and his close friend and ally Baron Shibusawa Eiichi, along with their other Japanese associates, published a condolence booklet honoring their western allies. This 1917 condolence booklet described the Japanese creating an association to collect a monetary fund which was given to Allied nations to help with their war-related health costs. This association was headed by Prince Iyesato Tokugawa as its president, and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa and S. Shimada as its vice-presidents. Many of Japan\'s top leaders contributed articles to this booklet expressing their support of the Allies. This condolence booklet was published in a French and English edition. The condolence booklet was titled *Japan to her Allies: A Message of Practical Sympathy from the Japan Association for Aiding the Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Others Suffering from the War in the Allied Countries, Published in Tokyo, Japan, 1917*. The illustrated biography *The Art of Peace* by Stan S. Katz highlights the alliance between Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa as they promoted democracy and international goodwill.
Following World War I, Iesato headed the Japanese delegation to the Washington Naval Conference. His support of the United States position on the 10:10:6 division of naval strength between the United States, Great Britain and Japan drew considerable wrath from the ultra-rightist movements and conservative factions within the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Iesato is remembered for having recovered the political fortunes and reputation of the Tokugawa family, holding many senior government positions before his retirement, including in 1928, being appointed as the 7th President of the Japanese Red Cross Society, head of the Japan-America Society, and President of the national organizing committee for the 1940 Olympics.
Iesato is quoted as once having said about his adoptive father: \"Yoshinobu destroyed the Tokugawa house; I rebuilt it.\"
His grave is at the Tokugawa family cemetery at the temple of Kan\'ei-ji in Ueno, Tokyo. He was succeeded by his son Tokugawa Iemasa (also known as Tokugawa Iyemasa).
In 1930, Rotary International wished to recognize and honor Prince Iyesato Tokugawa\'s lifelong devotion to maintaining international goodwill by selecting him to be the Keynote speaker at their Silver (25th) Anniversary Convention celebration. There are photos available from 1930 that present the founder of Rotary International, Paul Harris, along with the current President of Rotary (1929-1930) M. Eugene Newsom, introducing their Keynote speaker Prince Tokugawa to the 15,000 Rotarians attending the event from around the world.
One of Prince Tokugawa\'s close allies during the 1930s in the promotion of goodwill between Japan and the United States was Ambassador Joseph Grew. In 1932, Prince Tokugawa honored Grew with a reception when he first became U.S. Ambassador to Japan. From late 1933 and into 1934, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa went on a world tour. He first arrived in the U.S. in San Francisco, California. He had only recently retired from his distinguished thirty-year career as President of the Japan\'s upper house of congress, the *House of Peers*. He arrived aboard the *Chichibu Maru* ocean liner en route to England. During his travels, he stated he wished to renew old friendships. Prince Tokugawa first visited America in 1882, after completing his studies in England. The Prince mentioned he looked forward to visiting the World\'s Fair being held in Chicago. Besides being a pleasant vacation, Prince Tokugawa\'s world travels were very much directed at attempting to further strengthen Japan\'s relationship with its allies in the U.S. and Europe so as to better resist a rising global militarism and fascism. While in the U.S., Prince Tokugawa delivered a radio address to the American public describing the long enduring and friendly relations between United States and Japan; he also met with President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as well as other U.S. congressional leaders, encouraging a united front to prevent a potential upcoming war.
During his visit in 1934, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Southern California. The president of the university, Dr. Rufus B. von KleinSmid, handed the degree to Prince Tokugawa. This presentation took place during a special luncheon given March 19, 1934 in Los Angeles, hosted by George I. Cochran, the president of the school\'s board of trustees. The Los Angeles Times stated that this honorary degree was given to Prince Tokugawa \"in recognition of distinguished service in international statesmanship\", and for his \"support of many philanthropic and educational movements.\" In accepting the honor, Prince Tokugawa respectfully said, \"He wished to receive it in the name of the Japanese people as a whole rather than as a personal distinction.\" Prince Iyesato Tokugawa was accompanied by his son Iyemasa, who was the newly appointed Minister to Canada, and by his granddaughter Miss Toyo Tokugawa. The Japan-America Society of Los Angeles (part of the National Association of Japan-America Societies) was to host a banquet dinner that evening to honor Prince Tokugawa\'s visit; California Governor James Rolph and former Mayor of Los Angeles John C. Porter planned to attend
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# Paul Radford
**Paul Revere Radford** (October 14, 1861 -- February 21, 1945) was an American Major League Baseball player in the late 19th century. Paul, nicknamed \"**Shorty**\", played with many teams over his 12-season career. He was a starting outfielder with the Providence Grays club that won the 1884 World Series. His best performance was with the `{{baseball year|1887}}`{=mediawiki} New York Metropolitans, when he set the major league record with 106 walks and produced an Offensive WAR rating of 3.4 that ranked sixth in the American Association. Radford died in Boston, Massachusetts, at 83.
## Early life {#early_life}
Paul Radford was born on October 14, 1861, in Roxbury, Massachusetts, to parents Benjamin and Anna (Hale) Radford. Six of Radford\'s siblings died in childhood and he was the youngest of four boys to survive until adulthood. In 1865, the Radford family relocated to the town of Hyde Park, where his father was employed as superintendent of construction at the American Tool and Machine Company. Radford grew up in suburban Hyde Park, a streetcar suburb 10 miles southwest of Boston, amid middle-class prosperity in a house on Fairmount Avenue, as his father advanced to general manager at American Tool. Coming from a religious family, Radford believed in the Sabbath and due to his faith, did not do anything on Sundays, save for keeping the day holy. This included not playing baseball.
In 1882, Radford signed on to play with Hyde Park\'s semi-pro baseball team. It was during that season that Hyde Park played two exhibition games against the Boston Beaneaters. While not impressed with his hitting, Beaneaters management was impressed with the fact that Radford pitched as well, and could be used as a relief pitcher during a time in baseball where the regulars rarely came out of the game, barring injury.
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# Paul Radford
## Pro career {#pro_career}
Radford made his MLB debut with the Boston Beaneaters on May 1, 1883. Radford had not played in the minor leagues prior to his debut. Radford was a starting outfielder for the Beaneaters that season, sharing the outfield with Charlie Buffinton and Joe Hornung. Just 21 years old, with a handful of semi-pro games on his resume, Radford struggled at the plate, only batting .205. Despite the terrible batting average, manager John Morrill kept Radford in the line-up. He was signed for his ability to come in and pitch if needed, but Radford made no appearances as a pitcher that season.
Radford was released at the end of the season and was claimed off league waivers by the Providence Grays. Just as he\'d been the previous season, Radford was a light hitting outfielder who played for a team that won the championship. The Grays defeated the New York Metropolitans of the rival American Association, thus claiming a victory in an early version of the World Series. Radford was viewed as a good luck charm, as Radford always had with him his \"lucky horseshoe\". Radford had kept the horseshoe with him the previous season in Boston as he had done in Providence. However, that season Providence did not win a championship, and Radford was released.
Since the National League did not play on Sundays, Radford\'s strict observation of the Sabbath did not hamper his baseball career. However, after one season with the Kansas City Cowboys, Radford signed with the New York Metropolitans of the American Association. The American Association did play on Sundays, causing Radford to come up with clever excuses to miss Sunday games. The rest of Radford\'s career was spent as a journeyman, never spending more than one season with the same team. He spent the 1890 season with the Cleveland Infants of the ill-fated Players league. The usually light-hitting Radford had one of his best seasons with Cleveland, batting .292 and stealing 25 bases. However, the Players league folded after one season, and Radford was on the move again. He had a homecoming of sorts, playing one season for the Boston Reds of the American Association before joining the Washington Senators of the National league in 1892. The Reds had been a member of the Players League, but they were granted the right to transfer to the American Association, despite objections raised by the National League\'s Beaneaters. Radford finished his stint in the majors with the Senators. Though he remained a base stealing threat (Radford swiped 65 bases for the Reds in 1891), he struggled at the plate, and never again achieved as high an average as in the players league. After he was released in 1894, Radford finished his career in the minor leagues before retiring in 1897 at age 35 as a member of the Hartford Bluebirds.
In 1895, Radford was a member of the Scranton Coal Heavers of the Eastern League. Radford was released, but not because of his on field performance, it was because the eastern League played ball on Sundays and management demanded that Radford play as well, despite his objections. Despite an official end to his career in 1897, Radford remained in baseball, making occasional one time appearance. He played semi-pro baseball and in 1903, he even played for the Hyde Park team, where his journey had begun some 20 years prior. In 1904, he was in place to make an emergency appearance for the Chicago Cubs. Even though Radford was 43 years old, Cubs manager Frank Selee needed an extra man on the bench because starting shortstop Joe Tinker was injured. Selee had wanted to use Radford over the utility infielder Shad Barry. However, Barry played in the first game of what was supposed to be a double header. Radford and the Cubs were getting ready to take the field when the second contest was called due to rain. After Tinker was able to return, Radford left the Cubs and returned to playing semi-pro baseball, finishing where he started, as Radford played for Hyde Park in 1907 atage 44. Radford enjoyed one more moment on the baseball diamond. In 1922, at the age of 60, Radford played in a charity National League Old-Timers game that was used to raise money for Boston Children\'s Hospital.
## Post career {#post_career}
In October 1885, Paul Radford married Mary Blair. After his baseball career was over, and even as he played semi-pro, Radford worked as a machinist and through his baseball career, had made enough money so that he was financially stable enough to buy a home. Radford remained in Hyde Park for the majority of the rest of his life. In 1912, Hyde Park was absorbed into the city of Boston. In January 1930 the Newspaper Enterprise Association produced a syndicated article about Radford and his lucky horseshoe, since the Boston Red Sox were interested in its whereabouts. The horseshoe hadn't been seen since 1894 when the South End Grounds burned down.
On February 21, 1945, Paul Radford died at his home
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# Anthony Yerkovich
**Anthony Yerkovich** is an American television producer and writer.
He is best known for creating the 1980s cop show *Miami Vice*. He served as the show\'s executive producer along with Michael Mann before handing over full executive responsibilities to Mann after only six episodes.
His other television credits include *Starsky & Hutch* (1977-1978), *240-Robert* (1979) and *Hart to Hart* (1981) as writer, *Hill Street Blues* (1981-1983) as writer and supervising producer, *Private Eye* (1987-1988) as creator and executive producer, and *Big Apple* (2001) as writer and executive producer. He also wrote the made-for-TV film *Hollywood Confidential* (1997) starring Edward James Olmos and reunited with Mann to executive produce the *Miami Vice* film, released in 2006
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# Port Logan
**Port Logan**, formerly **Port Nessock**, is a small village in the parish of Kirkmaiden in the Rhins of Galloway in Wigtownshire. The Gaelic name is **Port Neasaig**.
Port Nessock Bay is now all that remains of the western end of a strait that in post-glacial times separated the main part of what is now the Rinns of Galloway from three smaller islands to its south. There was a ruined pier in the bay in 1790, at which time kelp and samphire were gathered on the coast to the south.
The village was planned; it was created by Colonel Andrew MacDowall (Douall), the laird of Logan, in 1818. MacDowall erected a quay and bell tower designed by Thomas Telford, and a causewayed road leading to them. This causeway blocked the view to seaward of the existing houses on the Lower Road (Laigh Row), whose inhabitants MacDowall expected to move to a new Upper Road; in the event, they welcomed the shelter it provided from the brisk onshore winds, and preferred to stay put, though subsequently most of them added a second storey so recovering some of the sea view.
## Facilities
Facilities include a village hall which used to be the local Lifeboat Station. It is run by a local committee and completely self-funding. In recent years it has been used for a range of social events such as weddings and to celebrate Hogmanay and St Andrew\'s Night. It is sometimes used for meetings of the Kirkmaiden Community Council.
## Attractions
The Logan Fish Pond, Logan Botanic Garden & Logan House Garden are located near Port Logan.
Logan Fish Pond was built by Colonel Andrew McDouall, originally as a fish larder for Logan House, circa 1788 and completed around 1800, with a Keeper\'s Cottage and Bathing Hut which are part of the Logan Fishpond Marine Life Centre.
## Media associations {#media_associations}
The village was used between 2001 and 2003 as the setting for a popular BBC series, *Two Thousand Acres of Sky* starring actress Michelle Collins.
2017 saw the filming of *The Vanishing* starring Gerard Butler, Peter Mullan and newcomer Connor Swindells.
## USAAF Douglas C-47 crash {#usaaf_douglas_c_47_crash}
On 27 July 1944, two Douglas C-47 Skytrains (one was serial number 42-93038) of the United States Army Air Forces were on a flight from Filton to a stop at Prestwick before flying on to the United States. The flight was transporting wounded soldiers. The flight encountered bad weather, and the pilot of 42-93038 tried to gain altitude to clear the cliffs. The C-47 crashed into the cliff side at Port Logan, where all 22 passengers and crew died
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# Ashippun River
The **Ashippun River** is a 33.2 mi tributary of the Rock River in southeastern Wisconsin in the United States. The Ashippun\'s watershed lies in Dodge, Washington and Waukesha counties. Its tributaries include Mud Run, Dawson Creek and Davey Creek.
## Description
From its headwaters in a small wetland and agricultural area, the Ashippun River flows southwest through Druid Lake to the Rock River. There are 12 intermittent and 5 perennial tributaries to the Ashippun River. It has a low gradient of 6 ft per mile.
## Fishing
An impoundment at Monterey and several structures upstream have created water and fishery qualities similar to those of a lake. Northern pike and bass offer limited fishing. In addition, the river has been found to contain the rare Least Darter (Etheostoma microperca). Carp are also available in quantity
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# Parambikulam River
**Parambikulam River** is one of four tributaries of the Chalakkudi River, originating in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. It flows parallel to and north of the Sholayar River before joining Kuriarkutty. The Sholayar River flows for 44.8 km, then turns north and joins the Parambikulam River 1.6 km before Orukumbankutty. The Karapara River originates from the Nelliyampathy Hills of Palakkad district in Kerala. It flows west and turns southwest and drains into the Parambikulam River at Orukumbankutty.
The Parambikulam Dam was constructed across the river at Anamalai, located in the Western Ghats of Kerala. This dam is the largest in India and ranks in the top ten dams in the world by volume capacity
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# Vakil Bazaar
**Vakil Bazaar** (*بازار وکیل*) is a bazaar in central Shiraz, Iran.
## Gallery
Bazar Shiraz as seen by Jane Dieulafoy, 1881.jpg\|Bazaar of Shiraz as seen by Jane Dieulafoy in 1881. Bazaar de Vakil, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 55.jpg\|The Vakil Bazaar of Shiraz bustling with shoppers. Bazaar de Vakil, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 51.jpg\|Spice shops. Bazaar de Vakil, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 53.jpg\|Textiles. Bazaar de Vakil, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 52.jpg\|Sweets seller
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# Joseph Bailey (congressman)
**Joseph Bailey** (March 18, 1810 -- August 26, 1885) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania\'s 16th congressional district from 1861 to 1863 and for Pennsylvania\'s 15th congressional district from 1863 to 1865.
He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 1st district from 1843 to 1844 and the 4th district from 1851 to 1853. He served as Pennsylvania State Treasurer from 1854 to 1855 and as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1840 to 1841.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Joseph Bailey was born in Pennsbury Township, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools, and worked as a hatter in Parkersville, Pennsylvania.
## Career
He served in the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1840. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 1st district from 1843 to 1844. In 1845, he moved to Perry County, Pennsylvania to become a furnace owner. He was elected again to the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 4th district and served from 1851 to 1853. He served as State Treasurer of Pennsylvania in 1854. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860.
Baily was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1872.
He died at Bailey\'s Station, a hamlet near New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, on August 26, 1885. He was buried at Bloomfield Cemetery in New Bloomfield
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# Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells
The phrase \"**Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells**\" is a generic name used in the United Kingdom for a person with strongly conservative political views who writes letters to newspapers or the BBC in moral outrage. *Disgusted* is the pseudonym of the supposed letter writer, who is a resident of the stereotypically middle-class town of Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, in southeast England. The term may have originated with either the 1944 BBC radio programme *Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh*, a regular writer to *The Times* or an editor of the letters page of a local newspaper, the *Tunbridge Wells Advertiser*.
In later times, the term has continued to be used to describe conservative letter writers who complain to newspapers about a subject that they morally or personally disagree with. It is often used in relation to news stories regarding Royal Tunbridge Wells. Some residents of the town have criticised the term as obsolete, but others continue to embrace it.
## Origins
thumb\|upright=1.25\|alt=Pedestrian street with trees and 19th-century houses and shops\|Royal Tunbridge Wells A \"stuffy, reactionary image\" was associated with the town of Tunbridge Wells by the novelist E. M. Forster in his 1908 book *A Room with a View*, in which the character Charlotte Bartlett says, \"I am used to Tunbridge Wells, where we are all hopelessly behind the times\". Tunbridge Wells was later granted a royal charter by King Edward VII in 1909 and renamed \"Royal Tunbridge Wells\".
