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# American Gothic (comics)
: *\"American Gothic\" is also the name of a storyline in comics related to the Swamp Thing.*
***American Gothic*** is a horror/western story from *2000 AD*, created by Ian Edginton and Mike Collins.
## Plot
A group of freaks and monsters are trying to escape to a better life in the American West but are being hunted. A lone vampire cowboy eventually agrees to help them.
## Publication
- *American Gothic* (by Ian Edginton and Mike Collins, in *2000 AD* #1432--1440, 2005)
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# DL postcode area
The **DL postcode area**, also known as the **Darlington postcode area**, is a group of seventeen postcode districts in England, which are subdivisions of fourteen post towns. These districts cover central County Durham (including Darlington, Bishop Auckland, Ferryhill, Crook, Spennymoor, Shildon, Barnard Castle and Newton Aycliffe), northern North Yorkshire (including Northallerton, Bedale, Hawes, Leyburn, Richmond and Catterick Garrison) and a very small part of Cumbria
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# Alan McCrabbe
**Alan McCrabbe** (born 29 April 1986 in Dublin) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Craobh Chiaráin and has been a member of the Dublin senior inter-county team since 2006.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Club
McCrabbe plays his club hurling with his local club Craobh Chiaráin and has enjoyed some success. In 2006 he lined out in his first county senior championship final, with Ballyboden St. Enda\'s providing the opposition. A narrow 2-10 to 2-8 score line gave Craobh Chiaráin the victory and gave McCrabbe a county winners\' medal. Craobh Chiaráin subsequently represented Dublin in the Leinster club series of games. After a defeat of Mount Leinster Rangers, McCrabbe\'s side were defeated by Birr in the provincial semi-final. McCrabbe was later named on the Dublin Blue Stars team for 2006 at right wing-forward.
Three years later in 2009 McCrabbe lined out in his second county final. Three-in-a-row hopefuls Ballyboden St. Enda\'s were the opponents once again. On this occasion McCrabbe\'s side were comprehensively defeated.
### Minor & under-21 {#minor_under_21}
McCrabbe first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Dublin minor hurling team. In 2004 \'the Dubs\' reached the provincial decider, with Kilkenny providing the opposition. \'The Cats\' continued their dominance of the Leinster Championship and a 1-14 to 1-4 victory gave them a fourteenth provincial title in fifteen years.
McCrabbe later joined the Dublin under-21 team. He lined out in the leinster decider in that grade in 2005, however, after an exciting hour of hurling an Eoin Larkin-inspired Kilkenny claimed a 0-17 to 1-10 victory.
In 2006 both Kilkenny and McCrabbe\'s Dublin went to battle again in the provincial under-21 decider. Kilkenny survived a second half fight-back from \'the Dubs\' to claim a fourth consecutive Erin Leinster title, winning by 2-18 to 2-10. It was McCrabbe\'s second consecutive defeat in the provincial under-21 final.
In 2007 Dublin qualified for a third consecutive Leinster under-21 final. Offaly were the opponents on this occasion, as McCrabbe hoped to claim a winners\' medal at the third attempt. \'The Dubs\' finally broke through and a 2-18 to 3-9 defeat of Offaly gave McCrabbe a Leinster under-21 winners\' medal at last. It was Dublin\'s first title in that grade since 1972. A subsequent defeat of Cork allowed Dublin to advance to an All-Ireland final meeting with Galway. The westerners got off to a dream start and took an early lead. At the long whistle McCrabbe\'s side were disappointingly defeated by 5-11 to 0-12. This was his last outing with the Dublin under-21 hurlers.
### Senior
By this stage McCrabbe had joined the Dublin senior hurling team. He made his championship debut in the opening round of the Leinster Championship against Westmeath. A narrow 0-13 to 0-11 defeat resulted in Dublin being banished to the All-Ireland qualifiers. Defeats by Offaly and Clare saw McCrabbe\'s side exit the championship and enter into a relegation battle with Westmeath. \'The Dubs\' reversed their opening defeat with a 0-16 to 0-8 victory and preserved their Liam MacCarthy Cup status.
In 2007 McCrabbe missed Dublin\'s opening defeat by Wexford in the Leinster semi-final. His side later exited the championship after back-to-back defeats by Cork and Tipperary in the All-Ireland qualifiers.
In 2008 McCrabbe surprised many when he decided to withdraw from the Dublin panel just weeks before their opening game in the championship. He was joined by Keith Dunne who also withdrew from the game.
McCrabbe returned to the Dublin panel in 2009, just as new manager Anthony Daly took charge. After a good showing in the National Hurling League, Dublin got off to a great start in the championship wins over Antrim and old rivals Wexford. A Leinster final date with Kilkenny was the reward for these wins. While many predicted a rout, \'the Dubs\' gave \'the Cats\' something of a scare. McCrabbe finished the game as Dublin\'s top scorer after notching up twelve points. A 2-18 to 0-18 score line resulted in a defeat for Dublin. In spite of this defeat Dublin still had a chance of making the All-Ireland final. For the first time since 1961 a Dublin team entered the All-Ireland series of games with a quarter-final meeting with Limerick. A superb display by Gavin O\'Mahony inspired Limerick to a 2-18 to 1-17 victory. McCrabbe was later named at midfield on the All-Star team. It was Dublin\'s first hurling All-Star award since Brian McMahon in 1990.
### Inter-provincial {#inter_provincial}
McCrabbe has also represented Leinster in the inter-provincial series of games
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# Faustus (band)
**Faustus** are a folk music duo based in the UK. The all-male membership brings together multi-instrumentalist musicians active across many other leading bands in the UK folk scene: Benji Kirkpatrick (Seth Lakeman Band, Bellowhead, Steeleye Span), Saul Rose (Waterson--Carthy, Whapweasel) and formerly Paul Sartin (Bellowhead, Belshazzar\'s Feast). They have been described as "bloke-folk" and aiming to "rescue contemporary folk from the curse of feyness" (*The Independent*). In 2007 they received a 75th anniversary award from the English Folk Dance and Song Society, and they were nominated as best group at the 2009 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards.
## Origins (1998--2004) {#origins_19982004}
Faustus evolved out of an earlier four-piece band, Dr Faustus, featuring Sartin and Kirkpatrick alongside melodeon player and singer Tim van Eyken and concertina player Robert Harbron.\
Sartin and Kirkpatrick had been playing together for a number of years, and were looking to expand their work with others to explore traditional English music. Sartin met van Eyken and Harbron while performing the Mick Ryan opera A Day\'s Work at Salisbury Playhouse. The band\'s name came from the traditional tune *Dr Fauster\'s Tumblers* rather than the Christopher Marlowe play of the same name.\
The early years of the band were spent playing for the charities Superact and Live Music Now, putting live music into schools, prisons, hospitals and other venues.\
In 2002--03 the band recorded their first album *The First Cut* on Fellside recordings, and toured it through UK folk clubs and venues. They received a nomination for the Horizon Award (best new artist) at the 2004 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards.
## Wager and disbandment (2005) {#wager_and_disbandment_2005}
The band also recorded their second album, *Wager* (2005) on Fellside.\
The album was toured, but afterwards rather than continue together the group disbanded to focus on other musical projects, including Bellowhead (of which Sartin and Kirkpatrick were founder members), Waterson--Carthy, van Eyken\'s solo work, and Harbron\'s duo with Emma Reid.
## Reformation (2006--09) {#reformation_200609}
Sartin and Kirkpatrick decided to reform the band, with the addition of their friend melodeon player Saul Rose, in 2006.\
The resurrected band was renamed Faustus to reflect the slightly different line-up.\
The band were active on the UK folk music circuit, and received English Folk Dance and Song Society 75th anniversary awards in 2007, to commemorate their significant contributions to the development and continuity of traditional English folk music, song and dance.\
The band released the eponymous *Faustus* album in 2008 on Navigator Records, and were nominated for Best Group at the 2009 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. They lost out to Lau (band).
## Hiatus (2010--11) {#hiatus_201011}
Kirkpatrick took on a prominent role in Seth Lakeman's band during 2010, and the band briefly expanded to include Bellowhead drummer and percussionist Pete Flood and Australian singer/guitar/bouzouki player James Fagan, best known for his work with Nancy Kerr. The band appeared as a four-piece outfit, and occasionally a five-piece group when Kirkpatrick\'s touring commitments allowed.\
An official hiatus took place while Rose performed in the Royal National Theatre's production of War Horse (play), a role previously undertaken by Tim van Eyken.
## 2011 to present {#to_present}
During 2011 Kirkpatrick stood back from his commitments to the Seth Lakeman Band, and the National Theatre replaced the *War Horse* cast, enabling Faustus to come together again.\
Their second album under the Faustus name, *Broken Down Gentlemen*, was released on Navigator Records in spring 2013. The band have undertaken twice-yearly tours, and performed at folk festivals all over the UK, Europe and New Zealand.\
During 2013 the band collaborated with dance group Morris Offspring to produce a work called *The Furnace*, which combined high energy morris dancing with Faustus\'s music.\
In 2016 Faustus became Artists in Residence at Halsway Manor, the National Centre for the Folk Arts, in Somerset. Their work at Halsway has seen them using the centre collections to explore developing arrangements of rare traditional folk music.\
A third Faustus album, *Death and Other Animals*, was released on the West Park Music label in Autumn 2016. The album was recorded at Halsway Manor, and features songs from the centre\'s extensive collection. This album was awarded the Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik for folk music in early 2017.\
Paul Sartin died suddenly on September 14, 2022, at the age of 51. Kirkpatrick and Rose subsequently performed a small number of dates in the weeks following Sartin\'s death
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# Plato T. Durham
**Plato Tracy Durham** (September 9, 1873 - February 10, 1930) was the first Dean of the Candler School of Theology at Emory University, serving from 1914 to 1918.
## Background
Plato Tracy Durham was born on September 9, 1873, in Shelby, North Carolina. He was the son of Captain Plato Durham of North Carolina and Nora Tracy Durham Dixon, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. James Wright Tracy. Dr. Durham was the stepson of a Methodist minister and the grandchild of a Methodist minister and was well trained in the workings of the church.
## Candler
Durham was selected Dean of Candler in the summer of 1914, when Chancellor Warren A. Candler convinced Emory College to begin a school of theology subsequent the loss of Vanderbilt by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Candler School of Theology opened for classes on September 23, 1914. There were immediate criticisms of the school, chiefly that the faculty was too liberal.
During the Durham administration, the dean became an integral part of the administration of the University and in fact, Chancellor Candler considered Dean Durham his closest assistant, administering the University whenever Chancellor Candler\'s episcopal duties pulled him away from the campus.
In 1914, Candler was housed in Wesley Memorial church. When the Druid Hills campus was opened in the fall of 1916, Durham oversaw the move into the new building. The chapel in the Theology building was named after Dean Durham and is currently the reading room in Pitts Library. Under Dean Durham\'s guidance, the theological pattern at the school conformed to the prevailing patterns at the time, with the focus of study being on Biblical studies.
Durham was an \"idealist, a dreamer, and a mystic.\" However, he was not an administrator. Led by Professor Andrew Sledd, the faculty rose up in revolt and Dean Durham retired in November 1918. He died in Atlanta on February 10, 1930
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# 1985 Ryder Cup
The **26th Ryder Cup Matches** were held 13--15 September 1985 at the Brabazon Course of The Belfry in Wishaw, Warwickshire, England. Team Europe won the competition for the first time by a score of 16`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 11`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points. This marked the first U.S. loss since 1957, previously the sole U.S. loss in fifty years.
A key turning point in the matches came Saturday morning, when Craig Stadler missed a two-foot putt on the 18th hole, which would have earned a win for him and Curtis Strange over Europe\'s Bernhard Langer and Sandy Lyle. The match was halved, so instead of the U.S. being in the lead through three stages, the overall score was tied at 6-6. Europe went on to win three of the four Saturday afternoon matches. \"In the past, it was always us who missed those putts,\" said European captain Tony Jacklin. \"That has to crush them.\"
Europe took that two-point lead into the Sunday singles and increased their lead throughout Sunday. It fell to Sam Torrance to secure the winning margin when he holed a 22 ft putt on the 18th hole to defeat Andy North 1 up and go up 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 8`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}, a six-point margin with five matches on the course.
This was the last Ryder Cup played in Europe that was not shown on live television in the United States. The USA Network first televised it in 1989 on cable with video provided by the BBC. NBC Sports took over live weekend coverage in 1991 in South Carolina, and 1993 marked the first time a major U.S. network televised it live from Europe.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format in 1985 was as follows:
- **Day 1** --- 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** --- 4 four-ball matches in a morning session and 4 foursome matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** --- 12 singles matches
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
## Teams
Nine of the European team were chosen from the 1985 European Tour money list at the conclusion of the Benson & Hedges International Open on 18 August with the remaining three team members being chosen immediately after the final event by the team captain, Tony Jacklin. Prior to the final event Christy O\'Connor Jnr was in the 9th qualifying position. However he missed the cut in the Benson & Hedges International Open and was overtaken by José María Cañizares, O\'Connor finishing just £115.89 behind Cañizares. Jacklin\'s choices of Nick Faldo and Ken Brown were widely expected but his choice of José Rivero was a surprise.
----------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
Tony Jacklin
Sandy Lyle
Sam Torrance
Ian Woosnam
Bernhard Langer
Paul Way
Howard Clark
Seve Ballesteros
Manuel Piñero
José María Cañizares
José Rivero
Ken Brown
Nick Faldo
----------------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow.
----------------
**Team USA**
Name
Lee Trevino
Andy North
Hubert Green
Curtis Strange
Lanny Wadkins
Raymond Floyd
Calvin Peete
Mark O\'Meara
Craig Stadler
Hal Sutton
Peter Jacobsen
Tom Kite
Fuzzy Zoeller
----------------
North qualified by virtue of winning the 1985 U.S. Open, while Green qualified by winning the 1985 PGA Championship.
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
------------------------ --------- --------------------
**Ballesteros/Piñero** 2 & 1 Strange/O\'Meara
Langer/Faldo 3 & 2 **Peete/Kite**
Lyle/Brown 4 & 3 **Wadkins/Floyd**
Clark/Torrance 3 & 2 **Stadler/Sutton**
1 Session 3
1 Overall 3
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Way/Woosnam** 1 up Zoeller/Green
**Ballesteros/Piñero** 2 & 1 North/Jacobsen
Langer/Cañizares halved Stadler/Sutton
Torrance/Clark 1 up **Floyd/Wadkins**
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
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# 1985 Ryder Cup
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Torrance/Clark** 2 & 1 Kite/North
**Way/Woosnam** 4 & 3 Green/Zoeller
Ballesteros/Piñero 3 & 2 **O\'Meara/Wadkins**
Langer/Lyle halved Stadler/Strange
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
6 Overall 6
### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes}
Results
------------------------ --------- ----------------------
**Cañizares/Rivero** 7 & 5 Kite/Peete
**Ballesteros/Piñero** 5 & 4 Stadler/Sutton
Way/Woosnam 4 & 2 **Strange/Jacobsen**
**Langer/Brown** 3 & 2 Floyd/Wadkins
3 Session 1
9 Overall 7
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
-------------------------- --------- -------------------------
**Manuel Piñero** 3 & 1 Lanny Wadkins
Ian Woosnam 2 & 1 **Craig Stadler**
**Paul Way** 2 up Raymond Floyd
Seve Ballesteros halved Tom Kite
**Sandy Lyle** 3 & 2 Peter Jacobsen
**Bernhard Langer** 5 & 4 Hal Sutton
**Sam Torrance** 1 up Andy North
**Howard Clark** 1 up Mark O\'Meara
José Rivero 1 up **Calvin Peete**
Nick Faldo 3 & 1 **Hubert Green**
**José María Cañizares** 2 up Fuzzy Zoeller
Ken Brown 4 & 2 **Curtis Strange**
7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
16`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 11`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
---------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Seve Ballesteros 3.5 3--1--1 0--0--1 2--0--0 1--1--0
Ken Brown 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 0--0--0
José María Cañizares 2.5 2--0--1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--1
Howard Clark 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
Nick Faldo 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Bernhard Langer 3 2--1--2 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--2
Sandy Lyle 1.5 1--1--1 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--1
Manuel Piñero 4 4--1--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--1--0
José Rivero 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--0--0
Sam Torrance 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
Paul Way 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 2--0--0
Ian Woosnam 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 2--0--0
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
---------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Raymond Floyd 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
Hubert Green 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 0--2--0
Peter Jacobsen 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Tom Kite 1.5 1--2--1 0--0--1 1--1--0 0--1--0
Andy North 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--2--0
Mark O\'Meara 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Calvin Peete 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--0
Craig Stadler 3 2--1--2 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--2
Curtis Strange 2.5 2--1--1 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--1
Hal Sutton 1
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# Stockholms KK
**Stockholms Kappsimningsklubb**, commonly known as **Stockholms KK** or **SKK**, is a Swedish swimming club from Stockholm founded on 12 July 1895, who competes in swimming and water polo. The swimming club goes under the nickname *Kappis*. The most famous swimmers of SKK are the twin brothers Arne Borg and Åke Borg. SKK organizes yearly an invitational meet named after Arne Borg, *Arne Borgs minne*.
Stockholms KK resides in Eriksdalsbadet, Åkeshovs simhall, Nälstabadet, and Spångabadet.
## History
Founded in 1895, Stockholms KK was one of the first swimming clubs specialised in competitive swimming, where earlier had been running shows and swimming graduation ceremonies (*simpromotion*), and organised the first Swedish Swimming Championships.
Stockholms KK had their first Olympic swimmer at the 1900 Summer Olympics, when Erik Eriksson participated.
Stockholms KK also had early success in Swedish swimming -- by 1935, the club had taken half of the individual Swedish championship titles that had been contested. Stockholms KK swimmers won all the men\'s Swedish Swimming Championships titles in 100 metre freestyle between 1902 and 1914, all the first men\'s 200 metre freestyle events from 1915 to 1925, and all the men\'s 3 metre springboard diving titles between 1925 and 1942.
In 1972, SKK-Spårvägen was started by Spårvägens GoIF, Stockholms KK and Bromma SS and lasted during the decade -- when it ended, the water polo team remained at Stockholms KK.
In 2016, Tero Välimaa was appointed swimming head coach for Stockholms KK.
In 2022, former Olympic swimmer Anders Holmertz was named swimming head coach for Stockholms KK
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# Ferroplasmaceae
**Ferroplasmaceae** is a family of archaeans in the order Thermoplasmatales.
## Phylogeny
The accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
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# David Abel (cinematographer)
**David Abel** (15 December 1883 -- 12 November 1973) was a cinematographer.
## Biography
Born in Amsterdam to Russian parents, Abel began his career in 1916. He came to the United States as a child in the first decade of the 1900s and worked as a portrait photographer in New York before entering films with Flying A Studios in 1913. His credits include *Grumpy* (1930), *The Virtuous Sin* (1930), *Huckleberry Finn* (1931), *The Gay Divorcee* (1934), *Top Hat* (1935), *Follow the Fleet* (1936), and *The Affairs of Susan* (1945). At RKO Pictures during the 1930s, Abel was a favorite collaborator of director Mark Sandrich and was responsible for the photography of five Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers musicals (*The Gay Divorcee*, *Top Hat*, *Follow the Fleet*, *Swing Time*, and *Shall We Dance*).
Other credits include *The Awful Truth*, *Huckleberry Finn*, *Hips, Hips, Hooray!*, *Grumpy*, *The Virtuous Sin*, and *History Is Made at Night*. He filmed a total of 110 films.
He retired in 1937 but Sandrich persuaded him to come back as cameraman for the classic *Holiday Inn* (1942). After two more films, *Follow the Boys* (1944) and *The Affairs of Susan* (1945), he left Hollywood film work for good.
Abel lived for over fifty years in Sierra Madre, California and died in Los Angeles, buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. He and his wife, Eva (\"Chava\") Rayevsky did not leave behind children
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# Methanobacteriaceae
**Methanobacteriaceae** are a family of archaeans in the order Methanobacteriales.
## Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
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# Portofino (musical)
***Portofino*** is a musical with a book by Richard Ney (who also served as producer), lyrics by Ney and Sheldon Harnick, and music by Louis Bellson and Will Irwin.
In his book on Broadway, *The Season*, William Goldman described its growing pains similarly to Buttrio Square and Breakfast at Tiffany\'s.
Set in a piazza in the Italian resort town of Portofino, the plot involves auto-racing duke Nicky; his Texan rival Kitty; his granddaughter Angela, a practicing witch; the local padre; and his look-alike Guido, an emissary from the devil.
When critics crucified the show during its Philadelphia tryout, Ney, the producer, left it to the cast to decide if they should continue to New York City, they voted to continue.
The Broadway production, directed by Karl Genus and choreographed by Charles Weidman and Ray Harrison with lighting by Lee Watson, opened on February 21, 1958, at the Adelphi Theatre, where it ran for three performances. The cast included Georges Guétary as Nicky, Helen Gallagher as Kitty, Jan Chaney as Angela, and Robert Strauss as both the padre and Guido. Its overall reception was poor
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# Methanocaldococcaceae
**Methanocaldococcaceae** is a family of microbes within the order Methanococcales. It contains two genera, the type genus *Methanocaldococcus* and *Methanotorris*. These species are coccoid in form, neutrophilic to slightly acidophilic, and predominantly motile, and they have a very short generation period, from 25 to 45 minutes under optimal conditions. They produce energy exclusively through the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen. Some species have been found in marine hydrothermal vents.
## Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
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# Methanomicrobiaceae
**Methanomicrobiaceae** are a family of archaea in the order the Methanomicrobiales.
## Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
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# Ministry of Finance (Lebanon)
The **Ministry of Finance** (**MOF**; *وزارة المالية*) is a ministry of the government of Lebanon
| 20 |
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# Wincenty of Kielcza
**Wincenty of Kielcza** (c. 1200 -- after 1262) was a Polish canon, poet, and composer, working in Kraków and writing in Latin. He was a member of the Dominican Order.
Most likely born in the village of Kielcza (however some historians believe that he was born in Kielce), he is best known for his hymn \"Gaude Mater Polonia\". Wincenty also wrote a shorter and a longer life of Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów for his canonization
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# New Day (Wyclef Jean song)
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Error at (line 52, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Flanders Tip|8|artist=Wyclef Jean feat
| 22 |
New Day (Wyclef Jean song)
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# Padakasti
**Padakasti** is a small revenue village in Mulbagal taluk, Kolar district, Karnataka. It covers an area of 1.29 km2 and had a population of 544 as of the 2011 Indian Census
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# Methanospirillaceae
**Methanospirillaceae** is a family of microbes within the order Methanomicrobiales.
This family contains only one genus, *Methanospirillum*. All its species are methanogenic archaea. The cells are bar-shaped and can form long filaments. Most produce energy via the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen, but some species can also use formate as a substrate. They are Gram-negative and move using flagella on the sides of the cells. They are strictly anaerobic, and found in wetland soil and anaerobic stages of water treatment systems.
## Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
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# 1983 Ryder Cup
The 25th Ryder Cup Matches were held October 14--16, 1983 at the PGA National Golf Club in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. The United States team won the competition by a score of 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points, the closest Ryder Cup since the tie in 1969. In their third competition with players from the continent, Europe showed the ability to realistically challenge the Americans. This was the first of four occasions that Tony Jacklin was the European captain and the sole occasion that his side lost.
