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# List of birds of Singapore
## Rails, gallinules and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Slaty-breasted rail (*Lewinia striata*) - U/RB - tall grass areas
- Eurasian moorhen (*Gallinula chloropus*) - U/RB - BAMKP, Halus, Kranji Marsh, Lim Chu Kang Lane 3, Marina East, One-North, WWC (Poyan), SBG, WCP, *Marina South, P. Punggol, Serangoon*
- Eurasian coot (*Fulica atra*) - VR/V - *WWC (Poyan)*
- Black-backed swamphen (*Porphyrio indicus*) - VR/NBV - CBP, Kranji Marsh
- Grey-headed swamphen (*Porphyrio poliocephalus*) - *R/RB* - *Halus, Kranji Marsh, Neo Tiew, WWC (Poyan), TEG*
- Watercock (*Gallicrex cinerea*) - U/WV - Changi, Halus, Jurong East, Kranji Marsh, Marina East, WWC (Poyan), SBG, SBWR, Tuas, *Khatib Bongsu*, *Marina South*
- White-breasted waterhen (*Amaurornis phoenicurus*) - C/RBWV - islandwide
- White-browed crake (*Poliolimnas cinereus*) - U/RB - Halus, Kranji Marsh, SBWR, *Punggol*
- Red-legged crake (*Rallina fasciata*) - U/RBWV - BBNP, BBC, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, MFP, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR
- Slaty-legged crake (*Rallina eurizonoides*) - VR/WVPM - Admiralty Park, Bedok, Haig Road, Jurong Is., JLG, LPR, Punggol, Sentosa
- Ruddy-breasted crake (*Zapornia fusca*) - U/RBWV - BAMKP, Changi, Halus, Kranji Marsh, LSR, Marina East, Punggol, P. Punggol, Tampines, Tuas, *Marina South*
- Band-bellied crake (*Zapornia paykullii*) - VR/PM - Bedok, CCNR, JLG, Lor Lada Hitam, SBG, Venus Drive
- Baillon\'s crake (*Zapornia pusilla*) - R/WVPM - Bt. Batok, Halus, Marina East, NTL, SBTB, Tampines, Tuas, P. Punggol
## Finfoots
Order: Gruiformes Family: Heliornithidae
Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots.
- Masked finfoot (*Heliopais personatus*) - V - SBWR (1999), USR (2002, 2010)
## Thick-knees {#thick_knees}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
- Beach thick-knee (*Esacus magnirostris*) - **Ex/R** - Southern Islands
## Stilts and avocets {#stilts_and_avocets}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
- Black-winged stilt (*Himantopus himantopus*) - VR/WV + VR/RB - WVPM: Changi, JLG, Kranji Marsh, LSD, Marina East, SBWR, Tuas, *P. Punggol*. RB: P. Tekong (2019)
- Pied stilt (*Himantopus leucocephalus*) - VR/RB+NBV - Marina East (2023), P. Tekong (2019, 2021), Seletar Dam (2023)
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover (*Pluvialis squatarola*) - U/WVPM - Changi, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Pacific golden-plover (*Pluvialis fulva*) - C/WVPM - rivers, coasts, mudflats, open areas
- Grey-headed lapwing (*Vanellus cinereus*) - R/WVPM - Holland Plain, Marina East, NTL, SBG, SBWR, Tuas
- Red-wattled lapwing (*Vanellus indicus*) - U/RB - Bukit Batok West, Changi, Kranji, Marina East, Neo Tiew, Kranji, Marina East, NTL, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR, WWC (Sarimbun), Tuas, Warren
- Masked lapwing (*Vanellus miles*) - U/IRB - Marina East, Seletar West, Sungei Bedok
- Tibetan sand-plover (*Charadrius atrifrons*) - C/WV - Seletar Dam, SBWR, Mandai Mudflat, Ubin, Marina East and Pulau Punggol
- Greater sand-plover (*Charadrius leschenaultii*) - U/WVPM - Changi, LSD, Marina East, SBWR
- Malaysian plover (*Charadrius peronii*) - U/RB - Changi, Halus, LSD, Marina East, P. Semakau, Tuas
- Kentish plover (*Charadrius alexandrinus*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Marina East, Tuas
- White-faced plover (*Charadrius dealbatus*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Marina East
- Javan plover (*Charadrius javanicus*) - VR/NBV - Marina East, P. Tekong
- Common ringed plover (*Charadrius hiaticula*) - VR/PM - Changi, SBWR
- Little ringed plover (*Charadrius dubius*) - U/WVPM - open areas, rivers, coasts
- Oriental plover (*Charadrius veredus*) - VR/PM - Changi, LSD, P. Ubin, Tuas
## Painted-snipes {#painted_snipes}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Rostratulidae
Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.
- Greater painted-snipe (*Rostratula benghalensis*) - R/RB - Halus, Jurong Central Park, Jurong West, Kranji Marsh, Marina East, Pasir Ris Farmway, Punggol, Tuas, SBG
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## Jacanas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae
The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
- Pheasant-tailed jacana (*Hydrophasianus chirurgus*) - VR/WV - CCNR, Halus, HNP (Hindhede Quarry), Marina East, NTL (Kranji Marsh), SBTB, SBWR
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Whimbrel (*Numenius phaeopus*) - C/WVPM - rivers, coasts, mudflats
- Little curlew (*Numenius minutus*) - VR/V - Tuas (1997)
- Far Eastern curlew (*Numenius madagascariensis*) - VR/PM - Changi, SBWR
- Eurasian curlew (*Numenius arquata*) - R/WVPM - Changi, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR, Tuas
- Bar-tailed godwit (*Limosa lapponica*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Mandai Mudflat, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Black-tailed godwit (*Limosa limosa*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR
- Ruddy turnstone (*Arenaria interpres*) - U/WV - Changi, Halus, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Great knot (*Calidris tenuirostris*) - R/PM - Changi, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR
- Red knot (*Calidris canutus*) - VR/WV - LSD, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Ruff (*Calidris pugnax*) - VR/WV - Changi, SBWR
- Broad-billed sandpiper (*Calidris falcinellus*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper (*Calidris acuminata*) - R/V - Changi
- Curlew sandpiper (*Calidris ferruginea*) - U/WVPM - Changi, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, SBWR
- Temminck\'s stint (*Calidris temminckii*) - VR/PM - *S. Jurong, Senoko*
- Long-toed stint (*Calidris subminuta*) - R/WVPM - Changi, NTL, Pulau Punggol, SBWR, Tuas
- Spoon-billed sandpiper (*Calidris pygmaea*) - VR/WV - Changi
- Red-necked stint (*Calidris ruficollis*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Mandai Mudflat, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Sanderling (*Calidris alba*) - U/WV - Changi, LSD, Marina East, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Dunlin (*Calidris alpina*) - VR/PM - *Changi, Senoko*
- Little stint (*Calidris minuta*) - VR/PM - P. Ubin (2017)
- Pectoral sandpiper (*Calidris melanotos*) - R/V - Changi
- Asian dowitcher (*Limnodromus semipalmatus*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Halus, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Eurasian woodcock (*Scolopax rusticola*) - VR/V - *Changi, Serangoon*
- Common snipe (*Gallinago gallinago*) - U/WV - Changi, JLG, Halus, WWC (Poyan), SBWR, Tuas, Venus Drive, Khatib Bongsu, P. Punggol, Punggol
- Pin-tailed snipe (*Gallinago stenura*) - U/WV - Changi, CCKC, Halus, JLG, Punggol, P. Ubin, SBWR, Tuas, Warren
- Swinhoe\'s snipe (*Gallinago megala*) - R/WV - Changi, Jurong West, Punggol, NTL
- Terek sandpiper (*Xenus cinereus*) - U/WVPM - Changi, LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Red-necked phalarope (*Phalaropus lobatus*) - VR/WV - P. Tekong, Singapore Strait
- Common sandpiper (*Actitis hypoleucos*) - VC/WVPM - waterbodies
- Green sandpiper (*Tringa ochropus*) - VR/WV - CCK, Lim Chu Kang Lane 3, NTL, SBWR
- Grey-tailed tattler (*Tringa brevipes*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Mandai Mudflat, SBWR
- Spotted redshank (*Tringa erythropus*) - VR/WV - Punggol, SBWR
- Common greenshank (*Tringa nebularia*) - VC/WVPM - rivers, coasts, mudflats
- Nordmann\'s greenshank (*Tringa guttifer*) - VR/WV - Changi, SBWR
- Marsh sandpiper (*Tringa stagnatilis*) - U/WVPM - rivers, coasts, mudflats
- Wood sandpiper (*Tringa glareola*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, Punggol, P. Punggol, SBWR, Tuas
- Common redshank (*Tringa totanus*) - VC/WVPM - rivers, coasts, mudflats
## Buttonquail
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
- Barred buttonquail (*Turnix suscitator*) - U/RB - Changi, Coney Is., Halus, JLG, NTL, Pasir Ris Farmway, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Punggol, TEG, Tuas
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## Pratincoles and coursers {#pratincoles_and_coursers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
- Oriental pratincole (*Glareola maldivarum*) - U/PM - CCNR, Changi, Henderson Waves, Kranji Marsh, Marina East, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Semakau, P. Ubin, Seletar East, Tuas
- Small pratincole (*Glareola lactea*) - VR/PM - *Changi, P. Punggol*
## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- Pomarine jaeger (*Stercorarius pomarinus*) - VR/V - Singapore Strait
- Parasitic jaeger (*Stercorarius parasiticus*) - R/WV - P. Punggol, Singapore Strait
- Long-tailed jaeger (*Stercorarius longicaudus*) - VR/V - Singapore Strait
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Black-headed gull (*Chroicocephalus ridibundus*) - R/WV - LSD, Mandai Mudflat, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait
- Brown-headed gull (*Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus*) - VR/V - Johor Strait, Kranji
- Lesser black-backed gull (*Larus fuscus*) - VR/V - Singapore Strait (2011)
- Bridled tern (*Onychoprion anaethetus*) - U/RB, C/PM - Pedra Branca, Singapore Strait
- Aleutian tern (*Onychoprion aleuticus*) - U/WV - Singapore Strait
- Little tern (*Sternula albifrons*) - C/RBWV - inland (nest), rivers, coasts, seas
- Gull-billed tern (*Gelochelidon nilotica*) - R/WVPM - Changi, Mandai Mudflat, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Sentosa, Singapore Strait
- Caspian tern (*Hydroprogne caspia*) - R/WV - Mandai Mudflat
- White-winged tern (*Chlidonias leucopterus*) - U/WVPM - rivers, coasts, seas
- Whiskered tern (*Chlidonias hybrida*) - R/WVPM - Halus, Johor Strait, JLG, Kranji Dam, Serangoon, Singapore Strait
- Roseate tern (*Sterna dougallii*) - VR/V - Pedra Branca
- Black-naped tern (*Sterna sumatrana*) - U/RB - Changi, Johor Strait, Pedra Branca, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait
- Common tern (*Sterna hirundo*) - U/WV - Changi, Halus, Mandai Mudflat, Singapore Strait
- Great crested tern (*Thalasseus bergii*) - C/WV - Changi, Johor Strait, Mandai Mudflat, Pedra Branca, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait
- Lesser crested tern (*Thalasseus bengalensis*) - U/WV - Changi, Johor Strait, Mandai Mudflat, Pedra Branca, P. Ubin, Punggol, Singapore Strait
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- Red-billed tropicbird (*Phaethon aethereus*) - VR/V - *S. Serangoon (1986)*
- White-tailed tropicbird (*Phaethon lepturus*) - VR/V - Tuas (2015)
## Northern storm-petrels {#northern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
- Swinhoe\'s storm-petrel (*Hydrobates monorhis*) - C/PM - P. Ubin, Singapore Strait
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## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Bulwer\'s petrel (*Bulweria bulwerii*) - R/PM - Singapore Strait
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- Short-tailed shearwater (*Ardenna tenuirostris*) - U/PM - Singapore Strait
- Wedge-tailed shearwater (*Ardenna pacifica*) - VR/V - BAMKP (2021)
## Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
- Asian openbill (*Anastomus oscitans*) - R/NBV - islandwide
- Lesser adjutant (*Leptoptilos javanicus*) - U/RB, R/NBV - Kranji Marsh, P. Ubin, SBWR, WWC (All)
- Milky stork (*Mycteria cinerea*) - U/IRB - Admiralty Park, JLG, SBWR
- Painted stork (*Mycteria leucocephala*) - U/IRB - Admiralty Park, JLG, SBWR
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird (*Fregata ariel*) - VR/NBV - Pedra Branca, Singapore Strait
- Christmas Island frigatebird (*Fregata andrewsi*) - VR/NBV - P. Ubin, Singapore Strait, SBWR
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Brown booby (*Sula leucogaster*) - VR/V - Pedra Branca, SBWR, Singapore Strait
- Red-footed booby (*Sula sula*) - VR/V - CCKC, Henderson Waves, Singapore Strait, St. John Is., Marina East (carcass)
## Anhingas
Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae
Anhingas or darters are often called \"snake-birds\" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.
- Oriental darter (*Anhinga melanogaster*) - R/NBV - Bt. Gombak, Hindhede Quarry, P. Ubin, Singapore Quarry, SBWR
## Cormorants and shags {#cormorants_and_shags}
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
- Great cormorant (*Phalacrocorax carbo*) - U/F - Changi, JLG, Johor Strait, Kranji Dam, Mandai Mudflat, Tuas
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## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Yellow bittern (*Ixobrychus sinensis*) - C/RB+WV - reeds
- Schrenck\'s bittern (*Ixobrychus eurhythmus*) - R/WV - CCNR, Changi, Halus, JLG, Jurong West, PRP, Punggol, Sengkang, SBG, SBTB, SBWR, Tuas, Venus Drive
- Cinnamon bittern (*Ixobrychus cinnamomeus*) - U/RB+WV - Bidadari, CCKC, Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Tuas, *Jurong West, P. Punggol, Seletar West*
- Black bittern (*Ixobrychus flavicollis*) - U/WV - BAMKP, CCNR, DFNP, Hindhede Quarry, JEG, JLG, Halus, PRP, P. Ubin, SBG, SBTB, SBWR, Tuas
- Grey heron (*Ardea cinerea*) - C/RB - waterbodies
- Great-billed heron (*Ardea sumatrana*) - U/RB - Changi, Coney Is., Jurong Is., JLG, LNR, LSD, KRP, WWC (Poyan), P. Hantu, P. Jong, P. Punggol, P. Semakau, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Sentosa, SBWR, WCP, Tuas
- Purple heron (*Ardea purpurea*) - C/RB - grassfields, waterbodies
- Great egret (*Ardea alba*) - C/WV - waterbodies
- Medium egret (*Ardea intermedia*) - C/WV - grassfields, waterbodies
- Chinese egret (*Egretta eulophotes*) - R/WV - Changi, PRP, P. Ubin, SBWR, *S. Serangoon*
- Little egret (*Egretta garzetta*) - C/WV - waterbodies
- Pacific reef-heron (*Egretta sacra*) - U/R - Changi, LSD, Marina East, P. Hantu, P. Semakau, P. Ubin, PRP, Siglap Canal, SBWR, WCP, *S. Punggol, S. Serangoon*
- Eastern cattle egret (*Bubulcus coromandus*) - C/WV - grassfields
- Indian pond-heron (*Ardeola grayii*) - VR/V - Bidadari, Dover Road, Holland Plain, Jurong Lake, Pasir Ris Farmway, Punggol, S. Bedok
- Chinese pond-heron (*Ardeola bacchus*) - C/WV - Changi, Halus, JLG, LNR, WWC (Poyan), SBWR, *Marina South*
- Javan pond-heron (*Ardeola speciosa*) - U/WV - BAMKP, Marina East, Pasir Ris Farmway, SBWR, *S. Serangoon*
- Striated heron (*Butorides striata*) - C/RBWV - waterbodies
- Black-crowned night-heron (*Nycticorax nycticorax*) - U/RB - waterbodies
- Malayan night-heron (*Gorsachius melanolophus*) - R/WVPM - Bidadari, CCNR, Halus, JLG, NTL, SBG, Tuas
## Ibises and spoonbills {#ibises_and_spoonbills}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
- Glossy ibis (*Plegadis falcinellus*) - VR/V - Halus, Kranji Dam, Sime Road, SBWR
- Black-headed ibis (*Threskiornis melanocephalus*) - VR/V - SBWR (2022)
## Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
- Osprey (*Pandion haliaetus*) - U/NBV - Changi, DFNP, Halus, Henderson Waves, Kranji, Mandai Mudflat, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, PRP, SBWR, Sembawang Park, S. Punggol, S. Serangoon
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## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Black-winged kite (*Elanus caeruleus*) - C/RB - grasslands
- Oriental honey-buzzard (*Pernis ptilorhynchus*) - orientalis: C/WVPM, torquatus: U/NBV
- Jerdon\'s baza (*Aviceda jerdoni*) - U/WVPM - AMK TGW, Bidadari, BTNR, CCKC, CCNR, Changi, Clementi, DFNP, Halus, JLG, PRP, WWC (Poyan), Springleaf, TEG, *Marina South*
- Black baza (*Aviceda leuphotes*) - C/WVPM - islandwide
- Cinereous vulture (*Aegypius monachus*) - VR/V - SBG (2021)
- Himalayan griffon (*Gyps himalayensis*) - R/V - AMK, BBNP, BTNR, Central Business District, Changi, HNP, Orchard Road, SBG, Toa Payoh, Tuas
- Crested serpent-eagle (*Spilornis cheela*) - R/RB - BTNR, CCNR, Goldhill Avenue, JLG, Malcolm Park, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, Sembawang Park, SBG, Springleaf, SBWR
- Short-toed snake-eagle (*Circaetus gallicus*) - V - CCNR, Changi, JLG, Halus, NTL, SBWR, Southern Ridges, Tuas
- Bat hawk (*Macheiramphus alcinus*) - VR/NBV - Kranji, MacRitchie, MFP
- Changeable hawk-eagle (*Nisaetus cirrhatus*) - U/RB - forests, woodlands
- Rufous-bellied eagle (*Hieraaetus kienerii*) - R/WVPM - BBNP, BBC, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, Pang Sua, SBG, SBWR, Swiss Club Road
- Greater spotted eagle (*Clanga clanga*) - VR/WV - Changi, Henderson Waves, WWC (Murai, Sungei Gedong), NTL, P. Punggol, SBG, Tuas
- Booted eagle (*Hieraaetus pennatus*) - U/WV - Bidadari, Bt. Panjang, CCKC, CCNR, Changi, WWC (Poyan), Punggol, P. Punggol, Tuas
- Steppe eagle (*Aquila nipalensis*) - VR/V - Changi, Pasir Ris, Halus, Tuas, *Punggol, S. Serangoon*
- Eastern imperial eagle (*Aquila heliaca*) - VR/V - Changi, P. Ubin (2016-7), *Punggol*
- Grey-faced buzzard (*Butastur indicus*) - U/WV - BBNP, CCNR, Changi, Henderson Waves, P. Ubin, SBWR, Tuas
- Eastern marsh-harrier (*Circus spilonotus*) - U/WV - Changi, Henderson Waves, NTL, WWC (Poyan), P. Semakau, Sengkang, SBWR, Tuas
- Hen harrier (*Circus cyaneus*) - VR/WV - *Halus, WWC (Poyan)*
- Pied harrier (*Circus melanoleucos*) - R/WV - Changi, NTL, P. Punggol, SBWR, TBHP, Tuas
- Crested goshawk (*Accipiter trivirgatus*) - U/RB - AMK TGW, BAMKP, Bedok, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, Goldhill Ave, JLG, Kranji Dam, NTL, PRP, Punggol, P. Ubin, SBG, SBTB, Sembawang Park, Sentosa, Southern Ridges, Zoo
- Shikra (*Accipiter badius*) - VR/V - CCNR (2019), Changi (2012)
- Chinese sparrowhawk (*Accipiter soloensis*) - U/WVPM - AMK TGW, CCNR, Changi, Coney Is., JLG, LSD, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Southern Ridges, Tuas, WCP
- Japanese sparrowhawk (*Accipiter gularis*) - C/WVPM - islandwide
- Besra (*Accipiter virgatus*) - R/PM - CCNR, Changi, Singapore Quarry, Southern Ridges, Tuas
- Eurasian sparrowhawk (*Accipiter nisus*) - VR/V - Henderson Waves (2016, 2017), Pasir Panjang (2022), TBHP (2018), Tuas (2010)
- Black kite (*Milvus migrans*) - U/WV - BBNP, CCNR, Changi, Jurong West, NTL, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Seletar Camp, SBWR, Southern Ridges, Tuas, *Marina South*
- Brahminy kite (*Haliastur indus*) - C/RB - islandwide
- White-bellied sea-eagle (*Haliaeetus leucogaster*) - C/RB - islandwide near water
- Grey-headed fish-eagle (*Icthyophaga ichthyaetus*) - U/RB - CCNR, Changi, JLG, Little Guilin, LSR, NTL, WWC (Poyan), Seletar Camp, SBG, Springleaf, SBWR, Southern Ridges, Tampines
- Common buzzard (*Buteo buteo*) - U/WV
- Himalayan buzzard (*Buteo refectus*) - R/WV
- Eastern buzzard (*Buteo japonicus*) - U/WV
- Long-legged buzzard (*Buteo rufinus*) - VR/V
## Barn owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Eastern barn owl (*Tyto javanica*) - U/RB - Changi, Halus, Istana, JLG, Kranji Dam, Marina Barrage, Sentosa, Tanjong Rhu, Toa Payoh, Tuas
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## Typical owls {#typical_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- Sunda scops-owl (*Otus lempiji*) - C/RB - Alexandra Hill, BBC, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, HNP, P. Ubin, PRP, SBWR, Sentosa
- Oriental scops-owl (*Otus sunia*) - R/WVPM - Bidadari, BTNR, CCKP, CCNR, DFNP, Fort Canning, Kent Road, KRP, Mimosa Walk, MFP, P. Ubin, Seletar Country Club, SBWR
- Barred eagle-owl (*Ketupa sumatrana*) - R/RB - BBC, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin
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- Buffy fish-owl (*Ketupa ketupu*) - U/RB - CCNR, JEG, NTL, WWC (Poyan), P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa
- Spotted wood-owl (*Strix seloputo*) - U/RB - Bidadari, Chinatown, City, Dover Road, JLG, PRP, P. Ubin, WWC (Poyan), St. John Is., Sentosa, SBG, TBHP, Toa Payoh
- Brown wood-owl (*Strix leptogrammica*) - VR/RB - CCNR, P. Ubin
- Long-eared owl (*Asio otus*) - VR/V - Marina East (2021)
- Short-eared owl (*Asio flammeus*) - VR/V - *Changi, Marina East*
- Brown boobook (*Ninox scutulata*) - C/RBWV - BTNR, CCNR, HNP, JLG, P. Ubin, Sentosa
- Northern boobook (*Ninox japonica*) - R/PMWV - DFNP, PRP, SBTB, SBWR, Tuas
## Hornbills
Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucerotidae
Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow\'s horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.
- Black hornbill (*Anthracoceros malayanus*) - VR/NBV - P. Ubin
- Oriental pied hornbill (*Anthracoceros albirostris*) - C/IRB+RB - BAMKP, Bidadari, CCNR, Changi Village, P. Ubin, PRP, SBWR, *St. John Is.*
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Common kingfisher (*Alcedo atthis*) - C/WV - water edges
- Blue-eared kingfisher (*Alcedo meninting*) - R/RB - BBNP, CCNR, HNP, NTL, WWC (Poyan), P. Ubin, SBTB, SBWR
- Black-backed dwarf-kingfisher (*Ceyx erithaca*) - R/WV - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, SBWR, Tuas
- Rufous-backed dwarf-kingfisher (*Ceyx rufidorsa*) - VR/NBV - KRP, Peninsula Plaza, P. Tekong, WWC (Poyan)
- Stork-billed kingfisher (*Pelargopsis capensis*) - U/RB - water edges
- Ruddy kingfisher (*Halcyon coromanda*) - R/RBWV - RB: P. Tekong. WV: Bidadari, CBP, CCNR, City, DFNP, Fort Canning, JLG, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR, Venus Drive
- White-throated kingfisher (*Halcyon smyrnensis*) - C/RB - water edges
- Black-capped kingfisher (*Halcyon pileata*) - U/WV - Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, Halus, JLG, LSD, NTL, PRP, SBWR, S. Serangoon, Tuas
- Collared kingfisher (*Todiramphus chloris*) - VC/RB - water edges
## Bee-eaters {#bee_eaters}
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
- Blue-throated bee-eater (*Merops viridis*) - C/MB - islandwide (including offshore islands)
- Blue-tailed bee-eater (*Merops philippinus*) - C/WV - islandwide (including offshore islands)
## Rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
- Dollarbird (*Eurystomus orientalis*) - C/RB+WV - woodlands
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## Asian barbets {#asian_barbets}
Order: Piciformes Family: Megalaimidae
The Asian barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.
- Coppersmith barbet (*Psilopogon haemacephalus*) - C/RB - woodlands
- Red-crowned barbet (*Psilopogon rafflesii*) - U/RB - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, WWC (Poyan)
- Lineated barbet (*Psilopogon lineatus*) - C/IRB - woodlands
## Woodpeckers
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
- Sunda pygmy woodpecker (*Yungipicus moluccensis*) - VC/RB - parks
- Rufous woodpecker (*Micropternus brachyurus*) - U/RB - woodlands
- Buff-rumped woodpecker (*Meiglyptes tristis*) - VR/NBV - Bidadari, CCNR, P. Ubin
- Common flameback (*Dinopium javanense*) - C/RB - woodlands
- Greater flameback (*Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus*) - VR/NBV - P. Ubin (2024)
- Crimson-winged woodpecker (*Picus puniceus*) - VR/NBV - BTNR
- Laced woodpecker (*Picus vittatus*) - C/RB - woodlands
- Banded woodpecker (*Chrysophlegma miniaceum*) - C/RB - forests
- Great slaty woodpecker (*Mulleripicus pulverulentus*) - VR/NBV - BTNR, CCNR, SBG, Ulu Sembawang
- White-bellied woodpecker (*Dryocopus javensis*) - **Ex/R** - *CCNR*
## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Black-thighed falconet (*Microhierax fringillarius*) - VR/NBV - Goldhill Avenue, Jalan Mashhor, Punggol, Yishun, *CCNR, Sembawang*.
- Lesser kestrel (*Falco naumanni*) - VR/WV - Changi (2001, 2010), Simei (2001)
- Eurasian kestrel (*Falco tinnunculus*) - R/WV - Bt. Batok West, Changi, CCKC, JLG, Kranji, KRP, P. Punggol, Tuas, *Jurong West*
- Amur falcon (*Falco amurensis*) - VR/V - Changi (2007), Halus (2021), LSD (2016), Tanah Merah Coast Road (2017)
- Eurasian hobby (*Falco subbuteo*) - VR/V - Henderson Waves (2020)
- Peregrine falcon (*Falco peregrinus*) - U/WV, R/RB - islandwide including Raffles Place & Orchard Rd
## Cockatoos
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Cacatuidae
The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest.
- Tanimbar corella (*Cacatua goffiniana*) - C/IRB - Bidadari, BBNP, Changi Village, LNR, Malcolm Park, MFP, PRP SBG, Sembawang Park, Sentosa, Springleaf
- Yellow-crested cockatoo (*Cacatua sulphurea*) - U/IRB - Bidadari, BAMKP, Changi Village, Clementi, Dover Road, LNR, Malcolm Park, St. John Is., Sentosa, SBG, Southern Ridges
- Sulphur-crested cockatoo (*Cacatua galerita*) - U/IR - Loyang, Sentosa, SBG, Southern Ridges
## Old world parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
- Blue-rumped parrot (*Psittinus cyanurus*) - U/RB - Bt. Batok West, CCNR
- Rose-ringed parakeet (*Psittacula krameri*) - C/IRB - woodlands
- Red-breasted parakeet (*Psittacula alexandri*) - C/IRB - woodlands
- Long-tailed parakeet (*Psittacula longicauda*) - C/RB - woodlands
- Coconut lorikeet (*Trichoglossus haematodus*) - U/IRB - BAMKP, BBC, Bidadari, BTNR, Buona Vista, CCNR, Goldhill Ave, JLG, SBG, Sentosa
- Blue-crowned hanging-parrot (*Loriculus galgulus*) - C/RB - BAMKP, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, KRP, Malcolm Park, MFP, SBG
## African and green broadbills {#african_and_green_broadbills}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Calyptomenidae
The broadbills are small, brightly coloured birds which feed on fruit and also take insects in flycatcher fashion, snapping their broad bills. Their habitat is canopies of wet forests.
- Green broadbill (*Calyptomena viridis*) - VR/NBV - East Coast Park (2014), P. Ubin (2014, 2021)
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## Asian and Grauer's broadbills {#asian_and_grauers_broadbills}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Eurylaimidae
The broadbills are small, brightly coloured birds which feed on fruit and also take insects in flycatcher fashion, snapping their broad bills. Their habitat is canopies of wet forests.
- Black-and-red broadbill (*Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos*) - VR/NBV - P. Ubin, SBWR
## Pittas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae
Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.
- Blue-winged pitta (*Pitta moluccensis*) - U/WVPM+R/RB - WVPM: Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, Bt. Batok West, CCNR, Hougang, Jurong Is., JLG, NTL, PRP, WWC (Poyan), Punggol Park, SBG, Sembawang Park, Tuas, WCP, *Kranji Nature Trail*. RB: P. Ubin (2016)
- Fairy pitta (*Pitta nympha*) - VR/V - CCNR (2019), HNP (2021)
- Western hooded pitta (*Pitta sordida*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, HNP, JLG, SBG, Tampines, WCP
- Mangrove pitta (*Pitta megarhyncha*) - R/RB - PRP, P. Ubin, P. Tekong, SBG, SBWR
## Thornbills and allies {#thornbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acanthizidae
Thornbills are small passerine birds, similar in habits to the tits.