The BBC radio show *Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh*, first broadcast in 1944, is sometimes stated in newspaper reports to have popularised the term *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells* for correspondence to newspapers. There were also suggestions that the use of *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells* came from one regular contributor of letters to *The Times* in the early 20th century, who would use a particular style of writing to oppose people and organisations who came to his attention. Despite being described as the \"quintessential Englishman\" because of his writing style and having his letters regularly published, his identity was never known because he would only identify himself as \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\". However, some reports have popularly rumoured that this person was a retired colonel who served in the British Indian Army during the British Raj. In 2014, the *Kent and Sussex Courier* claimed that the originator of *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells* was the retired British Army colonel George Thomas Howe, who had developed a skill in writing letters about apartheid during five years in the Union of South Africa. Reportedly, his letters were popular reading and helped to sell newspapers that published them.
According to the Royal Tunbridge Wells historian and former newspaper editor Frank Chapman, the phrase has a different origin, starting in the 1950s with the staff of the former *Tunbridge Wells Advertiser*. During the paper\'s final months of publication, the editor Nigel Chapman, alarmed at a lack of letters from readers, insisted his staff write a few to fill space. One signed his simply \"Disgusted, Tunbridge Wells\", and this was then adopted in all future staff letters until the newspaper ceased publication in 1954. The term *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells* was later used to stereotype Royal Tunbridge Wells as a town of retired British Army colonels who would write such letters to newspapers.
Examples of letters of this type sent to the *Advertiser* may be found which pre-date these origins, such as the following from 1924:
Letters written with a tone of incensed moral outrage have become commonly described as \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" letters, even though the writer may not be from Royal Tunbridge Wells. For example, the actor Michael Caine once said: \"I don\'t want to sound like Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells, but I do think there should be some sort of national service for young men\". People writing them have been claimed by commentators to be readers of the *Daily Mail*, despite the original letters not originating in that publication.
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# Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells
## Later use {#later_use}
The magazine *Private Eye* made regular use of the *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells* pseudonym to satirise the stereotypical conservative Middle Englander, and it became a running joke for several years. In 1978, BBC Radio 4 called its new listener feedback programme *Disgusted, Tunbridge Wells*, though it was renamed *Feedback* in 1979. This was following Radio 4 broadcasting the *Take It From Here* radio series in 1954 where \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" was prominently featured. In politics, the people behind \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" letters have strong conservative views and are commonly viewed to support the Conservative Party. However, most UK Independence Party (UKIP) members in the party\'s early days were viewed by commentators as being \"\'Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\' pensioners\", of whom the UKIP leader Nigel Farage stated in 2013 \"\... the people in it \[UKIP\] and who voted for it were in the main \'Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\'. I mean, you look down the membership list in 1994, anyone below a half colonel was a nobody\...\"
In 1980, the BBC Radio 2 broadcaster Terry Wogan chaired an \"It\'s Your BBC\" meeting at Royal Tunbridge Wells\' Assembly Hall Theatre. A report in *The Times* suggested the BBC had staged the meeting in the town in the hope that \"Disgusted\" would reveal himself.
In 2006, the author and magistrate Connie St Louis singled out the \"disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" stereotype as a powerful British middle-class movement, saying \"they are part of the group with the same concerns, so they have a sense of belonging\".
In 2013, Nigel Cawthorne published *Outraged of Tunbridge Wells*, a compilation of letters to the *Tunbridge Wells Advertiser* that were viewed as being in the style of \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" from the British Library archives. Critical review of the book has stated that the \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" style displayed an art of letter writing that has continued despite other things in the world changing.
Residents of Royal Tunbridge Wells have also expressed displeasure in a manner similar to the \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" stereotype in relation to the Waitrose supermarket chain refusing to open a store in the town while neighbouring \"downmarket\" towns of Tonbridge and Crowborough both did have one.
In 2016, during the United Kingdom referendum on the British membership in the European Union, *The New York Times* used Royal Tunbridge Wells as its base for reporting on the referendum. The town was chosen because it was seen as the \"quintessentially English town\" due to the *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells* phrase. Although most Americans would not fully understand the reference, the town was nonetheless considered a symbol of middle England. The town was a Conservative stronghold and was the only council area in Kent to vote by a majority for Remain during Brexit.
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# Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells
## Criticism
In 2009, some residents of Royal Tunbridge Wells called the tag \"inappropriate\" and \"stereotypical\" and asked the town to drop association with it in favour of *Delighted of Tunbridge Wells*. However, there was opposition to this campaign by other residents, some of whom wrote to newspapers in the \"Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells\" style arguing they preferred *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells*. Local merchants at the town\'s information centre pointed out that tourists were buying twice as many goods bearing *Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells* than with *Delighted of Tunbridge Wells*
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# Buppah Rahtree Phase 2: Rahtree Returns
***Buppah Rahtree Phase 2: Rahtree Returns*** (*บุปผาราตรี เฟส 2*) is a 2005 Thai comedy-horror film written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak. It is a sequel to the 2003 film, *Buppah Rahtree*.
## Plot
The vengeful female ghost, Buppah, continues to inhabit apartment 609. She shares the room with her ghost boyfriend, Ake, who has been left legless by Buppah after his transgressions in the first film. A blind woman named Thip rents a neighboring apartment. She is due for an eye operation, but the doctor treating her tries to rape her. He is stopped by Rahtree who takes pity upon Thip. Meanwhile, a comic foursome of bank robbers have entered Rahtree\'s apartment and are using it as a hideout after robbing a bank but find themselves in trouble with Ake and Buppah.
Its sequels are Rahtree Reborn and Rahtree Revenge. Buppah reborn to a girl and was raped and killed. Buppah\'s tutorial student Rang rents a neighboring apartment. He falls in love with the ghost. Meanwhile, a man J\'Sam turns the third floor into an illegal casino. They are injured or killed by the ghost. The ghost is exorcised and reborn to another girl.
## Cast
- Laila Boonyasak as Buppah Rahtree
- Krit Sripoomseth as Ake
- Pitchanart Sakakorn as Thip
- Phan Rojanarangsri as Doo
- Supakorn Srisawat as Dee
- Somjai Sukjai as Der
- Banphot Weerarat as Den
- Somlek Sakdikul as Master Tong
## Festivals and awards {#festivals_and_awards}
- The film was screened in competition at the 2005 Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival with the best actor prize being shared among the four comedian actors: Phan Rojanarangsri, Supakorn Srisawat, Somjai Sukjai and Banphot Weerarat
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# Darton Academy
**Darton Academy** is a coeducational secondary school located in Darton in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. The school provides education for more than 1,200 pupils in Years 7 to 11.
The school is located to the north west of Barnsley in the village of Kexbrough on the edge of the open countryside approximately one mile from junction 38 of the M1 motorway.
## History
Darton Hall Senior School was opened in the village of Darton in 1935, providing senior education for 560 pupils of both sexes. In 1957, buildings were opened at the current Kexborough site, which then became the boys\' campus, with girls remaining at Darton.
In the 1970s, preparations for the changes to comprehensive education in the area, combined with the raising of the school leaving age led to considerable developments at the Kexborough campus. By this time, the school catered for 11 pupils, with the first two years being spent at Darton, before moving to Kexborough.
Since 2005, the school has been a specialist humanities school. It continues to provide a full curriculum in accordance with the National Curriculum for all pupils.
In January 2010 Darton College was inspected by Ofsted, who rated the school Grade 4 (inadequate) overall and placed it into Special Measures.
A new building opened in February 2011, as part of the government\'s Building Schools for the Future programme, and the school was renamed Darton College.
An Ofsted inspection in June 2013 judged the school to be Grade 2 (good).
Previously a community school administered by Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, in October 2018 Darton College converted to academy status and was renamed Darton Academy. The school is now sponsored by the Delta Academies Trust
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# Intercity Transit
**Intercity Transit** is a public transportation agency organized as a municipal corporation in Thurston County, Washington, United States. It serves Lacey, Olympia, Tumwater, and Yelm and Lakewood: an area of approximately 94 sqmi. It operates 19 bus routes, the Dial-A-Lift door-to-door service, a vanpool program, and specialized van programs.
In FY 2024 the system had an annual ridership of 4,242,904, or about 11,688 daily boardings.
Intercity Transit previously maintained a free shuttle route called **Dash**, which provided service between the Capitol Campus and downtown Olympia via Capitol Way. Dash ran every fifteen minutes on weekdays, every ten minutes on weekends, and was close to several public parking lots. However, this service was retired during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2009, the American Public Transportation Association gave Intercity Transit the America\'s Best Public Transportation System award for the mid-size category.
Intercity Transit began a five-year zero-fare pilot project in January 2020 as part of its service expansion approved in a 2018 ballot measure. The agency also launched a zero-fare express bus route connecting Capital Mall to Lacey in September 2019. The pilot was extended to 2028 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, which also forced the suspension of the express route and Dash. All of Intercity Transit\'s fixed route services were suspended on April 13, 2020, and replaced temporarily by an on-demand system with advance reservations limited to only passengers with \"essential business\" as part of the local response to the pandemic. Limited fixed route service resumed in June alongside the advance reservation system but ridership remained 70 percent below its 2019 levels. Intercounty service to Lakewood resumed in June 2021.
## Fleet
Intercity Transit operates 77 coaches, 33 Dial-A-Lift vans, and 221 vanpool vans. Intercity Transit purchased six new hybrid electric buses in 2010, and nine new hybrid electric buses in 2014. Intercity Transit is one of the first transportation systems in the country to use an all-biodiesel fleet.
All of Intercity Transit\'s coaches are Gillig Low Floor buses. They are equipped with wheelchair accessibility, kneeling doors, automatic stop announcements, and surveillance cameras
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# Northern sawtail catshark
The **northern sawtail catshark** (***Figaro striatus***) is a little-known species of deepwater catshark, belonong to the family Pentanchidae, endemic to northeastern Australia. It is demersal in nature and inhabits the upper continental slope at a depth of 300 -. A small, slender species growing no longer than 42 cm, the northern sawtail catshark is characterized by a series of dark, narrow saddles along its back and tail, and rows of prominently enlarged dermal denticles along the upper edge of its caudal fin and the underside of its caudal peduncle. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) does not yet have enough information to assess its conservation status.
## Taxonomy
The first known specimens of the northern sawtail catshark were collected during exploratory surveys conducted off northeastern Australia in the 1980s, and provisionally termed *Galeus* sp. B. It was formally described by Daniel Gledhill, Peter Last, and William White in a 2008 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) publication, in which they also resurrected the genus *Figaro*, until then considered a junior synonym of *Galeus*. The specific epithet *striatus* means \"striped\" in Latin. The type specimen is a 42 cm long adult male caught south of the Saumarez Reefs, Queensland, on November 17, 1985.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The range of the northern sawtail catshark is limited to the upper continental slope off Queensland, between Rockhampton and Townsville. It is found on or near the bottom at a depth of 300 -.
## Description
Reaching 42 cm in length, the northern sawtail catshark has a firm, thin body with a mostly cylindrical cross-section. The head is short, narrow, and flattened, with a bluntly pointed snout. The eyes are horizontally oval and equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids); beneath each is a narrow ridge, and behind is a tiny spiracle. The anterior rims of the nostrils are enlarged into triangular, outward-pointing flaps. The mouth is large and arched, with short but prominent furrows around each corner. There are around 65 upper and 61--65 lower tooth rows; each tooth has a narrow central cusp flanked by 3--5 smaller cusplets. There are five pairs of gill slits; the fourth and fifth are located over the pectoral fin bases and closer together than the others.
The small dorsal fins have blunt apexes and straight to gently convex trailing margins; the first is slightly taller but shorter-based than the second. The origin of the first and second dorsal fins lie over the rear of the pelvic fins and anal fin respectively. The pectoral fins are small and broad, with rounded corners. The pelvic fins are long and low; adult males have slender claspers and a slight \"apron\" formed from the fusion of the pelvic fin inner margins. The anal fin is elongated, its base measuring roughly a tenth of the total length, and rather angular. The length of the anal fin base exceeds the distance between the anal and pelvic fins, and is comparable to the distance between the dorsal fins. The caudal fin is short and low, with a small lower lobe and a ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The body and fins are entirely covered by minute, overlapping dermal denticles; each has an ovoid crown with a horizontal ridge leading to a marginal cusp. There are distinctive crests of enlarged, spiny denticles along the anterior half of the caudal fin upper margin, and beneath the caudal peduncle. This species is light grayish brown on the back of the body and tail, with a series of dark brown saddles numbering 10--16 before the dorsal fins, of which a few are wider than the others. The flanks, underside, and fins are whitish.
## Biology and ecology {#biology_and_ecology}
Little is known of the natural history of the northern sawtail catshark. Males attain sexual maturity at approximately 38 cm long.
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# Northern sawtail catshark
## Human interactions {#human_interactions}
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has noted that there is minimal fishing activity within the northern sawtail catshark\'s range, but presently lacks sufficient information to assess it beyond Data Deficient
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# Karimannoor
**Karimannoor** is a panchayat of India; earlier it was a Legislative Constitutancy, belonging to Thodupuzha Taluk in Idukki District, Kerala, India. The main occupation of the population is agriculture, predominantly of natural rubber. Demographically people belonging to Christian, Hindu and Muslim religions live harmoniously in this beautiful piece of land in God\'s very Own Country. The predominant community here is the Syro-Malabar Catholic Christians. Karimannoor is about 10 kilometres east of Thodupuzha, the taluk capital.
It\'s an entrance point to Thommankuthu waterfalls and the alternate route to the high ranges of Idukki through Udumbannoor and Paramada and lies along the state highway 43 (SH-43). Thommankuthu water falls is a major tourist attraction. Thommankuthu is nearly 8 km from Karimannoor and one of the major eco-tourism centres in Kerala.
The village has a lot of educational institutions. It has one Higher Secondary School (St. Joseph\'s H.S.S Karimannoor), 2 High schools(St.Sebastian\'s H.S. & Nirmala Public School\[Unaided\]), 3 Upper Primary Schools (TCMMUPS Mulappuram, Govt. UPS Karimannoor & Winners Public School Karimannoor\[Unaided\]), 4 Lower Primary Schools (Holy Family LPS Karimannoor, Little Flower LPS Pallikkamuri, SN Neyyasseri) etc.
Karimmanoor is developing rapidly in the business field and its transport system. Once a village, now it is a town
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# Philip Johnson (congressman)
**Philip Johnson** (January 17, 1818 -- January 29, 1867) was an American lawyer and politician who served three terms as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1861 to 1867.
## Biography
Philip Johnson was born in Polkville in Knowlton Township, New Jersey. He moved to Upper Mount Bethel, Pennsylvania, in 1839. He attended the common schools and Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, from 1842 to 1844. He was a plantation tutor in Mississippi from 1844 to 1846. He returned to Pennsylvania, studied law, and attended Union Law School in Easton.
### Early career {#early_career}
He was admitted to the bar in 1848 and commenced practice in Easton. He served as county court clerk from 1848 to 1853.
He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1853 and 1854. He served as revenue commissioner of the third judicial district in 1859 and 1860. He was a delegate to the 1864 Democratic National Convention.
### Congress
Johnson was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Thirty-ninth Congresses and until his death.
### Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
He died in Washington, D.C., on January 29, 1867, at the age of 49. His body was interred in Easton Cemetery
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# Baganuur
**Baganuur** (*Багануур*, `{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ}}`{=mediawiki}, *Little Lake*) is one of nine düüregs (districts) of the Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar. It is subdivided into five khoroos (subdistricts).
Baganuur is a remote district and exclave covering 620 square kilometres (239 sq mi), situated on the border between Töv and Khentii aimags. Originally established as a Soviet military base for the 12th Motor Rifle Division, it later became the site of Mongolia's largest open-pit coal mine. Baganuur is one of Mongolia\'s major industrial centers, particularly in coal production, and ranks among Mongolia's ten largest cities. Efforts are ongoing to separate its administration from the capital and designate it as an independent city.
## Transportation
Baganuur is the endpoint of a side line of the Trans-Mongolian Railway, which connects to the main line in Bagakhangai. Due to high operation cost, Mongolian Railway had stopped passenger service on the Ulaanbaatar-Baganuur-Ulaanbaatar, although freight trains still normally transport coal to Ulaanbaatar and other neighbouring towns. Baganuur is also accessible via 138 km of paved road completed in 2004.
## 2008 methanol scare {#methanol_scare}
On December 31, 2007, Baganuur became the center of a massive methanol poisoning case that stemmed from substandard production methods of a local vodka manufacturer. The poison killed 14 people and hospitalized dozens of others. This case led to a complete ban of vodka sales in Ulaanbaatar for several days, and also highlighted one of Mongolia\'s food safety problems.