Entering the singles matches on Sunday, the competition was even at 8 points each. Jacklin put his best players out early, while U.S. captain Jack Nicklaus saved his for last. In the first match, Seve Ballesteros was 3 up at the turn but needed an outstanding 3-wood from a fairway bunker on the final hole to salvage par and force a half with Fuzzy Zoeller. With ten matches complete and the score at 13 points each, the outcome depended on the two singles matches remaining on the course, between José María Cañizares and Lanny Wadkins and Bernard Gallacher and Tom Watson. The U.S. victory is generally accredited to Wadkins, who hit a wedge to less than three feet (0.9 m) on the par-5 18th hole to win the hole with a birdie and halve his match against Canizares. Gallacher had trailed all day, but Watson bogeyed 16 and was only 1 up with two holes to play. He had another bogey at the par-3 17th, but Gallacher\'s three-foot putt for bogey missed and ended the match at 2 & 1 and gave the U.S. the winning point.
This was the 13th consecutive win at home for the U.S. team, but they would have to wait until the 2021 Ryder Cup to post consecutive home victories. It was also the last victory for the U.S. in the Ryder Cup for eight years, until 1991.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format in 1983 was as follows:
- **Day 1** --- 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** --- 4 four-ball matches in a morning session and 4 foursome matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** --- 12 singles matches
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
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# 1983 Ryder Cup
## Teams
The American qualification rules remained unchanged from 1981 with 11 of the team being selected from a points list. The final place in the team was allocated to the winner of the 1983 PGA Championship (which finished on August 7), provided he was not in the top 11, in which case the 12th player in the points list would qualify. Qualification based on the points list finished after the Western Open on July 3. Tom Watson needed to win the final event to guarantee his place but finished second, lifting him from 14th to 12th place in the points list and pushing Hale Irwin out of that position. The PGA Championship was won by Hal Sutton with Jack Nicklaus second. Sutton was only in his third year as a professional and hence ineligible and so Watson retained his place on the team.
----------------
**Team USA**
Name
Jack Nicklaus
Lanny Wadkins
Raymond Floyd
Tom Kite
Fuzzy Zoeller
Craig Stadler
Jay Haas
Gil Morgan
Calvin Peete
Ben Crenshaw
Bob Gilder
Curtis Strange
Tom Watson
----------------
The European team was chosen entirely from the 1983 European Tour money list as at the conclusion of the St. Mellion Timeshare TPC on September 18. Prior to the final event 10 of the players had guaranteed their places with Manuel Piñero in 11th position and Gordon J. Brand in 12th. Brand made sure of his place with fifth place in the TPC but Piñero was overtaken by Paul Way who finished second to lift him to 11th place in the list.
----------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
Tony Jacklin
Nick Faldo
Seve Ballesteros
Bernhard Langer
Sandy Lyle
Ken Brown
José María Cañizares
Brian Waites
Sam Torrance
Ian Woosnam
Bernard Gallacher
Paul Way
Gordon J. Brand
----------------------
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
*October 14, 1983*
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
------------------------ --------- ---------------------
Gallacher/Lyle 5 & 4 **Watson/Crenshaw**
**Faldo/Langer** 4 & 2 Wadkins/Stadler
**Cañizares/Torrance** 4 & 3 Floyd/Gilder
Ballesteros/Way 2 & 1 **Kite/Peete**
2 Session 2
2 Overall 2
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Waites/Brown** 2 & 1 Morgan/Zoeller
Faldo/Langer 2 & 1 **Watson/Haas**
**Ballesteros/Way** 1 up Floyd/Strange
Torrance/Woosnam halved Crenshaw/Peete
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
*October 15, 1983*
### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Waites/Brown 1 up **Wadkins/Stadler**
**Faldo/Langer** 4 & 2 Crenshaw/Peete
Ballesteros/Way halved Morgan/Haas
Torrance/Woosnam 5 & 4 **Watson/Gilder**
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
6 Overall 6
### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes}
Results
--------------------- --------- --------------------
**Faldo/Langer** 3 & 2 Kite/Floyd
Torrance/Cañizares 7 & 5 **Morgan/Wadkins**
**Ballesteros/Way** 2 & 1 Watson/Gilder
Waites/Brown 3 & 2 **Haas/Strange**
2 Session 2
8 Overall 8
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
*October 16, 1983*
Results
------------------------- --------- -------------------------
Seve Ballesteros halved Fuzzy Zoeller
**Nick Faldo** 2 & 1 Jay Haas
**Bernhard Langer** 2 up Gil Morgan
Gordon J. Brand 2 up **Bob Gilder**
Sandy Lyle 3 & 1 **Ben Crenshaw**
Brian Waites 1 up **Calvin Peete**
**Paul Way** 2 & 1 Curtis Strange
Sam Torrance halved Tom Kite
Ian Woosnam 3 & 2 **Craig Stadler**
José María Cañizares halved Lanny Wadkins
**Ken Brown** 4 & 3 Raymond Floyd
Bernard Gallacher 2 & 1 **Tom Watson**
5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
---------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Ben Crenshaw 2.5 2--1--1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--1--1
Raymond Floyd 0 0--4--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 0--1--0
Bob Gilder 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--2--0 1--0--0
Jay Haas 2.5 2--1--1 0--1--0 1--0--0 1--0--1
Tom Kite 1.5 1--1--1 0--0--1 1--1--0 0--0--0
Gil Morgan 1.5 1--2--1 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--1
Calvin Peete 2.5 2--1--1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--1--1
Craig Stadler 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Curtis Strange 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Lanny Wadkins 2.5 2--1--1 0--0--1 1--1--0 1--0--0
Tom Watson 4 4--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 2--0--0
Fuzzy Zoeller 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--1 0--0--0 0--1--0
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
---------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Seve Ballesteros 3 2--1--2 0--0--1 1--1--0 1--0--1
Gordon J. Brand 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--0--0
Ken Brown 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
José María Cañizares 1.5 1--1--1 0--0--1 1--1--0 0--0--0
Nick Faldo 4 4--1--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--1--0
Bernard Gallacher 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Bernhard Langer 4 4--1--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--1--0
Sandy Lyle 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Sam Torrance 2 1--2--2 0--0--1 1--1--0 0--1--1
Brian Waites 1 1--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
Paul Way 3.5 3--1--1 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--0--1
Ian Woosnam 0.5 0--2--1 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--1
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# 1983 Ryder Cup
## Video
- [2012 Ryder Cup](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121448/http://www.rydercup
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# Symphonion Dream
***Symphonion Dream*** is the ninth album by American country music band The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. They were joined by guest musicians Leon Russell and Linda Ronstadt, along with actor Gary Busey, who was credited as \"Teddy Jack Eddy\", and played various percussion instruments.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Winter White (Wind Harp)\" (Jimmie Fadden) -- 1:17
2. \"Raleigh-Durham Reel\" (John McEuen, Jeff Hanna, James Ibbotson, Jimmie Fadden) -- 3:31
3. \"The Battle of New Orleans\" (Jimmy Driftwood) -- 3:55
4. \"Bayou Jubilee\" (Jeff Hanna) -- 2:47
5. \"Sally Was a Goodun\" (John McEuen, Jeff Hanna, James Ibbotson, Jimmie Fadden) -- 0:44
6. \"Hey Good Lookin\'\" (Hank Williams) -- 1:50
7. \"Classical Banjo 1/Malaguena/Classical Banjo 2\" (John McEuen, Ernesto Lecuona) -- 3:27
8. \"Daddy Was a Sailor\" (Jimmie Fadden) -- 2:54
9. \"Sleeping on the Beach\" (Jimmie Fadden) -- 1:32
10. \"Santa Monica Pier\" (John McEuen) -- 2:50
11. \"Ripplin\' Waters\" (James Ibbotson) -- 5:55
12. \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" (Boudleaux Bryant, Felice Bryant) -- 3:51
13. \"Mother of Love\" (Ken Edwards) -- 2:43
14. \"The Moon Just Turned Blue\" (JD Souther) -- 2:43
15. \"Got To Travel On\" (Paul Clayton, Larry Ehrlich, Dave Lazar) -- 1:05
16. \"Joshua Come Home\" (James Ibbotson) -- 3:32
17. \"Solstice (Wind Harp)\" (James Ibbotson) -- 1:24
18. \"Symphonion Montage\" (James Ibbotson) -- :54
## Personnel
**The Band**
- John McEuen -- guitar, banjo, fiddle, mandolin, steel guitar, vocals
- Jimmie Fadden -- guitar, harmonica, drums, vocals
- Jeff Hanna -- guitar, drums, vocals
- Jimmy Ibbotson -- guitar, bass, keyboards, drums, vocals
**Contributing Artists**
- Les Thompson -- bass, guitar, vocals
- Leon Russell -- piano, keyboards, synthesizer, drums, chimes, gourd, vocals
- Linda Ronstadt -- vocals
- Gary Busey -- drums, timbales, bells, cowbell
- Paul Harris -- piano
- Alice McEuen -- background vocals
- Kae McEuen -- background vocals
- Rae Hanna -- background vocals
- Jim Ratts -- background vocals
- Mary McCreary -- background vocals
- Mary Stevens -- background vocals
## Production
- Producer: William E. McEuen
- Recording Engineer: Richie Cicero/Michael Denecke/Gary Mullen
- Mixing: William E
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# Cast from the Platform
***Cast from the Platform*** is the second album by American dream pop band Auburn Lull, released May 17, 2004 by Darla Records. It was produced by Andrew Prinz of Mahogany.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks written by Auburn Lull.
1. \"Building Fifty\" -- 5:01
2. \"Sinking Meridian\" -- 1:52
3. \"Jersey Narrows\" -- 3:57
4. \"Season of False Starts\" -- 4:16
5. \"Deterior\" -- 5:43
6. \"Direction & Destination\" -- 5:02
7. \"Rising Meridian\" -- 1:37
8. \"Seaforth\" -- 4:57
9. \"Trenches\" -- 4:53
10. \"Sovereign Messages\" -- 3:41
11. \"Shallow in Youth\" -- 6:35
12
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# Piotr of Grudziądz
**Petrus Wilhelmi de Grudencz** or **Piotr of Grudziądz** (1392 -- c. 1480) was a medieval composer from Graudenz (Grudziądz). His compositions mainly consist of songs and motets considered characteristic of the culture of Central Europe in the Middle Ages.
## Biography
de Grudencz began his studies at the University of Kraków in 1418. It is believed that he later worked in Vienna, then in the vicinity of Basel. In the 1440s he was a chaplain to Frederick III in Vienna, although was not a singer in the chapel but moved principally in various university circles. In the last years of his life he worked in Silesia. In 1448, he was at the episcopal court in Wrocław. In 1452 he traveled to Rome.
While fewer than twenty of his works have survived, including *Kyrie fons bonifitatis* and the five-voice motet *Panis / Panis / Pange / Patribus / Tantum*, they can be securely attributed on account of containing acrostics of the composer\'s name
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# Pyrodictiaceae
The **Pyrodictiaceae** are a family of disc-shaped anaerobic microorganisms belonging to the order Desulfurococcales, in the domain Archaea. Members of this family are distinguished from the other family (Desulfurococcaceae) in the order Desulfurococcales by having an optimal growth temperature above 100 °C, rather than below 100 °C.
## Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
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# 1866 in Ireland
Events from the year **1866 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 28 January -- the Midland Great Western Railway opens to Westport railway station.
- 22 June -- Archbishop Cullen is elevated to the cardinalate as the first Irish Cardinal.
- 13 July -- the `{{SS|Great Eastern}}`{=mediawiki} sets out from Valentia Island on the second (successful) attempt to lay the transatlantic telegraph cable. Robert Halpin is master and William Thomson technical consultant.
- 14 October -- St Peter\'s Church, Belfast, later to become the Roman Catholic Cathedral, is dedicated, although the building is incomplete.
- Maziere Brady retires as Lord Chancellor of Ireland, an office to which he was appointed in 1846.
- Alexandra College is founded at Milltown, Dublin by the Quaker Ann Jellicoe, the first women\'s college in Ireland to aim at a university-level education.
## Sport
- The first modern Irish Derby, created by the 3rd Earl of Howth, the 3rd Marquess of Drogheda and the 3rd Earl of Charlemont, is run at the Curragh Racecourse.
- The Ulster Yacht Club is revived at Bangor, County Down, on the initiative of Frederick Temple Blackwood, 5th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye.
## The Arts {#the_arts}
- The ballad \"Come Back to Erin\" is composed by \'Claribel\', the English songwriter Charlotte Alington Barnard.
## Births
- 5 February -- Domhnall Ua Buachalla, member of 1st Dáil, Fianna Fáil TD, last Governor-General of the Irish Free State (died 1963).
- February -- Michael Egan, trade unionist, city councillor and Cumann na nGaedheal TD (died 1947).
- 15 June -- Charles Wood, composer (died 1926).
- 13 July -- Emily Winifred Dickson, gynaecologist (died 1944 in Liverpool).
- 16 August -- Dora Sigerson, poet (died 1918 in London).
- 1 November -- Cheiro, born William John Warner, astrologer (died 1936 in the United States).
- 3 December -- Ethna Carbery, born Anna Johnston, writer and poet (died 1902).
- 7 December -- Maude Delap, marine biologist (died 1953)
- December -- Thomas Byrne, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1898 at the Battle of Omdurman, Sudan (died 1944).
Full date unknown
:\*Éamon a Búrc, tailor and seanchaí (died 1942).
:\*Master McGrath, greyhound (died 1873).
:\*Bridget Sullivan, domestic housemaid for Borden family of Fall River, Massachusetts (died 1948 in the United States).
## Deaths
- 5 January -- Augustus Warren Baldwin, naval officer and political figure in Upper Canada (born 1776).
- 11 January -- Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, actor (born 1818).
- 17 January -- George Petrie, painter, musician, antiquary and archaeologist (born 1790).
- 4 March -- Alexander Campbell, religious leader in Britain and the United States (born 1788).
- 18 May -- Francis Sylvester Mahony, humorist and poet (aka Father Prout) (born 1804).
- 26 October -- John Kinder Labatt, brewer in Canada (born 1803).
- 26 October -- Patrick McHale, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (born 1826).
Full date unknown
:\*Edward Eagar, lawyer and criminal transported to Australia, politician (born 1787; died in London)
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# Sulfolobaceae
**Sulfolobaceae** are a family of the Sulfolobales belonging to the domain Archaea. The family consists of several genera adapted to survive environmental niches with extreme temperature and low pH conditions.
## Ecology
*Sulfolobaceae* species are thermophiles, commonly found in hot springs, hydrothermal vents, mudpots, and volcanically active regions, with *Sulfolobus* genus found almost anywhere with volcanic activity. *Sulfolobaceae* are found in temperatures ranging from 40 to 95 °C. They are found in pH levels between 1 and 6 which makes specific species acidophiles. Certain species, like *Metallosphaera prunae*, have been found living on smoldering waste material from mines by utilizing a lithoautotrophic metabolism.
*Sulfolobaceae* are involved in biofilm formation. Analysis of biofilms produced by different species has shown very few regulating proteins in common between these species, thus indicating that multiple different regulatory mechanisms for biofilm formation may exist. *Sulfolobus acidocaldarius* has been observed forming tower-like biofilm structures and *Sulfolobus solfataricus* has been observed forming carpet-like biofilms.
## Metabolism
*Sulfolobaceae* species exhibit a diverse range of metabolisms including aerobic, facultative anaerobic, or obligate anaerobic with chemoheterotrophic, lithoautotrophic, or mixotrophic lifestyles. Some species exhibit metabolic flexibility, being able to use several different metabolic pathways depending on the available energy sources, while others have a narrow range of metabolic options.
Chemoheterotrophic *Sulfolobaceae* gain their energy by oxidizing reduced organic carbon compounds, including D-glucose, D-galactose, other common sugars, amino acids, and other complex molecules, using oxidized forms of sulfur. Lithoautotrophic metabolism, on the other hand, involves gaining energy from the oxidation of reduced compounds such as elemental sulfur, sulfur ores, and other reduced sulfur compounds, or molecular hydrogen.
*Sulfolobaceae* prefer low sodium chloride environments, with the exception of the *Acidianus* genus. Glycogen is used as long-term carbon and energy storage.
## Morphological characteristics {#morphological_characteristics}
*Sulfolobaceae* species have regular, irregular, or lobed cocci cell shapes. Their size falls between 0.5 and 2 μm in diameter. Several different surface appendages have been observed, including archaella in motile species, typically expressed upon starvation.
Unique to *Sulfolobus acidocaldarious* are the archaeal adhesive pili which are important for surface attachment in biofilm formation. Archaeal type IV pilin surface appendage expression occurs through a dedicated type IV prepilin signal peptidase before filaments can be assembled. A sugar-binding surface structure termed bindosome has been found in *Sulfolobus solfataricus*. When assembled into a dedicated bindosome assembly system they are active in the transport of sugars.
Proteinaceous toxins termed sulfolobicins, have been produced by certain strains of *Sulfolobus islandicus*. These toxins may provide a competitive advantage, as they inhibit the growth of non-toxin producing strains of *S. islandicus* and certain other *Sulfolobus* species. Other species, such as *Sulfolobus acidocaldarius*, are not inhibited. The gene encoding for sulfolobicins have been identified in other *Sulfolobus* species
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# Stefan Attefall
**Jan Stefan Attefall** (born 21 August 1960, in Lycksele, Västerbotten County) is a Swedish politician and civil servant who currently serves as Governor of Uppsala County since 2023. He previously served as Minister for Public Administration and Minister for Housing from 2010 to 2014. He is a member of the Christian Democrats.
## Biography
Attefall has a bachelor\'s degree in political science and economics from Umeå University. He is the son of the boat builder Konrad Lindström and adopted mother Solveig\'s Attefall. His brother Anders Sellström is also a Christian Democratic politician. Attefall joined KDS in his teens and soon received political assignments.
Attefall was union chairman of the Christian Democratic Youth Union 1986--1989. Attefall was Member of the Riksdag from 1991 to 1994 and from 1998 to 2014. In the Riksdag, Attefall served as parliamentary group leader of his party from 2002 to 2010 and as chairman of the Committee on Finance from 2006 to 2010.
His name is associated with the Attefall house, a larger version of the friggebod.
Elected chairman of RIO (Rörelsefolkhögskolornas intresseorganisation) in 2017.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Attefall married the psychologist Karin Hansson (born 1958) in 1986, later divorced, married for the second time in 1996 to the journalist Cecilia Hjorth Attefall (born 1967), who is chairman of Erikshjälpen and chairman of the senior citizens\' committee in Jönköping Municipality. They have three children together, a son and two daughters. The family lives in Jönköping
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# Person-fit analysis
**The person-fit analysis** is a technique for determining if a person\'s results on a given test are valid, meaning they are a result of the trait being tested, and not some external factor such as cheating, falling asleep in the middle of the test or otherwise.
An item-score vector is a list of \"scores\" that a person gets on the items of a test, where \"1\" is correct and \"0\" is incorrect. For example, if a person took a ten-item quiz and answered only the first five questions correctly, the vector would be {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}. The analysis can determine how unlikely an item-score vector is compared to a hypothesized test theory model such as item response theory, or compared with the majority of item-score vectors in the sample.
In individual decision-making in fields such as education, psychology, and personnel selection, it is important that test users have confidence in the test scores used. The validity of individual test scores may be threatened when the examinee\'s answers are governed by factors other than the psychological trait of interest---factors that can range from something as benign as the examinee dozing off to concerted fraud efforts. Person-fit methods are used to detect item-score vectors where such external factors may be relevant, and as a result, indicate invalid measurement.
Unfortunately, person-fit statistics can only tell if the set of responses is likely or unlikely to be valid, and does not prove anything. The results of the analysis might look like an examinee cheated, but the ability to prove it by returning to when the test was administered is not possible. This limits its practical applicability on an individual scale. However, it might be useful on a larger scale; if most examinees at a certain test site or with a certain proctor have unlikely responses, an investigation might be warranted
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# Invisible Republic (book)
***Invisible Republic: Bob Dylan\'s Basement Tapes*** (1997) is a book by music critic Greil Marcus (born 1945) about the creation and cultural importance of *The Basement Tapes*, a series of recordings made by Bob Dylan in 1967 in collaboration with the Hawks, who would subsequently become known as the Band.
In 2001, Picador reissued the book under the title ***The Old, Weird America***, a term coined by Marcus to describe the often eerie country, blues, and folk music featured on the 1952 *Anthology of American Folk Music*. In his opinion, the sensibility of *Anthology* is reflected by the *Basement Tapes* recordings. The term has been revived via the musical genre called New Weird America.
## Content
Marcus quotes Robbie Robertson's memories of recording the *Basement Tapes*: \"\[Dylan\] would pull these songs out of nowhere. We didn\'t know if he wrote them or if he remembered them. When he sang them, you couldn\'t tell.\" Marcus called these songs \"palavers with a community of ghosts.\" He suggests that \"these ghosts were not abstractions. As native sons and daughters they were a community. And they were once gathered in a single place: on the *Anthology of American Folk Music*, a work produced by a 29-year-old of no fixed address named Harry Smith.\" Marcus argues Dylan\'s basement songs were a resurrection of the spirit of *Anthology*, originally published by Folkways Records in 1952, a collection of blues and country songs recorded in the 1920s and 1930s, which proved very influential in the folk revival of the 1950s and 1960s. *Anthology*, initially titled *American Folk Music*, was reissued by Smithsonian Folkways as a box set of compact disc in the same year as the book\'s publication, with portions of the book excerpted as liner notes.
Marcus links the First Great Awakening, the folk music revival of the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement and the Battle of Matewan in West Virginia with Bob Dylan\'s 1966 tour with the Hawks
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# Isuna Hasekura
is a Japanese novelist. In 2005, Hasekura won the Silver Prize in the twelfth Dengeki Novel Prize with his debut novel *Spice and Wolf*. He published the first volume of the manga the following year.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hasekura studied at Rikkyo University.`{{fact|date=October 2016}}`{=mediawiki}
## Works
### *Spice and Wolf* series {#spice_and_wolf_series}
Hasekura began publishing the light novel series *Spice and Wolf* in February 2006, which currently consists of 24 volumes. It quickly became his most critically acclaimed and influential work to date and has spawned many adaptations and spinoffs including anime, manga, and video games. Following the success of *Spice and Wolf*, in 2016, Hasekura created a sequel series under the working title *Wolf and Parchment*.
### *Billionaire Girl* series {#billionaire_girl_series}
A manga about a lonely girl who is a successful day trader and an average college student who is hired by her for the purpose of tutoring her, but not only. The manga is completed with 3 volumes.
### *World End Economica* series {#world_end_economica_series}
A three-part visual novel series, developed by Spicy Tails, the scenario of which is written by Isuna Hasekura. The plot sets in the far future on the moon, 16 years after humans have begun to colonize it. It begins on a young man\'s impossible dream of standing where no man had stood. And to do that he needs large amount of capital that can only be obtain through risky means via the stock markets.
All three episodes have been localised in English and made available through Steam. A successful Kickstarter campaign ensured that the series would be made available in English along with a HD graphic upgrade.