- Golden-bellied gerygone (*Gerygone sulphurea*) - C/RB - woodlands
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- Scarlet minivet (*Pericrocotus flammeus*) - *Ex/R* + VR/R - BTNR, CCNR, P. Ubin
- Ashy minivet (*Pericrocotus divaricatus*) - C/WV - woodlands
- Pied triller (*Lalage nigra*) - VC/RB - woodlands
- Lesser cuckooshrike (*Coracina fimbriata*) - *Ex/R* - BTNR
## Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis {#vireos_shrike_babblers_and_erpornis}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
The family Vireonidae includes the vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis.
- White-bellied erpornis (*Erpornis zantholeuca*) - VR/NBV - BTNR (2020)
## Whistlers and allies {#whistlers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae
The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.
- Mangrove whistler (*Pachycephala grisola*) - R/RB - Changi, JEG, LNR, P. Hantu, P. Semakau, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR
## Old World orioles {#old_world_orioles}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
- Black-naped oriole (*Oriolus chinensis*) - C/RB + R/WV - parks, woodlands, mangroves
## Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies {#vangas_helmetshrikes_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vangidae
The family Vangidae is highly variable, though most members of it resemble true shrikes to some degree.
- Large woodshrike (*Tephrodornis gularis*) - VR/NBV - CCNR (2018), P. Ubin (2022)
- Black-winged flycatcher-shrike (*Hemipus hirundinaceus*) - VR/NBV - CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin
## Ioras
Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithinidae
The ioras are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens.
- Common iora (*Aegithina tiphia*) - VC/RB - woodlands
## Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.
- Malaysian pied-fantail (*Rhipidura javanica*) - C/RB - woodlands, mangroves
## Drongos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.
- Black drongo (*Dicrurus macrocercus*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Halus, NTL, P. Punggol, WWC (Poyan), Punggol, SBWR, Seletar, Tuas
- Ashy drongo (*Dicrurus leucophaeus*) - R/WV - Bidadari, BBNP, CCNR, CBP, MFP, NTU, P. Semakau, P. Ubin, SBG, TBHP, Ulu Pandan
- Crow-billed drongo (*Dicrurus annectens*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, Fort Canning, Halus, LNR, MFP, NTL, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, St. John Is., Tuas
- Hair-crested drongo (*Dicrurus hottentottus*) - VR/V - CBP (2019)
- Greater racket-tailed drongo (*Dicrurus paradiseus*) - C/RB - forests
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Black-naped monarch (*Hypothymis azurea*) - VR/R - CCNR, Clementi Woods, JLG, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBG
- Black paradise-flycatcher (*Terpsiphone atrocaudata*) - R/PM - BAMKP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Coney Is. DFNP, JLG, Kranji Marsh, LNR, PRP, P. Hantu, SBWR, TBHP, TEG, Tuas
- Amur paradise-flycatcher (*Terpsiphone incei*) - C/WVPM - forests, woodlands
- Blyth\'s paradise-flycatcher (*Terpsiphone affinis*) - C/WVPM - forests, woodlands
- Indian paradise-flycatcher (*Terpsiphone paradisi*) - VR/V - JLG (2022), SBWR (2017-8)
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## Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike\'s beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
- Tiger shrike (*Lanius tigrinus*) - C/WVPM - woodlands
- Brown shrike (*Lanius cristatus*) - C/WVPM - grasslands, woodlands
- Long-tailed shrike (*Lanius schach*) - C/RB - grasslands
## Crows, jays, and magpies {#crows_jays_and_magpies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
- Black magpie (*Platysmurus leucopterus*) - VR/NBV - HNP (2021)
- House crow (*Corvus splendens*) - VC/IRB - islandwide
- Large-billed crow (*Corvus macrorhynchos*) - U/RB - forested areas
## Tits, chickadees, and titmice {#tits_chickadees_and_titmice}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
- Japanese tit (*Parus minor*) - VR/V - Coney Is., JLG, LNR, PRP, Tuas
## Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
- Eurasian skylark (*Alauda arvensis*) - VR/V - Pandan Reservoir (2018)
## Cisticolas and allies {#cisticolas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
- Common tailorbird (*Orthotomus sutorius*) - C/RB - scrubby areas
- Dark-necked tailorbird (*Orthotomus atrogularis*) - C/RB - forests
- Ashy tailorbird (*Orthotomus ruficeps*) - C/RB - mangroves
- Rufous-tailed tailorbird (*Orthotomus sericeus*) - U/RB - forests
- Yellow-bellied prinia (*Prinia flaviventris*) - C/RB - grasslands
- Zitting cisticola (*Cisticola juncidis*) - C/RB - grasslands
## Reed warblers and allies {#reed_warblers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for \"warblers\". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
- Booted warbler (*Iduna caligata*) - VR/V - Kranji Marsh (2017-8)
- Black-browed reed warbler (*Acrocephalus bistrigiceps*) - U/WV - Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, Punggol, SFW, SBWR, Tuas, *Marina South*
- Oriental reed warbler (*Acrocephalus orientalis*) - C/WV - marshes, woodlands near water
## Grassbirds and allies {#grassbirds_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.
- Pallas\'s grasshopper-warbler (*Helopsaltes certhiola*) - U/WVPM - BAMKP, Changi, Halus, JLG, Marina East, NTL, Pasir Ris Farmway, SFW, Tuas
- Lanceolated warbler (*Locustella lanceolata*) - U/WVPM - Halus, KRP, Marina East, MFP, NTL, P. Punggol, Punggol, SFW, Tuas
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Bank swallow (*Riparia riparia*) - U/WVPM - BTNR, CCNR, Changi, Halus, Kranji Marsh, LSD, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol
- Barn swallow (*Hirundo rustica*) - VC/WVPM - islandwide (including offshore islands)
- Pacific swallow (*Hirundo tahitica*) - C/RB - islandwide (including offshore islands)
- Red-rumped swallow (*Cecropis daurica*) - U/WVPM - Admiralty Park, BTNR, CCKC, CCNR, Changi, Halus, Henderson Waves, LSD, Marina East, WWC (Poyan), Punggol, TEG, Tuas
- Siberian house-martin (*Delichon lagopodum*) - VR/V - Marina East, NTL
- Asian house-martin (*Delichon dasypus*) - R/PM - BTNR, CCNR, Changi, NTL, Southern Ridges
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## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Black-and-white bulbul (*Microtarsus melanoleucos*) - VR/NBV - CCNR (2012), P. Ubin (2022)
- Black-headed bulbul (*Brachypodius melanocephalos*) - R/RB - BBC, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin, PRP
- Black-crested bulbul (*Rubigula flaviventris*) - R/IR - BTNR
- Straw-headed bulbul (*Pycnonotus zeylanicus*) - U/RB - BBC, BBNP, BTNR, Choa Chu Kang, CCNR, DFNP, HNP, NTL, WWC (Poyan), P. Ubin
- Red-whiskered bulbul (*Pycnonotus jocosus*) - C/IRB - Changi, Halus, JLG, Marina East, WWC (Poyan), P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Saddle Club, SBG, Sentosa, S. Serangoon
- Sooty-headed bulbul (*Pycnonotus aurigaster*) - U/IRB - BAMKP, Halus, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol, PRP, Punggol, S. Serangoon, TEG
- Stripe-throated bulbul (*Pycnonotus finlaysoni*) - VR/NBV - P. Ubin (May 2023), USR (Apr 2022)
- Yellow-vented bulbul (*Pycnonotus goiavier*) - VC/RB - parks
- Olive-winged bulbul (*Pycnonotus plumosus*) - C/RB - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Hantu, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR
- Cream-vented bulbul (*Pycnonotus simplex*) - U/RB - BTNR, CCNR
- Red-eyed bulbul (*Pycnonotus brunneus*) - U/RB - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP
- Buff-vented bulbul (*Iole olivacea*) - VR/NBV - BTNR
- Cinereous bulbul (*Hemixos cinereus*) - R/NBV - Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, JLG, KRP, Lazarus Is., NTL, P. Ubin, SBTB, SBWR, TBHP, Tuas, *Marina South*
- Streaked bulbul (*Ixos malaccensis*) - R/NBV - BBNP, BTNR, Central Catchment, Changi Village, KRP, SBWR, Tuas
## Leaf warblers {#leaf_warblers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.
- Yellow-browed warbler (*Phylloscopus inornatus*) - R/WVPM - BBNP, BTNR, Bidadari, CBP, CCNR, DFNP, NTL, P. Hantu, SBTB, SBWR, Sentosa, Southern Ridges
- Dusky warbler (*Phylloscopus fuscatus*) - VR/PM - CBP, Marina East, SBWR, Tuas, Yishun Pond
- Eastern crowned warbler (*Phylloscopus coronatus*) - U/WV - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, DFNP, PRP, SBWR, York Road
- Two-barred warbler (*Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus*) - VR/V - Kent Vale (2024)
- Pale-legged leaf warbler (*Phylloscopus tenellipes*) - VR/V - CCNR (2021-2)
- Sakhalin leaf warbler (*Phylloscopus borealoides*) - R/WV - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin, PRP, Rail Corridor, SBG, SBWR, WCP
- Arctic warbler (*Phylloscopus borealis*) - C/WVPM - parks, woodlands
## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies {#white_eyes_yuhinas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
- Swinhoe\'s white-eye (*Zosterops simplex*) - C/rIRB - woodlands
## Tree-babblers, scimitar-babblers, and allies {#tree_babblers_scimitar_babblers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Timaliidae
The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.
- Pin-striped tit-babbler (*Mixornis gularis*) - C/RB - forested areas
- Chestnut-winged babbler (*Cyanoderma erythropterum*) - U/RB - CCNR
## Ground babblers and allies {#ground_babblers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pellorneidae
These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus *Illadopsis* are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands.
- Moustached babbler (*Malacopteron magnirostre*) - **Ex/RB** - *CCNR*
- Short-tailed babbler (*Pellorneum malaccense*) - C/RB - CCNR
- White-chested babbler (*Pellorneum rostratum*) - **Ex/RB**, VR/NBV - P. Ubin, Pasir Ris Farmway, *CCNR, P. Tekong, SBWR, Turut Track*
- Abbott\'s babbler (*Malacocincla abbotti*) - U/RB - BTNR, CCNR, JEG, NTL, P. Ubin, Sentosa, SBG, SBWR, WCPR
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## Laughingthrushes and allies {#laughingthrushes_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae
The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus *Turdoides* tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.
- White-crested laughingthrush (*Garrulax leucolophus*) - C/IRB - forests
- Chinese hwamei (*Garrulax canorus*) - R/IRB - Bt. Gombak, Sentosa, *KRP, MFP*
## Nuthatches
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.
- Velvet-fronted nuthatch (*Sitta frontalis*) - VR/NBV - BTNR
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Asian glossy starling (*Aplonis panayensis*) - VC/RB - islandwide
- Common hill myna (*Gracula religiosa*) - C/RB - BTNR, CCNR, SBG,
- European starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*) - VR/V - Marina East Dr (2021)
- Rosy starling (*Pastor roseus*) - R/WV - Changi, GBTB, Halus, KRP, Marina East, St. John Island, Tuas, WCP
- Daurian starling (*Agropsar sturninus*) - VC/WVPM - woodlands
- Chestnut-cheeked starling (*Agropsar philippensis*) - VR/V - Bidadari, Dover, Loyang, Henderson Waves, JLG, Turf City, Ulu Pandan
- Siamese pied starling (*Gracupica floweri*) - R/I - NTL, S. Tengah, *Changi*
- White-shouldered starling (*Sturnia sinensis*) - U/WVPM - Changi, Coney Is., Halus, JLG, KRP, Punggol, Seletar, Simei, TEG, Tuas
- Brahminy starling (*Sturnia pagodarum*) - VR/V - Bidadari, JLG, Marina East, P. Punggol
- Red-billed starling (*Spodiopsar sericeus*) - VR/PM - Dempsey Hill (2022-3), SBTB (2013), SBWR (2023), TEG (2015), Turut Track (2021)
- White-cheeked starling (*Spodiopsar cineraceus*) - VR/V - Seletar End (2020)
- Common myna (*Acridotheres tristis*) - C/RB - islandwide (including offshore islands)
- Black-winged starling (*Acridotheres melanopterus*) - **Ex/IRB**
- Javan myna (*Acridotheres javanicus*) - VC/IRB - islandwide (including offshore islands)
- Crested myna (*Acridotheres cristatellus*) - **Ex/IR**
## Thrushes and allies {#thrushes_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
- Siberian thrush (*Geokichla sibirica*) - R/PM - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, KRP, JLG, Sentosa, Tuas
- Orange-headed thrush (*Geokichla citrina*) - R/WV - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Coney Is., DFNP, HNP, SBG, WCP
- Chinese blackbird (*Turdus mandarinus*) - VR/V - JLG (2020)
- Eyebrowed thrush (*Turdus obscurus*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, KRP, NTL, P. Ubin, SBG, TBHP, Tuas
- White's thrush (*Zoothera aurea*) - VR/V - SBG (2023)
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## Old World flycatchers {#old_world_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
- Grey-streaked flycatcher (*Muscicapa griseisticta*) - VR/PM - Sembawang (2021)
- Dark-sided flycatcher (*Muscicapa sibirica*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, NTL, SBG, Southern Ridges
- Ferruginous flycatcher (*Muscicapa ferruginea*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, CCNR, JLG, SBG
- Asian brown flycatcher (*Muscicapa dauurica*) - C/WVPM - woodlands
- Brown-breasted flycatcher (*Muscicapa muttui*) - VR/V - Dairy Farm (2022)
- Brown-streaked flycatcher (*Muscicapa williamsoni*) - R/WVPM - BBNP, Bidadari, CCKP, CCNR, JLG, MFP, PRP, SBWR
- Spotted flycatcher (*Muscicapa striata*) - VR/V - KRP (2021)
- Oriental magpie-robin (*Copsychus saularis*) - U/RB - woodlands
- White-rumped shama (*Copsychus malabaricus*) - R/RB - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, MFP, WWC (Poyan), P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Chinese blue flycatcher (*Cyornis glaucicomans*) - VR/PM - Bidadari (2013), CCNR (2020), JLG (2020), SBWR (1997)
- Mangrove blue flycatcher (*Cyornis rufigastra*) - VR/RB - Bidadari (2015), P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Brown-chested jungle-flycatcher (*Cyornis brunneatus*) - R/WVPM - BBNP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCKP, CCNR, DFNP, Jurong Is., JLG, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, St John Is., TEG, Tuas
- Blue-and-white flycatcher (*Cyanoptila cyanomelana*) - R/PM - Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Sentosa
- Zappey\'s flycatcher (*Cyanoptila cumatilis*) - R/PM - Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, JLG, KRP, SBG, TEG, Tuas
- Verditer flycatcher (*Eumyias thalassinus*) - VR/NBV - DFNP (2017)
- Siberian blue robin (*Luscinia cyane*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR
- Yellow-rumped flycatcher (*Ficedula zanthopygia*) - C/PM - woodlands, forests
- Green-backed flycatcher (*Ficedula elisae*) - R/WVPM - BAMKP, Bidadari, CCNR, KRP, NTL, Tuas, *Khatib Bongsu*, *Marina South*
- Narcissus flycatcher (*Ficedula narcissina*) - VR/PM - Bidadari (2015), DFNP (2017)
- Mugimaki flycatcher (*Ficedula mugimaki*) - U/PM - AMKTGW, Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, JLG, KRP, MFP, PRP, Sentosa, Tuas
- Taiga flycatcher (*Ficedula albicilla*) - VR/V - SBG (2019--20), WCP (2020)
- Black redstart (*Phoenicurus ochruros*) - VR/V - Jambol Walk (2021)
- Daurian redstart (*Phoenicurus auroreus*) - R/V - SBTB (2013), Cashew Road (2014), SBG (2019), NUS (2020)
- White-throated rock-thrush (*Monticola gularis*) - VR/WVPM - BTNR
- Blue rock-thrush (*Monticola solitarius*) - R/PM - Ascentia Sky, BTNR, Labrador Villa Road, Marina Barrage, Pinnacle@Duxton, Sentosa, Tuas
- Siberian stonechat (*Saxicola maurus*) - R/WVPM - Changi, Halus, NTL, WWC (Poyan), P. Punggol, Tuas, Warren, *Marina South*, *Punggol*
## Flowerpeckers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicaeidae
The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.
- Scarlet-breasted flowerpecker (*Prionochilus thoracicus*) - VR/NBV - BTNR (2021), P. Ubin (2015, 2022)
- Thick-billed flowerpecker (*Dicaeum agile*) - VR/NBV - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP
- Yellow-vented flowerpecker (*Dicaeum chrysorrheum*) - VR/R - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP
- Orange-bellied flowerpecker (*Dicaeum trigonostigma*) - C/RB - forests
- Scarlet-backed flowerpecker (*Dicaeum cruentatum*) - C/RB - parks
## Sunbirds and spiderhunters {#sunbirds_and_spiderhunters}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae
The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
- Ruby-cheeked sunbird (*Chalcoparia singalensis*) - VR/R - CCNR, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Plain sunbird (*Anthreptes simplex*) - VR/R - *CCNR, Senoko*
- Brown-throated sunbird (*Anthreptes malacensis*) - C/RB - parks
- Van Hasselt\'s sunbird (*Leptocoma brasiliana*) - U/RB - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, P. Ubin
- Copper-throated sunbird (*Leptocoma calcostetha*) - U/RB - BBNP, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Ornate sunbird (*Cinnyris jugularis*) - VC/RB - parks
- Crimson sunbird (*Aethopyga siparaja*) - C/RB - parks, forests
- Thick-billed spiderhunter (*Arachnothera crassirostris*) - *Ex/R* + VR/R - *BTNR, CCNR*
- Little spiderhunter (*Arachnothera longirostra*) - U/RB - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Mandai, P. Ubin
- Yellow-eared spiderhunter (*Arachnothera chrysogenys*) - *Ex/R* + VR/V - *BTNR, CCNR, P. Tekong, P. Ubin*
## Fairy-bluebirds {#fairy_bluebirds}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Irenidae
The fairy-bluebirds are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub. The males are dark-blue and the females a duller green.
- Asian fairy-bluebird (*Irena puella*) - U/RB - BBNP, BBC, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP
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## Leafbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Chloropseidae
The leafbirds are small, bulbul-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows.
- Greater green leafbird (*Chloropsis sonnerati*) - U/RB - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP
- Lesser green leafbird (*Chloropsis cyanopogon*) - R/RB - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin
- Blue-winged leafbird (*Chloropsis cochinchinensis*) - U/RB - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP
## Weavers and allies {#weavers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae
The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.
- Golden-backed weaver (*Ploceus jacksoni*) - U/IRB - Coney Is., Halus, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol
- Streaked weaver (*Ploceus manyar*) - R/IRB - Halus, SBWR, *Khatib Bongsu*, *Sg. Serangoon*
- Baya weaver (*Ploceus philippinus*) - U/RB - grasslands
## Waxbills and allies {#waxbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
- Orange-cheeked waxbill (*Estrilda melpoda*) - U/IRB - BAMKP, Coney Is., JLG, NTL, P. Punggol, S. Pandan, SBTB
- Common waxbill (*Estrilda astrild*) - U/IRB - Coney Is., Halus, JLG, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol, Punggol, SBWR
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- Red avadavat (*Amandava amandava*) - R/IRB - BAMKP, Changi, Halus, NTL, P. Punggol, Tuas, *Marina South, Punggol*
- White-rumped munia (*Lonchura striata*) - R/RB - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Halus, NTL, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, Tuas, Telok Blangah
- Javan munia (*Lonchura leucogastroides*) - U/IRB - Bidadari, Halus, Hort Park, Marina East, WWC (Murai), SBTB, Serangoon Reservoir, SBWR, BAMKP
- Scaly-breasted munia (*Lonchura punctulata*) - C/RB - grasslands
- Chestnut munia (*Lonchura atricapilla*) - U/RB - grasslands
- White-capped munia (*Lonchura ferruginosa*) - **Ex/IR** - grasslands
- White-headed munia (*Lonchura maja*) - U/RB - grasslands
## Indigobirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Viduidae
The indigobirds are finch-like species which usually have black or indigo predominating in their plumage. All are brood parasites which lay their eggs in the nests of estrildid finches.
- Pin-tailed whydah (*Vidua macroura*) - R/I - Changi, Pasir Ris Farmway, P. Punggol, Tuas
## Old World sparrows {#old_world_sparrows}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
- House sparrow (*Passer domesticus*) - VR/IRB - Jurong Is.
- Eurasian tree sparrow (*Passer montanus*) - VC/RB - urban areas
## Wagtails and pipits {#wagtails_and_pipits}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
- Forest wagtail (*Dendronanthus indicus*) - U/WVPM - Admiralty Park, BBNP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Jurong Central Park, Mandai, P. Ubin, Sembawang, Simpang, Tengah, SBWR, Yishun
- Grey wagtail (*Motacilla cinerea*) - U/WVPM - Admiralty Park, BAMKP, Bedok, Bt Batok, BTNR, Buona Vista, CCNR, Changi, JLG, Marsiling Park, NTL, Punggol, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Sembawang, Simpang, Tengah, Yishun
- Eastern yellow wagtail (*Motacilla tschutschensis*) - C/WV - Bidadari, Changi, Halus, LSD, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Punggol, Sembawang, Yishun
- Citrine wagtail (*Motacilla citreola*) - VR/WV - NTL (2018, 2024), Punggol (1989), Tuas (1994)
- White wagtail (*Motacilla alba*) - U/WV - BAMKP, BBC, Buona Vista, Changi, Jurong West, Marina East, NTL, P. Punggol, Punggol, SBG, TEG, Yishun
- Paddyfield pipit (*Anthus rufulus*) - C/RB - grass fields
- Tree pipit (*Anthus trivialis*) - VR/V - Ulu Pandan (2021)
- Olive-backed pipit (*Anthus hodgsoni*) - VR/PM - Bidadari (2010)
- Red-throated pipit (*Anthus cervinus*) - R/WV - Changi, NTL, P. Punggol, Pasir Ris Farmway, Seletar East, Sembawang, Tuas
## Finches, euphonias, and allies {#finches_euphonias_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
This is a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with generally stout conical bills.
- Yellow-fronted canary (*Crithagra mozambica*) - U/IR - BAMKP, Changi, JLG, Kusu Is., Lazarus Is., Marina East, Mt. Faber, St. John Is.
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## Old World buntings {#old_world_buntings}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae
They are seed-eating birds with stubby conical bills. There is only one genus in this family
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# Lethbridge & District Exhibition
The **Lethbridge & District Exhibition (LDE)** is a not-for-profit corporation that operates the exhibition complex and fair grounds in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. It was established in 1897 as the Lethbridge & District Agricultural Society.
## History
The Lethbridge & District Exhibition was first organized by a group of farmers, ranchers, and citizens to promote agriculture and commerce in the area.
In 1912, the City of Lethbridge hosted the World Dry Farming Congress at the exhibition grounds, which were expanded significantly for that event, and included a streetcar line from the CPR station.
In March 2021, construction began on the Exhibition Grounds for a new exhibition hall. The project cost \$70.5 Million and was jointly funded by the Government of Alberta's recovery program, City of Lethbridge, and the Government of Canada. The new Agri-food Hub and Trade Centre opened to the public on August 8, 2023.
Following the completion of the Agri-food Hub and Trade Centre, it was revealed that there had been significant financial mismanagement of the new building project, including non-compliant expenses and contracting works, resulting in a budget deficit of \$6.4 Million per year. Subsequently, the City of Lethbridge removed the CEO and Board of Governors and assumed responsibility operating the exhibition.
## Facilities
Permanent structures at the site include a 10,664 m^2^ (114,787 ft^2^) pavilion complex (main, north, west and south pavilions, and Saddle Room), Heritage Hall and a grandstand.
Opened in 2023, the Agri-Food Hub and Trade Centre added an additional 24,898m^2^ (268,000 ft^2^) of multipurpose space on the exhibition grounds.
## Events
Roughly 950 events are held at the park every year, which attract over 850,000 visitors and provide \$81 million in economic benefit to the city. By far, the largest event held at the park is Whoop-Up Days, an annual summer fair. Other annual events include Ag Expo, the Home & Garden Show, a weekly Farmers\' Market, Country Christmas Craft Show, and Family Fest.
## Governance
Exhibition Park is governed by a board of directors consisting of members of the community, including a president, two vice presidents, a past president, and a member each from the City of Lethbridge council and the County of Lethbridge council. The 2006 board of directors consisted of 14 persons.
In the 2005 budget, Exhibition Park had annual revenue of roughly \$2.3 million and annual expenditures of about \$2.1 million
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# Split nut
A **split nut** is a nut that is split lengthwise into two pieces (opposed halves) so that its female thread may be opened and closed over the male thread of a bolt or leadscrew. This allows the nut, when open, to move along the screw without the screw turning (or, vice versa, to allow the screw to pass through the nut without turning). Then, when the nut is closed, it resumes the normal movement of a nut on a screw (in which axial travel is linked to rotational travel)
A split nut assembly is often used in positioning systems, for example in the leadscrew of a lathe. It is one of the machine elements that makes single-point threading practical on manual (non-CNC) lathes. The very earliest screw-cutting lathes (in the late 18th and early 19th centuries) did not have them, but within a few decades, split nuts were common on lathes.
The two halves of the nut have chamfered ends (60° to the axis), which helps the threads to find engagement during the closing action. Usually, the screw and nut are also oiled for lubrication. Such provisions prolong the service life of the threads by minimizing wear.
Split nuts work best with trapezoidal threads.
Split nuts may not engage and disengage with multi start threads due to the overlapping leads
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# John T. Deweese
**John Thomas Deweese** (June 4, 1835 -- July 4, 1906) was an American politician of the Republican Party who served as a U.S. representative from North Carolina. Deweese was censured by the House of Representatives in 1870 for selling an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy.
## Biography
Born in Van Buren, Arkansas, on June 4, 1835, Deweese was educated at home, where he studied law; he was admitted to the bar in 1856 and commenced practice in Henderson, Kentucky. He later lived in Denver, Colorado, for some years, but moved to Pike County, Indiana, in 1860.
DeWeese entered the Union Army on July 6, 1861, as second lieutenant of Company E, Twenty-fourth Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served with that command until February 15, 1862, when he resigned. He was quickly mustered in as captain of Company F, Fourth Indiana Cavalry, on August 8, 1862, and was successively promoted to rank of colonel; he was brevetted Brigadier-General of Volunteers effective March 13, 1865. Upon the reorganization of the Army he was appointed second lieutenant, in the Eighth United States Infantry, on July 24, 1866. Following the war, he moved to North Carolina.
Deweese resigned from the Army on August 14, 1867, having been elected to Congress. He was appointed register in bankruptcy for North Carolina in 1868; upon the readmission of North Carolina to the Union, DeWeese was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses and served from July 6, 1868, to February 28, 1870. During that time, he was the chairman of Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Interior and on the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions.
Deweese resigned his seat in February 1870 during a congressional investigation. He was censured by the House of Representatives on March 1, 1870, for selling an appointment to the Naval Academy. He then switched parties and became a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1876, resumed the practice of law, and died in Washington, D.C., on July 4, 1906. He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery
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# Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
The **Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme** (`{{IPA|fr|ʃəmɛ̃ də fɛʁ də la bɛ də sɔm}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Somme Bay Railway}}`{=mediawiki}), is a preserved railway in northern France. The railway is managed by a non-profit organization, which runs from March to December between the towns of the Baie de Somme area: Le Crotoy and Cayeux-sur-Mer via Noyelles-sur-Mer and Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, on metre gauge tracks (formerly part of Société générale des chemins de fer économiques). The association was founded in 1970 and over the years it has become a major player in tourism development in the Picardy coast and is also responsible for the preservation, safeguarding and enhancement of the fleet full of cars, wagons, steam locomotives and diesel locomotives. A part of the line has dual gauge track, and although forming part of a group of five lines, at least a part of it has always been open to traffic.
## Origins and route {#origins_and_route}
### The standard gauge line to Saint-Valery {#the_standard_gauge_line_to_saint_valery}
A branch to Saint-Valery had been proposed as early as 1845. In 1853 the Chemin de Fer du Nord was granted permission to build a single track branch from Noyelles to Saint-Valery. This 5.6 km long line crossed the River Dien by means of a 1367 m long wooden trestle bridge. The original passenger station at Saint-Valery stood at the site later occupied by Saint-Valery Canal station. The line opened to traffic on 5 June 1858. It was 1885 before the CF du Nord was able to get permission to use steam locomotives at Saint-Valery\'s docks, horse power having to be used before them.
### The metre gauge lines {#the_metre_gauge_lines}
In the 1880s, there were various schemes to build narrow gauge lines of either `{{RailGauge|750mm|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}}`{=mediawiki} in the Somme département. Eventually, a metre gauge line nearly 7.5 km long was built by the Société générale des chemins de fer économiques (SE) from Noyelles to Le Crotoy, opening on 1 July 1887. A second metre gauge line opened on 6 September 1887 from Noyelles to Cayeux, 18 km from Noyelles, with stations at Saint-Valery Ville and Lanchères-Pendé. The line between Noyelles and Saint-Valery being laid between the rails of the standard gauge branch, which was also extended into Saint-Valery Ville. The line between Noyelles and Saint-Valery kept its *Intérêt Général* status, and the other lines had *Intérêt Local* status, with separate tickets being issued for each part of the route.
The railway carried holiday-makers to seaside resorts, and transporting local freight of galets, sugar beet, chicory and shellfish. Running around the entire length of the Somme Bay in the Somme *département*, in Picardy, northern France, it connected Le Crotoy with Noyelles-sur-Mer, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and Cayeux-sur-Mer, including the sands at Brighton-Plage. Other minor stations or halts were provided near assorted villages, hamlets and farms. In its literature, the operating Association claims that past passengers have included Colette, Jules Verne, Anatole France, and Toulouse-Lautrec.
### The *Réseau des Bains de Mer* {#the_réseau_des_bains_de_mer}
These lines, with two others were grouped together as the Réseau des Bains de Mer. The other two lines were one from Noyelles to Forest-l\'Abbaye and one from Abbeville to Dompierre-sur-Authie, which had a junction with the line from Noyelles at Forest-l\'Abbaye. The Réseau des Bains de Mer was a part of the Chemins de fer départementaux de la Somme.