## Climate
Baganuur has a dry-winter subarctic climate (Köppen *Dwc*). `{{weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|precipitation colour=green
|width=auto
|location=Baganuur, 1991–2010
|Jan high C = -17.6
|Feb high C = -10.8
|Mar high C = -1.4
|Apr high C = 9.4
|May high C = 17.6
|Jun high C = 23.0
|Jul high C = 24.6
|Aug high C = 22.5
|Sep high C = 16.8
|Oct high C = 7.1
|Nov high C = -5.7
|Dec high C = -14.9
|year high C =
|Jan low C = -34.0
|Feb low C = -27.8
|Mar low C = -18.0
|Apr low C = -7.0
|May low C = 0.6
|Jun low C = 7.4
|Jul low C = 10.9
|Aug low C = 8.3
|Sep low C = 0.6
|Oct low C = -8.3
|Nov low C = -22.5
|Dec low C = -30.8
|year low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 2.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 2.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 4.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 6.1
|May precipitation mm = 18.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 36.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 57.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 51.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 20.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 8.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 4.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 3.7
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 3.8
|Feb precipitation days = 3.4
|Mar precipitation days = 4.5
|Apr precipitation days = 5.8
|May precipitation days = 7.2
|Jun precipitation days = 12.9
|Jul precipitation days = 16.5
|Aug precipitation days = 13.8
|Sep precipitation days = 7.9
|Oct precipitation days = 4.9
|Nov precipitation days = 4.4
|Dec precipitation days = 3.8
|year precipitation days=
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref>
{{cite web|url = https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city
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# Bagakhangai
**Bagakhangai** (*Багахангай*, *small wooded area*) is one of nine düüregs (districts) of the Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar.
## History
Bagakhangai was established as the home of a Soviet military air base.
## Geography
Bagakhangai is an exclave of 140 sqkm southeast of the main part of the capital surrounded by Töv Province. It is subdivided into two khoroos (subdistricts), #1 (*Нэгдүгээр*) khoroo and #2 (*Хоёрдугаар*) khoroo. It has a total area of 140 km^2^.
## Climate
## Transportation
The district is connected to the main Ulaanbaatar by 90 km of paved road
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# Diel vertical migration
thumb\|upright=2\| `{{center|Daily migration of marine life between the twilight zone<br/>and the ocean surface – animation by NASA{{hsp}}<ref>[https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2788/this-twilight-zone-is-dark-watery-and-yes-also-full-of-intrigue/ This twilight zone is dark, watery, and yes, also full of intrigue] ''NASA Blog'', 21 August 2018.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
**Diel vertical migration** (**DVM**), also known as **diurnal vertical migration**, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes. The adjective \"diel\" (IPA: `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|aɪ|.|ə|l}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|.|əl}}`{=mediawiki}) comes from *lit= day*, and refers to a 24-hour period. The migration occurs when organisms move up to the uppermost layer of the water at night and return to the bottom of the daylight zone of the oceans or to the dense, bottom layer of lakes during the day. DVM is important to the functioning of deep-sea food webs and the biologically-driven sequestration of carbon.
In terms of biomass, DVM is the largest synchronous migration in the world. It is not restricted to any one taxon, as examples are known from crustaceans (copepods), molluscs (squid), and ray-finned fishes (trout).
The phenomenon may be advantageous for a number of reasons, most typically to access food and to avoid predators. It is triggered by various stimuli, the most prominent being changes in light-intensity, though evidence suggests that biological clocks are an underlying stimulus as well. While this mass migration is generally nocturnal, with the animals ascending from the depths at nightfall and descending at sunrise, the timing can alter in response to the different cues and stimuli that trigger it. Some unusual events impact vertical migration: DVM can be absent during the midnight sun in Arctic regions and vertical migration can occur suddenly during a solar eclipse. The phenomenon also demonstrates cloud-driven variations.
The common swift is an exception among birds in that it ascends and descends into high altitudes at dusk and dawn, similar to the vertical migration of aquatic lifeforms.
## Discovery
The phenomenon was first documented by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817. He noted that *daphnia*, a type of plankton, appeared and disappeared according to a diurnal pattern.
During World War II the U.S. Navy was taking sonar readings of the ocean when they discovered the deep scattering layer (DSL). While performing sound propagation experiments, the University of California\'s Division of War Research (UCDWR) consistently had results of the echo-sounder that showed a distinct reverberation that they attributed to mid-water layer scattering agents. At the time, there was speculation that these readings may be attributed to enemy submarines.
Martin W. Johnson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography proposed a possible explanation. Working with the UCDWR, the Scripps researchers were able to confirm that the observed reverberations from the echo-sounder were in fact related to the diel vertical migration of marine animals. The DSL was caused by large, dense groupings of organisms, like zooplankton, that scattered the sonar to create a false or second bottom.
Once scientists started to do more research on what was causing the DSL, it was discovered that a large range of organisms were vertically migrating. Most types of plankton and some types of nekton have exhibited some type of vertical migration, although it is not always diel. These migrations may have substantial effects on mesopredators and apex predators by modulating the concentration and accessibility of their prey (e.g., impacts on the foraging behavior of pinnipeds).
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# Diel vertical migration
## Types of vertical migration {#types_of_vertical_migration}
### Diel
This is the most common form of vertical migration. Organisms migrate on a daily basis through different depths in the water column. Migration usually occurs between shallow surface waters of the epipelagic zone and deeper mesopelagic zone of the ocean or hypolimnion zone of lakes. There are three recognized types of diel vertical migration:
#### Nocturnal vertical migration {#nocturnal_vertical_migration}
In the most common form, nocturnal vertical migration, organisms ascend to the surface around dusk, remaining at the surface for the night, then migrating to depth again around dawn.
#### Reverse migration {#reverse_migration}
Reverse migration occurs with organisms ascending to the surface at sunrise and remaining high in the water column throughout the day until descending with the setting sun.
#### Twilight diel vertical migration {#twilight_diel_vertical_migration}
Twilight diel vertical migration involves two separate migrations in a single 24-hour period, with the first ascent at dusk followed by a descent at midnight, often known as the \"midnight sink\". The second ascent to the surface and descent to the depths occurs at sunrise.
### Seasonal
Organisms are found at different depths depending on what season it is. Seasonal changes to the environment may influence changes to migration patterns. Normal diel vertical migration occurs in species of foraminifera throughout the year in the polar regions; however, during the midnight sun, no differential light cues exist so they remain at the surface to feed upon the abundant phytoplankton, or to facilitate photosynthesis by their symbionts. This is not true for all species at all times, however. Zooplankton have been observed to resynchronize their migrations with the light of the moon during periods when the sun is not visible, and to stay in deeper waters when the moon is full.
Larger seasonally-migrating zooplankton such as overwintering copepods have been shown to transport a substantial amount of carbon to the deep ocean through a process known as the lipid pump. The lipid pump is a process that sequesters carbon (in the form of carbon-rich lipids) out of the surface ocean via the descent of copepods to the deep during autumn. These copepods accumulate these lipids during late summer and autumn before descending to the deep to overwinter in response to reduced primary production and harsh conditions at the surface. Furthermore, they rely on these lipid reserves that are metabolized for energy to survive through winter before ascending back to the surface in the spring, typically at the onset of a spring bloom.
### Ontogenetic
Organisms spend different stages of their life cycle at different depths. There are often pronounced differences in migration patterns of adult female copepods, like *Eurytemora affinis,* which stay at depth with only a small upward movement at night, compared to the rest of its life stages which migrate over 10 meters. In addition, there is a trend seen in other copepods, like *Acartia spp*. that have an increasing amplitude of their DVM seen with their progressive life stages. This is possibly due to increasing body size of the copepods and the associated risk of visual predators, like fish, as being larger makes them more noticeable.
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# Diel vertical migration
## Vertical migration stimuli {#vertical_migration_stimuli}
There are two different types of factors that are known to play a role in vertical migration, endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous factors originate from the organism itself; sex, age, size, biological rhythms, etc. Exogenous factors are environmental factors acting on the organism such as light, gravity, oxygen, temperature, predator-prey interactions, etc.
### Endogenous factors {#endogenous_factors}
#### Endogenous rhythm {#endogenous_rhythm}
Biological clocks are an ancient and adaptive sense of time innate to an organism that allows them to anticipate environmental changes and cycles so they are able to physiologically and behaviorally respond to the expected change.
Evidence of circadian rhythms controlling DVM, metabolism, and even gene expression have been found in copepod species, *Calanus finmarchicus*. These copepods were shown to continue to exhibit these daily rhythms of vertical migration in the laboratory setting even in constant darkness, after being captured from an actively migrating wild population.
An experiment was done at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography which kept organisms in column tanks with light/dark cycles. A few days later the light was changed to a constant low light and the organisms still displayed diel vertical migration. This suggests that some type of internal response was causing the migration.
#### Clock gene expression {#clock_gene_expression}
Many organisms, including the copepod *C. finmarchicus*, have genetic material devoted to maintaining their biological clock. The expression of these genes varies temporally with the expression significantly increasing following dawn and dusk at times of greatest vertical migration. These findings may indicate they work as a molecular stimulus for vertical migration.
#### Body size {#body_size}
The relative body size of an organism has been found to affect DVM. Bull trout express daily and seasonal vertical migrations with smaller individuals always staying at a deeper layer than the larger individuals. This is most likely due to a predation risk, but is dependent on the individuals own size such that smaller animals may be more inclined to remain at depth.
### Exogenous factors {#exogenous_factors}
#### Light
\"Light is the most common and critical cue for vertical migration\". However, as of 2010, there had not been sufficient research to determine which aspect of the light field was responsible. As of 2020, research has suggested that both light intensity and spectral composition of light are important.
#### Temperature
Organisms will migrate to a water depth with temperatures that best suit the organisms needs, for example some fish species migrate to warmer surface waters in order to aid digestion. Temperature changes can influence swimming behavior of some copepods. In the presence of a strong thermocline some zooplankton may be inclined to pass through it, and migrate to the surface waters, though this can be very variable even in a single species. The marine copepod, *Calanus finmarchicus,* will migrate through gradients with temperature differences of 6 °C over George\'s Ban*k;* whereas, in the North Sea they are observed to remain below the gradient.
#### Salinity
Changes in salinity may promote organism to seek out more suitable waters if they happen to be stenohaline or unequipped to handle regulating their osmotic pressure. Areas that are impacted by tidal cycles accompanied by salinity changes, estuaries for example, may see vertical migration in some species of zooplankton. Salinity has also been proposed as a factor that regulates the biogeochemical impact of diel vertical migration.
#### Pressure
Pressure changes have been found to produce differential responses that result in vertical migration. Many zooplankton will react to increased pressure with positive phototaxis, a negative geotaxis, and/or a kinetic response that results in ascending in the water column. Likewise, when there is a decrease in pressure, the zoo plankton respond by passively sinking or active downward swimming to descend in the water column.
#### Predator kairomones {#predator_kairomones}
A predator might release a chemical cue which could cause its prey to vertically migrate away. This may stimulate the prey to vertically migrate to avoid said predator. The introduction of a potential predator species, like a fish, to the habitat of diel vertical migrating zooplankton has been shown to influence the distribution patterns seen in their migration. For example, a study used *Daphnia* and a fish that was too small to prey on them (*Lebistus reticulatus*), found that with the introduction of the fish to the system the *Daphnia* remained below the thermocline, where the fish was not present. This demonstrates the effects of kairomones on *Daphnia* DVM*.*
#### Tidal patterns {#tidal_patterns}
Some organisms have been found to move with the tidal cycle. A study looked at the abundance of a species of small shrimp, *Acetes sibogae,* and found that they tended to move further higher in the water column and in higher numbers during flood tides than during ebb tides experiences at the mouth of an estuary. It is possible that varying factors with the tides may be the true trigger for the migration rather than the movement of the water itself, like the salinity or minute pressure changes.
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# Diel vertical migration
## Reasons for vertical migration {#reasons_for_vertical_migration}
There are many hypotheses as to why organisms would vertically migrate, and several may be valid at any given time.
### Predator avoidance {#predator_avoidance}
The universality of DVM suggests that there is some powerful common factor behind it. The connection between available light and DVM has led researchers to theorize that organisms may stay in deeper, darker areas during the day to avoid being eaten by predators who depend on light to see and catch their prey. While the ocean\'s surface provides an abundance of food, it may be safest for many species to visit it at night.
Light-dependent predation by fish is a common pressure that causes DVM behavior in zooplankton and krill. A given body of water may be viewed as a risk gradient whereby the surface layers are riskier to reside in during the day than deep water, and as such promotes varied longevity among zooplankton that settle at different daytime depths. Indeed, in many instances it is advantageous for zooplankton to migrate to deep waters during the day to avoid predation and come up to the surface at night to feed. For example, the northern krill *Meganyctiphanes norvegica* undergoes diel vertical migration to avoid planktivorous fish.
Patterns among migrators seem to support the predator avoidance theory. Migrators will stay in groups as they migrate, a behavior that may protect individuals within the group from being eaten. Groups of smaller, harder to see animals begin their upward migration before larger, easier to see species, consistent with the idea that detectability by visual predators is a key issue. Small creatures may start to migrate upwards as much as 20 minutes before the sun sets, while large conspicuous fish may wait as long as 80 minutes after the sun goes down. Species that are better able to avoid predators also tend to migrate before those with poorer swimming capabilities. Squid are a primary prey for Risso\'s dolphins (*Grampus griseus*), an air-breathing predator, but one that relies on acoustic rather than visual information to hunt. Squid delay their migration pattern by about 40 minutes when dolphins are about, lessening risk by feeding later and for a shorter time.
### Metabolic advantages {#metabolic_advantages}
Another possibility is that predators can benefit from diel vertical migration as an energy conservation strategy. Studies indicate that male dogfish (*Scyliorhinus canicula*) follow a \"hunt warm - rest cool\" strategy that enables them to lower their daily energy costs. They remain in warm water only long enough to obtain food, and then return to cooler areas where their metabolism can operate more slowly.
Alternatively, organisms feeding on the bottom in cold water during the day may migrate to surface waters at night in order to digest their meal at warmer temperatures.
### Dispersal and transport {#dispersal_and_transport}
Organisms can use deep and shallow currents to find food patches or to maintain a geographical location.
### Avoid UV damage {#avoid_uv_damage}
The sunlight can penetrate into the water column. If an organism, especially something small like a microbe, is too close to the surface the UV can damage them. So they would want to avoid getting too close to the surface, especially during daylight.
### Water transparency {#water_transparency}
A theory known as the "transparency-regulator hypothesis\" predicts that \"the relative roles of UV and visual predation pressure will vary systematically across a gradient of lake transparency.\" In less transparent waters, where fish are present and more food is available, fish tend to be the main driver of DVM. In more transparent bodies of water, where fish are less numerous and food quality improves in deeper waters, UV light can travel farther, thus functioning as the main driver of DVM in such cases.
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# Diel vertical migration
## Unusual events {#unusual_events}
Due to the particular types of stimuli and cues used to initiate vertical migration, anomalies can change the pattern drastically.
For example, the occurrence of midnight sun in the Arctic induces changes to planktonic life that would normally perform DVM with a 24-hour night and day cycle. In the summers of the Arctic the Earth\'s north pole is directed toward the sun creating longer days and at the high latitude continuous day light for more than 24-hours. Species of foraminifera found in the ocean have been observed to cease their DVM pattern, and rather remain at the surface in favor of feeding on the phytoplankton. For example *Neogloboquadrina pachyderma*, and for those species that contain symbionts, like *Turborotalita quinqueloba*, remain in sunlight to aid photosynthesis. Changes in sea-ice and surface chlorophyll concentration are found to be stronger determinants of the vertical habitat of Arctic *N. pachyderma*.
There is also evidence of changes to vertical migration patterns during solar eclipse events. In the moments that the sun is obscured during normal day light hours, there is a sudden dramatic decrease in light intensity. The decreased light intensity, replicates the typical lighting experienced at night time that stimulate the planktonic organisms to migrate. During an eclipse, some copepod species distribution is concentrated near the surface, for example *Calanus finmarchicus* displays a classic diurnal migration pattern but on a much shorter time scale during an eclipse.
## Importance for the biological pump {#importance_for_the_biological_pump}
thumb\|upright=2\| `{{center|Biological pump}}`{=mediawiki} Diel vertically migrating krill, smaller zooplankton such as copepods, and fish can actively transport carbon to depth by consuming particulate organic carbon (POC) in the surface layer at night, and metabolising it at their daytime, mesopelagic residence depths. Depending on species life history, active transport may occur on a seasonal basis as well.
The biological pump is the conversion of CO~2~ and inorganic nutrients by plant photosynthesis into particulate organic matter in the euphotic zone and transference to the deeper ocean. This is a major process in the ocean and without vertical migration it wouldn\'t be nearly as efficient. The deep ocean gets most of its nutrients from the higher water column when they sink down in the form of marine snow. This is made up of dead or dying animals and microbes, fecal matter, sand and other inorganic material.
Organisms migrate up to feed at night so when they migrate back to depth during the day they defecate large sinking fecal pellets. Whilst some larger fecal pellets can sink quite fast, the speed that organisms move back to depth is still faster. At night organisms are in the top 100 metres of the water column, but during the day they move down to between 800 and 1000 meters. If organisms were to defecate at the surface it would take the fecal pellets days to reach the depth that they reach in a matter of hours. Therefore, by releasing fecal pellets at depth they have almost 1000 metres less to travel to get to the deep ocean. This is known as active transport. The organisms are playing a more active role in moving organic matter down to depths. Because a large majority of the deep sea, especially marine microbes, depends on nutrients falling down, the quicker they can reach the ocean floor the better.