### *Magudala de Nemure series* {#magudala_de_nemure_series}
### *Project LUX* {#project_lux}
A VR game developed by Spicy Tails, with Isuna Hasekura listed under \"Project/Scenario\"
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# Thermoproteaceae
**Thermoproteaceae** is a family of archaeans in the order Thermoproteales.
## Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
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# Pink permits
In 1914, Chicago amended its film censorship ordinance, setting up a category of films approved for showing only to persons over twenty-one (the first example of a rating system in motion-picture exhibition). The police were authorized to give such films \"**pink permits**\". According to testimony before the Chicago Motion Picture Commission, the plan took shape following an incident over a film based on Nathaniel Hawthorne\'s 1850 novel *The Scarlet Letter*. A delegation of women, having seen the film, requested the police to allow it to be shown. The official in charge replied that he did not know how he could explain to his fifteen-year-old daughter what the scarlet \"A\" meant, therefore he could not pass the film. Nevertheless, he was troubled, since clearly murder and robbery, the usual censorship taboos, were not at issue. He entered into a \"gentleman\'s agreement\" with the film\'s producer, allowing the film to be shown publicly, provided no one under twenty-one was allowed in. After several similar dilemmas over the films based on literary classics, the \"pink permit\" policy became law
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# Inisa
**Inisa** is a city in Osun State in the south-western Nigeria. It is in the Yoruba cultural and ethnic region of the country, and is a trading center for cocoa and other agricultural products grown in the surrounding area. Its population as of 2007 was 180,553. Inisa had been from time immemorial, a warrior community. She was deeply involved in the struggle for the survival of Yoruba race during the period of internecine wars and particularly, during the onslaught and incursions of the Fulani into Yorubaland in the 19th century. Inisa people participated actively in the series of the wars. They fought in the Osogbo war of 1840, the Jalumi War of 1878, the Ofa war (1886--1890) and the Daparu war. The Ofa war resulted from the desire of Ilorin-fulani to avenge their defeat at the Jalumi on Ofa and the neighboring towns. The war was fought during the reign of Oba Oloyede Ojo, Otepola 1. They laid siege on Ofa for several years before Ofa was eventually sacked around 1890. The Daparu war resulted from the sack and fall of Ofa. The Fulani now desired to sack all the towns and villages between Ofa and Osogbo and bring them under the rule of the Fulani of Ilorin. They continued to attack, raid, and wage wars against the people. Only Inisa was courageous enough to face the Fulani forces, as the other towns and villages were deserted, seeking refuge at the Ibadan war camp in Ikirun.
## Rulers
The name of the Paramount ruler of the town since 1978 is Oba Joseph Oladunjoye Oyedele, Fasikun II, JP.
## Hospital/Health centers {#hospitalhealth_centers}
There are health center and some clinics in inisa
- Inisa Primary Health center
- Labab Hospital inisa
## Notables
- Prof. Labode Popoola -- Professor of Forest Economics/Sustainable Development, University of Ibadan. VC Osun State University, Osogbo.
- Debo Adeyewa -- Vice Chancellor, Redeemer University of Nigeria (RUN), Ede, Osun State.
- Aderemi Adegbite - an international artist-curator, founder of Tutuola Institute - the Yoruba Cultural Institute and Vernacular Art-space Laboratory Foundation.
- Ejiogbe Twins\<ref name=\"Ejiogbe\" group=\"\>
\- International performing artists and stone sculptors.
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- Hon. Abdullah Adeyanju Binuyo - Former Deputy Chief of Staff to the Governor, State of Osun.
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- Alh. Shueb Oyedokun - Politician
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- Tayo Bello - Tayo Bello (aka Waa Sere) is an educator and artist who discusses Yoruba culture and language on social media platforms
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# Burgumer Mar
The **Burgumer Mar** (*Bergumermeer*) is a lake near the town of Burgum in the Dutch province of Friesland. The lake was formed during the last ice age. It is a popular water sports area with multiple yacht harbours. The Prinses Margriet Canal splits the lake into a northern and southern part.
Since March 15, 2007, the West Frisian name *Burgumer Mar* is the official name; before that date the Dutch name was the official one). The villages Jistrum, Eastermar and Sumar together with Burgum border the lake
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# Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet
**Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet** (1755--1834) was the founder of the Royal Society of British Bowmen.
## Biography
Foster Cunliffe was the son of Sir Robert Cunliffe, 2nd Baronet and Mary Wright. He succeeded to his father's baronetcy on the latter's death in 1778.
Sir Foster Cunliffe was uneasy about this because he seems to have concealed the origin of the fortune, omitting the word \'slavery\' in a detailed history of his family\'s genealogy. His grandfather, Foster Cunliffe (1682--1758), made the money by becoming the main slave trader in Liverpool and mayor on three occasions. His son was MP for Liverpool in 1755--67.
Sir Foster Cunliffe moved from Saighton, near Chester, to the Acton Park estate near Wrexham, Denbighshire, adding to the existing house, including adding the lavish Four Dogs gateway into the estate - all that remains of the original buildings to this day. He served as High Sheriff of Denbighshire for 1787.
He also enlarged and improved Pant-yr-ochain once the main house in Gresford, now a well known gastro pub. The father of 11 bought the building as a home for two of his unmarried daughters, Charlotte & Emma, to take up residence. The sisters were known to hold great parties and to entertain the local gentry. These included Charles Williams-Wynn, their brother-in-law, and the Glynne family of Hawarden. Catherine Glynne married William Ewart Gladstone, who was Prime Minister no less than four times, and who was known to have ridden to the sisters\' home in Gresford.
In addition to his archery, Sir Foster Cunliffe commanded the part-time Wrexham Yeomanry Cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars.
## Family
He married Harriet Kinloch of Gilmerton, a noted singer, the daughter of Sir David Kinloch, 5th Baronet.
## Archery
One popular pursuit among the gentry was archery. In fact, Sir Foster Cunliffe and the Williams-Wynns were founders of the Society of British Bowmen, later the Royal Society of British Bowmen, which was formed at Acton Hall in 1787.
A painting of Sir Foster Cunliffe by John Hoppner shows him standing full length in a wooded landscape, wearing an archer\'s uniform, with green coat, buff yellow breeches and hessian boots. His archer\'s plumed black hat rests at his feet. A campaign is underway in Wrexham to raise money to buy the painting which was displayed at the Wrexham Art Treasures and Industrial Exhibition of 1876. Apparently, the exhibition was the cultural highpoint of 19th century Wrexham, with paintings by Reynolds, Gainsborough and Lawrence.
## Legacy
Before his death, Acton Park was the chief house of Wrexham. The house was rebuilt between 1687--95 and enlarged in 1786-7 when the Foster Cunliffes moved in. The park was created in the 1790s. His son, Sir Robert inherited the house and it was given to his grandson, also Sir Robert. An MP for Flint and then Denbigh, he died in 1905 and was the last of the family to own Acton Hall, which became known locally as Acton Park. By the 1920s descendants had sold the land piecemeal and the hall was demolished in 1954
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# Helena Höij
**Helena Margareta Höij** (born 20 December 1965) is a Swedish politician and civil servant who currently serves as Governor of Dalarna County since 1 November 2022.
A member of the Christian Democrats, she was Member of Parliament (MP) from 1998 to 2006, representing Stockholm Municipality. She was the Third Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag (Parliament) from 2002 to 2006
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# John Dunt
Vice Admiral **Sir John Hugh Dunt** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}}`{=mediawiki} (born 14 August 1944) is a former Royal Navy officer who ended his naval career as Chief of Fleet Support.
## Naval career {#naval_career}
Educated at Duke of York School in Nairobi, Dunt joined the Royal Navy as a cadet at the Britannia Royal Naval College in 1963. He was given command of the maintenance base HMS *Defiance* in 1989. He became Director of Defence Systems at the Ministry of Defence in 1991, Director General of Fleet Support (Operations & Plans) in 1993 and Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Systems) in 1995. He went on to be Chief of Fleet Support in 1997 before he retired in 2000.
In retirement he became Chairman of the Armed Forces Memorial Trust, the body responsible for building and managing the Armed Forces Memorial in Staffordshire and chairman of the board of governors for The Royal Star and Garter Homes, a charity offering nursing and therapeutic care to ex-Service men and women. He lives in Liss in Hampshire
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# Too Late Too Late
\"**Too Late, Too Late**\" is the debut single by British band Mr Hudson and the Library, from their debut album *A Tale of Two Cities*. It features brass by the Blackjack Horns, Nik Carter on sax, Jack Birchwood on trumpet and Steven Fuller on trombone.
It was featured in the film *Mr. Bean\'s Holiday* and the video game *U-Sing*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
UK CD single
1. \"Too Late, Too Late\" - 3:09
2
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# 1981 Ryder Cup
The **24th Ryder Cup Matches** were held 18--20 September 1981 at the Walton Heath Golf Club in Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, England, southwest of London. The United States team won the competition by a score of 18`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 9`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points. It was the largest margin of defeat for a European team (since 1979) at the Ryder Cup until 2021. It is also the largest margin of defeat for the host team on European soil.
Seve Ballesteros was not selected for the European team after an ongoing dispute with the European Tour concerning appearance money. Tony Jacklin was also left off the team.
It was the sixth and final Ryder Cup for Jack Nicklaus as a competitor and he won all four of his matches. He had failed to make the team for the first time in 1979. Bernhard Langer made his Ryder Cup debut in 1981 and was 1--2 in pairs and halved his singles match.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format was adjusted slightly from the 1979 event, with the order of play swapped on the first two days and the third day singles matches held in a single session:
- **Day 1** --- 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** --- 4 four-ball matches in a morning session and 4 foursome matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** --- 12 singles matches
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
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# 1981 Ryder Cup
## Teams
Ten of the European team were selected using a points list based on money earned in European Tour Events. The final event was the Benson & Hedges International Open which finished on 24 August. Eamonn Darcy finished in a tie for second place in this tournament, lifting him from 12th to 7th in the list and relegating Mark James to 11th place. The two remaining places were chosen immediately after the Benson & Hedges International by a selection committee consisting of John Jacobs (the captain), Neil Coles and Bernhard Langer. They chose Mark James and Peter Oosterhuis, who was playing on the PGA Tour and had recently won the Canadian Open.
----------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
John Jacobs
Bernhard Langer
Nick Faldo
Sandy Lyle
José María Cañizares
Sam Torrance
Manuel Piñero
Eamonn Darcy
Des Smyth
Howard Clark
Bernard Gallacher
Mark James
Peter Oosterhuis
----------------------
Players chosen by the selection committee are shown in yellow.
11 of the American team were selected from a points list. Qualification based on the points list finished after the Western Open on July 5. Bill Rogers earned his place by finishing 5th in this final event, while Jack Nicklaus only assured his place in the team after a final round 69 and a tie for 7th place. The final place in the team was allocated to the winner of the 1981 PGA Championship (which finished on August 9), provided he was not in the top 11, in which case the 12th player in the points list would qualify (Howard Twitty). With his victory in the PGA Championship, Larry Nelson gained the last slot. Nelson had finished 17th in the points list. The team is considered to be one of the strongest ever seen in the Ryder Cup - the players had won a total of 36 major championships.
---------------
**Team USA**
Name
Dave Marr
Tom Watson
Raymond Floyd
Bruce Lietzke
Tom Kite
Hale Irwin
Lee Trevino
Jerry Pate
Ben Crenshaw
Johnny Miller
Bill Rogers
Jack Nicklaus
Larry Nelson
---------------
Nelson qualified by virtue of winning the 1981 PGA Championship.
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
*18 September 1981*
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
--------------------- --------- ---------------------
Langer/Piñero 1 up **Trevino/Nelson**
**Lyle/James** 2 & 1 Rogers/Lietzke
**Gallacher/Smyth** 3 & 2 Irwin/Floyd
Oosterhuis/Faldo 4 & 3 **Watson/Nicklaus**
2 Session 2
2 Overall 2
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Torrance/Clark halved Kite/Miller
**Lyle/James** 3 & 2 Crenshaw/Pate
**Smyth/Cañizares** 6 & 5 Rogers/Lietzke
Gallacher/Darcy 2 & 1 **Irwin/Floyd**
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
*19 September 1981*
### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Faldo/Torrance 7 & 5 **Trevino/Pate**
Lyle/James 1 up **Nelson/Kite**
**Langer/Piñero** 2 & 1 Floyd/Irwin
Cañizares/Smyth 3 & 2 **Nicklaus/Watson**
1 Session 3
5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes}
Results
------------------------ --------- -------------------------
Oosterhuis/Torrance 2 & 1 **Trevino/Pate**
Langer/Piñero 3 & 2 **Nicklaus/Watson**
Lyle/James 3 & 2 **Rogers/Floyd**
Smyth/Gallacher 3 & 2 **Kite/Nelson**
0 Session 4
5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 10`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
*20 September 1981*
Results
------------------------ --------- -------------------------
Sam Torrance 5 & 3 **Lee Trevino**
Sandy Lyle 3 & 2 **Tom Kite**
Bernard Gallacher halved Bill Rogers
Mark James 2 up **Larry Nelson**
Des Smyth 6 & 4 **Ben Crenshaw**
Bernhard Langer halved Bruce Lietzke
**Manuel Piñero** 4 & 2 Jerry Pate
José María Cañizares 1 up **Hale Irwin**
**Nick Faldo** 2 & 1 Johnny Miller
**Howard Clark** 4 & 3 Tom Watson
Peter Oosterhuis 1 up **Raymond Floyd**
Eamonn Darcy 5 & 3 **Jack Nicklaus**
4 Session 8
9`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 18`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
---------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
José María Cañizares 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 1--1--0
Howard Clark 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--0 0--0--1
Eamonn Darcy 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Nick Faldo 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Bernard Gallacher 1.5 1--2--1 0--0--1 1--1--0 0--1--0
Mark James 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Bernhard Langer 1.5 1--2--1 0--0--1 0--2--0 1--0--0
Sandy Lyle 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Peter Oosterhuis 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 0--0--0
Manuel Piñero 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--2--0 1--0--0
Des Smyth 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Sam Torrance 0.5 0--3--1 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--1
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
--------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Ben Crenshaw 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Raymond Floyd 3 3--2--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Hale Irwin 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
Tom Kite 3.5 3--0--1 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--1
Bruce Lietzke 0.5 0--2--1 0--0--1 0--1--0 0--1--0
Johnny Miller 0.5 0--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--0--1
Larry Nelson 4 4--0--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--0--0
Jack Nicklaus 4 4--0--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--0--0
Jerry Pate 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0
Bill Rogers 1.5 1--2--1 0--0--1 1--1--0 0--1--0
Lee Trevino 4 4--0--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--0--0
Tom Watson 3 3--1--0 0--1--0 2--0--0 1--0--0
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# 1981 Ryder Cup
## Video
- [2012 Ryder Cup](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061338/http://www.rydercup.com/usa/multimedia/video/ryder-cup-flashback-1981) Ryder Cup Flashback: 1981
- [1981 Ryder Cup](https://www.youtube
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# Ingvar Svensson (politician)
Ingvar Svensson}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}`{=mediawiki} **Ingvar Svensson** (born 1944) is a Swedish Christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag since 1998
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# Mikael Oscarsson
**Carl Robert *Mikael* Oscarsson**, (born April 22, 1967) in Ödeshög in Östergötland County, is a Swedish politician for the Christian Democratic party. He\'s been a member for the Swedish Riksdag since 1998, taking up the number 28 seat for Uppsala County constituency.
## Career
Oscarsson lives in Almunge outside Uppsala. Besides his role as an MP of the Riksdag, Oscarsson is district chairman for the Christian Democrats for Uppsala County. Among his committee assignments in the Riksdag, he has been a member of the Committee on Defence since 2010 and, a member of the Committee on Industry and Trade between the years of 2006 and 2010. Oscarsson studied economics and attended an American high school.
In 1991, Oscarsson founded the organization *Ja till Livet* (Yes to life) to which he was the president for from 1991 and 1997. *Ja till Livet* was primarily focused on enforcing abortion laws. In addition, for many years, Oscarsson has been a member of *Livets Ord* (Word of Life). He was voted into the Riksdag by an open list vote in the 1998 general election. His presidency for *Ja till Livet* was noticed in 1998, and he was asked to resign as president by the leader of the Christian Democratic leader Alf Svensson, which he also chose to do. Today he is the vice-president in the Riksdag association *Forum för familj och människovärde* (Forum for family and human dignity), board member in the Swedish Evangelical Alliance, and he was the chairman for Almunge IK for six years.
During his in the Riksdag, Oscarsson has among many other things, worked on strengthening the defense and worked for increased state aid purchases from the defense industry and claimed that the Alliance government\'s politics would lead to \"a winding up of the Swedish defense industry\".
He has profiled himself in family and human rights issues. He has engaged himself in questions surrounding custody allowance, right to deduct for gifts to non-profit organizations, and rural issues. He has been very forth pushing to institute Raoul Wallenberg\'s day as a memorial day. He began the Motion in 2001, and 2013 the day was celebrated for the first time. He is the president of the association \"The memory of the Holocaust\" which, each year, holds a memorial day of the Holocaust in the Riksdag.
## Private life {#private_life}
Oscarsson has been married with Natalie Oscarsson (her maiden name is Serko) since August 8, 2020. He had four children with his first wife who died in 2017. His brother, Magnus Oscarsson is also a Member of the Riksdag for the Christian Democrats
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# Björn von der Esch
**Carl Gösta Björn Joachim von der Esch** (11 January 1930 -- 10 March 2010) was a Swedish Christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag 1998--2006.
Esch had a farming business and did a Ph.D. in business administration at Uppsala University in 1972. Before joining the Christian Democrats, he had previously represented Moderate Party in the Riksdag 1991--1994, replacing Per Westerberg during his time as a minister. At the time of the Swedish 1994 referendum on membership in the European Union, Esch clashed with the Moderate Party as he campaigned on the \"no\" side. When he subsequently formed a list of EU critics that ran in the 1995 European Parliament election in Sweden, he was expelled from the party. This list was unsuccessful in the election, and von der Esch returned to parliamentary politics in 1998 as a Christian Democrat.
In the 2003 referendum on joining the Economic and Monetary Union and the euro, he again campaigned on the \"no\" side. He later joined the June List, became its vice chairman in 2008, and was on second place on the June List ballot in the 2009 European Parliament election in which the party lost its representation in the European Parliament
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# West Milford High School
**West Milford High School** is a four-year comprehensive community public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from West Milford, in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the West Milford Township Public Schools. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1968 and is accredited through January 2023.
As of the 2023--24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 937 students and 79.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student--teacher ratio of 11.8:1. There were 117 students (12.5% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 38 (4.1% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
## History
Students from West Milford had attended Butler High School for grades 9-12 as part of a longstanding sending/receiving relationship that existed until September 1962, when West Milford opened its own high school. The Butler Public Schools had served students from large parts of Morris and Passaic counties, until soaring local enrollment led the district to notify feeder communities in 1954 that they would have to find alternative education options for their high school students. For some time, Macopin School (now the middle school) was the only secondary school in town until the current High School was built.
## Awards, recognition and rankings {#awards_recognition_and_rankings}
The school was the 146th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine\'s September 2014 cover story on the state\'s \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 163rd in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 185th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 191st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 169th in the magazine\'s September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 167th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (an increase of 48 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (80.1%) and language arts literacy (94.7%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
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# West Milford High School
## Academics
### Honors
West Milford High School offers Advanced Placement (AP), honors and college preparatory classes to its students. Students are placed in the Honors or AP program based on various criteria. The school offers many Honors and Advanced Placement courses as core classes and electives, including:
History:
- World History Honors
- AP World History
- AP United States History I/II Honors
- AP United States Government and Politics
- AP Psychology
- AP Economics
- Western Civilization Honors
Mathematics:
- Algebra I Honors
- Geometry Honors
- Algebra II Honors
- Pre-Calculus/Trigonometry Honors
- AP Calculus A Honors
- AP Calculus AB
- AP Calculus BC
- AP Computer Science A
- AP Computer Science Principles
- AP Statistics
English:
- English I Honors
- English II Honors (American Literature)
- AP English: Language and Composition
- AP English: Literature and Composition
Science:
- Biology Honors
- Chemistry Honors
- Physics Honors
- Advanced Chemistry Honors
- AP Physics
- AP Chemistry
- AP Biology
- Anatomy and Physiology Honors
- AP Environmental Science
World Language:
- Spanish IV Honors
- French IV Honors
- German IV Honors
- Italian IV Honors
- Spanish V Honors
- French V Honors
- German V Honors
- Italian V Honors
- AP Spanish V Honors
- AP French V Honors
- AP German V Honors
- AP Italian V Honors.
Fine Arts:
- Honors Band (applicable to both Symphonic Band and Wind Ensemble)
- Honors Choir (applicable to all choirs)
- AP Art History
- Advanced Art
- AP Studio for 3D and Drawing
AP Capstone:
- AP Seminar
- AP Research
West Milford High School offers other non-AP and non-honors electives, such as:
- Accounting for Business
- Advanced Photography
- Animation
- Applied Instrumental Music
- Architectural Design and Drawing
- Studio Art 1 & 2
- Auto Occupations
- Automotive & Transportation Technology
- Concert Band
- Symphonic Band
- Wind Ensemble
- Basic Art
- Business Web Page Design
- Business Law
- Child Development
- Chorus
- Highlands Chorale
- Men\'s Chorus
- Women\'s Chorus
- Concert Choir
- Digital Art 1 & 2
- Communication Design
- Communications/Public Relations
- Culinary Arts
- Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management
- Fashion Merchandising
- Food, Nutrition and You
- Graphic Arts Communications 1, 2 & 3
- Guitar
- Harmony And Theory
- Hospitality and Tourism
- History of Film
- Interior Design
- International Business
- Tomorrow\'s Teachers:Internship
- Marketing 1
- Mechanical Drawing/ CAD & CAD 2
- Painting, Illustration
- Personal Auto Maintenance
- Photography 1 & 2
- Piano
- Principles of Engineering Design
- Rock of Ages
- Sculpture
- Sports & Entertainment Marketing
- Intro to Theater Arts
- Theater Arts
- TV Communication Arts & Media 1, 2 & 3
- Video Game Design
- World Crafts
- World Cuisines
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# West Milford High School
## Clubs and activities {#clubs_and_activities}
West Milford High School offers a variety of afterschool clubs and activities for its students. These clubs are run by the student members under the supervision of WMHS staff members, thus allowing these clubs to truly by student-run. These include clubs, student-government programs, peer leadership programs, honorary societies, and scholastic competition organizations:
- Art Club provides art students and students who are unable to take Art class during the school day to do art while having many resources and supplies available to them. This club is advised by a school art teacher.
- Chess Club
- West Milford High School has class offices at each grade level, with elected students representing their classmates in planning fundraisers, proms, and other class functions. Each graduating class has its own advisor (a WMHS staff member) and re-elects its officers (President, Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary) every school year.
- DECA is a comprehensive business program that improves the students\' understanding of marketing and advertising, while building leadership and administrative skills, through business-related tasks and projects. West Milford\'s award-winning DECA team sponsors school events, works with charities, and competes on a state and regional level. In 2008, students went to Giants Stadium to learn about sports marketing. This club is advised by the DECA teacher.
- ERASE and GSA include politically minded students who desire a more inclusive environment in the school, community, and world at large. They are open to all students and organize events such as the Day of Silence. It is advised by several teachers.
- Foreign Language Honor Societies (Spanish, French, German, Italian) induct members who have shown proficiency and outstanding knowledge in their chosen language of study. The members are from the IV Honors and AP V Honors courses, and must have met numerous criteria in order to be considered for nomination and induction. Each group has an elected executive board with members who serve as President, Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary. The clubs organize multicultural events and host a World Cuisine Night at which students prepare and serve foods from many nations and cultures to the guests. Each society is advised by a teacher of that language.