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# Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
## Wars
The CFBS line was affected by three wars; The Franco-Prussian War, the First World War and the Second World War.
### Franco-Prussian War {#franco_prussian_war}
France declared war on Prussia on 19 July 1870. Saint-Valery was a strategic port, and thus its capture was an objective of the Prussians. In October 1870 the French requisitioned Jules Verne\'s boat *Saint-Michel I* for the defence of the Baie de Somme. The boat was crewed by Crimean War veterans. In December 1870 horses and equipment were requisitioned for use by the French cavalry. A consignment of six hundred saddles left Saint-Valery by train for Noyelles on the 30 December. The Prussians occupied Saint-Valery from February 1871 until September 1873.
### First World War {#first_world_war}
The CFBS line was particularly involved towards the end of the First World War, starting with Operation Michael on 21 March 1918. It was realised that the German advance threatened the Allies\' ability to use railways in the area, and that there was a lack of line capacity in certain places. Therefore, a double track `{{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}`{=mediawiki} line was constructed, linking the main line from Calais with the Abancourt-St. Omer line. The engineer, Raoul Dautry, claimed he could build the line in 100 days. Work began on 15 May 1918 and the line opened to traffic on 15 August 1918, just 106 days later. Thus, the line was known as \"La Ligne de Cent Jours\" or The Line of One Hundred Days. The line was last used on 1 January 1919 and the track lifted in March and April of that year, thus ending the short life of the line.
### Second World War {#second_world_war}
#### Baie de Somme area {#baie_de_somme_area}
On 21 May 1940, German troops invaded the Baie de Somme area. Noyelles was the scene of Allied air strikes on various occasions. In September and October 1942, coastal defences were constructed in the Baie de Somme area. In February 1944, the Germans flooded the low-lying land near Noyelles by blocking the River Dien where the railway to Saint-Valery crossed it by a long embankment (this embankment had replaced a trestle in 1912). In April and May 1944, preparations were made to prevent the Allies from using the area to invade France.
#### CFBS line {#cfbs_line}
On 24 October 1941, a train was attacked at Noyelles and the locomotive was destroyed. In November 1941, one of the metre-gauge trains was attacked between Noyelles and Saint-Valery, with several railway workers wounded. Cayeux saw much increased traffic in galets, temporary `{{RailGauge|600mm|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki}-gauge lines being laid on the beach and down the streets of the village. A metre-gauge line was laid along the road from Lanchères to Ault, on the standard gauge line from Woincourt to Onival, with a branch (or separate `{{RailGauge|600mm|disp=s}}`{=mediawiki} gauge) line at Hautebut to a quarry near the coast. The Germans brought in a number of locomotives to work these lines, and after the war, nine of them were dumped just outside Saint-Valery, where three still remain (a fourth having been removed for restoration in 1997 - see below).
On 2 December 1942 the water tower at Saint-Valery was destroyed. On 4 May 1944, the depot at Saint-Valery along with two rail cars and a locomotive, were destroyed by fire. In June, the Saint-Valery area was bombed as a diversion from the D-Day landings. On 19 August, the Resistance blew up the water tower at Noyelles, followed by an ammunition train on 1 September. English and Polish troops relieved Saint-Valery on 2 September, and proceeded to bombard the Germans across the bay at Le Crotoy.
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# Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
## Freight
The main types of freight carried by the railway were:
### Chicory
A chicory processing works was built at Saint-Valery Canal. A siding was laid in 1929 to serve it. The derelict building was demolished in 1998.
### Sugar beet {#sugar_beet}
The main sugar beet season was from October to January, thus providing useful income out of the tourist season. A râperie (shredding plant) was built at Lanchères. The râperie extracted the raw juice from the beet, and then sent it by pipeline to the sugar factory of Beauchamps. It had its own railway system and locomotives, which also worked on the CFBS line to Noyelles.
### Galets
Before the railway came, the port of Saint-Valery handled *galets* (flint or silica pebbles) brought on rafts from Cayeux. The galets were used in the building and ceramics industries.
### Shellfish
Local shellfish taken from the Baie de Somme were sent to market at Abbeville. Shellfish not available locally were also brought in to Le Crotoy for use in a restaurant there.
### Other goods {#other_goods}
Saint-Valery handled timber, jute, textiles, soap, phosphates and coal. Phosphates were mined at Crécy-en-Ponthieu and transported via a metre gauge line from there to Noyelles, and thence to Saint-Valery. Freight between Noyelles and Saint-Valery was sometimes carried in standard gauge wagons, but hauled by the metre gauge locomotives. This practice continued until 1973.
## Demise and re-birth {#demise_and_re_birth}
After the Second World War, a plan was put forward to extend the standard gauge to Le Crotoy and Cayeux, with a new line to Le Hourdel at a cost of some FRF150-200 million. In 1963 another proposal was made to extend the dual gauge track to Lanchères at a cost of some FRF93 million. Even as late as 1968 plans were being proposed to extend the standard gauge to Cayeux, this time with the closure of the branch to Le Crotoy.
The line from Saint-Valery Ville to Cayeux was relaid with 25 kg/m rails recovered from the standard gauge Woincourt-Orival line, which closed to passengers in May 1939 and completely from 1 January 1947. In 1949 the CFBS acquired some second hand steam locomotives after the closure of the Réseau Albert. Three second-hand railcars were acquired in 1955 and a new railcar was acquired in 1957, along with two second hand diesel locomotives. A third diesel locomotive was acquired in 1960. In 1971 a pair of De Dion-Bouton type OC1 bogie railcars (X157 and X158) were acquired from the Réseau Breton (RB), having been previously used on the Chemin de Fer des Côtes-du-Nord (CdN). X158 was subsequently transferred to the Chemins de fer de la Corse, and is now preserved by the CdN Society at Langueux. A trailing railcar was also acquired from the RB in 1971, having previously been built as a powered railcar.
The CFBS steam locomotives were mainly confined to the sugar beet trains after the war. The very last CFBS steam train running on 5 April 1959. The steam locomotive from the râperie at Lanchères worked until 1965. The râperie itself closed in 1966, at the end of the \'65-66 season.
Even as late as 1958, the CFBS lines were carrying some 50,000 - 55,000 t of freight, including 35,000 - 40,000 t of sugar beet and 10,000 t of galets. In that year, a railcar caught fire at Cayeux, and the fire destroyed the loco shed, which was rebuilt. In 1961, the SE merged with the Compagnie Générale de Chemins de Fer et de Transports Automobiles (CFTA). The CFTA had interests in road transport, and instigated a system of rationalisation and cuts. The company livery changed from green to red and cream. Both goods and passenger traffic declined during the middle \'60s and the line from Noyelles to Le Crotoy closed with effect from 31 December 1969. CFTA worked the line to Cayeux for three more years, galets being carried by rail as late as 1970. The line from Saint-Valery to Cayeux closed with effect from 31 December 1972. The SNCF continued to use the standard gauge line between Noyelles and Saint-Valery for occasional freight trains. The SNCF line between Noyelles and Saint-Valery was last used on 6 February 1989 and closed with effect from 1 January 1993.
Local opposition to the closure of the line to Le Crotoy was strong, and a preservation group was formed on 13 November 1969, initially under the name of Association Ferroviaire Picardie, and from 14 March 1970 the Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme (CFBS). The initial aim of the society was to preserve the line from Noyelles to Le Crotoy as a tourist line. The first tourist trains ran on 4 July 1971, but although the railway had permission from SNCF to run into Noyelles, they were not allowed to drop or collect passengers there under an agreement with the local bus company. This arrangement lasting until 1986.
With the announcement that the Cayeux line was to close, the CFBS set up a new company, the Compagnie des Chemins de Fer Touristiques et Industriels de Picardie (CFTIP), which was founded 17 April 1973. From 1973 to 1981 it was the CFTIP rather than the CFBS which was responsible for running the trains. The CFTIP was unsuccessful in its bid to take over the freight traffic from Noyelles to Saint-Valery from SNCF. In 1976, there was a split within the CFBS/CFTIP, a splinter group, the Chemin de Fer Touristique de la Côte d\'Opale (CFTO) running trains between Saint-Valery Ville and Cayeux. The CFTO folded in December 1977 and the Cayeux line reverted to the CFTIP. By the late 1970s, the growth in the numbers of passengers meant that more coaches were needed, but those inherited from the SE/CFTA were in poor condition. Nine coaches were acquired from Switzerland between 1978 and 1984.
The CFBS again suffered a drop in passengers in the early \'80s, but in 1982 the CFTIP was wound up, and the CFBS confirmed as its successor in an agreement with SNCF and the Somme Département. At the end of the operation of the public service by the CFTA, an association of volunteers passionate about railways, the nonprofit Association of Railway Bay of Somme (SFBC), established on 13 March 1970 decided to operate as a tourist railway line Sea Baths group linking Noyelles-sur-Mer in Crotoy, closed since 31 December 1969. The operation of the line is then only during the summer. Winter is conducive to maintenance of the line and equipment.
Thanks to the financial support of different institutions (the municipalities served, Grand Picardy coast (formerly SMACOPI), General Council, Regional Council, State - DRAC, European Union etc.) enabled the CFBS to perform maintenance of the tracks, stations and equipment. All this caused a continuous increase in the number of visitors in the mid- 1990s, which increased from 20,000 to 100,000 per year. In 2011, the association exceeded the symbolic threshold of 150,000 passengers and there were more than 162,000 passengers carried in 2013.
Although the whole line is preserved, the section from Saint-Valery to Cayeux is operated only on certain days between April and September, including all but 4 days in July and August. Five of the minor stations or halts are still in use, in addition to the stations in the above named towns.
## The staff {#the_staff}
The SFBC is an association made up of over 400 members, including at least 80 active volunteers, and employs the equivalent of 22 full-time employees. The CFBS self-finances its operating costs (salaries, maintenance, coal, etc.) and participates in investments (facilities, infrastructure, equipment etc.)
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# Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
## Railway installations {#railway_installations}
The CFBS operates its network with meter-gauge track, but dual-gauge track remains between the station Noyelles and Saint-Valery Port. Transhipment facilities for cargo still exist in Noyelles that are used in every Steam Festival. The various lines are single track, with passing loops in the station, allowing trains to cross. Except Noyelles station, equipped with a mechanical signaling system of the old SNCF type, there is little signalling on the line, and traffic safety is ensured by instructions. A Line Manager ensures the operational use of the network and can communicate by \"ground-to-train\" radio with all trains. Automatic level crossings are installed at intersections with major roads and unguarded crossings to other crossings. The workshop equipment is installed in Saint-Valery Canal Station. Turntables exist at Noyelles, Saint-Valery Ville and Port, Le Crotoy and at Cayeux. However, the locomotives can travel in both directions of traffic without being rotated. E.332 is the only CFBS locomotive which cannot be turned on any of the turntable except Saint-Valery Port.
There is still a track connection with the SNCF which is commonly used during the Steam Festival.
## Gauge
The line from Noyelles sur Mer to Le Crotoy is metre gauge.
The line from Noyelles sur Mer to Saint-Valery Ville is of dual gauge, with metre gauge tracks laid within standard gauge track, thus having four rails. At Saint-Valery there is a branch to the Saint-Valery docks which is dual gauge, but having three rails only. The line from Saint-Valery Ville to Cayeux (Brighton Plage) is metre gauge.
## The Festival of Steam {#the_festival_of_steam}
The Festival of steam was organized for the first time in 1988 on the occasion of the centenary of the Network de Bains de Mer. The CFBS organized a steam engine rally in Noyelles-sur-Mer, the point of correspondence between the Network Bains de Mer and that of the SNCF . It quickly became a major event, and the CFBS reorganizes it every three years, with many steam engines from all over the Europe. It has become a major event for lovers of railways but also for the people of the Somme bay and tourists. The railway is of course put forward, but also the tractors, buses, rolls, saws \... and many other machines from the past are exhibited. The last event took place on 27 and 28 April 2013 . The association has set up a website dedicated to the event, which recounts the various steam events (until 2009 ). For the 2013 event, many materials have come from other networks including seven steam locomotives (including 150 p. 13 of the Train City and 020 Peckett n o 12 \"Marcia\" of the Kent & East Sussex Railway ), several carriages and a Sprague-Thomson of Paris metro owned by ADEMAS . This event welcomed nearly 21,000 visitors including 7,250 travelers.
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# Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
## Stations
From Le Crotoy to Cayeux the stations are:
### Le Crotoy {#le_crotoy}
50.22007778 1.631466667 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Le Crotoy\
This station is on the metre gauge branch from Noyelles, opened on 1 July 1887. There is a shed where the steam engines can be stored and light maintenance can be carried out.
### Favières
50.21722222 1.659722222 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Favières\
A small halt serving the village of Favières.
### Morlay
50.20913889 1.679916667 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Morlay\
A small halt serving the village.
### Noyelles-sur-Mer {#noyelles_sur_mer}
50.18704722 1.704144444 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Noyelles-sur-Mer\
A station was opened at Noyelles in 1847, being on the standard gauge line between Boulogne and Amiens. In 1858 a single track branch opened to Saint-Valery sur Somme. Metre gauge branches opened to Le Crotoy and Cayeux in 1887, the latter being laid between the rails of the standard gauge branch to Saint-Valery. The final line to be built to Noyelles was a metre gauge branch to Forest l\'Abbaye which opened on 24 August 1892 and closed to passengers on 10 March 1947 and freight on 1 February 1951.
### Saint-Valery Canal {#saint_valery_canal}
50.17610833 1.652272222 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Saint-Valery Canal\
This was the site of the original terminus of the standard gauge branch from Noyelles, opened on 5 June 1858. It is now the site of their depot, although some of the original buildings still survive.
### Saint-Valery Port {#saint_valery_port}
50.18347222 1.643530556 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Saint-Valery Port\
This was the main station for Saint-Valery when the dual gauge line was opened in 1887, the station at Saint-Valery Ville then being a halt.
### Saint-Valery Ville {#saint_valery_ville}
50.178975 1.643838889 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Saint-Valery Ville
This station opened on 6 September 1887. The station has always been dual gauge.
### Pendé Routhiauville {#pendé_routhiauville}
50.17288056 1.587830556 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Pendé Routhiauville\
A small halt serving the villages of Pendé and Routhiauville.
### Lanchères Pendé {#lanchères_pendé}
50.16671667 1.564083333 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Lanchères Pendé\
This station is on the metre gauge branch from Noyelles to Cayeux, it opened on 6 September 1887 and serves the villages of Lanchères and Pendé.
### Hurt
50.172425 1.536847222 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Hurt\
This halt was opened in 1890 after local people called for a station to be built.
### Cayeux (Brighton Plage) {#cayeux_brighton_plage}
50.17982778 1.500825 type:landmark_region:FR-80 format=dms display=inline name=Cayeux (Brighton Plage)
This station is the terminus of the metre gauge branch from Noyelles. It opened on 6 September 1887. In 1912, a 54 m extension was built to serve a `{{RailGauge|500mm}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{RailGauge|600mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge railway worked by horses to bring galets (flints) for onward shipment. Another short extension was also built at Cayeux after WWII to serve the Sansom factory; this was in use until the 1960s.
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# Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
The \"Association du Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme\" has restored a number of locomotives, railbuses, carriages and wagons to full use, others await overhaul or restoration. All vehicles are metre gauge unless otherwise denoted.
### Steam locomotives {#steam_locomotives}
None of the original steam locomotives that worked on the Réseau des Bains de Mer have survived into preservation. The locomotive that most represents those that did work the line is the Haine-St.-Pierre loco, which carries works number 1316/1921. A group of eleven similar locos, works numbers 1304-14 inclusive were built in 1921 for the SE, and four of those are known to have worked on the Réseau des Bains de Mer system, including the CFBS lines.
CFBS number Name Wheel Type Builder Year Power Serial number Notes
------------- ----------------------------- ------------ ----------------- ------ ------- --------------- -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N°25 **La Verte** 0-4-0T Corpet-Louvet 1927 1672 ex Enterprise Paul Frot. In working order.
N°1 **Aisne** 2-6-0T Corpet-Louvet 1906 1092 ex Régie Département des Transports de l\'Aisne. Restored in 2006. In working order. Classified historic monument.
N°2 2-6-0T Cail 1889 2296 ex Panama Canal, Ferrocarriles de Puerto Rico, Henry Ford Museum and Traverse City, Michigan. Restored in 2003, revised in 2012 to 2013. In working order.
N°101 0-6-0T Pinguely 1905 165 ex Chemins de fer du Morbihan, Forges de Gueugnon and Fédération des Amis des Chemins de fer Secondaires (FACS). Restored to service during the Fête de la Vapeur on 27 and 28 April 2013. Classified historic monument.
N°15 **Noyon-Guiscard-Lassigny** 2-6-0T Haine-St-Pierre 1920 1316 ex Compagnie Générale des Voies Ferrées d'Intérêt Local (VFIL) Oise. Restored in 1998, revised in 2011, classified Historic Monument. In working order.
N°3714 **Beton-Bazoches** 0-6-2T Buffaud-Robatel 1909 \- ex SE (Réseau de Seine & Marne) and FACS. « Beton-Bazoches » In working order. Restored in 1980 and again in 2000 and revised in 2012, classified Historic Monument.
N°E.332 4-6-0T Fives-Lille 1909 3587 Ex E.332 from Réseau Breton - restored in 2009, in working order.
- 12 *La Grise* Corpet-Louvet 0-4-0T 1589/1921, ex Enterprise Paul Frot, La Chapelle-St Luc, Troyes has been transferred to a touristic network in central France (Train du Bas-Berry). Return is not imminent.
- 15 *La Marron* Corpet-Louvet 0-4-0T 1667/1925, ex Enterprise Paul Frot. Stopped since the mid-seventies. Now owned by the Fédération des amis des chemins de fer secondaires.
#### Saint-Valery scrapyard {#saint_valery_scrapyard}
- Corpet-Louvet 0-6-0T 1104/1904, ex Lunéville-Einville railway and Sablières de la Haute et Basse Seine.
- Corpet-Louvet 0-6-0T 927/1903, ex Economique des Charentes No.47.
- Schneider 0-6-2T built 1891, ex Département de la Côte d\'Or. Removed in 2014 and now at MTVS in Crèvecœur-le-Grand.
- Pinguely 0-6-0T, ex Chemins de Fer du Beaujolais No.8. Removed in 1997 and now under restoration at Angers, France.
### Diesel locomotives {#diesel_locomotives}
- 301, 6w diesel, VFIL Lumbres built 1948. ex VFIL Pas-de-Calais, Réseau de Développement Technologique (RDT) Ardennes, VFIL Lumbres, VFIL Flandres.
- 351, 6w diesel, VFIL Lumbres built 1948, ex VFIL Flandres.
- 352, 6w diesel, VFIL Lumbres built 1948, ex VFIL Flandres.
- 824, 6w diesel, Sociedad Español de Construccion Naval built 1966. Ex Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalune, Barcelona.
- BA-12, 6w diesel. Ateliers CFD de Neuillé-Pont-\~Pierre, Indre-er-Loire built 1941--45. Ex CFD Indre-et-Loire, Chemin de fer du Blanc-Argent.
- Y-2107, 4w diesel, Baudet Donnon Roussel built 1952. Ex SNCF Y2100 class and John Deere, Fleury-les-Aubrais, Loire. Standard gauge.
### Railbuses
- M-31, 2 axle railcar built by VFIL Lumbres, ex VFIL Flandres and CFTA.
- M-41, Bogie railcar built by VFIL Lumbres 1936, ex VFIL Pas-de-Calais, VFIL Flandres and CFTA.
- M-42, Bogie railcar built by VFIL Lumbres 1936, ex VFIL Pas-de-Calais, VFIL Oise and CFTA.
- M-43, Bogie railcar built by VFIL Lumbres 1936, ex VFIL Pas-de-Calais, VFIL Oise and CFTA.
- R6, Bogie railcar trailer, built as a railcar by Billard in 1937, ex Tramways Ille-et-Vilaine, RB and CFTA.
- X-157, Bogie railcar built by De Dion-Bouton 1937, ex Chemin de Fer des Côtes-du-Nord (CdN), RB and CFTA.
- X-212, Bogie railcar built by (Verney) 1951, ex Blanc-Argent BA-SNCF
- A two axle *draisine* built by Campagne in 1930, ex CFTA.
### Surviving SE/CFTA rolling stock {#surviving_secfta_rolling_stock}
#### Carriages
- ACf10302, 1st/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium.
- ACf10303, 1st/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. Being restored.
- ACf10305, 1st/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. Out of service.
- ACf10308, 1st/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium.
- BCf10501, 2nd/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. Listed.
- BCf10502, 2nd/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. In green livery.
- BCf10504, 2nd/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. In green livery.
- BCf10507, 2nd/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. Listed
- BCf10508, 2nd/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. Listed
- BCf10509, 2nd/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium.
- BCf10510, 2nd/3rd bogie coach built 1920 by Manage, Belgium. In green livery. Listed.
- ex-PLM ( Ligne d\'Orange à Buis-les-Baronnies, SE operation) built by Decauville 1906
- ABef 4, being restored
- ABef 5, in service
- ABCDf 105, bogie coach built 1894 by De Dietrich, ex RB / CFTA
#### Baggage Vans {#baggage_vans}
- D10801, 4 wheel fourgon, ex SE Allier, SE Somme/CFTA
- D series, 4 wheel fourgon, sold to the Musée des tramways à vapeur et des chemins de fer secondaires français but repurchased in 1995.
- K11008, 4 wheel fourgon, builder unknown.
- K11013, 4 wheel fourgon, builder unknown.
- K12005, 4 wheel fourgon, builder unknown.
#### Freight vehicles {#freight_vehicles}
- Five four wheeled vans numbered K1210, K1211, K1247, K1254, and K1276, builder unknown.
- Four four-wheeled brake vans numbered K2203, K2206, K2224, and K2225, builder unknown.
- Two four-wheeled flat wagons numbered T9209 and T9220.
- One unnumbered flat wagon built by Magnard in 1911.
- Six four-wheeled tombereaux open wagons numbered U3305, U12087, U13021, U13056, U14008, and U14052, builder unknown.
- One crane numbered G9009
- One crane (unnumbered) built by Baume-et-Marpent.
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# Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
### Imported rolling stock {#imported_rolling_stock}
#### Carriages {#carriages_1}
- Bogie saloon coach, built by David Desouches et Compagnie in 1889. Ex SE Réseau du Centre, Allier-Cher. Exhibited at the Exposition Universelle, Paris in 1889. Original body on an ex Chemin du Fer de Lozère chassis. The ex-BOB rake is often known as the \"Swiss Train\".
- BDF 201, 2nd class and baggage compartments (Chemins de fer électriques Veveysans, Schlieren construction 1911).
- Bf 204, 2nd class compartment (Chemins de fer électriques Veveysans, Schlieren construction 1911).
- Bf 22, ex C22- 2nd class compartment (Chemin de fer Yverdon-Ste-Croix, construction SIG Neuhausen 1893).
- BDf 26, ex C27 became BC12 in 1907 and C26 in 1924- 2nd class and baggage compartments (Chemin de fer Yverdon-Ste-Croix, construction SIG Neuhausen 1893).
- Bf 27, converted from BDf 27 (returned to original state), ex C21, which became BC 13 in 1907 and C27 in 1924. 2nd class compartment (Chemin de fer Yverdon-Ste-Croix, construction SIG Neuhausen 1893).
- Bf 31, Second class compartment (Chemin de Fer Yverdon-Ste-Croix, construction SIG Neuhausen 1929).
- Bf 32, Second class compartment (Chemin de Fer Yverdon-Ste-Croix, construction SIG Neuhausen 1929). Now in Green and Cream livery.
- Bf 231, 2nd class coach with centre WC (Bernese Oberland railway, building GIS/WAB 1952).
- Bf 236, 2nd class coach with centre WC (Bernese Oberland railway, construction SIG Neuhausen 1954/1956).
- Bf 237, 2nd class coach with centre WC (Bernese Oberland railway, construction SIG Neuhausen 1954/1956).
- ABF 207, 1st class and 2nd class composite coach with centre WC (Bernese Oberland railway, construction SIG Neuhausen 1954/1956).
- ABF 208, 1st class and 2nd class composite coach with centre WC (Bernese Oberland railway, construction SIG Neuhausen 1954/1956).
- ABF 210, 1st class and 2nd class composite coach with centre WC (Bernese Oberland railway, construction SIG Neuhausen 1954/1956).
- B 2212, awaiting restoration / redevelopment for the dining train (Rhaetian Railway, built in 1913 SIG, metallic in 1960)
- B 2214, awaiting restoration / redevelopment for the dining train (Rhaetian Railway, built in 1913 SIG, metallic in 1960)
- B 3816, restaurant car, awaiting restoration for the dining train (Rhaetian Railway, built in 1913 SIG, metallic in 1960)
- B 3817, restaurant car, awaiting restoration for the dining train (Rhaetian Railway, built in 1913 SIG, metallic in 1960)
#### Baggage Vans {#baggage_vans_1}
- Dz 62, Chemin de Fer Yverdon-Ste-Croix (Switzerland), bogies ex BC15, SIG 1912.
- Df 422, SWS 1905, ex Chemins de fer électriques de la Gruyèr, formerly K301.
- Df 522, SIG 1916, former Bernese Oberland railway, BOB (Switzerland).
- Df 523, SIG 1908, former Bernese Oberland railway, BOB (Switzerland), fitted with a kitchen and assigned to the dining train.
- Df 803, ex-SE, built by Blanc Misseron.
- Df 852, ex-SE, built by Blanc Misseron, restored in July 2011.
- Df 10,801, former SE (formerly used as a ticket office at St Valery Port).
#### Freight vehicles {#freight_vehicles_1}
- Four four-wheeled vans numbered K434, K502, Kf1390, and one unnumbered K series van, builder unknown, ex RB.
- One four-wheeled van numbered K603, built by Schlieren in 1903, ex Chemin de Fer Electrique de Gruyère and Chemin de Fer Clonay-Chamby.
- One four-wheeled unnumbered K series brake van, ex RB.
- One bogie flat wagon numbered MMX3, possibly German origin, ex RDT Ardennes/CFTA.
- Three four-wheeled flat wagons numbered M302, M309, and M310, built by Neuhausen in 1893, ex CF YStC.
- One four-wheeled flat wagon numbered M305 built by Pétolat in 1905, ex CF YStC.
- One flat wagon, builder unknown, ex Entreprise Paul Frot.
- One four-wheeled tombereau built by Pétolat in 1905, ex CF YStC.
- Three four-wheeled tomberaux of Italian origin, ex Ferrovia Appennino Centrale and CF YStC.
- Two four-wheeled skip wagons, builder unknown, ex Enterprise Paul Frot.
- Two four-wheeled hopper wagons, builder unknown, ex La Mine Orne.
- One four-wheeled hopper wagon, ex SNCF (standard gauge).
## Twinning
The CFBS is twinned with the Kent and East Sussex Railway, a preserved standard gauge railway in England. The twinning agreement was signed on 27 April 1996 at Noyelles. The K&ESR\'s P Class locomotive was present. The railway is also twinned with the Association des chemins de fer des Côtes-du-Nord on the northwest coast
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Chemin de fer de la Baie de Somme
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# Liautaud Ethéart
**Liautaud Ethéart** (1826--1888) was a Haitian playwright and politician. Born in Port-au-Prince, Ethéart served as Secretary of State in 1879. He was Minister of Finance 1872-1873 and 1876-1877. He is best remembered for his theatrical works
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# Shire of Lake Grace
The **Shire of Lake Grace** is a local government area in the eastern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, about 350 km ESE of the state capital, Perth. The Shire has a land area of 10379 km2 and its seat of government is the town of Lake Grace.
## History
The Lake Grace Road District was gazetted on 22 December 1922. On 1 July 1961, it became a Shire under the *Local Government Act 1960*, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.
## Towns and localities {#towns_and_localities}
The towns and localities of the Shire of Lake Grace with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
Locality data-sort-type=number\|Population data-sort-type=number\|Area Map
------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----
Beenong {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q50407541}}
Buniche {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448844}}
Dunn Rock {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55770522}}
East Newdegate {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448839}}
Hatter Hill {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448836}}
Kuender {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q30582907}}
Lake Biddy {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448842}}
Lake Camm {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55772075}}
Lake Grace {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q3216458}}
Lake King {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q21888891}}
Magenta {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448838}}
Mallee Hill {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55770526}}
Mount Madden {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55770524}}
Mount Sheridan {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q38082603}}
Neendaling {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q21887113}}
Newdegate {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q1693905}}
North Burngup {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448841}}
North Lake Grace {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448845}}
South Newdegate {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448843}}
Varley {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q7915980}}
## Heritage-listed places {#heritage_listed_places}
As of 2023, 231 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Lake Grace, of which five are on the State Register of Heritage Places
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# Amos Myers
**Amos Myers** (April 23, 1824 -- October 18, 1893) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Myers was born in Petersburg, Pennsylvania on April 23, 1824. He attended a private school near Clarion, Pennsylvania, and in 1843 graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846 and commenced practice in Clarion. He held several local offices, and was appointed district attorney of Clarion County, Pennsylvania in 1847.
Myers was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1863 -- March 3, 1865). He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury during the Thirty-eighth Congress. He resumed the practice of law in Clarion. He moved to Kentucky and was ordained to the Baptist ministry. He preached in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New York, and died in East Carleton (now Kent, New York) on October 18, 1893. Interment in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana
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7,741,453 |
# KSYN
**KSYN** (92.5 FM), known as \"Kissin\' 92.5\", is a contemporary hit radio radio station licensed to Joplin, Missouri. It serves the \"Four-State Region\". Cities in KSYN\'s primary coverage area include Joplin, Neosho, Monett, and Nevada, Missouri; Pittsburg, Parsons, Fort Scott, and Chanute, Kansas; Miami and Vinta, Oklahoma; and Bella Vista, Rogers, and Bentonville, Arkansas.
