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# The Journal of Julius Rodman
***The Journal of Julius Rodman, Being an Account of the First Passage across the Rocky Mountains of North America Ever Achieved by Civilized Man*** is an unfinished serial novel by American author Edgar Allan Poe published in 1840.
## Plot
*The Journal of Julius Rodman* is a fictionalized account of the first expedition across the Western Wilderness, crossing the Rocky Mountains. The journal chronicled a 1792 expedition led by Julius Rodman up the Missouri River to the Northwest. This 1792 expedition would have made Rodman the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains. The detailed journal chronicles events of the most surprising nature, and recounts \"the unparalleled vicissitudes and adventures experienced by a handful of men in a country which, until then, had never been explored by \'civilised man\'.\"
Julius Rodman was an English emigrant who first settled in New York, then moved to Kentucky and Mississippi. His expedition which departed from Mills\' Point up the Missouri River with several companions was described in a diary. The manuscript of the diary was submitted by his heir, James E. Rodman.
Rodman is accompanied on his expedition by Pierre Junôt; Alexander Wormley; Toby; Andrew Thornton; and the five Greely brothers, John, Robert, Meredith, Frank, and Poindexter. The party is described as \"mere travellers for pleasure\", abandoning commercial or pecuniary motives. They traveled by canoe and by a thirty foot long keelboat which was bulletproof. The travelers described the White Cliffs of the Missouri: \"The face of these remarkable cliffs, as might be supposed, is chequered with a variety of lines formed by the trickling of the rains upon the soft material, so that a fertile fancy might easily imagine them to be gigantic monuments reared by human art, and carved over with hieroglyphical devices.\" In the final chapter, a ferocious attack by two grizzly bears on the expedition party is described: \"We had scarcely time to say a word to each other before two enormous brown bears (the first we had yet encountered during the voyage) came rushing at us open-mouthed from a clump of rose-bushes.\" Their fierceness was detailed: \"These animals are much dreaded by the Indians, and with reason, for they are indeed formidable creatures, possessing prodigious strength, with untamable ferocity, and the most wonderful tenacity of life.\" A member of the party, Greely, is attacked and mauled by one of the bears. Rodman and another member, the Prophet, assist him. They shoot the bear but cannot stop the attack. Subsequently, Rodman and the Prophet are attacked. Cornered on the cliff, they are saved from death by Greely, who shoots the bear at point-blank range: \"Our deliverer, who had fought many a bear in his life-time, had put his pistol deliberately to the eye of the monster, and the contents had entered his brain.\"
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Six installments of the novel were published in *Burton\'s Gentleman\'s Magazine*{{\'}}s January through June issues in 1840. At the time, Poe was a contributing editor of the journal. He was fired from the job in June 1840 by William Burton and refused to continue the novel.
The work was reprinted in 1947 by The Colt Press in San Francisco as a hardcover book with wood engravings by Mallette Dean and with an introduction by Jane Bissell Grabhorn. In 2008, Pushkin Press republished the novel in a new illustrated edition with an afterword by Michael David. In 2009, Chris Aruffo made an audio recording of the novel as part of a series.
## Reception
In 1840, members of the United States Senate believed the story to be a true account. Robert Greenhow (1800--1854), a native of Richmond, Virginia, whose family may have known Poe, wrote a paragraph about the work in U.S. Senate Document of the 26th Congress, 1st Session, Volume IV (1839--40), pages 140-141, entitled \"Memoir, Historical and Political, on the Northwest Coast of North America, and the Adjacent Territories; Illustrated by a Map and a Geographical View of Those Countries\". The document stated, \"It is proper to notice here an account of an expedition across the American continent, made between 1791 and 1794, by a party of citizens of the United States, under the direction of Julius Rodman, whose journal has been recently discovered in Virginia, and is now in course of publication in a periodical magazine at Philadelphia.\" Greenhow admitted that the full expedition had not yet been completely reported.
This unintended \"hoax\" on the U.S. Senate suggests Poe\'s ability to add credibility to his fiction. In 1844, Greenhow\'s \"Memoir\" was expanded and reprinted in book form as *The History of Oregon and California and Other Territories on the North-West Coast of North America.* In its second edition, references to Julius Rodman were removed, implying Greenhow learned of his error
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# Fred Crespo
**Fred Crespo** (born 1957/1958) is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 44th district since 2007. This district lies entirely within Cook County and includes all of Streamwood, approximately half of Hoffman Estates and Hanover Park, and portions of Schaumburg, Elgin, and Bartlett.
## Early life, education and career {#early_life_education_and_career}
Crespo attended Loyola University, Chicago.
## Illinois General Assembly {#illinois_general_assembly}
Crespo has been a member of the following Legislative Committees:
- Appropriations for General Services, Chair
- Education Policy, Chair
- Elementary and Secondary Education, Vice Chair
- Mass Transit, Member
- Public Utilities, Member
- Small Business Empowerment and Workforce Development, Member
- Subcommittee on Mandates, Member
- Tourism and Conventions, Member
## Achievements
Crespo provided assistance for the construction of the much-needed Alexian Brothers Women\'s and Children\'s Hospital in the Northwest Suburbs of Chicago.
Crespo worked with the Village of Hoffman Estates to secure funding for a full interchange at Interstate 90 and Barrington Road which, which was completed in 2016.
Crespo worked collaboratively with the Village of Hanover Park, Harper Community College and Elgin Community College to open the Work and Education Center in Hanover Park in 2014.
In 2018, then-Governor-elect J. B. Pritzker appointed Crespo to the Educational Success transition committee, which is responsible for state education policy.
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
Crespo was recognized with the Illinois Office of Tourism Lincoln Award for his commitment to economic development in the State of Illinois.
Crespo has been recognized for his ongoing commitment and contributions to mental health concerns with the Legislator of the Year Award from the Illinois Psychological Association, the Illinois Hero Award from the National Association of Mental Illness (NAMI) and the Legislator of the Year Award from the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD). Women In Need Growing Stronger (WINGS) recognized Crespo for his efforts to end domestic violence, including his strong support for Civil Order of Protection laws in the State.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Crespo and his wife Dorothy have two children
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# John Morgan Davis
**John Morgan Davis** (August 9, 1906 -- March 8, 1984) was the 22nd lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1963 and later was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Born in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, Davis received a Bachelor of Science degree from University of Pennsylvania in 1929. He received a Bachelor of Laws from University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1932. He was in private practice of law in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1933 to 1952. He was a judge of the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas from 1952 to 1958. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1963, under Governor David L. Lawrence.
## Federal judicial service {#federal_judicial_service}
Davis received a recess appointment from President Lyndon B. Johnson on January 7, 1964, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge Thomas C. Egan. He was nominated by President Johnson to the same seat on February 3, 1964. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 14, 1964, and received his commission on March 17, 1964. He assumed senior status due to a certified disability on May 6, 1974. His service was terminated on March 8, 1984, due to his death
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# Harry van Raaij
**Hendrikus Jacobus Maria \"Harry\" van Raaij** (29 August 1936 -- 16 November 2020) was a Dutch functionary, who served as the chairman of PSV Eindhoven, a Dutch sports club, between 1996 and 2004.
## Biography
Van Raaij was born in Haps on 29 August 1936. He was a proponent of the Atlantic League, which would have been a competition for larger clubs in smaller European countries. Professionally, he was a manager at Philips.
Van Raaij died on 16 November 2020 at the age of 84
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# Dermatotoxin
A **dermatotoxin** or **dermatoxin** (from *derma*, the Greek word for skin) is a toxic chemical that damages skin, mucous membranes, or both, often leading to tissue necrosis. These can come in the form of natural and synthetic chemicals and can be found in drugs.
These chemicals have been found in cosmetics, lotions, drugs and some chemical weapons. Many dermatoxins are also considered vesicants, or blister agents, meaning they are irritating enough to the skin when applied to cause it to blister. Additionally, many of the effects of these toxins are activated by light.
Both terms, \"dermatotoxin\" and \"dermatoxin\" are considered grammatically correct names for these substances.
## Toxicology
The severity of the effects of a dermatoxic agent is strongly dependent on the dose, route of exposure, rate at which it spreads, and the overall health of the afflicted individual. However, prolonged contact can cause tissue necrosis or allergic contact dermatitis, which can lead to skin cancer, chemical burns, irritant dermatitis, photodermatitis, phototoxicity, changes to pigmentation, and urticaria, or hives.
## Examples of dermatoxic substances {#examples_of_dermatoxic_substances}
- T-2 toxin
- Sterigmatocystin
- Sulfur mustard
- Psoralen
- Cantharidin
## Uses of dermatoxic substances {#uses_of_dermatoxic_substances}
Dermatotoxins have been used for several different substances, many of which are or have in the past been tied to cosmetics and similar industries. While there are many kinds of dermatoxins, used in a variety of chemical compounds, the below are a few examples.
One of the most well-known dermatoxic substances is sulfur mustard, or mustard gas, which has been known to cause damage to the skin, eyes, and lungs, which can escalate to blinding the victims. It is considered a blister agent, and has been known to be a carcinogenic substance. It has historically been used in warfare multiple times, beginning in World War I.
Psoralen is another dermatoxic substance, which is known to be photocarcinogenic, meaning it increases the risk of cancer when exposed to light. It could be found as an ingredient in tanning lotions until 1996, when it was discovered that it was a potential cause for an increase in melanoma rates and its use was subsequently banned by the European Commission.
Cantharidin, another known dermatoxin, is an ingredient used to treat some skin conditions, such as molluscum contagiosum, a kind of wart. However, it has been documented to have side effects, such as pain, blistering, itching, scabs, redness or other discoloration, dryness, edema or swelling, and general damage to the skin when it is applied topically
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# Thor Henning
**Thor Henning** (13 September 1894 -- 7 October 1967) was a Swedish breaststroke and freestyle swimmer who won a four medals at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. At the 1912 Summer Olympics he came second after German Walter Bathe in the 400 m breaststroke, and in 1920 he was beaten by teammate Håkan Malmrot in the 200 m and 400 m breaststroke
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# PAL-TIN
The **PAL-TIN** (Participarea TINerilor la Administrarea Locala, translated as Youth Participation in Local Government) Project is a large network of local youth and children's councils throughout Romania. PAL-TIN (acronym commonly shortened to PALTIN) was an initiative of the Bucharest-based MASTER Forum Association (started in 1994) to develop local youth councils in Romania along the lines of the youth council charter adopted by the European Union. By 2007 the program included over 90 youth and child councils throughout Romania.
## History
Following the popular uprising and overthrow of the country\'s communist dictatorship in 1989, a number of civic organizations were developed that focused on the promotion of democracy and the popular spread and implementation of democratic ideals. A number of these organizations banded together in the creation of an association called MASTER Forum focused on supporting the trends of building a civil society, initiatives of youth and youth associations. The founders consisted of European Union/Phare for Democracy Program, Solon Foundation from Switzerland, Fund for the Development of the Carpathian Euroregion, and the Civil Society Development Foundation. Out of this forum came the PAL-TIN (Youth Participation in Local Government) Project, the primary objective of which is the promotion of youth participation in public decisions about matters that concern them.
The initiative is developed along the lines of the EU youth council charter. Resolution 237 from 1992 of the Permanent Conference of Local and Regional Authorities in Europe adopted the Charter on the Participation of Young People in Local and Regional Life in which it is affirmed that: \"municipalities and other territorial communities will create adequate institutional conditions for the participation of the young people in decision-making and debates on problems of interest to them\... will create and support youth councils that function as a structure of active participation\...\".
## Council Framework {#council_framework}
The youth council framework was designed to serve as:
- A place where teenagers can express and dialogue among themselves and with local administration, decision-making factors on problems of interest to them;
- A frame of activity conceived and accomplished by young people, at the level of their day by day existence, having the local community as central reference space;
- And a place for practical learning of democratic citizenship, of expression, communication, dialogue, negotiation, decision-making and evaluation.
The PAL-TIN Project is able to support the individual youth councils through:
- Offering the existing documentation, translated or adapted;
- Putting the evaluation studies regarding the functioning of the councils at the disposal of groups interested in the creation of youth councils so that difficulties can be avoided;
- Providing consultant services to local administrations interested in getting involved in the creation of such councils;
- Organizing training of volunteers willing to get involved in the creation of the councils;
- Participating, along with the local coordinators, in the design and support of the activity of the local councils, providing assistance during the implementation of local projects;
- Organizing experience-sharing meetings, seminars and workshops for the initiators of such councils;
- Elaborating presentation materials, recommendations and documentation for the organization of elections for youth local councils
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# Willo McDonagh
**Willo McDonagh** (born 14 March 1983) is an Irish former footballer. The defensive midfield player played for Bohemians, Carlisle United, Shamrock Rovers, Glentoran, Monaghan United and Shelbourne.
## Biography
He made his Rovers debut on 18 March 2005 and went on to make a total of 31 appearances in all competitions scoring 6 goals.
McDonagh arrived at The Oval in January 2006 from Shamrock Rovers, and was one of former manager Roy Coyle\'s final signings before resigning. McDonagh scored his first goal for the club in a 3-2 success against Newry City at the Oval in March, this would be his only for the season.
2006/2007 was a mixed year for McDonagh, with consistency being the main hindrance to him becoming a favourite with the Glentoran crowd. Arguably his best performance for the Glens came in a 4--1 win over Belfast rivals Cliftonville at the Oval in December 2006, where he made surging runs from midfield and scored with a directed header, and many hoped he would have continued this great form into the annual Boxing Day derby clash with arch rivals Linfield, but McDonagh was handed a two-game suspension by the IFA.
Infamous for his disciplinary record, with 11 bookings to his name this season, he has gained a reputation with officials up all over the country after his alleged two-foot stamp on Cliftonville\'s Ronan Scannell in December\'s televised CIS League Cup Final, a game which Glentoran went on to win 1-0 thanks to a 32nd minute Gary Hamilton goal. This is McDonagh\'s only winners medal to date. In 2007 McDonagh was placed on the transfer list.
In February 2008 he was loaned out to Armagh City for one season
Following his release by the Glens, McDonagh signed for Glenavon.
In August 2011, he signed for Monaghan United, again linking up with Roddy Collins. On 18 June 2012, the club announced their withdrawal from the League of Ireland and all of their playing staff were released by the club.
He subsequently signed for Longford Town in June 2012, scoring on his debut against Mervue United, in a 5--4 win for his new club. McDonagh is currently operating in a centre back role under Longford manager Tony Cousins
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# Romulus Community School District
**Romulus Community School District**, also referred to as **Romulus Community Schools** (**RCS**), is a public school district in Romulus, Michigan in Metro Detroit. The district\'s Administration Offices & Transportation Department is located at 36540 Grant Road.
As of Summer 2013, the Inkster Public Schools District was entirely dissolved. The Romulus school district absorbed some of the Inkster boundary. Students south of Michigan Avenue and west of Middlebelt were rezoned to Romulus.
The district serves most of Romulus, portions of Inkster, and a portion of Westland; the Westland portion was formerly in the Inkster school district.
## Schools
The following are the schools in the school district as of July 1, 2010:
School Name Address School Mascot Grades
----------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------- ---------------------------
Romulus Senior High School 9650 S. Wayne Road, Romulus Eagles 9th -- 12th grade
Romulus Middle School 37300 Wick Road, Romulus Bulldogs 6th -- 8th grade
Barth Elementary School 38207 Barth Road, Romulus Bears Kindergarten -- 5th grade
Halecreek Elementary School 16200 Harrison Road, Romulus Hawks Kindergarten -- 5th grade
Romulus Elementary School 32200 Beverly Road, Romulus Jaguars Kindergarten -- 5th grade
Wick Elementary School 36900 Wick Road, Romulus Wolverines Kindergarten -- 5th grade
## Other district buildings {#other_district_buildings}
- Romulus Community High/Middle School (7th -- 12th grade)
- L.G. Burton Center (early childhood/preschool)
- Cory GSRP Center
## Former district schools {#former_district_schools}
- Beverly Elementary (Guidance Center Head Start & Administrative Offices)
- Cory Elementary (closed 2010---now GSRP Center)
- Gordonier Elementary (razed---site is now vacant lot)
- Harrison Elementary (occupied by Central Global Express)
- Hayti-Beverly Elementary (razed---site is now vacant lot)
- Merriman Elementary (now Romulus Alternative Middle/High School)
- Mt
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# Château Cissac
**Château Cissac** is a winery in the Haut-Médoc appellation of the Bordeaux wine region of France. Cissac produces long-lived red wines and is classified as a Cru Bourgeois. The Château is owned by the Vialard family
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# Milwaukee Clarks
The **Milwaukee Clarks** were a professional ice hockey team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They were a member of the International Hockey League in 1948--1949 and the Eastern Amateur Hockey League in 1949--1950.
The Clarks were sponsored by Clark\'s Super Gas service stations, and took their team colors and logo directly from the oil company
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# Douglas Crockford
**Douglas Crockford** is an American computer programmer who is involved in the development of the JavaScript language. He specified the data format JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), and has developed various JavaScript related tools such as the static code analyzer JSLint and minifier JSMin. He wrote the book *JavaScript: The Good Parts*, published in 2008, followed by *How JavaScript Works* in 2018. He was a senior JavaScript architect at PayPal until 2019, and is also a writer and speaker on JavaScript, JSON, and related web technologies.
## Education
Crockford earned a degree in Radio and Television from San Francisco State University in 1975. He took classes in FORTRAN and worked with a university lab\'s computer.
## Career
Crockford purchased an Atari 8-bit computer in 1980 and wrote the game *Galahad and the Holy Grail* for the Atari Program Exchange (APX), which resulted in Chris Crawford hiring him at Atari, Inc. While at Atari, Crockford wrote another game, *Burgers!*, for APX and a number of experimental audio/visual demos that were freely distributed.
After Warner Communications sold the company, he joined National Semiconductor. In 1984 Crockford joined Lucasfilm,`{{r|boosman198703}}`{=mediawiki} and later Paramount Pictures. He became known on video game oriented listservs in the early 1990s after he posted his memoir \"The Expurgation of Maniac Mansion\" to a video gaming bulletin board. The memoir documented his efforts to censor the computer game *Maniac Mansion* to Nintendo\'s satisfaction so that they could release it as a cartridge, and Crockford\'s mounting frustrations as Nintendo\'s demands became more obscure and confusing.
Together with Randy Farmer and Chip Morningstar, Crockford founded Electric Communities and was its CEO from 1994 to 1995. He was involved`{{clarify|date=September 2015}}`{=mediawiki} in the development of the programming language E.
Crockford was the founder of State Software (also known as Veil Networks) and its CTO from 2001 to 2002.
During his time at State Software, Crockford popularized the JSON data format, based upon existing JavaScript language constructs, as a lightweight alternative to XML. He obtained the domain name json.org in 2002, and put up his description of the format there. In July 2006, he specified the format officially, as RFC 4627.
He worked at Yahoo for many years.
## Opinions on JavaScript {#opinions_on_javascript}
In 2008 Crockford published a book announcing his discovery that JavaScript, contrary to prevailing opinion, has good parts. He describes this as \"heresy\", and as \"maybe the first important discovery of the 21st century\", noting that it came as a \"big surprise to the JavaScript community, and the world at large.\" He attributes the discovery to his having read the ECMAScript Standard, which he says \"literally changed my life.\" He also notes that the specification document is of \"extremely poor quality\", \"hard to read\", \"hard to understand\", and says that the ECMA and the TC39 committee \"should be deeply embarrassed\".