- Gaming Club
- Green Team (formerly known as the Environmental Club) is for students who deal with pressing environmental issues and who monitor and continually enhance the school\'s recycling program. The group has initiated a school-wide recycling program that has included putting separate recycling receptacles for cans/bottles and paper in every classroom. It is advised by a Science teacher.
- Highland Jazz Choir is a select group of choir students that performs jazz repertoire throughout the year. The group received an Honorable mention at the prestigious Berklee Jazz Festival in Boston in 2016.
- History Club is open to any students who have a passion for the subject of History. Students from all History courses are able to join. The club watches movies on historical figures and plays interactive games to enhance their knowledge on certain time periods. The club is advised by a History teacher.
- Industrial Arts
- Interact Club participants perform volunteer work in the schools and in the community. They often work at various school-sponsored events, including dances and activity nights. They are advised by a History teacher and a town councilwoman.
- Miniature Golf Club
- Mock Trial
- West Milford High School participates in the Model Congress program. Selected AP Government and Politics students meet with other schools\' delegations and carry out the functions of a congress, writing and passing bills on various topics and issues. West Milford High School\'s Model Congress team won the Passaic County championship during the 2007--08 school year. This team is advised by WMHS\'s AP Government and Politics teacher.
- Mu Alpha Theta Mathematics Honor Society includes inducted members who have shown proficiency and outstanding knowledge in Mathematics. The members are from a wide range of Mathematics courses, and must have met numerous criteria in order to be considered for nomination and induction. Mu Alpha Theta hosts multiple mathematics competitions for students from Macopin Middle School during the year. This group\'s elected executive board includes the President, Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary. It is advised by a Mathematics teacher.
- The annual Musical is put on every year at the start of March. The shows are renowned for their quality in production and performance. Recent productions include \"The Drowsy Chaperone\", \"Young Frankenstein\", \"How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Addams Family\", \"Anything Goes\", and \"Into the Woods\".
- National Honor Society inducts members who have shown outstanding scholarship during their time at West Milford High School. The members must have met and exceeded numerous criteria, and are required to perform many hours of school and community service, including free peer tutoring. Membership in this society of scholars is a great distinction and honor, and is highly respected by post-secondary institutions of higher learning (colleges, universities, graduate schools, technical/vocational schools, and trade schools). The group is advised by an English teacher and has an elected executive board with student members who serve as President, Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Historian.
- Newspaper Club regularly produces the school\'s student paper, the Highland Echo.
- Robotics Club
- Peers As Leaders (PALs) is a group of students in the junior and senior classes who serve as peer leaders and role models for other students of WMHS. This group assists in organizing and running the Freshmen Orientation, peer mediation, conflict resolution, and assisting new students with becoming acclimated to the school. The group\'s executive board includes a President, Vice President, and Secretary, and is run by two Guidance Counselors and a Science teacher.
- Peer Tutoring offers afterschool sessions are administered and operated by candidates and members of the National Honor Society. These open tutoring groups are cost-free to students and allow students to be educated by their peers who are proficient in certain subjects.
- Science Olympiad
- Science National Honor Society is a competitive scholastic team that competes against other high schools in New Jersey in the subject areas of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Membership on this team is open to any student that is enrolled in a science course.
- Stage Audio/Lighting handles lighting and audio for the various events that take place in the auditorium.
- Student Council has seven elected executive council members and up to 50 general members that represent the other students of WMHS. Sophomores, juniors, and seniors are eligible to run for the offices of President, Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Communications Director, Teachers Lesion and Student Lesion. This organization is a separate entity from class offices, but does work with the individual class offices on certain projects to benefit the school. Students running for a Student Council office must deliver a speech, which is recorded on a video and viewed during English classes. Students are able to vote during that class period in their individual English class and through online balloting to ensure that every student has the opportunity to view the speeches and cast their vote. The Student Council is the only schoolwide student government organization and its officers are often considered the School President, School Vice President, School Treasurer, School Secretary, and School Communications Director. The group organizes and sponsors numerous school and community events, working with the school and district wide administrators to enhance the school environment. The WMHS student representative at the West Milford Board of Education meetings is a member of the Student Council Executive Council. The Student Council runs the Homecoming and other events throughout the year, Senior Choice Awards, Highlander Day, Pep Rallies and The Annual West Milford Spooktacular, winner of the coveted Character.org Award.
- Student Wellness and Yoga
- Varsity Club is open exclusively to sophomores, juniors, and seniors who possess a Varsity letter in a sport. The Varsity Club organizes and runs the school Pep Rallies and raises funds to help the Athletic Department. It also organizes fundraisers to aid current and former WMHS students who have serious illnesses. The club is responsible for updating the outdoor schedule board, which is located outside the business wing of the school, where all of the athletic teams\' scheduled games for the week are posted. The club\'s Executive Board has a President, Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary, and is advised by a Special Education teacher.
- The Way
- Weightlifting/Conditioning
- West Milford Poetry Society
- Yearbook Club is responsible for producing the annual school yearbook. Members of this club work together to gather information on sports teams and clubs, prepare picture profiles for graduating seniors, and lay out all pictures and text for the final production of the yearbook. They are responsible for creating the treasured keepsake by which many people remember their high school years. This club is advised by a Computers teacher and a Special Education teacher.
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# West Milford High School
## Clubs and activities {#clubs_and_activities}
### Highlander Band and Color Guard {#highlander_band_and_color_guard}
Highlander Marching Band
The West Milford High School Highlander Marching Band and Color Guard has won hundreds of awards and accolades over the years under the direction of former head director Brian McLaughlin, Matt Gramata, Anthony Paterno, and color guard director Pete Shaver. Awards and honors include:
- 2024 USBands NJ State Champions, Group IV Open
- 2024 USBands Ludwig Musser Classic, Group IV Open Champions
- 2022 USBands NJ State Champions, Group IV A
- 2021 USBands National Champions, Group III A
- 2021 USBands NJ State Champions, Group III A
- 2018 USBands National Champions, Group V A
- 2018 USBands NJ State Champions, Group V A
- 2018 US Marine Corps Esprit de Corps Award
- 2018 USBands Yamaha Cup, Group V A Champions
- 2017 USBands NJ State Champions, Group V A
- 2017 USBands Yamaha Cup, Group V A Champions, MetLife Stadium
- 2015 USBands NJ State Champions, Group V A
- 2015 Yamaha Cup, Group V A, Champions, MetLife Stadium
- 2013 North Jersey Independent Marching Band Circuit 1st Place
- 2004--2012, 2014-2018 1st Place Randolph \"Under the Stars\" Competition
- 2009 & 2010 USSBA Northern States Champions, Group V A
- Numerous 1st Place Awards at the New York City St. Patrick\'s Day Parade
In addition to marching competitively, the Highlander Band holds its annual Tattoo and Military Concert every November. Each year, many bands travel to West Milford to partake in this exciting display of kilts, bagpipes, marching precision, and the show repertoire of both the Clifton High School Mustang Band and the Highlander Band. Recently, the tattoo has been held in honor of local veterans, and volunteer emergency personnel. Over the past few years, guests have included the Queen\'s Piper and the USMC Leatherneck Pipes and Drums.
West Milford Color Guard
The West Milford Highlander Color Guard is under the direction of Mr. Peter Shaver. In the Fall, the colorguard performs as a unit with the Highlander Marching Band. Following the conclusion of the marching season, the colorguard performs as a stand-alone unit at competitions across the United States. The West Milford Colorguard has been recognized over the years as both MAIN, Musical Arts Conference and WGI Regional medalists; they have also been a WGI World Championship Semi-Finalist.
In 2019, the color guard won the WGI Philadelphia Regional Championship and Mid Atlantic Indoor Network (MAIN) SA Championships. For several weeks, they were ranked nationally in the top 10 among the Scholastic A Class color guards in WGI and completed their WGI season as a World Championship Semi-Finalist.
#### Jazz ensemble {#jazz_ensemble}
The jazz program at the West Milford Township School District was established in 2010. All bands are created through an audition process that encourages participation regardless of experience in the genre. With a comprehensive study of styles and history, all bands have the opportunity to participate in festivals, concerts and the creation of combos. Recent highlights of the West Milford Jazz Ensemble include six New Jersey State Finals appearances in seven years of existence; including 2nd-place finishes at the NJAJE State Jazz Finals in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. In February 2017, the West Milford Jazz Ensemble participated for the first time, and was awarded 1st place at the Berklee Jazz Festival in Boston, Massachusetts. The Jazz Ensemble was also selected to perform at the National Association for Music Education All-Eastern Convention in Atlantic City.
#### Indoor percussion {#indoor_percussion}
West Milford Indoor Percussion is an extension of the Highlander Band program that combines the marching arts with the use of percussion instruments. West Milford Indoor Percussion has won numerous awards and honors. In recent years, West Milford Indoor Percussion won two USBands Division 1A Indoor Championships and is a WGI Regional Finalist.
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# West Milford High School
## Clubs and activities {#clubs_and_activities}
### Model United Nations {#model_united_nations}
The award-winning West Milford High School Model United Nations team has achieved success in New Jersey and around the northeastern United States, and is widely regarded as a highly successful program in the state and this region of the country. The team, which is advised by the Supervisor of History & Social Sciences, Mr. Oliver Pruksarnukal, has attended conferences at various premier locations, including Princeton University, United Nations Headquarters (New York City), Yale University, the Historic District of Philadelphia, Saint Peter\'s College (Jersey City, New Jersey), Bergen County Academies (Hackensack, New Jersey), and Passaic County Law Day (Passaic County Courthouse, Paterson, NJ). The team was recognized at the 2007 United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA) International Conference with award winners for Outstanding Delegation and Honorable Delegation.
At the 2006 Princeton University Model UN Conference, West Milford won the overall team championship.
At the 2007 UNA-USA UN Headquarters International Model UN Conference, West Milford students won four awards and the team won second place overall. Two of these were for Outstanding Delegation, while the other two were for Honorable Delegation.
At the 2008 Yale University Model UN Conference, out of 50+ schools, only four of which were public, West Milford\'s Model UN team placed highly and enjoyed great success, taking home third place overall. West Milford won five honorable delegate awards at the conference.
West Milford students also won seven awards at the 2008 Bergen County Academies Model UN Conference, with the team taking home Outstanding School Delegation for winning the overall championship.
West Milford\'s Model UN team won the overall championship at the Saint Peter\'s College High School Model United Nations conference for the third year in a row in 2008, taking home 10 individual awards, including four for best delegate.
At the 2009 Philadelphia Model United Nations Conference, West Milford won the overall team championship and Outstanding School Delegation, while taking home six awards for individual student delegations. Two delegations won Best Delegation, two won Outstanding Delegation, and two won Distinguished Delegation.
West Milford dominated the Saint Peter\'s College High School Model United Nations conference for the fourth consecutive year in 2009. The team won eleven awards overall, which was nearly double the next-highest team\'s total, with five individual students winning for their individual delegate performance, five pairs of students winning for their delegation, and one pair winning for their position paper.
West Milford\'s Model UN team coordinated, hosted, and moderated the first student-run Board of Education debate in New Jersey history on April 9, 2009. The four members of the Executive Board (President, Vice President, Treasurer, Chief of Staff) were the four moderators, with the other club members serving in other capacities, including timekeepers, ushers, and concessions workers. The debate featured the five candidates for the three available Board of Education seats. The candidates were asked questions ranging in topics from the school cafeteria program to gifted education programs to how to curb substance abuse among district students to what they would want their legacy to be once their time on the Board has ended. The event was met with great praise and acclaim from the public and gave the voters of West Milford an opportunity to learn where the candidates actually stood on the critical issues affecting the students of the district.
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# West Milford High School
## Athletics
The West Milford High School Highlanders compete in the Big North Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Bergen and Passaic counties, and was established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). In the 2009--10 school year, the school competed in the North Jersey Tri-County Conference, which was established on an interim basis to facilitate the realignment. Prior to the realignment, the school had participated in the Skyline Division of the Northern Hills Conference, an athletic conference that included public and private high schools located in Essex, Morris and Passaic counties. With 796 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019--20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Patriot Blue division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation\'s biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III North for football for 2024--2026, which included schools with 700 to 884 students.
The school participates as the host school / lead agency for a joint cooperative ice hockey team with Pequannock Township High School. The school participates in co-op boys / girls swimming teams with Lakeland Regional High School as the host school. These co-op programs operate under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023--24 school year.
The school offers 28 varsity sports during the fall, winter, and spring seasons:
Fall sports offered are Cheerleading, Cross-Country (B&G), Field Hockey, Football, Gymnastics, Soccer (B&G), Tennis (G) and Volleyball (G).
Winter sports offered are Basketball (B&G), Bowling, Cheerleading, Dance Team, Fencing (B&G), Ice Hockey, Indoor Track and Field (B&G), Skiing (B&G) and Wrestling.
Spring sports offered are Baseball, Golf (B&G), Lacrosse (JV only), Outdoor Track and Field (B&G), Softball, Tennis (B) and Volleyball (B).
### Field hockey {#field_hockey}
The field hockey team won the North I Group IV state sectional championship in 1985 and the North I Group III title in 2011. In 2016 and 2017, the team won the Passaic County Tournament to become back-to-back county champions.
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# West Milford High School
## Athletics
### Softball
The Highlanders softball program has won nine Passaic County Tournament titles: in 1993, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011. The team has also won 24 conference championships (18 in the Northern Hills Conference, plus six in its predecessor, the Skyline Conference) and eight state sectional titles in North I, Group III and North I, Group IV. The softball team has won at least 20 games in 20 consecutive seasons. Varsity Head Coach Jim Dransfield retired in 2013 with a career record of 547-108 during his 23-year tenure, ranking him among the winningest coaches in the state and the winningest all-time in North Jersey. Dransfield became the winningest softball coach in North Jersey (Bergen and Passaic Counties) with a 6--1 win over Hawthorne High School, giving him 471 for his career and moving him past former Clifton High School coach Rich LaDuke for the most all-time.
The softball program has produced two of the top ten winningest pitchers in New Jersey history: Karin Kolatac (\'96) and Corinne Reiser (\'00), who won 79 and 87 games during their high school careers, respectively. Kolatac was an All-American in 1996 (FP Magazine, NFCA). The program also boasts two-time FP Magazine All-American catcher Jen Pawol (\'95) and DH Laura Remia (\'97), the all-time leading home run hitter in the history of NCAA Division III college softball.
In 2003, the softball team won the North I, Group IV state sectional championship, edging Clifton High School 1--0 in the tournament final. The 2004 team repeated the title, after a shift to Group III, with a 4--2 win over Ramapo High School.
In the 2007 season, the softball team won the Northern Hills-Skyline championship with a 2--1 win over Mount Saint Dominic Academy, and won the Passaic County championship with a 3--1 win over Clifton High School, the eventual state Group IV champions and the #2-ranked team in New Jersey in the final poll by *The Star-Ledger*. The Highlanders finished the season ranked #13, after reaching as high as #2 during the regular season.
The 2008 softball team was ranked first by *The Record* in its preseason poll for North Jersey. The team won its second-straight county title by capping off its tournament run with a 5--2 victory over Hawthorne High School, after the team defeated rival Lakeland Regional High School by a score of 11--0 in the semi-final round. The team has competed in the Mount Saint Dominic Academy Invitational tournament, and won the conference championship for the second-straight year, after beating Mount Saint Dominic Academy by a score of 4--0, Millburn High School by a score of 7--1, and Mount Saint Dominic Academy again by a score of 2--0. The team finished the season with a record of 22--8, making it the team\'s 19th consecutive 20-win season.
The 2009 softball team was ranked #3 by *The Record* in its preseason poll for North Jersey and was ranked as high as #2 in that poll. The team was ranked as high as #6 in the Star-Ledger Top 20 poll and won 20 games for the 20th consecutive season. The team finished with a record of 20--5.
### Boys\' basketball {#boys_basketball}
The Highlanders boys\' basketball team has won four conference titles, in 1973--74, 2003--04, 2007--08, and 2008--09, and has been to three sectional championship games, in 2005--06, 2007--08, and 2008--09. The 2003--04 team went 23--3, going 16--0 in conference play, and advanced to the state sectional semi-finals where they lost to Teaneck High School. The 2005--06 team advanced to the state sectional finals before losing to Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan by two points. The 2007--08 team finished with a 21--6 record and captured its third conference championship (12--2 conference record). It received the #1 seed in the state sectional tournament but lost to Wayne Valley High School in the sectional finals, 48--45. The 2008--09 team finished with a 20--7 record and captured its fourth conference championship overall and second in a row (12--2 conference record). The team made its second consecutive appearance in the sectional finals and third in four years, but lost to Teaneck High School 58--51 in overtime.
### Girls\' basketball {#girls_basketball}
The Highlanders girls\' basketball team defeated Washington Township High School by a score of 54-45 in the tournament final to win the Group IV state championship in 1995, before losing to top-seeded St. John Vianney High School by a score of 68--36 in the finals of the New Jersey Tournament of Champions.
### Boys\' cross country {#boys_cross_country}
The Highlanders boys\' cross country team was the Passaic County Championship winners in 2001, 2002, 2007 and 2017. The team won the North Jersey Group IV state sectional championship in 2001.
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# West Milford High School
## Athletics
### Girls\' cross country {#girls_cross_country}
The Highlanders girls\' cross country team won State titles from 2005 to 2008.
### Wrestling
The wrestling team won the North I Group IV state sectional title in 1996, 1997 and 2003.
The Highlanders wrestling program has won many conference, county and district championships. Most notable of the seasons was in 2001--2002, when longtime wrestling Coach Mike Blakely led the Highlanders to the Northern Hills Conference, Passaic County and state district championships. The following two seasons the Highlanders continued as Northern Hills Conference & Passaic County Champions (2002--2003, 2003--2004, 2005--2006). In the 2007--08 season, the Highlander wrestling team won the Passaic County Championship.
### Ice hockey {#ice_hockey}
The Highlanders ice hockey program has won the county championship in the 2001--02, 2003--04, and 2006--07 seasons. During the 2008--2009 season, the team won the Nardello Cup by defeating Nutley High School 2--0 in the championship game. In the 2009--2010 season, the team went the farthest into the state tournament in school history. The team defeated number one seed and 2009 state champions, Ramsey High School, by a score of 4--2. Starting in the 2018--19 season, West Milford High School and Pequannock Township High School play for a combined co-operative team.
### Football
The Highlanders football team went 10--1 in the 2003--04 season, making it to the state semi-finals before losing to Northern Valley Regional High School at Demarest. The team won the conference, going 9--0 in league play. This marked the second time in school history and the first time in 16 years the team won the conference. The most monumental win of the season came against the Delbarton School Green Wave, 28--15, a parochial powerhouse that hadn\'t lost a conference game in five years. Delbarton hadn\'t lost to West Milford since 1995. The team was led by the 2003 Passaic County defense of the year, which posted four shutouts, including three consecutive, and never gave up more than 18 points in a game.
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# West Milford High School
## Highlander Day {#highlander_day}
This school-wide carnival occurs annually at the end of the school year, from 11:30am until the end of the school day outside on the back field at West Milford High School. Booths are run by individual clubs and groups, with all students being invited to participate in the festivities. Some of the booth themes have included \"Win a Gold Fish\", a hot dog eating contest, a taco eating contest, a dunk tank, pie throwing, face painting, pictures with friends in costumes, and more. A local band played live throughout the afternoon\'s festivities in 2009. This event is coordinated and run by the Student Council with assistance from many other school clubs.
## Distinguished Scholars Recognition Awards Reception {#distinguished_scholars_recognition_awards_reception}
On April 20, 2009, the school and district administrators held the first annual Distinguished Scholars Recognition Awards Reception in the high school cafeteria. This event recognized the top fifteen ranked students in each of the four graduating classes in the high school
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# Yvonne Andersson
**Yvonne Andersson**, born 1951, is a Swedish Christian democratic politician. She was especially active in academic debates. She has been a member of the Riksdag from 1998 to 2014
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# Sven Brus
**Sven Brus** (born 1941) is a Swedish Christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag 2000--2006
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# Olle Sandahl
**Olle Sandahl**, born 1950, is a Swedish Christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag 2002--2006. Sandahl is a dentist
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# Franklin Nutting Parker
**Franklin Nutting Parker** (May 20, 1867 -- March 1, 1954) was the second dean of Candler School of Theology, serving from 1919 to 1937.
## General Biography {#general_biography}
Franklin Nutting Parker was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on May 20, 1867. He was the son of Bishop Linus Parker and Ellen Katherine Burruss Parker. He attended Centenary College of Louisiana and then Tulane University. Parker served in churches throughout Louisiana until 1911 when he left to become the professor of Biblical literature at Trinity College in Durham, North Carolina (now known as Duke University). He taught there for three years until he was sought by Bishop Warren A. Candler to come to the newly founded Candler School of Theology at Emory University, where Parker would spend the rest of his life. He occupied the chair of systematic theology from 1915 to 1918, and then became dean of the school in 1919. Parker served as dean until 1938 when he became dean emeritus. He continued teaching, however, until 1942.
Parker was married to Minnie Greeves Jones, and they had two daughters. Franklin N. Parker died on March 1, 1954, in Atlanta, Georgia.
## Emory University Candler School of Theology {#emory_university_candler_school_of_theology}
When Dean Durham resigned in November 1918, the chair was held for a month by Dean Howard. Dr. Parker became Dean on January 1, 1919, and served in that position until June 1937 (he was 71 years old). Like Dean Durham before him, he remained an active member of the faculty until his retirement in 1942 at 81 years of age.
In 1918, the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South elected Dr. Parker a bishop. He declined. In 1922 he would not allow his name to be put into nomination for bishop, as he preferred to remain working as Dean.
In 1920, Dr. Parker served as Acting Chancellor after Warren A. Candler asked to resign and then as Acting President when Bishop Candler reluctantly resumed the chancellorship for a period of time. In the fall of 1920, Dr. Harvey Warner Cox assumed the office of president for the University.
### Controversies
Tensions had existed in the Durham administration of Candler School of Theology, but they became a crucial problem for Dean Parker. The liberal leanings of the school and faculty were well known in the institutional church. The church\'s suspicions of Candler were based primarily on the theological liberalism of Professors Sledd, Smart and Shelton. These professors were committed to a historical critical approach to the Bible (commonly known as higher criticism).
### Franklin N. Parker Chair {#franklin_n._parker_chair}
Methodist ministers in the Southeastern Jurisdiction of the church created an endowment fund for a named professorship in 1940. The title of Franklin N. Parker Chair was first given in 1953. The following faculty have held the Parker Chair:
Mack B. Stokes, Systematic Theology: 1953-1972
Charles Gerkin, Pastoral Theology: 1970-1992
Don E. Saliers, Theology and Worship: 1997-2000
John H. Hayes, Hebrew Bible: 2006-2007
David L. Peterson, Hebrew Bible: 2009-2010
John R. Snarey, Human Development and Ethics: 2014--present
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# Georges Corm
**Georges Corm** (*جورج قرم*;`{{ltr}}`{=mediawiki} 1940 -- 14 August 2024) was a Lebanese economist. He served as minister of finance in the government of Salim Hoss from 1998 to 2000.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Corm was born to parents of Lebanese, Syrian and Palestinian descent. He studied at the Institut d\'études politiques de Paris (1958--1961) where he graduated in Public Finance and has also a PhD from Paris University in Constitutional Law (1969).`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
His books have been translated into several languages. In 2018, he was the recipient of the Prix de l\'essai for his work *La Nouvelle Question d'Orient*.`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Corm died in Beirut on 14 August 2024, at the age of 84
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# Roger Carcassonne
**Roger Carcassonne-Leduc** (12 January 1911 in Marnia -- 10 December 1991 in Paris, France) was a member of the French Resistance.