Zooplankton and salps play a large role in the active transport of fecal pellets. 15--50% of zooplankton biomass is estimated to migrate, accounting for the transport of 5--45% of particulate organic nitrogen to depth. Salps are large gelatinous plankton that can vertically migrate 800 meters and eat large amounts of food at the surface. They have a very long gut retention time, so fecal pellets usually are released at maximum depth. Salps are also known for having some of the largest fecal pellets. Because of this they have a very fast sinking rate, small detritus particles are known to aggregate on them. This makes them sink that much faster. As previously mentioned, the lipid pump represents a substantial flux of POC (particulate organic carbon) to the deep ocean in the form of lipids produced by large overwintering copepods. Through overwintering, these lipids are transported to the deep in autumn and are metabolized at depths below the thermocline through winter before the copepods rise to the surface in the spring. The metabolism of these lipids reduces this POC at depth while producing CO~2~ as a waste product, ultimately serving as a potentially significant contributor to oceanic carbon sequestration. Although the flux of lipid carbon from the lipid pump has been reported to be comparable to the global POC flux from the biological pump, observational challenges with the lipid pump from deficient nutrient cycling, and capture techniques have made it difficult to incorporate it into the global carbon export flux. So while currently there is still much research being done on why organisms vertically migrate, it is clear that vertical migration plays a large role in the active transport of dissolved organic matter to depth
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# List of Kinnikuman films
***Kinnikuman***, also known as *Ultimate Muscle*, has had one TV special and seven theatrically released movies.
## Main cast {#main_cast}
The following is the voice cast of the main characters of the series as they appear in each film. The voice cast for movie only characters are listed with the movies in which they appear.
- Akira Kamiya as Kinnikuman (all movies and TV Special)
- Minori Matsushima as Meat-kun (all movies and TV Special)
- Hideyuki Tanaka as Terryman (all movies and TV Special)
- Eiji Kanie as Ramenman (movies 1-4 and TV Special)
- Banjou Ginga as Ramenman (movies 5-7)
- Daisuke Gouri as Robin Mask (all movies)
- Ryōichi Tanaka as Warsman (TV Special)
- Hideyuki Hori as Warsman (all movies)
- Kaneto Shiozawa as Geronimo (movies 4-7)
- Masaharu Satou as Buffaloman (movies 3-8) and Iwao (all movies and TV Special)
- Tetsuo Mizutori as Brocken Jr. (all movies and TV Special) and Yosaku (movies 1, 3-7, and TV Special)
- Masashi Hirose as Rikishiman (all movies and TV Special)
- Hiroshi Ohtake as Kazuo Nakano (TV Special)
- Sanji Hase as Kazuo Nakano (all movies)
- Chisato Nakajima as Mari Nikaidō (all movies and TV Special)
- Hiromi Tsuru as Natsuko Shōno (all movies and TV Special)
- Keiko Yamamoto as Nachiguron (all movies and TV Special) and Kinkotsu-Obaba (movies 3-7)
- Kazuhiko Kishino as Mayumi Kinniku (all movies and TV Special)
- Nana Yamaguchi as Sayuri Kinniku (all movies and TV Special)
- Yonehiko Kitagawa as Chairman Harabote (all movies and TV Special)
- Kouji Totani as Announcer (movies 2-6) and Gobugari (all movies and TV Special)
- Issei Futamata as Kinkotsuman (all movies and TV Special)
## Showdown! The 7 Justice Supermen vs. The Space Samurais {#showdown_the_7_justice_supermen_vs._the_space_samurais}
***Showdown! The 7 Justice Supermen vs. The Space Samurais*** (決戦!7人の正義超人vs宇宙野武士, *Kessen! Shichinin no Seigi Choujin vs Uchuu Nobushi*)
A TV Special first aired on April 7, 1984. It covers the Planet Rakka story arc. A young boy from Planet Rakka named Beansman asks Kinnikuman and the others to help save his planet from the Space Samurai\'s led by Black King. The story was a parody of *The Seven Samurai*.
### Cast
- Satomi Majima as Beansman
- Jouji Yanami as Ingen
- Chisato Nakajima as Princess Marron
- Masashi Hirose as Robo Choujin
- Issei Futamata as Yondai Susuna
#### The Space Samurais {#the_space_samurais}
- Ichiro Nagai as Black King
- Yonehiko Kitagawa as Black Sumoman
- Kazuhiko Kishino as Black Killer
- Hideyuki Tanaka as Black Fighter
- Kouji Totani as Black Knight
- Issei Futamata as Black Kung Fu
- Masaharu Satou as Black Tomahawk
## Kinnikuman: Stolen Championship Belt {#kinnikuman_stolen_championship_belt}
*Kinnikuman: Stolen Championship Belt* (キン肉マン 奪われたチャンピオンベルト, *Kinnikuman Ubawareta Chanpion Beruto*) *Main article: Kinnikuman (film)*
- Release Date: July 14, 1984
- Released With: The Kabocha Wine, Chodenshi Bioman, Uchuu Keiji Shaider
- Rivals: Octopus Dragon, Mouko-seijin, Harigorasu, Ukon, AmeRug Boss, Gammalar
- Yudetamago Cameo: Octopus Dragon\'s Minions
## Great Riot! Justice Superman {#great_riot_justice_superman}
*Great Riot! Justice Superman* (大暴れ!正義超人, *Ō Abare! Seigi Choujin*) *Main article: Great Riot! Seigi Choujin*
- Release Date: December 22, 1984
- Released With: Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The Treasure of Nanaba Castle and Uchuu Keiji Shaider: Follow the Shigishigi Kidnapping Gang!
- Rivals: Black Emperor, Shishkeba Boo, Great Ukon, Black Buffalo, Black Knight, Black Rain, Black Menrui, Black Bear, Black Sumo, Black Satan
- Yudetamago Cameo: Black Emperor\'s Minions
## Justice Supermen vs. Ancient Supermen {#justice_supermen_vs._ancient_supermen}
*Justice Supermen vs. Ancient Supermen* (正義超人vs古代超人, *Seigi Choujin vs Koudai Choujin*) *Main article: Seigi Choujin vs. Ancient Choujin*
- Release Date: March 16, 1985
- Released With: Gu Gu Ganmo, Dengeki Sentai Changeman and Tongari Bōshi no Memoru
- Rivals: Satan King, Stone Satan, Condor Satan, Eye Satan, Jaws Satan, Cobra Satan, Haniwa Satan, Saurus Satan
- Yudetamago Cameo: Ukon III
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List of Kinnikuman films
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# List of Kinnikuman films
## Counterattack! The Underground Space Choujin {#counterattack_the_underground_space_choujin}
**`{{nihongo|''Counterattack! The Underground Space Choujin''|逆襲!宇宙かくれ超人,|Gyakushuu! Uchuu Kakure Choujin}}`{=mediawiki}** is the fourth theatrical film based on the anime series Kinnikuman. It was released in Japan on July 13, 1985 alongside Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! Dream Capital Mecha Police, Captain Tsubasa: Great Europe Play-Off, and Dengeki Sentai Changeman: Shuttle Base Showdown. It is set after the Dream Choujin Tag Arc. It is the first film to feature the character Geronimo and the last film where Eiji Kanie supplies the voice of Ramenman. It is also the shortest film of the series. It is based on the Kinnikuman special chapter *`{{nihongo|Robin Memo|ロビン･メモ}}`{=mediawiki}*.
- Released With: Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! Dream Capital Mecha Police, Captain Tsubasa: Great Europe Play-Off, and Dengeki Sentai Changeman: Shuttle Base Showdown
- Rivals: Hydra King, Hydra Būton, Hydra Gun, Hydra Sumo, Hydra Indy, New Sunshine, New Ashuraman, New Black Hole, New Black Rain
- Yudetamago Cameo: Ukon Jr.
- Opening Theme: `{{nihongo|Blazing Kinnikuman|炎のキン肉マン,|Honoo no Kinnikuman}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kushida
- Closing Theme: `{{nihongo|Kinnikuman [[Ondo (music)|Ondo]]|キン肉マン音頭}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kamiya *(Kinnikuman)* and Minori Matsushima *(Meat-kun)*
### New characters {#new_characters}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
### Cast {#cast_1}
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Character name | Voice actor |
+======================+===================+
| Kinnikuman | Akira Kamiya |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Meat-kun\ | Minori Matsushima |
| Queen Elizabeth II | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Kazuo Nakano | Sanji Hase |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Natsuko | Hiromi Tsuru |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Mari-san | Chisato Nakajima |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Terryman | Hideyuki Tanaka |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Geronimo | Kaneto Shiozawa |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Warsman | Hideyuki Hori |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Nachiguron | Keiko Yamamoto |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| King Kinniku\ | Kazuhiko Kishino |
| New Black Hole | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Queen Kinniku | Nana Yamaguchi |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Ramenman | Eiji Kanie |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Brocken Jr.\ | Tetsuo Mizutori |
| Yosaku-san | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Tournament Chairman\ | Yonehiko Kitagawa |
| Hydra Sumo | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Robin Mask\ | Daisuke Gōri |
| New Ashuraman | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Rikishiman | Masashi Hirose |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Buffaloman\ | Masaharu Satō |
| Iwao\ | |
| New Sunshine | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Kinkotsuman\ | Issei Futamata |
| Hydra Gun | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Detective Gobugari\ | Kōji Totani |
| New Black Rain | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Hydra Būton | Kōji Yada |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Hydra King | Takeshi Aono |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Special Appearance | Yudetamago |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| 422 |
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| 1 |
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# List of Kinnikuman films
## Hour of Triumph! Justice Superman {#hour_of_triumph_justice_superman}
**`{{nihongo|''Hour of Triumph! Seigi Choujin''|晴れ姿!正義超人,|Haresugata! Seigi Choujin}}`{=mediawiki}** is the fifth theatrical film based on the anime series Kinnikuman. It was released in Japan on December 21, 1985 alongside Captain Tsubasa: Watch Out, All Japan Jr.! and GeGeGe no Kitaro. It is set during the Dream Choujin Tag Arc.
It is the first film to feature Banjō Ginga as the voice of Ramenman (due to Eiji Kanie\'s death in October 1985) and the last to feature Kōji Yada. It is also the second film to feature the character Kinkotsu-Obaba, who had been omitted from the previous film.
- Released With: *Captain Tsubasa: Watch Out, All Japan Jr.!* and *GeGeGe no Kitarō*
- Rivals: Shuten Doji, The Nio, The Umibōzun, The Ninjaman, The Sanzokūn
- Yudetamago Cameo: Ukonnosuke
- Opening Theme: `{{nihongo|Blazing Kinnikuman|炎のキン肉マン,|Honoo no Kinnikuman}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kushida
- Closing Theme: `{{nihongo|Kinniku [[Mambo (music)|Mambo]]|キン肉マンボ}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kamiya *(Kinnikuman)*
### New characters {#new_characters_1}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
### Cast {#cast_2}
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Character Name | Voice actor |
+=====================+===================+
| Kinnikuman | Akira Kamiya |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Meat-kun | Minori Matsushima |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Kazuo Nakano\ | Sanji Hase |
| Crows | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Kinniku Daiou\ | Kazuhiko Kishino |
| The Umibouzun | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Queen Kinniku | Nana Yamaguchi |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Tournament Chairman | Yonehiko Kitagawa |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Nachiguron\ | Keiko Yamamoto |
| Kinkotsu-Obaba | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Natsuko Shōno | Hiromi Tsuru |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Terryman | Hideyuki Tanaka |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Ramenman | Banjō Ginga |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Geronimo | Kaneto Shiozawa |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Warsman | Hideyuki Hori |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Robin Mask | Daisuke Gōri |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Rikishiman\ | Masashi Hirose |
| The Ninjaman | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Kinkotsuman\ | Issei Futamata |
| The Sanzokūn | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Buffaloman\ | Masaharu Satō |
| Iwao | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Brocken Jr.\ | Tetsuo Mizutori |
| Yosaku-san | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Detective Gobugari | Kōji Totani |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Mari Nikaidō\ | Chisato Nakajima |
| Mari-hime | |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| The Nio | Kōji Yada |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Shuten Doji | Shōzō Iizuka |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Special Appearance | Yudetamago |
+---------------------+-------------------+
| 381 |
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| 2 |
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# List of Kinnikuman films
## Crisis in New York! {#crisis_in_new_york}
**`{{nihongo|''Crisis in New York!''|ニューヨーク危機一髪!|Nyū Yōku Kiki Ippatsu}}`{=mediawiki}** is the sixth theatrical film based on the anime series Kinnikuman. It was released in Japan on March 15, 1986 alongside Captain Tsubasa: Race Towards Tomorrow, GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Great Yōkai War, and Choushinsei Flashman. It is set after the Dream Choujin Tag Arc.
This was the last film to feature a cameo from series creators Yudetamago. It was also the second and last film to feature the Announcer. The villain in the film is Akuma Shogun, who appeared in the original manga and anime series as the leader of the Devil Knights during the Golden Mask Arc. Hidekatsu Shibata returns as the main antagonist of this film, having previously played that role in *Great Riot! Seigi Choujin*.
- Released With: *Captain Tsubasa: Race Towards Tomorrow*, *GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Great Yōkai War*, and *Choushinsei Flashman*
- Rivals: Akuma Shogun
- Yudetamago Cameo: Inspector Ukon
- Opening Theme: `{{nihongo|Blazing Kinnikuman|炎のキン肉マン,|Honoo no Kinnikuman}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kushida
- Closing Theme: `{{nihongo|Kinniku [[Mambo (music)|Mambo]]|キン肉マンボ}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kamiya *(Kinnikuman)*
### New characters {#new_characters_2}
-
-
-
-
-
### Cast {#cast_3}
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Character name | Voice actor |
+======================+===================+
| Kinnikuman | Akira Kamiya |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Meat-kun | Minori Matsushima |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Queen Kinniku | Nana Yamaguchi |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Tournament Chairman\ | Yonehiko Kitagawa |
| Ronald Reagan | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Kazuo Nakano\ | Sanji Hase |
| Sandy Nakano | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Nachiguron\ | Keiko Yamamoto |
| Kinkotsu-Obaba | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Natsuko Shōno | Hiromi Tsuru |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Mari Nikaidō | Chisato Nakajima |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Mayumi Kinniku | Kazuhiko Kishino |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Terryman | Hideyuki Tanaka |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Ramenman | Banjō Ginga |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Warsman | Hideyuki Hori |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Geronimo | Kaneto Shiozawa |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Detective Gobugari\ | Kōji Totani |
| Yay Totani\ | |
| Announcer | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Robin Mask\ | Daisuke Gōri |
| Narration | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Buffaloman\ | Masaharu Satō |
| Iwao | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Kinkotsuman | Issei Futamata |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Rikishiman\ | Masashi Hirose |
| Subway Boss | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Brocken Jr.\ | Tetsuo Mizutori |
| Yosaku-san | |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Akuma Shogun | Hidekatsu Shibata |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Big Apple | Hitoshi Takagi |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| Special Appearance | Yudetamago |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| 410 |
List of Kinnikuman films
| 3 |
7,743,452 |
# List of Kinnikuman films
## Justice Supermen vs. Fighter Supermen {#justice_supermen_vs._fighter_supermen}
**`{{nihongo|''Seigi Choujin vs. Senshi Choujin''|正義超人vs戦士超人}}`{=mediawiki}** is the seventh and final theatrical film based on the anime series Kinnikuman. It was released in Japan on December 20, 1986 alongside GeGeGe no Kitarō: Crash!! The Great Rebellion of the Multi-Dimensional Yōkai and Dragon Ball: The Legend of Shen Long.
The character Neptuneman appeared in the original manga and anime as the main antagonist of the Dream Choujin Tag Arc. Chikao Ōtsuka returns as one of the main antagonists of this film, having previously played that role in Stolen Championship Belt.
- Release Date: December 20, 1986
- Released With: *GeGeGe no Kitarō: Crash!! The Great Rebellion of the Multi-Dimensional Yōkai* and *Dragon Ball: The Legend of Shen Long*
- Rivals: Iron Mask, Big Shinjō, Myō\'ō, Senju Kan, Tōhōten, Nioman, Magorakasu, The Kongō, Great Ukon the 2nd, Paper
- Opening Theme: `{{nihongo|Kinnikuman Sensation|キン肉マン旋風(センセーション)}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kushida
- Closing Theme: `{{nihongo|Kinnikuman Club|キン肉マン倶楽部}}`{=mediawiki} by Akira Kamiya *(Kinnikuman)*
### New characters {#new_characters_3}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
### Cast {#cast_4}
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Character Name | Voice actor |
+==========================+===================+
| Kinnikuman | Akira Kamiya |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Meat-kun | Minori Matsushima |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Kazuo Nakano | Sanji Hase |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Nachiguron\ | Keiko Yamamoto |
| Kinkotsu-Obaba | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Kinniku Daiou\ | Kazuhiko Kishino |
| Neptuneman | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Queen Kinniku | Nana Yamaguchi |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Tournament Chairman\ | Yonehiko Kitagawa |
| Nioman | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Terryman\ | Hideyuki Tanaka |
| Paper | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Warsman | Hideyuki Hori |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Geronimo | Kaneto Shiozawa |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Robin Mask\ | Daisuke Gōri |
| Big Shinjō | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Ramenman\ | Banjō Ginga |
| Magorakasu | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Buffaloman\ | Masaharu Satō |
| Iwao\ | |
| Great Ukon the 2nd | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Rikishiman | Masashi Hirose |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Kinkotsuman\ | Issei Futamata |
| Tōhōten | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Brocken Jr.\ | Tetsuo Mizutori |
| Yosaku-san | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Detective Gobugari\ | Kōji Totani |
| The Kongō | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Natsuko\ | Hiromi Tsuru |
| Princess Diana | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Mari-san | Chisato Nakajima |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Myō\'ō\ | Kazumi Tanaka |
| Dr. Georg\'s Subordinate | |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Senju Kan | Masato Hirano |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| Dr. Georg | Chikao Ōtsuka |
+--------------------------+-------------------+
| 413 |
List of Kinnikuman films
| 4 |
7,743,452 |
# List of Kinnikuman films
## Kinnikuman II Sei {#kinnikuman_ii_sei}
Two theatrically released movies were made for the sequel series *Kinnikuman II Sei*. The first was made before the anime television series began. The villains from both films return during the Choujin Olympics in the anime television series as the second movie is non-canon because Cyborg gang does not remember him.