## Software license for \"Good, not Evil\" {#software_license_for_good_not_evil}
In 2002, in reference to President George Bush\'s war on \"evildoers\", Crockford started releasing his JSMin software under a customized open source MIT License, with the added requirement that \"The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil\". This clause was carried over to JSMin-PHP, a variation of JSMin by Ryan Grove. This software was hosted on Google Code until December 2009 when, due to the additional clause, Google determined that the license was not compliant with the definition of free and open source software, which does not permit any restriction on how software may be used. JSMin-PHP was forced to migrate to a new hosting provider. According to the GNU project, the licence conflicts with Freedom 0 of the Free Software definition, and although \"it may be unenforceable, we cannot presume that\", therefore non-free.
Crockford\'s license has caused problems for some open source projects who mistook the license for an open source variant of the MIT license. Affected open source developers have asked Crockford to change the license, but he has continued to use it. In 2022, Crockford changed the license in the JSON Java implementation to Public Domain.
## In media {#in_media}
Crockford is listed in the acknowledgements of the 1995 hardcover edition of *The Diamond Age*, by Neal Stephenson as *Douglas (Carl Hollywood) Crockford*
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# Ministry of National Development (Eritrea)
The **Ministry of National Development** (Abbreviation: **MND**) in Eritrea has a mandate to plan and coordinate programs and projects at the sectoral and regional levels or to coordinate their implementation and to conduct management audit of ministries, departments and strategic public enterprises. The Ministry grew out of the Office of Macro Policy within the Office of the President.
The first Minister of National Development is Dr. Woldai Futur. The current Minister, however, is Dr Giorgis Tesfamichael
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# Paul Tyson
**Paul Leighton Tyson** (October 25, 1886 -- September 9, 1950) was an American football coach. He was one of the most successful high school football coaches of all time, winning four Texas state championships and one national championship in the 1920s. Knute Rockne called Tyson \"one of the finest coaches I ever met, college or high school\".
## Career
A native of Arkansas, Tyson enrolled at Addison-Randolph College in Waco, Texas, (later re-founded as Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas) in 1904, intending to become a doctor. He went to a football game, tried out for the team the next week and made the starting line-up. He also lettered in baseball. In 1908, Tyson graduated from Addison-Randolph, and went to Pritzker School of Medicine in Chicago to study medicine. While playing baseball there, he was reportedly offered a contract to pitch for a major league team, but turned it down.
Returning to Texas, Tyson taught biology in Tyler to supplement his income while studying medicine. While at Tyler, the children recruited him as their \"football supervisor\". After teaching two more terms at Denison High School, Tyson finally decided to give up medicine for sports, when he became a biology teacher and football coach at Waco High School.
Though starting his career with a 1--3--2 season in 1913, Tyson\'s Waco teams did not have a losing season in the following 27 years under his guidance. Their dominance, however, truly began in the 1920s. Waco played six straight championship games between 1922 and 1927, losing only two. In 1927, after beating Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin School of Chardon, Ohio, 44--12 in a postseason game, Waco was recognized as a mythical national champion.
In a time when most teams relied on a basic offense run out of a short punt formation, Tyson revolutionized offensive tactics, developing a series of plays out of the single-wing formation, where one or both of the two backs receiving the snap would spin and cross paths with the remaining backs and ends. The so-called \"spinner\" was so effective, that Waco scored over a hundred points on nine occasions between 1922 1927. In 1927, the Tigers scored an average of 56 points per game---a record that stood until 1975 when Big Sandy High School scored 824 points for the season.
Tyson\'s teams were also known for their defense. Playing only a regular-season schedule, the 1921 team was the first of three squads to allow no points in a season. From 1921 to 1927, Waco had 58 shutouts. The 3--0 state title loss to Abilene High School in 1923 was Waco\'s only scoring blemish. Led by Boody Johnson, Tommy Glover, Jack Sisco and Sam Coates, Waco\'s defense gave up just 156 points in seven seasons.
Despite receiving several offers to coach college football teams, Tyson had no interest in leaving Waco. He attended and spoke at football clinics all over the country. Knute Rockne and Pop Warner routinely sought his opinions on offensive philosophy, and he was a favorite of reporters, who found him charismatic and humble and openly campaigned for major universities to hire him.
In spring 1942, the Waco school board suddenly and unanimously voted to fire Tyson after an 8--2 season, two removed from a year he took the Tigers to the state finals. Tyson, a lifelong bachelor who never dated, was rumored to be \"too intimate\" with his players
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# Troides miranda
\| taxon = Troides miranda \| authority = Butler, 1869 }}
***Troides miranda***, the **Miranda birdwing**, is a birdwing butterfly that inhabits Borneo and Sumatra.
*Troides miranda* is a large butterfly with a wingspan ranging from 150 mm to 170 mm, with inconspicuously scalloped wings, black head and thorax and yellow abdomen. There is a sexual dimorphism of colour.
Males have black forewings with veins discreetly outlined in white in the postdiscal part, and yellow hindwings with black veins and a marginal border of black serrations.
The females, larger than the males, have brown forewings with white-edged veins, and brown hind wings with a small yellow central space veined with brown and a submarginal line of yellow chevrons.
## Subspecies
- *Troides miranda miranda* North Borneo.
- *Troides miranda hayamii* Kobayashi, 1991 Southwest Borneo
- *Troides miranda neomiranda* (Fruhstorfer, 1903) Sumatra
## Biology
The larva feeds on aristoloches- *Aristolochia*.
## Related species {#related_species}
*Troides miranda* is a member of the *Troides amphrysus* species group
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# Dish (food)
A **dish** in gastronomy is a specific food preparation, a \"distinct article or variety of food\", ready to eat or to be served.
A dish may be served on tableware, or may be eaten in one\'s hands.
Instructions for preparing a dish are called recipes.
Some dishes, for example a hot dog with ketchup, rarely have their own recipes printed in cookbooks as they are made by simply combining two ready-to-eat foods.
## Naming
Many dishes have specific names, such as Sauerbraten, while others have descriptive names, such as \"broiled ribsteak\". Many are named for particular places, sometimes because of a specific association with that place, such as Boston baked beans or *bistecca alla fiorentina*, and sometimes not: poached eggs Florentine essentially means \"poached eggs with spinach\". Some are named for particular individuals:
- To honor them: for example, Brillat-Savarin cheese, named for the 18th-century French gourmet and famed political figure Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin;
- After the first person for whom the dish was prepared: for example, Chaliapin steak, made by the order of the Russian opera singer Feodor Ivanovich Chaliapin in 1934 in Japan;
- After the inventor, either being given the name by that person or because the dish was created in the inventor\'s kitchen.
Some dishes have many stories about their creation, which can sometimes make it difficult to know the true origin of the name of a dish
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# Harald Julin
**Harald Sigfrid Alexander Julin** (27 March 1890 -- 31 July 1967) was a Swedish swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1906, 1908, 1912 and 1920 Olympics. In 100 m freestyle swimming he won a bronze medal in 1908, and failed to reach the finals in 1906 and 1912; he finished fifth in the 4×250 m freestyle relay in 1906. In water polo he won bronze medals in 1908 and 1920 and a silver at the 1912 Summer Olympics in his native Stockholm. His sons Åke and Rolf also became Olympic water polo players.
Julle came from a rich family. Besides water sports he was a fan of motor racing, working as a secretary of the Royal Automobile Club and helping organize several racing events. He later joined the national sports federation
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# Carl Tiler
**Carl Tiler** (born 11 February 1970) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central defender.
He made more than 250 appearances in Premier League and the Football League and was part of a number of successful sides during his career despite rarely establishing himself as a first choice player in his position. He notably played in the top flight for Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa, Everton and Charlton Athletic as well as other spells for Barnsley, Swindon Town, Sheffield United, Birmingham City and Portsmouth. He is also a former England U21 who earned 13 caps between 1990 and 1991.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Tiler was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. A tough central defender, he started his career at Barnsley, where his form attracted interest from top clubs, before a £1.4million move to Brian Clough\'s Nottingham Forest in the summer of 1991.
He played regular first team football for his first two seasons at Forest but then sustained a serious ankle injury, around the time of Forest\'s relegation in 1993, which kept him out for the whole of the following season, when Forest won promotion. He regained fitness and went on loan to Swindon Town in the 1994--95 season, with his place in the centre of defence at the City Ground now occupied by Colin Cooper.
Having played a total of 85 games for Forest, Tiler joined Aston Villa for £750,000 in October 1995. He sustained a ruptured hamstring after 70 minutes of his debut against Everton which took a full 10 months to heal. He then played a further 14 games for Villa before sealing a £500,000 move back to his home town team Sheffield United. With Sheffield United he reached the 1996--97 First Division playoff final at Wembley against Crystal Palace, which *the Blades* lost in the last minute 1--0. After a short spell of 23 games and a £750,000 transfer fee the commanding defender Tiler followed his old Blades boss Howard Kendall to Everton, where he played the remainder of that season helping keep the Goodison Park outfit in the Premiership. Walter Smith took over the reins the following season and his first team appearances were limited. He scored his only goal for Everton in a 2--1 loss at Southampton on 7 March 1998.
In 1998 Tiler moved to Premiership side Charlton Athletic, again for £750,000. He played 47 games for the club and spent a brief period on loan at Birmingham City before in March 2001 signing for Graham Rix at Portsmouth for £250,000, where he stayed for a couple of seasons, scoring once in the league against Crystal Palace, before finally retiring from the game in 2003 due to injury. In his final season he contributed two appearances as Portsmouth won the First Division Championship and promotion to the Premier League
| 471 |
Carl Tiler
| 0 |
10,052,843 |
# Hexagon (comedy show)
**Hexagon** is a non-profit organization billing itself as \"Washington\'s only original political, satirical, musical, comedy revue.\" Since 1955, it has produced an annual show that parodies local, national and international political and social issues. Performances were previously held at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington and are currently located at the Montgomery College Cultural Arts Center in Silver Spring. Beginning in 2015, the show will return to Washington at Woodrow Wilson High School.
All Hexagon performers and staff are volunteers, including local celebrities who make cameo appearances. Ticket sales are donated to a charity selected each year. Recent recipients have included Sarah\'s Circle, the ALS Association, Hospice Caring, and the Wounded Warrior Project. Hexagon is supported by the affiliated Friends of Hexagon. As of 2014, Hexagon had raised over \$3.5 million for charity.
Hexagon has received recognition for its work in the Washington community. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan presented Hexagon with the President\'s Volunteer Action Award for service. In 1993, *Washingtonian* magazine selected Hexagon as \"Washingtonian of the Year,\" the first time an organization was named as the award\'s recipient. In 1994, the Greater Washington Area Chapter of Hadassah honored Hexagon with its Myrtle Wreath Award. The 2007 show \"Strike While The Irony\'s Hot\" was featured in the Capitol Hill newspaper *Roll Call*. The 2010 show \"Dancing with the Czars\" was featured in the Maryland Gazette newspapers
| 235 |
Hexagon (comedy show)
| 0 |
10,052,850 |
# Walter McLaren
**Walter Stowe Bright McLaren** (17 April 1853 -- 29 June 1912) was a British Liberal Party politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for the Crewe division of Cheshire for a total of 11 years between 1886 and 1912.
He was the youngest child of the Liberal MP Duncan McLaren (1800--1886) and his third wife Priscilla Bright, a sister of the Radical MP John Bright. Two of his brothers, Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway and John also became Liberal Members of Parliament. Walter McLaren was married in April 1883 to Eva Muller. They became a powerful pair of women\'s rights advocates with Eva calling herself Mrs Eva McLaren and not the expected Mrs Walter McLaren. Eva stood successfully for public office as far as it was permitted at the time. She campaigned for further rights as treasurer of the Society for Promoting the Return of Women as County Councillors and Walter served on its successor organisation the Women\'s Local Government Society. Walter introduced a clause to the Local Government Act 1894 which extended the voting rights of married women.
McLaren first stood for election to the House of Commons at the 1885 general election, when he stood as an \"independent liberal\" candidate for the Inverness district of Burghs, in Scotland. He had been nominated by the Free Church Constitutional Party, and polled strongly against the official Liberal Party candidate, taking 47.5% of the votes.
At the 1886 general election he was elected in Crewe, where the sitting Liberal MP George Latham had not sought re-election. McLaren was re-elected in 1892, but lost his seat at the 1895 general election. He did not stand in 1900, when the seat was regained for the Liberals by James Tomkinson, but when Tomkinson died shortly after being re-elected at the January 1910 election, McLaren was the successful Liberal candidate in the resulting by-election. He held the seat until his own death in 1912, aged 59.
Walter is buried with his parents in St Cuthberts Churchyard in Edinburgh. Although the monument, lying on the east wall of the first south section under Edinburgh Castle, is huge, Walter is relegated to a simple footnote at the base of the stone
| 367 |
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| 0 |
10,052,867 |
# Glasgow Cross
**Glasgow Cross** is at the hub of the ancient royal burgh and now city of Glasgow, Scotland, close to its first crossing over the River Clyde. It marks the notional boundary between the city centre and the East End
As a major junction at the gateway into the city centre, its five streets run: north up the High Street to Glasgow Cathedral, Cathedral Square and the Royal Infirmary; east along Gallowgate and London Road, close to St Andrew\'s Square; south on the Saltmarket to Glasgow Green and the Justiciary Buildings; and west along Trongate continuing as Argyle Street towards St Enoch Square and Buchanan Street.
Its most recognisable features are the Tolbooth Steeple, the surviving part of the 17th century Glasgow Tolbooth, and the mercat cross replica commissioned in 1929 by William George Black, and designed by architect Edith Hughes.
Linked to the Tolbooth stood the Tontine Hotel and its Assembly Rooms, designed from 1737 by architect Allan Dreghorn with adaptations in 1781 by architect William Hamilton of St Andrew\'s Square. The Tontine was the exchange centre of early mercantile business and the focal point of political and social gatherings. A number of artist paintings over the centuries depict Glasgow Cross, the Tolbooth and Tontine. In front of the Tontine was placed the equestrian statue of King William III, erected in 1734; now sited at Cathedral Square. After the Tolbooth Steeple, the nearby Tron Theatre, formerly the Tron Kirk, built in 1794 is one of the oldest buildings in the city.
The presently disused Glasgow Cross railway station sits beneath the junction.
<File:Glasgow> Cross - geograph.org.uk - 992832.jpg\|Glasgow Cross with Tolbooth Steeple and Mercat Cross. <File:Annan>, Thomas - Tontine Gebäude, Trongate (Zeno Fotografie).jpg\|Tontine Buildings, Tolbooth, Steeple and King William equestrian statue at Glasgow Cross, 1868 photograph by Thomas Annan <File:Glasgow> Mercat Cross and Mercat Building
| 308 |
Glasgow Cross
| 0 |
10,052,888 |
# Retirement planning
**Retirement planning**, in a financial context, refers to the allocation of savings or revenue for retirement. The goal of retirement planning is to achieve financial independence.
The process of retirement planning aims to:
- Assess readiness-to-retire given a desired retirement age and lifestyle, i.e., whether one has enough money to retire
- Identify actions to improve readiness-to-retire
- Acquire financial planning knowledge
- Encourage saving practices
## Obtaining a financial plan {#obtaining_a_financial_plan}
Producers such as a financial planner or financial adviser can help clients develop retirement plans, where compensation is either fee-based or commissioned contingent on product sale; see Professional certification in financial services. Such an arrangement is sometimes viewed`{{by whom|date=October 2014}}`{=mediawiki} as in conflict with a consumer\'s interest, and that the advice rendered cannot be without bias, or at a cost that justifies its value. Consumers can now elect a do it yourself (DIY) approach. For example, retirement web-tools in the form of a calculator, mathematical model or decision support system are available online. A web-based tool that allows client to fully plan, without human intervention, might be considered a producer. Key motivations of the DIY trend are many of the same arguments for lean manufacturing, a constructive alteration of the relationship between producer and consumer.
A good retirement plan should consider:
- Financial Panning
1. Savings and Investments: Enough savings and a well-thought-out investment plan are crucial. This includes retirement accounts like 401(k)s, IRAs, and other investment vehicles.
2. Income Streams: Consideration of various income streams in retirement, such as Social Security benefits, pensions, annuities, and earnings from investments.
3. Budget and Expenses: A realistic budget that accounts for daily living expenses, leisure activities, and unforeseen costs.
4. Inflation and Tax Planning: Strategies to mitigate the impact of inflation and optimize tax liabilities.
- Healthcare Planning
1. Medicare and Supplemental Insurance: Understanding Medicare coverage and whether supplemental insurance is needed.
2. Long-term Care Insurance: Considering the potential need for long-term care and how to finance it.
3. Health Savings Account (HSA): Utilizing an HSA for future healthcare expenses, if available.
```{=html}
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```
- What lifestyle the person seeks to achieve in retirement: their needs and wants
- A projection of all significant assets, liabilities, incomes and spending at the household level (including social security pensions)
- The person\'s ability to save for retirement while working, and an assessment of whether this will indeed be enough to cover their needs
- All issues that will have a material impact on future outcomes - to allow informed decisions to be made e.g. the person\'s chosen retirement age
- The potential variability of future unknowns such as investment returns, inflation rates and the lifespan of each spouse
- The link between health, lifestyle factors and life expectancy. Lifespan assessments should be appropriate for the retiree and allow for longevity improvement trends
## Modeling and limitations {#modeling_and_limitations}
Retirement finances touch upon distinct subject areas or financial domains of client importance, including: investments (i.e., stocks, bonds, mutual funds); real estate; debt; taxes; cash flow (income and expense) analysis; insurance; defined benefits (e.g., social security, traditional pensions).
There is often a complex interaction between the things that the person can control over time (like their investment mix, saving level while working, spending level in retirement and, to an extent, the timing of retirement and part time work undertaken) and things that are outside their control (like market performance, inflation, tax and social security rules and the length of their lifespan).
From an analytic perspective, each domain can be formally characterized and modeled using a different class representation, as defined by a domain\'s unique set of attributes and behaviors. Domain models require definition only at a level of abstraction necessary for decision analysis. Since planning is about the future, domains need to extend beyond current state description and address uncertainty, volatility, change dynamics (i.e., constancy or determinism is not assumed). Together, these factors raise significant challenges to any current producer claim of model predictability or certainty. Volatility in investment markets raises questions for everyone, participants, and fiduciaries alike. With the growth of 401(k) and other individual account retirement plans, many participants are responsible for investing their retirement savings.
| 698 |
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| 0 |
10,052,888 |
# Retirement planning
## Stochastic modelling {#stochastic_modelling}
Retirees often face significant financial risk in retirement (unless they have guaranteed products like defined benefit pensions or lifetime annuities). Each individual doesn't know how long they will live or what sequence of market returns they will experience in retirement.
Ideally, retirement models should calculate the probability of achieving the person's required living standard for as long as they live, and calculate the probability of achieving various other goals. Quantitative specialists and actuaries will fit a statistical distribution to key random variables that impact results - such as market returns, human lifespans and inflation rates. These can be used to generate probability weighted scenarios of what a retiree could experience over the decades in retirement.