A French industrialist in Oran, he served as a second lieutenant with the 8th Regiment. Sent to Tunisia, at the time of the armistice he appeared in front of the military justice for having posted and distributed the texts of the call of June 18 from General Charles de Gaulle.
## Foundation of Oran Resistance {#foundation_of_oran_resistance}
Transferred with his unit to Oran, Carcassonne was demobilized on 28 August 1940. He sought immediately, with his brother Pierre Carcassonne, to go to Great Britain via Gibraltar. But this was in vain, because the Vichy French police and naval service were very observant. Severe judgments rained down on those who were arrested trying to escape.
He then organized, with the help of his brother Pierre and some friends, including Captain Louis Jobelot, a group which was devoted to producing discreet propaganda and tried to gather everyone possible.
In March 1941, in Oran, Captain Jobelot introduced him to Henri d\'Astier de la Vigerie, an officer in the *Deuxième Bureau* of the Armistice Army, with whom he immediately sympathized. After some interviews, the two men decided to create a movement, and intended to gather all those who wanted to fight against the Germans.
## Co-operation with the Algiers resistance {#co_operation_with_the_algiers_resistance}
Roger and Pierre Carcassonne continued recruiting resistance fighters and coordinating resistance forces and intelligence agents.
In August 1941, in Algiers, Carcassonne met his cousin José Aboulker, a medical student, who had begun resistance in September 1940. The two men decided to keep up to date with their activities, but without combining their respective organizations.
Carcassonne in Oran (under the pseudonym of Leduc) and Aboulker in Algiers continued their activities, which were centred on forming an armed group and military and civilian information centres. They did not engage in propaganda, considering it to have little effect but likely to draw the attention of the Vichy authorities.
In 1942, Carcassonne sent his brother to Algiers to introduce Aboulker to d\'Astier de la Vigerie. He also dealt with the expenses of the Oran group and financed the organization of the resistance for all North Africa
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# Chatrine Pålsson Ahlgren
**Chatrine Britt Louise Pålsson Ahlgren** (born 22 June 1947) is a Swedish Christian Democratic politician. She was a member of the Riksdag from 1991 to 2009
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# Dover High School (New Jersey)
**Dover High School** is a four-year public high school located in Dover in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades and operating as the lone secondary school of the Dover School District.
The high school serves students from Victory Gardens, which has been consolidated into the Dover School District since 2010. Students from Mine Hill Township attend the high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship.
As of the 2023--24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,176 students and 90.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student--teacher ratio of 13.0:1. There were 413 students (35.1% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 192 (16.3% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
## History
Dover High School had served students from Denville Township, Hanover Township, Hopatcong, Jefferson Township, Randolph and Rockaway Township, before those districts terminated their sending/receiving relationships and either created their own high schools or established relationships with other receiving districts.
Students from Jefferson Township and Randolph left the school after Randolph High School opened in September 1961.
## Awards, recognition and rankings {#awards_recognition_and_rankings}
In September 2013, the school was one of 15 in New Jersey to be recognized by the United States Department of Education as part of the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program, an award called the \"most prestigious honor in the United States\' education system\" and which Education Secretary Arne Duncan described as schools that \"represent examples of educational excellence\".
The school was the 238th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine\'s September 2014 cover story on the state\'s \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 223rd in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 220th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 215th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 229th in the magazine\'s September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school 172nd out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (an increase of 89 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (85.2%) and language arts literacy (88.8%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
U.S. News released the 2023-2024 Rankings in which Dover High School was ranked #3,363 nationally. At the New Jersey state level, they were ranked #138 and #343 in the NYC Metro Area High Schools.
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
Dover High School offers many extracurricular activities after school. Below is a list of some of the activities available:
- Key Club
- Tigers For Charity
- Botball
- History Club
- Dover Debate
- Fall Play
- Spring Musical
- Drama Club
- Perfect Step
- Latin Mix
- Chess Club
- Jazz Band
- Marching Band
- Tigers In Christ
- Bowling Club
- Student Council
- Interact Club
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# Dover High School (New Jersey)
## Athletics
The Dover High School Tigers compete in the Northwest Jersey Athletic Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, and was established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Prior to the 2010 realignment, the school had participated in the Hills division of the Iron Hills Conference, an athletic conference that included high schools located in Essex, Morris and Union counties. With 762 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019--20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Ivy White division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation\'s biggest football-only high school sports league. The football team is one of the 12 programs assigned to the two Ivy divisions starting in 2020, which are intended to allow weaker programs ineligible for playoff participation to compete primarily against each other. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group IV North for football for 2024--2026, which included schools with 893 to 1,315 students.
The boys cross country team won the Group III state championship in 1946-1949.
The football team won the NJSIAA North II Group II state sectional championship in 1984, 1992 and 1996. Down early by a score of 14-0, the 1984 team came back with four touchdowns to defeat Warren Hills Regional High School by a score of 26-17 to win the North II Group II championship game and finish the season with a record of 8-3.
The boys\' wrestling team won the North II Group II state sectional championship in 1988.
In 2002, the boys\' soccer team won the North II, Group II state sectional championship, defeating Parsippany High School 1-0 in the tournament final. In 2017 they also won the North II, Group II state sectional championship, defeating Harrison High School 3-0 in the tournament final. In the process making school history by making it to the Group II state final for the first time, ultimately losing to Holmdel High School 4-1 at Kean University.
## Administration
The acting principal is Michael McAuley, whose core administration team includes the vice principal and the athletic director.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Kathleen Clark, playwright.
- Wilbur Lansing (1929--2000), baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues who played with the Newark/Houston Eagles from 1947 to 1950.
- Ben Loory (born 1971), short fiction writer.
- Jacque MacKinnon (1938-1975, class of 1957), American football tight end who played professionally for the San Diego Chargers and the Oakland Raiders.
- Gloria Montealegre, former television reporter for New Jersey Network and former deputy press secretary for ex-New Jersey Governor Jon S. Corzine.
- David Thorburn (class of 1958), scholar and writer, who is a Professor of Literature and Media Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Edgar Tillyer (1881--1970), astronomer, computer and lens designer who was the director of research at the American Optical Company.
- Shirley Turner (born 1941, class of 1960), politician who has represented the 15th Legislative District in the New Jersey Senate since 1998
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# John Ryder, 5th Earl of Harrowby
**John Herbert Dudley Ryder, 5th Earl of Harrowby** (22 August 1864 -- 30 March 1956), briefly known as **Viscount Sandon** from March to December 1900, was a British hereditary peer and Conservative Member of Parliament.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Harrowby was the son of Henry Ryder, 4th Earl of Harrowby and Susan Juliana Maria Hamilton Dent.\<ref name=Debrett `{{harv|Hesilrige|1921|page=}}`{=mediawiki}/\> He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge.
## Career
In 1898 Harrowby was elected to the House of Commons for Gravesend, a seat he held until 1900 when he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords.
From 1927 to 1948 Harrowby held the honorary post of Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire. He worked at Coutts bank, was a Deputy Lieutenant (DL) for Staffordshire and lieutenant of the Staffordshire Yeomanry.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
In 1887 Harrowby married Mabel Danvers Smith, daughter of William Henry Smith (of the W H Smith bookseller family) and his wife Emily Danvers Smith, 1st Viscountess Hambleden. They had four children:
- Lady Frances Ryder (7 August 1888 - ?)
- Mary Alice Ryder (2 August 1889 - 17 September 1889)
- Dudley Ryder, 6th Earl of Harrowby (11 October 1892 - 7 May 1987)
- Alice Margaret Ryder (26 November 1898 - 18 April 1899)
Mabel, Countess of Harrowby was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1919. She died on 27 March 1956.
## Death
Lord Harrowby died on 30 March 1956, only three days after his wife, at the age of 91. He was succeeded in the earldom and other titles by his only son, Dudley
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# Johnny Gylling
**Johnny Gylling** is a Swedish Christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag 1998--2006. He is the owner of a consulting business, GE 99 (Good Enterprise 99 AB).
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Sven Johnny Gylling was born March 25, 1956 in Nättraby parish, Blekinge county (located in south-eastern Götaland and whose city of residence is Karlskrona),
### Education
1976: Theological education, 2-year Mariannelunds Folk High-school.
1980: Truck mechanic 2-year vocational school, Ronneby AMU.
1986: IT systems analyst/programmer 60 hp at the University of Växjö
1990: Basic economy for enterprises 22,5 hp at the University of Karlskrona/Ronneby.
1996: studied Project management at [Wenell](https://www.wenell.se/en/) and Negotiations at [Almega](https://www.almega.se/in-english/).
1997: Personal leadership, Leadership Management International.
2000 - 2013: Studied Business English.
2011: Corporate Social Responsibility (ISO26000) 7,5 hp in the Luleå University of Technology
2019: Certified Board Director and Sustainability Course (Swedish Academy of Board Directors).
### Career
1972--1986: Held jobs as a bus driver, truck mechanic, youth pastor, and storage worker.
1986--1989: He worked as a systems analyst/programmer in Karlskronavarvet.
1989--1996: Programmer/systems analyst at Sema Group, Ronneby.
1996--1998: Manager of consultants at Sema Group, Ronneby.
1998--2006: Participated in the Transport Committee while a member of the Swedish Parliament.
2007--2014: Coordinated CSR and government relations for Telenor Sweden.
2014 -- Present: CSR and sustainability advisor at [GE](https://www.ge99.se/about-ge99/?lang=en)(owner and consultant).
### Positions held {#positions_held}
Gylling was group leader and part-time municipal councilor in Karlskrona municipality 1992 -- 1995.
He was a regular Member of Parliament 1998--2006. In the Riksdag, he was a member of the traffic committee 1998--2006.
In 2006, he was the government\'s investigator into the parking legislation.
Sven Johnny Gylling is an author, and he\'s published notable articles like, In the Corridors of Power -- A handbook for new parliamentarians, Proposals for a new parking regulation SOU, Article in "e-guide for parliamentarians", The Hansard Society.
### Awards
2018 Mentor of the Year in Blekinge - Nyföretagarcentrum
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# Peter Knowles
**Peter Knowles** (born 30 September 1945) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. He spent his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers, where he became a popular player, scoring around 101 goals in all competitions. He voluntarily ended his football career in 1970 after he became a Jehovah\'s Witness. He is the son of rugby league player Cyril Knowles, and the younger brother of fellow professional footballer Cyril Knowles.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
Knowles was born in Fitzwilliam, West Riding of Yorkshire, into a family which was originally Rugby league-oriented, as his father played for Wakefield Trinity. However, the main sport in the family quickly changed to football as he and his brother, Cyril Knowles, proved to have significant football talent. Peter\'s talent was spotted by Wath Wanderers, a feeder team which trained youth players primarily for Wolverhampton Wanderers. In 1961, aged 16, Knowles spent a year with the youth outfit, playing under supervision from Wath\'s coach, Mark Crook. Knowles quickly caught the attention of Wolves, who in 1962 signed the 17-year-old on a six-year contract.
### Wolverhampton Wanderers {#wolverhampton_wanderers}
The Wolves side he joined was just starting to slip from their position towards the top of English football. Therefore, manager Stan Cullis gave him his debut early in the 1963--64 season, in a victory over Leicester City. He scored his first goal a game later, against Bolton Wanderers in a 2--2 draw.
In the 1964--65 season, Wolves were relegated in last-but-one place. However, it was that season which saw Knowles emerge as a top class footballer. The teenager finished the season with six goals and set up many others. Despite his good form for Wolves, he was disappointed at the relegation and asked for a transfer. This request was rejected, allowing Knowles to build upon his success at Wolves. The departure of Stan Cullis, the man who originally gave Knowles his chance, was a factor in his request to leave Molineux. Andy Beattie took over as care-taker manager but was himself sacked after a 9-3 humiliation to Southampton in September 1965 when the position was given to Ronnie Allen who\'d joined the coaching staff in the close season.
In the 1965--66 season, it quickly became apparent that Knowles was a notch above just about everyone else playing in the Second Division. Among a handful of goals, he scored two hat-tricks early on in the season against Carlisle United and Derby County, making him the top scorer for the club by some way. His good form was interrupted however, as he endured the first big injury of his career. Despite missing a number of games, he managed to finish the season with 19 goals. Frustratingly for Knowles, Wolves did not manage to gain promotion that season, condemning him to another season of Second Division football. He remained at Molineux, and in the 1966--67 season Wolves finished runners-up in the Second Division and achieved promotion to the First Division.
On his return to the First Division, he suffered from injury problems once again, only managing 21 appearances and eight goals. Later on in that season however, Knowles was compensated with a call up to the Under-23 England team.
In a move by FIFA to raise awareness of \"soccer\" in the United States, a mini-league was held in which various teams from Britain went to America to represent different states. Wolves represented Los Angeles, and Knowles featured in the side as they went on to win their league. The 21-year-old Knowles scored several goals in the tournament.
The 1967--68 season brought about a new strike partner for Knowles, in the form of Derek \"The Doog\" Dougan. Knowles, now an established performer, performed well in the top flight with Dougan, managing to narrowly avoid relegation. Knowles, amongst the Wolves\' scorers behind Dougan with 17 and ahead of Frank Wignall who was hired from Nottingham with nine goals, managed 12 goals during the season, which led to the 22-year-old receiving three more Under-23 international caps. With the 1970 World Cup in Mexico quickly approaching, Knowles sought a move away from Wolves. His request was once again rejected by manager Allen.
In the 1968--69 season, Wolves finished 16th in the table, Knowles being second best scorer of the club behind Dougan with 11 goals. In the summer which followed, Knowles once again travelled to the United States to play in a promotional league. This time, Wolves represented Kansas City. Knowles scored five in the tournament, helping Wolves to its second state-side victory.
### Retirement
Upon his return to Britain, Knowles made an announcement which saw his career take a dramatic and unexpected turn. He became a Jehovah\'s Witness, and in his own words, \"I shall continue playing football for the time being but I have lost my ambition. Though I still do my best on the field I need more time to learn about the Bible and may give up football.\" Despite this, Wolves got the 1969--70 season off to a great start, winning the first four matches, Knowles scoring in the first three of them. Two home draws and an away defeat in Coventry followed. The eighth game of the season, a 3--3 draw at home against Nottingham Forest, was the last game that Knowles ever played.
Knowles was now retired from football, and the dream of winning a full England cap would never be fulfilled. But a succession of Wolves managers held out the hope that Knowles might one day return to the game, and he remained on contract at the club for the next 12 years. In 1982, however, new manager Graham Hawkins conceded that Knowles would never return, and promptly terminated the 36-year-old\'s contract.
In 1991 folk musician Billy Bragg released the song \"God\'s Footballer\" which many saw as a direct reference to Knowles. The song appeared on Bragg\'s album *Don\'t Try This at Home*.
Following his retirement from football Knowles worked as a milkman, a window cleaner and in the warehouse of Marks & Spencer. Knowles has consistently stated that he never regretted giving up football
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# Kenneth Lantz
**Kenneth Lantz** (born 1949) is a Swedish Christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag 1991-1994 and again 1998--2006.
Kenneth Lantz first studied the Swedish law and later worked for an insurance company in Sweden
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# Tuve Skånberg
**Tuve Martin Hugo Skånberg von Beetzen** (born 9 April 1956) is a Swedish Christian Democratic politician, member of the Swedish Riksdag from 1991 to 2006 and again from 2010 to 2022. Skånberg is Doctor of Theology of Lund University (2003) and a minister of the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden (1980). He was President by age from 1 January 2020 until he left parliament on 26 September 2022.
Skånberg has a conservative Christian Democratic political profile. Among his more than 500 bills to the Swedish Riksdag, some have been considered controversial, as Riksdag bills against gay marriage and homosexual adoption, for the banning of blasphemy and for \"nondiscrimination\" of creationism in Swedish schools and in admission to graduate school.
Skånberg has been a visiting fellow at Cambridge University (2001), a visiting scholar at Jesus College, Cambridge (2001), a distinguished professor in history at Graduate Theological Union (2006), a visiting scholar at Stanford University (2006), an adjunct associate professor of church history at Fuller Theological Seminary (2006/2007, 2010), a guest professor in patristic at Saint Petersburg Evangelical Academy (2007), and director of the Clapham Institute (2008).
## Publications
- *Sövestads by och dess gamla fogdesläkt* (1991)
- *\"Till enn nådigh Lösen\", Måns Bonde till Traneberg och konflikten med Gustav Vasa* (2001)
- *Glömda gudstecken. Från fornkyrklig dopliturgi till allmogens bomärken* (2003) [1](http://www.lub.lu.se/luft/diss/the_64/the_64_transit.html)
- *I maktens korridorer. Handbok för nyblivna riksdagsledamöter* (2006), coauthor Johnny Gylling)[2](http://seahawks
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# Lars Gustafsson (politician)
**Lars Gustafsson** (born 1951) is a Swedish Christian democratic politician and member of the Riksdag since 1998
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# Per Landgren
**Per Landgren** (born 1958) is a Swedish Christian Democratic politician, member of the Swedish parliament (Riksdag) 1998--2006. Landgren was a member of the financial committee of the Riksdag until 2002 and of the fiscal committee between 2002 and 2006. He is also pursuing a doctorate in History of ideas at University of Gothenburg.
Landgren questions the theory of evolution. He has edited an anthology on \"science, evolution, creation, belief\" and has written articles for the Swedish creationist magazine *Genesis*. In 2005 he sponsored a Riksdag bill to teach \"biological questions of origin\" in philosophy class instead of biology class
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# Bolton Hockey Club
**Bolton Hockey Club** is a Men's, Ladies and Juniors Field Hockey Club Based in Greater Manchester, England.
## About
It has over 180 members of which approximately 140 are playing members. This includes players from the 3 Men\'s Teams, 3 Ladies Teams, 6 Junior Teams ranging from U11 to U18 boys and Girl's, 1 mix team, a Veterans Team and also some touring sides made up from various members from any team as required.
Bolton Hockey Club was the 2nd Club in Greater Manchester to be awarded the Clubs1st and Clubmark Awards.
## International players {#international_players}
One of Bolton Hockey Club\'s former members, Andy Bull, was on the England national squad for 2009/2010 and Great Britain Team for the Men's Four Nations Tournament. The team currently has a Junior England International playing for the club
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# Nite City
**Nite City** (Also known as **Ray Manzarek\'s Nite City**) was an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1977 by former Doors member Ray Manzarek. The band consisted of lead singer Noah James, bassist Nigel Harrison who later achieved greater success as a member of Blondie, guitarist Paul Warren, drummer Jimmy Hunter and keyboardist Ray Manzarek. The group recorded and released two studio albums in 1977 and 1978 and one live album in 1977 on the 20th Century Record label. The band\'s music sold poorly and the group failed to acquire any sales or following. Soon after the release of their second studio album, *Golden Days Diamond Nights*, which was released only in West Germany, Nite City disbanded.
## Band members {#band_members}
- Ray Manzarek -- keyboards & vocals
- Jimmy Hunter -- drums & vocals
- Noah James -- lead vocals (debut album only)
- Nigel Harrison -- bass
- Paul Warren -- guitar & vocals
## Discography
- *Nite City* (*1977*)
- *Starwood Club, Los Angeles
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# Annelie Enochson
**Annelie Enochson** (born 29 October 1953) is a Swedish Christian Democratic politician and architect. She has been a member of the Riksdag since 2000. In the Riksdag, she has been part of the former Committee on Housing (2000--2002), the Committee on the Labour Market and the Committee on European Union Affairs (2002--2006). She also served as a regular member of the OSCE-delegation between 2002--2006 and is now a deputy member. After the election 2006, Annelie is her party\'s spokeswoman in traffic-related issues and a regular member of the Committee on the Transport and Communications. She also continues to serve in the OSCE-delegation.
The political focus of Annelie Enochson is concentrated to three issues; freedom of speech and religion in Sweden and internationally, compassion for the less fortunate, and the local issues of Gothenburg and its progress.
With a background in Gothenburg and the local development of the city, Enochson has several times by motions and interpellations pointed out the infrastructural jams that interfere with the growth of the city.
Through her international experiences, Enochson has in close proximity felt the consequences of the lack of freedoms in religion and speech. The parliamentary work of Enochson has repeatedly addressed these issues in countries like Turkey, Belarus, Iraq and the surrounding Middle East as a region.
Minorities in China were given much media when Enochson nominated the Uighur champion of human rights Rebeiya Kadéer for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. In April 2008, Enochson hosted a visit by Kadéer that rendered much attention in the Swedish media. Enochson is also a known friend of Israel and chairwoman of the chapter of the Sweden-Israel Friendship Association in West Sweden. In May 2008 Enochson was awarded the Jerusalem-price by the World Zionist Federation for her work in support of the nation of Israel.
Enochson put forth a motion on "Abducted Children" in the Parliament in 2006. Her motion described how children in custody battles are kidnapped by their parents and brought abroad
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# Rosita Runegrund
**Rosita Runegrund** (born 1947) is a Swedish Christian Democratic politician. She has been a member of the Riksdag since 1998. Rosita also sits on the Executive Committee of AWEPA
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# Ingemar Vänerlöv
**Ingemar Vänerlöv** (born 1944) is a Swedish Christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag from 1998 to 2010
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# Sir Anthony Abdy, 5th Baronet
**Sir Anthony Thomas Abdy, 5th Baronet**, KC (c. 1720 -- 7 April 1775) was a British barrister and Whig politician.
## Family
He was the eldest son of Sir William Abdy, 4th Baronet (of the 1641 creation), and his wife Mary Stotherd, daughter of Philip Stotherd. Abdy was educated at Felsted School and went then to St John\'s College, Cambridge. On 13 August 1747, Abdy married Catherine Hamilton, daughter of John Hamilton of Chancery Lane. Their wedding was held in St Paul\'s Cathedral in London. In 1750, he succeeded his father as baronet and in 1759, also inherited the estates of Sir John Abdy, 4th Baronet, the great-grandchild of the brother of his great-grandfather. These estates included Albyns, in Stapleford Abbotts, Essex, which he made his home.
Abdy suffered from gout in his last years, and died of it in 1775. Having no children, Abdy was succeeded in the baronetcy by his younger brother William. The Albyns estate passed to his nephew, Thomas Abdy Rutherforth (1755--98) and his other property, including Chobham Place in Surrey, to William.
## Political career {#political_career}
Abdy was admitted to Lincoln\'s Inn in 1738 and was called to the Bar after six years. He managed the estates of Sackville Tufton, 7th Earl of Thanet, and was adviser to Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. In June 1749, Abdy was one of the witnesses to the marriage of David Garrick and Eva Maria Veigel, along with the Countess of Burlington. In 1758, he became a bencher and in 1765 he was appointed a King\'s Counsel.
In 1763, Sir Henry Slingsby, 5th Baronet died and Abdy, with the support of William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Burlington\'s son-in-law, stood as Member of Parliament (MP) for Knaresborough, a seat he held until his death in 1775
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# Wisconsin International University College
**Wisconsin International University College, Ghana** is a private university in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. It was established in January 2000 and is accredited by the National Accreditation Board as a university college and affiliated to the University of Ghana, University of Cape Coast, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology and University for Development Studies.
## History
In 1992, Wisconsin International University was established. The first campus was established in Tallinn, Estonia as Concordia International University Estonia. In 1997, Wisconsin International University Ukraine was founded in Kyiv.