### Cast {#cast_5}
- Masaya Onosaka as Mantaro Kinniku (both movies)
- Konami Yoshida as Alexandria Meat (both movies)
- Ryoutarou Okiayu as Kevin Mask (second movie)
- Toshiyuki Morikawa as Terry the Kid (both movies)
- Yasunori Masutani as Gazelleman (both movies)
- Ginzō Matsuo as Seiuchin (first movie)
- Takumi Yamazaki as Seiuchin (second movie)
- Fumiko Orikasa as Rinko Nikaidou (second movie)
- Ai Nonaka as Keiko (second movie)
- Reiko Kiuchi as Tamaki (second movie)
- Mahito Ōba as Announcer Yoshigai (both movies)
- Naoki Tatsuta as Kazuo Nakano (both movies)
### Kinnikuman: Second Generations {#kinnikuman_second_generations}
(キン肉マンII世, *Kinnikuman II Sei*)
Released in 2001 alongside Motto! Ojamajo Doremi \~Secret of the Frog Stone\~ and Digimon Tamers. The fans Shimada-san and Nakai-san are based on Kinnikuman creators Takashi Shimada and Yoshinori Nakai (Yudetamago). The ending theme, \"Muscle Beat\", was performed by famous martial artist Nobuaki Kakuda, who also provided the opening narration.
### Plot
: While the New Generation Choujins are taking part in Fan Appreciation Day, The Cyborg arrives, takes Meat hostage, and challenges Mantarou to a fight inside Tokyo Tower.
### Cast {#cast_6}
- Akio Ōtsuka as The Cyborg
- Junko Noda as Kensuke
- Keiichirō Yamamoto as Shimada-san
- Hirofumi Tanaka as Nakai-san
- Yasuhiko Kawazu as Ring Announcer
- Nobuaki Kakuda as Narrator
- Akira Kamiya as Kinnikuman I (Suguru)
### Muscle Ginseng Competition! The Great Choujin War {#muscle_ginseng_competition_the_great_choujin_war}
(マッスル人参争奪！超人大戦争, *Massuru Ninjin Soudatsu! Choujin Dai Sensou*)
### Plot {#plot_1}
In order to save a princess, Mantarou and the gang must find a special ginseng. They are later joined by Kevin Mask
| 328 |
List of Kinnikuman films
| 5 |
7,743,477 |
# Alyssa Peterson
**Alyssa Renee Peterson** (February 29, 1976 -- September 15, 2003) was a United States Army soldier, with Arabic language certification, who served with C Company, 311th Military Intelligence Battalion, 101st Airborne in Iraq. Peterson graduated from Northern Arizona University, after which she enlisted in the U.S. Army and attended the Defense Language Institute in California, where she learned Arabic. She also studied interrogation techniques at Fort Huachuca, Cochise County, Arizona.
## Life
In the late 1990s, Peterson became fluent in Dutch before serving an 18-month mission in the Netherlands for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Peterson later graduated from Northern Arizona University in May 2001 with a bachelor of arts degree in psychology. She enlisted in the U.S. Army in July 2001 and excelled in Arabic courses at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California.
Peterson was transferred to Fort Campbell, Kentucky in July 2003 before her deployment to the Middle East sometime thereafter. She was assigned to C Company, 311th Military Intelligence Battalion of the 101st Airborne Division.
## Death
Radioed into the Tactical Operations Center at 0900 on September 16, an unidentified aircraft reported visual sighting of a body near the Third Brigade Landing Zone (LZ). After further investigation, it was determined that on September 15, 2003, Alyssa Peterson died from a \"non-combat weapons discharge\" at the Tal Afar airbase on the Syrian-Iraqi frontier. Subsequent investigation revealed that she had been placed under suicide watch after refusing further participation in interrogation sessions at a location known as \"the cage\". Techniques used there she had said constituted torture of Iraqi prisoners.
According to a report into the investigation into her death:
Just before her death, Peterson spoke to another intelligence specialist, Kayla Williams, about her concerns. According to the *Huffington Post*, Williams also was forced to take part in torture interrogations during which detainees were assaulted, stripped, blindfolded, and then confronted with a female interrogator. It is also reported that interrogation included cramped confinement, stress position, sleep deprivation, insects placed in a confinement box and waterboarding. She refused to participate in this.
Peterson\'s body was returned to Flagstaff, Arizona, in late September 2003, where she was buried with full military honors at Citizens Cemetery
| 371 |
Alyssa Peterson
| 0 |
7,743,480 |
# Bayangol, Ulaanbaatar
**Bayangol** (*Баянгол*; `{{lit|Rich River}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of nine districts of Ulaanbaatar. It is divided into 23 subdistricts. It was previously called **October District** (*Октябрийн райо*) before 1992.
Bayangol has a population of 192,600.
It is the headquarters of the Mongolian National Bandy Federation.
## Infrastructure
- Thermal Power Plant No. 2 (Ulaanbaatar)
- Thermal Power Plant No
| 60 |
Bayangol, Ulaanbaatar
| 0 |
7,743,481 |
# Davide Marotti
**Davide Marotti** (1 January 1881, in Naples -- 18 July 1940) was an Italian chess master.
He was a professor of literature and philosophy. In 1911, he took 5th in Rome (Matteo Gladig won). In 1919, he won in Naples. In 1920, he took 2nd, behind Stefano Rosselli del Turco, in Viareggio. In 1920, he took 2nd, behind Rosselli, in Genoa (Quadrangular).
In 1921, Marotti won the first Italian Championship in Viareggio. In 1922, he took 16th (i.e. last place) in London (José Raúl Capablanca won), but had a fine win against Eugene Znosko-Borovsky. In 1923, he was Sub-Champion in Naples (2nd ITA-ch). Marotti lost a match for the title to Rosselli (+2 --6 =5). In 1923, he took 11th in Triest (Paul Johner won). In 1927, he took 3rd in Naples (Rosselli won). In 1928, he tied for 4-5th in Perugia. In 1928, he played for Italy in the 2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague (+3 --7 =2). In 1929, he took 11th in Venice (Rudolf Pitschak won). In 1930, he took 3rd in Florence (Rosselli won).
In 1937, he took 9th in Naples (8th ITA-ch). The event was won by Vincenzo Castaldi. In 1938, he took 3rd in Savona (Castaldi won). In 1939, he tied for 11-12th in Rome (9th ITA-ch). The event was won by Mario Monticelli
| 223 |
Davide Marotti
| 0 |
7,743,482 |
# Chatham High School (New York)
**Chatham High School** is a rural secondary school (grades 9--12) in Chatham, Columbia County, New York.
CHS is the sole High School operated by the Chatham Central School District.
In 2006, CHS has 520 students in grades 9 to 12. In 2010 the enrollment was 451
| 52 |
Chatham High School (New York)
| 0 |
7,743,487 |
# Warner Bros. Television Studios UK
**Warner Bros. Television Studios UK** (formerly **Shed Media Group** and later **Warner Bros. Television Productions UK**) is a British creator and distributor of television content. The Group produces long-running television brands in drama, factual, documentary, factual entertainment, and history.
Established in 1998 as Shed Productions, the company floated on AIM (Alternative Investment Market) in March 2005. The group has grown significantly since flotation and to date, five award-winning media companies: Ricochet, Twenty Twenty Television, Wall to Wall Media, and Outright Distribution have all joined the group. In 2010, it was bought by Time Warner.
## History
Shed was established in 1998, specialising in producing long-running returnable drama including *Waterloo Road*, *Bad Girls* and *Footballers\' Wives*. In March 2005, the company listed on AIM (Alternative Investment Market).
In November 2005, Shed Media Group had announced that they\'ve acquired Brighton-based Factual entertainment television production company Ricochet, a leading production company specialising in factual entertainment. Ricochet created and produces global brand Supernanny. Other programmes include: *Extreme Dreams*, *It\'s Me or the Dog*, *Breaking into Tesco* and *Blood, Sweat and T-shirts*.
Shed acquired Outright Distribution (formerly Screentime Partners) in September 2006. The acquisition was a strategic move in order to maximise exploitation of the Group\'s IP through its own in-house distribution company, whilst growing third-party business.
In September 2007, Shed Productions had announced that they\'ve continued their acquisition spree by taking over BAFTA award-winning British independent factual entertainment production house Twenty Twenty and placing it under Shed\'s combined holding company which was being named Shed Media Group. Brands include: *The Choir*, *That\'ll Teach \'Em*, *Brat Camp*, *Evacuation*, and *The Sorcerer\'s Apprentice*.
In November 2007, Shed Media Group had announced that they\'ve acquired British scripted and unscripted television production company Wall to Wall Media with Wall to Wall Media\'s distribution division Wall to Wall International being interrogated into Shed\'s own distribution arm Outright Distribution. A multiple BAFTA winner, Wall to Wall produces long-running brands including BBC One\'s *Who Do You Think You Are?* and *New Tricks*. Reality dramas include: *1940\'s House* and *Frontier House*. Docu-dramas include: *The Day Britain Stopped* and *Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story*. In 2008, Wall to Wall\'s *Man on Wire* won an Academy Award Oscar in the best Documentary Feature category.
On 5 August 2010, Warner Bros. Television secured a 55.75% stake in Shed Media. Warner Bros. completed its acquisition of a majority stake in Shed Media on 14 October. Under the deal, Shed Media will remain an independent company, but its global distribution arm, Outright Distribution, would be folded into the Warner\'s UK operation. The Shed management team held on to a 21.37% shareholding, with the remaining stake being split between a group of 27 key staff members. In January 2012, Shed Media Group had announced that they\'ve launched an entertainment and comedy production company named Yalli Productions with a focus on developing Warner Bros\' library formats to the UK market as well their own formats with Bert Gray heading the production company as the managing director.
In April 2012, Shed Media Group had announced that they\'ve acquired a majority stake in London-based British factual entertainment television production company Renegade Pictures with its team continued to operate the acquired company in their London base as Renegade\'s production output will now be distributed by Warner Bros.\' international television distribution division. Time Warner acquired 100% of Shed and renamed the group Warner Bros. Television Productions UK in June 2014. As of 2015 the name was completely phased out and all companies got completely integrated with new websites, however Shed Productions and Watershed became defunct with no new websites, little mentioning or integration.
In January 2015, Warner Bros. Television Production UK announced that they\'ve merged their production company Watershed Television with Twenty Twenty to form a boarding team with Watershed retained its branding under Twenty Twenty along with managing director Mark Rubens continued to lead the label under Twenty Twenty joining them as their senior creative producer. The name was changed from Warner Bros. Television Productions UK to Warner Bros. Television Studios UK in 2020**.**
## Reception
### Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Shed Media was nominated for Float of the Year in 2005 and won Deal of the Year 2006 in the Quoted Company Awards for its acquisition of Ricochet. Several of Shed\'s programmes have won BAFTA, RTS, Rose D\'Or and National Television Awards
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# Dirkon
The **Dirkon** is a paper camera kit that was first published in 1979 in the Communist Czechoslovakian magazine ABC mladých techniků a přírodovědců \[translated as An ABC of Young Technicians and Natural Scientists\]. The pattern was created by Martin Pilný, Mirek Kolár, and Richard Vyškovský.
The name Dirkon is a play on words based on the combination of the parts of two words: Dirk- is the beginning of the Czech word *dírka* (pinhole), and *-kon* is the end of the name of the well-known Japanese camera, Nikon
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# Azanus
***Azanus***, commonly called **babul blues**, is a genus of butterflies found in Africa and southwestern Asia.
## Taxonomic revisions {#taxonomic_revisions}
The subgenus ***Azanisis***(Kemal, 2004) was described in 2004, with*Azanus isis*designated as its type species.*Azanisis\'\' is now considered a junior subjective synonym of***Azanus**\'\' (Moore, 1881).
## Species
Listed alphabetically:
Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
------- --------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Azanus isis* (Drury, 1773) white-banded babul blue Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the DRC, Uganda, Ethiopia, north-western Tanzania and northern Zambia
*Azanus jesous* (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) African babul blue or topaz-spotted blue Egypt, Syria, India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar
*Azanus mirza* (Plötz, 1880) pale babul blue or mirza blue Afrotropical realm.
*Azanus moriqua* (Wallengren, 1857) black-bordered babul blue or thorn-tree blue Afrotropical realm
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# Khan Uul
**Khan Uul** (*Хан-Уул* `{{IPA|mn|χaɴ‿ʊ́ːɬ|}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{lit|Mount Khan}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of nine districts of Ulaanbaatar. It is subdivided into 14 subdistricts. This district is located in the south, at the foot of one of the four hills of Ulaanbaatar---the Bogd Khan Uul
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# Robert Carew, 2nd Baron Carew
**Robert Shapland Carew, 2nd Baron Carew** (28 January 1818 -- 9 September 1881), was an Irish Member of Parliament in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1840 to 1847 and a hereditary peer in the peerages of Ireland and the United Kingdom.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Carew was born in Dublin, the son of Robert Carew, 1st Baron Carew, and his wife Jane Catherine Cliffe. He was educated at his father\'s alma mater Eton College and at Christ Church, Oxford.
## Career
Carew was Liberal Party Member of Parliament for Waterford County between 1840 and 1847. He was appointed High Sheriff of County Waterford for 1848.
On his father\'s death in 1856 he became the 2nd Baron Carew in both the Peerage of Ireland and the Peerage of the United Kingdom and also succeeded him as Lord Lieutenant of County Wexford, a position he held until 1881. In 1872 he was made a knight of the Order of St. Patrick (KP).
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Carew married Emily Anne Philips, daughter of Sir George Philips, 2nd Baronet, in 1844. They had two sons:
- Robert Shapland George Julian Carew, 3rd Baron Carew (15 June 1860 -- 29 April 1923)
- George Patrick John Carew, 4th Baron Carew (1 February 1863 -- 21 April 1926)
## Death
Lord Carew died in September 1881 at the age of 63. He was succeeded in his baronies by his elder son, Robert
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# Nalaikh
**Nalaikh** (*Налайх* `{{IPA|mn|naɮɛ́χ|}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of nine districts of Ulaanbaatar. It has an area of 68,700 hectares and a population of 39,579 in 2022 (26,529 in 2005). A former coal-mining town, it is subdivided into 8 subdistricts, incorporating Shokhoi, Arjanchivlan, the Terelj holiday center, and other residential areas, as well as a former Soviet military cantonment, including an airfield.
Nalaikh is linked to Ulaanbaatar by a 43-kilometer narrow-gauge railway line, built in July 1938. The line had three stations (Nalaikh; Amgalan, a Ulaanbaatar suburb; and Kombinat, the city\'s industrial combine) and operated 14 steam locomotives, 16 passenger carriages, 70 goods wagons, 10 platform wagons, and nine fuel tank wagons. Nalaikh now has a broad-gauge branch line (via Khonkhor) to the Trans-Mongolian Railway. The Kapitalnaya shaft went into operation in 1951, and at full capacity produced 600,000 metric tons of coal a year. Nalaikh gained town status in 1962, and was established as a district of Ulaanbaatar in 1992. Since the closure of the coal mine in the 1990s, the district has had a high rate of unemployment
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# Thoressa
***Thoressa*** is a genus of skipper butterflies erected by Charles Swinhoe in 1913. They (like some other skippers) are commonly known as \"aces\" or \"ace butterflies\". The genus is endemic to Southeast Asia with many species endemic to China.
Species include:
- *Thoressa aina* (de Nicéville, 1889) Sikkim
- *Thoressa astigmata* (C
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# The Placencia Breeze
***The Placencia Breeze*** is a monthly newspaper written by the Placencia division of the Belize Tourism Industry Association (BTIA). *The Breeze* places less emphasis on traditional news and focuses on community efforts and tourism related developments. It is the home town paper of the popular Belizean tourist destination, Placencia.