The Monte Carlo method is a common form of a mathematical model that is applied to predict long-term investment behavior for a client\'s retirement planning. Its use helps to identify adequacy of client\'s investment to attain retirement readiness and to clarify strategic choices and actions. It\'s important to note the investment domain is only a financial domain and therefore is incomplete on its own. Depending on client context, the investment domain may have very little importance in relation to a client\'s other domains---e.g., a client who receives a guaranteed annuity or social security pension.
Modern retirement models are starting to applying similar techniques at household level too -- projecting all significant assets, liabilities, and incomes of the household and stress testing a full range of market sequences and lifespan scenarios (for each spouse). The approach can deal with the complex interdependencies between subject areas (domains) mentioned above as well as tax and legislative provisions.
| 276 |
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| 1 |
10,052,888 |
# Retirement planning
## Other models {#other_models}
Contemporary retirement planning models have yet to be validated in the sense that the models purport to project a future that has yet to manifest itself. The criticism with contemporary models are some of the same levied against Neoclassical economics. The critic`{{who|date=October 2014}}`{=mediawiki} argues that contemporary models may only have proven validity retrospectively, whereas it is the indeterminate future that needs solution. A more moderate school believes that retirement planning methods must further evolve by adopting a more robust and integrated set of tools from the field of complexity science. Recent research has explored the effects of the elimination of capital income taxes on saving-for-retirement opportunities and its impact on government debt
| 119 |
Retirement planning
| 2 |
10,052,929 |
# Patal Bhuvaneshwar
**Patal Bhuvaneshwar** (Hindi : पाताल भुवनेश्वर) is a limestone Hindu cave temple 14 km from Gangolihat in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand state in India. It is located in the village of Bhubneshwar. Legend and folklore have it that this cave enshrines Lord Shiva and thirty three koti demigods \[33 Types, In hindu neumerology \"Koti\" means \"Types\"\]. The cave is 160 m long and 90 feet deep from the point of entrance. Limestone rock formations have created various spectacular stalactite and stalagmite figures of various hues and forms. This cave has a narrow tunnel-like opening which leads to a number of caves. The cave is fully electrically illuminated. Built by the flow of water, Patal Bhuvaneshwar is not just one cave, rather a series of caves within caves.
## Legend Of the Cave {#legend_of_the_cave}
The first human to discover this cave was Raja Ritupurna who was a king in the Surya Dynasty (*Surya Vansha*) who was ruling Ayodhya (from the time of Rama) during the Treta Yuga. The story starts with Ritupurna and King Nal. It is said that once, King Nal was defeated by his wife, Queen Damayanti. In order to escape his wife's prison Nala requested Ritupurna to hide him. Ritupurna took him to the forests of the Himalayas and asked him to stay there. While going back home he was fascinated by a deer which ran into woods and went after it. He could not find it and took rest under a tree. He had a dream where the deer was asking Ritupurna not to chase him. His sleep broke and as he woke up and went to a cave where a guard was standing. After enquiring about the cave he was allowed to go inside. Right at the entrance, Ritupurna met Sheshnag who agreed to take him through the cave. It carried him on its hood. He saw the marvels of Gods taking place inside. He saw all the 33-koti \[33 Types and not 33 Crores, in Hindu numerology \"Koti\" means \"Types\"\] gods and goddesses including Lord Shiva himself. It is said that after his visit, the cave was closed for ages with a slight prediction in the Skanda Purana that it will be reopened again in Kali Yuga. In the Kali Yuga, Adi Shankaracharya, during his visit to Himalayas re-discovered this cave. Since then regular worship and offering are being done at this place.
## History
According to belief, King Rituparna of the Sun dynasty (*Surya Vansha*) discovered the cave in the Treta Yuga. In the Kali Yuga, Adi Shankaracharya visited this cave in 1191 AD. That was the beginning of the modern pilgrimage history, at Patal Bhuvaneshwar. The journey inside the cave has to be carried in feeble lights, holding protective iron chains. The stone formations of Sheshnag can be seen, holding the earth, heaven and the underworld. 'Havan' (fire sacrifice) is performed in a dimly lit, solemn atmosphere, under the spell of holy chants. The cave, it is believed, is connected by an underground route to Mount Kailash
| 508 |
Patal Bhuvaneshwar
| 0 |
10,052,952 |
# Comparison of note-taking software
The tables below compare features of notable note-taking software.
## General information {#general_information}
Name Developer(s) License Platforms
--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AllMyNotes Organizer Vladonai Software Microsoft Windows
Bear Shiny Frog macOS, iOS
CintaNotes Cinta Software Microsoft Windows
ConnectedText Eduardo Mauro Microsoft Windows
Day One Bloom Built (Automattic) macOS, iOS, Android
Dropbox Paper Dropbox Android, iOS, web-based
Evernote Evernote Corporation Android, iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows 7/8/10, Microsoft Windows Phone, and web-based
Gnote Aurimas Černius Linux
Google Keep Google Android, iOS, ChromeOS, browser based
Joplin [laurent22](https://github.com/laurent22) et al. Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android
KeyNote Marek Jedliński, Tranglos Software Microsoft Windows
Memonic Nektoon AG Android (not released yet), iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7/Mobile web-based
Microsoft OneNote Microsoft Android, macOS, iOS, Windows (desktop and mobile), PWA
MyInfo Milenix Software Windows
MyNotex Massimo Nardello Linux
Notational Velocity Zachary Schneirov macOS
Notes Apple macOS, iOS, web-based
Notion Notion Labs Inc. Android, macOS, iOS (iPad, iPhone), Microsoft Windows, web-based
Obsidian Obsidian Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, iOS, Android
Open-Sankoré Sankoré Linux, macOS, Unix, Microsoft Windows
Org-mode (Emacs) Carsten Dominik, et al. Linux, macOS, Unix, Microsoft Windows
PDF Studio Qoppa Software Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, web-based
Personal Knowbase Bitsmith Software Microsoft Windows
QOwnNotes Patrizio Bekerle Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Qiqqa Quantisle Ltd. Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7/8, Web-based, Android
Roam Roam Research macOS, Linux, Windows
Samsung Notes Samsung Electronics Android, Windows
Simplenote Automattic inc. Web app
TagSpaces TagSpaces UG Web app
TiddlyWiki Jeremy Ruston Cross-platform (single HTML file, runs in browser, on a nodeJS server, on Android and IOS)
Tomboy Alex Graveley Cross-platform (Mono/GTK+)
Ulysses The Soulmen macOS, iOS
Whizfolders AvniTech Solutions Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows Journal Microsoft Windows XP Tablet PC edition, Windows Vista through Windows 10 v1511
Zettlr Hendrik Erz macOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux
Zim Jaap Karssenberg Cross-platform (Python, GTK+)
ZOHO Notebook ZOHO Corporation Web app
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Comparison of note-taking software
| 0 |
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# Comparison of note-taking software
## Basic features {#basic_features}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Name</p></th>
<th><p>Organizing principle(s)</p></th>
<th><p>Outline bulleting with indent</p></th>
<th><p>Tabbed sections</p></th>
<th><p>Sync</p></th>
<th><p>Web Clipping</p></th>
<th><p>PDF annotate and save<br />
<sup>[<em>unclear</em>]</sup></p></th>
<th><p>Whiteboard</p></th>
<th><p>Ink-pen input</p></th>
<th><p>Handwriting recognition</p></th>
<th><p>Spell check</p></th>
<th><p>Search</p></th>
<th><p>Replace in note</p></th>
<th><p>Printing</p></th>
<th><p>File save/export/import formats</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>AllMyNotes Organizer</p></td>
<td><p>Tree</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary, encrypted; import: plain text, RTF, CSV, images, HTML; exports: plain text, HTML, RTF, images</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Bear</p></td>
<td><p>tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary, encrypted; export: plain text, markdown, textbundle, RTF, HTML, DOCX, PDF, JPG, ePub</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>CintaNotes</p></td>
<td><p>Notebooks, sections, tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary; export to Unicode text, XML and HTML</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>ConnectedText</p></td>
<td><p>Wiki, Tree and Categories</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary (SQL); Export to text, XML, CHM and HTML. Import from text, HTML, XML and RTF</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Day One</p></td>
<td><p>Chronological, tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Markdown (in GUI), XML (data file); Export as: pdf, txt, md</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Evernote</p></td>
<td><p>tags, Notebooks, Stacks</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Imports and exports in Evernote XML.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Gnote</p></td>
<td><p>Notebooks</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>NoteXmlFormat, HTML, PDF</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Google Keep</p></td>
<td><p>tags, colors</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary; export to Google Doc and thence to PDF, Word, ODT etc.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Joplin</p></td>
<td><p>Nested notebooks, tree, tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Import/Export: JEX (proprietary), RAW (proprietary, directory), Markdown (optionally with front matter); Export: HTML, PDF; Import: Evernote ENEX</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>KeyNote NF</p></td>
<td><p>Notebooks, notes and tree</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Internal: combination of TXT and RTF; import/export: TXT, RTF, HTML, Treepad</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Memonic</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Notes stored as XML; can attach any filetype</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Microsoft OneNote</p></td>
<td><p>Notebooks, notebook sections, section groups, tags (could be applied to content blocks)</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Imports: Evernote XML. Exports: OneNote binary format.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>MyInfo</p></td>
<td><p>Notebooks, sections, notes, tree, tags, custom attributes</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary, encrypted; import: plain text, RTF, CSV, MS Word, TreePad, images, web pages; exports: plain text, HTML, RTF, CSV, MS Word, TreePad</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>MyNotex</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Sqlite based, zipped attachments; export to HTML; copying as LaTeX; import text files, OpenOffice.org documents</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Notes</p></td>
<td><p>tree, tags| notes, tree, tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Sqlite based; export to PDF</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Notion</p></td>
<td><p>Notebooks, notebook sections, section</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary; export to PDF, HTML, Markdown, CSV</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Obsidian</p></td>
<td><p>Wiki, Tree and Categories</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Markdown, PDF</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Okular</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>PDF, PS, TIFF, CHM, DjVu, DVI, XPS, ODF, others; export PDF+notes for sending to other Okular users</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Open-Sankoré</p></td>
<td><p>tree, notebooks</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Save/export: PDF, IWB, UBZ; Import: PDF, IWB, UBZ, images, image directories</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Org-mode (Emacs)</p></td>
<td><p>tree, tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>LaTeX, HTML, DocBook, Taskjuggler, PDF, Freemind, XOXO, iCalendar</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>PDF Studio</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>PDF</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Personal Knowbase</p></td>
<td><p>tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Export to RTF, HTML, TXT, CSV</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Qiqqa</p></td>
<td><p>tags, brainstorm</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary, PDF, Brainstorm; export to RTF and Word</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Samsung Notes</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Simplenote</p></td>
<td><p>tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Export to XML</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>TagSpaces</p></td>
<td><p>tags, files, directories</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>PNG, JPG, GIF, BMP, ICO, WEBP, SVG, PDF, HTML, MHT, MHTML, MARKDOWN, TXT, XML, JSON, OGG, OGV, WEBM, ODT, ODS, ODP, ODG, EPUB, ZIP</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>TiddlyWiki</p></td>
<td><p>tags (wikiwords)</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>(via browser)</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>HTML, json, txt,csv</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Tomboy</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>NoteXmlFormat, HTML, PDF, wiki-formats</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Ulysses</p></td>
<td><p>Notebooks, sections, tags</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Rich text; export as HTML; import text files; markdown editing.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Microsoft Windows Journal</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Proprietary</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Zettlr</p></td>
<td><p>Tree, Tags, Wiki</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Markdown, Export and Import of Pandoc supported formats.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Zim</p></td>
<td><p>tags (wikiwords)</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>, using installed web browser</p></td>
<td><p>Stored in modified DokuWiki Markdown; export: HTML, LaTeX, Pandoc Markdown, Sphinx RST (reStructuredText)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Name</p></td>
<td><p>Organizing principle(s)</p></td>
<td><p>Outline bulleting with indent</p></td>
<td><p>Tabbed sections</p></td>
<td><p>Sync</p></td>
<td><p>Web Clipping</p></td>
<td><p>PDF annotate and save</p></td>
<td><p>Whiteboard</p></td>
<td><p>Ink-pen input</p></td>
<td><p>Handwriting recognition</p></td>
<td><p>Spell check</p></td>
<td><p>Search</p></td>
<td><p>Replace</p></td>
<td><p>Printing</p></td>
<td><p>File save/export/import formats</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
| 992 |
Comparison of note-taking software
| 1 |
10,052,952 |
# Comparison of note-taking software
## Advanced formatting and content {#advanced_formatting_and_content}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Name</p></th>
<th><p>Drawing atop text<br />
<sup>[<em>unclear</em>]</sup></p></th>
<th><p>Text box, flow diagram<br />
<sup>[<em>unclear</em>]</sup></p></th>
<th><p>Text and paragraph formatting</p></th>
<th><p>Insert hyperlink<br />
<sup>[<em>unclear</em>]</sup></p></th>
<th><p>Insert image</p></th>
<th><p>Resize image</p></th>
<th><p>Insert table</p></th>
<th><p>Insert audio</p></th>
<th><p>Insert video</p></th>
<th><p>Attachment<br />
<sup>[<em>unclear</em>]</sup></p></th>
<th><p>Other objects</p></th>
<th><p>Remarks / other features</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>AllMyNotes Organizer</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Alarms, check-boxes, bullets, phones, advanced links, autosaving; last cursor position memory,passwords on tree folders,failure-resistant self-healing DB engine</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Bear</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>check-boxes, bullets, link to notes, encryption, document scanning, OCR search</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>CintaNotes</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Links to notes</p></td>
<td><p>Tagging and searching for tags, tag hierarchy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>ConnectedText</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Scripting of pages with Python and other scripting languages.</p></td>
<td><p>LaTeX, Scripts, RSS Feeds, Transclusion, Directed Graphs and Flowcharts by GraphViz, many other features.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Day One</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>tags, bullets, numbering, line, programming code snippets</p></td>
<td><p>editable note metadata (date/time, location, weather, motion activity, music playing, step count)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Evernote</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Check-box, line, tags</p></td>
<td><p>Business and personal notes integrated in same client; businesses have control over business notes, but cannot see personal notes</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Gnote</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Port of Tomboy to C++; wiki-style linked notes</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Google Keep</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Google Calendar reminders</p></td>
<td><p>Notes can be shared with other Google Keep users.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>IPython Notebook</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Part of IPython shell; allows for programming code, output and annotation to be combined in single interactive environment</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Joplin</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Links to other notes</p></td>
<td><p>Configurable editor layout with live preview of Markdown; Command pallette; Notes <--> Todo conversion; Plug-ins; Cloud sync available with various services, including a separate server self-hosted server; Configurable note history; Optional client side encryption; Custom CSS (imported from local or remote source) for rendered Markdown as well as app interface;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>KeyNote NF</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>OLE objects; "virtual nodes" which integrate and edit the content of external plain-text or rich-text files; internal links; mirror nodes.</p></td>
<td><p>Text processing; tree numbering and sorting; custom tree icons; node checkboxes; checkbox filtering; search filtering; reminder alarms; compressed or encrypted notebooks; auto-minimize and/or auto-lock when idle; quick access key for fast notes; additional scratchpad; autosave of up to 9 previous file versions; automatic clipboard capturing; read-only notebooks or notes; macros; templates; text shortcuts; plug-ins; bookmarks; custom keyboard shortcuts; program can be made portable through "Options" setting</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Memonic</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Microsoft OneNote</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>OLE, bullets, line, flags, formulas</p></td>
<td><p>No local storage of notebooks on Mac or versions past Office 2016</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>MyInfo</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>OLE, bullets, numbering, page breaks, advanced links</p></td>
<td><p>Tags; filters; calendar; reminders</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>MyNotex</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Activity lists; tags; notes management by subject; encryption with AES or GPG; multilingual</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Notational Velocity</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Instant open and searching</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Notion</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Bullets, numbering, checkboxes, reminders, calendars</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Obsidian</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Bullets, numbering, checkboxes, canvases, HTML, LaTeX, internal links</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Okular</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Open-Sankoré</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>plug-ins, web pages, applications</p></td>
<td><p>Annotate live desktop applications and web pages; autosave; plug-in system; audio recording</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Org-mode (Emacs)</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
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<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Advanced linking, bullets, tags, checkboxes, full spreadsheet, embedding of programming code, formulas, markup</p></td>
<td><p>Major mode of Emacs; uses plain-text; includes ToDos, spreadsheet, deadlines, encryption, reminders, agenda, calendar</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>PDF Studio</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
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<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
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<td><p>Personal Knowbase</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Passwords; portable</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Qiqqa</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
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<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>PDF, brainstorm, citations</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Samsung Notes</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>PDF</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Simplenote</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>TagSpaces</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>Tags, plugins</p></td>
<td><p>Plugins, you can present your local images, videos and music to your TV via ChromeCast. You can create a personal "wiki" for tracking of your projects, ideas or memories
| 881 |
Comparison of note-taking software
| 2 |
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# Göran Larsson (swimmer)
**Göran Larsson** (24 May 1932 -- 27 February 1989) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer.
## Swimming career {#swimming_career}
Larsson competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 4 × 200 m relay events and finished in third and fourth place, respectively. He won two gold and one silver medals at the 1950 European Championships. He won the 1951 \'Open\' British ASA National Championship 110 yards freestyle title and the 1951 ASA National Championship 220 yards freestyle title
| 84 |
Göran Larsson (swimmer)
| 0 |
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# Je M'Aime
***Je M\'Aime*** is a studio album by Sow released in 1994 and re-released in 1999. *Je M\'Aime* is the first major release of *Sow*.
## Releases
- Hyperium Records #39100932 42 - CD, 1994
- Invisible Records #INV 144 CD - CD, 1999 (re-release)
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"The Rock\" - 5:53
2. \"The World Is My Oyster\" - 4:15
3. \"Face Of Suede\" - 6:52
4. \"Blood Sucking Bitch\" - 6:53
5. \"Je M\'Aime\" - 3:28
6. \"Gentille Petite Fille\" - 5:07
7. \"Manripe\" - 9:07
Total playing time: 41:35
Versions of tracks 2 and 7 appeared also on the single Manripe. On that release track 2 is named \"Found In The Lake\" on the back and \"4 Years Old\" on the label on the record.
## Personnel
- Jon Caffery -- Recording on 7, mixing on 7
- Benedict Owen -- Saxophone on 5
- J. G
| 153 |
Je M'Aime
| 0 |
10,052,996 |
# International Business Wales
**International Business Wales** (IBW) is a development agency of the Welsh Government set up with the remit of delivering support to help companies establish themselves in Wales.
## IBW Structure {#ibw_structure}
IBW provide the trade and investment arm of the Welsh Government. Established in 2006, it brought together the responsibilities of the former Welsh Development Agency and Wales Trade International.
Sitting under the Department for the Economy and Transport (DE&T) IBW is tasked with developing international trade, and attracting inward investment, relocation and international collaboration.
## Area covered {#area_covered}
IBW offer support to companies looking at Wales as a business destination for expansion/relocation as well as supporting the companies located in the country with their international trade requirements.