## Founder
KSYN was founded in 1960 by [William B. \"Bill\" Neal](http://www.parkermortuary.com/fh/obituaries/obituary.cfm?o_id=1452326&fh_id=10419). Following an injury that occurred during the Battle of the Bulge, Neal was transferred to Paris, France where he began his career in broadcasting with the Armed Forces Radio Service. In addition to KSYN, Neal owned WMBH and founded Joplin AM station KQYX. In 2000, Neal was awarded the [Pioneer in Broadcasting Award](https://web.archive.org/web/20120907040926/http://www.mssu.edu/kgcs/awards-pioneer-broadcaster.php) from Missouri Southern State University in recognition of his work in the development of FM radio and for his role in popularizing the modern AM talk radio format. He is also one of only six individuals to be honored with the Lifetime Member award from the Missouri Broadcasters Association.
## History
### The 1960s & 1970s {#the_1960s_1970s}
On December 19, 1960, KSYN became the first FM radio station to operate in the Four State Region. It was the tenth FM station established in Missouri and the state\'s most powerful, with a 100,000-watt tower that stood more than 90 stories tall. In these early days, KSYN could be heard clearly as far away as Kansas City, Missouri, and Tulsa, Oklahoma. It began carrying the American Top 40 program with Casey Kasem during the early 1970s.
While the increasing popularity of Rock \'n\' Roll helped propel KSYN\'s rapid ascent to number one in listener ratings, Neal still had to overcome a fundamental problem: few people in those days owned FM receivers. To meet this challenge, KSYN provided free radios to area businesses and organizations so that they could hear for themselves the differences in sound quality between AM and FM. A small black and silver sign was provided with each radio for display reading, \"The Wonderful Sound of F.M. - KSYN\". To reach mobile listeners, the station gave away hundreds of FM car radios at live remotes and on the air to callers who answered trivia questions correctly. To those unable to obtain free FM radios, the station offered receivers for sale at wholesale prices.
During this period, KSYN was known for large-scale, innovative promotions. In a 2000 interview with Missouri Southern State University, Bill Neal remarked that \"Radio is about promotion.\" Translating this philosophy into action, the station regularly underwrote the costs of bringing popular artists to Joplin. It also developed an annual \"KSYN Olympics,\" which was held at Wildcat Park and Shadow Lake. Events included bikini contests, boat races, and numerous other competitions designed to entertain large and often raucous crowds. One particularly memorable promotion involved a helicopter that showered \$40,000 in cash and prizes over downtown Joplin. This promotion effectively closed downtown for a day, leading the city to inform the station owner that any future permit applications would not be viewed favorably.
In the late 1960s and throughout most of the 1970s, broadcasting Hall of Fame announcer Bob James hosted a popular news talk show on Sunday mornings that featured local and state public officials, high school and college coaches, and other newsmakers. James is perhaps best known for his coverage of the Connor Hotel collapse, which occurred on November 11, 1978. During the days following the incident, KSYN provided in-depth coverage of the events from its mobile news unit, which was parked downtown near what remained of the hotel. James\' reporting focused on the search and rescue efforts for three men who were trapped beneath the rubble. When, after 77 hours, rescue workers found one of the men alive in a corner of the hotel\'s basement, James was there to report the news that so many had been waiting to hear. With Bob James as News Director, KSYN was an important source for both news and entertainment. At the time, KSYN was known as \"K-92\".
### The 1980s {#the_1980s}
KSYN may have reached its apex in terms of popularity and influence in the early and middle 1980s. In 1985, for example, KSYN had 17.5 percent of the total listenership, winning the top spot for every segment of the day. Radio was still largely free of competition from other music delivery platforms; MTV was just catching on and the internet, MP3 players, and satellite radio had yet to be created.
Rather than sitting back and allowing the popularity of the format to carry the station, Bill Neal sought to cement KSYN as an indelible part of local popular culture. He accomplished this by further accelerating promotional activities. During these years, KSYN tee shirts and bumper stickers were ubiquitous throughout the Four State Area. The station regularly gave away thousands of dollars in cash, not to mention countless tee shirts, hats, cases of soft drinks, and Worlds of Fun tickets. And KSYN didn\'t just broadcast the music; it brought the artists who made the music to Joplin, sponsoring top-shelf acts such as Joan Jett and The Blackhearts, Jefferson Starship, Air Supply, Stevie Ray Vaughan, John Waite, Survivor, Night Ranger, and Cheap Trick. In addition, KSYN\'s current moniker draws its heritage from this period when, in the early 1980s, it was known as \"Kissin 92.5, Your Number One Hit Music Leader.\"
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KSYN
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# KSYN
## History
### The 1990s {#the_1990s}
Led by Tulsa, Oklahoma\'s Garth Brooks, the early 1990s saw a powerful resurgence in country music. Seemingly overnight, country overtook rock as the most popular radio format. Put simply, country was in and rock was out. This phenomenon knocked KSYN from atop the listener ratings for consecutive years for the first time in its history. And while country music\'s popularity has receded from this high-water mark, it remains to this day the most popular format in the Four State Region.
Although the early 1990s and country music brought an end to KSYN\'s 40-year reign at the pinnacle of listener ratings, this period is not without its high points. Chief among these is that the broadcasting station was refurbished. Compact disk players replaced tapes and records, improving sound quality. Computers took the place of several refrigerator-sized mechanical processors, enhancing programming reliability. And remote satellite programs replaced overnight announcers, saving costs while adding an element of national entertainment to the lineup. In short, the station took a giant leap toward the 21st Century.
By 1995 rock had begun to recover and so had KSYN\'s listener ratings. Given the overall favorable dynamics, it was in this year that William B. Neal chose to conclude his career in broadcasting---a career that spanned more than a half-century by selling KSYN to Big Mack Broadcasting, Inc. Big Mack was owned by Chuck Dunaway who was, like his predecessor, an influential figure within the radio business, having been inducted into both the Texas and Ohio Broadcasting Halls of Fame.
Chuck Dunaway\'s career in radio began in 1952 as an announcer for KBST in Big Spring, Texas. Quickly rising through the ranks, in the late 1950s he assumed the afternoon drivetime slot for New York\'s top-rated station, WABC-AM. Dunaway eventually parlayed his success as an announcer into station proprietorship, purchasing his first radio station in 1982 and eventually owning six in the Joplin market alone. Under Dunaway\'s relatively brief period of ownership, KSYN continued much as it had under Neal. Chuck Dunaway\'s legacy at KSYN could be described as that of a steady and experienced hand who bridged the gap between long-term owners.
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# KSYN
## History
### The modern era {#the_modern_era}
If one were looking to quickly categorize KSYN\'s history, it could be logically divided into two parts: the William B. Neal era, which spans from 1960 to 1995; and the James L. Zimmer era, which began in 1998 and continues into the present.
Since 1998, KSYN has been owned by James L. \"Jim\" Zimmer under the Zimmer family\'s Zimmer Radio Group (1998--2006) and Zimmer Radio, Inc (2007--present). During the Zimmer era, the station has been brought fully into the modern, computer age and KSYN\'s position near the top of listener surveys has been re-established.
Under Zimmer, KSYN became only the second station in the Four-State Region to begin broadcasting in HD Radio and was one of the first to embrace the internet platform for content distribution. The station\'s HD2 channel, \"Kissin\' HD2\", offers improved sound quality and a slightly different format than the primary \"Kissin 92.5\" in the form of more urban oriented music
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7,741,457 |
# Chimariko traditional narratives
**Chimariko traditional narratives** include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Chimariko people who lived on the Trinity River of northwestern California.
The Chimariko lived within a region where cultural influences from central California, the Northwest Coast, the Plateau, and the Great Basin overlapped. Motifs from all these regions would be expected in Chimariko oral literature. (*See also* Traditional narratives (Native California)
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# Godai Tomoatsu
was one of the Satsuma students of 1865 who were smuggled out of Bakumatsu period Japan to study in Great Britain. He returned to become Japan\'s leading entrepreneur of the early Meiji period.
## Early life {#early_life}
Godai was born in Satsuma domain (in what is now part of Kagoshima city, Kagoshima Prefecture), and was sent by the domain to study naval science and technology at the *Kaigun Denshujo* in Nagasaki. At the outbreak of the Anglo-Satsuma War of 1864, he was appointed captain of the *Ten'yū Maru*. Along with Matsuki Koan, he was taken prisoner by the Royal Navy when his ship was captured. Released, he was forced to hide, as some in Satsuma suspected him of betraying them to England. During his hiding, he drafted a plan for a program of military expansion underpinned by open foreign trade. His plan included sending sixteen men and an interpreter to study in London. He himself was, naturally, one of 15 students to be sent to Great Britain to study at the University College, London in defiance of the Tokugawa bakufu\'s official national seclusion policy.
## Bakumatsu period {#bakumatsu_period}
In 1865 Godai made contact with Thomas Glover who steered negotiations with the Platt textile machinery giant in Oldham, Lancashire, England. This visit led to the establishment of the Kagoshima Mill in Satsuma in 1867 - reputed to be Japan\'s first modern factory. Manchester engineers spent a year in Kagoshima to supervise building, factory production and the training of local workers. The *Manchester Seven* - as they became known had a special *White Mansion* constructed for their comfort and is today a museum. Godai\'s UK visit also included the Manchester Chamber of Commerce - reputed to have inspired the foundation of the pioneering Osaka Chamber and Industry.
Godai later returned to Europe to negotiate with the Comte des Cantons Charles Montblanc (1832--1893) to establish a joint venture commercial enterprise for the development of Satsuma\'s natural resources in exchange for European weapons and manufactured goods. This French--Satsuma trading company attracted French investment into the Satsuma domain to establish a steamship shipyard and textile (silk) spinning factories and to send promising students from Satsuma overseas. Its existence also allowed Satsuma to participate as if it were an independent country in the Paris Exhibition of 1867, much to the consternation of the Tokugawa-government representatives. At the same time, Godai used his contacts to purchase the latest warships to equip the Satsuma in preparation with the growing conflict to overthrow the Tokugawa regime.
## Meiji statesman {#meiji_statesman}
After the Meiji Restoration, Godai became a *San\'yo* (junior councilor), and used his foreign experience to defuse a number of incidents created against foreigners by xenophobic ex-*samurai*. He resigned from government service in 1869, and turned his full attention to business. Basing himself in Osaka, he created several major joint stock companies involved in international trade, commerce and shipping, which he operated simultaneously. Godai went on to found the Osaka Chamber of Commerce and the Osaka Stock Exchange.
He also participated in the Osaka Conference of 1875, which attempted to hold together the fragile coalition of feudal domains which dominated the early Meiji government.
Godai was later implicated in the Hokkaido Colonization Office Scandal of 1881, which brought down the administration of Prime Minister Kuroda Kiyotaka.
## Commemoration
A biographical drama film titled *Godai - The Wunderkind* by Japanese film director Mitsutoshi Tanaka was released in 2020, starring Haruma Miura as Godai
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# Israel G. Lash
**Israel George Lash** (August 18, 1810 -- April 1, 1878) was an American businessman and politician who served two terms as a Congressional Representative from North Carolina from 1868 to 1871.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Bethania, North Carolina, August 18, 1810, Lash attended the common schools and the local academy in his native city.
## Career
He engaged in mercantile pursuits and subsequently became a cigar manufacturer. He also engaged in banking in Salem, North Carolina.
## Political career {#political_career}
He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1868. Upon the readmission of the State of North Carolina to representation he was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth Congress. He was reelected to the Forty-first Congress and served from July 20, 1868, to March 3, 1871. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1870.
## Later career and death {#later_career_and_death}
After leaving Congress, he again engaged in banking in Salem (now Winston-Salem) N.C., until his death there on April 1, 1878.
His interment was in the Moravian Cemetery, Bethania, N.C.
## Slaveholder
Lash owned at least thirty enslaved people in Forsyth County, North Carolina
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# KIXQ
**KIXQ** (102.5 FM, \"KIX 102.5\") is a country music formatted radio station licensed in Joplin, Missouri, and is owned by the Zimmer Radio It is the third radio station in the four-state area to multicast in HD Radio.
KIXQ is simulcast on HD-1. KZRG is simulcasted on HD-2.
KIXQ was part of the family-owned Zimmer Radio Group. The stations were sold in July 2007 to James Zimmer and he created a new company called Zimmer Radio, Inc.
In the spring of 1981 under the ownership of Pat Demaree, 102.5 was a Top 40 (CHR) format under the moniker Z-103 and was rebranded \"The Z 102.5\" around 1990 under the helm of Al Zar and Gary Bandy that lasted a year. Following that time, the station went through a number of format changes including adult contemporary and satellite-fed country. Chuck Dunaway of Big Mac Broadcasting purchased the station, changed its call letters to **KJKT** and rebranded it as Country Kat 102.5. Mr. Dunaway then purchased KSYN 92.5 FM and rebranded the station, \"Kissin\' 92.5.\"
During this time, KIXQ was on air at 93.9 FM (known as KIX 94) playing more traditional country in the era when Garth Brooks had exploded on the scene. The owners of KIX 94 purchased the 97.9 FM frequency which, at the time, was a Christian station and Ralph Cherry changed 97.9\'s format to Big Dog New Country to compete against Country Kat.
Mr. Dunaway then bought 93.9 and 97.9. This left them with two competing country music format stations. The decision was made to combine the two stations into one with the KIXQ call letters and \"KIX\" slogan at the 102.5 FM frequency. For a brief period, the same programming was simulcast on both stations and they were referred to as \"KAT, and KIX 102.5.\" Once the transition was complete, 102.5 FM officially became KIX 102.5, 93.9 FM flipped to an Adult Contemporary station known as Magic 93.9 with the call letters KJMK and 97.9 flipped to Classic Rock Big Dog 97.9. Mr. Dunaway sold the stations to the Zimmer Radio Group
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# KJMK
**KJMK** (93.9 FM) is a classic hits radio station licensed to Webb City, Missouri and broadcasting from Joplin, Missouri, with an effective radiated power of 48,000 watts.
KJMK used to be a part of the family-owned Zimmer Radio Group. The stations were sold in July 2007 to James Zimmer and he created a new company called Zimmer Radio, Inc.
## History
This station started out as \"KIX 94 FM\", a country station. Later, KIX (KIXQ) was moved down the dial to 102.5 FM, replacing another country station, Country KAT (KJKT), at that frequency. The station was relaunched as an AC station, \"Magic 93.9\". Later, the station transitioned to \"Lite Rock 93.9\".
On March 2, 2012, KJMK changed their format to classic hits, branded as \"Classic Hits 93.9\"
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# KXDG
**KXDG** (97.9 FM) is a mainstream rock radio station licensed to Webb City, Missouri, owned by Zimmer Radio Group. KXDG began broadcasting in HD Radio in 2006 and ceased HD Radio broadcast in 2014. It was the first radio station in the four-state area to begin multicasting. Its slogan is \"Big Dog 97.9 Joplin\'s Rock Station and The 4 States Rocker Big Dog 97
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| 0 |
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# Alexander H. Jones
**Alexander Hamilton Jones** (July 21, 1822 -- January 29, 1901) was an American politician who served as a Congressional Representative from North Carolina. He edited the *Hendersonville Pioneer* newspaper. A Republican, he was part of the Union League.
Jones was born near the city of Asheville in Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States, on July 21, 1822.
He engaged in mercantile pursuits, and enlisted in the Union Army in 1863. He was captured in east Tennessee while raising a regiment of Union Volunteers and imprisoned, but made his escape November 14, 1864. He again joined the Union forces in Cumberland, Maryland.
After the war, Jones returned to North Carolina and became a member of the State convention in 1865. He was elected as a Republican in November 1865 to the Thirty-ninth Congress, but was not permitted to qualify. Upon the readmission of North Carolina to representation, he was elected (in April 1868) to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses and served from July 6, 1868, to March 3, 1871. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1870 to the Forty-second Congress.
Jones resided in Washington, D.C., until 1876, in Maryland until 1884, in Asheville, North Carolina, until 1890, and in Oklahoma until 1897, when he moved to California. He died in Long Beach, California, and was buried in Long Beach Municipal Cemetery
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# Geraldine Mitton
**Geraldine Edith Mitton** (14 October 1868`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}25 March 1955), pen name **G. E. Mitton**, was an English novelist, biographer, editor, and guide-book writer. Born in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, she was the third daughter of Rev. Henry Arthur Mitton, a master of Sherburn Hospital. In 1896, she moved to London, where she worked with Walter Besant on his survey of London. In 1899 she joined the staff of the publishing company A & C Black, where she was on the editorial staff of Who\'s Who. She married colonial administrator Sir George Scott in 1920, becoming his third wife. She collaborated with Scott on several novels set in Burma, and wrote his biography, *Scott of the Shan Hills*, which was published in 1936, the year after his death.
## Works
- 1902 [*The Opportunist*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008669627)
- 1902 *Chelsea: The Fascination of London*
- 1905 [*The Scenery of London*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100375211), illustrated by Herbert M. Marshall
- 1907 *The Children\'s Book of Stars*
- 1907 *A Bachelor Girl in Burma*
- 1909 [*The Book of the Railway*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002018199), illustrated by Allan Stewart
- 1910 [*The Thames*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007648723), illustrated by E. W. Haslehust
- 1911 [*Where Great Men Lived in London*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006064864)
- 1911 [*The Isle of Wight*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006272532)
- 1915 [*Cornwall*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007667968)
- 1915 *Austria-Hungary*
- 1916 \" The Lost Cities of Ceylon\", published John Murray, London. Reprint 1928.
- 1920 *Buckinghamshire and Berkshire*, published by A&C Black Ltd.
- 1936 *[Scott of the Shan Hills](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210818/mode/2up?q=%22G.+E.+Mitton%22)*
Jointly with J. G. Scott:
- 1913 *In the Grip of the Wild Wa*
- 1922 [*The Green Moth*](http://catalog.hathitrust
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# KKOW-FM
**KKOW-FM** \"96.9 The Kow\" is a country music station licensed to Pittsburg, Kansas, owned by American Media Investments.
## History
96.9 FM was brought on the air in 1975, as KMRJ by Jim Harbart. At its inception it was an adult contemporary station broadcasting from studios on Quincy Street in Pittsburg. In 1982, the station was sold to John David and Richard Chegwin, who retained the format but changed the call sign to KDBQ.
Ownership changed again in 1984, when Tim Menowsky and Frank Bell took ownership and branded the station KQWK \"Quick Rock 97\" with a hybrid contemporary hit radio/album-oriented rock format.
In 1986, the station was purchased by its current owner, American Media Investments, which relocated the studios across the state line to Joplin, Missouri. With new KKOW-FM callsign, the station continued with a rock format until the studios were moved to their current location outside Pittsburg, at which time the station became \"Hot Country\". The station returned to KKOW-FM after a short stint as KRKN between 1989 and 1990. In 1992, KKOW adopted the \"Kow\" moniker that it still holds to this day
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# Dashair Lake
**Dashair Lake** is located near the Rohtang Pass that connects Kullu district with Lahaul in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is about 4,270 m above the sea level and it is also known as Sarkund
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| 0 |
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# Joshua Boaz ben Simon Baruch
**Joshua Boaz ben Simon Baruch** (died 1557), also known as the **Shiltei Giborim** after a work he authored, was a prominent Talmudist who lived at Sabbioneta, and later at Savigliano. He was a descendant of an old Judæo-Spanish family, and probably settled in Italy after the banishment of the Jews from Spain.
When he was twenty-three years old, he began to publish useful works on the Talmud, in which he displayed vast erudition.
## Rulings
Among his rulings in Jewish Law is the consent for women to wear wigs. He argued that hairs which are not attached to the head are not subject to the prohibitions regarding modesty which requires the covering of a woman\'s hair. He claimed that the woman\'s duty to make herself attractive to her husband outweighed other objections. His ruling was later included in the great code of Jewish Law known as the Shulchan Aruch.
## Works
- *Massoret haShas* or *Massoret haTalmud*, (trans. \"Tradition of the Talmud\"), marginal notes to the Talmud giving cross-references to parallel passages in the Talmud and the halakhic Midrashim
- *Ein Mishpat, Ner Mitzvah*, (trans. \"The Wellspring of Justice, the Lamp of the Precept\"), further marginal notes, giving references to the relevant Halakhot in Maimonides\' *Yad ha-Chazakah*, Moses of Coucy\'s *Sefer Mitzvot Gadol* and the *Arba\'ah Turim* and *Shulchan Aruch* (as these last two works have the same numbering system, the same references are valid for both)
- *Torah Ohr*, (trans. \"The Torah is Light\"), an index of the Biblical passages mentioned in the Talmud. These three works were first published, together with the Talmud, at Venice, 1546--1551, and are still found in most Talmud editions
- *Siddur Mordechai VeSimanav,* a compendium of Mordechai ben Hillel\'s halakhic work arranged according to the order of the *Yad ha-Chazakah.* The same work was also published (Sabionetta, 1554) under the title *Siddur Dinei Mordechai*
- *Shiltei ha-Gibborim*, (trans. \"Shields of Heroes\"), a selection of critical notes on Alfasi\'s compendium of the Talmud, and on the *Mordechai.* This work bears also the title *Sefer haMachloket
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# The Stechford Club
**The Stechford Club** is a private members club in Stechford, Birmingham. It was established in 1907 and past members of the club include world snooker champion Joe Davis.
## History
The Stechford Club Ltd was registered on October 4, 1907, although the first meeting was not held until October 9, 1907. For the first seven years operated from leased premises which were part of the old Masonic Hall in Station Road. In 1914, the present club building was completed. The land cost £236 15s 6d and the building cost £1160, the funds were raised by a debenture scheme. The first club President was M.L. Lancaster JP who was Birmingham\'s only ever independent Lord Mayor from 1929 to 1930.
## Traditional events {#traditional_events}
The club has traditionally held several events each year including a Burns supper, the St George\'s Day lunch and the club lunch, which is always held on the second Saturday in December. The club lunch is followed with several competitions.
The club celebrated its 100th anniversary on the October 12, 2007 with a gentlemen\'s charity dinner, which was attended by The Lord Mayor of Birmingham Randal Brew OBE, John Hemming MP and Tommy Docherty. The following Saturday a dinner dance was held at which Baroness Morris of Yardley was the guest of honour. Between the two event over £2000 was raised for local charities.
## Snooker
Snooker has always been a key part of the club\'s life. The club has three tables and holds occasional matches with other like minded clubs. Six annual snooker and billiard competitions cater for all from the novice to the experienced players using a handicap system for all but the Club Championship
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# Chumash traditional narratives
**Chumash traditional narratives** include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Chumash people of the northern and western Transverse Ranges, Santa Barbara---Ventura coast, and northern Channel Islands, in present-day Southern California.
Early analysts expected Chumash oral literature to conform to the regional pattern of Southern California narratives. However, little evidence was available before accounts from the papers of John Peabody Harrington began to be published in the 1970s. The narratives now seem to have stronger ties with central California than with the Takic and Yuman groups to the south.
## Research and recording {#research_and_recording}
Despite their close ties to the Chumash, Spanish sources did little to collect information on native oral culture. In addition, the Chumash were roughly divided into 8 separate linguistic groups. Obispeño, Purismeño, Inezeño, Barbareño, Ventureño, Island, Cuyama, and Emigdiaño varied to a degree where they were closer to separate languages than similar dialects. The Chumash weren't a cultural or linguistic sovereignty in the traditional sense; they were a conglomeration of autonomous settlements. Most recording of Chumash narratives occurred through anthropological study, specifically Harrington's papers.
## Characteristics
Like other Native American universes, the Chumash mythical universe is ordered, but still very uncertain. Events occur at the whim of supernatural beings capable of kindness and malevolence. Supernatural beings can be both rational and irrational at times, as humans may be. Chumash narratives vary in plot, but the "hero's journey" and "trickster's story" appear frequently in Chumash oral culture. The motives inspiring the protagonist, however, appear dubious by Western standards. Whereas Western fictional heroes are called to action and make decisions based on a clear set of choices, Chumash protagonists act based on an abstruse imperative or "must".
Magic and death also appear commonly as literary devices. Conflict often arises between beings with innate magical powers and those who acquired their powers through magical objects or helpers. Death, wherever it occurred in native stories, was always reversible, and was usually undone with the aid of the aforementioned magical powers or special "medicines" bearing similar supernatural powers. Another commonly used literary device was inversion, where the opposite of what's to be expected occurs, ex. supernatural beings consume only toxic materials, or events occurring at day versus night in the human world are chronologically switched in the underworld.
Time is not a strongly defined topic in Chumash folklore. Very little detail is placed on the creation of the universe and there's little chronological order to narratives, suggesting that Chumash culture valued the idea of progress over time in a different way than the West. The universe was believed to have changed only very slightly in its history; one of the few transformative events was the Flood. The Flood was believed to have transformed the so-called "First People" into present day plants and animals. Modern humans were created by supernatural powers, and death was introduced to deal with overpopulation. The Flood separated Chumash mythology into an unspecified, indeterminate past, and the world we see today. Chumash narratives would transform further with the arrival of Europeans.
Again, similar to Western folklore, Chumash narratives often began and ended with idiomatic phrases. "When Coyote was human" or, "Momoy was a rich Widow," analogous to "Once upon a time" in Western culture, were introductions to stories about the two most commonly seen characters in Chumash narratives. As the West had, "and they lived happily ever after...," so the Chumash had an idiomatic expression roughly translating to "I am finished, it is the end." Most storytelling occurred at night, and some stories were told only in Winter. The Chumash highly valued storytellers, and certain narratives were made privy only to subjects of certain social status. Chumash storytellers would integrate stories from elsewhere into their own beliefs, but despite this, Chumash narratives are significantly distinct from those of neighboring cultures.
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# Chumash traditional narratives
## The universe and its origins {#the_universe_and_its_origins}
### The Middle World and the First People {#the_middle_world_and_the_first_people}
The Chumash believed their universe was divided into at least 3 worlds and groups of beings. The Middle world is occupied by humans. The first world above belongs to supernatural beings such as the Sun, and the Giant Eagle. The first world below is inhabited by monsters which enter the human world after dark. People were believed to be able to travel between worlds, but not without difficulty.
Prior to the Flood, the First People dwelled in the Middle world. These people were thought to be largely humanoid with some floral or faunal characteristics related to the plants or animals they would become after the Flood. Unlike other native groups, the Chumash excluded much of the animal kingdom from their folklore. Most of the animals mentioned are birds. Plants, reptiles, mammals, and insects are mentioned occasionally, and fish only have one representative among the First People. Bears, rattlesnakes, elk, whales, and other seemingly impressive animals don't appear as characters in Chumash folklore.
Among the First People, Coyote appears the most in Chumash narratives as the archetype hero/trickster. Coyote can be thought of as an analogy for man; he has conflicting virtues and vices. Often portrayed as an old man, Coyote is powerful and knowledgeable, but wasn't born into the high social stratus of the supernatural beings like the Great Eagle. Also featured prominently among the First People was Momoy. Momoy, depicted as an old woman, turned into Datura meteloides (a narcotic plant) after the Flood. She was a wealthy widow who lived in a far-away place alone or with a daughter. She herself doesn't bear power within the universe, but she can take brief glimpses into the future, and inform individuals only the probable outcomes of their actions. One who drinks the water that Momoy uses to wash her hands will fall into a coma and receive visions pertaining to their future or destiny.
According to legends, the middle world was supported above the world below by two giant serpents, whose movements would cause earthquakes. The world above was held in place by the Giant Eagle. The middle world was believed to be flat and circular with a number of islands floating on an ocean. The Chumash live on the largest, most central island. To the West exists the land of the dead, filled with souls waiting to be reborn. The land of the dead contains 3 areas similar to purgatory, heaven, and hell: : wit, ʔayaya, and Šimilaqša.
### The afterlife {#the_afterlife}
In Chumash belief, the soul is a separate entity from the body, but one only experiences their soul separating from their body at least 3 days after death, or as a harbinger of death. In the case where a living person saw their own soul, it was possible to avoid death by ingesting Momoy or toloache. Immediately following death, the soul oversees the destruction of their property and revisits locations frequented in life before heading Westward to the land of the dead in a ball of light.
The soul first encounters two widows who live by merely smelling food and water and bathe themselves in a spring. The soul then travels to a ravine, where it must pass two deadly boulders and two giant ravens who attempt to peck out the eyes of the soul, replacing them with poppies. Then, the soul must pass a tall woman with a scorpion-like tail. She draws attention by clapping and will sting anyone who comes too near. Finally, the soul reaches the ocean spanned by a single bridge or pole. Beneath the consistently rising and falling bridge exists evil souls petrified from the neck down. Two monsters attempt to scare the traveling soul, who, if lacking requisite knowledge or power, will fall into the sea and be transformed into a fish or amphibian. Souls who pass this final test enjoy Šimilaqša, a land ruled by a chief in a crystal house, the Sun. Here, one will eat, sleep, and play for eternity, or until they are reincarnated.
The discussion of who enters Šimilaqša varies among Chumash groups. The Ventureño, for example, believe the spirits of children and those who drown do not enter Šimilaqša, but will be reincarnated after 12 years.
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# Chumash traditional narratives
## The universe and its origins {#the_universe_and_its_origins}
### The First World above and supernatural beings {#the_first_world_above_and_supernatural_beings}
The world above was inhabited by supernatural beings such as the Sun, the Two Thunders, and the ʔelyeʔwun, or Giant Eagle. They generally exist in human form, but have supernatural powers and usually only intervene in human affairs to a minimal extent. They can be malevolent if so inclined and have more control over the universe than any other beings.
The Sun was portrayed as an extremely old widower living with two daughters in a crystal house. He and his daughters subsist off human flesh and bones. He wears nothing but a feathered headband in which he tucks the bodies of small children. He carries a torch made of bark which he uses to light the world beneath him. His daughters wear aprons made of live rattlesnakes. Every day, the Sun travels a path around the world and returns to his daughters with corpses to eat. Every day, the Sun plays peon with the Great Eagle against the Coyote of the Sky and the Morning Star. On the Winter solstice, the Moon decides who has won the game for the year. If the Sun wins, there will be a rainy year and bountiful crop yields. If the Sun loses, more people will suffer and die. Some Chumash families apparently stayed indoors all day during the Winter solstice.