*The Breeze* began publishing in April 2001 and has published nearly every month since. It has a print circulation of 1,500
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# Portugal at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. A delegation of thirteen competitors participated in two sports, however no medals were won
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# Songino Khairkhan
**Songino Khairkhan** (*Сонгинохайрхан* `{{IPA|mn|sɔ́ŋgɪɴ‿χɛ́rχəɴ|}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of nine districts of the Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar. It is divided into 21 subdistricts. This district is located in the west, at the foot of one of the four mountains of Ulaanbaatar---the Songinokhairkhan Uul
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# Stoczek Łukowski
**Stoczek Łukowski** `{{IPAc-pl|'|s|t|o|cz|e|k|-|ł|u|'|k|o|f|s|k|J|i}}`{=mediawiki} is a town in Łuków County, in Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland with 2,556 inhabitants (`{{As of|2018|January|df=first|lc=y|since=}}`{=mediawiki}).`{{TERYT}}`{=mediawiki} The town is located upon the Świder River.
Stoczek Łukowski belongs to the historic province of Mazovia, in which it was part of the Land of Czersk. In the 15th century, it was property of Bishops of Poznań, and was named \"Wola Poznańska\". In the 16th century documents, it was also called \"Sebastianowo\", probably after Bishop of Poznań Sebastian Branicki. Current name came into use in the 17th century.
## History
Stoczek Łukowski was first mentioned in the 13th century. On 4 April 1546, it was granted town charter by King Sigismund I the Old.
Following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the town was annexed by Austria. After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. Following the duchy\'s dissolution in 1815, it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. The Battle of Stoczek took place there on 14 February 1831 during the November Uprising. On 18 January 1849, Aleksander Świętochowski was born in Stoczek. Another famous person born here is Bishop Adolf Piotr Szelążek. Stoczek was one of main centers of the January Uprising, for which in 1867 it was stripped of town charter, and remained a village until 1916.
Following the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the town was occupied by Germany until 1944. In the fall of 1941, an unfenced ghetto was established, housing approximately 3,500 Jews from Stoczek Łukowski and nearby villages. In August 1942, the ghetto was liquidated and the people staying there were deported to the Parysów ghetto, and from there to the Treblinka extermination camp
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# Oxford Printmakers Co-operative
**Oxford Printmakers Co-operative** is an open access fine art printmaking workshop in Oxford, England, located in the Christadelphian Hall at the end of Tyndale Road off the Cowley Road near The Plain. It was set up in 1976 to help and enable artists in the Oxford area to provide them with a platform and a place where they could make their own artwork and prints.
## Overview
It offers facilities for intaglio, stone litho, silkscreen and relief printmaking. It is a non-profit making organisation that regularly holds exhibitions and welcomes people from the local community to join in. It has a community outreach programme and runs courses each year in several printmaking processes.
The workshop is open Saturdays 11-5, Monday evenings 4-8, and Tuesdays 10.30-6.30 with technical help and support
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# Rodney Come Home
\"**Rodney Come Home**\" is the ninth Christmas special episode of the BBC sitcom *Only Fools and Horses*, first screened on 25 December 1990.
Unlike the other Christmas specials, this episode is not a one-off story, but sets up story arcs that run throughout the following series. It was filmed in the recording block for series 7.
## Synopsis
At the Broadwalk Shopping Centre, Del Boy tries to sell children\'s dolls, before discovering that they sing Chinese lullabies.
Meanwhile, at Parry Print Ltd, a hungry Rodney discovers that Cassandra made him a very meagre sandwich for lunch, and his new secretary refuses to go out and buy him a hamburger during her lunch break because an important client is due to meet him. However, when he spots Raquel with shopping bags full of food, Rodney invites her into his office for a coffee and they chat about the tour that Raquel has been on since the events of \"The Jolly Boys\' Outing\", and how Rodney\'s marriage with Cassandra is faring. Despite claiming they are happy together, Rodney implies that he and Cassandra are experiencing difficulties.
That evening, Rodney returns home to his flat, only to find that Cassandra has not prepared dinner for him and is instead going out to play badminton. They argue, and Cassandra accuses Rodney of being childish if he expects her to cook for him like a servant from the 1930s. Rodney subsequently storms out. Meanwhile, at Nelson Mandela House, Del and Raquel are enjoying a romantic dinner and, just as Del is about to proposition Raquel, Rodney bursts in and tells everyone that his marriage is over. Rodney decides to sleep in his old bedroom, but Del tells him that Raquel is sleeping there (Del had intended to ask Raquel if she would sleep in his bedroom right as Rodney stormed in and interrupted), so Rodney will be sleeping on the sofa.
A week later, at a nightclub, as Del and Raquel dance, Rodney is getting drunk with his friends Mickey Pearce and Chris, which leaves Del concerned. Del tries to make Rodney see sense and return to Cassandra, but Rodney refuses to listen.
The next evening, back at the flat, Del tells Albert that when Rodney took the Trotter van down to the Peckham Exhaust Centre earlier that morning to get it fixed, he foolishly arranged a date with an attractive receptionist, Tanya, following Mickey Pearce\'s advice to make Cassandra jealous. When Rodney tells Del, Raquel, and Albert that he is going to see *Honey, I Shrunk the Kids* with Tanya, they try to talk him out of his date, but Rodney ignores them and heads off. Del then realises that Rodney is deliberately taking Tanya to the cinema opposite Cassandra\'s evening school, where he hopes Cassandra will see them together. Aware that this will lose Rodney both his marriage and his job, Del goes over to Cassandra\'s flat to persuade her not to go to her class, and ends up breaking the bad news to her. Cassandra is reduced to tears, but agrees not to tell her parents.
Later, back at the flat at midnight, as Del tries to remove the voice boxes from the Chinese dolls, he gets a telephone call from Rodney, who took Del\'s advice, cancelled his date, and has decided to wait at his flat for Cassandra, so they can be reconciled. Before Del can warn him about what he just did, Rodney hangs up and removes the receiver from the machine, preventing Del from calling him back. Del admits to Raquel and Albert that he told Cassandra, and then quickly drives over to Rodney and Cassandra\'s flat. Cassandra arrives moments before Del and furiously throws Rodney out. Rodney confronts Del over telling on him and sends him home, but realises that he himself has been locked out of his home, leaving him no choice but to go back to Nelson Mandela House with Del
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# Emmanuel Giles Pothanamuzhi
**Mar Emmanuel Giles Pothanamuzhi, C. M. I.** (5 August 1932 -- 6 April 2003) was a Syro-Malabar bishop.
He was born in Nadukkara, near Muvattupuzha, India. He was ordained as a priest in the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate in 1964. A botanist who lectured at Sacred Heart College, Ernakulam, he was the founder principal of Christ College, Bangalore (1969--1983) and rector of the CMI major seminary, Dharmaram College, Bangalore (1990--1996).
He was appointed as Bishop of Mananthavady (Syro-Malabar) in 1997
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# HMS Belvidera (1809)
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# Phyllomys
***Phyllomys*** is a genus of arboreal spiny rat, geographically restricted to the forests of eastern Brazil.
The etymology of the genus name derives from the two ancient greek words `{{wikt-lang|grc|φύλλον}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{grc-transl|φύλλον}}`{=mediawiki}), meaning \"plant leaf\", and `{{wikt-lang|grc|μῦς}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{grc-transl|μῦς}}`{=mediawiki}), meaning \"mouse, rat\".
## Phylogeny
*Phyllomys* is the sister genus to *Echimys*, and then to *Makalata*. These taxa are closely related to the genera *Pattonomys* and *Toromys*. In turn, these five genera share phylogenetic affinities with a clade containing the bamboo rats *Dactylomys*, *Olallamys*, *Kannabateomys* together with *Diplomys* and *Santamartamys*.
## Systematics
There are thirteen named species in the genus. These species have frequently been placed in the genus *Echimys*
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# Jennifer Chrisler
**Jennifer Chrisler** is a former executive director of the Family Equality Council, a nonprofit LGBTQ advocacy and education organization based in the United States that was previously known as the Family Pride Coalition.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Chrisler was raised in upstate New York, in what she described as \"an all-white, pretty much all-Protestant, working-class community.\" During high school, she was interested in becoming a wedding planner. In 1988, she began attending Smith College, and during college, began to learn about social justice issues and became involved in campus efforts to support diversity. She came out as a lesbian to her mother while she was a student at Smith. After completing her Bachelor\'s degree, she continued at Smith to complete a Master\'s degree and then moved to Boston in 1993.
## Career
In 1993, Chrisler began her political career as staff in the Massachusetts state Senate, working for state senator Cheryl Jacques for three years, first as office manager and then staff director. In 1996, she moved on to work for American Science & Engineering as director of corporate communications and then worked as a director of operations for a private venture fund. She then became the finance director for the unsuccessful 2001 campaign for Massachusetts\'s 9th congressional district by Jacques, and afterwards became employed as a fundraiser for the Freedom to Marry Coalition of Massachusetts.
Chrisler moved to Washington, D.C. after Jacques became the executive director of the Human Rights Campaign, and they married in Massachusetts in 2004, where they had maintained residency and gay marriage was recognized at the time. Chrisler became the executive director of the Family Equality Council in 2005, when the organization was known as the Family Pride Coalition, after spending three years at home with their twin children.
As executive director of the Family Equality Council, Chrisler engaged in advocacy on behalf of LGBTQ parents raising children, training for families on how to lobby for civil rights, and lobbying for a variety of issues, including anti-discrimination legislation, adoption rights, hospital visitation rights, and gender-neutral passport applications.
In 2006, as executive director of the Family Equality Council, Chrisler was an organizer of efforts to help ensure participation of LGBTQ parents in the annual White House Easter Egg Roll, when tickets were distributed on a first-come, first-served basis to the public willing and able to wait in long lines in advance of the event. Chrisler told the *Associated Press*, \"Showing up, participating fully in an American tradition, showing Americans that we do exist, that in our minds isn\'t a protest.\" In 2007, she again participated with her family and other families with LGBTQ parents. In 2009, families with LGBTQ parents were invited to the egg roll by the Obama administration, with tickets distributed directly to the Family Equality Council and other advocacy groups.
During her tenure as executive director, the Family Equality Council also organized Family Week in Provincetown, Massachusetts. In 2012, Chrisler invited Family Research Council president Tony Perkins to meet her family at their home, telling CNN her goal was to \"open his heart a little bit\" about gay parents and marriage, but he declined. In 2013, she announced her retirement from the Family Equality Council.
From 2013 to 2018, she was the vice president for alumnae relations at Smith College, and then was vice chancellor for university advancement at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth before she became the chief advancement officer at Hampshire College in 2019.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chrisler shares twin children, born in 2002, and a third child born in 2012, with her wife Cheryl Jacques.
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# Music Inspired by Scarface
***Music Inspired by Scarface*** is a compilation album released in 2003. It features songs by various hip-hop artists which either draw direct inspiration from the 1983 film *Scarface* or contain subject matter that can relate to the film
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# Portugal at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.
A delegation of thirty competitors (biggest at the time) participated in eight sports, with the equestrian team winning the nation\'s first ever Olympic medal.
## Medalists
Medal Name Sport Event Date
------- ---------------------------------- ------------ -------------- ---------
, Hélder de Souza, José Mouzinho Equestrian Team jumping July 27
## Results by event {#results_by_event}
### Athletics
**Men\'s 100m:**
- Gentil dos Santos --- 1st round (2nd heat)
- Karel Pott --- 1st round (8th heat)
**Men\'s 200m:**
- Gentil dos Santos --- 1st round (10th heat)
**Men\'s Discus Throw:**
- António Martins da Silva --- 1st round: 12th (32,40m)
### Equestrian
**Men\'s Individual Jumping:**
- Aníbal de Almeida --- 5th (12 faults)
- Hélder de Souza --- 12th (19 faults)
- José Mouzinho --- 17th (22 faults)
- Luís Cardoso de Menezes --- non qualified
**Men\'s Team Jumping:**
- **António Borges**, **Hélder de Souza**, **José Mouzinho** (and Luís Cardoso de Menezes) (53 faults) --- **Bronze**
### Fencing
**Men\'s Individual Foil:**
- Gil de Andrade --- 1/4 finals: 6th (poule 1)
- Manuel Queiróz --- 1/4 finals: 6th (poule 2)
**Men\'s Individual Épée:**
- António de Menezes --- 1st round: (poule 7)
- Ruimondo Mayer --- 1/4 finals: 7th (poule 2)
- Mário de Noronha --- 1/2 finals: 7th (poule 1)
- Frederico Paredes --- 1/4 finals: 8th (poule 1)
**Men\'s Team Épée:**
- António Leite, António Mascarenhas de Menezes, Frederico Paredes, Henrique da Silveira, Jorge de Paiva, Mário de Noronha, Paulo d\'Eça Leal, and Ruimondo Mayer --- 4th
### Sailing
**Men\'s Olympic Monotype:**
- Frederico Guilherme Burnay --- 8th
### Shooting
**Men\'s Individual 600m Free Rifle:**
- António Ferreira --- 57th
- Dario Canas --- 62nd
- Francisco António Real --- 69th
- Manuel Guerra --- 71st
**Men\'s Individual 50m Rifle Prone (60 shots):**
- António Martins --- 23rd
- António Ferreira --- 56th
- Francisco Mendonça --- 50th
- Francisco António Real --- 62nd
**Men\'s Individual 25m Rapid Fire Pistol (60 shots):**
- António Martins --- 16th
- António Ferreira --- 44th
- A. Duarte Montez --- 32nd
- Francisco Mendonça --- 17th
**Men\'s Team 400, 600, 800m Free Rifle:**
- António Martins, António Ferreira, António Ferreira, Dario Canas, Francisco António Real, Félix Bermudes and Manuel Guerra --- 17th (427 points)
### Swimming
Men
Athlete Event Heat Semifinal
--------------- -------------------- -------- ------ -----------------
Time Rank Time Rank Time
Mário Marques 200 m breaststroke 3:32.4 28 Did not advance
### Tennis
**Men\'s Singles:**
- Rodrigo Castro Pereira --- 1st round
### Weightlifting
**Men\'s Feather Weight (--60 kg):**
- A. Pereira --- non qualified
## Officials
- José Pontes, Nobre Guedes, Salazar Carreira (chiefs of mission)
- João Sassetti (fencing)
- Gil d\'Andrade (fencing)
- C
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# Neacomys
The genus ***Neacomys***, also known as **bristly mice** because of their spiny fur, includes several species of rodents in the tribe Oryzomyini of family Cricetidae. It is most closely related to *Oligoryzomys*, *Oreoryzomys*, and *Microryzomys*. *Neacomys* species are mainly found in the Amazon basin, but *N. pictus* occurs in Panama and *N. tenuipes* in montane Colombia.
## Species
There are currently about 24 described species in the genus.
- *Neacomys aletheia* --- upper Juruá bristly mouse
- *Neacomys amoenus* --- pleasant bristly mouse
- *Neacomys dubosti* --- Dubost\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys guianae* --- Guiana bristly mouse
- *Neacomys elieceri* --- Eliecer\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys jau* --- Jaú bristly mouse
- *Neacomys macedoruizi* --- Macedo Ruiz\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys marajoara* --- Marajó bristly mouse
- *Neacomys marci* - Marc\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys minutus* --- small bristly mouse
- *Neacomys musseri* --- Musser\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys paracou* --- Paracou bristly mouse
- *Neacomys pictus* --- painted bristly mouse
- *Neacomys rosalindae* --- Rosalind\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys serranensis*
- *Neacomys spinosus* --- large bristly mouse
- *Neacomys tenuipes* --- narrow-footed bristly mouse
- *Neacomys vargasllosai* --- Vargas Llosa\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys vossi* --- Voss\'s bristly mouse
- *Neacomys xingu* --- Xingu bristly mouse
## Literature cited {#literature_cited}
- Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. [Superfamily Muroidea](https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000707). Pp. 894--1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). [Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed](http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. `{{ISBN|978-0-8018-8221-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- Weksler, M. 2006. [Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data](http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5777). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 296:1--149
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# James Drummond McGregor
**James Drummond McGregor** (1 September 1838 -- 4 March 1918) was a Canadian businessman, politician, and the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.
Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, the son of Roderick MacGregor and Janet Chisholm, both of Scottish descent, he was mayor of New Glasgow from 1879 to 1880. In 1867, MacGregor married Elizabeth McColl. He represented Pictou County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1890 to 1894 and from 1897 to 1900. MacGregor married Roberta Ridley in 1894. In 1900, he ran unsuccessfully for the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of Pictou. MacGregor was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 1903 representing the senatorial division of New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. A Liberal, he resigned in 1910 when he was appointed lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia. He served until 1915. MacGregor died in New Glasgow at the age of 79.
His son Robert also represented Pictou County in the provincial assembly
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# History of the St. Louis Cardinals
The **history of the St. Louis Cardinals** Major League Baseball franchise spans from 1875 to the present. For more information on specific periods within club history, refer to one of the following articles:
- History of the St. Louis Cardinals (1875--1919)
- History of the St. Louis Cardinals (1920--52)
- History of the St. Louis Cardinals (1953--89)
- History of the St. Louis Cardinals (1990--present)
For detailed accounts on individual seasons in St. Louis Cardinals history, see List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons.