- Inward Investment -- project management support to advise companies on all aspects of relocation from grants and skilled workforce availability through to property searches and a relocation service for business people under the "Welcome to Wales" programme.
- International Trade -- services for both native Welsh companies and international business looking for a trade partner in Wales, with support from advisors. IBW provide support tailored to company import and export needs.
## 2009 expenses controversy {#expenses_controversy}
In July 2009, using information obtained from a Freedom of Information request to the Welsh government, the Welsh Liberal Democrats criticised International Business Wales officials for running up a bill of £750,000, on 35 different corporate credit card accounts for the year June 2008 to end of May 2009, at the tax-payers expense. Liberal Democrat leader Kirsty Williams AM said:
: \"In the middle of a recession it\'s disgusting to know that public officials are flying first class, staying in the most expensive hotels, eating in the best restaurants - all at the swipe of the Welsh credit card.\"
First Minister Rhodri Morgan at first refuted the allegation. He later publicly apologised in a letter to Kirsty Williams and said that he had been misled by IBW officials, whom he had believed at the time:
: \"I stated, on the clear and explicit advice from the relevant senior officials that no officials from IBW (International Business Wales) had flown first class. Today I have learned that this is not the case. I apologise for having misled you and the wider public.\"
He added that he was setting up an investigation and independent review:
: \"I need hardly say how disturbed I am by this latest information now to hand. I am instructing the Permanent Secretary to undertake an immediate and thorough investigation and audit of IBW\'s expenditure and audit systems. This review will be led from outside the Assembly Government.\"
Following the July 2009 press coverage a group of Welsh exporters have shown their support for International Business Wales, calling on politicians to \"stop playing politics\" with the organisation. Malcolm Duncan, managing director of Blaenavon-based Super Rod, who heads up the support group said:
: \"I understand the need for the public to be kept informed about the activities of any Government department. But what does worry me is when politicians start to play politics with these departments, that could ultimately have a detrimental effect on both business and our economy as a whole.\"
## \"Economic Renewal: a new direction\" {#economic_renewal_a_new_direction}
On Monday 5 July 2010 the Welsh Assembly Government announced plans to transform the way it supports businesses and the Welsh economy. \"Economic Renewal: a new direction\" is a vision to make Wales \"one of the best places in the world to live, to work and to thrive\".
As part of the transformation, functions previously supported by International Business Wales, Trade and Inward investment, can be accessed directly through the Welsh Government; or by [visiting the Trade and Inward investment website](http://www.ibwales.com)`{{dead link|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} or calling (+44) 1443 845500
| 628 |
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| 0 |
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# Expeditionary Combat Readiness Center
The **Expeditionary Combat Readiness Center** is an organization of the United States Navy which falls under the larger umbrella of the Naval Expeditionary Combat Command.
ECRC directly assists Individual Augmentee (IA) and GSA IA Sailors by ensuring they are properly uniformed and equipped while coordinating with the Army to ensure they get the proper stateside training. Training includes instruction in individual combat skills and specialized mission areas to help IAs succeed in their mission and keep them as safe as possible while deployed.
ECRC assigns Action Officers (AOs) to IA Sailors and provisional units grouped by mission. AO\'s review missions and training pipelines and communicate directly with IA Sailors throughout the mobilization process to ensure that IAs are fully ready to deploy both medically and administratively. AOs ensure the IA Sailors get answers to their questions including contact information in theater, and the peace of mind of knowing that they have a Navy advocate to guide them through the transition into Combat Support and Combat Service Support missions. ECRC provides Navy Liaison Officer (LNO) teams to provide direct assistance to sailors at a pre-deployment training site. They update sailor information used to support students and family members during student training and deployment. LNOs assist with berthing, pay issues, communications, scheduling, uniforms, transportation, documentation, surveys, database update and information archives.
ECRC provides logistic support by coordinating IA Sailors' return home through the redeployment/demobilization process, helping get Sailors home expeditiously and safely
| 245 |
Expeditionary Combat Readiness Center
| 0 |
10,053,056 |
# Suemitsu & the Suemith
**Suemitsu & the Suemith** (スエミツ アンド ザ スエミス) is a Japanese solo project headed by Suemitsu Atsushi (末光篤). He performs piano and vocals for the project. Suemitsu is probably best known for performing the opening theme and second ending theme for the anime adaptation of *Nodame Cantabile*, entitled \"Allegro Cantabile\" and \"Sagittarius\" respectively.
## Discography
### Albums
- 2006 - *Man Here Plays Mean Piano*:
1. 1. \"Suemitsu Here Plays Mean Piano\"
2. \"Irony\"
3. \"Arabesque\"
4. \"Skyscraper\"
5. \"Basketball Game Crush\"
6. \"The Desperado\"
7. \"Mini Cooper\"
8. \"Etude\"
9. \"(I'm In) Mad Cherry Red\"
10. \"Chelsea\"
11. \"Part Of Your World \*006 New Recording From Mosh Pit On Disney\" (Bonus Track)
12. \"Don't You Worry 'Bout A Thing From Rock Motown\" (Bonus Track)
13. \"Irony Bittersweet Irony\" Japanese Version (Bonus Track)
14. \"Arabesque Melody Played By Great Pianist\" Japanese Version (Bonus Track)
- 2007 - The Piano It\'s Me
- 2008 - Shock on the Piano
- 2008 - \"Best Angle For The Pianist\"
### Singles
- 14 June 2006 - \"Sherbet Snow and the Airplane\"
- 23 August 2006 - \"Astaire\"
- 6 December 2006 - \"Sunday'z Sun\"
- 21 February 2007 - \"Allegro Cantabile\"
- 2007 - \"Sagittarius E.P.\"
- 2007 - \"Rock a Nova E.P.\"
- 2008 - \"Boyz, Boy Don't Cry E.P
| 223 |
Suemitsu & the Suemith
| 0 |
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# United Nations Security Council Resolution 66
**United Nations Security Council Resolution 66**, adopted on December 29, 1948, in response to a report by the Acting Mediator regarding hostilities which broke out in southern Palestine on December 22 despite UN calls for a cease-fire, the Council demanded the immediate implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 61. The Resolution instructs the Acting Mediator to facilitate the complete supervision of the truce by the UN observers. The Resolution further instructs the committee appointed in UNSC Resolution 61 to meet at Lake Success, New York on January 7 to consider the situation in southern Palestine and to report to the Council on the extent to which governments have or have not complied with UNSC Resolutions 61 and 62. The Resolution also invited Cuba and Norway to replace the two retiring member of the committee (Belgium and Colombia) on January 1.
The resolution was adopted by eight votes to none; the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United States and Soviet Union abstained
| 168 |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 66
| 0 |
10,053,077 |
# Leilah Assunção
**Maria de Lourdes Torres de Assunção** (born June 18, 1943), known professionally as **Leilah Assunção** or **Leilah Assumpção**, is a Brazilian dramatist, actress and writer.
## Biography
Assunção was born on June 18, 1943, in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. She graduated from the University of São Paulo in 1964 with a degree in English and also completed extra courses in theater and literary criticism in Brazil and England. Although she is known as a playwright, she began her career working as an actress and a model, performing in *Vereda de Salvacao* by Jorge de Enrade in 1963 and *The Three-penny opera* by Bertolt Brecht in 1964. From there, she transitioned into writing stories for magazines and soap operas, eventually leading into her work as a playwright.
Assunção has been classed as among the two major women playwrights of Brazil, the other being Maria Adelaide Amaral. Her first play, *Fala Baixo Senão Eu Grito* (Speak Quietly or I\'ll Scream), won the Molière Award from the theatre critics of São Paulo when it was staged in 1969. She aimed to shock the audience by her choice of topic: depicting a middle-aged woman meeting an intruder. She was one of the leaders of New Theatre in the 1960s and several of her early plays were banned by censors.
## Works
*Fala Baixo Senão Eu Grito* along with her two preceding plays, *Jorginho, o machão* and *Roda cor de Roda* focus majorly on the stereotypes of the middle class and emphasize that conformity to these stereotypes is required. She openly depicts the majority of her characters as stuck in their current lifestyles, unable to break away from the status quo. One commodity of her first three works is that one or more of the characters eventually break free, but not in the traditional way one would think. They break free in regards to their imaginations/fantasies. For a short time period, they are able to fantasize and imagine themselves living in a world outside of the social norms. Overall, she wrights these plays to target the repressions society\'s moral standards place on people and the dissatisfaction of life that is likely to come with these repressions.
*Fala Baixo Senão Eu Grito* (1969) focuses on a middle-aged woman with a very boring, standard lifestyle. One night, an intruder breaks into her house with a gun and proceeds to insult her and destroy her apartment. He forces the woman to come with him on a fantasy adventure in which the woman breaks away from her dull life and creates an ideal one. She enjoys the experience up until she remembers she has responsibilities to attend to at a local department store. This results in her screaming for help, unable to ignore the obligations of her daily life.
*Jorginho, o machão* (1973) describes the dilemma of a young man who is pressured by his family to marry and join the family business. He rebels by fleeing to study at the University of São Paulo and then by continuing to fantasize there about what he wants his life to be like. This behavior does not help the conflict with his parents, resulting in attempted suicide.
*Roda cor de Roda* (1973) entails the story of a housewife rebelling against her husband after she has found out he has been cheating. The results in the fantasies of role reversals, where all three of them take turns being the breadwinner, the prostitute, and the homemaker. These role changes result in many opportunities and freedoms for the characters, but also the realizations of the limitations of each role
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# Per-Olof Östrand
**Per-Olof Östrand** (13 June 1930 -- 26 October 1980) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer. He competed at the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Olympics in six 200--1500 m freestyle events in total, and won a bronze medal in the 400 m freestyle in 1952. His 4 × 200 m relay teams finished in fourth place in 1948 and 1952; they won gold medals at the European championships in 1947 and 1954.
Nationally Östrand won 15 swimming titles between 1947 and 1955, and competed in water polo for his club Hofors AIF. He won the 1949 British \'Open\' ASA National Championship 220 yards freestyle title and he won the 1949 ASA National Championship 440 yards freestyle title
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# From the Makers of..
| 5 |
From the Makers of...
| 0 |
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# Vince Earl
**Vincent Earl** (born 11 June 1944) is an English singer, comedian and actor most famous for his portrayal of the character Ron Dixon in the soap opera *Brookside*, a role which he played from 1990 until the show\'s demise in 2003.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Earl was born on 11 June 1944 in Birkenhead, Cheshire. He started performing aged eleven, and he was involved in the Merseybeat scene of the 1960s as singer in his band Vince Earl and the Talismen. In 1964, Earl joined Rory Storm and the Hurricanes on tour and had a Number 1 hit in Texas with a version of *America* from *West Side Story*. He later formed Vince Earl & the Attractions, which became one of the top rated acts on the cabaret circuit. Earl made his television debut on *New Faces* in 1973, with his band The Vince Earl Attraction.
In 1981, Earl appeared in *Play for Today* and then in *Boys from the Blackstuff* as Jimmy Johnson the following year. In 1985, he appeared in *No Surrender* as Frank the heavy. Earl joined *Brookside* in 1990 playing Ron Dixon, until the soap\'s final episode in 2003.
In 2001, while still appearing in *Brookside*, Earl appeared on *Lily Savage\'s Blankety Blank*. He appeared in one episode of *Doctors* in 2004 and in 2006 appeared in an episode of the *Director\'s Debut*, titled \'The Lightning Kid\', directed by Stephen Tompkinson.
After leaving *Brookside*, Earl performed as a stand-up comedian on cruise ships.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Earl lives with his second wife Irene (née Day) in Huntington, Chester. The couple, who married in the early 1970s, have four children; Stephen, Vince, Nicole and Kimberley.
In the summer of 2012, he successfully underwent a kidney transplant after his kidneys were damaged by Goodpasture's syndrome, a rare auto-immune disease, in September 2010.
In 2020 Earl reunited with Sarah White, who played on screen wife Bev Dixon in *Brookside*, to record the single You and Me (Were Meant to be Together) from the studio album Manchester Calling
| 344 |
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| 0 |
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# Sabi Sabi
**Sabi Sabi** is a private game reserve in South Africa, situated in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve which flanks the south western section of the Kruger National Park. The Sabi Sand Reserve is one of the parks that make up the Greater Kruger National Park.
It is a conservation area where the big five game (lion, leopard, rhinoceros, buffalo, elephant) occur naturally.
## Wildlife
Wildlife present include Southern African wildcat, black-backed jackal, blue wildebeest, Burchell\'s zebra, Cape buffalo, chacma baboon, civet, common duiker, African bush elephant, South African giraffe, hippopotamus, impala, kudu, large-spotted genet, African leopard, cheetah, lion, reedbuck, scrub hare, side-striped jackal, slender mongoose, spotted hyena, steenbok, tree squirrel, vervet monkey, warthog, waterbuck, southern white rhinoceros, white-tailed mongoose and Cape wild dog. Also seen here are a variety of birds including saddle-billed storks, vultures, cattle egrets and brown-headed parrots, as well as several species of reptile and invertebrates
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10,053,121 |
# Wetterhoun
The **Wetterhoun** (translated into English as the **Frisian Water Dog**) is a breed traditionally used as a hunting dog for small game and waterfowl and native to the province of Friesland in the Netherlands. The name of the breed comes from the West Frisian *Wetterhûn*, meaning \"water dog.\" The plural of Wetterhoun is *Wetterhounen* in Frisian. The breed may also be called the *Otterhoun* (not to be confused with the Otterhound) or *Dutch Spaniel*, although it is not a Spaniel-type dog.
## Appearance
The Wetterhoun is a medium-sized dog, measuring at 55-59 centimeters (21.6-23 inches) at the withers and weighing between 25 and 35 kilos (55 and 77 pounds) at maturity. Their coat is thick and curly except for the head, ears, and legs, where it is smoother in texture; the water repellant coat is described as feeling oily to the touch. Coat colour may be solid black or brown, black and white, or brown and white, with or without ticking or roaning. The texture of the coat should not be woolly, as such hair is not water repellent. The ears are low-set and hang flat to the head, and the tail curls tightly over the back. The breed has an unusual, somewhat stern expression due to the shape of the eyes, which distinguishes this breed from others.
## History
The first Wetterhouns lived at least 400 years ago in the Dutch province of Friesland. The breed is believed to have originated from Romani dogs, crossed with an indigenous Frisian dog, perhaps the now extinct Old Water Dog. Dogs of this type were kept for the difficult and dangerous hunting of fitch (*Mustela putorius*) and otter (*Lutra lutra*) in the water. The dogs were also used for retrieving waterfowl and served as watch dogs. Although the dogs almost disappeared during World War II, fanciers were able to bring the breed back through careful breeding, and it has since gained popularity. Databases are maintained by the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Stabij- en Wetterhounen (The Dutch Club for the Stabij and Wetterhoun) for assessing pedigrees and computing inbreeding coefficients.
Internationally, the breed is recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in the water dogs section of Group 8. The United Kennel Club recognises the breed in the gun dog group. The breed is also recognised by a number of minor registries, hunting clubs, and internet-based dog registry businesses and promoted as a rare breed for those seeking an unusual pet.
## Temperament
The Wetterhoun is an excellent gun dog, effectively retrieving across both land and water; however, its strong will and natural guarding abilities make early training imperative. The breed standard describes the Wetterhoun as reserved, remarking that it is \"the ideal guard dog,\" despite never being aggressive and enjoying the company of its family.
Although it is described as strong willed, the Wetterhoun is never stubborn or willfully disobedient. They do demonstrate tenacity and a desire to complete tasks, no matter the challenge. They remain focused to complete whatever they believe to be their task. The breed is sensitive and should never be treated harshly or trained using punishment. Give proper socialisation and exposure to different people, animals, and environments in early life, the Wetterhoun is extremely tolerant---so much so that adults should be mindful that children do not take advantage of the Wetterhoun\'s gentle nature
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| 0 |
10,053,135 |
# Percival Petrel
The **Percival Q.6** was a 1930s British communications aircraft built by Percival Aircraft Limited at Luton. Originally, the Percival Q.6 was a civil transport but It was used during the Second World War by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy as a communications and liaison aircraft. It was a twin-engine, low-wing monoplane with a tailwheel undercarriage. `{{TOC limit|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The Percival Type-Q was Percival\'s first twin-engine aircraft. It was constructed of wood, with plywood and fabric covering. It had a fixed, tailwheel undercarriage, with faired mainwheels, although four of the production machines would be equipped with retractable undercarriage.
Two versions were designed: the **Q.4**, a four-seat executive transport, and the **Q.6**, a six-seat feederliner. The Q.4 was not built. The prototype Q.6, registration *G-AEYE*, first flew on 14 September 1937 at Luton Airport. Production started in 1938, and the first production aircraft, registered *G-AFFD*, was delivered to Sir Philip Sassoon on 2 March 1938.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
A small number were exported, including one to the King Ghazi I of Iraq, two to the Lithuanian Ministry of Communications, one to the Australian Civil Aviation Board and two to the Egyptian government in military camouflage. A total of 27 aircraft were built (one prototype and 26 production aircraft). The Royal Air Force bought seven aircraft for communications duties under Air Ministry Specification 25/38; these were unofficially named **Petrel**. The Egyptian government bought two Q.6s.
In the early months of the Second World War, most of the civil Q.6s were requisitioned for service with the RAF and RN. Two Q.6s of the Lithuanian Air Lines were impressed by the Soviet Air Forces in 1940 and used with Soviet airline Aeroflot on Riga-Velikye Luki or Riga-Moscow lines.
With one exception, all the civilian Q.6s served with the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Between 1946 and 1947, four requisitioned Q.6s and three Petrels were sold to civilian buyers. These were operated by small UK airlines, as executive transports and flown by private pilot owners.
## Variants
Q.4
: Four-seat civil executive transport, none built.
Q.6
: Six-seat civil feederliner.
Q.6 Mk I
: Prototype fitted with wings intended for the Q.4 variant, one built.
Q.6 Mk II
: Production variant with fixed landing gear, 12 built.
Q.6 Mk III
: Variant with retractable landing gear. four built and one conversion from Mk II.
Q.6 Mk IV
: Proposed air survey variant, not built.
Q.6 Mk V
: Variant for military communications with a toilet, four passenger seats, nine-built.
Petrel
: Name given to Q.6 Mk V military communications aircraft.
## Operators
### Civilian operators {#civilian_operators}
`{{AUS}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{FRA}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{flagicon|India|British}}`{=mediawiki} British India\
`{{flag|Iraq|1924}}`{=mediawiki}
- King Ghazi I
- Iraqi State Railways
`{{flag|Lithuania|1918}}`{=mediawiki}
- Lithuanian Air Lines
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Starways
- Western Airways
The aircraft was also operated by flying clubs, companies and private individuals.
- Aeroflot in 1940-1941 operated two aircraft captured in June 1940 from Lithuanian Air Lines following the Occupation of the Baltic states.