The Great Eagle was seen as a hands-off leader of the first people\'s social order. The Great Eagle would spend most of his time in the first world meditating, lost in thought. His relatives, falcon, and two hawks play a more active leadership role. The roles of everyone else of the first people follow no distinct hierarchy and reflect societal roles and positions of the Chumash themselves.
The Coyote of the Sky appears to be one of the few supernatural powers largely trusted by the Chumash. The Coyote of the Sky was believed to support the welfare of the first people and humans below. The Inezeño view him as a father figure and pray to him specifically.
The monsters of the world below, however, were thought to be intrinsically malevolent supernatural beings that always pose a threat to humans. They were often described as grotesque, nocturnal, and misshapen
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# Hungarian Helsinki Committee
The **Hungarian Helsinki Committee** (**HHC**; Hungarian: Magyar Helsinki Bizottság) is a non-governmental human rights organization founded in 1989 and based in Budapest, Hungary. The HHC is a member of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights and the European Council on Refugees and Exiles. The HHC defines itself as monitoring the respect for human rights protected by international human rights instruments, to inform the public about human rights violations and to provide victims of human rights abuse with free legal assistance. It is also linked with the OMCT and is a member organisation of the European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE).
The Hungarian Helsinki Committee is also active in the rights of asylum seekers, condition of people detained, the stateless and people residing in foreign countries in need of legal assistance.
## Areas of work {#areas_of_work}
The Hungarian Helsinki Committee specializes on 3 topics - managing projects, legal cases and publishing reports, analyses, and articles mostly in them:
● **Rule of law** - defending individuals, organisations, and society against the government\'s abuse of power
● **Refugee and migrant rights** - legal aid and representation to people who had to flee their home countries
● **Justice** - working for a fair criminal justice system, prisoners and their families, stepping up against police ill-treatment
## Notable cases and results {#notable_cases_and_results}
### The Ukrainian refugee crisis {#the_ukrainian_refugee_crisis}
When Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022, war refugees arrived in a wholly demolished asylum system in Hungary, lacking the institutional capacity to cater for their needs. The Hungarian Helsinki Committee\'s monitoring team was on the Ukrainian-Hungarian border collecting first-hand information already on the second day of the war. It also created a specific email address and a landing page, and is conducting monitoring and legal assistance visits to the border area and diverse locations where Ukrainian refugees are accommodated all around the country ever since.
In March 2022, the HHC was the only refugee response actor who publicly denounced that potentially tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees holding dual Hungarian-Ukrainian nationality had been excluded from support services due to a legislative gap. In reaction, the government immediately amended the legislation to remedy this situation.
### Recent victories at the European Court of Human Rights {#recent_victories_at_the_european_court_of_human_rights}
The Committee brought a number of transit zone and pushback cases to the European Court of Human Rights. The ECtHR confirmed in several judgments that the detention of asylum-seekers in Hungary's transit zones had been arbitrary and, thus, unlawful in 2017. In addition, the Court consequently ruled that the detention conditions in the transit zone amounted to inhuman treatment in the case of children and pregnant women
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# Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment
**Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment Corporation** is an American manufacturer and supplier of industrial metalworking machinery used in the production of tubes and pipes that is based in Perrysburg, Ohio. Founded in 1985, the company specializes in buying and selling tube mills, pipe mills, and rollforming machines.
## Domain name {#domain_name}
The company became known to much wider audiences because its original domain name *uTube.com* appeared to be very similar to *YouTube.com*. The company had purchased the domain name in October 1996. In August 2006, the company\'s website received 68 million hits that caused its web servers to crash. Many of the users intended to go to the video sharing website YouTube, but typed the homophonic \"utube.com\" into their browser instead. On October 30, 2006, the company took legal action against YouTube over the website confusion. The company has since moved their domain website to utubeonline.com in April 2007.
The case appears to have been settled in late 2007, when Universal Tube withdrew its opposition to several \"YouTube\" trademark filings by the video-sharing website, saying that, \"The parties have settled their dispute
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7,741,587 |
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey
**List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey** `{{New Jersey NRHP topnav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{GeoGroup}}`{=mediawiki} This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New Jersey. Latitude and longitude coordinates of the sites listed on this page may be displayed in an online map.
Historic resources in the Montclair, New Jersey area were surveyed in 1986, leading to a number of separate listings
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7,741,595 |
# Dhankar Lake
**Dhankar Lake** is a high-altitude lake in Spiti Valley, in the Himachal Pradesh state of India. At an elevation of 4,140 m, it lies above the Dhankar monastery in the Lahaul-Spiti district and can be approached by a trek from the monastery.
## Other details {#other_details}
The lake is approximately 6 hours and 239 km from Manali. Temperatures in the area can drop as low as -14 during the winter. From 5 to 20 degrees is the average annual temperature
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# Emmanuel Adriaenssen
**Emmanuel Adriaenssen** (also *Adriaensen*, *Adriansen*, *Hadrianus*, *Hadrianius*; c. 1554 in Antwerp -- buried 27 February 1604 in Antwerp) was a Flemish lutenist, composer and master of music. He authored the influential *Pratum Musicum*, which contains scores for lute solos, and more importantly settings of madrigals for multiple lutes and different ensembles involving lutes and voices. He also had an important influence on the next generation of lutenists through his activity as a teacher of music in his own music school.
## Life
Emmanuel Adriaenssen was born in Antwerp between 1540 and 1555. Little is known about his early life and training. It is known that he travelled to Rome in 1574 to study music. Upon his return to Antwerp he started a lute school with his brother Gysbrecht. The brothers had in 1587 a conflict with the musicians\' guild of Antwerp because they practised as musicians without becoming members of the guild. Emanuel later became a master of the guild.
He married Sybilla Crelin in 1584 with whom he had six sons and one daughter. Their sons Alexander (1587--1661), Vincent (1595--1675) and Niclaes (1598--1658) became respectively a still life painter, a battle painter and a portrait painter. Prior to the Fall of Antwerp, Emmanuel was likely a Calvinist as he only had his first son baptised in a Catholic after the Fall of Antwerp. He was registered as a Catholic in the *purge records* of the Antwerp civic guard after the Fall of Antwerp. His wealth and good connections with the higher circles of Antwerp society may have protected him. Emmanuel was later appointed captain of the civic guard, an activity providing a regular income. In 1595 he took part in the liberation of the neighboring town of Lier, which had been occupied by troops of the Dutch Republic.
Adriaenssen became a well-off burgher who frequented the local notables including probably from the nobility, who valued his virtuosity on the lute. He gained an international reputation thanks to his publications of lute music which found their way into the libraries of illustrious people, such as Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde, Constantijn Huygens, King John IV of Portugal and Cardinal Mazarin. Composers Adrian Denss (1594), Robert Dowland (1610), Georg Leopold Fuhrmann (1615), Jean-Baptiste Besard (1617), Wolfgang Printz (1690) and Ernst Gottlieb Baron (1727) mention him as a leading composer for lute. As a teacher, he played an important role because of the outstanding tablatures that he published and because he was the initiator of an Antwerp lute school whose pupils included, in all likelihood, Denss and Joachim van den Hove.
Emmanuel Adriaenssen died in Antwerp between 2 February 1604, the date on which he made his last will, and 27 February 1604, the date of is funeral and burial in the St. James\' Church, Antwerp. His wife remarried and emigrated later to Leiden in the Dutch Republic taking her youngest son Niclaes with her.
## Works
The *Pratum Musicum* was first published in Antwerp in 1584 and was reprinted with alterations several times until 1600. They constitute 3 editions:
- *Pratum musicum longe amoenissimum, cuius \... ambitu comprehenduntur \... omnia ad testudinis tabulaturam fideliter redacta\... opus novum* (Antwerp, Petrus Phalesius the Younger 1584), reprinted in 1600; and
- *Novum pratum musicum\... selectissimi diversorum autorum et idiomatum madrigales, cantiones, et moduli\... opus plane novum, nec hactenus editum* (Antwerp, Petrus Phalesius the Younger and Johannes Bellerus, 1592).
The Pratum Musicum contains lute solos, and more importantly settings of madrigals for multiple lutes and different ensembles involving lutes and voices giving much study material for the researcher into renaissance performance practice. The book contains around 85 tablatures for fantasias, songs and dances. Most of the vocal pieces are in Italian. The Neapolitan songs, with their parallel fifths (which not required in Italian text, so it is a question here of a style marker) have a more rustic character. One of them, Del crud'amor, has an almost Oriental character. Various dances for solo lute also tend toward the rustic.
The ensemble pieces have been recorded by the Dowland Consort of Lutes and by the Liuto Concertato
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# Kamakura jubango
The **Kamakura** `{{Nihongo3|ten-match game|十番碁|'''[[jubango]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} was a historically significant go match played in Japan in 1939, 1940 and 1941. It pitted Kitani Minoru and Go Seigen, close rivals for a decade and friends at a personal level, and both ranked 7 *dan*, against each other.
Go Seigen emerged victorious by a 6--4 margin. This match marked the beginning of the period of his dominance as the top player, which continued until the First Meijin Tournament in 1962.
## Background
Nine months before the match started, Kitani had defeated Honinbo Shusai, the Meijin, in Shusai\'s retirement game. The Honinbo title was to be open to competition, and both Kitani and Go took part in that tournament. Each failed to get through to the final match, which was contested by Sekiyama Riichi and Shin Kato, with Sekiyama becoming the first Honinbo under the titleholder system in 1941. The preliminaries of this first Honinbo tournament were under way during the Kamakura match. With wartime conditions, the pace of all competitions slowed considerably. All these players also took part in the Oteai competition. The first 9 *dan* to emerge from the Oteai was Fujisawa Kuranosuke, some years later (at this time 6 *dan*). At the time, it was hard to receive promotion even to 8 *dan*. The pool of top players was rather small; Karigane Junichi was 8 *dan* but had stayed outside the system that had established itself around Shusai and the Nihon Ki-in.
The result of the match was the first step in the process by which Go Seigen would establish ascendancy over his rivals (except Sekiyama, who withdrew from competition because of bad health). He was promoted to 8 *dan* in spring 1942. Having taken on Kitani, against whom he had an unfinished *jubango* stopped at 3--3 in 1933 when Kitani was promoted, Go took on both Karigane and Fujisawa (whom he played in the end in three long matches), and then the new Honinbos Hashimoto Utaro and Iwamoto Kaoru. Go Seigen played again in the Honinbo tournament, but not after 1945. In later years various challenges allowed him to face the Honinbo of the time.
## The games {#the_games}
Apart from game 2, played in Shiba Park in Tokyo, and game 5 played in Gunma Prefecture, the match was held in various locations actually in Kamakura. The first game was in the Buddhist temple Kenchō-ji. Game 3 was in Engaku-ji, as were games 4, 6 and 9. The games 7, 8 and 10 were in the Hachiman Shinto shrine in Kamakura.
The starting conditions of the match were *tagaisen*; since the players were of equal rank: colours alternated, with Kitani winning the *nigiri*. There was no *komidashi*. Largely unexpectedly, Kitani went 1--5 down over the first six games, and so was subject to beating down. The final four games, beginning 29 December 1940, were therefore played at *sen-ai-sen*, with Kitani taking Black twice, White, then Black. Of those final games, Go Seigen could win only the second, so that with a net score of 4--6 and a win with White Kitani had salvaged some of his reputation.
## Sponsorship
The match was sponsored by the *Yomiuri Shimbun*
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# Shakujii Castle
**Shakujii castle** (石神井城, *-jō*) was a Japanese castle along the Shakujii River, in what is now Shakujii Park, in Tokyo\'s Nerima. The history of the inheritance of the feudal territory associated with it is the most clearly known of all territories in what is today Tokyo.
## History
The castle was strategically placed along the Shakujii River, near Sanpōji Pond, to control and defend the river valley. Though there may have been another similar fortification erected nearby during the Heian period (794-1185), it is likely that the last incarnation of Shakujii castle was first built after the Kamakura period (1185-1333). A dam was built around the same time, a short distance from the castle, at a spot selected by a diviner, to block the waterway.
The castle lasted into the Muromachi period (1336-1467) and was controlled by the Toshima clan. They, supported by Kanrei (Shōgun\'s deputy) Ashikaga Mochiuji, were in their prime during the rebellion of Uesugi Zenshū, which lasted from 1415 to 1417.
However, roughly 40 years later, the Toshima took part in the 1477 Kyōtoku Rebellion, supporting the uprising of Nagao Kageharu. Toshima Yasutsune led the forces of Shakujii castle and nearby Nerima castle to reinforce his brother, Toshima Yasuaki, who was attacked at Hiratsuka castle. They were defeated by the army of Ōta Dōkan, a vassal of the Uesugi clan, who put down the rebellion. The Toshima then fled to Kozukue Castle. They were defeated there as well, and Shakujii castle was destroyed a short time later.
Recently,`{{when?|date=May 2018}}`{=mediawiki} attempts have been made to restore the castle. However, there is very little remaining above ground. Based on what digging has revealed, it has been difficult to determine the exact location, size, and extent of the fortifications and the moat
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# New Union Old Glory
***New Union Old Glory*** is an album by Ann Beretta, released in 2001 via Lookout! Records.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Exclaim!* wrote that \"the dozen tracks are simple, down and dirty punkers that recall another time when punk rock was about a work ethic and not scoring a coveted spot on a summer tour.\" *The East Bay Express* called it \"boisterous, anthemic classic punk with hoarse vocals, buzzing power chords, surfin\' drums, and feel-good rabble-rousing revolution.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Straight Shooter (Election Day)\"
2. \"Latchkey World\"
3. \"Nowhere Generation\"
4. \"Better Days\"
5. \"Russ\' Song\"
6. \"New Union\"
7. \"Glory Bound\"
8. \"Locked, Ready & Loaded\"
9. \"No Rest For The Wicked\"
10. \"Upstarts & Runaways II\"
11. \"New Day\"
12
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# National Register of Historic Places listings in Morris County, New Jersey
**List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Morris County, New Jersey** `{{New Jersey NRHP topnav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{GeoGroup}}`{=mediawiki} This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Morris County, New Jersey. Latitude and longitude coordinates of the sites listed on this page may be displayed in an online map
| 74 |
National Register of Historic Places listings in Morris County, New Jersey
| 0 |
7,741,672 |
# Les Satellites
**Les Satellites** (The Satellites) is a French alternative rock band that was formed in 1985 and split up in 1994.
## History
The band was born in late 1985 on the ashes of underground acts **Tonton est mort** and **Abject**. They play a mix of 60\'s influenced rock and funk with the addition of brass instruments. The lyrics are resolutely humoristic and careless. In 1986, they started touring with then popular alternative French bands Bérurier Noir, Ludwig von 88, Les Wampas and Mano Negra and played on stage dressed as cosmonauts. They gained an important success with their second album *Riches et célèbres* (Rich and famous) that allowed them to play in some of Paris\'s biggest concert halls such as the Olympia hall.
Reggae influences appear on the third album *Pied Orange* (Orange foot) and a 4 tracks EP is recorded in 1993 with the raggamuffin artist **Saï Saï**. The musicians decide to disband in 1994 after the promotion tour for the fourth album \"4\". Singer **Polo** started a solo career
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# Journey: The Adventures of Wolverine MacAlistaire
***Journey: The Adventures of Wolverine MacAlistaire*** is an independent comic book created by William Messner-Loebs about Michigan frontier life in the 19th century. An ensemble piece, it tells the story of the Fort Miami settlement and the characters, both real and fictional, that occupy it. Among these is the title character, Joshua \"Wolverine\" MacAlistaire.
## Publishing history {#publishing_history}
*Journey* was first published as a back-up feature in *Cerebus* #48 and #49 from Aardvark-Vanaheim, then as a title unto its own, starting with issue #1 in Mar./Apr. 1983. The 13th issue features an intercompany crossover with Jim Valentino\'s *normalman*. After fourteen issues, the series moved to Fantagraphics, which published an additional thirteen issues.
Fantagraphics collected the *Cerebus* back-up features along with the first four issues as *Tall Tales* (January 1987), and included a *Journey* story in *Anything Goes!* #5 (Oct. 1987). A sequel to the original series, *Journey: Wardrums* (Fantagraphics, 1987--1990), was billed as a six-issue mini-series, but only two issues were published.
A new *Journey* story was included in the one-shot *Many Happy Returns* (published by About Comics) in 2008.
In July 2008, IDW Publishing released a trade paperback collecting the first 16 issues. In 2009, a second volume was released, containing the next ten issues
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# Three Chord Revolution
***Three Chord Revolution*** is an album by Ann Beretta, released in 2003.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic called *Three Chord Revolution* \"a fine, modern-day punk rock album.\" The *Richmond Times-Dispatch* called it \"fast and furious rock, a little on the punk side, with the same knack for a good pop melody as legendary acts like the Ramones and the Clash.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Not Invited\"
2. \"New Revolution\"
3. \"Built To Last\"
4. \"Lipstick & Makeup\"
5. \"Picture Perfect World\"
6. \"Angry All The Time\"
7. \"Better Half\"
8. \"Lost In You\"
9. \"Until You Be Mine\"
10. \"Fallout\"
11. \"Has Been Lullaby\"
12
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# Chinese Taipei Volleyball Association
The **Chinese Taipei Volleyball Association** (**CTVBA**; `{{zh|t=中華民國排球協會}}`{=mediawiki}) is the governing body of volleyball in Republic of China (Taiwan)
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# Julia Willebrand
**Julia Willebrand** (1933-2023) was an American environmental, peace and education activist and was the Green Party nominee for the office of Comptroller of the State of New York in the 2006 New York state elections.
## Biography
Julia was born in the Bay Ridge neighborhood of Brooklyn, and resided in Manhattan.
She had been active in New York City local government as a member of the Manhattan Citizens\' Solid Waste Advisory Board from 1994 to 1999 and as chair of that board 1997 to 1999. She was also a past chair of both the Solid Waste Committee of the NYC Sierra Club and the International Working Group of the Green Party.
Willebrand had several higher degrees including an Ed.D. in English as a Second Language and an MA in Adult Education from Teachers College, Columbia University and a BA in American Studies from the City College of New York. As a public school teacher in the 1960s she was a delegate in her union, the United Federation of Teachers and was active in bringing the UFT to an anti-war position against the war in Vietnam. She subsequently taught as an assistant professor of English studies in the Empire State College, Center for Labor Studies, and as a Fulbright Professor to Hungary.
She was the 2001 Green Party nominee for Mayor of New York, coming in fourth in that election with 7,155 votes, just behind Alan G. Hevesi, who ran as the Liberal Party candidate.
## 2006 Comptroller campaign {#comptroller_campaign}
In 2006, Willebrand was nominated by the Green Party as their candidate for Comptroller. In the race for Comptroller, she is once again opposed by Hevesi, as the incumbent. Hevesi\'s admission of some wrongdoing in using state employees for family and personal services has resulted in a loss of support and stimulated interest in Willebrand\'s campaign. Critics of Hevesi and past Comptrollers hold that the historical mismanagement of these investments has garnered pollution, looting of regions, pension losses and even wars.
Willibrand campaigned on sustainable investments. Willebrand believes that turning the direction of those investments toward wise-growth can translate to positive economic change nationally and internationally. Willebrand has said that she will look to the Government Pension Fund of Norway as a model of sustainable socially responsible investment, stating that she \"\...will use the power of the Comptroller as sole trustee of \$115 billion in retirement investments as an instrument of peace, joining other states efforts to end the genocide in Darfur by divesting from companies doing business in Sudan
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# Pierre Faubert
**Pierre Faubert** (1806 -- 31 July 1868) was a Haitian poet and playwright. Faubert was born in Cayes to a general of the Haitian Revolution. Educated in France, Faubert returned to Haiti and served as Secretary to President Jean-Pierre Boyer. Faubert later was chosen by President Fabre Geffrard to negotiate the concordat between Haiti and the Pope. As a writer, two of Faubert\'s most notable works were a collection of poems titled *Poésies Fugitives* and a drama titled *Ogé ou le Préjugé de Couleur*. He died at Vanves, near Paris, France
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# Auchenharvie Colliery
**Auchenharvie Colliery** was a colliery formerly located in the Auchenharvie area of Stevenston, Ayrshire, Scotland that was devastated by a pit disaster on 2 August 1895 in which nine people died.
## List of the deceased {#list_of_the_deceased}
- John Clauchan (35)
- **William Clauchan (56)** This age date for William is in error: Please see record attached for ages of Glachan brothers at death 2-6 August 1895
1895 Death Certificate Name of Parish/District Stevenston Parish/District Number 615 Entry No 85 Surname Glauchan Mother\'s Name Helen Name(s) William and Surname Glauchan Age 28 Mother\'s Occupation Occupation Coalminer Alive / deceased? Sex M Maiden Surname Walker Date of Death between 2 - 6 August 1895 Cause of Death Pit disaster Time of Death Place of Death Auchinharvie Colliery, Stevenston Medical Attendant Usual Residence Name of Informant C Glauchan (if different from Relationship Widow above) to Deceased Marital Status Married Residence of Above Townhead St Name of Spouse(s) Catherine Kerr (if different) Stevenston Fathers Name James Date and Place 22/8/1895 and Surname Glauchan of Registration Stevenston Father\'s Occupation Coalminer Registrar John Dickie Alive / deceased? Deceased Other information
Record of Corrected entries. Sept 30 1895 The Auchenharvie Mine Disaster 1895 On Friday 2 August 1895 a disaster occurred at No 4 pit in which nine people died and five men were rescued after being entombed from the Friday morning until Sunday afternoon. This disaster was caused by the breaking through of water from the old workings to the east of the Capon Craig Gaw. This \' Gaw \' was supposed never to have been cut. It would appear, however, that at some former period it must have been pierced for about 3 p.m. on that day an outburst of water suddenly took place in the extreme rise of No 4. One of the sad features of the disaster was the loss it entailed on two families, one of which named GLAUCHAN lost four members while the other, named Mullen, lost two. The Deceased were:- Robert Conn aged 16 of Grange Street, Stevenston. Duncan Gallagher aged 32 of Schoolwell Street - brother -in - law to the Glauchans - left 5 children. 4 members of the Glauchan family of Townhead Street, Stevenston, John aged 30, WILLIAM AGE 26YRS, James aged 19, and Henry aged 17. John McGee - aged 14 Brothers James 19 and Peter 14 Mullen both of Schoolwell Street, Stevenston The miners that survived entombment were:- Charles Clark, Station Square, Stevenston, age 21 William Hamilton aged 22 Alexander Macadam, Old Square, Stevenston age 38 brother in law of Michael McCarroll, Ardeer Square, aged 40 Robert Park, New Street
- James Clauchan (21)
- Henry Clauchan (18)
- Duncan Gallacher (31)
- James Mullen (19)
- Peter Mullen (14)
- Robert McConn (18)
- John McGhee (14)
## Trivia
The event has been immortalised in the poem \"The Star of Young McGhee\"
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# John Anstis
right\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|Painting of Garter Anstis from around 1725, by Thomas Hudson **John Anstis** (29 August 1669 -- 4 March 1744) was an English officer of arms, antiquarian and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1702 and 1722. He rose to the highest heraldic office in England and became Garter King of Arms in 1718 after years of political manoeuvring.
## Early life {#early_life}
Anstis was born at St Neot, Cornwall on 29 August 1669. He was the first son of another John Anstis and his wife Mary, the daughter of George Smith. Anstis matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford, on 27 March 1685 and entered the Middle Temple on 31 January 1690. On 23 June 1695 he married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Richard Cudlipp of Tavistock, Devon. They had eight sons and six daughters. Anstis was called to the bar on 19 May 1699.
## Political life {#political_life}
In March 1701, Anstis received permission from the Earl Marshal, Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk, to collect materials from the College of Arms library to assist in the defence of the jurisdiction of the Earl Marshal, which was under attack. Anstis was also elected to Parliament for St Germans in 1702. When the Garter King of Arms, Sir Thomas St George, died in March 1703 Anstis was in a position to advise Lady Howard on how to protect her son\'s rights from the threat of a royal nomination of a new Garter on the one hand and the assumption of the nomination by the deputy earl marshal. Sir Henry St George was nominated to be Garter and succeeded his brother in June 1703.
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# John Anstis
## Heraldic career {#heraldic_career}
Anstis did not stand for election to Parliament in 1705. In May 1707 he was nominated Carlisle Herald of Arms Extraordinary and Norfolk Herald, as part of a plan to persuade Garter St George to administer the office jointly, with Anstis doing most of the work. In spite of the nomination, Anstis was never appointed to either post. His main rival to succeed St George was now John Vanbrugh, who had become Clarenceux King of Arms in March 1704 to strengthen his own claims to the office.
In December 1710 Anstis used a change in administration to try again at securing the Gartership. On 20 January 1711 he was re-elected to Parliament in a by-election as MP for St Mawes and was then elected as MP for Launceston at the 1713 general election. He changed his strategy with St George. He continued to secure offices related to public records for himself and he remained loyal to the Tory ministry in Parliament. With his influential political friends, Anstis was eventually able to obtain the promise of an appointment to the office of Garter King of Arms, on 2 April 1714.
Anstis was returned again as MP for Launceston in the 1715 general election and held the seat until the 1722. By the time that Sir Henry St George died in August 1715, the political situation had shifted away from Anstis\'s political connections: Vanbrugh was nominated to the office and took measures to secure the passage of his grant. In addition, on 30 September 1715 Anstis was arrested on suspicion of involvement in plotting a Jacobite uprising in Cornwall.
A protracted legal battle ensued as Anstis and Vanbrugh both claimed the title of Garter. Anstis eventually emerged victorious in May 1718. In 1724 he obtained an order for publishing, as editor and assisted by Elias Ashmole, the *Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, From its Cover in Black Velvet Usually Called the \"Black Book\"*, which was printed at his own expense. This was a transcript of the Latin \"Black Book of the Garter\", the earliest surviving register of that order, written in about 1535, now in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle. In the preface to his work he wrote:
> While we, with sensible regret, complain of the loss of these old annals whereby we are deprived of a great treasure, it hath been judged expedient to preserve the remains which have happily escaped this shipwreck. And therefore the eldest register remaining in the archives is now exhibited to publick view, less by the currency of time or any unforeseen accident it might be subject to the same unhappy fate. The original manuscript is a very large pompous volume in folio written in an handsome strong character on vellom, having the initial letters of each paragraph, together with the names of the companions and of the knights nominated in scrutinies, beautifully embellished with gold, placed on squares of gold and azure alternately\...It hath been shewn in the introduction when and by whom this register was compiled and from what materials it was collected.
In the following year he interested Robert Walpole in a plan for a new order of chivalry based on a revival of the medieval Order of the Bath. This led to his *[Observations Introductory to an Historical Essay on the Knighthood of the Bath](https://books.google.com/books?id=pQZcAAAAcAAJ)* in 1725 and to Anstis\'s drawing up the statutes for the new order.
It was, perhaps, Anstis\'s Toryism rather than any genuine failure in heraldic knowledge that led a prominent Whig nobleman (possibly Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke or Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield) to direct at him the memorable rebuke, \"Thou silly fellow! Thou dost not know thy own silly business!\"
Anstis duly presided over the coronation of George II in 1727. In 1728 he embarked on extensive research to prove that his family was related to Archbishop Henry Chichele, the founder of All Souls College, Oxford. This research could have entitled his son, John Anstis, to a fellowship at the college; which was blocked by Archbishop William Wake, Anstis did have his son made Blanc Coursier Herald in 1727. In 1737 he secured the succession of his office of Garter to John the younger.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Anstis died on 4 March 1744 at Mortlake, Surrey. He was buried at Duloe in Cornwall on 23 March according to his wishes. Anstis was an indefatigable antiquarian whose correspondence with fellow scholars such as Thomas Hearne and Humfrey Wanley testifies to his wide interests. He left a mass of unpublished papers, including over 8,000 pages of notes on *English history, Jurisprudence, Chronology, Heraldry, Ecclesiastical and Military Affairs*. Many of his papers were sold in 1768 and in 1774 and are now held in the British Library, the Bodleian Library, and All Souls, Oxford
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# Bukhar-zhirau Kalmakanov
**Bukhar-zhirau Kalkaman Uli** (also: Bukhar-zhyrau Kalkamanuly, *\'\'\'Бұқар жырау Қалқаманұлы\'\'\'*, *Būqar jyrau Qalqamanūly*; *Буха́р жыра́у Калкама́нулы*; 1668--1771) was a Kazakh poet at the court of the Middle Horde. He was active at the court during the reign of the Ablai Khan. Although his primary activity was law-making, poetry and singing, Kalkaman Uli also acted as an advisor to the Khan. Because of this, his poetry dealt with broader themes which included politics, the foreign policy of the horde, and the life of the Khan
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# Andrés Scotti
**Andrés Scotti Ponce de León** (born 14 December 1975) is a Uruguayan former professional footballer who played as centre-back and rarely as left-back. Between 2006 and 2013, he made 40 appearances and scored one goal for the Uruguay national team.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Early career {#early_career}
Scotti was born in Montevideo, but grew up in Trinidad, capital of Flores Department. He started his career playing football for the local village team Independiente in 1993, when he was between 17 and 18 years old. Scotti won the regional tournament title in his second season with Independiente in 1994. After three seasons in Independiente, in 1997 he joined to Central Español on trial. He spent only three months there before leaving for Montevideo Wanderers. In that club, Scotti played 12 games and scored one goal for the club during the Uruguayan first division tournament of that year.
In 1998, Scotti played for his first international club, the Chilean Primera División team Huachipato, where Scotti had a good spell, for example, having much continuity, scoring goals and being elected the best player of the tournament in his position. He remained until the next season, when he was transferred to the Mexican club Necaxa. There, he achieved third place FIFA Club World Championship 2000, after winning 4--3 on penalties against Real Madrid. In 2001, he returned to Uruguay to play again for Montevideo Wanderers. In 2002, he was transferred to Nacional, winning the Torneo Apertura and the Campeonato Uruguayo, scoring a goal in the second final game.
### Russia and Argentina {#russia_and_argentina}
He then moved to Russia in 2003 where he played for FC Rubin Kazan in the Russian Premier League until December 2006.
In January 2007, Scotti joined Argentine Primera División side Argentinos Juniors, on request of the team\'s coach Ricardo Caruso Lombardi.