Category:St. Louis Cardinals St
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# Audience (TV network)
**Audience Network** (formerly known as **Freeview** from 1999 until 2005, and as **The 101 Network** from 2005 until 2011) was an American pay television channel that was owned by AT&T. It featured a mix of original and acquired series, specials, and feature films. The network operated as a commercial-free service and broadcast its programming without editing for content. It was originally exclusive to DirecTV, though it was also added to AT&T U-verse after AT&T\'s 2015 acquisition of DirecTV. It was also made available on later AT&T streaming efforts, including AT&T TV and AT&T Watch TV, a lower-cost option available to AT&T Mobility customers. As of 2019, the channel had a subscription base of 26 million. The channel closed on May 22, 2020.
## History
The channel launched on November 25, 1999, as **Freeview**, a service on DirecTV channel 103 carrying a continuous loop of concerts and other events. Freeview was part of all of the satellite provider\'s subscription packages, starting with the Total Choice tier. In 2005, it was moved to channel 101 and was rebranded as **The 101 Network**. Following the rebrand, the channel\'s schedule began to expand to include original programs, with its first original program, *CD US*, being announced on November 1, 2005.
The channel was rebranded as **Audience Network** on June 1, 2011. In 2015, the channel was added to AT&T U-verse after DirecTV was acquired by AT&T. In June 2018, AT&T announced its discount streaming service, WatchTV, which would carry Audience.
### Closure
On January 8, 2020, it was announced by parent company AT&T that Audience would end operations in its current format and transition to a barker channel for HBO Max, a service which launched on May 27. Rich Eisen later confirmed in a statement regarding the future of his daily radio show (which had maintained a longtime video simulcast on Audience) that the network would close on February 29 (his show ended the day before on Audience, and ended on radio on April 7). AT&T itself would not confirm the actual end date for the network at the time and continued for two months after with previous programming, though simulcasts of Eisen\'s show and *The Dan Patrick Show* both ended on February 28, and the network\'s website became merely a redirect to the generic DirecTV network listing. Eisen later found a new television homes on NBCSN, YouTube, and later on The Roku Channel, with Patrick also utilizing a YouTube live stream during the COVID-19 pandemic, before both ultimately moved to at Comcast-owned streaming service Peacock. In mid-April 2020, AT&T notified customers the network would officially shut down at 12:00 am Pacific on May 22, 2020. The network closed as scheduled after an airing of the documentary *Black Sabbath: The End of The End*, after which the channel space created by Freeview in 1999 folded.
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# Audience (TV network)
## Programming
### Original series {#original_series}
### Acquired series {#acquired_series}
### Acquisition of *Wonderland* {#acquisition_of_wonderland}
Starting in January 2009, the channel aired *Wonderland*, a controversial drama series that had briefly aired on ABC in the spring of 2000. The run included all eight episodes of the series, six of which were not originally aired during the program\'s ABC run.
### Partnerships with NBC {#partnerships_with_nbc}
#### Acquisition of *Passions* {#acquisition_of_passions}
DirecTV and NBC Universal Television Studio announced on April 25, 2007, that new episodes of the soap opera *Passions* would begin airing exclusively on the channel on September 17, 2007, retaining its 2:00 p.m. Eastern Time timeslot that it held during its NBC run, with reruns airing on weekends. The series had aired on NBC since July 1999, however in early 2007, the network announced they were canceling the series as a result of replacing it by a fourth hour of *Today* and shortly afterwards DirecTV acquired exclusive broadcasting rights from NBC to renew the series and move it to 101 Network. The final NBC episode was aired on September 7, 2007, ending its eight-year broadcast on NBC before the new episodes began airing exclusively on DirecTV starting September 17, 2007. Although *Passions* moved to DirecTV\'s 101 Network, NBC continued to maintain the series official website on NBC.com due to the fact that their parent company NBCUniversal maintained ownership and production rights to the series, however the free streaming service of the new episodes of *Passions* on NBC.com and the option to purchase the episodes for download on iTunes, which had started in the 2006-07 season were completely discontinued once DirecTV began exclusively airing the new episodes. Initially the DirecTV episodes were only supposed to be available on their own network, but DirecTV later announced an agreement to allow NBC to rebroadcast the DirecTV episodes of *Passions* only as a paid subscription internet streaming content on NBC.com with a monthly subscription fee as an alternative for viewers who were unable to subscribe to DirecTV after the series moved to 101 Network; this began in October 2007. In December 2007, DirecTV announced that it would not renew *Passions* for a tenth season and that the series was officially canceled, the series finale aired on August 7, 2008.
#### Shared broadcast rights of *Friday Night Lights* {#shared_broadcast_rights_of_friday_night_lights}
DirecTV, NBC, and Universal Media Studios announced a deal on April 2, 2008, in which The 101 would carry the 13-episode third season of *Friday Night Lights* beginning on October 1. Through the deal, after the season ended on The 101, the drama series\' third season aired in second-run form on NBC (with some scenes edited) starting on January 16, 2009. On March 31, 2009, NBC and DirecTV announced that they had renewed *Friday Night Lights* for two additional seasons, again to be broadcast first on DirecTV and then on NBC.
### Acquisition of *Damages* {#acquisition_of_damages}
On July 19, 2010, DirecTV announced it had acquired the rights to the FX drama *Damages*, and renewed the series for two additional seasons following FX\'s cancellation of the series. The 101 Network began airing reruns of its first three seasons on January 5, 2011. Season 4 premiered on the rebranded Audience Network on July 13, 2011, and the fifth and final season premiered on July 11, 2012.
### Off-network reruns {#off_network_reruns}
The channel aired repeat episodes of SoapNet\'s original soap opera limited series, *General Hospital: Night Shift* throughout the series\' run from July to October 2008.
The channel broadcast the Nat Geo Adventure\'s documentary travel/adventure series *Odyssey: Driving Around the World* starting in June 2008.
The short-lived ABC drama *The Nine* began airing on the channel on May 27, 2009.
The channel also aired reruns of the 2005--06 Showtime drama series *Sleeper Cell*. On April 21, 2009, it was announced that DirecTV acquired the syndication rights to HBO\'s *Oz* and *Deadwood*.
The channel began airing the CBS drama *Smith* on April 8, 2009. It also began a general agreement with Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution to air *Eyes* onto the channel also in 2009.
DirecTV aired repeats of the HBO drama series *The Wire* starting on July 18, 2010.
### International programming {#international_programming}
In its later years, DirecTV began acquiring exclusive US broadcast rights to series from fellow English-speaking countries UK, Canada and Australia.
The 101 began airing the Canadian comedy series *Trailer Park Boys* on February 5, 2009.
On September 17, 2009, DirecTV announced that The 101 had acquired the rights to the Australian miniseries *Underbelly*, which began airing on February 3, 2010.
On September 28, 2010, DirecTV acquired rights to the British shows *No Heroics*, *How Not to Live Your Life* and *Mutual Friends*, which premiered on The 101 in November 2010.
On February 10, 2011, DirecTV acquired rights to the Canadian series *Call Me Fitz*, which premiered on the network on April 21, 2011.
In the spring of 2011, DirecTV acquired the rights to the Australian series *Rake*.
In the fall of 2011, DirecTV acquired rights to the Canadian sitcom *Less Than Kind* and the British drama *Hit & Miss*, the latter of which premiered on June 27, 2012, with a sneak preview, with the first full episode airing on July 11, 2012.
DirecTV also acquired the rights to the Australian series *The Slap* and the British series *The Shadow Line*, which started airing on Audience Network in February 2012.
### Specials
*Celebrity Beach Bowl* -- Starting in 2007, during Super Bowl week, DirecTV held an annual celebrity flag football game, which promoted DirecTV\'s exclusive sports package NFL Sunday Ticket. A concert followed the game, which was simulcast on Chicago television station WGN-TV, its sister network WGN America, now known as NewsNation, and in 2013, NBC Sports Network.
*Bracket Breakdown* was an exclusive NCAA Men\'s Division I Basketball Championship pre-game show with several college basketball analysts and insiders, including the University of Louisville\'s Rick Pitino, the University of Kentucky\'s John Calipari, the University of Oklahoma\'s Jeff Capel, the University of Tennessee\'s Bruce Pearl and the University of Washington\'s Lorenzo Romar and former UCLA player and current sports talk radio show host Sean Farnham. It served as supplemental coverage to DirecTV\'s exclusive (now defunct) Mega March Madness package.
*SXSW* -- the channel exclusively carried the 2009 South by Southwest Festival concert live.
*Farm Aid 25: Growing Hope for America* aired exclusively on DirecTV.
On February 13, 2012, Audience Network premiered the original documentary *More Than a Dream*, about the Civil Rights Movement, narrated by Martin Sheen.
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# Audience (TV network)
## Programming
### Films and previews {#films_and_previews}
In October 2006, to mark Halloween, Audience Network aired several horror-themed movies, including *The Toxic Avenger*.
On February 23 and 24, 2007, Audience Network aired a preview of Chiller, a then-recently launched cable channel owned by NBC Universal dedicated to horror programming that launched on DirecTV channel 257 on March 1, 2007. Programming featured during this preview included the two-hour pilot episode of *Twin Peaks*, the pilot episode of *American Gothic*, episodes of *Monsters*, *Tales from the Crypt*, *Night Gallery*, *Alfred Hitchcock Presents*, *Friday the 13th: The Series*, and various horror movies.
Audience Network aired a number of dramatic series a few days before their scheduled premieres on Showtime including *The Tudors* in March 2007 and *Nurse Jackie* in June 2009, as well as the Starz series *Party Down* on April 22, 2010.
On August 24, 2007, Audience Network aired an exclusive high-definition broadcast of *High School Musical 2*, one week after its premiere on the Disney Channel (Disney Channel did not launch a high definition simulcast feed until April 2, 2008).
On November 11, 2017, Audience Network premiered the first part of the two-part documentary *The Volunteers*. The documentary is about volunteers taking up arms against ISIS in Syria. Ricky Schroder is the executive producer
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# Robert Carew, 3rd Baron Carew
**Robert Shapland George Julian Carew, 3rd Baron Carew** (15 June 1860 -- 29 April 1923), was an Anglo-Irish hereditary peer.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Carew was born in Dublin, the elder son of Robert Shapland Carew, 2nd Baron Carew, and his wife Emily Anne Philips, daughter of Sir George Philips, 2nd Baronet. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge.
## Later life {#later_life}
Carew inherited the baronies and a seat in the House of Lords upon the death of his father in 1881. He was Deputy Lieutenant of County Wexford, residing at the family seat, Castleboro House.
## Marriage
Carew married Julia Mary Lethbridge, daughter of Albert Arthur Erin Lethbridge and Jane Hill, on 27 June 1888 at St George\'s, Hanover Square, London.
Julia was born in Hamilton, Ontario, on 9 October 1863. She spent several years as a child in Persia, where her great-uncle Charles Alison (1810--1872) was British minister. She was educated in England. A miniature of Julia, by C. Turrell, was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1900. A portrait and sketch of her appeared in \"Men and Women of the Day\" (London: 1889). The Carew Spinel of the Mughal emperors bought in Persia by her relative was bequeathed to the V&A in 1922 by Lady Carew.
The couple had no children.
## Death
Lord Carew died in April 1923 at the age of 62. As he had no son, the baronies passed to his younger brother George
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# Portugal at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
A delegation of thirty one competitors participated in eight sports, with the fencing team grabbing the second Olympic medal for Portugal. Most of the competitors were part of the debutant Portuguese Olympic football team.
## Medalists
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------+------------------+----------+
| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
+=======+=====================================================+=========+==================+==========+
| | , Mário de Noronha, Jorge de Paiva,\ | Fencing | Men\'s team épée | August 5 |
| | Paulo d\'Eça Leal, Frederico Paredes, João Sassetti | | | |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------+------------------+----------+
## Athletics
**Men\'s 100m:**
- J. Artur Prata Rebelo de Lima --- 1st round: 4th (12th heat)
**Men\'s 200m:**
- J. Artur Prata Rebelo de Lima --- 1st round: 4th (13th heat)
**Men\'s 3000m Steeplechase:**
- Henrique Santos --- qualifying round: 7th (2nd heat)
**Men\'s 110m Hurdles:**
- J. Palhares Costa --- 1st round: 4th (9th heat)
## Equestrian
**Men\'s Individual Jumping:**
- L. Ivens Ferraz --- 15th (4 faults)
- Hélder de Souza --- 16th (4 faults)
- José Mouzinho --- 19th (4 faults)
**Men\'s Team Jumping:**
- José Mouzinho, Hélder de Souza, L. Ivens Ferraz and J. Frois de Almeida --- 6th (12 faults)
## Fencing
**Men\'s Individual Foil:**
- Sebastião Herédia --- 1st round: 5th (poule 4)
**Men\'s Individual Sword:**
- Frederico Paredes --- semifinalist (poule 5)
- Henrique da Silveira --- 2nd round: non qualified (poule 3)
- Paulo d\'Eça Leal --- 2nd round: non qualified (poule 2)
**Men\'s Team Sword:**
- Frederico Paredes, Henrique da Silveira, João Sassetti, Jorge de Paiva, Mário de Noronha and Paulo d\'Eça Leal --- **3rd**
## Football
**Men\'s Tournament:**
- Carlo Alves, Armando Martins, Augusto Silva, Óscar de Carvalho, César de Matos, Tamanqueiro, Anibal José, João Santos, José Manuel Martins, Liberto dos Santos, Valdemar Mota, Pepe, Ramos, António Roquete, Cipriano Santos, Tavares, Jorge Gomes Vieira and Vítor Silva --- quarterfinalists (5th - 8th)
## Modern pentathlon {#modern_pentathlon}
**Men\'s Tournament:**
- Sebastião de Freitas Branco de Herédia --- 31st (133 points)
1. Shooting --- 36th (132 points)
2. Swimming --- 18th (6.01 min)
3. Fencing --- 20th
4. Cross-country --- 27th (16.40,2 min)
5. Horse-riding --- 32nd
## Sailing
**Men\'s 6m:**
- Frederico Guilherme Burnay, Ernesto Vieira de Mendonça, António Guedes de Herédia and Carlos Bleck --- 12th
## Weightlifting
**Men\'s Feather Weight (--60 kg):**
- A. Pereira --- 11th
## Wrestling
**Men\'s Greco-Roman Feather Weight (58--60 kg):**
- B. Esteves Araújo --- 3rd round
## Officials
- Manuel da Costa Latino (**chief of mission**, athletics, equestrian, fencing, sailing)
- P. Duro (athletics)
- J. Formosinho Simões (equestrian, modern pentathlon, sailing)
- L. Ivens Ferraz (fencing)
- J. Frois de Almeida (fencing)
- R. Ayres de Magalhães (fencing)
- Hélder Martinez (fencing)
- Cardoso (fencing)
- C. de Mello (weightlifting)
- J
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# Portugal at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.
A delegation of six competitors (all men) participated in three sports (lowest since Stockholm 1912); however, no medal was won.
## Athletics
**Men\'s 100m:**
- António Sarsfield Rodrigues --- 1st round: 5th (heat 1)
## Modern pentathlon {#modern_pentathlon}
Two male pentathletes represented Portugal in 1932.
**Men\'s Individual Competition:**
- Rafael Afonso de Sousa --- 22nd (102 points)
1. Horse riding --- 21st (111,5 points)
2. Fencing (individual sword) --- 23rd (10 points)
3. Shooting (pistol) --- 17th (176 points)
4. Swimming (300m free-style) --- 21st (6.42,1 min)
5. Cross-country --- 20th (19.09,0 min)
- Sebastião de Freitas Branco de Herédia --- 23rd (106 points)
1. Horse riding --- 22nd (466 points)
2. Fencing (individual sword) --- 17th (18 points)
3. Shooting (pistol) --- 24th (130 points)
4. Swimming (300m free-style) --- 20th (6.17,4 min)
5. Cross-country --- 23rd (20
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# Portugal at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany.
A delegation of nineteen competitors participated in five sports, with the equestrian team winning a bronze medal, Portugal\'s third since 1912.
## Medalists
### Bronze
- Domingos de Sousa Coutinho, José Beltrão and Luís Mena e Silva --- Equestrian, Team Jumping.
## Athletics
Men\'s Marathon:
- Manuel Dias --- 17th (2:49.00,0)
- Jaime Mendes --- DNF
## Equestrian
Men\'s Individual Jumping:
- Domingos de Sousa Coutinho --- 16th (20 faults)
- José Beltrão --- 6th (12 faults)
- Luís Mena e Silva --- 21st (24 faults)
Men\'s Team Jumping:
- Domingos de Sousa Coutinho, José Beltrão and Luís Mena e Silva --- **3rd**
## Fencing
Five fencers, all men, represented Portugal in 1936.