### Campuses
There are currently three campuses:
- Accra Campus at Agbogba, North Legon
- Kumasi Campus at Feyiase - Atonsu - Lake Road
### Organization
There are currently Five schools and two faculties within the university.
### Programs
- Undergraduate
- Postgraduate
- Certificate (Short Courses)
## Undergraduate program {#undergraduate_program}
### Wisconsin Business School {#wisconsin_business_school}
Department of General Business Studies
- BA Business Studies, General Business
Department of Management Studies
- BA Business Studies, Human Resource Management
- BA Business Studies, Marketing
Department of Accounting, Finance and Banking
- BA Business Studies, Banking and Finance
- BA Business Studies, Accounting
- BSc. Accounting
### School of Computing Technology {#school_of_computing_technology}
Department of Business Computing
- BA Computer Science and Management
- BSc. Management and Computer Studies
Department of Information Technology
- BSc. Information Technology
- Diploma - Information Technology
### School of Nursing {#school_of_nursing}
Department of Nursing
- BSc Nursing
- BSc Midwifery
- BSc Public Health Nursing
### School of Communication {#school_of_communication}
- BA Communication Studies - *Specializations in Journalism (Broadcast, Print and Online)*
- BA Music
### Faculty of Law {#faculty_of_law}
- Bachelor of Laws (LL.B)
### Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences {#faculty_of_humanities_and_social_sciences}
Department of Language, Arts and Communication Studies
Department of Social Sciences
- BA Development and Environmental Studies
- BSc. Economics
## Postgraduate program: School of Research and Graduate Studies {#postgraduate_program_school_of_research_and_graduate_studies}
- **MA Adult Education -** Options in Rural and Community Development/Human Resource Development
- **MBA -** Options in Finance/ Project Management/ Human Resource Management/ Marketing/ Accounting/ Management Information Systems
- **MSc** in Environmental Sustainability and Management
- **MSc** Logistics and Supply Chain Management
- **MSc** International Relations
## Certificate/short courses {#certificateshort_courses}
- Professional Diploma in Functional and Advanced Investigations
- Diploma in Information Technology
- Certificate in Paralegal Studies
- Executive Certificate in Security Management, Forensics and Investigative Management
- Advanced Executive Certificate in Security Management, Forensics and Investigative Management
- Certificate in Music
- Certificate in Sign Language
- Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety Management
- Certificate in Christian Formation Leadership.
## Library
The University currently has the following libraries:
- Main Campus Library
- Faculty of Law Library
- Nursing Library
- Kumasi Campus Library
## Affiliations
- Wisconsin International University [Homepage](http://www.wiuc-ghana.edu.gh/)
- University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast
- University of Ghana
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
- University for Development Studies
## Nationalities represented {#nationalities_represented}
Currently, the institution hosts students of over 30 nationalities and speaking 20 languages from across Africa, Asia and the U.S
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# Pallid scops owl
\| genus = Otus \| species = brucei \| authority = (Hume, 1872) \| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies \| subdivision = *O.b. brucei*\
*O.b. obsoletus*\
*O.b. semenowi*\
*O.b. exiguus* }} The **pallid scops owl** (***Otus brucei***) is a small scops owl ranging from the Middle East to west and central Asia, sometimes called the **striated scops owl**.
## Description
The pallid scops owl is a small-eared owl similar in appearance to the Eurasian scops owl but with more distinct streaks on the back and less intricate markings.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The pallid scops owl ranges from the Middle East to west and central Asia, with some populations migrating as far as the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, and Pakistan in the winter. It inhabits semi-open country with trees and bushes and has an estimated range of 6,190,000 km2 during the breeding season and 3,560,000 km2 in the nonbreeding season.
in 2015, a new population of over 400 pairs was found in the Rift Valley, Israel and in 2016 more pairs and nests were found in Jordan (east to the Jordan River), all nesting in palm plantations.
There have been many records from the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan in India, and a single record of this species from paddyfields in the southern state of Kerala.
## Behavior
### Diet
Primarily an insectivore, the pallid scops owl\'s diet includes insects, lizards, spiders, and small mammals. It occasionally hunts during the day, and has been known to take bats and insects on the wing.
### Nesting
Breeding takes place any time between April and June, where 4 to 6 eggs are laid in a tree cavity, such as a woodpecker hole. Incubation takes approximately 27 days, and the juveniles are fledged at 30 days.
### Voice
The pallid scops owl\'s call is a series of low, hollow, dove-like notes
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# Colin Harper
**Colin Harper** (born 1968, in Belfast) is an Irish non-fiction author and composer.
## Background
Harper was born in Belfast and graduated in Modern History 1989 from Queen\'s University, Belfast, later acquiring a postgraduate diploma in Information Management from Queen\'s University (1997) and a PhD in Cultural Studies from the University of Sunderland (2014). Between 1994 and 2001 he was a professional freelance journalist. For Belfast newspaper Irish News he wrote features on unsigned local bands and famous bands on tour. In the same period he wrote features and reviewed regularly for popular music magazines such as Q and Mojo. He also contributed both theatre and music reviews to *The Irish Times*.
Harper became a regular writer of liner notes for compilations of folk, acoustic and prog-rock artists appearing on record labels including Windsong, Demon, Castle, Hux and Snapper. His long-time admiration of Bert Jansch led to his biography of Jansch, *Dazzling Stranger* (its title taken from a song by Alan Tunbridge). This was launched at the Edinburgh International Book Festival. He followed up the book release by being the driving force behind the tribute album *People on the Highway: A Bert Jansch Encomium* (Market Square, 2000). He also contributed to the Jansch documentary *Dreamweaver* on Channel 4 in 2000. An updated edition of *Dazzling Stranger* was released in 2006 including a foreword by The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr. It was further updated in 2011, with a new Afterword by Pete Paphides.
Harper had a sabbatical in the public sector between 2001 and 2011. He continued to contribute to magazines, mainly for Mojo and Record Collector, until 2007. During this time he published one more book, *Seaside Rock* (2003), a small monograph on pop music in North Down in the 60s, and co-wrote *Irish Folk, Trad and Blues: A Secret History* (with Trevor Hodgett, 2004 and 2005).
In support of the charity World Wide Fund for Nature Harper organised two benefit compilation albums: *The Wildlife Album* (2004) and *Live In Hope: The Wildlife Album 2* (2005). His other annotated CD compilations include the collected works of Atomic Rooster and Andy Roberts. *Freedom & The Dream Penguin*, a collection of his songs -- fronted by guest vocalists including Judy Dyble, Alison O\'Donnell, Janet Holmes, Paul Casey and Brian Houston -- was released in 2008, credited to The Field Mouse Conspiracy. An album of original instrumental compositions, *Titanium Flag*, was self-released in 2010.
Escaping from the public sector in December 2011, Harper threw himself back into creative mode, beginning work on *Bathed in Lightning: John McLaughlin, the 60s and the Emerald Beyond*, his biography of guitarist John McLaughlin (up to 1975) in the context of London\'s musical scenes (jazz, R&B, free improvisation, pop session work) in the 1960s. The book was published by Jawbone Press in 2015, pre-launched with a music and speech podcast event with a live audience at Belfast\'s RedBox Studios, involving Irish jazz personality/BBC NI broadcaster Linley Hamilton, Horslips member/RTE broadcaster Jim Lockhart and various local jazz, blues, bluegrass and pop musicians. Unusually, the ebook edition added nearly 100,000 words of extra content to the 215,000-word print edition, with the ebook content also published as a stand-alone ebook for a nominal price at Harper\'s behest.
Two further books followed, written simultaneously, in 2015. *The Wheels of The World: 300 Years of Irish Uilleann Pipers* (Jawbone Press, 2015) is a 250,000-word history of the Irish pipes told through detailed chapters on some of its greatest players, going back to the early 1700s. It was written in collaboration with international recording artist/piper John McSherry. The book was promoted with articles in *fRoots* and the *Irish Times*, and by a number of live events at festivals, concerts and bookshops in Ireland in mid to late 2015, and radio sessions on BBC NI and RTE including an edition of *Arena* helmed by Jim Lockhart. *Eyes Wide Open: True Tales of a Wishbone Ash Warrior* (Jawbone Press, 2015) was published with a month of the piping book in October 2015, written by guitarist/vocalist Andy Powell in close collaboration with Harper. It was launched with an onstage Q&A at Wishbone Ash\'s annual AshCon event in Chesterfield in November 2015.
Other creative activity in the 2012--15 period included extensive booklets for the RPM record label\'s celebrations of the work of 1960s--70s British folk and jazz producer Peter Eden: *The Eve Folk Recordings* (RPM, 2014) 2-CD set and *Turtle Records: Pioneering British Jazz 1970--71* (RPM, 2015), a 3-CD box set with 17,000 word perfect-bound booklet, including interviews with Eden and many of his artists -- Howard Riley, Barry Guy, Mike Cooper, Mike Gibbs, Norma Winstone, John Taylor and others. Harper was also involved in the reissue, including booklet essay, of another 1970 Peter Eden production, guitarist Chris Spedding\'s *Songs Without Words* (Hux, 2015), and also annotated a 4CD Wishbone Ash box *Road Works* (Talking Elephant, 2016) in this period. In March 2016 Harper\'s mostly instrumental album *Sunset Cavaliers*, widely reviewed in Brirtish music journals (*Mojo, Uncut, Prog, R2, Choice, Record Collector)*, was released by Market Square Records. A homage to the musical soundworlds and time period Harper chronicles most often in his writing, the album featured guest appearances from many of his recent and past collaborators -- John McSherry (uilleann pipes), Chris Spedding, Andy Powell, Bert Jansch (guitars), Linley Hamilton (flugelhorn), and Duffy Power (harmonica/vocal) among others. Harper had been asked to write three obituaries on Power -- whom he regards as one of the unsung greats of the 1960s -- in February 2014, for *The Guardian*, *Mojo* and *Record Collector.*
During the first quarter of 2016, Harper focused on curating for Hux Records, as the label\'s 150th release, *Spirits From Another Time: 1969-71* a 2-CD set of unreleased studio material by multicultural British rock band Quintessence. Material was licensed from Universal, digitised at Abbey Road Studios, and mixed and mastered by Cormac O\'Kane with Harper at RedBox Studios, Belfast. Original members Phil \'Shiva\' Jones and Dave \'Maha Dev\' Codling contributed new parts to three tracks at studios in Leeds, UK and Woodstock, USA, and the set includes an 11,000 word essay. The album is the sixth Quintessence project Harper has worked on with Hux, other releases including *Cosmic Energy: Live At St Pancras 1970* (2009), *Infinite Love: Live at Queen Elizabeth Hall 1971* (2009) and *Rebirth: Live At Glastonbury 2010* (2011).
From August 2015, Harper has primarily been working as an academic proofreader, with his own business Belfast Proofreading. He continues to be involved in musical projects of his own, occasional writing, and occasional reissue projects. In 2017 he self-published \'Echoes From Then: Glimpses of John McLaughlin 1959-75\', a companion volume to \'Bathed in Lightning\' comprising material omitted from the parent volume along with substantial new research, including 10,000 words on McLaughlin\'s first professional band, Big Pete Deuchar & the Professors of Ragtime (1959-60).
Since 2019, alongside proofreading, Harper has been increasingly involved in curating vintage music box sets for various labels - Repertoire, Madfish, Cherry Red and Earth. Examples include exhaustive \'Live at the BBC\' sets by Colosseum, the Pretty Things and Nucleus for Repertoire. In late 2021, he began a collaborative album recording project with Ardboe, Co. Tyrone, singer Breige Devlin, featuring an array of Irish musicians.
Examples of his journalism can be found at subscription website Rock\'s Backpages
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# Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
The **lieutenant governor of Louisiana** (*Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Louisiane*; *Vicegobernador de Luisiana*) is the second highest state office in Louisiana. The current lieutenant governor is Billy Nungesser, a Republican. The lieutenant governor is also the commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism.
Paul J. Hardy, who served from 1988 to 1992, was the first Republican to be elected to the position since the Reconstruction Era.
## History
The office was established by the Louisiana Constitution of 1845. Prior to that, the successor to the governor in the event of his death or resignation was the President of the Louisiana State Senate. A number of state senate presidents succeeded governors before the 1845 Constitution was adopted, including Henry S. Thibodaux, Armand Beauvais and Jacques Dupre.
The lieutenant governor presided over the Louisiana Senate from 1845 until the adoption of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974. Under the new constitution, the lieutenant governor was---effective in 1976---primarily tasked with serving as acting governor in the governor\'s absence from the state and succeeding to gubernatorial office in the event it became vacant. The document also allowed the governor and the Louisiana State Legislature to delegate responsibilities upon the lieutenant governor at their discretion. In 1986, the legislature placed the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism under the lieutenant governor\'s purview, enabling them to appoint the department\'s leaders.
## Selection
Only qualified voters in Louisiana are eligible to be elected lieutenant governor. Any potential lieutenant governor must be at least 25 years of age and have resided in the state for the five previous years. The lieutenant governor is elected on their own ticket separate from the governor.
In the event the lieutenant governor\'s office becomes vacant, the governor is empowered to nominate a new incumbent subject to the approval of both houses of the legislature.
## Duties and responsibilities {#duties_and_responsibilities}
The constitution directs the lieutenant governor to assume the office of governor if the previous incumbent vacates the office. If the incumbent governor is unable to act as governor, or is temporarily absent from the state, the lieutenant governor assumes the governor\'s powers and duties as acting governor. The constitution also designates the lieutenant governor an *ex officio* member of each committee, board, and commission on which the governor serves.
Aside from these duties, the lieutenant governor can exercise powers delegated to them by the governor or as provided by law. Accordingly, state law designates the lieutenant governor as the commissioner of the Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. In this capacity they appoint the department\'s secretary and several other leading officers, subject to the confirmation of the State Senate.
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# Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
## List of lieutenant governors {#list_of_lieutenant_governors}
Parties
### 1846--1860
No. Lt. governor Took office Left office Party Notes Governor \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **1** Trasimond Landry 1846 1850 Democratic \| Isaac Johnson \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **2** Jean Baptiste Plauche 1850 1853 Democratic \|Joseph Marshall Walker \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **3** William Wood Farmer 1853 1854 Democratic Paul Octave Hébert \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **4** Robert C. Wickliffe 1854 1856 Democratic Paul Octave Hébert \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **5** Charles Homer Mouton 1856 1856 Democratic Robert C. Wickliffe \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **6** William F. Griffin 1856 1860 Democratic
----- -------------- -- ------------- ------------- ------- ------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------------------ -- ------ ------ ------------ -- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ----------------------- -- ------ ------ ------------ -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- --------------------- -- ------ ------ ------------ -- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- --------------------- -- ------ ------ ------------ -- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------- -- ------ ------ ------------ -- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- -------------------- -- ------ ------ ------------ --
### Civil War era {#civil_war_era}
#### Lieutenant governors of Confederate Louisiana {#lieutenant_governors_of_confederate_louisiana}
No. Lt. governor Took office Left office Party Notes Governor \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **7** Henry M. Hyams 1860 1864 Democratic Thomas Overton Moore \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **8** Benjamin W. Pearce 1864 1865 Democratic
----- -------------- -- ------------- ------------- ------- ------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------- ---------------- -- ------ ------ ------------ -- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- -------------------- -- ------ ------ ------------ --
#### Lieutenant governors of Union-held territory in Louisiana {#lieutenant_governors_of_union_held_territory_in_louisiana}
No. Lt. governor Took office Left office Party Notes Governor \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **9** James M. Wells 1864 1865 Democrat Michael Hahn (Republican) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **10** Albert Voorhies 1865 1866 Democrat
----- -------------- -- ------------- ------------- ------- ------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------- ---------------- -- ------ ------ ---------- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------- -- ------ ------ ---------- --
### Resumption of U.S. statehood {#resumption_of_u.s._statehood}
No. Lt. governor Took office Left office Party Notes Governor \|- `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} **11** Oscar J. Dunn 1868 1871 Republican Henry C. Warmoth (Republican) \|- `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} **12** P. B. S. Pinchback 1871 1872 Republican Henry C. Warmoth (Republican) \|- `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} **14** C.C. Antoine 1873 1877 Republican William P. Kellogg (Republican) 1873-1877 \|- `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} Stephen B. Packard (Republican) 1877 \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **15** Louis A. Wiltz 1877 1880 Democratic Francis T. Nicholls (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **16** Samuel D. McEnery 1880 1881 Democratic Louis A. Wiltz (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **17** William A. Robertson 1881 1881 Democratic Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **18** George L. Walton 1881 1882 Democratic Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **19** Clay Knobloch 1884 1888 Democratic Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **20** James Jeffries 1888 1892 Democratic Francis T. Nicholls (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **21** Charles Parlange 1892 1893 Democratic Murphy J. Foster (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **22** Hiram R. Lott 1893 1896 Democratic Murphy J. Foster (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **23** Robert H. Snyder 1896 1900 Democratic Murphy J. Foster (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **24** Albert Estopinal 1900 1904 Democratic W. W. Heard (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **25** Jared Y. Sanders, Sr. 1904 1908 Democratic Newton C. Blanchard (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **26** Paul M. Lambremont 1908 1911 Democratic Jared Y. Sanders, Sr. (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **27** Thomas C. Barret 1912 1916 Democratic Luther E. Hall (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **28** Fernand Mouton 1916 1920 Democratic Ruffin G. Pleasant (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **29** Hewitt Bouanchaud 1920 1924 Democratic John M. Parker (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **30** Delos R. Johnson 1924 1924 Democratic John M. Parker (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **31** Oramel H. Simpson 1924 1926 Democratic Henry L. Fuqua (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **32** Philip H. Gilbert 1926 1928 Democratic Oramel H. Simpson (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **33** Paul N. Cyr 1928 1931 Democratic Huey P. Long (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **34** Alvin Olin King 1931 1932 Democratic Huey P. Long (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **35** John B. Fournet 1932 1935 Democratic O. K. Allen (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **36** Thomas C. Wingate 1935 1935 Democratic O. K. Allen (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **37** James A. Noe 1935 1936 Democratic O. K. Allen (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **38** Earl K. Long 1936 1939 Democratic Richard W. Leche (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **39** Coleman Lindsey 1939 1940 Democratic Earl K. Long (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **40** Marc M. Mouton 1940 1944 Democratic Sam H. Jones (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **41** J. Emile Verret 1944 1948 Democratic Jimmie H. Davis (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **42** William J. Dodd 1948 1952 Democratic Earl K. Long (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **43** C. E. Barham 1952 1956 Democratic Robert F. Kennon (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **44** Lether Frazar 1956 1960 Democratic Earl K. Long (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **45** Clarence C. (Taddy) Aycock 1960 1972 Democratic Jimmie H. Davis (Democratic) 1960-1964 \|-`{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} John J. McKeithen (Democratic) 1964-1972 \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **46** James E. (Jimmy) Fitzmorris, Jr. 1972 1980 Democratic Edwin Edwards (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **47** Robert Louis Freeman Sr. 1980 1988 Democratic \| David C. Treen (Republican) 1980-1984 \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} Edwin Edwards (Democratic) 1984-1988 \|- `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} **48** Paul Hardy 1988 1992 Republican Buddy Roemer (Democratic turn Republican) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **49** Melinda Schwegmann 1992 1996 Democratic Edwin Edwards (Democratic) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **50** Kathleen Babineaux Blanco 1996 2004 Democratic \| Mike Foster (Republican) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **51** Mitchell (Mitch) Landrieu 2004 2010 Democratic Kathleen Blanco (Democratic) \|-`{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} Bobby Jindal (Republican) \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} **52** Scott Angelle 2010 2010 Democratic \|- `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} 2010 2010 Republican \|- `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} **53** John L
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# Duncan Pflaster
**Duncan Pflaster** (born 1973) is an American off-off-Broadway playwright, composer and actor. His first play *Wilder and Wilder* (a transvestite adaptation of Alice in Wonderland), was produced in 1995 at Florida Playwrights\' Theatre in Hollywood, FL. He now lives in New York City, where many of his plays have been produced in theatre festivals, such as the Spotlight On festival and the Midtown International Theatre Festival. His first film *Strapped for Danger* was produced by Scorpio Film Releasing in 2017, and the sequel *Undercover Vice: Strapped for Danger II* followed in 2021. Scorpio Film Releasing also brought him in for additional material on their film *Code Name: Dynastud*.
His plays have often been labeled as magic realism; they frequently deal with metaphysical or science fiction plots, such as parallel universes, cloning, life extension, fairy tales and mythology. His writing often touches on themes of family, community, religion, and homosexuality. Pflaster is gay. Many of his plays include nudity and frank sexual situations. Pflaster is also a verse dramatist, writing in both rhyming couplets and blank verse.
## Awards
- *The Underpants Godot*
- 2015 UNFringed Festival Award, Best Play
- *Keeping Everything Straight* (formerly titled *Messin\' With the Kid*)
- Full-length Play Winner of the 4th Annual Vittum Prize for 2014.
- *Pocket Universe*
- One of the 8 winners of the Independent Play(w)rights Ten Minute Play Contest!
- *Fourteen Hundred and Sixty Sketches of Your Left Hand* At The Secret Theatre, 2013
- 2013 UNFringed Festival Award, Best Play
- 2013 UNFringed Festival Award, Best Actor, Emilio P. Tirado
- *The Taint of Equality*
- 2012 Planet Connections Award, Outstanding Supporting Actor, Roberto Alexander
- 2012 Planet Connections Award, Outstanding Sound Design, Duncan Pflaster
- *The Wastes of Time*
- 2012 Fruits of Distinction Award, Best Actress, Susan Barnes Walker
- *Bill\'s Threesome*
- 2012 Fruits of Distinction Award, Best Comedy Skit
- *The Tragedy of Dandelion*
- \"Audience Favorite\", MT Works NewBorn Festival 2012
- Semi-Finalist, Eugene O\'Neill National Playwrights Conference 2011
- *Sweeter Dreams*
- 2011 Planet Connections Award, Outstanding Supporting Actor, Douglas Rossi
- 2011 Planet Connections Award, Outstanding Supporting Actress, Clara Barton Green
- *Mine or Yours*
- 2nd Place, Fresh Fruit Festival One-Act Competition
- *Say Something Shocking, or the spit-take Play*
- Winner Spare Change Theater\'s 2011 One-Minute Play Festival
- *The Empress of Sex*
- \"Audience Favorite\", MT Works NewBorn Festival 2011
- Semi-Finalist, About Face Theatre\'s 2010 XYZ Festival of New Work
- *The Starship Astrov*
- 2010 MITF Award, Outstanding Supporting Actress, Jennifer Gawlik
- *The Thyme of the Season*
- 2010 Planet Connections Award, \"Outstanding Playwriting for an Adaptation, Revival or Sequel\"
- 2010 Planet Connections Award, \"Outstanding Costumes\" Mark Richard Caswell
- 2010 Planet Connections Congeniality Award -- Duncan Pflaster
- 2009 MITF Award, \"Outstanding Supporting Actor\" for his performance in Kyle Baxter and John Crefeld\'s *I Hate Love*.