### Colo-Colo {#colo_colo}
On 31 December 2009, it was announced that Scotti had come to verbal agreements with Colo-Colo for an undisclosed fee. He put pen to paper on a one-year deal and joined Santiago club before New Year\'s Day alongside Argentinian Matías Quiroga. After overcoming medical examinations and training he made his debut on 15 January 2010, in a friendly against Olimpia which Colo-Colo drew 3--3. His league debut came on 23 January, in a 3--2 loss against Unión San Felipe and his first goal for the club was in a 3--0 home victory over Palestino after an excellent free kick. Then, on 8 May, Scotti scored his second league goal in a 5--2 win to Cobresal, his goal being voted the week\'s best according to CDF\'s top five weekly summary of goals.
After the World Cup held at South Africa (which Scotti played with Uruguay national team) he began to lose his shape, so that Diego Cagna (the club\'s coach) relegate him some games to the detriment of Miguel Riffo. On 7 November, Scotti played in the 2--2 Chilean derby draw with Universidad de Chile where was sent off after double yellow card following a challenge with adversary team striker Carlos Bueno.
However Colo-Colo lost the race for the title with Universidad Católica in the penultimate matchday after a seven-point lead over San Carlos team, which finished when Scotti\'s side lost 2--1 with O\'Higgins and Católica won simultaneously 3--2 over Cobreloa at Calama.
## International career {#international_career}
Scotti played for Uruguay in Copa América 2007 and in the FIFA World Cup 2010 where he scored a penalty in the shoot-out against Ghana. In 2011, he won the Copa América, tournament where he scored a penalty in the shoot-out against Argentina in quarterfinals. On 27 July 2010, he was reserved to play a friendly match against Angola in Lisbon.
On 23 June 2013, Scotti played against Tahiti in the 2013 Confederations Cup and missed a penalty at the 49th minute. Two minutes later he was red carded when he was shown a second yellow card. Uruguay went on to win the match 8--0.
He was standby player to Uruguay in FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil.
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# Andrés Scotti
## AUF normalisation committee {#auf_normalisation_committee}
On 21 August 2018, FIFA appointed a normalisation committee for the Uruguayan Football Association (AUF). Three persons were put in charge: politicians Pedro Bordaberry (son of former dictator Juan María Bordaberry) and Armando Castaingdebat, and Scotti.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Andrés was raised in Trinidad, the capital of Flores Department, he is the oldest son of María Cecilia Ponce de León and Carlos Scotti. He has one younger brother, Diego, that is also a footballer and plays Unión Española in Chilean Primera División. He has other two sisters, one lives in Luxembourg and the other in Uruguay.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### International
: Source:
National team Year Apps Goals
--------------- ------ ------ -------
Uruguay 2006 7 0
2007 10 0
2008 2 0
2009 5 1
2010 7 0
2011 4 0
2012 2 0
2013 3 0
Total 40 1
: Appearances and goals by national team and year
### International goals {#international_goals}
\|- bgcolor=#DFE7FF \| 1
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# Alice Dayrell Caldeira Brant
**Alice Dayrell Caldeira Brant** (August 28, 1880 -- June 20, 1970) was a Brazilian juvenile writer. When she was a teenager, she kept a diary, which describes life in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil which was then published in 1942. The diary was published under a pen name Helena Morley. When it was originally published it was in portuguese under the title *Minha Vida de Menina*. The diary was then translated in to English by Elizabeth Bishop in 1957.
## Biography
She was born in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil to an English father and a Brazilian mother. Her father worked as a diamond miner. The diary chronicles Brant\'s daily life, and covers her teenage years until 1895.
In 1900 Brant married Augusto Mário Calderia Brant, they had five children together. Brant says that she published her diaries in order to act as a role model for younger females who may read the book. She wrote that the diary was a way to show young women what becoming an adult means, and in this way she is acting like a grandmother to the reader. One of her daughters, Ignez Caldeira Brant, married with Abgar Renault, Brazilian Ministry of Education (1955--1956) and of the federal accountability office, Tribunal de Contas da União (1967--1973).
## Published work {#published_work}
Brant\'s only published work is *The Diary of Helena Morley,* which she began writing when she attended the Normal School. The diary discusses her daily life in the diamond mining town of Diamantina, romantic interests, but it also deals with heavier topics like loss. The book also discusses relationships, marriage in particular, but also social affairs and Brant\'s dreams. The topics of the book make it so that it could be a diary of a present day teenager rather than one 60 years ago. Since Brant discusses her everyday life, insights about that point in history are able to be gained by reading the diary, particularly about the effects of the abolition of slavery. There is very little documentation about life post emancipation, making the diary an important resource for historians. Brant is praised for her ability to add humor to the discussion of racism, which typically is associated with seriousness. Another reason Brant\'s book was so popular is the nostalgic that it brings the reader, the provincial life of a small town, that the reader is able to find peace in the description of the simple life.
## Reception
The book attracted attention like many other diaries of young women. The prevalence of young female diaries is explained for many of the same reasons Brant\'s own diary is popular. That they allow the reader to feel young again and reminisce about when they were a teenager. Some of the first attention that was drawn to Brant for her work was after Alexandre Eulálio praised Brant for her work these praises placed Brant among classic Brazilian authors. French author Georges Bernanos also made the public aware of the book. Elizabeth Bishop was originally drawn to the work in 1952, then in 1957 Bishop published her English translation of the book. Bishop says that she was drawn to Brant\'s work because of Brant\'s impressive skills of observation and ability to recreate a scene using only words. Some have compared Brant\'s work to Jane Austen that even though she was from a small town in Brazil, its style is like work from England
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# George Anyona
**George Moseti Anyona** (1945--2003) was a politician from Kenya.
Despite being born to peasant parents, Anyona rose to prominence in the Kenyan political landscape to be thrice elected to the Kenyan Parliament representing the people of Kitutu East (later renamed Kitutu Masaba) constituency. He shared an ideological viewpoint and was a close political confidant of the first vice-president of Kenya, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga. Anyona\'s name remains dominant among Kenya\'s political personalities because he is perceived by a large section of Kenyans as a brave man, who was strong enough to challenge the Kenya African National Union (KANU) government at a time when it was almost suicidal to do so. He forged a reputation as a principled politician who championed free expression of thought, democracy and a just and equal society. He lived a modest life, never seeking to enrich himself from the offices he held and abhorred the culture of corruption and worship of money that prevailed in the country.
## Early life {#early_life}
Anyona was born in 1945 in Tombe Village, Kitutu Masaba, Kenya.
He attended Tombe Primary School from 1952 to 1954 and Sengera Intermediate School from 1955 to 1958 before proceeding to the prestigious Alliance High School where he schooled from 1959 to 1964 and served as Deputy School Captain. From Alliance, he proceeded to Makerere University, Uganda where he studied Political Science, English, Economics and History between 1965 and 1968, graduating with Bachelor of Arts (Hons) and serving as President of the Kenya Makerere Students Union in 1967. Upon returning from Uganda, Anyona worked as an Assistant Secretary in the Office of the President between 1968 and 1970, as the Secretary General of the Kenya Red Cross Society in 1970 and as Nairobi Airport Manager then District Sales Manager for British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) later renamed British Airways in Nairobi from 1970 to 1974.
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# George Anyona
## Rise to politics {#rise_to_politics}
In 1974, he contested and won the then Kitutu East Parliamentary seat. He quickly established a reputation as a fearless firebrand and for thorough research before presenting issues in parliament, coming to be referred to as a \'one-man backbench\' after parliament was neutered following the murder of JM Kariuki and the detention of then Deputy Speaker and Tinderet MP Jean Marie Seroney and Butere MP Martin Shikuku [1](https://www.nation.co.ke/news/How-Moi-went-astray-and-the-coup-that-failed/1056-5457264-13qn39t/index.html). Anyona\'s political troubles began in 1977 when he was arrested within the precincts of parliament (an illegality in itself) for questioning the award of a tender for the supply of wagons to the then East African Railways and Harbours Corporation and detained without trial at Manyani Prison by then President Jomo Kenyatta. He was released a year later by President Daniel arap Moi soon after he assumed power following the death of President Kenyatta. His attempts to resume representative politics were thwarted when he was barred from contesting his old parliamentary seat in the 1979 General Elections and from contesting trade union elections as a candidate for the post of Secretary General of the Transport and Allied Workers Union in 1980.
Anyona would again be arrested in 1981 and charged with sedition but the charges were eventually withdrawn by the state. In 1982, this time with his longtime friend and veteran politician Jaramogi Oginga Odinga and several others [2](https://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Remembering-gallant-Young-Turks-who-shaped-Kenya/3126390-5300160-voyagr/index.html), he attempted to form a political party Kenya African Socialist Alliance (KASA) to challenge the ruling party KANU. He was arrested on the way to the Intercontinental Hotel Nairobi to hold a press conference to announce the formation of the party and was detained without trial on 2 June 1982 and incarcerated at Kamiti and Shimo La Tewa Prisons; Jaramogi was later placed under house arrest in August 1982. Anyona was also expelled from the ruling party KANU. Shortly after Anyona was detained, his lawyer John Khaminwa was also detained without trial and a crackdown followed that targeted university lecturers, student leaders, politicians, lawyers and journalists. KANU, sensing the danger the two politicians had posed, immediately sought to change the constitution. The result was the passing of a constitutional amendment making Kenya a *de facto* one-party state the same year.
Anyona was released from detention in 1984 but his attempts to resume active politics were thwarted by the state when he was barred from contesting KANU branch elections in 1985, trade union elections in 1986, the Kitutu East (Masaba) parliamentary seat in the 1988 General Elections and Speaker of the National Assembly in 1988. He teamed up with his friend Jaramogi in 1990 during the clamour for multi-party democracy in Kenya; to many Kenyans, this was one battle Anyona and Jaramogi could not shy away from because they were the ones who started it in 1982. Anyona was however arrested at a Nairobi pub and charged with sedition. Others arrested with him included Professor Edward Oyugi, Isiah Ngotho Kariuki, and Augustus Njeru Kathangu. The experiences they went through included torture at the infamous Nyayo House torture chambers in Nairobi. After a marathon trial, they were jailed for fifteen years running concurrently for seven years on charges of scheming to overthrow the Kenyan government and being in possession of seditious and proscribed publications. According to some documents presented in the trial, it was alleged that Anyona had gone as far as preparing a shadow cabinet to take over after he overthrew the government. However, it was later revealed by an Assistant Minister in the Office of the President, John Keen, that these allegations were nothing but government fabrications, aimed at silencing Anyona. In 1992, after filing appeals against their sentences, the four were released on bail. On 20 May 1992, they were freed when the state opted not to oppose their appeals.
## Multiparty era {#multiparty_era}
With the multi-party elections coming up in December 1992, all opposition parties hoped Anyona would give them his endorsement. FORD-Kenya in particular, then under Jaramogi Oginga Odinga was seen as Anyona\'s perfect destination. He was elected the FORD-Kenya Nyamira District Branch Chairman in absentia. In a surprising move however, Anyona rejected FORD-Kenya\'s overtures, opting instead to launch his own political party Kenya Social Congress. In the 1992 Multi-Party General Elections, he easily won the Kitutu Masaba Constituency parliamentary seat, becoming the only member of parliament from the KSC. He also stood as a presidential candidate in the same elections and came out 5th. He served as the Chairman of the Public Investments Committee (PIC) of the national assembly for 1993/1994 and was re-elected as a member of parliament in 1997 for another 5-year term.
Anyona died on 4 November 2003 in a car crash on Lusaka Road in Nairobi
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# Second League of the Republika Srpska
The **Second League of the Republika Srpska** (*Друга лига Републике Српске / Druga liga Republike Srpske*) is a third level football league competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into two leagues, based on geographical areas. The winner of each league is promoted to the First League of the Republika Srpska. Clubs at the bottom of the table are relegated to the respective regional leagues
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# Solomon and Sheba
***Solomon and Sheba*** is a 1959 American Biblical epic historical drama film directed by King Vidor, shot in Technirama (color by Technicolor), and distributed by United Artists. The film dramatizes events described in the tenth chapter of First Kings and the ninth chapter of Second Chronicles. It centers on the relationship between King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, played by Yul Brynner and Gina Lollobrigida, respectively. The cast also features George Sanders, Marisa Pavan, David Farrar and Harry Andrews.
The film differs substantially from Biblical sources and is highly fictionalized, most notably in representing the Queen of Sheba as an ally of ancient Egypt in opposition to King Solomon of Israel, and in her having a love affair with Solomon.
Tyrone Power was originally cast as Solomon and filmed the role for two months, before dying of an on-set heart attack. The role was hastily recast with Yul Brynner, who had previously turned it down, and large swaths of footage were re-shot to accommodate the change, though some footage of Power in the large-scale battle scenes remains in the final film.
The film premiered in London on October 27, 1959 before being released in the United States on Christmas Day of that year. It received a lukewarm critical reception and proved King Vidor's final feature film before his death in 1982. In February 2020, the film was shown at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival, as part of a retrospective dedicated to Vidor\'s career.
## Plot
Under the rule of King David, Israel is united and prosperous, although surrounded by enemies, including Egypt and its allies. The aging King favours Solomon to succeed him, but his elder brother Adonijah, a warrior, declares himself King. When David learns of this, he publicly announces Solomon to be his successor. Adonijah and Joab, his general, withdraw in rage, but Solomon later offers his brother the command of the army, knowing that Adonijah may use it against him.
Israel continues to prosper under Solomon\'s rule. The Queen of Sheba conspires with the Egyptian Pharaoh to undermine Solomon\'s rule by seducing him and introducing Sheban pagan worship into Jerusalem. Solomon is indeed bewitched by her, and the two begin living together under the pretense of forming an alliance between their two kingdoms. The king\'s reputation is damaged, but at the same time Sheba---who sees the king\'s wisdom in the Judgment of Solomon---begins to truly fall in love with him and regret her plotting. Things come to a head when Solomon recklessly allows a Sheban \'love festival\' (in fact an orgy in celebration of a pagan god Almaqah) to be held within Israel. In an act of divine retribution, lightning from heaven destroys the Sheban altar and damages the newly built Temple in Jerusalem, and the land is beset with a deadly famine. Solomon is publicly rebuked by the people; the High Priest and Nathan the Prophet disown him.
Meanwhile, Adonijah, banished by his brother after an assassination attempt, goes and strikes a bargain with Pharaoh; given an army, he will conquer Israel for Egypt, in exchange for being placed on the throne as a kind of viceroy. The tiny army mustered by Solomon (who has been abandoned by his allied states) is quickly routed, and Adonijah presses on to Jerusalem and makes himself king. Meanwhile, Sheba, now a believer in the power of the God of Israel, prays for Solomon to be redeemed and restored to power as Nathan the Prophet overhears.
Pursued by the Egyptians, who were sent to finish him off, Solomon thereafter devises a plan. He lines up the remnants of his army on a hill, prompting the enemy to charge. The Israelites, who have arranged themselves to face east, then use their highly polished shields to reflect the light of the rising sun into the Egyptians\' eyes. Blinded, the Egyptians are prevented from seeing the chasm in front of which the Israelites have positioned themselves, and the entire army rushes headlong over the edge and falls to its death.
Meanwhile, Adonijah, met with a tepid reaction to his coup, tries to stir up Jerusalem\'s population by ordering the stoning of Sheba. Midway through this hideous display, Solomon makes a triumphant return to the city. Adonijah attacks his brother, refusing to be deprived again of his throne, but is himself struck down. Joab, in retaliation, attempts to attack Solomon, but is struck down by Solomon\'s faithful retainers Josiah and Ahab. At Solomon\'s prayer Sheba is miraculously healed of her wounds; as he resumes his power, she returns to her homeland, now pregnant by Solomon.
## Cast
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# Solomon and Sheba
## Production
Edward Small announced plans to make a film about King Solomon as early as 1953. The following year Julius Epstein was writing a script for Small which was going to be produced by the team of Clarence Greene and Russell Rouse (who often made movies under Small\'s supervision). Small then announced he was developing the project with Arthur Hornblow Jr. and in 1955 Gina Lollobrigida was signed. United Artists agreed to distribute the following year. Small provided 75% of the film\'s anticipated \$6 million budget and United Artists provided 25%.
Lollobrigida came on board as financial partner, getting a percentage of the profits. The role of Solomon was initially turned down by Tyrone Power and Yul Brynner; however, Power agreed to accept the part after the script was rewritten.
Power\'s involvement meant the film became a co-production with Power\'s Copa Productions, headed by Ted Richmond. In the interim, Small and Hornblow had made *Witness for the Prosecution* together which was a hit but they decided to end their partnership. Small went into co-production with Copa Productions, with Hornblow retaining a financial interest.
The film was shot in Madrid and Zaragoza, Spain. Production began on 15 September 1958, aiming for a mid-December finish. The orgy scene cost approximately \$100,000, and was choreographed by Jaroslav Berger, the ballet chief of the Berne State Theatre in Switzerland. Gina Lollobrigida rehearsed her dance for over a month.
The film score was composed by Mario Nascimbene and conducted by Franco Ferrara. Three additional cues, "Gifts", "Candle Scene" and "The Sacrifice" were written by an uncredited Malcolm Arnold.
### Death and replacement of Tyrone Power {#death_and_replacement_of_tyrone_power}
Two thirds of the movie had been shot and the unit was in Madrid when on 15 November, Tyrone Power filmed a duel scene with George Sanders, who played his brother. (The two had previously filmed a sword fight in the 1942 film *The Black Swan*.) The duel had to be repeated several times. Power finally dropped the sword and said he could not continue, complaining of a pain in his left arm. He was helped to his dressing room and given brandy. It is unclear what happened next as stories differ. In one scenario, he was taken to the hospital in Gina Lollobrigida\'s car and died. Another scenario is that Power died in his dressing room. In order to keep his jaw from dropping, a scarf was put around his neck to \"walk\" him out of the studio to the car. This was done in part because Mrs. Power was at the hotel and knew nothing about what happened. Ted Richmond gave orders that no press was to be called and Mrs. Power was not to be called. She was later escorted to the hospital. A memorial service was held in Spain on 16 November at the U.S. Air Force base in Torrejon (Power was a Marine Corps pilot during the Second World War).
Production of the movie was halted. Because love scenes remained to be shot, another actor would have to be cast if the existing script was to be used; battle sequences had been filmed, but most of these could still be used, with close ups of the new actor added. Other possibilities discussed including rewriting the script to use Power\'s footage, or use Power for the first half of the movie (as \"young Solomon\"), then recasting another actor as Solomon for the second half. The issue was complicated because three different parties had full script, star, and director approval: Small, Copa Productions, and Gina Lollobrigida.
On 16 November Small offered the part of Solomon to Yul Brynner, a friend of Power, and the actor accepted. This meant Brynner had to delay playing the lead role in an adaption of the Howard Fast\'s 1951 novel *Spartacus* that was subsequently cancelled and instead produced by Kirk Douglas as the 1960 movie *Spartacus* to which he had committed. However United Artists had not been told of Brynner\'s casting and were unsure of the conditions which had been granted to him. Ted Richmond wanted to pull out of producing and for a time there was some doubt if the film would go ahead at all.
Another option was to cancel *Solomon and Sheba* altogether: the production was insured up to \$3 million in the case of the death of one of the six lead players; Lloyd\'s of London covered the daily \$100,000 bill while the film was halted. However, in the end it was decided to proceed with Brynner in the role of Solomon.
The film was eventually completed over ten weeks after much difficulty with an estimated cost of \$6 million. It was felt that this was relatively inexpensive considering the scale of the movie. As a result, Spain increasingly became a base for Hollywood movies.
## Release
thumb\|thumbtime=8\|Trailer for *Solomon and Sheba* *Solomon and Sheba* received its world premiere on 27 October 1959 at the Astoria Theatre, Charing Cross Road, London, where it was presented in 70mm.
### Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Solomon and Sheba* received indifferent to negative reviews and Yul Brynner\'s performance was criticized by no less than the film\'s director, King Vidor, who stated that Tyrone Power had been much more believable as a conflicted king than Brynner who apparently played it with too much self-assurance. *Variety*, however, praised some of the film\'s sequences as \"magnificent production scenes\" and described Lollobrigida as showing \"the queen to be a woman of sharp brain as well as sensual beauty.\" The magazine also stated that Brynner \"does a fine job in presenting a Solomon who credibly suggests a singer of songs, yet finally is a man of ordinary flesh and blood who cannot resist Sheba.\"
The film was included in the 1978 book, *The Fifty Worst Films of All Time (and How They Got That Way)*, by Harry Medved, Randy Dreyfuss, and Michael Medved.
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# Solomon and Sheba
## Release
### Box office {#box_office}
The film was a box office success, earning an estimated \$5.5 million in North American rentals with a total gross of \$12.2 million.
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# Solomon and Sheba
## Home media {#home_media}
In August 2022, the film was released on Blu-Ray by Sandpiper Pictures
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# Seruvalsar Lake
**Seruvalsar Lake** (also spelled Sirolsar Lake or Serol Sar Lake, *सेरोल्सर लेक*) is a high altitude lake in the Seraj Valley of the Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh, India. The lake is about 3100 m above the sea level and is surrounded by thick forest cover. Seruvalsar Lake is accessible via Jalori pass.
## History
Locals associate the lake with Buddhi Nagin (*बूढी नागिन*, goddess of snakes and ghee and mother of all nag deities) and claim the lake\'s water possess medicinal properties. A small temple to Buddhi Nagin overlooks the lake from its North side
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# Commutative magma
In mathematics, there exist **magmas that are commutative but not associative**. A simple example of such a magma may be derived from the children\'s game of rock, paper, scissors. Such magmas give rise to non-associative algebras.
A magma which is both commutative and associative is a commutative semigroup.
## Example: rock, paper, scissors {#example_rock_paper_scissors}
In the game of rock paper scissors, let $M := \{ r, p, s \}$ , standing for the \"rock\", \"paper\" and \"scissors\" gestures respectively, and consider the binary operation $\cdot : M \times M \to M$ derived from the rules of the game as follows:
: For all $x, y \in M$:
- If $x \neq y$ and $x$ beats $y$ in the game, then $x \cdot y = y \cdot x = x$
- $x \cdot x = x$ I.e. every $x$ is idempotent.
: So that for example:
- $r \cdot p = p \cdot r = p$ \"paper beats rock\";
- $s \cdot s = s$ \"scissors tie with scissors\".
This results in the Cayley table:
: \\begin{array}{c\|ccc}
\\cdot & r & p & s\\\\ \\hline r & r & p & r\\\\ p & p & p & s\\\\ s & r & s & s \\end{array}
By definition, the magma $(M, \cdot)$ is commutative, but it is also non-associative, as shown by:
$$r \cdot (p \cdot s) = r \cdot s = r$$
but
$$(r \cdot p) \cdot s = p \cdot s = s$$
i.e.
$$r \cdot (p \cdot s) \neq (r \cdot p) \cdot s$$
It is the simplest non-associative magma that is *conservative*, in the sense that the result of any magma operation is one of the two values given as arguments to the operation.
## Applications
The arithmetic mean, and generalized means of numbers or of higher-dimensional quantities, such as Frechet means, are often commutative but non-associative.
Commutative but non-associative magmas may be used to analyze genetic recombination
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# Ángel Vivar Dorado
**Ángel Manuel Vivar Dorado** (born 12 February 1974) is a Spanish former footballer who played mainly as an attacking midfielder. He is currently manager of Tercera Federación club Alcalá.
In an 18-year professional career, he represented mainly Getafe (five seasons), Tenerife and Racing de Santander (four apiece), appearing in 423 games and scoring 46 goals across both major levels of Spanish football -- 296 matches and 23 goals in La Liga alone.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Leganés
Born in Madrid, Vivar Dorado began his career at local CD Leganés in the Segunda División B. At the end of the 1992--93 season, the 19-year-old achieved promotion to Segunda División, a first-ever for the club.
Vivar Dorado scored a career-best ten goals in the following campaign, as they managed to stay up.
### Tenerife
For 1994--95, Vivar Dorado signed with CD Tenerife of La Liga. He featured rarely under Vicente Cantatore, but became a very important player for the next manager, Jupp Heynckes.
Vivar Dorado was part of the squad that reached the semi-finals of the 1996--97 UEFA Cup. He scored in both legs of the first round against Maccabi Tel Aviv FC, but was also sent off by David Elleray in the first match of the last-four tie, a 1--0 win over FC Schalke 04.
### Later career {#later_career}
Vivar Dorado moved to Racing de Santander in summer 1998 and, despite a top-division relegation in his third year, stayed with the side before joining Rayo Vallecano of the same league in January 2002. This was to be another short spell, as he returned to the second tier with Getafe CF in August, helping the Madrid-based team attain a first ever promotion to the top flight in 2004 and going on to make 161 competitive appearances during his tenure before switching to Real Valladolid in July 2007; previously, on 10 May, he was one of three players on target in a 4--0 home victory against FC Barcelona in the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, the 6--5 aggregate score meaning qualification for the final for the first time ever.
On 6 January 2008, Vivar Dorado scored twice as Valladolid emerged victorious 3--0 at his former employers Getafe. He automatically earned a one-year extension after playing the minimum games required, being released at the end of the 2008--09 season at age 35 and quickly agreeing a move to Albacete Balompié in the second division; however, he arrived injured and, after no official matches for the Castilla--La Mancha club, was released from contract in January 2010 due to an Achilles tendon injury, retiring shortly after.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Vivar Dorado started working as a manager with AD Alcorcón and Leganés\' youth sides. On 17 June 2024, he was named head coach of Tercera Federación club RSD Alcalá, promising he would leave at the end of the season if promotion was not achieved
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# MV Spirit of Portsmouth
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Error at (line 4, column 2):
unexpected '+'
|+MV ''Spirit of Portsmouth''
^
``
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# Manimahesh Lake
**Manimahesh Lake** is considered a sacred lake in the Hindu religion. This lake is situated on the Manimahesh Kailash mountain, one of the Panch Kailash mountains mentioned in the Sanatan religion.**Manimahesh** (also known as Dal Lake, Manimahesh) is a high altitude lake (elevation 4080 m) situated close to the Manimahesh Kailash Peak in the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas, in the Bharmour subdivision of Chamba district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The religious significance of this lake is next to that of the Lake Manasarovar in Tibet.
The lake is the venue of a highly revered pilgrimage trek undertaken during the month of August/September corresponding to the month of Bhadon according to the Hindu calendar, on the eighth day of the new moon period. It is known as the '*Manimahesh Yatra*'. The Government of Himachal Pradesh has declared it as a state-level pilgrimage.
There are two trekking routes to the lake. One is from Hadsar village that is mostly frequented by pilgrims and trekkers. This route is easier and has arrangements for basic food and accommodation during the pilgrimage season. The other one is from village Holi. This route climbs up further and then descends to the lake. There is no other habitation, except for a small village on this route.
## Legend
According to one popular legend, it is believed that Shiva created Manimahesh after he married Parvati, who is worshipped as Mata Gorja. There are many legends narrated linking Shiva and his show of displeasure through acts of avalanches and blizzards that occur in the region.
Legend also mentions that Shiva performed penance on the banks of Manimahesh Lake. In the same vein, it is mentioned that Gaddis (Shepherd), the tribes of this region, adopted Shiva as their deity. Gaddis are the people who reside in the Gaddi Valley which is the name of the upper regions of Ravi River where the Mount Chamba Kailash lies. Further, according to the legend, the Shiva, who lived in Mount Kailash, the highest mountain of the state, gifted the Gaddis with a Chuhali topi (pointed cap), which they wear traditionally along with their other dress of chola (coat) and dora (a long black cord about 10--15 m long). The Gaddis started calling the land of this mountainous region as \'Shiv Bhumi\' (\"Land of Shiva\") and themselves as devotees of Shiva. The legend further states that before Shiva married Parvati at Lake Manasarovar and became the \"universal parents of the universe\", Shiva created the Mount Kailash in Himachal Pradesh and made it his abode. He made the Gaddis his devotees. The land where Gaddis lived extended from 15 mi west of Bharmaur, upstream of the confluence of Budhil and Ravi rivers, up to Manimahesh. Manimahesh was also considered the abode of the Trimurti, namely, Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma. Manimahesh was reckoned as the heaven (Kailasha) of Shiva. The waterfall seen at the Dhancho on the way to Manimahesh Lake, and which emanates from the lake, was considered as the heaven (Vaikuntha) of Vishnu. The heaven of Bramha is cited as a mound overlooking the Bharmaur city. The Gaddis also believe that Shiva resides in the Mount Kailash for six months, whereafter he moves to the netherworld handing over the reigns to Vishnu. The day he departs to the netherworld is observed by the Gaddis reverentially every year, which is the Janmashtami day, the eighth day of the month of Bhadon (August), the birthday of Krishna (an incarnation of Vishnu). Shiva returned from the netherworld to Bharamaur at the end of February, before the night of his wedding and this day is observed as Maha Shivaratri); Gaddis observe this also as a festive day since Shiva and Parvati returned to Mount Kailash in the Gaddi land.
Etymology of \'Manimahesh\' signifies a \"jewel (Mani) on Shiva\'s (Mahesh\'s) crown\". According to a local legend, the moon-rays reflected from the jewel can be seen from Manimahesh Lake on clear full moon night (which is a rare occasion). However, it has been inferred that such a phenomenon could be the result of reflection of light from the glacier that embellishes the peak in the form of a serpent around Shiva\'s neck.
A legend in which Shiva himself is tricked is narrated. According to this narration linked to Dhancho where pilgrims spend a night on their way to Manimahesh Lake, Shiva, pleased with the devotion of one of his ardent devotees Bhasmasura (an asura or demon) bestowed a boon, which gave powers to Bhasmasura under which Bhasmasura touching anyone would reduce that person to ashes. Bhasmasura wanted to try this boon on Shiva himself. He, therefore, followed Shiva to touch him and get rid of him. However, Shiva managed to escape and enter into the waterfall at Dhancho and take shelter in a cave behind the rolling waters of the fall. Bhasmasura could not get through the waterfall. Then, Vishnu intervened and killed Bhasmasura. Since then the waterfall is considered holy.