### Military operators {#military_operators}
`{{flag|Egypt|1922}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Egyptian Air Force, two aircraft used by the Royal Flight
`{{flag|Iraq|1924}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Iraqi Air Force, one aircraft acquired in 1939
;
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No. 24 Squadron RAF
- No. 173 Squadron RAF
- No. 267 Squadron RAF
- No. 510 Squadron RAF
- Fleet Air Arm
## Survivors
One **Q.6**, the first production registered *G-AFFD*, is still current on the United Kingdom Civil Aircraft Register but with an expired certificate of airworthiness. Currently being stored at Seething Airfield, Norwich, Norfolk. Under restoration to flight condition. This aircraft is believed to be the only remaining example of the aircraft type.
| 613 |
Percival Petrel
| 0 |
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# Percival Petrel
## Specifications (Percival Q.6 Petrel) {#specifications_percival_q.6_petrel}
`{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938,<ref name=JAWA1938>{{cite book |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938 |editor1-last=Grey |editor1-first=C.G. |year=1938 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd |location=London |editor2-last=Bridgman |editor2-first=Leonard |pages=63c–64c}}</ref> The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II<ref name="Mondey">{{cite book |last1=Mondey |first1=David |title=The Hamlyn concise guide to British aircraft of World War II |date=1994 |publisher=Chancellor Press |location=London |isbn=1-85152-668-4}}</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|capacity=4-6 passengers
|length ft=32
|length in=3
|length note=
|span ft=46
|span in=8
|span note=
|height ft=9
|height in=9
|height note=
|wing area sqft=278
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight lb=3500
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=5500
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[de Havilland Gipsy Six II]]
|eng1 type=6-cylinder air-cooled inverted in-line piston engines
|eng1 hp=205
|eng1 note=
|prop blade number=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop name=[[de Havilland Propellers]] controllable-pitch propellers
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
Performance
-->
|max speed mph=195
|max speed note=at sea level
|cruise speed mph=181
|cruise speed note=at {{cvt|7000|ft|0}} with retractable undercarriage
::::{{cvt|172|mph|kn km/h|0}} at {{cvt|7000|ft|0}} with fixed undercarriage
*'''Landing speed:''' {{cvt|58|mph|kn km/h|0}} with flaps extended
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=
|range miles=700-750
|range note=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=4 hours at cruise
|ceiling ft=21000
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ftmin=1150
|climb rate note=<br>
*'''Absolute ceiling on one engine:''' {{cvt|6500|ft|0}}
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading lb/sqft=19.8
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass={{cvt|0
| 275 |
Percival Petrel
| 1 |
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# Rod Amateau
**Rodney Amateau** (December 20, 1923 -- June 29, 2003) was an American film and television screenwriter, director, and producer.
## Career
Among the programs that he directed were *The Dennis Day Show*, *The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show*, *The Bob Cummings Show*, *The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis*, *Mister Ed*, *Gilligan\'s Island* and *The New Phil Silvers Show*. He produced *My Mother the Car* and *Supertrain*, and wrote the story for the 1988 film *Sunset*. Amateau also directed a few episodes of *The Dukes of Hazzard*, and appeared in a handful of episodes as an actor as well.
In 1987, he directed, produced and co-wrote *The Garbage Pail Kids Movie*, which is considered to be one of the worst films ever made.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
From 1945 to 1949, he was married to actress Coleen Gray, who sued him for child support in 1955. Amateau was then married to actress and screenwriter Joane Andre from 1950 to 1959. From 1959 to 1962, he was married to Sandra Burns, daughter of George Burns and Gracie Allen.
Amateau had four children, two sons and two daughters.
## Retirement and death {#retirement_and_death}
Amateau retired from directing in 1989. He died from a cerebral hemorrhage in 2003 in Los Angeles, aged 79.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Director Producer Writer
------ ---------------------------------- ---------- ---------- --------
1952 *The Bushwhackers*
*Monsoon*
1969 *Hook, Line & Sinker*
1970 *Pussycat, Pussycat, I Love You*
1971 *The Statue*
1972 *Where Does It Hurt?*
1975 *The Wilby Conspiracy*
1976 *Drive-In*
1978 *The Seniors*
1979 *Son of Hitler*
1984 *Lovelines*
1987 *The Garbage Pail Kids Movie*
1988 *Sunset*
### TV
Year Title
------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------
1955--1959 *The Bob Cummings Show*
1956--1958 *The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show*
1959--1963 *The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis*
1961--1966 *Mister Ed*
1963--1964 *The New Phil Silvers Show*
1965--1966 *My Mother the Car*
1965--1966 *O.K. Crackerby*
1979--1985 *The Dukes of Hazzard*
1979 *Supertrain* (season 1, episode 2: \"And a Cup of Kindness, Too\")
1983 *High School U.S.A
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# Steel Valley (Pittsburgh)
Steel Valley}} The Southern **Steel Valley** is the area of post-industrial and industrial concentration along the upper Ohio River valley as well as the Monongahela River all the way to the West Virginia border. It has also included most of the Allegheny River, Beaver River and Youghiogheny River valleys. Most of the Pittsburgh metro area is considered part of \"Steel Valley\", as well as most of the Weirton-Steubenville-Wheeling Ohio/West Virginia, Morgantown/Fairmont West Virginia and East Liverpool/Youngstown/Mercer/New Castle Ohio and Pennsylvania metro areas. To locals in these regions the \"Steel Valley\" refers to towns and cities along the river shore, the school district and valley areas and not always the suburbs and cities at higher elevations, though the term has been used for the entire region. The Youngstown area of Ohio (as well as the Wheeling/Steubenville/Weirton area) though geographically and demographically connected to the \"Steel Valley\" retain many distinctions from the Steel Valley centered in Pittsburgh.
## History and heritage {#history_and_heritage}
Up until the post Civil War era, most of this valley was farm land and small surface or near-surface mining areas. Starting with the industrial boom that the Civil War demanded, the area rich in coal (a key industrial component for steel and iron making and thus the linchpin for most major industrial concerns) grew rapidly along the rivers of the region.
Among the men that the valley and its resources made famously wealthy were: Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon, Henry Clay Frick, Henry Heinz, George Westinghouse, and Charles Schwab. Along with great wealth also came great waves of immigration into the area from Southern, Central and Eastern Europe as well as the great poverty of the non-unionized workers. In 1891 American labor peace was broken with the uprising of steel workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania. For days the city and its massive steel mill were taken over by the workers, repelling attacks by a small army of Henry Clay Frick (U.S. Steel) hired Pinkertons and local law enforcement until finally the issue was resolved by what would become the Pennsylvania National Guard.
From that seminal moment labor unions would tell the story of the valley and its industries. During World War I and II the valley was affectionately known as the \"Arsenal of Democracy\" for being the leading single source of American armaments and weaponry. In the 1980s most of the industry of the valley was rocked by the increasing globalization and cheap imports. Although allegations of \"dumping\" were well founded in some instances the increasing greed and short-sightedness of labor union leaders and the double speak of industrial leaders lead to a collapse of the valley\'s industrial might.
## Famous natives {#famous_natives}
- List of People from Pittsburgh
The Steel Valley is renowned for its contribution to world athletics. Many of these sport stars admit that as young men (or women) they had two choices: work in the mine or mill for 10 hours a day or excel at sports enough to win a scholarship and a career. Whatever the reason the valley is known as the \"Cradle of Quarterbacks\" as well as the \"Cradle of Football\" and the \"Cradle of Running backs\", Baseball, and Basketball are also represented well in the area and more recently hockey. Joe Namath, Tony Dorsett, Dan Marino, Joe Montana, Johnny Unitas, Curtis Martin, Ty Law, Kevan Barlow, Jim Kelly, and Mike Ditka all grew up in the actual geographic valley. From baseball the valley claims Ken Griffey Jr., Ken Griffey Sr., Stan Musial, Phil Niekro, Joe Niekro, Art Howe, Terry Francona, Honus Wagner, and Curt Leskanic. Basketball greats include John Havlicek, Pete Maravich John Calipari, and Myron Cope
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# Adolf Rudnicki
**Adolf Rudnicki**, born **Aron Hirschhorn** (February 19, 1912, Żabno − November 14, 1990, Warsaw) was a Polish author and essayist, best known for his works about The Holocaust and the Jewish resistance in Poland during World War II.
## Biography
He was born to a Hasidic Jewish family. After attended a trade school, he worked as a bank clerk. His writing career began in 1930 when he published his short novel *Death of the Operator* in the current events journal *Kurier Poranny (magazine)*. He first gained popularity in Poland with his 1930s novels *The Unloved* and *The Rats*.
He was captured by the Nazis during the invasion of Poland, but managed to escape. After a brief period of service in the Polish Army, he went to Lwów and joined the National Jewish Committee. Around 1942, he returned to Warsaw and was active in the underground. He joined the Home Army in 1944 and took part in the Warsaw Uprising. After the war, he published the novels *The Golden Windows* and *The Merchant of Lodz*, and the short story collection *Epoch of the Ovens*, all concerning the Holocaust and the Jewish resistance. The widely used term \"epoka pieców\" (Age of the Stoves) comes from one of his works.
After 1953, he began writing essays on a wide range of topics which were ultimately collected in a series of volumes called the *Blue Pages*. During the 1960s, his works took on a mystical tone. In 1964 he was one of the signatories of the so-called Letter of 34 to Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz regarding freedom of culture. He spent most of the 1970s in Paris, where he was married and had a son. He returned to Poland, largely forgotten, in the 1980s and lived in Warsaw until his death.
His story *The Unloved* was made into the film *Niekochana* (1966)
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# Pontus Hanson
**Pontus Hanson** (24 May 1884 -- 4 December 1962) was a Swedish water polo player and swimmer, who won a bronze medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics in the 200 m breaststroke. In water polo he won bronze medals in 1908 and 1920 and a silver in 1912. His brother Sven competed in the 200 m breaststroke at the 1912 Olympics.
Hanson worked as a government official, and in parallel took active part in the development of swimming in Sweden, acting as a sports functionary in 1905--1922
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# High Peaks (Maine)
The **High Peaks** is a region of the US state of Maine, lying entirely within Franklin County. It is roughly bounded by State Route 4 to the southwest, State Route 16 to the northwest, State Route 16/27 to the northeast and State Route 142 to the southeast. The region contains eight of the 14 Maine 4,000-footers and includes 21000 acre contiguously above 2700 ft. By comparison, Baxter State Park, which contains Maine\'s highest mountain, Mount Katahdin, and has a similar overall land area, has roughly 15% less contiguous land over 2700 feet. The Appalachian Trail passes through the area, covering a distance of 32.2 mi and climbing a total of 10000 ft
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# Raymond J. Broderick
**Raymond Joseph \"Ray\" Broderick** (May 29, 1914 -- August 6, 2000) was an American jurist and politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 24th lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1967 to 1971 and as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Broderick received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of Notre Dame in 1935 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1938. He was assistant counsel to the Rural Electrification Administration (now the Rural Utilities Service) from 1938 to 1941, and was a civilian agent of the Office of Naval Intelligence from 1941 to 1942. During World War II, he was a United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant Commander from 1942 to 1946. While in the Navy, he served on the USS Monrovia in areas such as North Africa, Sicily, Tarawa and Saipan. After the war, he returned to private law practice in Philadelphia.
## Political career {#political_career}
Broderick entered politics as a commissioner to Plymouth Township, Pennsylvania from 1952 to 1954. In 1966, after Walter Alessandroni was killed in a plane crash and posthumously won the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor, party leaders selected Broderick to replace Alessandroni on the ticket with Raymond P. Shafer. The pair defeated the Democratic ticket of Milton Shapp and Leonard Staisey in the 1966 gubernatorial election. During his term, He served as a delegate to Pennsylvania\'s 1967 constitutional convention. In the 1970 gubernatorial election, Broderick ran to succeed Shafer against Shapp. This time Shapp won the governorship with 55% of the vote to Broderick\'s 41%. Broderick\'s campaign ran an ad in *The Philadelphia Inquirer* portraying Shapp as a leader of stone-throwing protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Shapp responded with ads challenging Broderick\'s credibility on the budget. Governor Shafer proposed a state income tax during his administration to balance the state budget. Broderick broke with his former running mate and promised a balanced budget no income tax, which Shafer deemed was not possible.
## Federal judicial service {#federal_judicial_service}
Broderick was nominated by President Richard Nixon on March 23, 1971, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, to a new seat authorized by 84 Stat. 294. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 21, 1971, and received his commission on April 23, 1971. He assumed senior status on July 1, 1984. He took inactive senior status on June 5, 2000. His service terminated on August 6, 2000, due to his death.
## Notable cases {#notable_cases}
One of Brodericks\'s most significant cases was *Halderman v. Pennhurst State School & Hospital* in which he ruled that the abuse of mentally disabled patients violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He ordered the Pennhurst State School and Hospital in Spring City, Pennsylvania closed and all residents returned to their home communities. The United States Supreme Court vacated the ruling in Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman; however the case led to a settlement with the state of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia to provide for community-based care of mentally disabled residents.
In the 1979 case, *Gilfillan v. City of Philadelphia*, Broderick ruled that, under the Establishment Clause, the city of Philadelphia could not use taxpayer funds in constructing a platform for Pope John Paul II to use for a mass on his visit to the city. He ordered the city to seek reimbursement for construction costs from the Archdiocese of Philadelphia.
## Death
Broderick died of cancer in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania on August 6, 2000
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# Strontium ranelate
**Strontium ranelate**, a strontium(II) salt of ranelic acid, is a medication for osteoporosis marketed as **Protelos** or **Protos** by Servier. Studies indicate it can also slow the course of osteoarthritis of the knee. The drug is unusual in that it both increases deposition of new bone by osteoblasts and reduces the resorption of bone by osteoclasts. It is therefore promoted as a \"dual action bone agent\" (DABA).
On 13 May 2013, Servier released a Direct Healthcare Professional Communication which stated that new restrictions for the use of strontium ranelate are now in place, as randomised trials have shown an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Servier states that the use is now restricted to treatment of severe osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk for fracture. The European Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommended restriction in the use of strontium ranelate, based on a routine benefit-risk assessment of the medicine, which included data showing a possible increased risk of heart problems, including heart attacks. On 21 February 2014 the European Medicine Agency recommended that strontium ranelate remain available with restrictions relative to patients with existing heart disease. In 2017, a large study of over 280,000 British and Spanish patients found no increased risk of venous thromboembolism in users of strontium ranelate compared to alendronate. Servier ceased manufacturing the drug and in 2019, the drug returned the market in the United Kingdom under the name strontium ranelate Aristo.
## Uses
Strontium ranelate is registered as a prescription drug in more than 70 countries for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis to reduce the risk of vertebral and hip fractures. In the United States, strontium ranelate is not approved by the FDA. In the United Kingdom, strontium ranelate is prescribed under the National Health Service as a medicine for the treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis.
2 major phase III clinical studies, SOTI (Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention) and TROPOS (Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis), were started in 2000 to investigate the efficacy of strontium ranelate in reducing vertebral fractures and peripheral fractures, including hip fractures. In the 3 years results, reported in 2004, strontium ranelate showed significant reduction in vertebral fractures with 41% and hip fractures with 36% compared with patients treated with placebo.
The efficacy was sustained in 5 years data. The 5 years data confirmed that strontium ranelate can reduce the vertebral fractures significantly no matter the risk factors of the osteoporotic women have. These include their age (\<70, 70--80 and \>80), bone mineral density (osteoporotic and osteopenia), prevalent fractures (0 prevalent fracture, 1--2 prevalent fractures and \>2 prevalent fractures), symptomatic fractures, body mass index and smoking.
Strontium ranelate shows anti-fracture efficacy in very old elderly and osteopenic patients.
## Contraindications
Strontium ranelate is contraindicated in hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients. It is not recommended in patients with severe renal disease, i.e. creatinine clearance below 30 mL/min due to lack of data. Precaution is advised in patients at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including patients with a history of VTE. Precaution is advised in patients with phenylketonuria, as formulations of strontium ranelate contain phenylalanine. Precaution as it interferes with colorimetric measurements of calcium in blood and urine.
## Side effects {#side_effects}
Available data do not show evidence of an increased cardiovascular risk in patients without established, current or past history of ischaemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease or cerebrovascular disease, or in those without uncontrolled hypertension. In a meta-analysis of 7,500 patients, in those with known uncontrolled or severe cardiovascular disease, strontium ranelate increased the risk of venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism and serious cardiovascular disorders, including myocardial infarction as compared with placebo (1.7% versus 1.1%). Its use is restricted in the UK to those without severe cardiovascular disease. The most common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, headache and eczema, but with only 2--4% increase compared with placebo group. Most of those side effects resolved within 3 months. Occasional severe allergic reactions have been reported including drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome)
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# Strontium ranelate
## Interactions
According to the manufacturer, strontium ranelate should be taken 2 hours before antacids and 2 hours apart from food, milk and derivative products, and medicinal products containing calcium. Treatment should be suspended while taking oral tetracycline and quinolone antibiotics, as these chelate the strontium ion.
## Pharmacology
### Mechanism of action {#mechanism_of_action}
Strontium, which has the atomic number 38, belongs to group II in the periodic table of elements, just beneath calcium. Because its nucleus is very nearly the same size as that of calcium, the body easily takes up strontium and incorporates it into bones and tooth enamel in place of calcium. This is not a health problem, and in fact, it can provide a health benefit. For example, in clinical trials, the drug strontium ranelate was found to aid bone growth, increase bone density, and lessen vertebral, peripheral, and hip fractures in women.
Strontium ranelate is an antiosteoporotic agent which both increases bone formation and reduces bone resorption, resulting in a rebalance of bone turnover in favor of bone formation. This is similar to the effects of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid.
Strontium ranelate stimulates the calcium-sensing receptors and leads to the differentiation of pre-osteoblast to osteoblast which increases the bone formation. Strontium ranelate also stimulates osteoblasts to secrete osteoprotegerin in inhibiting osteoclasts formed from pre-osteoclasts in relation to the RANKL system, which leads to the decrease of bone resorption.
## Research
A large international study, the \"Strontium Ranelate Efficacy in Knee Osteoarthritis trial,\" or SEKOIA, reported in 2012 that the drug significantly slowed the course of knee OA compared to placebo in a double-blind randomised controlled trial. The drug reduced knee OA pain symptoms, improved function, and reduced x-ray detectable cartilage loss, as shown by reductions in joint space narrowing over three years
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# Benoordenhout
**Benoordenhout** (`{{IPA|nl|bəˈnoːrdə(n)ˌɦʌut}}`{=mediawiki}) is a neighbourhood in the Haagse Hout district of The Hague. In addition to Benoordenhout, Haagse Hout consists of the Bezuidenhout, Mariahoeve en Marlot, and Haagse Bos neighbourhoods.
Benoordenhout is located northeast of the city centre and is enclosed by the Koningskade, Raamweg, the Hubertuspark, the barracks and dunes north of the Waalsdorperweg, the city\'s border with Wassenaar, the Haagse Bos (The Hague Woods) and Malieveld.
The neighbourhood gets its name from the Haagse Bos. In Dutch, \'Benoorden\' means \'situated north of\' and \'hout\' is an archaic term for forest. In modern Dutch, \'hout\' solely refers to the material wood.
Benoordenhout is in turn divided into seven areas: the Nassaubuurt, Uilennest, Duinzigt, Waalsdorp, Arendsdorp, Clingendael and the area around the exclusive Van Hoytemastraat shopping street.