- *Prince Trevor Amongst the Elephants*
- 2008 MITF Award, \"Outstanding Playwriting for a New Script Play OR Book of a Musical\" (Tie with Monica Bauer for *The Higher Education of Khalid Amir*)
- 2008 MITF Award, \"Outstanding Overall Production of a New Comedy Play\"
- 2008 MITF Award, \"Outstanding Lead Actor in a Play\" Carlos Rafael Fernández (Tie with Eric Percival for *Bubby\'s Shadow*)
- 2006 Spotlight On Award, \"Best New Play (Writer\'s Award)\"
- *Eternity: Time Without End*
- 2005 Spotlight On Award, \"Best New Play (Writer\'s Award)\"
- 2005 Spotlight On Award, Best Actress Clara Barton Green
- 2005 Spotlight On Award, Best Supporting Actor Jason Specland
- 2005 Spotlight On Award, Featured Actor Joe Fanelli
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# Duncan Pflaster
## Works
**Full-length**
- *The Underpants Godot* -- A comedy about a director who wants to put on *Waiting For Godot* with hot guys in underwear instead of old men. A representative from the Beckett Estate crashes a dress rehearsal to investigate. Produced 2015 in UNFringed Festival at The Secret Theatre, with a full production in September 2016 produced by The Secret Theatre. Two monologues from the play are published in *Smith & Kraus\' The Best Men\'s Stage Monologues 2016*. 2018 production with Nearly Naked Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona. 2019 Production with Theatre Rhinoceros in San Francisco, California.
- *A Touch of Cinema* -- A drama about a female screenwriter in an unnamed country who has been put under house arrest, her art censored by a new fascist regime. Premiered April 2017 in the Spotlight On Festival at The Wild Project in the East Village, NYC.
- *The Tragedy of Dandelion* -- A five-act Shakespearean tragedy entirely in iambic pentameter, about a transgender/lesbian princess named Dandelion. -- Produced by Ego Actus, 2014
- *Fourteen Hundred and Sixty Sketches of Your Left Hand* At The Secret Theatre, 2013 -- Winner Best Script and Best Actor, Emilio P. Tirado
- *The Taint of Equality* -- A social farce about a gay couple who don\'t believe that gays should get married as straight people do. -- Planet Connections Theatre Festivity 2012, a monologue from it is published in *Smith & Kraus\' The Best Men\'s Stage Monologues 2013* -- Winner, best sound design
- *The Empress of Sex* -- An erotic romantic comedy set in Ancient Greece -- Planet Connections Theatre Festivity 2012
- *Sweeter Dreams* -- A multimedia play about an independent filmmaker in a love triangle with her husband and her leading actor. -- 2011 Winner best Supporting Actress Clara Barton Green and Best Supporting Actor Douglas Rossi
- *The Starship Astrov* -- A play using Chekhovian tropes to explore life on a space ship that doesn\'t have weekly adventures.
- *Suckers* -- A comic vampire play -- 2009
- *Ore, or Or* -- A love story about greed and lust and Yamashita\'s Gold -- 2009
- *The Thyme of the Season* \~or\~ *A Mid-Autumn Night\'s Dream* -- a sequel to Shakespeare\'s A Midsummer Night\'s Dream. -- 2007
- *Admit Impediments* -- A musical about marriage -- gay, straight, and convenient -- 2007
- *The Wastes of Time* -- A gay love story dealing with the generation gap surrounding the AIDS crisis -- 2006
- *Prince Trevor Amongst the Elephants* -- A big epic naked Shakespearean fairy tale play -- 2005
- *Eternity: Time Without End* -- Eleven people come to a secluded beach looking for the fountain of youth; but when they find it, it\'s not what they expected -- 2004
- *Sleeping in Tomorrow* -- A play about parallel universes, in which the main character visits the same cocktail party in different dimensions -- 2002
- *Dik and Jayne are Not the Same* -- A play about cloning and lesbians -- but **not** about cloning lesbians -- 2001
- *Amazing Dædalus* -- A play about what happens in the time between myths -- 1998
- *Eskimo: The Musical*
- *Wilder and Wilder* -- A transvestite adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, crossed with Walk on the Wild Side
- *Messin\' With the Kid* -- A dark play about a young man who is a male stripper to support his younger brother through high school.
- *Light and Noise and Bees and Boys* -- A drama about a Lesbian who suffers memory loss from a stroke and who doesn\'t remember that she came out of the closet.
- *Malvolio\'s Revenge* -- A sequel to *Twelfth Night*, queering the text.
- *Nothing but Thunder* -- A verse comedy about a young Dionysus going to the underworld to rescue his mother Semele.
- *Cockeye(D)* -- An adaptation of The Bacchae, which is about a young film star accusing an older director of molestation, set against an all-male adaptation of The Bacchae.
**One-Acts**
- *Pocket Universe* -- A gay play about a scientist who makes a virtual universe for his office crush. Published in Smith & Kraus\' Best *10-Minute Plays 2013*, and in Independent Play(w)rights\' *Ten Minute Play Anthology*.
- *Suggested Donation* -- A grumpy theatre patron takes exception to the suggested donation for wine at intermission of a play. Produced by Old Library Theatre in Fair Lawn, New Jersey in 2018 and The Secret Theatre\'s One-act Festival in 2017.
- *Hate Myself in the Morning* -- A play about the army and political prisoners, played out between a young woman and the policeman she brings home for a one-night stand.
- *Mine Or Yours* -- A gay guy and his fag hag attempt to discern from clues whether an attractive man at a bar is gay or straight.
- *Patrick and Lisa\'s Wedding* -- A bridesmaid ducks out of the wedding reception of her ex-boyfriend, and ends up bumping into the young bride, who is having second thoughts about her new husband.
- *The Fugly Train* -- Two young pretty women have a philosophical crisis on the subway.
- *Six Silences in Three Movements* -- An experimental work which contrasts the things people don\'t say in a relationship.
- *Hold Thy Peace, Thou Knave* -- Backstage at a production of *Twelfth Night*, a last-minute understudy for Sir Toby Belch goes a little haywire onstage, causing consternation amongst the rest of the cast.
- *First to Fall Asleep* -- A dark comedy about frat hijinx that get out of hand when a freshman passes out at a frat party.
- *Prince Charming, presented without comment* -- An advertising executive begins to question the saleability of Cinderella and questions the women in his life about their feelings on the topic.
- *New Lang Syne* -- Two ex-college friends who had a brief fling meet by coincidence on New Year\'s Day. One has continued the party lifestyle, while the other is responsible and sober.
- *(they kiss)* -- A playwright writes and stars in a play so he can get to kiss an actress he has a crush on.
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# Duncan Pflaster
## Non-playwright work {#non_playwright_work}
First film *Strapped for Danger* produced by Scorpio Film Releasing in 2017. A comic LGBTQ heist film about 3 male strippers who hide out in a frat house. An homage to the films of Russ Meyer. [1](https://vimeo.com/ondemand/strappedfordanger/244291376)
He wrote comic sketches for Laughing Swingset Productions, available on YouTube and Funny Or Die.
He has also written freelance theatre reviews for *BroadwayWorld.com* and *HX* magazine.
He has written music on SongFight! under the name *Level Nivelo* -- the band name is a reference to the Esperanto used in *Red Dwarf*
He is also the creator of and head photographer for *The Naughty Jewish Boys Calendar*, a photographic pinup calendar highlighting the erotic side of Jewish men. [2](http://www.naughtyjewishboys.com) [3](https://nypost.com/2014/03/17/pinup-calendars-wage-war-over-which-jewish-boys-are-best/) [4](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/19/nice-jewish-guys-sue-naughty_n_4992947
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# Elias Saba
**Elias Saba** (*إلياس سابا*; 10 July 1932 -- 22 May 2023) was a Lebanese politician and economist.
Saba was born in Kfarhata, Lebanon on 10 July 1932. He served as finance minister on two occasions; firstly, in the government of Saeb Salam, from 13 October 1970 to 27 May 1972; secondly in the government of Omar Karami, from 21 October 2004 to 18 April 2005. He also served as defense minister in Salam\'s government from October 1970 to June 1971.
Saba was among the politicians who joined former Prime Minister Omar Karami in creating the *Rassemblement national* in 2006.
Saba died on 22 May 2023, at the age of 90
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# Au Pair 3: Adventure in Paradise
***Au Pair 3: Adventure in Paradise*** is a 2009 American made-for-television romantic comedy film and is the third and final installment in the *Au Pair* trilogy and aired on ABC Family on March 15, 2009, and is the only film of the trilogy to be made under the control of Disney.
## Synopsis
Eight years have passed since the events of *Au Pair*, and newly graduated as his high school\'s valedictorian, Alexander Caldwell joins his visiting sister, college freshman Katie and her roommate Ariana on a family summer vacation with father Oliver and stepmother Jenny. Oliver and Jenny\'s current nanny declines to join them and the over-worked parents/executives must take care of their newborn baby Sarah in Puerto Rico.
Amidst corporate scheming by the young company CFO Walter Hausen, who is planning a takeover of Oliver\'s company CCI Tekhausen (formed in *Au Pair II*), Oliver and Jenny must contend with bridging the generation gap with the family, new career motivations and the romances of their \'newly reformed\' prankster kids.
## Cast
- Gregory Harrison as Oliver Caldwell
- Heidi Saban as Jennifer \"Jenny\" Caldwell
- Katie Volding as Katie \'Kate\' Caldwell
- Jake Dinwiddie as Alexander \'Alex\' Caldwell
- Gerrit Graham as Rupert, the brother of Oliver\'s now-retired chauffeur Nigel
- Kathleen Mealia as Ariana
- Ciaran Tyrrell as Danny Taylor
- Bradley White as Walter Hausen
- Brian Tester as Brentfield Academy Headmaster
- Rafa Alvarez as Bodyguard 2
## Series continuity {#series_continuity}
Oliver mentions Walter Hausen\'s father with great respect (Karl Hausen), but Walter was not present during the events of *Au Pair II*. Walter may be Brigitte\'s (*Au Pair II*) father, but this is never established during this film.
## Production history {#production_history}
The first two films in the franchise were made when ABC Family was co-owned by the News Corporation (parent company of 20th Century Fox and the Fox Broadcasting Company) and Haim Saban (founder of Saban Entertainment) as *Fox Family*.
*Au Pair 3* is also the only one without Haim Saban and his wife, Cheryl Saban, who wrote the script for the first two films. However, the other screenwriters remain, as does the director, Mark Griffiths. According to Gregory Harrison\'s official site, the filming was done in April and May. The synopsis is now available on ABC Family.
Unlike the first two, which took place in Europe, this film takes place in Puerto Rico. The Caldwell\'s beach house scenes were filmed in [Rincón Ocean Villa](http://www.rinconoceanvilla.com) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307073656/http://www.rinconoceanvilla.com/ |date=2009-03-07 }}`{=mediawiki} in Rincón (accessible from Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla) which is about 2 hours away from the Old San Juan, where the film also takes place. Other filming locations in Puerto Rico include the main lobby inside the Puerto Rico Convention Center as well as the exterior building posing as Oliver\'s company\'s office in Puerto Rico and El Yunque National Forest\'s visitor center posing as the laboratories for Oliver\'s company.
Over 5 million viewers tuned in for the premiere of *Au Pair 3: Adventure in Paradise*.
## Home media {#home_media}
Gaiam released the movie to DVD in the United States on December 29, 2009, under license from Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment
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# Cindy Au
**Cindy Au Sin-yi** (Chinese: 欧倩怡, born December 16, 1979). Born in Hong Kong. Her ancestry place is in Shunde, Guangdong. She is a Hong Kong singer and former TVB actress. Her ex-husband is Hong Kong actor and three-time TV drama winner, Roger Kwok. In 1997, she sang children\'s theme song - Cantonese version of the cartoon *Chibi Maruko-chan \"There Are More Problems Every Day\"*《問題天天都多》, which then became very popular, won the *\"1997 Children\'s Song Golden Song Award Ceremony\"* 《1997年度兒歌金曲頒獎典禮》*\"Top Ten Children\'s Songs\"*「十大兒歌金曲」simultaneous *\"NET Children\'s Song Award\"*「至NET兒歌大獎」as well as \"The most popular female singer of children\'s songs\"「最受歡迎兒歌女歌手」.
## Career, marriage and family {#career_marriage_and_family}
She studied at Pui Ching Middle School (Hong Kong). After graduating from Form 5 in 1996, she participated in the New Talent Singing Awards co-organized by TVB and Capital Artists and won the Self-Potential Performance Award. Immediately after the singing competition, she was signed by Capital Artists to become a singer. In 1997, she sang children\'s theme song - Cantonese version of the cartoon *Chibi Maruko-chan \"There Are More Problems Every Day\"*《問題天天都多》, which then became very popular, won the *\"Top Ten Children\'s Songs\"* and the *\"NET Children\'s Song Award\"*, as well as \"The most popular female singer of children\'s songs\". Coincidentally, one of the lyrics of *\"There Are Many Problems Every Day\"* 《問題天天都多》「There Are Many Problems Every Day BILI BALA BILI BALA」also became the theme song of her then-husband Roger Kwok in *Inbound Troubles*, the golden words in the drama. In 1998, she became the only person in history to win two top ten children\'s songs in the same year. On January 15, 2001, she released her first solo album *\"Cindy\"*, However, due to the closure of her label company Capital Artists, she did not release any more albums.
She later switched to acting and began working under TVB Hong Kong between 1998-2006. She plays major supporting roles in drama serials. By 2006 she took a break from acting as she got married.
Her ex-husband is TVB actor Roger Kwok. The two met while filming a travel special for TVB in 1999 and had been dating for 7 years before marriage. Their wedding was held on 22 July 2006 at Hong Kong Disneyland. She had two miscarriages. On 23 March 2008, she had her first son, Brad Kwok Ling-shan and later a daughter, Blair Kwok Yee-nga on 29 June 2011.
Since she got married and gave birth, she has begun to fade out from the entertainment industry. In recent years, she has not filmed any TV shows, movies or commercials. She only made a guest appearance in *Little Big Master* in 2015.
In 2017, Cindy Au who had not appeared in TV or movies for a long time, was a guest on the new ViuTV program *\"Super Dad\"* 《超級奶爸》hosted by Kay Ho Kee Yau. When she talked about the story of her children, she considers herself a nagging mother, she will repeat it to her children two or three times, she is often criticized by her husband Roger Kwok for being angry.
She obtained two undergraduates which are **Bachelor Degree** in Marketing and Management (2nd Class Honours) and **Bachelor Degree** in Food and Nutrition (First Class Honours). She also pursued and completed **Postgraduate Certificate** in Community Nutrition with attachment. In 2021, she also pursuing in **Master Degree** in Sports and Exercise Nutrition for 2 years which she already completed half a year*.* She also signed managerial contract under Lorraine Chan (Leo Ku\'s wife) where she will be more actively do filming related to nutritionist.
In 2021, she also made guest appearance singing in *Cantopop At 50* (流行經典50年).
On May 2, 2024, Cindy Au announced her divorce from Roger Kwok on social media, ending their 18-year marriage.
## Performance works {#performance_works}
### Films
Year Title Role Notes
------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------
1996 *Yesterday You, Yesterday Me* Green Water Hero Support Role
2001 *Final Romance* Faye Support Role
2002 *Devil Eye* Unknown Main Role
2002 *Dumbly Agent* Ann Chan
2004 *\"Fake Death Inquisitor\" (TV Movie)* Unknown
2007 *\"Really in love?\" (Gospel Movie)* Unknown
2015 *Little Big Master* Wai Hung\'s sister-in-law
### TV Series (TVB) {#tv_series_tvb}
Year Title Role Notes
------ ----------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------
1998 *Journey to the West II* Red Boy / Shancai Support Role
1999 *Face to Face* Mo Yifei Support Role
2000 *Aiming High* Wong Yuen Ying Support Role
2000 *Time Off* Mandy Zhou Huimin Support Role
2003 *Back to Square One* Yan Wai Ching Support Role
2004 *The Vigilante in the Mask* Jiang Xiaoyu Support Role
2004 *Lady Fan* Sit Kam Lin Support Role
2005 *The Gentle Crackdown* Man Lai Gwan Support Role
2005 *Misleading Track* Chiang Ngah Yee / \"Jenny\" Support Role
2006 *La Femme Desperado* Kong Ching Ching / \"Crystal\" Support Role
2006 *Placebo Cure* Fifi Wong Support Role
### Program Host (TVB) {#program_host_tvb}
Year Title Episode Notes
------ ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -----------
1999 Super Trio Series 4: The Super Trio Mega Sho**w** Ep. 1, 5-6, 8, 10-11, 13, 15-16, 18-21 Main Host
1999 \"Xinhua Travel Fighting Club\" (新華旅遊反斗俱樂部)
1999 \"Big Heart Small Heart\" (心大心細)
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# Cindy Au
## Performance works {#performance_works}
### Program Host (Fantastic Television Limited) {#program_host_fantastic_television_limited}
Year Title Notes
------ ------------------------- -------
2017 *Health-fie* (身·醫·管)
### Program Host (RTHK TV 31) {#program_host_rthk_tv_31}
Year Title Notes
------ ------------------------------------- -------
2021 兒童健身中心─仔仔女女Keep Fit特攻隊
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# Cindy Au
## Musical works {#musical_works}
### EP
+---------+--------------------------------------+---------+--------------+------------------------------+
| EP \# | EP Name | EP Type | Release Date | Songs |
+=========+======================================+=========+==============+==============================+
| Pertama | 櫻桃小丸子 （與何韻詩合輯） | EP | 1997 | 1. 問題天天都多 |
| | | | | 2. 小丸子的心事（何韻詩） |
| | | | | 3. 問題天天都多（伴唱音樂） |
| | | | | 4. 小丸子的心事（伴唱音樂） |
+---------+--------------------------------------+---------+--------------+------------------------------+
| Kedua | 超人迪加·皇家雙妹嘜 （與陳奕迅合輯） | EP | 1998 | 1. 超人的主題曲（陳奕迅） |
| | | | | 2. 皇家雙妹嘜 |
| | | | | 3. 超人的主題曲（伴唱音樂） |
| | | | | 4. 皇家雙妹嘜（伴唱音樂） |
+---------+--------------------------------------+---------+--------------+------------------------------+
| Ketiga | Cindy | AVEP | 2001 | 1. Get It Right |
| | | | | 2. 咖啡與糖 |
| | | | | 3. I Can Not Quit |
| | | | | 4. 為誰哭泣 |
| | | | | 5. 如果這是愛 |
| | | | | 6. 怎麼了 |
+---------+--------------------------------------+---------+--------------+------------------------------+
### Single
- 1998：《小丸子放暑假》
- 1999：《小丸子妙想天開》、《幻想著快樂》
- 2000：《反斗任我飛》（蓋世寶合唱）、《手牽手共闖》
- 2001：《青咖喱》
## Group channels song results {#group_channels_song_results}
**Group channels song results**
---------------------------------
Album
**Year 2000**
Cindy
**Year 2001**
Cindy
Cindy
Cindy
**The total number of champion songs on each channel**
--------------------------------------------------------
903
**0**
(\*) means still on the list
## Awards
- 1997：1997年度兒歌金曲頒獎典禮最受歡迎兒歌女歌手
- 1997：1997年度兒歌金曲頒獎典禮十大兒歌金曲------《[問題天天都多](http://v.qiye10000.com/v/XMTQyNDAsNuEyNA.html)》
- 1997：1997年度兒歌金曲頒獎典禮至NET兒歌大獎------《[問題天天都多](http://v.qiye10000.com/v/XMTQyNDAsNuEyNA.html)》
- 1998：1998年度兒歌金曲頒獎典禮十大兒歌金曲------《[皇家雙妹嘜](https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204533/https://www.bilibili.com/video/av10887682/l)》
- 1998：1998年度兒歌金曲頒獎典禮十大兒歌金曲------《[小丸子放暑假](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIroaiAYwBI)》
- 1999：1999年度兒歌金曲頒獎典禮十大兒歌金曲------《\[<http://new-play.tudou.com/v/544004449
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# Border Timbers
**Border Timbers** is a forestry and sawmilling company in Zimbabwe. The company operates five forest estates and three sawmills. Principal products include pine and eucalyptus. Border\'s stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its stock index, the Zimbabwe Industrial Index.
## Operations
- **Border\'s** forest estates are located in Sheba, Zimbabwe, Imbeza, Charter, Zimbabwe, Tilbury, Zimbabwe and Sawerombe, totalling over 470 square kilometres.
- **Border\'s** sawmills are located in Sheba, Charter and Tilbury; annual combined output is over 160,000 cubic meters, 95% percent of which is pine.
Rough sawn timber is either sold directly to customers or processed at one of two **Border** factories, both located in Mutare:
- The Paulington Factory produces mainly veneer, plywood and blockboard.
- The Nyakamete Factory, also known as Border Timbers International (BTI), is a subsidiary of **Border Timbers** and produces doors, shelves and other products for the export market, e.g. South Korea and the United States
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# Darley Racing
`{{Notability|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki} **Darley Racing** is a thoroughbred horse racing operations controlled by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai and Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates. It was launched in 1981. Horses owned include Singspiel, Dubawi, and Cape Cross.
Darley Stud is the operation\'s breeding arm with stud farms in UK, Ireland, USA, and Australia
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# SEC men's basketball tournament
The **SEC men\'s basketball tournament** is the conference tournament in basketball for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is a single-elimination tournament that involves all league schools (currently 16). Its seeding is based on regular season records. The winner receives the conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA men\'s basketball tournament; however, the official conference championship is awarded to the team or teams with the best regular season record.
## Format
With the abandonment of divisions in SEC men\'s basketball starting in 2011--12, the top four teams in the conference standings received first-round byes. Bracketing was identical to that of the SEC women\'s basketball tournament---note that SEC women\'s basketball has long been organized in a single league table without divisions.
Since the SEC expanded to 14 schools with the arrival of Missouri and Texas A&M in 2012, the 2013 tournament was the first with a new format. Both men\'s and women\'s tournaments have the four bottom seeds (#11 throughout #14) playing opening-round games, with the top four seeds receiving a \"double-bye\" into the quarterfinals.
### Divisional format (1993--2011) {#divisional_format_19932011}
Before 2012, the top two teams in both the Eastern and Western Divisions received byes in the first round, while #3 in the East played #6 from the West, #4 played #5, etc. Each half of the bracket contained the odd-numbered seeds from one division and the even-numbered seeds from the other division, so that #2 would play the winner of the game involving #3 from the other division, and #1 would play the winner of the game involving #4 from the other division. Barring an upset, the semifinals would pit #1 from one division against #2 from the other division, and the championship game would feature the regular season winners of the two divisions, although this rarely happened in practice.
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# SEC men's basketball tournament
## History
Throughout its history, the SEC tournament championship basketball game has been held at various storied sites, including the Georgia Dome, Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Bridgestone Arena, the BJCC Coliseum, the Pyramid, Rupp Arena, Louisville Gardens, and (in a 2008 emergency relocation) Alexander Memorial Coliseum at Georgia Tech.
From 1933 to 1950, the official SEC Champion was determined by a tournament, except for 1935. Beginning in 1951, a round-robin schedule was introduced and the SEC title was awarded to the team with the highest regular season in-conference winning percentage. From 1951 to 1964, the round-robin consisted of 14 games. In 1965 and 1966, it was expanded to 16 games with the departure of Georgia Tech from the league. From 1967 to 1991, the round-robin schedule was 18 games due to Tulane\'s departure. Starting with the 1991--1992 season, the SEC split into an Eastern and Western Division and began awarding division championships with the re-expansion to 12 members, but continued to recognize the SEC Champion based on a winning percentage over the new 16-game conference schedule. Divisions would be eliminated starting with the 2011--2012 season. With the addition of Texas A&M and Missouri to the conference, the regular season expanded to an 18 conference game schedule starting with the 2012--13 season.