A rare event of the first sun's rays falling on the Manimahesh peak is seen in reflection in the lake like a saffron *tilaka*. This display in the lake has enhanced the legendary belief of the Gaddis on the sanctity of Manimahesh Lake at the base of the Mount Kailash, which they visit on an annual pilgrimage. This event has also contributed to the practice of taking bath in the lake on Janmashtami day or Radhashtami day, fifteen days after the birth of Krishna.
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# Manimahesh Lake
## Geography
The lake, of glacial origin, is in the upper reaches of the Ghoi nala(refer Leomann <maps:India> Himalaya Map 4) which is a tributary of Budhil river, a tributary of the Ravi River in Himachal Pradesh. However, the lake is the source of a tributary of the Budhil River, known as 'Manimahesh Ganga'. The stream originates from the lake in the form of a fall at Dhancho. The mountain peak is a snow clad tribal glen of Brahamur in the Chamba district of manimahesh range. The highest peak is the Manimahesh Kailas, also called 'Chamba Kailash\' (elevation 5656 m) overlooking the lake. The lake, considered a glacial depression, is sourced by snow-melt waters from the surrounding hill slopes. Towards the end of June with ice beginning to melt, numerous small streams break up everywhere, which together with the lush green hills and the myriad of flowers give the place a truly remarkable view. The snow field at the base of the mountain is called by the local people as Shiva's Chaugan Shiva\'s playground. According to a belief, Shiva stayed here with his consort Parvati.
Manimahesh is approached from three routes. Pilgrims from Lahaul and Spiti pass through Kugti pass. Pilgrims from Kangra and Mandi take the Karwarsi pass or Jalsu pass via Tyari village, near Holi in Bharmour. The easiest and popular route is from Chamba via Bharmour. The most popular is the Bhanrlour--Hadsar-Manimahesh route which involves a 13 km track from Hadsar village to the Manimahesh Lake. The highest altitude touched in this route is 4115 m and it takes two days with an overnight stay at Dhancho. Season to be undertaken is June to October and it has a gentle grade. The path leading to the lake is well maintained.
Halfway up this track is 6 km of open and flat meadow land to Dhancho. Tented accommodation is available here during August--September. Night halt is preferred here. Free kitchens are opened by people to feed pilgrims. But many prefer to go and pitch their tents next to the lake to feel a divine experience. En route, there is waterfall at Gauri Nallah known as the Dhancho fall. From Dhancho, it is a steep climb. This track has seen lot of improvements over the years. In the past the first climb was first done by crossing Dhancho nalla. It was so tough that people used to crawl to get across. Since they used to crawl like a monkey in this stretch it was known as \'Bandar Ghati\' (monkey valley). Now this track is much improved and the newly constructed path is used. However, some still prefer to take the old route as an adventure and go through the Bandar Ghati.
In the past, on the trek from Dhancho, the bridge over the Manimahesh river was crossed to reach the left bank of the valley. After 2 km, the river was again crossed, over another wooden bridge, to the right bank.
From this point, the climb passes through many zigzag paths along flowered meadows. Birch trees are seen in the vicinity, which indicates a gain in altitude as the trek proceeds. Along this stretch of the trek route, there are a number community kitchens (eateries) at about 3600 m elevation. From this location, the trail to Manimahesh Lake could be discerned. The waterfall, flowing from the lake, is also seen at this stage. A further trek of 1.5 km through the grassy ridges leads to the Manimahesh Lake.
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# Manimahesh Lake
## Lake and its precincts {#lake_and_its_precincts}
Even though the Manimahesh Lake is of small size with shallow depth, its location, directly below Manimahesh Kailas peak and several other peaks and dangling glaciers, is an \"inspiration even to the least devout pilgrim.\"
Trekking in the last reach is through the glacier fields of the lake. However, on the way, the walk is through the valley of flowers and wild medicinal herbs up to the lake. The lake is situated at the centre of a snowy field touching the sacred peak. The lake is surrounded by sandy boulders, small hilly mounds and prickly dry bushes, and there is no sign of any grass. It is called Shiv Chaugan (play ground of Shiva). The lake appears as if it has penetrated the rugged valley. On a clear day the reflection of the abode of Shiva, the Kailash Mountain can be seen on the lake surface. All the year round, the place remains desolate, without any inhabitants, because none dares to stay here. The air is fresh but icy cold. There are almost no fauna in the lake at its precincts -- no ants, snakes or any kind of wild life. A few Bird species are sighted rarely. The silence of the place is broken only when the pilgrims visit the place in large numbers, an evening before the holy dip (locally known as *naun*) in the lake.
According to legend, Shiva performed penance for several hundred years here. The water cascades sprang out from his matted hair and took the form of the lake. The lake as formed appears like a saucer. It has two distinct parts. The larger part has icy cold water, called the \'Shiv Karotri\' (the bathing place of Shiva). The smaller part of the lake, which is hidden by the bushes, has lukewarm water and is called \'Gauri Kund\', the bathing place of Parvati, Shiva\'s consort. Thus, men and women bathe in different parts of the lake. According to rites, the dip (called locally as *naun*) in the lake is taken four times, if permitted or otherwise only once.
In the periphery of the lake, now there is a marble image of Shiva, which is worshipped by pilgrims. The image is called the Chaumukha. The lake and its surroundings present an impressive view. The still, clear and unpolluted waters of the lake reflect the snow-capped peaks that overlook the valley. There is also a small temple in the shikhara style on the periphery of the lake. A brass image of Lakshmi Devi known as Mahishasuramardini is deified in the temple.
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# Manimahesh Lake
## Pilgrimage
The sippi caste have important role when the challas seeks the permission from this caste after that challas get dip into the wholly lake
The holy pilgrimage to the Manimahesh Lake (revered by local people as resting place of Shiva) is supported by the Government of Himachal Pradesh, Manimahesh Pilgrimage Committee and several voluntary organizations. For the Gaddi tribal population of the region, pilgrimage to the lake is most holy. It is held every year during the Hindu month of Badon on Radhastami, the 15th day following the festival of Janmashtami, corresponding to the Gregorian month of August or September. The Yatra or Jatra, as it is called, is also popularly known as the \'Manimahesh Yatra\'. It is heralded by a procession known locally as \"holy chhari\" (holy stick carried by the pilgrims on their shoulders) trek undertaken by pilgrims and sadhus. Pilgrims undertake the holy trek barefoot and cover a distance of 14 km from the nearest road point of Hadsar to the Manimahesh Lake. Shiva is the presiding deity of the yatra. The colorful procession of the \"chhari\" is accompanied by singing and recitation of hymns in praise of Shiva. The Chhari trek, considered a tough trek, follows a set ancient route with stops at the designated places. To facilitate this trek, pilgrims are provided with facilities of transport (jeeps up to road ends), food and medical facilities and so forth. It is a two-day trek to the lake from Hadsar with a night halt at Dhanchho. Tents are available for hire at Bharmour or Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. Ponies are hired by some devotees for the trek. Direct trekking from Chamba is also an option undertaken by the devout, which is a nine-day trek; the route followed is Rakh (20 km), Bharmaur, Hadsar (12 km), Dhancho (7 km) and Manimahesh (7.5 km) with a brief halt at Bhiram Ghati. The return trip follows the same route.
The holy trek starts from the Laxmi Narayan temple and the Dashnami Akhara in Chamba town, with the sacred stick (\'Chhari\') of Gur Charpathnath carried by the pilgrims with participation of sadhus. The trek to the lake takes about 6 days. After the procession arrives at the lake, ceremonies are held all through the night. On the following day, pilgrims take a holy dip (*naun*) in the lake. After taking bath in the holy waters of the lake, pilgrims circumambulate the lake three times as an act of reverence, seeking blessings of the Shiva. However, before taking a final dip in the Manimahesh Lake, women devotees take a dip at the Gauri Khund, which is situated about a mile short of the lake while men take bath at Shiv Karotri a part of the main lake. The belief is that Parvati, Shiva's consort bathed at the Gauri Khund, while Shiva took his bath at the Shiv Karotri. State priests of Bharmaur Brahmin family perform the worship (Pujas) in all temples within the lake precincts
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# Julia Voznesenskaya
**Julia Nikolayevna Voznesenskaya** (*Юлия Николаевна Вознесенская*), also known as **Julia Toropovskaya**, maiden name, Okulova (14 September 1940, Saint-Petersburg -- 20 February 2015, Berlin), was a Russian author of books with a Christian worldview.
## Biography
Her father was a military engineer. From 1945 to 1950, she and her family lived in East Berlin, where he was stationed. Both of her parents were atheists until their last years, when they converted to Orthodoxy. She later studied at the Leningrad State Institute of Theater, Music and Cinematography and was active in the underground art community. In 1964, she was arrested and served a term of forced labor.
Her first poems were published in 1966; some through official channels, but mostly through samizdat. She was baptized in 1973. Over the next few years, she was a regular participant in demonstrations and hunger strikes on behalf of her fellow creative artists. In 1976, she assisted in the creation of the samizdat literary journal *Часы* (Hours).
That same year, she was sentenced to five years of exile for Anti-Soviet Propaganda. After breaking exile to attend the trial of Yuly Rybakov, she was sentenced to two years of imprisonment. In 1980 she emigrated to Germany with her two sons, living first in Frankfurt-am-Main, then Munich, where she worked for Radio Liberty.
From 1996 to 1999 she lived in the Lesninsky Russian Orthodox Convent in Chauvincourt-Provemont, Normandy, France. From 2002 until her death on 20 February 2015 she lived in Berlin.
## Works
Her works include *The Star Chernobyl*, about three sisters involved in the Chernobyl disaster; and her first novel, *The Women\'s Decameron*, about ten pregnant women in a maternity ward who are quarantined for ten days and - inspired by *The Decameron* - decide to tell ten stories each day, about life in 1980s Russia. *My Posthumous Adventures* (Мои посмертные приключения) is a fictional story of what her heroine experiences after clinical death. She is a laureate of the prizes *Orthodox Christian Book of Russia* (Православная книга России) and *Alye Parusa* (Crimson Sails).
Her book series \"The Yulianna\" is sometimes classified as anti-Potter since it is a children\'s series that supports the Christian faith instead of witchcraft and magic. It tells the story of twin girls separated at birth and posits a Christian view of spiritual battle where angels and demons are real and prayer and Christian life or selfishness and giving in to temptation have real spiritual causes or results, and how prayer really can be \'magic\'.
Probably her most popular book is the first of a two-part series, called \"Cassandra\'s Path, or Adventures with Macaroni\", a science fiction apocalyptic view from the Christian perspective of the last days, and of one woman\'s journey to faith. In "100 Days before the Flood," there remain another hundred days before the flood arrives. The ark is ready, but no one believes the prophecies: Noah\'s neighbors laugh at him and build a money-making restaurant \"Ark\", enticing people to all sorts of earthly pleasures. Each of the characters has to make their own decision about where to direct their life and immortal soul: to the indulgence of the flesh or to the Kingdom of God.
The historical novel \"The Miracle at Edes\" explores the legend of three early Greek Christians named Simon, Gury, and Aviv (the patrons of marriage in Greece). Their tale revolves around the exciting and even dangerous adventures of a newly married couple, with a spectacular twist ending.
## Literary awards {#literary_awards}
\"Best Author of the Year\" in the contest \"Orthodox Book of Russia\" (2003)
Winner of the annual competition of works for children and youth \"Scarlet Sails\" in the nomination \"Prose\" - for the book \"The Way of Cassandra\"
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# Sugar (musical)
***Sugar*** is a 1972 musical with a book by Peter Stone, music by Jule Styne, and lyrics by Bob Merrill. The musical is based on the 1959 film *Some Like It Hot*, which was adapted by Billy Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond from a story by Robert Thoeren and Michael Logan.
The musical\'s name, spotlighting the lead female character, resulted from producer David Merrick being unable to license the film title. A revised *Sugar* with additional songs would tour nationally between 2002 and 2003 as *Some Like It Hot: The Musical*, boosted by the casting of film star Tony Curtis as elderly millionaire Osgood.
## Synopsis
Two unemployed musicians, bass player Jerry and saxophone player Joe, witness the St. Valentine\'s Day Massacre in Chicago. In order to escape gangster Spats Palazzo and his henchmen, they dress as women and join Sweet Sue and Her Society Syncopaters, an all-female band about to leave town for an engagement at a Miami Beach hotel.
Complications arise when Joe, now known as Josephine, falls in love with beautiful band singer Sugar Kane, who has a slight drinking problem that tends to interfere with her ability to choose a romantic partner wisely. More than anything, Sugar wants to marry a millionaire, prompting Joe to disguise himself as the man of her dreams.
Meanwhile, wealthy and elderly Osgood Fielding Jr. is pursuing Daphne, unaware she really is Jerry in drag. As much as he knows he needs to reveal his true gender to his over-amorous paramour, Jerry is beginning to enjoy all the expensive gifts bestowed upon him on a regular basis.
Total chaos erupts when Spats and his gang descend upon the hotel and realize who Josephine and Daphne really are.
## History
Produced by David Merrick and directed and choreographed by Gower Champion, *Sugar* opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre on April 9, 1972 after 14 previews and closed on June 23, 1973 after 505 performances. Scenic design was by Robin Wagner, costume design by Alvin Colt, and lighting design by Martin Aronstein. Elaine Joyce was replaced by Pamela Blair later in the run.
A west coast tour followed in the fall of 1974, with performances in Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ritchard was to have performed the part of Osgood, but he fell ill shortly before the opening and was replaced by Gale Gordon.
## Original cast and characters {#original_cast_and_characters}
Character Broadway (1972) First National Tour (1974) West End (1992) Second National Tour (2002)
-------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------
Sugar \"Kane\" Kowalczyk Elaine Joyce Leland Palmer Mandy Perryment Jodi Carmeli
Jerry/Daphne colspan=\"2" \|Robert Morse colspan=\"1" \|Billy Boyle colspan=\"1" \|Timothy Gulan
Joe/Josephine colspan=\"1" \|Tony Roberts colspan=\"1" \|Larry Kert colspan=\"1" \|Tommy Steele colspan=\"1" \|Arthur Hanket
Osgood Fielding Cyril Ritchard Gale Gordon Royce Mills Tony Curtis
Sweet Sue Sheila Smith Virginia Martin Veronica Clifford Lenora Nemetz
Spats Steve Condos Steven Osborne William Ryall
Bienstock Alan Kass Joe Ross Edward Phillips Gerry Vichi
## Song list {#song_list}
Act I
- \"When You Meet a Man in Chicago\" - Sweet Sue and All Girl Band
- \"Penniless Bums\" - Jerry, Joe and Unemployed Musicians
- \"Tear the Town Apart\" - Spats\'s Gang
- \"The Beauty That Drives Men Mad\" - Jerry and Joe
- \"We Could Be Close\" - Jerry and Sugar Kane
- \"Sun on My Face\" - Jerry, Joe, Sugar Kane, Sweet Sue, Bienstock and Ensemble
- \"November Song\" - Millionaires and Osgood Fielding Jr.
- \"Sugar - Jerry and Joe
Act II
- \"Hey, Why Not!\" - Sugar Kane and Ensemble
- \"Beautiful Through and Through\" - Osgood Fielding Jr. and Jerry
- \"What Do You Give to a Man Who\'s Had Everything?\" - Joe and Sugar Kane
- \"Magic Nights\" - Jerry
- \"It\'s Always Love\" - Joe
- \"When You Meet a Man in Chicago\" - Jerry, Joe, Sugar Kane, Sweet Sue, All Girl Band and Chorus Line
A final song, \"People in My Life\" (Sugar), was taken out during the previews, but has appeared in some later productions. `{{col-end}}`{=mediawiki}
The 1992 West End production released a cast recording.
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# Sugar (musical)
## Productions
In 1974 the Casa Mañana Theatre in Dallas staged a production of *Sugar* starring Scott Jarvis as Jerry/Daphne, Joey Evans as Joe/\"Josephine\", and Persis Forster as Sugar Kane. Jarvis had worked as Robert Morse\'s standby during the Broadway run, and had played the part on occasion during its New York run.
In 1975, a version was produced in the Teatro de los Insurgentes of Mexico City. It starred the singer Enrique Guzmán and the actors Héctor Bonilla (alternando con Xavier López \"Chabelo\") and Sylvia Pasquel. Due to the tremendous success, the musical was staged in Madrid, Spain two years later with the majority of the original cast of Mexico.
In 1986 a successful production was staged at the Teatro Lola Membrives in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Susana Giménez as Sugar Kane, Arturo Puig as Joe/Josephine and Ricardo Darín as Jerry/Daphne was the stars of this version accompanied by Norma Pons and Ambar La Fox, with Gogó Andreu as Osgood Fielding Jr. The director of this production, which closed three years later in 1988, was Mario Morgan.
In 1990, a production of "Sugar" was staged at the theatre Pozorište na Terazijama in Belgrade, then Yugoslavia (modern day Serbia), under the title *Some like it hot* (*Neki to vole vruće*). The show was directed by Soja Jovanović, with Svetislav Goncić as Jerry/Daphne, Rade Marjanović as Joe/Josephine, and Ivana Mihić In the titular role of Sugar. The production was a smashing success, and went on to become the longest running production in the history of theatre in Serbia, continuously running for over 30 years, and is still running to this day. Over the years, almost all of the original cast members have left the show, except for the two principals in the roles of Jerry and Joe, who were the ones most responsible for the enduring success of the production. In 2022, Marjanović stepped down from the part of Joe and took over the part of Bienstok, with Žarko Stepanov taking on the part of Joe.
The West End production, starring Tommy Steele, opened at the Prince Edward Theatre on March 19, 1992 and closed on June 20, 1992. The production reverted to the film\'s title of *Some Like It Hot.*
A 2002-03 United States national tour starred Tony Curtis as Osgood Fielding Jr. in a revised production, titled *Some Like It Hot: The Musical.* Curtis had played Joe in the original film. This national tour wardrobe is on display at the Costume World Broadway Collection in Pompano Beach, Florida.
A new production of the show ran at the Westchester Broadway Theatre in Elmsford, New York April 2010 through July 2010.
In February/March 2011 Pimlico Opera presented a new production in Great Britain at Send Prison in Surrey. The cast included professional actors and inmates.
On March 6, 2011, Musical Theatre West in Long Beach, California presented a staged concert version of the show, as part of the Reiner Reading Series with Larry Raben (Forever Plaid), Bets Malone (The Marvelous Wonderettes) and Nick Santa Maria (The Producers (musical)).
A Danish production of the show ran in 2011 at Folketeateret in Copenhagen under the title \"Ingen er Fuldkommen\" (\"Nobody\'s Perfect\"). The show opened in October and starred Danish musical actress Maria Lucia.
42nd Street Moon presented *Sugar* as part of its 19th Season, April 4--22, 2012.
In 2016 started a new production of the musical in Barcelona, Spain. The whole play was translated into Spanish and Catalan and had been in theaters until April 2018.
In 2019, the musical is returning to Teatro de los Insurgentes, in Mexico City, to be premiered on October 17. The cast includes famous Mexican actors like Arath de la Torre and Ariel Miramontes.
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# Sugar (musical)
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
In his review of the Broadway production, *Time* theatre critic T.E. Kalem thought the musical \"has been so thoroughly processed, refined and filtered that it has lost the natural energy that makes a good musical strong and healthy.\" He added, \"If hummable songs are a plus, Jule Styne\'s songs are hummable, though you may not know quite which homogenized number you are humming. As for Bob Merrill\'s lyrics, they are the labored products of a man hovering over a rhyming dictionary. *Sugar* is almost a textbook case of a musical born after its time. It may well enjoy great wads of audience favor. But in the past three years, *Company* and *Follies* have altered the critical perspective by providing a musical form that is spare, intelligent, ironic, mature and capable of sustaining three-dimensional characters.\" He concluded, \"This is not to say that the big, old-fashioned musical is irrevocably doomed, but it must have a singular mood, manner and meaning all its own. Otherwise, all that remains, as *Sugar* indicates, is a sterile display of high-gloss techniques.\"
Dyan McBride, director of a 2012 San Francisco production of the musical, noted in an interview that \"Written in 1972, *Sugar* really has one of the last Golden Age of Broadway scores\.... You can feel contemporary Broadway starting to come\.... This is not a rock \'n\' roll score; this is really a jazzy score. But you can start to hear things changing; there\'s a little bit of lounge, and you can hear some Bob Goulet
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# Johan Anders Jägerhorn
**Johan (Jan) Anders Jägerhorn af Spurila** (1752-1825) was a Finnish nobleman born on 8 April 1757 in Helsinki county, at that time a part of Sweden. He was the eldest son of lieutenant colonel Fredrik Anders Jägerhorn and Ulrika Sofia Brunow. Colonel Fredrik Adolf Jägerhorn, vice commander of the Sveaborg fortress in 1808 was Johan Anders\' brother.
## Life
The Jägerhorn af Spurila noble family tree can be documented to 15th century Finland with legends - inspired by the Song of Roland - going back to the 12th century when Swedish crusader king Eric the Saint of Sweden came to Finland and made an early ancestor of the family squire of the king.
Johan Anders Jägerhorn was a military officer with the rank of major in the Swedish army and lieutenant colonel in the Russian army 1789.
As a participant in an officers' plot against the Swedish king in Finland 1788, Jägerhorn advocated sovereignty for Finland. Condemned to death by the Swedes on the ground of treason, he was exiled to Germany. In Hamburg he befriended Lord Edward FitzGerald and acted as an intermediary between the Irish and the French before the rebellion of 1798. After two years' imprisonment (1799--1801) in the Tower of London, he returned to Finland and was instrumental in shaping the constitution of newly autonomous Finland. After having been part of the Swedish kingdom for more than 600 years, Finland became an autonomous Russian Grand Duchy in 1809. Jägerhorn was thus one of the historical originators of Finnish independence. Finland declared independence on 6 December 1917.
Johan Anders Jägerhorn was the founder and leader of a secret order called Walhalla-orden with its seat in the Suomenlinna fortress.
He was married to Ulrika Sofia Blomcreutz of Swedish nobility in 1783. Jägerhorn died in Porvoo, Finland on 6 March 1825. His only two daughters had died at early age in tragic accidents.
## Legacy
In 1981, Minister Desmond O\'Malley of Ireland unveiled a commemorative plaque adorning Jägerhorn\'s house in Porvoo, Finland and stated: \"If this man has spent 2 years of prison for the independence of Ireland, he is indeed worthy of this plaque
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# The Diamondback
***The Diamondback*** is an independent student newspaper associated with the University of Maryland, College Park. It began in 1910 as *The Triangle* and became known as *The Diamondback* in 1921. *The Diamondback* was initially published as a daily print newspaper on weekdays until becoming a weekly online journal in 2013. It is published by Maryland Media, Inc., a non-profit organization. The newspaper receives no university funding and derives its revenue from advertising.
## History
The newspaper was founded on January 1, 1910, named *The Triangle* until October 14, 1914, then renamed to *M.A.C. Weekly* (short for *Maryland Agriculture College Weekly*) from October 21, 1914 to May 31, 1916, then *Maryland State Weekly* (also known as *M. S. Weekly* and *M. S. C. Weekly*) from September 1916 to January 30, 1919, then *Maryland State Review* from February 6, 1919 to June 10, 1920, then *University Review* from October 7, 1920 to May 1921, then *The Diamondback* since June 9, 1921. The newspaper was renamed to *The Diamondback* by Harry Clifton \"Curley\" Byrd in honor of a local reptile, the Diamondback terrapin. (The terrapin became affiliated with the school\'s athletic program in 1933 with support from Byrd, and was officially designated as the school mascot in 1994.)
In the 1930s, the newspaper was printed weekly, increasing to five times per week by the 1950s and distributed for free at various campus locations, until the Friday edition was eliminated in 2013. In 2015, the four days per week publication was reduced to a weekly print edition. The change mirrored a nationwide trend in student newspapers at U.S. universities in the 2010s, such as at the University of Wisconsin, University of Nebraska, and Arizona State, where daily print editions were dropped as readers increasingly gravitated towards social media and online news sources. In March, 2020, the print edition of the newspaper was discontinued altogether. By then, it was published once a week on Monday, with a print circulation of 8,000, down from a high of more than 21,000, and what used to be annual advertising revenues of more than \$1 million. It was usually twelve to sixteen pages.`{{Primary source inline|date=March 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Over the years, the newspaper has been noted for its willingness to challenge authority. In 1935, *The Diamondback* sharply criticized then-University President Raymond A. Pearson, saying in an editorial that faculty morale was deteriorating following salary cuts and the departure of highly regarded professors had resulted in lowered academic standing. In response, the Board of Regents formed a special committee for a \"full investigation\". Pearson defended the salary cuts as due to reduced state funding attributable to the Depression and denied that scholastic excellence had been impaired. Pearson subsequently resigned.
In a November, 1940, editorial written in the wake of a disappointing football season, the *Diamondback* called for the university to provide football scholarships. Saying that state universities \"cannot afford not to have a good football team\", the editorial added, \"the boys who play college football deserve financial aid where they need it. They work hard enough in the course of a season to qualify for pay on a full time job\".
In 1972, the Board of Regents granted Maryland Media Inc. a non-profit charter and free office space on campus, under which the *Diamondback* operates independently. The newspaper receives no university funding and derives its revenue from advertising.
In 1996, the *Diamondback* was described by Maryland\'s largest newspaper, *The Baltimore Sun*, as having a \"hard-edged reputation\", especially when compared to student newspapers at other colleges in the state. In 2001, a controversy erupted between *The Diamondback* and the university\'s journalism school when the *Diamondback*{{\'s}} student staff objected to the Dean of Journalism\'s proposal that publisher Maryland Media hire a paid editorial advisor for the newsroom, accusing the Dean of a \"takeover\" that would jeopardize the newspaper\'s independence. The month before, the *Baltimore Sun* reported that Maryland Media had a \$4 million surplus, with the *Diamondback*{{\'s}} non-student manager paid \$179,123 and potentially earning as much as \$300,000 per year, further exacerbating relations.
As of 2022, *The Diamondback* publishes a daily digital-only edition during the school year at dbknews.com. It has been independently published since 1972 by Maryland Media, a non-profit corporation. The paper\'s offices are located on the third floor of the South Campus Dining Hall, across from the WMUC-FM radio station and the University of Maryland\'s Residence Hall Association office. As of September 2019, the newspaper\'s editor said that *The Diamondback*{{\'s}} website had 160,000 visitors for the month.
## Sections
*The Diamondback* is split into four sections:
- News - The news section covers both on- and off-campus news, specifically in the region of College Park, Maryland, but also expands coverage to Annapolis, Maryland, when the state\'s legislature is in session.
- Opinion - The editorial section contains *The Diamondback\'s* editorial, op-eds and letters to the editor, and editorial cartoons.
- Diversions - The entertainment section contains reviews of movies and music, as well as concerts and plays around the College Park region.
- Sports - The sports section covers University of Maryland athletics, including men\'s basketball and football. This section often has a combination of news and opinion articles.
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# The Diamondback
## Awards
*The Diamondback* has received many awards throughout its history for categories including photography, news writing and cartoons, especially from the Society of Professional Journalists. In 1949, it was named the \"Best College Newspaper\" among schools having more than 6,000 students by Pi Delta Epsilon, the national honorary journalism fraternity (later the Society for Collegiate Journalists).
For the 2012--2013, 2015 and 2016 school years, *The Diamondback* was named the \"Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper\" in Region 2 by the Society of Professional Journalists.
For the 2010--2011 school year, *The Diamondback* received a first-place \"Mark of Excellence\" award for its region, and saw several of its journalists go on to win individual national awards from the Society of Professional Journalists, including for column writing and sports reporting.
For the 2008--2009 school year, *The Diamondback* placed second in the national Society of Professional Journalists Mark of Excellence Awards ranking of daily student newspapers. It received the first-place award for its region.
For the 2005--2006 school year, *The Diamondback* received a \"Mark of Excellence\" award, placing 3rd nationally for \"Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper\" and placing first in its region in the same category.
## Alumni
### Journalists
Notable journalists who worked at *The Diamondback* include:
- Jonathan Allen, a political journalist currently working for *NBC News*. Previously reported for publications such as *Congressional Quarterly*, *The Hill*, *Politico*, *Bloomberg News*, and *Vox*. Co-author of two best-selling books on Hillary Clinton: *HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton* and *Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton\'s Doomed Campaign*. Winner of the 2008 Everett Dirksen Award and Sandy Hume Award.
- Jayson Blair (editor-in-chief in 1996), former journalist for *The New York Times*. Blair achieved nationwide notoriety as a journalist at the *Times* for serious reporting errors, fabrication of facts, and plagiarism. A letter signed by 30 former *Diamondback* staffers regarding the situation with Blair also complained about the lack of involvement by the board that owns the paper.
- Norman Chad (editor-in-chief in 1978), an ESPN columnist and World Series of Poker commentator.
- Brian Crecente (reporter 1993--1994), editor-in-chief of Gawker Media website *Kotaku* named one of the 20 most influential people in the video game industry over the past 20 years.
- Justin Fenton, an investigative reporter at the Baltimore Banner. Previously a crime reporter at the Baltimore Sun, where he was part of a team that was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize in 2016. He also authored *We Own This City: A True Story of Crime, Cops, and Corruption*, which was later produced by HBO and fellow Diamondback alumnus David Simon into a TV mini series of the same name.
- Jack Kelley, former *USA Today* international correspondent who resigned after fabricating major stories and plagiarizing on at least two dozen occasions.
- David Mills, a former features writer for *The Washington Times* and *The Washington Post*. Mills also found success in Hollywood. He was a television writer for *NYPD Blue* from 1995 to 1997. He also wrote several episodes of *Homicide: Life on the Street* and *ER*. In 2003, he created *Kingpin*, an NBC miniseries. He won two Emmy Awards.
- Michael Olesker, former columnist for the *Baltimore Sun*, commentator for WJZ-TV and writer for the Baltimore Examiner. He resigned from the *Sun* after accusations of plagiarism.
- Mi-Ai Parrish (editor-in-chief 1991--1992) is president and publisher of *The Arizona Republic* and azcentral.com. Previously publisher of *The Kansas City Star* and *Idaho Statesman*. Journalist at *Minneapolis Star Tribune*, *San Francisco Chronicle*, *Chicago Sun-Times*.