## History
The Benoordenhout was built almost completely during the twentieth century. Few buildings existed before 1900, the most notable being the buildings in Clingendael and Arendsdorp. As can be seen on historical maps only the area between Koningskade and Jan van Nassaustraat, in today\'s Nassaubuurt, had residential buildings.
By 1920, some buildings had been added, including the Shell headquarters at the Carel van Bylandtlaan. Between 1920 and 1940, houses were built up to the Alkemadelaan and the Waalsdorperweg, and in Duinzigt even beyond the Alkemadelaan. With the German invasion in 1940, construction stopped; only a few buildings were added, most notably the Julianakazerne barracks. Unlike in the Bezuidenhout, the damage resulting from the war was limited.
Uilennest was completed after the war. The sixties and seventies saw the construction of the eastern part of Duinzigt, the Bronovo hospital, the Nebo nursing home, and the ANWB headquarters. The zoo, which had been closed since 1943, made way for the building of the provincial administration in 1968.
Mark Rutte lived in an apartment in the neighbourhood before, during and after his tenure as prime minister of the Netherlands.
## Gallery
Sint-Paschalis Baylonkerk Den Haag 1.JPG\|Church of Saint Paschal Baylon (1919-1921), designed by Dutch traditionalist architect Alexander Kropholler Shell kantoor Den Haag.JPG\|Global headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell at Carel van Bylandtlaan (1928-1930) Duinwyck - Van Alkemadelaan 350, The Hague.JPG\|Duinwyck, an apartment building at Van Alkemadelaan (1929-1932) Villa Hartog - Van Soutelandelaan 141, The Hague 1.JPG\|Hartog House at Van Soutelandelaan (1937-1938) Bylandtv2.jpg\|Former farmhouse, constructed around the year 1700, at the Arendsdorp estate, now embedded within the city fabric Arendsdorp - Tuinhuis v2.jpg\|Former garden/tea house of Arendsdorp estate, constructed in approximately 1750 Den Haag - Wassenaarseweg 44.JPG\|Former gatekeepers house, constructed around the year 1700, at the Oostduin estate, now giving access to a public park International Criminal Court building (2016) in The Hague.png\|Seat of the International Criminal Court, on the edge of Benoordenhout at the dunes of Scheveningen Overzicht middenstuk voorgevel - \'s-Gravenhage - 20357888 - RCE.jpg\|Office building at Wassenaarseweg, constructed 1938-1942 and completed 1946, designed by Jacobus Oud Gebouw Cultura, Wassenaarseweg 20, Den Haag.jpg\|Cultura building at Wassenaarseweg (1920-1921) Denhaag monument koningin-moeder emma2.jpg\|Queen Emma memorial (1935) at the "Rosarium" or Rose garden Kantoor Centrale Onderlinge - Van Alkemadelaan 700, The Hague.JPG\|Office building at Van Alkemadelaan (1933-1935 and 1949-1950), designed by Jan Wils Den Haag - Jan van Nassaustraat 35.JPG\|Gentleman residence at Jan van Nassaustraat (1899) designed in eclectic architecture Overzicht van de westgevel - \'s-Gravenhage - 20419387 - RCE
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# Pachybrachis
***Pachybrachis*** is a genus of scriptured leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are at least 220 described species in *Pachybrachis*
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# Georg Werner
**Karl Oskar Georg Werner** (8 April 1904 -- 26 August 2002) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer who won bronze medals in the 4 × 200 m relay at the 1924 Olympics and 1926 European Championships
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# Sadegh Kharazi
**Sayyid Mohammad Sadeq Kharazi** (*سید محمدصادق خرازی*; born 2 March 1963) is a former Iranian diplomat and advisor to Iran\'s former President Khatami.
Kharazi started his career in 1983 during the Iran--Iraq War in the High Defence Council and the IRIB. He subsequently became Iran\'s ambassador to the United Nations in 1989, and after a period of six years he returned to Iran as Deputy Foreign Minister for Research. He became Iran\'s Ambassador to France in 2002 until 2006 when Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected into office. Kharazi was the chairman of the 1997 Tehran OIC Summit. He was also a key figure in the two-year nuclear negotiations with the EU trio.
Kharazi has a keen interest in calligraphic and historical manuscripts and is an avid collector of such items. He is a member of the board of several Iranian cultural, educational and research centers, including Tehran University, the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran, and the National Library of Iran.
Currently, Kharazi works closely with Mohammad Khatami on the issue of dialogue among civilizations and is his senior advisor. He co-founded the \'Encyclopedia of Contemporary Islam\', which researches Iran\'s cultural and political movements and schools of thought in the past two centuries. Additionally, he is the founder and editor of the Iranian Diplomacy website, the Iranian Economy website, and the Heritage of Iran and Islam website
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# Bir Hospital
**Bir Hospital** (बीर अस्पताल) is the oldest district general hospital is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Bir Hospital is one of the busiest hospitals in Nepal. Bir Hospital is the one of teaching hospital by National Academy of Medical Sciences, a government agency since 2003.
The hospital provides medical and surgical treatments. It current has a capacity of 535 beds. It provides some post graduate medical training e.g. general surgery, internal medicine, orthopedic surgery, pathology etc.
Currently Dr. Santosh Paudel is executive director of Hospital and planning to re-open its burn service in near future. Hospital has started cath lab services to provide treatment of heart patients.
## History
Bir Hospital was established in 1947 B.S (1889AD) by Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana and was initially called Prithvi Bir Hospital, Prithvi being the name of the then king Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah. It had 30 beds.
An ordinance for the Constitution of a Bir Hospital Development Board was formulated in November of 1957 and was waiting the King\'s approval.
There were separate medical buildings for men and women. Sometime in 1961, the buildings were reassigned and one became surgical and the other a medical ward. A 250 bed extension was postponed due to scarcity of funds in the same year.
## Infrastructure development {#infrastructure_development}
Bir Hospital was expanded with a 200-bed Emergency and Trauma Center with funding from the Government of India, foundation stone was laid in June 1997.
## Providers from hospital {#providers_from_hospital}
### Disaster response {#disaster_response}
The hospital\'s disaster management plan was used first in 1988 following a stampede incident in the national stadium in Kathmandu.
### Surgery
The surgery department is the oldest department of the country. It has different units as General surgery, Gastro and hepatobiliary surgery unit, **Burn and Plastic surgery Unit**, Urosurgery, Cardiothoracic, Neurosurgery.
The general surgery department performs about 3,000 elective and emergency operations each year, and similar number of minor general surgical cases. The department needs increase in trained manpower and equipment, as well as refurbishment of the wards and increase in the number of beds as well as operation days.
### Burn and Plastic Surgery Unit {#burn_and_plastic_surgery_unit}
Burn and Plastic surgery unit has 16 beds, including 3 burn ICU beds. Every year more than 100 severely burned patients used to be admitted in this unit. The unit is currently run by two general surgeons. The WHO Nepal has sponsored a surgeon (Dr. Peeyush Dahal) to have fellowship training in plastic and reconstructive surgery. This unit is also conducting the research in burn care management.
### Dental department {#dental_department}
Dental department opened a new orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics unit in 2009. MDS degrees in prosthodontics and periodontology & oral implantology have also been offered since 2009.
### MRI Service {#mri_service}
Bir Hospital has started MRI service from Chaitra 5, 2072 B.S.
## Funding and challenges {#funding_and_challenges}
The yearly budget of NPR 27 Crore (about US\$2.371 million), two thirds of which is funded by the government. The hospital has been facing financial difficulties for many years now. The lack of adequate funding, non-functional equipment and inability of the administration to get those running pose significant challenges to the hospital\'s functioning. Moreover, inappropriate politicization of the administration seems to be the major contributor to the sorry state of affairs at the hospital.
To help in the financing of the hospital expenses, it runs a medical school, which conducts post-graduate medical, surgical and other specialists training and also runs bachelor\'s level in nursing
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# Ernest Kline
**Ernest P. \"Ernie\" Kline** (June 20, 1929 -- May 13, 2009) was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate and the 25th lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania, serving from 1971 to 1979.
## Early life, career {#early_life_career}
Kline was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania and grew up in the Webster neighborhood of Rostraver Township, Pennsylvania. He attended Rostraver High School, where he was the starting quarterback and graduated in 1947. He attended Duquesne University, but was unable to afford completing his degree. He took a career in radio news broadcasting in Charleroi, Connellsville, Kittanning, and at WBVP-AM in Beaver Falls. He entered politics after covering city council; he was elected to the Beaver Falls City Council in 1955. In 1961, he was appointed to be a workers\' compensation referee for Beaver, Washington, and Greene Counties.
## Politics
He was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1964, taking office in 1965. In August 1967, he was elected Democratic Floor Leader, becoming the youngest person to hold that position.
He was elected Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania on the Milton Shapp gubernatorial ticket in November 1970. As a Western Pennsylvanian, Kline provided balance to the Democratic ticket, which had Philadelphian Milton Shapp. Kline held that position from 1971 to 1979. He was the first Lieutenant Governor to live in State House, the Lieutenant Governor\'s official residence.
He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1972 and 2000. He is credited for taking steps to establish the Governor\'s Energy Council during the 1973 oil crisis and for leading the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency. He ran for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1978, but lost a highly contested primary to Peter Flaherty, who eventually lost to Dick Thornburgh.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Kline retired from political life after his stint as lieutenant governor and served as a lobbyist. He lived in Palmyra, Pennsylvania until his death in 2009 at the age of 79
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# Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club
The **Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club** (SSWSC) is located in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. SSWSC has produced 88 Winter Olympians, including 14 sent to the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi. Some of the more well-known Olympians including 6-time Olympian Todd Lodwick, 5-time Olympian Billy Demong, 1992 Bronze Medalist Nelson Carmichael, 2002 Silver Medalist Travis Mayer, and Caroline Lalive.
## Winter Sports training {#winter_sports_training}
The SSWSC is a multi-sport ski club located in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, that provides winter and summer athletic programming. It is the oldest ski club west of the Mississippi River. Its home ski area is Howelsen Hill, owned and operated by the City of Steamboat Springs. That area provides terrain for most of the winter sports, and has lights for night operations. The Steamboat Ski Area provides the club and its athletes much support on the slopes of its 4000 acre. The SSWSC was selected by the US Ski Team as its national Club of the Year in 2007, 2004, and 1999.
There are four main types of skiing/snowboarding in the SSWSC.
### Alpine Skiing/Racing {#alpine_skiingracing}
The Alpine skiing branch of the SSWSC is the largest branch, with about 400 children. The racers enrolled are split into development and competition racers when they are young. The SSWSC coaching staff teaches fundamentals to the young racers. Approximately 60 coaches work with this program. They train at Howelsen Hill and Mt. Werner.
### Freestyle
The SSWSC freestyle program is one of the best in the country. They have about 175 athletes, ages 7 through adult, training in mogul skiing, aerials, half pipe, skier cross, freeskier and telemark skiing. Nineteen coaches handle the coaching duties and athletes train at Howelsen Hill and Mt. Werner, in the Steamboat Ski area.
### Nordic
The SSWSC Nordic Program includes cross country, special (Nordic) jumping, Nordic combined and biathlon. Approximately 160 athletes participate and are instructed by a staff of 23 coaches. This program has produced a large number of national team members for the US Ski Team in their respective sports. They train at the Howelsen Hill ski area, which has one of the most complete Nordic jumping complexes in North America. The Nordic Combined program was recognized as USSA\'s program of the year in the 2006/07 ski season.
### Snowboard
The SSWSC Snowboard program was selected as the top program in the country in 2006/07 and awarded the Snowboard Program of the Year. They have approximately 170 athletes, and a staff of 25 coaches. The program includes instruction in freestyle snowboarding, alpine snowboarding, and boardercross. This group trains at Howelsen Hill and Mt. Werner
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# Orvar Trolle
**Nils Orvar Trolle** (4 April 1900 -- 7 March 1971) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer. He competed in the 100m and `{{nowrap|4 × 200 m}}`{=mediawiki} events at the 1920 and 1924 Olympics; he won a bronze medal in the relay in 1924 and finished fourth in 1920. He failed to reach the finals of the individual 100m freestyle. In 1923--24, he competed for Illinois AC while studying in the United States, and in 1940--44, he headed his native club Malmö SS
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# Cryptocephalini
The **Cryptocephalini** are a tribe within the leaf beetle subfamily Cryptocephalinae. As the other Cryptocephalinae, they belong to the group of case-bearing leaf beetles known as Camptosomata. Some species are myrmecophilous.
## Selected genera {#selected_genera}
- *Aporocera* Saunders, 1842
- *Bassareus* Haldeman, 1849
- *Cadmus* Erichson, 1842
- *Cryptocephalus* Chapuis, 1875
- *Diachus* J.L.LeConte, 1880
- *Lexiphanes* Gistel, 1836
- *Triachus* J.L
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# B & B Hospital
**B & B Hospital** (Baidya and Banskota Hospital) is a private hospital located in Nepal was founded in 1997.
It was established by Dr. Jagdish Lal Baidya and Dr. Ashok K. Banskota. So it is called B&B It is spread over 2.26 acres. Hospital offers various disciplinary services which include orthopedics, general surgery and urology, general medicine, plastic/cosmetic & maxillofacial surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, neuroscience, pediatrics, otorhinolaryngology, cardiology, oncology, cardiothoracic & vascular surgery, dental, psychiatry, dermatology & venereology, nephology, ophthalmology, pneumatology, anesthesiology, and nutrition. Hospital has 120 doctors and 500+ staff members.
## Services
Services provided range from emergency and trauma care, outpatient department, in patient services, OT`{{clarify|What is OT?|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki} and surgical services, clinical laboratory, pharmacy, sociotherapy, optical diagnostics services, and radiology and imaging services.
- **Department of Orthopaedic Surgery**- services include joint replacement surgery, arthroscopy and sports medicine, spine surgery and spinal deformity correction, paediatric orthopaedics, arm and hand surgery.
- **General Surgery and Urology**- provides urology and laparoscopic services, as well as general surgery procedures.
- **General Medicine-** services include upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, colonoscopy, ERCP,`{{clarify|What is ERCP?|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki} haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, pulmonary function testing.
- **Plastic, Cosmetic and Maxilloficial Surgery-** microvascular surgery, reconstructive, aesthetic and cosmetic operations are performed, as well as maxillofacial operations that manage simple to complex facial bone fractures.
- **Gynaecology and Obstetrics-** the department deals with all obstetric emergencies, including prenatal and antenatal care, normal and abnormal deliveries, as well as providing safe abortion services, family planning and counseling services. All gynaecological procedures are performed, including laparoscopic major gynaecological surgery, colposcopy, hysterectomy and uro-gynaecological operations.
- **Neuroscience-** the department is equipped to handle all kinds of head and spinal problems, such as various traumas, tumors, congenital anomalies, vascular problems, etc. The department is also involved in the hospital\'s academic activities.
- **Paediatrics-**the department provides care for newborns admitted with cases like AGE,`{{clarify|What is AGE?|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki} pneumonia, meningitis, etc.
- **ENT-** departmental services include microsurgery of the ear, surgery of the nose and the throat, head and neck surgery.
- **Cardiology-** services include emergency management and intensive care, cardiac catheterization, blood pressure and heart rhythm monitoring, angiography, angioplasty & stenting, device implantation, peripheral interventions, echocardiography and color doppler.
- **Oncology-** the hospital\'s cancer centre provides medical and surgical treatment to patients, including daily OPD`{{clarify|What disease is OPD?|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki} consultations, chemotherapy, treatment planning and surgical procedures.
- **Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery**
- **Dental**
- **Psychiatry**
- **Dermatology and Venereology-** active in both academic and research activities, the department offers consultations for skin and sexually transmitted diseases and cosmetological problems, allergo-diagnostic tests, electro-catheterization, mole excision and skin biopsies.
- **Nephrology-** the services offered include OPD,`{{clarify|What is OPD?|date=December 2019}}`{=mediawiki} pre- and post-transplant follow up, and haemodialysis
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# List of alumni of the University of Chile
The following is a list of notable alumni of the University of Chile.
## Government, law, and public policy {#government_law_and_public_policy}
### Heads of state {#heads_of_state}
- Pedro Aguirre Cerda (1938--1941)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer and teacher
- Arturo Alessandri (1920--1925; 1932--1938)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Jorge Alessandri (1958--1964)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} engineer
- Salvador Allende (1971--1973)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} physician
- Patricio Aylwin (1990--1994)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Michelle Bachelet (2006--2010)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} physician
- Ramón Barros Luco (1910--1915)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Carlos Dávila (de facto leader)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (1896--1901)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Federico Errázuriz Zañartu (1871--1876)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Emiliano Figueroa (1925--1927)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994--2000)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} civil engineer
- Gabriel González Videla (1946--1952)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Ricardo Lagos (2000--2006)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Juan Esteban Montero (1931--1932)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Pedro Montt (1906--1910)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Aníbal Pinto (1876--1881)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Germán Riesco (1901--1906)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Juan Luis Sanfuentes (1915--1920)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Domingo Santa María (1881--1886)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
#### Foreign heads of state {#foreign_heads_of_state}
- José López Portillo (México: 1976--1982)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Carlos Mesa (Bolivia)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
- Camilo Ponce Enríquez (politician) (Ecuador: 1956--1960)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer
#### Non-Chilean politicians {#non_chilean_politicians}
- Schafik Handal`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} general secretary of Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front of El Salvador; law studies
- Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} socialist political leader from Bolivia; brutally abducted and subsequently assassinated by military forces in 1980; law and drama studies
- José Vicente Rangel`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Vice President of Venezuela (2002--2007); law studies
- José Serra`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Governor of São Paulo state and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil; Masters in Economics.