In 1979, the tournament was renewed with the winner receiving the SEC\'s automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament, but the official league champion remained the team(s) with the best regular season record.
In 2000, the Arkansas Razorbacks became the first team since the league expansion in 1992 to win the conference tournament by playing all four days, beating Georgia, Kentucky, LSU, and Auburn to receive the conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA Basketball Championships. Auburn was the first SEC team to accomplish this feat in 1985 when they defeated Ole Miss, LSU, Florida, and Alabama to win their first SEC tournament. Since then, the feat has been accomplished three times, first in 2008 by Georgia. In 2009, Mississippi State repeated that feat, defeating Georgia, South Carolina, LSU, and Tennessee to receive the conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA Basketball Championships. Auburn achieved the feat a second time in 2019, defeating Missouri, South Carolina, Florida and Tennessee.
The first seven games of the 2008 tournament were played at the Georgia Dome. During overtime of Game 7 between Mississippi State and Alabama, a tornado struck the downtown Atlanta area, damaging the Georgia Dome and several buildings surrounding it, including CNN Center. MSU and Alabama returned after a 64-minute delay to finish their game, but the last quarterfinal game of the day, between Georgia and Kentucky, was postponed until the next day, and the remaining four games of the tournament were moved to Alexander Memorial Coliseum at Georgia Tech. Only credentialed individuals were allowed to attend, including players\' families, bands, cheerleaders, and media. No other spectators were allowed in the building.
The 2020 tournament was canceled after the first round due to concerns over the spread of COVID-19, after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Initially, a decision was made to play the remaining games without fans in attendance, but as the situation progressed the event was ultimately canceled outright. The conference\'s NCAA men\'s basketball tournament auto-bid was awarded to the regular season champion, Kentucky. but ultimately the 2020 NCAA tournament itself would also be cancelled.
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# SEC men's basketball tournament
## History
### Tournaments
Year Champion Score Runner-up Tournament MVP Location
------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1933 **Kentucky** 46--27 *None* Atlanta Athletic Club (Atlanta, Georgia)
1934 **`{{cbb link|1933|sex=men|team=Alabama Crimson Tide|title=Alabama}}`{=mediawiki}** 41--25 *None*
1935 No Tournament
1936 **`{{cbb link|1935|sex=none|team=Tennessee Volunteers|title=Tennessee}}`{=mediawiki}** 41--25 *None* Alumni Memorial Gym (Knoxville, Tennessee)
1937 **`{{cbb link|1936|sex=men|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}** 39--25 *None*
1938 **`{{cbb link|1937|sex=men|team=Georgia Tech Yellowjackets|title=Georgia Tech}}`{=mediawiki}** 58--47 *None* Huey Long Field House (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)
1939 **`{{cbb link|1938|sex=men|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}** 46--38 *None* Alumni Memorial Gym (Knoxville, Tennessee)
1940 **`{{cbb link|1939|sex=men|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}** 51--43 *None*
1941 **`{{cbb link|1940|sex=none|team=Tennessee Volunteers|title=Tennessee}}`{=mediawiki}** 36--33 *None* Jefferson County Armory (Louisville, Kentucky)
1942 **Kentucky** 36--34 *None*
1943 **`{{cbb link|1942|sex=none|team=Tennessee Volunteers|title=Tennessee}}`{=mediawiki}** 33--30 *None*
1944 **`{{cbb link|1943|sex=men|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}** 62--46 *None*
1945 **`{{cbb link|1944|sex=men|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}** 39--35 *None*
1946 **`{{cbb link|1945|sex=men|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}** 59--36 *None*
1947 **Kentucky** 55--38 *None*
1948 **Kentucky** 54--43 *None*
1949 **Kentucky** 68--52 *None*
1950 **Kentucky** 95--58 *None*
1951 **`{{cbb link|1950|sex=men|team=Vanderbilt Commodores|title=Vanderbilt}}`{=mediawiki}** 61--57 Kentucky *None*
1952 **Kentucky** 44--43 *None*
1953--1978 No Tournament
1979 **Tennessee** Kentucky Kyle Macy, UK BJCC Coliseum (Birmingham, Alabama)
1980 **`{{cbb link|1979|sex=men|team=LSU Tigers|title=LSU}}`{=mediawiki}** 80--78 Kentucky DeWayne Scales, LSU
1981 **Ole Miss** 66--62 Dominique Wilkins, UGA
1982 **Alabama** 48--46 Kentucky Dirk Minniefield, UK Rupp Arena (Lexington, Kentucky)
1983 **Georgia** 86--71 Alabama Vern Fleming, UGA BJCC Coliseum (Birmingham, Alabama)
1984 **Kentucky** 51--49 Auburn Charles Barkley, AUB Memorial Gymnasium (Nashville, Tennessee)
1985 **Auburn** 53--49`{{Sup|OT}}`{=mediawiki} Alabama Chuck Person, AUB BJCC Coliseum (Birmingham, Alabama)
1986 **Kentucky** 83--72 Alabama John Williams, LSU Rupp Arena (Lexington, Kentucky)
1987 **Alabama** 69--62 LSU Derrick McKey, ALA Omni Coliseum (Atlanta, Georgia)
1988 **Kentucky** 62--57 Rex Chapman, UK Pete Maravich Assembly Center (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)
1989 **Alabama** 72--60 Florida Livingston Chatman, UF Thompson--Boling Arena (Knoxville, Tennessee)
1990 **Alabama** 70--51 Melvin Cheatum, ALA Orlando Arena (Orlando, Florida)
1991 **Alabama** 88--69 Allan Houston, UT Memorial Gymnasium (Nashville, Tennessee)
1992 **Kentucky** 80--54 Alabama Jamal Mashburn, UK BJCC Coliseum (Birmingham, Alabama)
1993 **Kentucky** 82--65 Travis Ford, UK Rupp Arena (Lexington, Kentucky)
1994 **Kentucky** 73--60 Florida Travis Ford, UK The Pyramid (Memphis, Tennessee)
1995 **Kentucky** 95--93`{{Sup|OT}}`{=mediawiki} Arkansas Antoine Walker, UK Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
1996 **Mississippi State** 84--73 Kentucky Dontae\' Jones, MSU Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
1997 **Kentucky** 95--68 Georgia Ron Mercer, UK The Pyramid (Memphis, Tennessee)
1998 **Kentucky** 86--56 South Carolina Wayne Turner, UK Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
1999 **Kentucky** 76--63 Arkansas Scott Padgett, UK
2000 **Arkansas** 75--67 Auburn Brandon Dean, ARK
2001 **Kentucky** 77--55 Ole Miss Tayshaun Prince, UK Gaylord Entertainment Center (Nashville, Tennessee)
2002 **Mississippi State** 61--58 Alabama Mario Austin, MSU Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
2003 **Kentucky** 64--57 Mississippi State Keith Bogans, UK Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
2004 **Kentucky** 89--73 Florida Gerald Fitch, UK Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
2005 **Florida** 70--53 Kentucky Matt Walsh, UF
2006 **Florida** 49--47 Taurean Green, UF Gaylord Entertainment Center (Nashville, Tennessee)
2007 **Florida** 77--56 Arkansas Al Horford, UF Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
2008 **Georgia** 66--57 Arkansas Sundiata Gaines, UGA Georgia Dome/Alexander Memorial Coliseum `{{nowrap|(Atlanta, Georgia)}}`{=mediawiki}
2009 **Mississippi State** 64--61 Tennessee Jarvis Varnado, MSU St. Pete Times Forum (Tampa, Florida)
2010 **Kentucky** 75--74`{{Sup|OT}}`{=mediawiki} Mississippi State John Wall, UK Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
2011 **Kentucky** 70--54 Florida Darius Miller, UK Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
2012 **Vanderbilt** 71--64 Kentucky John Jenkins, VAN New Orleans Arena (New Orleans, Louisiana)
2013 **Mississippi** 66--63 Florida Marshall Henderson, MISS Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
2014 **Florida** 61--60 Kentucky Scottie Wilbekin, UF Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
2015 **Kentucky** 78--63 Arkansas Willie Cauley-Stein, UK Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
2016 **Kentucky** 82--77`{{Sup|OT}}`{=mediawiki} Texas A&M Tyler Ulis, UK
2017 **Kentucky** 82--65 Arkansas De\'Aaron Fox, UK
2018 **Kentucky** 77--72 Tennessee Shai Gilgeous-Alexander, UK Scottrade Center (St. Louis, Missouri)
2019 **Auburn** 84--64 Tennessee Bryce Brown, AUB Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
2020 *Canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic*
2021 **Alabama** 80--79 LSU Jahvon Quinerly, ALA Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
2022 **Tennessee** 65--50 Texas A&M Kennedy Chandler, UT Amalie Arena (Tampa, Florida)
2023 **Alabama** 82--63 Texas A&M Brandon Miller, ALA Bridgestone Arena (Nashville, Tennessee)
2024 **Auburn** 86--67 Florida Johni Broome, AUB
2025 **Florida** 86--77 Tennessee Walter Clayton Jr., UF
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
#### Notes
*Note A: No tournament was held in 1935.*\
*Note B: No tournament was held from 1953 to 1978.*\
*Note C: No MVP Selection made from 1933 to 1952.*\
*Note D: The Tournament was canceled after the first round in 2020. No MVP selection was made.*
### Television coverage {#television_coverage}
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# SEC men's basketball tournament
## History
### Tournament championships by school {#tournament_championships_by_school}
School Championships Championship Years
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Kentucky** 31 1933, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1984, 1986, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
**Alabama** 8 1934, 1982, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 2021, 2023
**Tennessee** 5 1936, 1941, 1943, 1979, 2022
**Florida** 5 2005, 2006, 2007, 2014, 2025
**Auburn** 3 1985, 2019, 2024
**`{{nowrap|[[Mississippi State Bulldogs men's basketball|Mississippi State]]}}`{=mediawiki}** 3 1996, 2002, 2009
**Mississippi** 2 1981, 2013
**Vanderbilt** 2 1951, 2012
**Georgia** 2 1983, 2008
**Arkansas** 1 2000
**LSU** 1 1980
**Georgia Tech** 1 1938
**Missouri** 0 ---
**Oklahoma** 0 ---
**Sewanee** 0 ---
**South Carolina** 0 ---
**Texas** 0 ---
**Texas A&M** 0 ---
**Tulane** 0 ---
#### Notes {#notes_1}
### Venues
Venue City State Appearances Last Years Notes
------------------------------- ------------- ----------- ------------- ------ -------------------------------------------------------- -------
Bridgestone Arena Nashville Tennessee 12 2025 2001, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015--17, 2019, 2021, 2023--25
Louisville Gardens Louisville Kentucky 12 1952 1941--52
Georgia Dome Atlanta Georgia 11 2014 1995, 1998--2000, 2002, 2004--05, 2007--08, 2011, 2014
Legacy Arena Birmingham Alabama 6 1992 1979--81, 1983, 1985, 1992
Alumni Memorial Gym Knoxville Tennessee 4 1940 1936--37, 1939--40
Rupp Arena Lexington Kentucky 3 1993 1982, 1986, 1993
Amalie Arena Tampa Florida 2 2022 2009, 2022
Caesars Superdome New Orleans Louisiana 2 2003 1996, 2003
The Pyramid Memphis Tennessee 2 1997 1994, 1997
Memorial Gymnasium Nashville Tennessee 2 1991 1984, 1991
Atlanta Athletic Club Atlanta Georgia 2 1934 1933--34
Enterprise Center St
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| 3 |
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# Katrina Kittle
**Katrina Kittle** is an American novelist from Dayton, Ohio. She is the author of multiple novels like *Morning in This Broken World* and many more.
## Education
Kittle is an alumnus of Ohio University, where she earned degrees in English and Education, and Spalding University, where she earned an MFA.
## Career
Kittle was a middle school teacher at The Miami Valley School, and an English teacher at Centerville High School. From 2013 to 2014, she was employed as a Program Assistant at the Miami Valley Fair Housing Center, but as of June 2015 she was no longer listed on their Staff webpage.
Kittle is represented by Lisa Bankoff of International Creative Management. Her current publisher is HarperCollins. Kittle has appeared at the [Antioch Writers\' Workshop](https://antiochcollege.edu/antioch-review/) in Yellow Springs, Ohio, an annual week-long writing workshop
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# Data transformation (statistics)
In statistics, **data transformation** is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set---that is, each data point *z~i~* is replaced with the transformed value *y~i~* = *f*(*z~i~*), where *f* is a function. Transforms are usually applied so that the data appear to more closely meet the assumptions of a statistical inference procedure that is to be applied, or to improve the interpretability or appearance of graphs.
Nearly always, the function that is used to transform the data is invertible, and generally is continuous. The transformation is usually applied to a collection of comparable measurements. For example, if we are working with data on peoples\' incomes in some currency unit, it would be common to transform each person\'s income value by the logarithm function.
## Motivation
Guidance for how data should be transformed, or whether a transformation should be applied at all, should come from the particular statistical analysis to be performed. For example, a simple way to construct an approximate 95% confidence interval for the population mean is to take the sample mean plus or minus two standard error units. However, the constant factor 2 used here is particular to the normal distribution, and is only applicable if the sample mean varies approximately normally. The central limit theorem states that in many situations, the sample mean does vary normally if the sample size is reasonably large. However, if the population is substantially skewed and the sample size is at most moderate, the approximation provided by the central limit theorem can be poor, and the resulting confidence interval will likely have the wrong coverage probability. Thus, when there is evidence of substantial skew in the data, it is common to transform the data to a symmetric distribution before constructing a confidence interval. If desired, the confidence interval for the quantiles (such as the median) can then be transformed back to the original scale using the inverse of the transformation that was applied to the data.
Data can also be transformed to make them easier to visualize. For example, suppose we have a scatterplot in which the points are the countries of the world, and the data values being plotted are the land area and population of each country. If the plot is made using untransformed data (e.g. square kilometers for area and the number of people for population), most of the countries would be plotted in tight cluster of points in the lower left corner of the graph. The few countries with very large areas and/or populations would be spread thinly around most of the graph\'s area. Simply rescaling units (e.g., to thousand square kilometers, or to millions of people) will not change this. However, following logarithmic transformations of both area and population, the points will be spread more uniformly in the graph.
Another reason for applying data transformation is to improve interpretability, even if no formal statistical analysis or visualization is to be performed. For example, suppose we are comparing cars in terms of their fuel economy. These data are usually presented as \"kilometers per liter\" or \"miles per gallon\". However, if the goal is to assess how much additional fuel a person would use in one year when driving one car compared to another, it is more natural to work with the data transformed by applying the reciprocal function, yielding liters per kilometer, or gallons per mile.
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# Data transformation (statistics)
## In regression {#in_regression}
Data transformation may be used as a remedial measure to make data suitable for modeling with linear regression if the original data violates one or more assumptions of linear regression. For example, the simplest linear regression models assume a linear relationship between the expected value of *Y* (the response variable to be predicted) and each independent variable (when the other independent variables are held fixed). If linearity fails to hold, even approximately, it is sometimes possible to transform either the independent or dependent variables in the regression model to improve the linearity. For example, addition of quadratic functions of the original independent variables may lead to a linear relationship with expected value of *Y,* resulting in a polynomial regression model, a special case of linear regression.
Another assumption of linear regression is homoscedasticity, that is the variance of errors must be the same regardless of the values of predictors. If this assumption is violated (i.e. if the data is heteroscedastic), it may be possible to find a transformation of *Y* alone, or transformations of both *X* (the predictor variables) and *Y*, such that the homoscedasticity assumption (in addition to the linearity assumption) holds true on the transformed variables and linear regression may therefore be applied on these.
Yet another application of data transformation is to address the problem of lack of normality in error terms. Univariate normality is not needed for least squares estimates of the regression parameters to be meaningful (see Gauss--Markov theorem). However confidence intervals and hypothesis tests will have better statistical properties if the variables exhibit multivariate normality. Transformations that stabilize the variance of error terms (i.e. those that address heteroscedasticity) often also help make the error terms approximately normal.
### Examples
**Equation:** $Y = a + bX$
: **Meaning:** A unit increase in X is associated with an average of b units increase in Y.
**Equation:** $\log(Y) = a + bX$
: (From exponentiating both sides of the equation: $Y = e^a e^{bX}$)
: **Meaning:** A unit increase in X is associated with an average increase of b units in $\log(Y)$, or equivalently, Y increases on an average by a multiplicative factor of $e^{b}\!$. For illustrative purposes, if base-10 logarithm were used instead of natural logarithm in the above transformation and the same symbols (*a* and *b*) are used to denote the regression coefficients, then a unit increase in X would lead to a $10^{b}$times increase in Y on an average. If b were 1, then this implies a 10-fold increase in Y for a unit increase in X
**Equation:** $Y = a + b \log(X)$
: **Meaning:** A k-fold increase in X is associated with an average of $b \times \log(k)$units increase in Y. For illustrative purposes, if base-10 logarithm were used instead of natural logarithm in the above transformation and the same symbols (*a* and *b*) are used to denote the regression coefficients, then a tenfold increase in X would result in an average increase of $b \times \log_{10}(10) = b$ units in Y
**Equation:** $\log(Y) = a + b \log(X)$
: (From exponentiating both sides of the equation: $Y = e^a X^{b}$)
: **Meaning:** A k-fold increase in X is associated with a $k^{b}$multiplicative increase in Y on an average. Thus if X doubles, it would result in Y changing by a multiplicative factor of $2^{b}\!$.
### Alternative
Generalized linear models (GLMs) provide a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression that allows for response variables that have error distribution models other than a normal distribution. GLMs allow the linear model to be related to the response variable via a link function and allow the magnitude of the variance of each measurement to be a function of its predicted value.
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# Data transformation (statistics)
## Common cases {#common_cases}
The **logarithm transformation** and **square root transformation** are commonly used for positive data, and the **multiplicative inverse transformation** (**reciprocal transformation**) can be used for non-zero data. The *power transformation* is a family of transformations parameterized by a non-negative value λ that includes the logarithm, square root, and multiplicative inverse transformations as special cases. To approach data transformation systematically, it is possible to use statistical estimation techniques to estimate the parameter λ in the power transformation, thereby identifying the transformation that is approximately the most appropriate in a given setting. Since the power transformation family also includes the identity transformation, this approach can also indicate whether it would be best to analyze the data without a transformation. In regression analysis, this approach is known as the *Box--Cox transformation*.
The reciprocal transformation, some power transformations such as the Yeo--Johnson transformation, and certain other transformations such as applying the inverse hyperbolic sine, can be meaningfully applied to data that include both positive and negative values (the power transformation is invertible over all real numbers if λ is an odd integer). However, when both negative and positive values are observed, it is sometimes common to begin by adding a constant to all values, producing a set of non-negative data to which any power transformation can be applied.
A common situation where a data transformation is applied is when a value of interest ranges over several orders of magnitude. Many physical and social phenomena exhibit such behavior --- incomes, species populations, galaxy sizes, and rainfall volumes, to name a few. Power transforms, and in particular the logarithm, can often be used to induce symmetry in such data. The logarithm is often favored because it is easy to interpret its result in terms of \"fold changes\".
The logarithm also has a useful effect on ratios. If we are comparing positive quantities *X* and *Y* using the ratio *X* / *Y*, then if *X* \< *Y*, the ratio is in the interval (0,1), whereas if *X* \> *Y*, the ratio is in the half-line (1,∞), where the ratio of 1 corresponds to equality. In an analysis where *X* and *Y* are treated symmetrically, the log-ratio log(*X* / *Y*) is zero in the case of equality, and it has the property that if *X* is *K* times greater than *Y*, the log-ratio is the equidistant from zero as in the situation where *Y* is *K* times greater than *X* (the log-ratios are log(*K*) and −log(*K*) in these two situations).
If values are naturally restricted to be in the range 0 to 1, not including the end-points, then a logit transformation may be appropriate: this yields values in the range (−∞,∞).
### Transforming to normality {#transforming_to_normality}
1\. It is not always necessary or desirable to transform a data set to resemble a normal distribution. However, if symmetry or normality are desired, they can often be induced through one of the power transformations.
2\. A linguistic power function is distributed according to the Zipf-Mandelbrot law. The distribution is extremely spiky and leptokurtic, this is the reason why researchers had to turn their backs to statistics to solve e.g. authorship attribution problems. Nevertheless, usage of Gaussian statistics is perfectly possible by applying data transformation.
3\. To assess whether normality has been achieved after transformation, any of the standard normality tests may be used. A graphical approach is usually more informative than a formal statistical test and hence a normal quantile plot is commonly used to assess the fit of a data set to a normal population. Alternatively, rules of thumb based on the sample skewness and kurtosis have also been proposed.
### Transforming to a uniform distribution or an arbitrary distribution {#transforming_to_a_uniform_distribution_or_an_arbitrary_distribution}
If we observe a set of *n* values *X*~1~, \..., *X*~*n*~ with no ties (i.e., there are *n* distinct values), we can replace *X*~*i*~ with the transformed value *Y*~*i*~ = *k*, where *k* is defined such that *X*~*i*~ is the *k*^th^ largest among all the *X* values. This is called the *rank transform*, and creates data with a perfect fit to a uniform distribution. This approach has a population analogue.
Using the probability integral transform, if *X* is any random variable, and *F* is the cumulative distribution function of *X*, then as long as *F* is invertible, the random variable *U* = *F*(*X*) follows a uniform distribution on the unit interval \[0,1\].
From a uniform distribution, we can transform to any distribution with an invertible cumulative distribution function. If *G* is an invertible cumulative distribution function, and *U* is a uniformly distributed random variable, then the random variable *G*^−1^(*U*) has *G* as its cumulative distribution function.
Putting the two together, if *X* is any random variable, *F* is the invertible cumulative distribution function of *X*, and *G* is an invertible cumulative distribution function then the random variable *G*^−1^(*F*(*X*)) has *G* as its cumulative distribution function.
### Variance stabilizing transformations {#variance_stabilizing_transformations}
Many types of statistical data exhibit a \"variance-on-mean relationship\", meaning that the variability is different for data values with different expected values. As an example, in comparing different populations in the world, the variance of income tends to increase with mean income. If we consider a number of small area units (e.g., counties in the United States) and obtain the mean and variance of incomes within each county, it is common that the counties with higher mean income also have higher variances.
A variance-stabilizing transformation aims to remove a variance-on-mean relationship, so that the variance becomes constant relative to the mean. Examples of variance-stabilizing transformations are the Fisher transformation for the sample correlation coefficient, the square root transformation or Anscombe transform for Poisson data (count data), the Box--Cox transformation for regression analysis, and the arcsine square root transformation or angular transformation for proportions (binomial data). While commonly used for statistical analysis of proportional data, the arcsine square root transformation is not recommended because logistic regression or a logit transformation are more appropriate for binomial or non-binomial proportions, respectively, especially due to decreased type-II error.
## Transformations for multivariate data {#transformations_for_multivariate_data}
Univariate functions can be applied point-wise to multivariate data to modify their marginal distributions. It is also possible to modify some attributes of a multivariate distribution using an appropriately constructed transformation. For example, when working with time series and other types of sequential data, it is common to difference the data to improve stationarity. If data generated by a random vector *X* are observed as vectors *X*~i~ of observations with covariance matrix Σ, a linear transformation can be used to decorrelate the data. To do this, the Cholesky decomposition is used to express Σ = *A* *A*\'. Then the transformed vector *Y*~i~ = *A*^−1^*X*~i~ has the identity matrix as its covariance matrix
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