- Stephen Petranek, American writer and editor.
- David Simon, author of *Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets* and *The Corner*. Based on his books, Simon later created the TV series *Homicide: Life on the Street* and *The Wire*, as well as the mini-series, *The Corner*.
### Cartoonists
- Frank Cho\'s strip *Liberty Meadows* started as a cartoon strip called *University^2^* for *The Diamondback.*
- Aaron McGruder\'s comic strip *The Boondocks* first premiered in *The Diamondback* in 1997. The comic has since gone on to widespread success in syndication, and has its own television show.
- Jeff Kinney\'s comic strip Igdoof ran in *The Diamondback* in the early 1990s. He writes and illustrates the *Diary of a Wimpy Kid* book series and web comic
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# Makhambet Otemisuly
**Makhambet Otemisuly** (*Махамбет Өтемісұлы* Мұхамед Өтемісұлы, Muhammed Ötemisuly *Mahambet Ötemısūly*; 1804 -- October 20, 1846) was a Kazakh poet, composer and political figure. He is best known for his activity as a leader (with friend Isatay Taymanuly) of rebellions against Russian colonialism. This activity is believed to have resulted in his murder in 1846. His first rebellions took place against Zhangir-Kerey Khan of the Bukey Horde. Because the rebellion was badly defeated and a bounty was placed on Otemisuly, he had to flee the region.
Makhambet\'s early education took place at a Russian language school in Orenburg. However, his poetry was more closely tied to Kazakh culture and literary tradition. The major themes of his poetry were of two types: political criticism of Russia or the khan, or more general poetry devoted to themes about human existence and life.
## Biography
- From 1824 to 1828, Makhambet stayed with Zulkarnaiyn, the son of Jangir-Kerey Khan, in the city of Orenburg.
- In 1829, Makhambet was arrested on charges of secretly crossing the Ural River into the Inner Horde and was imprisoned in Kalmykov\'s prison for nearly two years.
- In 1831, he escaped from prison but was later acquitted.
- In 1834, he joined forces with Isatay Batyr. On June 9 of that year, Jangir Khan offered Makhambet the position of starshina (leader) in an attempt to win him over. Issues such as land disputes, the scarcity of pastures, the actions of the Russian Empire aimed at destroying the Kazakh Khanate, as well as Jangir Khan\'s favoritism towards his relatives and the dominance of his father-in-law Karauylkhozha in governance, led to widespread unrest. The conflict between Karauylkhozha and Isatay-Makhambet escalated into a significant movement. Makhambet\'s poem \"Ey, Makhambet, My Comrade!\" written on behalf of Isatay, and the lines \"The son of the Khan cried, asked me to spare his life\" describe the truth of the days when they besieged the Khan\'s horde (1837).
- In November 1837, the rebels fought against Geke\'s troops in the Beketai sands but were defeated. These events are depicted in Makhambet\'s poem \"War,\" and the sorrowful state of defeat is expressed in the works \"Jabigu\" and \"Ereuil Atka Er Salmai.\"
- On March 17, 1836, Jangir Khan ordered the arrest of Makhambet, Isatay, and their comrades. Karauylkhozha Babazhanov was entrusted with this task.
- On April 4, 1836, near a place called Kieli Mola, Karauylkhozha\'s detachment of 522 men encountered Isatay-Makhambet\'s force of about 200 men. Karauylkhozha, unable to muster the courage to initiate a battle, retreated.
- In May 1836, Karauylkhozha filed a complaint with the Orenburg Border Commission, accusing Makhambet of killing Kushik Zhaparuly.
- In June 1836, Isatay and Makhambet presented their demands to the Khan\'s horde. In the same year, Jangir Khan sent a letter to the Orenburg Border Commission requesting the arrest of Isatay and Makhambet.
- On February 17, 1837, Isatay and Makhambet attacked Karauylkhozha\'s village.
- In March 1837, Jangir filed a complaint with Ataman Pokatilov, accusing Isatay and Makhambet of being \"thieves\" and demanding their immediate arrest.
- In the autumn of 1837, Isatay and Makhambet, with more than 2,000 soldiers, surrounded the Khan\'s horde. In November 1837, they were defeated by Geke\'s troops in the Beketai sands.
- From 1837 to 1838, they crossed the Ural River and remained among the Kishi Zhuz (Small Horde). They focused on gathering forces and inciting the people to revolt.
- On July 12, 1838, during the battle at Akbulak, Isatay was killed, and Makhambet spent about two years trying to gather forces in the Khiva region. When this effort failed, he secretly returned to the Bukey Horde and sought refuge among the people. These were difficult and turbulent years in the poet\'s life.
- On March 4, 1841, Makhambet was captured while staying in the home of a Kazakh named Tilekeev, based on information provided by unidentified individuals. A detachment of 40,000 men from the Ural military arrested Makhambet and his host, keeping them in Kalmykov village (nowadays Tairak district) for two weeks before sending them to Orenburg (March 17, 1841). The Orenburg Governor-General referred Makhambet\'s case to a military court.
- On July 7, 1841, the court ordered his release with a stern warning not to cross the border again, stating that he would face severe punishment if he engaged in further \'disturbances.\'
- There are few records of Makhambet\'s life between 1841 and 1845.
- In February 1846, Makhambet came to Orenburg with the intention of enrolling his son Nursultan in school. Due to his border crossing, the Governor-General reopened the case, and B. Aishuakov, the administrator of the western part of the Kishi Zhuz, continued to pursue Makhambet. He placed a bounty of 1,000 rubles on the poet\'s head and sent a special detachment (consisting of the cornet Ikhlas Toleiuly, the bi of the Berish tribe Zhanabergen Bozdakuly, Taban Torezhan Turymuly, and the Berish tribe\'s Musanuraly, Jusip Oteuly) to capture him. Makhambet was killed by the hand of cornet Turymuly
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# Buppah Rahtree
***Buppah Rahtree*** (*บุปผาราตรี* also *Rahtree: Flower of the Night* and *Buppah Rahtree: Scent of the Night Flower*) is a 2003 Thai comedy-horror film written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak. With its comic references to *The Exorcist* and *Audition*, *Buppah Rahtree* gained a cult following through screenings at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival and the Fantasia Festival. Its sequels are Buppah Rahtree Phase 2: Rahtree Returns (2005), Rahtree Reborn (Buppha Rahtree 3.1) (2009) and Rahtree Revenge (Buppha Rahtree 3.2) (2009).
## Plot
Buppah Rahtree is a loner female student at a Bangkok university who becomes the object of a wager by a group of male students to see if she can be bedded. Ake, the son of a wealthy family, takes the bet and courts young Buppah. She resists him at first, but one day sees him feeding pigeons in a park and talks to him. After she expresses her desire to fly away, they go on a ride in Ake\'s convertible. They continue to have a relationship, which culminates in a three-day weekend at Bang Saen, during which Ake has sex with her; he stays in bed with her the whole time. Ake shows videotapes of their sex to his friends, and for his efforts wins a bottle of Johnnie Walker, which he reflects to himself seems like a trivial prize for messing up another person\'s life. Ake breaks off all contact with Buppah.
After her stepfather gives her a car ride, he takes her to a short-time hotel and sexually assaults her. She stabs him with a fountain pen he gave her as a present and runs home to her apartment. Depressed, she contemplates suicide but is interrupted by a phone call from Ake, who wants to meet her. Ake tells her about the wager and apologizes. Though he plans to leave Thailand to study in England, he hopes to maintain their friendship. Buppah informs Ake she is two months\' pregnant. Ake\'s mother tells him to convince Buppah to have an abortion. After the operation, he drives her back to her apartment, and it is obvious she is in pain. Ake leaves to get rice congee but does not return.
After unsuccessfully attempting to collect rent, Buppah\'s landlady breaks into the apartment, where she discovers Buppah\'s corpse; Buppah bled to death due to complications from the abortion. When the authorities arrive, Buppah revives, and her vengeful spirit refuses to be dislodged. Mrs. See calls upon Maew, a false shaman who hustles locals, to exorcise the spirit. When he fails, Maew convinces his teacher, Master Tong, to try. For his effort, Master Tong is left with a knife in his back. A pair of Roman Catholic priests perform an exorcism, only to end up cursed at and vomited upon by the ghost. As Buppah haunts the building, residents leave in droves, ruining Mrs. See\'s finances.
In England, Ake grows homesick and has turned to drug use. He returns to Thailand and offers to bring Buppah rice congee. Ake catches the eye of Muay, a young woman at the congee stand. Muay seduces Ake and has him take her to an old cinema, where they have sex. When Ake returns to Buppah\'s apartment, he has forgotten the congee. Buppah knows that Ake has cheated on her, and for his transgression, she amputates his legs. Muay comes to the apartment to find Ake. Buppah takes possession of Muay\'s body and compels Muay to cut her own legs off.
Mrs. See recruits a genuine shaman from Cambodia. The shaman and his men come to the apartment just as Muay is being possessed. They put a spirit cloth over Ake and on Buppah\'s corpse. Through a prayer, the shaman puts Buppah\'s spirit back into the corpse. They plan to take Buppah to a temple to be cremated, but on the way, the spirit cloth blows off the body, which is in the back of a pickup truck. Buppah takes control of the vehicle and causes it to crash into another truck.
Muay, saddened by the turn of events, makes contact with Ake\'s father, who is angered and puzzled by the call. As it turns out, Ake has been dead for more than a month. Muay had sexual relations with Ake\'s ghost.
Buppah returns to her apartment, where she will likely stay for eternity. Ake\'s ghost, now legless, sits outside in the hallway and apologizes to Buppah for the rest of his ghost eternity.
## Cast
- Laila Boonyasak as Buppah Rahtree
- Krit Sripoomseth as Ake
- Chompunoot Piyapane as Muay
- Sirisin Siripornsmathikul as Mrs. See
- Ampon Rattanawong as Maew
- Somlek Sakdikul as Master Tong
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# Buppah Rahtree
## Soundtrack
A soundtrack album, ***Original Motion Picture Soundtrack: Buppah Rahtree***, was released to accompany the film. It features a mix of Thai hip hop and pop music. Most of the tracks feature members of Joey Boy\'s rap collective Gancore Club, the heavyset duo BZ and Fukking Hero, who were also featured in the film as residents of a neighboring apartment to Rahtree\'s.
### Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Kruey mai klub\" (กลัวมั้ยครับ) (Beat Mix) - BZ and Fukking Hero with Thinny-P (2:50)
2. \"Sorry 4\" - Cazh (3:58)
3. \"Buppah Rahtree\" - Panadda (4:43)
4. \"Pee loke\" (ผีหลอก) BZ and Fukking Hero with Gin-Meeh (3:26)
5. \"Lhub\"/\"P.O.P.\" - Fukking Hero featuring Zentrady (4:40)
6. \"Yoo\" (อยู่ ) - Pakeeta (5:24)
7. \"Mai klub mah\" - Maf (4:22)
8. \"662\" - A.Y.M. (4:25)
9. \"Ar deed\" - Maf (4:53)
10
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# Elena Roger
**Elena Silvia Roger** (born October 27, 1974) is an Argentine actress and singer who won the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Édith Piaf in *Piaf*. She has also appeared in the West End in *Evita*, *Boeing-Boeing*, and *Passion*.
## Argentine career {#argentine_career}
Prior to being cast as Eva Perón in the West End revival of *Evita,* Roger was already a performer in her native Buenos Aires. In 1997, she was nominated for the Trinidad Guevara Award as Best Breakthrough Female for her work in *Yo Que Tu Me Enamoraba.* She went on to appear in several productions including *Nine*, *Houdini*, Dracula, the musical, Beauty and the Beast*, and*Fiddler on the Roof*, as well as starring in*Les Misérables*as Fantine, and*Saturday Night Fever*as Annette. For the 2002/2003 season, she was nominated for an ACE Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her role in*Jazz, Swing, Tap.\'\'`{{Citation|url=http://www.premiosace.org.ar/historia-0203.html |title=ACE Awards 2002/2003 |publisher=ACE Awards |access-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084535/http://www.premiosace.org.ar/historia-0203.html |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}`{=mediawiki}
The following season, she starred in the show, *Mina\...che cosa sei?,* which she co-authored with the show\'s director, Valeria Ambrosio. Roger won the ACE Award for Best Actress in a Musical for this performance.`{{Citation|url=http://www.premiosace.org.ar/historia-0304.html |title=ACE Awards 2003/2004 |publisher=ACE Awards |access-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084544/http://www.premiosace.org.ar/historia-0304.html |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}`{=mediawiki}
She has also appeared on several Argentine television programs, including *Hombres de Honor,* *Pensionados,* and *El sodero de mi vida.* Internationally, she briefly toured Europe with *Tango por Dos.*
## West End career {#west_end_career}
While doing research in Buenos Aires for the 2006 West End revival of *Evita*, an employee of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group saw Roger perform and suggested her for the title role of the show. After several rounds of auditions, Roger was cast as Eva Perón and performed the role to critical acclaim.
The *Times of London* called Roger a \"revelation\" in the title role of Evita. The *Daily Telegraph*\'s praise of Roger\'s \"star performance\" was echoed by most other newspapers, including the *Evening Standard*, which reported that Roger\'s performance was \"ripe for superlatives\", and the *Sunday Express*, which noted her \"transfixing presence with more than just a touch of the star quality that she proudly sings of possessing\". *The Guardian* added that Roger \"captures all of Eva\'s iron-willed determination\". American reviewers also praised Roger\'s turn. The *Hollywood Reporter* opined that Roger \"knocks the Argentine socks off the title role\" and *Variety* declared Roger \"a triple-threat dynamo\".
Roger was nominated for a 2007 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance at the Adelphi Theatre but lost the award to Jenna Russell for her performance in *Sunday in the Park with George*. Roger next appeared on the London stage as Gabriella in the production of *Boeing-Boeing,* directed by Matthew Warchus at the Comedy Theatre. In 2008, Roger played the title role in the Donmar Warehouse's production of *Piaf* and received rave reviews. The show eventually transferred to the larger Vaudeville Theatre, and Roger won the 2009 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical. She subsequently toured internationally with *Piaf* including a stop in her hometown of Buenos Aires. During her time back in Buenos Aires, she revived her performance in *Mina\...che cosa sei?* for a brief run. From September 10 through November 21, 2010, Roger starred as Fosca in a revival of the Stephen Sondheim/James Lapine musical *Passion* for a limited engagement at the Donmar Warehouse. On February 7, 2011, it was announced that Roger was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award as Best Actress in a Musical for the third time for her work in this role.
## Recordings
Roger can be heard on the cast albums of *Mina\...che cosa sei?* and *Evita.* (2006 London revival and 2012 Broadway revival). She has also recorded two solo albums: *Vientos Del Sur* and a live album recorded in Buenos Aires entitled *Recorriendo el Rock Nacional (Nueva Edi).*
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# Elena Roger
## Broadway career {#broadway_career}
On the strength of her reception in London, Roger returned to the role of Eva Perón in a new Broadway revival of *Evita* with previews beginning in March 2012 and an opening night in April at the Marquis Theatre. The production, based on the 2006 West End revival, was again directed by Michael Grandage and choreographed by Rob Ashford. It also starred Ricky Martin as Che and Broadway veteran Michael Cerveris as Juan Perón. In contrast to the London, New York reviews were mixed.
## Stage roles {#stage_roles}
### Argentina
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Duration | Production | Role |
+====================+================================+===================================+
| 1996 | *Dracula, the musical (Tour)* | Lucy Westenra |
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 1995 | *El jorobado de París II* | |
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 1998 | *Nine* | |
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 1998 | *Beauty and the Beast* | Chica boba |
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 2000 | *Les Misérables* | Fantine |
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 2001 | *Saturday Night Fever* | Annette |
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 2002 | *Fiddler on the Roof* | |
+--------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 2004 | *Mina\..
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# Adobe AIR
\| latest release version = 51.1.3.8 \| latest release date = `{{Start date and age|2025|3|6}}`{=mediawiki} \| latest preview version = 33.1.1.932 \| latest preview date = N/A \| genre = Runtime environment \| license = Proprietary \| website = `{{URL|https://airsdk.harman.com/}}`{=mediawiki} }} **Adobe AIR** (also known as **Adobe Integrated Runtime** and codenamed **Apollo**) is a cross-platform runtime system currently developed by Harman International, in collaboration with Adobe Inc., for building desktop applications and mobile applications, programmed using Adobe Animate, ActionScript, and optionally Apache Flex. It was originally released in 2008. The runtime supports installable applications on Windows, macOS, and mobile operating systems, including Android, iOS, and BlackBerry Tablet OS.
AIR is a runtime environment that allows Adobe Animate content and ActionScript 3.0 coders to construct applications and video games that run as a stand-alone executable and behave similarly to a native application on supported platforms. An HTML5 application used in a browser does not require installation, while AIR applications require installation from an installer file (Windows and OS X) or the appropriate App Store (iOS and Android). AIR applications have unrestricted access to local storage and file systems, while browser-based applications only have access to individual files selected by users.
AIR internally uses a shared codebase with the Flash Player rendering engine and ActionScript 3.0 as the primary programming language. Applications must specifically be built for AIR to use additional features provided, such as multi-touch, file system integration, native client extensions, integration with Taskbar or Dock, and access to accelerometer and GPS devices. HTML5 applications may run on the WebKit engine included in AIR.
Notable applications built with Adobe AIR include eBay Desktop, Pandora One desktop, TweetDeck, the former Adobe Media Player, Angry Birds, and Machinarium, among other multimedia and task management applications. According to Adobe, over 100,000 unique applications have been built on AIR, and over 1 billion installations of the same were logged from users across the world, as of May 2014. Adobe AIR was voted as the *Best Mobile Application Development* product at the Consumer Electronics Show for two consecutive years (CES 2014 and CES 2015).
In June 2019, Adobe announced it would begin transitioning ongoing support and development of Adobe AIR to Harman. Adobe continued to provide support for versions 32 and earlier until the end of 2020, as support would be managed by Harman. `{{TOC limit|3}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Adobe AIR
## Features
Using AIR, developers can access functionality including text, vector graphics, raster graphics, video, audio, camera, and microphone capability. AIR also includes additional features such as file system integration, native client extensions, desktop integration and access to connected devices. AIR enables applications to work with data in different ways, including using local files, local SQLite databases (for which AIR has built-in support), a database server, or the encrypted local store included with AIR.
Developers can access additional functionality by building AIR Native Extensions, which can access full device functionality being programmed in the native language.
### Desktop features {#desktop_features}
On desktop platforms, AIR supports:
- Window management -- Opening multiple windows, minimizing, maximizing and resizing AIR windows.
- Menu bar -- Adding a native menu bar to AIR windows, with sub menus and custom menu items.
- File management -- Discovering drives, files and folders on the PC, creating and deleting files, renaming, copying and moving files.
- Console applications -- Executing native applications with command-line arguments, and receiving feedback via standard I/O & error streams.
- Multithreading -- Managing multiple threads, to execute ActionScript 3 code in the background without freezing the user interface.
- Web browser -- View HTML web pages with full CSS and JavaScript support within applications, with the integrated WebKit-based web browser.
- Clipboard access -- Programmatically copy or paste text, bitmaps or files into the system clipboard.
- Drag-and-drop -- Allows users to drag text, bitmaps or files into AIR applications.
### Mobile features {#mobile_features}
On mobile platforms, AIR supports many mobile hardware features:
- 3D hardware-accelerated graphics rendering (using Stage3D)
- Touch-screen events (including multi-touch gestures)
- Device camera and microphone access (including video encoding for recorded video)
- Accelerometer and geo-location sensor input (GPS or otherwise)
- Networking with HTTP, TCP and UDP protocols
- *AIR Gamepad* - allows mobile applications to serve as secondary displays and controllers for games.
### 3D graphics {#d_graphics}
In 2011, the addition of Stage3D allowed AIR apps access to GPUs for hardware acceleration. Several third-party frameworks have been developed to build upon the functionality of Stage3D, including the Starling Framework and Away3D. These frameworks are also compatible with AIR, and provide vital performance improvements to AIR apps published for mobile devices.
### AIR Native Extensions {#air_native_extensions}
AIR apps can be augmented in functionality with the usage of AIR Native Extensions (ANEs). Native extensions are plug-in code libraries that contain native code wrapped with an ActionScript API, allowing developers to access native features not otherwise usable in AIR, such as Apple Game Center or Google Cloud Messaging.
Native extensions may be developed by anyone using publicly available tools; some are distributed for free or even as open source, while others are sold commercially.
Native extensions may be programmed in the native language on each platform, allowing access to the full set of platform APIs provided by the developer. (C++ for Windows, Java and C++ for Android, Objective-C for iOS).
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# Adobe AIR
## Availability
AIR is a cross-platform technology and AIR applications can be repackaged with few or no changes for many popular desktop and mobile platforms. Different installation options exist for each platform.
AIR applications may be published with or without the AIR runtime. Applications packaged with the AIR runtime are larger in file size, and are known as \"captive runtime\" applications. If the runtime is not embedded in the app, it must be installed separately.
In January 2009, Adobe claimed that there were over 100 million installations of Adobe AIR worldwide, and that \"the majority of AIR runtime installations occur at the time the first AIR application is installed by a user\". In May 2014, Adobe claimed that over 100,000 unique applications were built on AIR, and over 1 billion installations of the same were logged from users across the world.
### Platforms
Adobe AIR, version 32, contains Adobe Flash Player 32, and is available for Windows 7 and later, as well as OS X 10.9 and later. Desktop Linux distributions were available until June 2011 with version 2.6, which ended Linux support.
Adobe AIR applications can be published as native phone applications on certain mobile operating systems, such as Android (ARM Cortex-A8 and above) and Apple iOS. In May 2017, Adobe stopped releasing AIR for Android, and the app was eventually removed from the Play Store in September 2018, but it can still be downloaded through their website. After Adobe\'s transition of AIR to Harman, they resumed support for Android and the latest version is only available there.
Platform Installer file support App store support
---------- --------------------------- ----------------------------------
Windows *.air*, *.exe* and *.msi* None
macOS *.air* and *.dmg* App Store (with captive runtime)
Android *.apk* Google Play
iOS *.ipa* App Store
Playbook *.bar* App World
The following table explains to what extent Adobe AIR can run on various mobile operating systems:
Operating system Prerequisites Latest Adobe Flash Player AIR Framework
---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Android Android 2.3+, ARM Cortex-A8+ or Android x86 AIR 3.6.0.597 (uses Flash Player 11.6) Option 1: The AIR player can be embedded as a \'captive\' runtime, which increases APK size but makes the application standalone. Option 2: The runtime is not included with the app, and must installed as a separate app from the app market.
Apple iOS iOS 4.3 or later AIR 3.6.0.597 (uses Flash Player 11.6) Not applicable: each app includes its own \'captive\' runtime.
BlackBerry Tablet OS None AIR 3.1 (uses Flash Player 11.1) Already pre-installed on each device.
BlackBerry 10 Blackberry 10.2 and lower (no longer supported from 10.3) AIR 3.5 (uses Flash Player 11.1) Already pre-installed on each device.
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# Adobe AIR
## Application development {#application_development}
AIR runs applications within a contained Flash Player instance. It runs web applications via WebKit rendering engine. Multiple instances of the browser can be started within a single AIR application, but JavaScript content executes with some security limitations.
AIR does not provide direct access to native GUI elements such as navigation bars or controls. Native extensions can be used to access additional native resources.
### Development tools {#development_tools}
#### SDK
The AIR SDK is available as a free standalone download for software developers to make AIR applications. SDK users do not need to install any commercial software to use the SDK, although several options are available. AIR apps can be compiled from the command line using the AIR compiler included in the SDK; the compiler can also be called from an IDE to eliminate the need for the command line.
AIR can also be used with Adobe Flex. Flex is an integrated collection of stylable graphical user interface, data manipulation and networking components, and applications built upon it are known as \"Flex\" applications. Flex GUIs are defined in MXML, similar to how Android and Microsoft Visual Studio define GUIs; however, Flex does not give access to native GUI components.
AIR applications built without the Flex framework allow greater flexibility and performance, and are known as \"pure ActionScript\" applications. Video games built on the AIR platform are typically pure-Actionscript projects. Various open-source component frameworks are available for pure ActionScript projects, such as *MadComponents*, that provide UI Components at significantly smaller SWF file sizes.
#### Software
Adobe distributes three commercial software products for developing of AIR applications in ActionScript:
- Adobe Flash Builder (enterprise application development and debugging)
- Adobe Animate (graphics design, animation and scripting toolset)
- Adobe Scout (visual profiler for performance optimization)
Third-party development environments that target the AIR runtime are also available, including:
- [Moonshine IDE](https://moonshine-ide.com/), a free IDE built with Apache Flex and Adobe Air. It can be used to create ActionScript 3, Apache Flex, Apache Royale and Feathers projects from Moonshine. It also provides cloud support.
- FlashDevelop, an open-source Flash ActionScript IDE, which includes a debugger for AIR applications
- Powerflasher FDT, a commercial ActionScript IDE
- CodeDrive, an extension to Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 for ActionScript 3 development and debugging
- IntelliJ IDEA, a commercial IDE supporting ActionScript 3 development and debugging
- [AS3 & MXML for VSCode](https://as3mxml.com), a powerful extension capable to turn the popular Microsoft free editor Visual Studio Code in a complete AIR IDE
Adobe Flash Builder is the premium tool for Flex application development, since it includes an integrated drag-and-drop user interface builder, not found in competing tools like FlashDevelop.
### JavaScript applications {#javascript_applications}
Adobe provides for AIR, HTML5 and JavaScript development with Adobe Dreamweaver CS5, although any other HTML editor or text editor can be used.
AIR can run a subset of JavaScript, with no ability to dynamically execute code when running in the application sandbox. According to Adobe, this restriction is designed to prevent malicious remote content from attacking a user\'s system. Because of this restriction, JavaScript frameworks that make use of dynamic JavaScript functions like eval() were not initially compatible with AIR. However, several frameworks including Dojo Toolkit, jQuery, and ExtJS were updated to run in AIR\'s application sandbox. Some frameworks like MooTools were already compatible.
Dreamweaver CS4/CS3 requires an additional extension to compile AIR applications, as does Flash CS3 in the form of an update
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# Henri Ghéon
**Henri Ghéon** (15 March 1875 -- 13 June 1944), born **Henri Vangeon** in Bray-sur-Seine, Seine-et-Marne, was a French playwright, novelist, poet and critic.
## Biography
Brought up by a devout Roman Catholic mother, he lost his faith in his early teens, while still at the Lycée in Sens. Among the factors that brought this about, one stood out in his own mind: at school religion was taught without life or understanding. Ghéon did not miss it. As F. J. Sheed says, \"His was a happy atheism.\" He replaced Catholicism with a semi-pagan cult of beauty in all its forms --- nature, literature, music, painting.
He moved to Paris in 1893 to study medicine. Around the same time, he started to write poetry, along with his colleagues Francis Jammes and Stéphane Mallarmé. He also published avant garde criticism. In 1887 he met André Gide, who became his literary guide and friend for twenty years. Ghéon, writes Gide\'s biographer Alan Sheridan, \"was Gide\'s closest friend and companion on innumerable homosexual exploits.\" Ghėon actually drafted a militant text in favour of homosexuality, *La Vie secrète de Guillaume Arnoult*, which was one of the inspirations for Gide\'s *Corydon*. In 1909 they were founding members of the Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF). Ghéon also painted, studied music and travelled widely.
It was the sceptic Gide who occasioned the first cracks in Ghéon\'s paganism when he invited him to visit Florence with him in 1912. There Ghéon discovered the religious art of Giotto and Fra Angelico and was overwhelmed to the point of shedding tears. \"At St Mark\'s,\" he wrote, \"with Christ dying on the cross and the Virgin waiting for the angel in a bare and silent corridor\..., even our senses had a soul. Art had transported me before, but never so high.\"
He served as an army doctor in the First World War. During this period he regained his Catholic faith, as described in his work *L\'homme né de la guerre* (*The Man Born from the War*). His conversion was bound up with a devoutly Catholic naval officer, Pierre Dominique Dupouey, whom he met only three times in the space of a few weeks, but who impressed him greatly. It was again Gide who was the occasion for this fateful encounter: when Ghéon left for the Belgian front, Gide urged him to try to find Dupouey, who had once been his disciple and with whom he still corresponded. On Holy Saturday, 1915, Dupouey was killed in action on the Yser. By Christmas, Ghéon had returned to the Catholic faith.
He founded the \"Compagnons de Notre Dame\" (Companions of Our Lady), a sort of amateur theatre confraternity of young people, for which he wrote over 60 plays, usually on episodes from the Gospel or the lives of the saints. Ghéon\'s plays had clear similarities with the medieval mystery and miracle plays. The Companions of Our Lady performed with success in Paris and throughout France, as well as in Belgium, Holland and Switzerland, and Ghéon was awarded a prize for his work by the Académie française. He also wrote poems, saints\' biographies, and novels, among them a three-part work, *Les Jeux de l\'enfer et du ciel* (*Games of Hell and Heaven*), centred on the Curè d\'Ars.
Ghéon died of cancer in a Paris clinic on 13 June 1944, a week after the Allied landing in Normandy and six days after the opening of his most recent play, *Saint Gilles*.
## Reputation
In 2008 the writer and philosopher Fabrice Hadjadj, reviewing Catherine Boschian-Campaner\'s biography of Ghéon in *Le Figaro*, wrote, \"Henri Ghėon is not a minor writer and his work speaks for itself. If his novels recall Dickens, his theatre loses nothing in comparison with Anouilh and Giraudoux. It was he alone who, in the first half of the 20th century, revived the popular burlesque and verticality of the medieval mystery plays, thus anticipating Dario Fo.\"
His *Miroir de Peine* was set to music by Hendrik Andriessen.
André Caplet\'s oratorio-like *Le Miroir de Jésus* composed in September 1923 uses texts by Ghéon as meditations on the fifteen decades of the rosary. The chorus announces each section\'s title but the female soloist delivers most of the text. The music of the central movements that take Christ\'s passion as their subject are, according to one commentator, \"remarkable for its restraint as for its dissonance\".
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