#### Notable lawyers {#notable_lawyers}
- Marcos Aburto`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} judge, former senator, and former president of the Supreme Court of Chile
- Cecilia Medina`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Gruber Prize recipient, judge
- Arturo Prat Chacón`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} national hero, lawyer
- José Zalaquett`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} lawyer and professor on Human Rights, National Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences 2003
#### Civil Servants {#civil_servants}
- Joaquín Marcó Figueroa `{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} superintendent of the Casa de Moneda de Chile, and author
- Valentina Quiroga `{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Undersecretary of Education (2014--2018)
## Business
- Eliodoro Matte`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} industrial engineer; billionaire; president of Empresas CMPC
- Julio Ponce Lerou`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} forestry engineer; businessman; controlling shareholder of Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile
## Economists
- Armando Di Filippo`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Argentine economist
- Eduardo Engel`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} engineer and economist
- Manfred Max Neef`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Right Livelihood Award winner, economist
- Aníbal Pinto Santa Cruz`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} economist National Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences 1995
- Paulo Renato Souza`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} economist and politician
## Arts
### Literature
- José Donoso`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Literature Prize 1990
- Roque Dalton`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Salvadoran poet and activist
- Jorge Edwards`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Literature Prize 1994
- Alberto Fuguet`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} writer, journalist, film director
- Gabriela Mistral`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Nobel Prize 1945, National Literature Prize 1951; teacher
- Pablo Neruda`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Nobel Prize 1971, National Literature Prize 1945
- Raquel Olea (born 1944), writer, professor
- Mariano Picón Salas`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Literature Prize of Venezuela 1954
- Antonio Skármeta`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} writer
- Volodia Teitelboim`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Literature Prize 2002
### Music
- Luis Advis
- Mario Iriarte
- Víctor Jara
- Sergio Ortega
- Sonia Paz Soto-Aguilar Orellana (Pachi)
- Pablo Rosetti (Pablo)
- Horacio Salinas
- Santiago Vera-Rivera
### Visual arts {#visual_arts}
- Graciela Aranis
- Matilde Pérez
- Laura Rodig
- Cecilia Vicuña
- Catalina Bauer
- Benjamín Vicuña
- Ximena Cristi
## Humanities and Social Sciences {#humanities_and_social_sciences}
### Anthropology
- María Ester Grebe `{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki}ethnomusicologist
- Sonia Montecino`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences 2013
### History
- José Toribio Medina`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} bibliographer, prolific writer and historian
- Gabriel Salazar`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Prize of History 2006
- Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} prolific writer and historian
### Philosophy
- Carla Cordua Roberto Torretti`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences 2011
- Humberto Giannini`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences 1999
- Olga Grau, writer, professor, philosopher
### Sociology
- Manuel Antonio Garretón`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences 2007
- Emir Sader`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Brazilian sociologist, one of the World Social Forum organizers
- Clodomir Santos de Morais`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} Brazilian sociologist who originated the Organization Workshop (OW) and the associated Activity-based Large Group Capacitation Method (LGCM)
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# List of alumni of the University of Chile
## Exact sciences {#exact_sciences}
- Justicia Acuña
- Ricardo Baeza-Yates
- Claudio Bunster
- Claudio Donoso
- Cristina Dorador
- Eric Goles
- Humberto Maturana`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki} National Prize of Natural Sciences 1994
- Hugo K
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# Committee for Charity and Support for the Palestinians
**Committee for Charity and Support for the Palestinians (CBSP)** or *Comité de Bienfaisance et de Secours aux Palestiniens (CBSP)* is a French-based registered charitable organization that was founded in 1990 to provide aid to vulnerable Palestinians. Its current president is Mahmood Zuheir.
The CBSP\'s states its humanitarian mission is to provide emergency assistance and develop sustainable economic and social programs in partnership with local organizations so as to assist the most needy segments of the Palestinian population in Gaza, the West Bank, and Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan and Lebanon.
In 2010 the organization had around 30 employees and 350 volunteers and received donations from 70,000 donors.
## Field of work and other activities {#field_of_work_and_other_activities}
CBSP\'s states its work programme is made up of four focus areas:
- Palestinian orphans and the disabled; providing support that includes scholarships for education and winter clothing.
- Needy families; providing support including food aid and emergency medical aid.
- Health care; providing support that includes hospital renovations and construction, the provision of medications and medical supplies, and salary support for health care workers.
- Sustainable development; work in this field ranges from assisting disabled individuals in finding permanent employment, building housing and water infrastructures, and supporting Palestinian farmers.
Seven members of the group participated in the Gaza Freedom Flotilla in 2010.
## Accusations of terrorism financing {#accusations_of_terrorism_financing}
In August 2003, the CBSP was listed by the United States Treasury as a terrorist funding organization, also under the allegation that the organization fundraised for Hamas. In November 2003, Australia announced it had frozen the assets of six leaders of Hamas, along with those of a number of charitable institutions - one of which was the CBSP. Spokesperson Youcef Benderbal of the CBSP denied the allegations, stating that \"Everyone, especially the French authorities, knows that our efforts and donations are solely directed to charities with a defined aim of supporting the orphans and establishing development projects to benefit them.\"
### Legal proceedings {#legal_proceedings}
CBSP has been involved in legal proceedings against groups accusing them of financing terrorism. In 2006, CBSPs bank Crédit Lyonnais were sued by a group of Americans who claimed that the bank knowingly allowed money to be funneled to Hamas via its accounts. In 2007, the Israel-friendly Simon Wiesenthal Center accused CBSP of funding families of suicide bombers and the CBSP countered with a defamation suit. In 2010, CBSP was again accused of financing terrorism by the French Jewish umbrella organization CRIF and the group again countered with a defamation suit.
#### Strauss v. Credit Lyonnais {#strauss_v._credit_lyonnais}
In 2006, thirteen Americans led by Moses Strauss who had sustained injuries from terrorist attacks in Israel, filed a lawsuit in a District Court in Brooklyn against the French-based bank Crédit Lyonnais under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1992.
They claimed that the bank knowingly allowed funds to be funnelled to Hamas by failing to quickly close bank accounts for the CBSP. Crédit Lyonnais claimed to have closed the accounts in September 2003, three years after it first noticed \"unusual activity\" in the account in question.
The suit alleges that \"the financial services that the defendant knowingly provided to Hamas by collecting and transmitting funds on behalf of Hamas (with the knowledge that CBSP raises funds for Hamas) assists Hamas in its recruiting, rewarding, and providing incentives to suicide bombers and other terrorists.\"
The case has not yet been settled and is currently being processed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
#### Wiesenthal case {#wiesenthal_case}
The head of international relations for the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Stanley Trevor (Shimon) Samuels, also accused the CBSP of funding families of suicide bombers. In response, the CBSP filed a defamation suit in a Paris court, calling the accusations \"ridiculous\", and stating that its charitable work consisted of providing aid to some 3,000 Palestinian orphans.
On March 8, 2007, the court ruled that documents produced by the Wiesenthal Center established no \"direct or indirect participation in financing terrorism\" on the part of the CBSP, characterizing the allegations as \"seriously defamatory.\" Samuel was handed a suspended fine of 1,000 euros (1,300 dollars) and ordered to pay one euro in symbolic damages to the Palestinian support group
The Center appealed the court ruling, and won its case on appeal before the Paris Court of Appeal in October 2008. The court ruled that there was nothing defamatory in the centre\'s allegations against the CBSP.
#### CRIF case {#crif_case}
In 2010 Marc Knobel, a researcher of the Jewish-French umbrella organization Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France (CRIF) published an article on the organization\'s web site claiming that the CBSP was raising money for Hamas. CBSP responded by suing Knobel for defamation. In 2012, a lower court whose ruling was appealed fined Knobel and CRIF\'s webmaster \$2,070 each for defaming CBSP. In 2014 an appeals court reaffirmed the ruling by the lower court.
The courts ruled that Knobel\'s article was defamatory because CRIF had failed to present evidence supporting its allegation that CBSP funded Hamas
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# LoveHateHero
**LoveHateHero** was a rock band formed in Burbank, California in 2004 by vocalist Pierrick Berube, guitarists Josh Newman and Mark Johnston, bassist Paris Bosserman, and drummer Bryan Ross. They were signed to Ferret Music and released three albums, *Just Breathe* in May 2005, *White Lies* in February 2007, and *America Underwater* in November 2009.
## About
They have toured with bands such as Chiodos, Eighteen Visions, Funeral for a Friend, He Is Legend, and It Dies Today. They appeared on the *Black on Black Tour* with Escape the Fate, Blessthefall, Before Their Eyes, and Dance Gavin Dance.
During October and November 2007, LoveHateHero co-headlined a tour with So They Say that featured support from National Product, Tokyo Rose, and Before Their Eyes. In 2008, they went on the *One Moment Management Tour* with Before Their Eyes, I See Stars, Oceana, Eyes Set to Kill and Ice Nine Kills as well as their *TerminaTOUR* with Blessed by a Broken Heart, Agraceful, Karate Highschool, and Kiros.
In 2009 they were on the *Dead or Alive Tour* with I Am Ghost and Karate Highschool, the *Revolver Tour* with Eyes Set To Kill and Dreaming of Eden, the *Napalm and Noise Tour* with The Devil Wears Prada, All That Remains, and Story of the Year as well as a monthlong Brazil Tour with Mr. Clown.
They played on the Vans Warped Tour 2009 at the Seattle, Portland, Fresno, San Francisco, Sacramento, and San Diego venues.
In 2010 they headlined the *America Underwater Tour* with Four Letter Lie, Sleeping With Sirens, Of Machines, and Destruction of a Rose, did their first European Tour with Blessed by a Broken Heart and are currently on the *Wet Hot American Summer Tour* with Young and Divine and The Venetia Fair. The band shot a music video for their first single off *America Underwater* for the song *America Underwater*.
In June 2010, the song \"America Underwater\" became available for purchase on the Rock Band Network for PS3, Xbox 360, and Wii.
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# LoveHateHero
## Other projects {#other_projects}
- Kevin \"Thrasher\" Gruft played Rockstar\'s Uproar Music Festival with Escape the Fate and was the lead guitarist in Craig Mabbitt\'s side project, The Dead Rabbitts, until late summer of 2012. He played and recorded all the guitars on the Deuce album, *Nine Lives*. In the mid-2012 he Tweeted giving hints about an upcoming solo Album. He is currently a producer, engineer and songwriter working with various artists and producers across many genres. He has played in LoveHateHero, The Dead Rabbitts, Escape the Fate, Matt Toka, and Blessed by a Broken Heart. He is currently the lead guitarist for Escape the Fate.
- Justin Whitesel briefly joined the band The Hollowed but left for unexplained reasons. He became a touring guitarist for many artists including Eyes Set To Kill on their summer tour with Falling in Reverse and For All Those Sleeping. Whitesel has since started the group XO Stereo (which features members of From First To Last) and signed a worldwide record deal with Century Media Records. He also accompanied Telle Smith as his guitarist on an acoustic emo-nite tour. He now works as an Art Director in Videogame Advertising (notably Call of Duty and Microsoft Xbox)
- Bryan Ross is currently a producer and engineer, working with former LHH and Escape the Fate member Omar Espinosa. He was drafted by ETF producer Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette to co-write and record Falling in Reverse\'s debut album *The Drug in Me Is You*, performing both the drums and rhythm guitars on the record. He also worked with Elvis on FACT\'s 2012 album, *burundanga*. In January 2012, he rejoined Perfect Like Me but left in late April.
- Omar Espinosa is currently a producer. In 2004 he left LHH to join Escape the Fate later leaving for personal reasons. He joined Perfect Like Me leaving in 2009 to concentrate on his family. He contributed writing on Falling in Reverse\'s studio album, *The Drug in Me Is You*, and in January 2012 rejoined Perfect Like Me but left in late April.
- Mark Johnston had a brief stint with Divide the Day.
- Myke Russell is currently a member of the band 2hots.
- Scott Gee had joined Falling in Reverse in 2010 to participate in their studio album but was removed for unexplained reasons
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# Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
***Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County***, 377 U.S. 218 (1964), is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that the County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia\'s decision to close all local, public schools and provide vouchers to attend private schools were constitutionally impermissible as violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
## Background
In response to the court\'s holding in *Brown v. Board of Education*, Virginia initiated a coordinated policy known as *massive resistance* to maintain segregationist policies. A legislative package known as the Stanley Plan was enacted. Numerous public schools had been closed through the tactics of *massive resistance*. However, when the Prince Edward County Board of Supervisors was ordered to integrate the public schools under its jurisdiction in June 1959, it took the unusual and extreme step of not appropriating *any* money for the school system, forcing all public schools in the county to close for the next five years.
Instead of funding public schools, Prince Edward County provided tuition grants for all students, regardless of their race, to use for private nonsectarian education. No private schools existed for blacks, resulting in the total deprivation of formal education to black children in the county from 1959 to 1963. All private schools in the region remained racially segregated. A private foundation proposed opening a private school for black children, but the offer was rejected in part because many of the black residents of Prince Edward County wanted \"to continue the legal battle for desegregated public schools.\" In 1963, \"federal, state, and county authorities cooperated to have classes conducted for Negroes and whites in school buildings owned by the county,\" but the county-funded schools remained closed until the Supreme Court\'s 1964 ruling on the litigation arising from the county\'s 1959 closure of the schools.
In 1959, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit had ordered the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia to require that the schools open without segregation. The District Court initially refrained from ordering the schools opened pending the separate question whether the Virginia state constitution required the operation of public schools. In 1962, the District Court ordered the county board to fund the schools. The Fourth Circuit reversed, holding that the District Court should have awaited the state law determinations of whether the county was required to operate schools. The black schoolchildren appealed to the Supreme Court.
The case was argued by Robert L. Carter for the NAACP (Samuel W. Tucker and Frank D. Reeves on the brief); Virginia assistant attorney general R.D. McIlvaine (Attorney General Robert Young Button and Assistant Attorney General Frederick Thomas Gray on the brief) and Judge John Segar Gravatt for the school board, and Solicitor General Archibald Cox argued on behalf of the United States as an amicus curiae, urging reversal.
## Decision
The Supreme Court, in a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, ordered the schools reopened. It held that the supervisors\' action of refusing to fund the public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, where the county offered only private school vouchers for students and where no private schools accepted black students.
This case marked the first time that the Supreme Court ordered a county government to exercise their power of taxation
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# John Latta (politician)
John Latta}} `{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox officeholder
| name = John Latta
| image = John Latta.png
| order1 = 1st
| office1 = Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania
| term_start1 = January 19, 1875
| term_end1 = January 21, 1879
| governor1 = [[John F. Hartranft]]
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Charles Warren Stone]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]
| term2 = 1872-1873
| office3 = Member of the [[Pennsylvania Senate]] for the [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 23|23rd district]]
| term3 = 1865-1866
| office4 = Member of the [[Pennsylvania Senate]] for the [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 22|22nd district]]
| term4 = 1863-1864
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1836|3|2}}
| birth_place = [[Unity Township, Pennsylvania|Unity Township]], Pennsylvania
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|2|15|1836|3|2}}
| death_place = [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania|Greensburg]], Pennsylvania
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
}}`{=mediawiki} **John Latta** (March 2, 1836 -- February 15, 1913) was an American lawyer and politician from Pennsylvania who served as the first lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1875 to 1879. He also served as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1872 to 1873 and the Pennsylvania Senate from 1863 to 1866.
## Early life {#early_life}
Latta was born in Unity Township, Pennsylvania, to Moses and Eliza (Graham) Latta. He was educated at Sewickley Academy and Elder\'s Ridge Academy. He read law under D.H. Hazen in Pittsburgh, entered Yale Law School in 1857 and graduated in 1859. He was admitted to the Westmoreland County bar in 1859 and opened a law firm in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. In 1865, he married Emma Hope and together they had 4 children. He was a member of Christ\'s Church in Greensburg.
## Career
He served as a member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 22nd district 1863 to 1864 and for the 23rd district from 1865 to 1866. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1872 to 1873. Under the new Pennsylvania Constitution that went into effect on 1 January 1874, he was the first elected lieutenant governor and served under Republican Governor John Hartranft.
He died on February 15, 1913, in Greensburg, Pennsylvania
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# Tony Thomas (footballer)
**Anthony Thomas** (born 12 July 1971) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender in the Football League for Tranmere Rovers, where he spent the majority of his career, in the Premier League for Everton and in the Scottish Premier League for Motherwell.
## Career
Thomas was born in Liverpool. He began his career as a junior with Tranmere Rovers reserves, and quickly advanced through the ranks. He made his debut as a 17-year-old in the 1987--88 season and made more than 300 appearances in the next ten years. At Tranmere he was part of the side that won the 1989-90 Football League Trophy. After completing a £400,000 move to Everton before the 1997--98 season, injury disrupted his progress and he failed to hold down a first-team place.
He was sold to Motherwell at the beginning of the next season for £150,000, and scored his first and only goal for the club in a 3-1 Scottish Cup win over Hearts in January 1999. He retired from professional football due to injury in 2001
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# Sleepless (1957 film)
***Sleepless*** (*لا أنام*, translit. La Anam) is a 1957 Egyptian melodrama film. The film follows the intricate story of Nadia Lutfi, a daughter of divorced parents who suffers from Electra complex, which drives her to intervene in her father\'s relationships.
Directed by the Egyptian film director Salah Abu Seif, this film is based on a novel with the same name written by the Egyptian novelist Ihsan Abdel Quddous. The film, which is currently ranked the 29th best Egyptian film by the cinema committee of the Supreme Council of Culture in Cairo, starred Faten Hamama, Yehia Chahine, Mariam Fakhr Eddine, Omar Sharif, Emad Hamdy, Hind Rostom and Rushdy Abaza. It was released on DVD as part of the *Egyptian Cinema Classics* film collection. *Sleepless* is one of the ten first Egyptian colored films.
## Plot
Faten Hamama plays Nadia Lutfi, a young woman who belongs to an aristocratic, upper-class family. After her parents divorce each other, her father (Yehia Chahine) wins custody of her. She lives with her father and over the years develops a very close and strong relationship with him to the extent of being sexually attracted towards him, an obsessive behavior known as Electra complex.
At the age of 18, she plunges into a premature relationship with Mustafah (Imad Hamdi), a writer and journalist who is quite older a bit than she is. Meanwhile, her father meets and falls in love with another woman, Safia (Mariam Fakhr Eddine). He decides to marry her, which Nadia is forced to accept. However, her father gradually starts spending more time with his new wife, which galls and displeases Nadia who does not receive an equal amount of love and attention anymore. This compels and drives her to step in and ruin their relationship. Now seeing Safia as her enemy, Nadia plots for revenge from her stepmother. Nadia accuses Safia of having an affair with Aziz (Omar Sharif), Nadia\'s young uncle.
To convince her father, Nadia had to ask her friend Kawthar (Hind Rostom), a voluptuous and licentious woman, to seduce her father. Nadia\'s successful conspiracy results in a divorce between Safia and her father. Not only that, Nadia\'s father decides to marry her. Enticed by the wealth of Nadia\'s father, she agrees to marry him. Nadia is devastated when she discovers that Kawthar is having an affair with another young man, Samir (Rushdy Abaza), realizing that Kawthar is only living with her father for his fortunes.
Mustafah, who had secretly admired Safia, proposed to her after her divorce with Nadia\'s father. Nadia conceals the truth from her father, worried that such a revelation might strike and shatter him. Her father finds about Samir. Nadia, finding no escape route, lies and tells her father that he is her fiancé. Kawthar nefariously adds that Nadia and Samir are getting married, which Nadia is forced to accept. On the night of her wedding, Nadia shocks her father and the wedding attendants with the startling truth, leaving her father traumatized.
At the end of the film, one of the candles fallen in Nadia\'s wedding dress, so she became burned. Nadia taken to the hospital and she became deformed.
## Cast
- Faten Hamama as Nadia Lutfi
- Yehia Chahine as Nadia\'s father
- Mariam Fakhr Eddine as Safia
- Imad Hamdi as Mustafah
- Hind Rostom as Kawthar
- Rushdy Abaza as Samir
- Omar Sharif as Aziz
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# Sleepless (1957 film)
## Reception
*La Anam* premiered at the Cinema Miami theater in Cairo on November 31`{{Dubious|reason=only 30 days in November|date=April 2012}}`{=mediawiki}, 1957, and was met with a lot of success and recognition in Egypt and the Arab-speaking world. This was mainly due to the star-studded cast and the fact that it was one of the earliest colored Egyptian films. The film has maintained its popularity and has been selected amongst the Top 100 Egyptian films in 1996 by the Egyptian Film association. However, due to its controversial topic, it wasn\'t frequently broadcast on television.