Men\'s épée
- Gustavo Carinhas --- 1st round: 3rd (poule 6)
- Henrique da Silveira --- 6th
- Paulo d\'Eça Leal --- semi-final: 9th (poule 1)
Men\'s team épée
- Gustavo Carinhas, António Mascarenhas de Menezes, Henrique da Silveira, João Sassetti and Paulo d\'Eça Leal --- semi-final: 5th - 8th (poule 2)
## Sailing
Men\'s Olympic Monotype:
- Ernesto Vieira de Mendonça --- 21st (62 points)
Men\'s Star:
- Joaquim Mascarenhas de Fiúza and António Guedes de Herédia --- 10th (28 points)
## Shooting
Men\'s 25m Rapid Fire Pistol (60 shots):
- Alberto Andressen --- 1st round
- Joaquim da Mota --- 1st round
- Carlos Queiroz --- 1st round
Men\'s 50m Pistol (60 shots):
- Moysés Cardoso --- 40th (490 rings)
Men\'s 50m Rifle Prone (60 shots):
- Carlos Queiroz --- 11th (292 rings)
- Francisco António Real --- 19th (283 rings)
- Eduardo Santos --- 10th (293 rings)
## Officials
- César de Melo (**chief of mission**)
- António Mascarenhas de Menezes (fencing)
- Manuel da Costa Latino (equestrian)
- R. I
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# Tom McGinnis
Tom McGuinness}} `{{use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox golfer
| name = Tom McGinnis
| image =
| imagesize = <!-- e.g. 250px (default is 200px) -->
| caption =
| fullname = Thomas McGinnis
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|6|6|1947|11|27}}
| death_place = [[Summerville, South Carolina]]
| height = <!-- {{height|ft=|in=}} -->
| weight = <!-- {{convert| |lb|kg st|abbr=on}} -->
| nationality = {{USA}}
| residence =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| college = [[University of Tennessee]]
| yearpro = 1969
| extour = [[PGA Tour]]<br>[[Champions Tour]]
| prowins = 6
| champwins = 1
| otherwins = 5
| majorwins = <!-- Number of Major Championship wins -->
| masters = DNP
| usopen = 55th: 1980
| open = DNP
| pga = DNP
| wghofid = <!-- World Golf Hall of Fame member ID -->
| wghofyear = <!-- World Golf Hall of Fame year inducted -->
| award1 = <!-- Achievement or award details -->
| year1 = <!-- Year(s) of achievement or award -->
| award2 =
| year2 =
| awardssection = <!-- location of awards page or section -->
}}`{=mediawiki} **Thomas \"Tom or Tommy\" McGinnis** (November 27, 1947 -- June 6, 2019) was an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour.
McGinnis was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He attended the University of Tennessee and was a member of the golf team from 1967--1969. He turned professional in 1969.
McGinnis had 49 starts in PGA Tour events during his regular career; he earned and lost his Tour card 3 times. His best finish in a PGA Tour event was a solo 5th at the 1976 Ed McMahon-Jaycees Quad Cities Open. His best finish in a major championship was 55th at the 1980 U.S. Open. He earned his living primarily as a club and teaching pro at various clubs in Tennessee, New York and Florida.
McGinnis has eight top-10 finishes in Champions tour events including one win. The highlight of his career was defeating Hale Irwin in a playoff at the 1999 BankBoston Classic. With his win, McGinnis deprived Irwin of the chance to match Chi-Chi Rodríguez\'s record of three straight titles in this event.
McGinnis worked as a teaching pro at Pine Forest Country Club in Summerville, South Carolina. He was also an assistant coach for the boy\'s varsity golf team at Pinewood Preparatory School, the South Carolina 2006 Class AAA champions.
McGinnis died on June 6, 2019, in Summerville, South Carolina.
## Amateur wins {#amateur_wins}
- 1965 Tennessee Junior Amateur, International Jaycee Junior Golf Tournament
- 1969 Memphis City Amateur
## Professional wins (6) {#professional_wins_6}
### Regular career wins (5) {#regular_career_wins_5}
- 1971 Saskatchewan Open, Willow Park Classic (Canada)
- 1986 New York State Open
- 1996 Long Island PGA Championship, Long Island Open
### Champions Tour wins (1) {#champions_tour_wins_1}
+-----+--------------+--------------------+--------------------+------------+------------+
| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of\ | Runner-up |
| | | | | victory | |
+=====+==============+====================+====================+============+============+
| 1 | Aug 27, 1999 | BankBoston Classic | −11 (69-69-67=205) | Playoff | Hale Irwin |
+-----+--------------+--------------------+--------------------+------------+------------+
**Champions Tour playoff record (1--0)**
No
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# Mycena
***Mycena*** is a genus of about 500 species of fungi.
Rarely more than a few centimeters in width, the mushrooms are characterized by a small conical or bell-shaped cap and a thin fragile stem. Most are grey or brown, but a few species have brighter colours. Most have a translucent and striate cap, which rarely has an incurved margin. The gills are attached and usually have cystidia. Some species, like *M. haematopus*, exude a latex when the stem is broken, and many species have a chlorine or radish-like odour. They produce a white spore print.
The species are saprotrophic. Their edibility varies, with some members containing toxins.
## Taxonomy
*Mycena* is a rich genus, considered one of the most abundant genera of mushrooms within the Agaricales and with species distributed across the world.
Alexander Smith\'s 1947 *Mycena* monograph identified 232 species; the genus is now known to include about 500 species worldwide. Maas Geesteranus divided the genus into 38 sections in 1992, providing keys to each for all the species of the Northern Hemisphere.
Many new species have since been discovered, and four new sections have been proposed. The taxonomy is complex, as most sections are not truly homogeneous, and the keys fail for some species, especially those that satisfy some criteria for only part of their life cycle. Some sections contain only one species.
### Selected species {#selected_species}
- *M. abramsii*
- *M. acicula*
- *M. adonis*
- *M. adscendens*
- *M. aetites*
- *M. albidocapillaris*
- *M. alcalina*
- *M. alnicola*
- *M. alphitophora*
- *M. amicta*
- *M. atkinsonii*
- *M. atkinsoniana*
- *M. aurantiomarginata*
- *M. austrofilopes*
- *M. austrororida*
- *M. arcangeliana*
- *M. aspratilis* (bioluminescent)
- *M. asterina* (bioluminescent)
- *M. atrata*
- *M. brunneospinosa*
- *M. cahaya* (bioluminescent)
- *M. californiensis*
- *M. capillaripes*
- *M. chlorophos* (bioluminescent)
- *M. chlorophanos* (bioluminescent)
- *M. cinerella*
- *M. citricolor*
- *M. citrinomarginata*
- *M. clariviolacea*
- *M. clarkeana*
- *M. coralliformis* (bioluminescent)
- *M. cristinae* (bioluminescent)
- *M. crocata*
- *M. cyanorrhiza*
- *M. cystidiosa*
- *M. daisyogunensis* (bioluminescent)
- *M. deeptha* (bioluminescent)
- *M. deformis* (bioluminescent)
- *M. deusta* (bioluminescent)
- *M. discobasis* (bioluminescent)
- *M. domingensis*
- *M. epipterygia* (bioluminescent)
- *M. erubescens*
- *M. fera* (bioluminescent)
- *M. flavescens*
- *M. flavoalba*
- *M. fonticola*
- *M. fuhreri*
- *M. fulgoris* (bioluminescent)
- *M. fusca* (bioluminescent)
- *M. fuscoaurantiaca*
- *M. galericulata*
- *M. galopus* (bioluminescent)
- *M. griseoviridis*
- *M. globulispora* (bioluminescent)
- *M. gombakensis* (bioluminescent)
- *M. guldeniana*
- *M. guzmanii* (bioluminescent)
- *M. haematopus* (bioluminescent)
- *M. holoporphyra*
- *M. illuminans* (bioluminescent)
- *M. inclinata* (bioluminescent)
- *M. indigotica*
- *M. interrupta*
- *M. intersecta*
- *M. kentingensis* (bioluminescent)
- *M. kuurkacea*
- *M. lacrimans* (bioluminescent)
- *M. lazulina* (bioluminescent)
- *M. leaiana*
- *M. lacrimans* (bioluminescent)
- *M. lanuginosa*
- *M. leptocephala*
- *M. lucentipes* (bioluminescent)
- *M. lumina* (bioluminescent)
- *M. luteopallens*
- *M. luxaeterna* (bioluminescent)
- *M. luxarboricola* (bioluminescent)
- *M. lux-coeli* (bioluminescent)
- *M. luxfoliata* (bioluminescent)
- *M. luxfoliicola* (bioluminescent)
- *M. luxperpetua* (bioluminescent)
- *M. maculata* (bioluminescent)
- *M. manipularis*
- *M. margarita* (bioluminescent)
- *M. marasmielloides*
- *M. mariae*
- *M. metata*
- *M. minirubra*
- *M. multiplicata*
- *M. mustea*
- *M. nargan*
- *M. nebula* (bioluminescent)
- *M. nidificata*
- *M. nocticaelum* (bioluminescent)
- *M. noctilucens*
- *M. oculisnymphae* (bioluminescent)
- *M. olida*
- *M. olivaceomarginata* (bioluminescent)
- *M. oregonensis*
- *M. overholtsii*
- *M. perlae* (bioluminescent)
- *M. pelianthina*
- *M. polygramma* (bioluminescent)
- *M. pruinosoviscida* (bioluminescent)
- *M. pseudostylobates* (bioluminescent)
- *M. pura* (bioluminescent)
- *M. pura* complex
- *M. purpureofusca*
- *M. renati*
- *M. rosea* (bioluminescent)
- *M. rosella*
- *M. roseoflava* (bioluminescent)
- *M. sanguinolenta* (bioluminescent)
- *M. seminau* (bioluminescent)
- *M. semivestipes*
- *M. seynesii*
- *M. silvaelucens* (bioluminescent)
- *M. sinar* (bioluminescent)
- *M. sinar var. tangkaisinar* (bioluminescent)
- *M. singeri* (bioluminescent)
- *M. spinosissima*
- *M. stipata*
- *M. strobilinoides*
- *M. stylobates* (bioluminescent)
- *M. subcaerulea*
- *M. subcyanocephala*
- *M. sublucens* (bioluminescent)
- *M. tenuispinosa*
- *M. tintinnabulum* (bioluminescent)
- *M. urania*
- *M. vinacea* (bioluminescent)
- *M. viscosa*
- *M. vitilis*
- *M. vulgaris*
- *M. zephirus* (bioluminescent)
### Etymology
The name *Mycena* comes from the Ancient Greek μύκης **mykes**, meaning \"fungus\". Species in the genus *Mycena* (and in *Hemimycena*) are commonly known as **bonnets**.
## Description
*Mycenas* are hard to identify to species and some are distinguishable only by microscopic features such as the shape of the cystidia. In terms of morphology, *Mycena* mushrooms are notably minute in their size (anywhere from 0.5 to \~15 cm in cap-size). Pileate-stipitate in form, there can exist a wide range in both the anatomical characteristics and color of the basidiocarps---though most often basidiocarps are grey or brown. Veils and volva presence in the morphology is not observed. The hymenium is most often either lamellate or poroid, dependent upon the species. Spores are smooth and can be amyloid or non-amyloid, also dependent upon the species. Some species also secrete a latex-like fluid when damaged at the base of the stem.
Over 58 species are known to be bioluminescent, creating a glow known as foxfire. These species are divided among 16 lineages, leading to evolutionary uncertainty in whether the luminescence developed once and was lost among many species, or evolved in parallel by several species. One advantage of bioluminescence may lie in its potential to attract insects that can disperse the mushroom\'s spores.
Bioluminescence in the genus occurs as a reaction between oxygen and luciferin molecules catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. In recent years, mycologists have conducted research examining the development of bioluminescence within fungi, investigating the origin of the genes coding for luciferase enzymes that cause these fantastic visible traits. So far, the literature suggests 3 separate origins of bioluminescence within Agaricales, occurring within the families Omphalotaceae, Physalacriaceae, and Mycenaceae.
| 980 |
Mycena
| 0 |
7,743,756 |
# Mycena
## Ecology
Traditionally, the group has been thought to play a purely saprotrophic role in the environment, mostly occurring on hardwoods and producing white rots---though it should be mentioned that, as of 2008, some plant pathogens had also been discovered. Additionally, it is also worth noting that, in a 2020 study, Thoen et al. challenges the traditional view that the genus has only a saprobic ecological role, suggesting instead that the ability of *Mycena* to form plant root interactions in vitro may indicate the capability to establish ectomycorrhizal relationships with a host.
Recent discoveries show that *Mycena* can not only grow from a rotting wood, but also from a living plant root (2023) and a living frog (2024).
## Uses
Some species are edible, while others contain toxins, but the edibility of most is not known, as they are likely too small to be useful in cooking. *Mycena pura* and *M. rosea* contain the mycotoxin muscarine, but the medical significance of this is unknown
| 166 |
Mycena
| 1 |
7,743,770 |
# Portugal at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, and Stockholm, Sweden (equestrian events). As a partial support to the Dutch-led boycott, Portuguese athletes participated under the Olympic flag instead of the national flag.
A total delegation of twelve competitors (five in Melbourne, seven in Stockholm) participated in two sports, however no medals were conquered by this nation
| 66 |
Portugal at the 1956 Summer Olympics
| 0 |
7,743,772 |
# Phyllostomus
***Phyllostomus*** is a genus of leaf-nosed bat. It contains four described species
| 14 |
Phyllostomus
| 0 |
7,743,778 |
# Stade Briochin
**Stade Briochin**, founded in 1904, is a French football club based in Saint-Brieuc, Brittany. As of the 2024--25 season, the club plays in the Championnat National 2, the fourth tier in the French football league system. Home matches are played at the Stade Fred-Aubert in Saint-Brieuc, which can hold up to 11,000 fans.
Stade Briochin has played for the majority of its existence at the amateur levels of the French football league system, but did spend three seasons in the second tier of the professional league during the period 1993--1997, before suffering liquidation and an enforced relegation to the fifth tier.
## History
Until 1959, Stade Briochin competed in the *Ligue de Bretagne*, the regional amateur league of Brittany. For five of the next ten years they contested the Championnat de France Amateur, which at the time was the top tier of Amateur football. They competed around this level, as the French football league system restructured itself, until 1988 when they were relegated from the *Ligue de Bretagne Division Honneur* (the fifth tier, in effect, at this stage) to the *Ligue de Bretagne Division Supérieure Régionale*.
From the 1988--89 season, the club won promotions in three out of four seasons, and in 1993--94 they finished 6th in Division 2, which is still their highest finish to date.
In the 1996--97 season, the club started to suffer from debt issues, and on 24 March 1997 they were liquidated by order of court and administratively relegated from the professional football league.
The club restarted in Championnat de France Amateur 2 for the 1997--98 season, falling to the *Ligue de Bretagne Division Honneur* (now the sixth tier) in 2008 and further to the *Ligue de Bretagne Division Supérieure Élite* (seventh tier) in 2011. Successive promotions in 2012 and 2013 brought the club back to CFA 2.
In the 2019--2020 season they won promotion to the Championnat National by being top of the Championnat National 2 Group B table when the season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In the 2024--25 Coupe de France, Stade Briochin eliminated three professional clubs in a row, starting with Le Havre in the round of 64 (1--0), Annecy in the round of 32 (1--1, 4--3 on penalties), and Nice in the round of 16 (2--1). Their run ended in a home tie against Paris Saint-Germain in the quarter-finals, losing 7-0
| 396 |
Stade Briochin
| 0 |
7,743,788 |
# The San Pedro Sun
***The San Pedro Sun*** is a newspaper published continuously since 1991 and serves the community of San Pedro Town located on Ambergris Caye in Belize, Central America. The newspaper is owned and managed by Ron and Tamara Sniffin. Graphic design and layout is done by Mary Gonzalez. Dennis Craft is on staff as a journalist. *The Sun* also publishes a \"Visitor\'s Guide\" each week that features tourism interests in San Pedro and Belize. The Visitor Guide is inserted inside each issue of *The San Pedro Sun*
| 91 |
The San Pedro Sun
| 0 |
7,743,798 |
# Abraham Andrews Barker
**Abraham Andrews Barker** (March 30, 1816 -- March 18, 1898) served as a soldier during the American Civil War, and was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Barker was born in Lovell in Massachusetts\' District of Maine. His parents were Stephen Barker and Betsey Andrews. Barker received a small education, up until he was sixteen. In 1842, he married Orsina Little. Orsina was the granddaughter of Jonathan Clark and Moses Little. Barker engaged in agricultural pursuits and also in the shook business. He moved to Carrolltown, Pennsylvania, in 1854 and later to Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, where he continued the shook business. Barker also worked with Neal Dow in favor of the Maine law. Barker was an ardent prohibitionist. He also engaged in the mercantile business in 1858 and later in the lumber business. He became the president of the Ebensburg and Cresson Branch Railroad, until it was taken over by the Pennsylvania Railroad.
## Political Career and later life {#political_career_and_later_life}
Barker was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. He cast his vote for the nomination of Abraham Lincoln at the convention. During the American Civil War, he served in Company E, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Emergency Troops. Barker was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1866 and for election as a Republican in 1872. After leaving congress, Barker left the Republican Party to join to the Prohibition Party in 1876. From 1878 to 1882, Barker served as the president of the Pennsylvania Prohibition Party. He reengaged in the lumber and shook business until 1880. Barker was also highly involved in Freemasonry. In 1896 Barker was nominated to run for congress by the Prohibition Party. This was his final political race, and he lost. He died in Altoona, Pennsylvania, while on a visit for medical treatment in 1898
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Abraham Andrews Barker
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