## Trivia
- The well-known Egyptian actress Nadia Lutfi got her stage name from Nadia Lutfi in *Sleepless*
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# Park Place Tower
**Park Place Tower** is located at 655 West Irving Park Road, Chicago, Illinois and is a 56-story, 901-unit condominium tower located in the Lakeview neighborhood in the north side of Chicago. Park Place Tower is the tallest building in Illinois outside of downtown Chicago. Park Place Tower is one of the largest residential towers in Chicago at 530.5 ft.
## Construction and renovation {#construction_and_renovation}
The tower was initially built in 1971. The entire building was completely renovated and converted to a condominium building in a multi-million dollar project that lasted from 2001 until 2006
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# Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy
The **Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy** (ISERP) is the research arm of the social sciences at Columbia University, formerly known as the *Paul F. Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences*. ISERP works to produce pioneering social science research and to shape public policy by integrating knowledge and methods across the social scientific disciplines. ISERP organizes an active intellectual community at Columbia University through its Faculty Fellows program, research centers, projects, and training initiatives.
## History
ISERP is the direct descendant of the Bureau of Applied Social Research (BASR), established at Columbia University in 1944 by sociologist Paul F. Lazarsfeld. One of the first social science institutes in the nation, the Bureau made landmark contributions to communications research, public opinion polling, organizational studies, and social science methodology. BASR\'s tradition was carried on by the Paul F. Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences, established in 1976 after Lazarsfeld\'s death and later renamed to honor him. Under directors Harold W. Watts, Jonathan Cole, and Harrison White, the Lazarsfeld Center expanded its interdisciplinary reach and established particular strengths in the sociology of science and network analysis.
The Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences was one of the centers incorporated into the Institute at its founding in 1999 as the Institute for Social and Economic Theory and Research (ISETR). Also joining ISETR were the Center for Urban Research and Policy, founded in 1992, and several new research centers. In January 2001, ISETR merged with the Office of Sponsored Research to become the Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy.
The institute is currently led by professors Thomas DiPrete and Matthew Connelly.
## Fellowship
The fellowship of ISERP is drawn from faculty of the departments of Anthropology, Economics, History, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Statistics, as well as of Barnard College, the Earth Institute, Teachers College, the Mailman School of Public Health and the Schools of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Business, International and Public Affairs, Law, and Social Work.
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# Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy
## Centers and Major Projects {#centers_and_major_projects}
The Institute contains fifteen research centers and major projects that conduct basic research, develop policy initiatives, and train graduate students and postdoctoral fellows.
- American Institutions Project
- The American Institutions Project focuses on Congress, regional issues, the treasury, and the military.
- Applied Statistics Center
- The Applied Statistics Center is a community of scholars at Columbia organized around research projects in the human, social, and engineering sciences, as well as basic statistical research. It is directed by Andrew Gelman.
- Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies
- The Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies functions as a research entity and a site for intellectual dialogue and collaboration for academics who are committed to analyzing the dynamics of complex inequity and stratification, as well as to policy and legal advocacy. It is directed by Kimberlé Crenshaw.
- Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED)
- CRED studies decision making under climate uncertainty and risk. Its objectives address the human responses to climate change and climate variability.
- Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration, and Religion (CDTR)
- CDTR, opened in 2006, conducts research and training on the tensions between religion, toleration, and democracy.
- Center for the Study of Wealth and Inequality (CWI)
- CWI investigates the economic well-being of families and societal inequality. It interests encompass family welfare and standard of living as well.
- Center on Organizational Innovation (COI)
- COI promotes research on organizational innovation as well as new forms of collaboration, communication, and coordination made possible with the advent of interactive technologies.
- Columbia Center for the Study of Development Strategies
- The Center for the Study of Development Strategies provides a forum at Columbia to support rigorous field based research on major questions in the political economy of development.
- Columbia Program for Indian Economic Policies(PIEP)
- PIEP is led by Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya. The Program brings together scholars from Columbia and other universities and think tanks around the world. The program houses a data center on India\'s economy and organizes lectures, seminars, and conferences in the U.S. and India.
- Initiative for Policy Dialogue (IPD)
- IPD, led by Nobel laureate Joseph E. Stiglitz, helps developing countries respond to globalization.
- Paul F. Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences
- The Lazarsfeld Center, the oldest of the ISERP centers, is the catalyst for new research through its sponsorship of workshops, seminars, and conferences. The center is well known for playing a central role in the development of social network analysis and relational sociology.
- Public Opinion Project (POP)
- The Public Opinion Project (POP) examines trends in public opinion, public policy, and political leadership in the United States.
- Roundtable on the Sexual Politics of Black Churches
- This project convenes a team of sixteen African American scholars and religious leaders for a series of three convenings over a period of seventeen months.
- The Global Health Research Center of Central Asia
- Columbia University\'s Global Health Research Center of Central Asia brings together multidisciplinary expertise from Columbia, Central Asia and the surrounding region to address a range of global health challenges: HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STIs),hepatitis C, substance abuse, malnutrition, mental health and other threats to health.
- Understanding Autism Project
- Autism is a condition characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. No one knows with certainty what has caused autism prevalence---which has increased roughly ten-fold in the past forty years---to increase so precipitously. This group looks explores this increase
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# Oleg Lupanov
**Oleg Borisovich Lupanov** (*Оле́г Бори́сович Лупа́нов*; 2 June 1932 -- 3 May 2006) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, dean of the Moscow State University\'s Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics (1980--2006), head of the Chair of Discrete Mathematics of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics (1981--2006).
Together with his graduate school advisor, Sergey Yablonsky, he is considered one of the founders of the Soviet school of Mathematical Cybernetics. In particular he authored pioneering works on synthesis and complexity of Boolean circuits, and of control systems in general (*Управляющие системы*), the term used in the USSR and Russia for a generalization of finite-state automata, Boolean circuits and multi-valued logic circuits.
Ingo Wegener, in his book *The Complexity of Boolean Functions,* credits O. B. Lupanov for coining the term *Shannon effect* in his 1970 paper, to refer to the fact that almost all Boolean functions have nearly the same circuit complexity as the hardest function.
O. B. Lupanov is best known for his (*k*, *s*)-Lupanov representation of Boolean functions that he used to devise an asymptotically optimal method of Boolean circuit synthesis, thus proving the asymptotically tight upper bound on Boolean circuit complexity:
: $C(f)\le \frac{2^n}{n} + o\left(\frac{2^n}{n}\right).$
## Biography
O. B. Lupanov graduated from Moscow State University\'s Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics in 1955. He received his PhD in 1958 from the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and his Doctorate degree in 1963. He began teaching at Moscow State University in 1959 and became professor there in 1967. From 1955 he had appointment at the Institute of Applied Mathematics and he was a professor at Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (1970--1980). He had served as the Dean of the Moscow State University\'s Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics (1980--2006), and as the founding head of the Chair of Discrete Mathematics of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics (1981--2006).
Lupanov became a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1972 and a full member of Russian Academy of Sciences in 2003. He was the lead scientist of the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics since 1993 and was awarded the title of a distinguished professor of Moscow State University in 2002. He was a recipient of the prestigious Lenin Prize (1966) and of the Moscow State University\'s Lomonosov Award (1993).
His students count more than 30 PhD degree holders and 6 holders of the Soviet/Russian Doctorate degree. As a dean of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics he had a reputation of a democratic and accessible person.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lupanov died at around 7pm on 3 May 2006 in his office at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University.
Image:Oleg Borisovich Lupanov2.jpg Image:Lupanov_ad_memoriam
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# Giuseppe Mazzuoli (c. 1536 – 1589)
**Giuseppe Mazzuoli** (c. 1536 -- 9 November 1589) was an Italian painter of the Mannerist period, active mainly in the court of Alfonso II d\'Este of Ferrara.
He is nicknamed *il Bastaruolo* (or *il Bastarolo* by authors writing in English), from a dialect term describing his father\'s profession selling foodstuffs, including corn (biade). He painted the ceiling of the church of the *Gesu* in Ferrara, a work started by Giovanni Francesco Surchi. Mazzuoli was reportedly a pupil of Dosso Dossi, and the teacher of Carlo Bononi and Domenico Moni. Among his works were some altarpieces for the Cathedral of Ferrara
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# Organizational engineering
**Organizational engineering** (**OE**) is a form of organizational development. It was created by Gary Salton of Professional Communications, Inc. It has been developing continuously since 1994 on both theoretical and applied levels.
The core premise of OE is that humans are information-processing organisms. It posits that individual behavior can be understood and predicted using engineering\'s basic model of:
: INPUT \> PROCESS \> OUTPUT
This offers advantages over the more typical psychological approaches. Primary among these is that it requires only simple logic. There is no need to rely on unseen forces or \"inherent\" mental characteristics.
For example, life requires a person to navigate a host of relationships with people and things. People\'s lives tend to be relatively stable. They live in the same house, drive the same car, put the same children to bed in the evening and go to work to the same place each morning. This stability allows people to perfect a strategy that works in their typical situations. Since people tend to reuse things that work, this strategy becomes their general approach. They will try to use it even in unfamiliar situations. It becomes a characteristic approach.
OE calls the strategies people regularly use strategic styles. Styles are different combinations of the Input\>Process\>Output. Each mix produces a different but predictable pattern of behavior. For example, a person may elect to pay attention to detail (input). It is virtually certain that this will slow response. The more detail they require, the slower they will be. Others will probably infer that they are cautious or deliberate. This result is a certainty. It takes time to process information. Unless a way can be found to speed the chemical reactions between the neurons in the brain the result will always be the same.
OE applies the same kind of logic to define the range of possible behaviors. These relationships have been codified under the name of \"I Opt.\" This is an acronym for \"Input Output Processing Template\". It is the basic measuring tool of Organizational Engineering.
## Tools for individuals {#tools_for_individuals}
The \"I Opt\" model uses a 24-statement survey to assess preferences. The survey is designed in a way that creates ratio measurement (exact, like a ruler). This contrasts more typical ordinal measurement (e.g., rank ordered -- big-bigger-biggest or none-some-lots) used by most other tools. Exact measurement allows \"I Opt\" to derive formulas that can be used by a computer. Interpretation is unnecessary. The computer can provide a definitive answer.
Information processing is involved in almost every part of a person\'s life. This means that individual reports can be generated on a variety of interest areas. Standard computer programs in areas like learning, sales, leadership, change management and career direction are available. Additional reports can be programmed as the need for them becomes visible.
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# Organizational engineering
## Tools for groups {#tools_for_groups}
Exact measurement allows \"I Opt\" infer probable outcomes embedded in a relationship of groups of people. For example, a person might prefer to rely on analysis to make decisions. Another might prefer spontaneous action. Both of these postures use different Input\>Process\>Output combinations. Both strategies will work to resolve issues. But the strategy of one forecloses the strategy of the other. It is predictable that there will be tension in the relationship. This requires no \"interpretation\". The direction and degree of tension can be calculated from the strength of the \"I Opt\" scores of each person.
Organizational engineering uses sociology---the science of groups---as its scaffold. The principles of sociology allow OE to extend its reach. Computer programs can analyze groups of 20 or more people all interacting simultaneously. There is no need to interview group participants. Everything is embedded in the numbers.
Sociology guides interpretation. Computer programs have been created to apply its principles to common situations. For example, TeamAnalysis analyzes groups assuming that everyone has equal power. It reveals the macro-dynamics that underlie group behavior. These become the basis of the advice the computer offers. The LeaderAnalysis takes the next step. It looks at a group and each person in the group from the viewpoint of the leader. It analyzes the leader-group match and produces specific counsel for the leader to consider in guiding the group.
\"I Opt\" models view groups as a system of relationships. In a system if you change a relationship you change system performance. No individual in the group has to change. Just their relationship to others in the group. It is hard to change people. It is relatively easy to change relationships. This means that the benefits can accrue quickly and will typically increase over time as the interaction patterns are refined.
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# Organizational engineering
## Tools for firms {#tools_for_firms}
Firms are systems of groups. The output of the \"I Opt\" can be used to assess entire firms. This level of analysis uses the \"I Opt\" individual and group analytical components as investigatory tools.
The influence of groups upon groups is measured using the tools of practical geometry. The composite profiles of groups are overlaid. The magnitude and direction of overlaps are calculated. Likely outcomes of interactions are inferred. These are the macro-behavioral tendencies of the system of groups. It describes what will happen if the groups are allowed to interact without consistent guidance.
OE sees individual leaders as lynch pins between groups. This follows the Rensis Likert\'s concept of the linking pin model. The leader represents the group that he/she leads when that leader is participating in larger groups. Leaders also act as a corridor carrying information from the larger group back to their local one. The leader\'s \"I Opt\" profile will determine their understanding of the issues. It will also determine the likely actions that they will take.
The predictable behaviors of groups and leaders allow OE to plot likely outcomes. The same principles that apply to teams apply to firms. Change the relationships and you will change the outcomes. \"I Opt\" can define \"what is causing what\" in the system of groups and leaders. This allows it to pinpoint critical areas. This ability to focus on points of maximum effect reduces the cost and improves the timeliness of change.
The durable interaction of leaders and groups evolve into a corporate culture. The overlap of the composite profiles defines common perspectives. This is a basis of the \"shared\" values, beliefs and behaviors that define a culture. Alter the relationships of the groups and/or leaders and corporate culture can be changed in any direction desired.
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# Organizational engineering
## Applications
Consultants and internal groups within firms use OE and \"I Opt\" in a variety of ways. Improving team performance is a common use. The reports are easy to read, respectful in tone and mature in content. The non-judgmental nature of the reports means they can be and are used from the Board of Directors to factory floor work groups with equal positive effect.
The various \"I Opt\" individual analyzes are used as a component of educational programs in areas like leadership development, learning and career guidance. They are also used to facilitate education itself. For example, the TwoPerson Analysis is used as a tool to quickly launch mentoring relationships. Participants know each other\'s bias form the onset. They can compensate immediately rather than spending time \"discovering\" these in each other.
Another area of application is in the selection of people to fill specific roles. \"I Opt\" analysis can predict the relationship of an individual to both the leader and other group members. Taken in conjunction with other measures (e.g., competencies, experience, education, etc.) it can reduce the probability of inappropriate placements.
Overall, organizational engineering gives a way to understand, measure, predict and guide human behavior for both individuals and groups. Its objective is to produce visible, positive results of significant consequence and magnitude. It is able to consistently accomplish this objective in any situation that meets the mutual dependency criteria characteristic of goal directed organizations. This has been demonstrated in domestic and international contexts.
\"I Opt\" can be used with confidence. The measurement component of \"I Opt\" has been fully validated. It requires only a 6th-grade reading level to complete the required survey. The individual reports are written at an 8th-grade level. Group reports vary by the complexity of the group being assessed but typically require less than a 12th-grade level reading level.
## Publications
The methods, tools and processes employed by OE have been documented in the books *Organizational Engineering* (Salton, 1996) and the *Managers\' Guide to Organizational Engineering* (Salton, 2000).
The \"I Opt\" instrumentation has been validated across all eight validity dimensions in the book Validation of Organizational Engineering (Soltysik, 2000). These books are available from Professional Communications Inc.
Recent topics in OE are documented in the *Journal of Organizational Engineering*. For example, three successive issues outline the origin and methods of control of Corporate Culture. These publications are available for free on the oeinstitute.org website.
Salton periodically holds seminars in Ann Arbor, Michigan, that cover the theory and application of organizational engineering in depth. The seminars are typically restricted to 10 people and some experience with OE technology is preferred but not required
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# Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award
The **Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award** (`{{zh|t=香港電影評論學會大獎}}`{=mediawiki}) is the annual award given by the Hong Kong Film Critics Society in Hong Kong since 1994. The award is determined by votes cast in three rounds after a substantial discussion session between the members of the society. The transcript of each discussion can be found in the annual journal of Hong Kong film reviews which is published by the society every year.
The society presents the awards in a informal yet prestigious ceremony. Over the years, several venues have been used for the awards presentation, including Planet Hollywood Restaurant (closed), Hong Kong Art Centre, Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, and Hong Kong Film Archive.
## Awards ceremonies {#awards_ceremonies}
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Year | Ceremony Presenter | Best Film | Best Director | Best Screenplay | Best Actor | Best Actress | Films of Merit | Special Achievement Award |
+=============+=============================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=======================================+====================================+=========================================================+=====================================+=====================================+====================================================================+====================================+
| 2024 | Sammi Cheng | *Twilight of the Warriors: Walled In* | Philip Yung\ | Albert Mak, Ryker Chan, Man Uen-Ching\ | Lau Ching-Wan\ | Hedwig Tam\ | *Rob N Roll*\ | |
| | | | (*Papa*) | (*Rob N Roll*) | (*Papa*) | (*Montages of a Modern Motherhood*) | *Obedience*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Four Trails*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Way We Talk*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *All Shall Be Well*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Love Lies*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Papa*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Winter Chants*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Last Dance*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *An Abandoned Team* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2023 | Wai Ka-fai | *Mad Fate* | Jonathan Li\ | Sasha Chuk\ | Wu Kang-ren\ | Jennifer Yu\ | *Dust to Dust*\ | |
| | | | (*Dust to Dust*) | (*Fly Me to the Moon*) | (*Fly Me to the Moon*) | (*In Broad Daylight*) | *Time Still Turns the Pages*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *To Be Continued*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Fly Me to the Moon*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *In Broad Daylight*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Elegies*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Goldfinger*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Lyricist Wannabe* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2022 | Alfred Cheung | *To My Nineteen Year Old Self* | Wai Ka-fai\ | Wai Ka-fai, Ray Chan, Mak Tin-shu\ | Louis Cheung\ | Sammi Cheng\ | *The Narrow Road*\ | |
| | | | (*Detective vs Sleuths*)\ | (*Detective vs Sleuths*) | (*The Narrow Road*) | (*Lost Love*) | *The Sunny Side of the Street*\ | |
| | | | Lam Sum\ | | | | *Lost Love*\ | |
| | | | (*The Narrow Road*) | | | | *Detective vs Sleuths*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Septet: The Story of Hong Kong*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Table for Six*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Sparring Partner*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Hong Kong Family*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Warriors of Future* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2021 | Matthew Cheng Ching-hang `{{Notetag|name=Notes|Due to preventive measures against COVID-19, the award presentation ceremony was moved online, and the awards were presented by the president of the society.}}`{=mediawiki} | *Limbo* | Benny Chan\ | Ho Ching-yi, Gordon Lam\ | Patrick Tse\ | Cya Liu\ | *Raging Fire*\ | |
| | | | (*Raging Fire*) | (*Time*) | (*Time*) | (*Limbo*) | *Hand Rolled Cigarette*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Time*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Drifting*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Caught in Time*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Coffin Homes*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Shock Wave 2*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Way We Keep Dancing*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Anita*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Zero to Hero* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2020 | Cecilia Wong Cheuknaam `{{Notetag|name=Notes|Due to preventive measures against COVID-19, the award presentation ceremony was moved online, and the awards were presented by the president of the society.}}`{=mediawiki} | *Inside the Red Brick Wall* | Peter Chan\ | Kate Reilly, Leung Ming Kai\ | | Gong Li\ | *Keep Rolling*\ | |
| | | | (*Leap*) | (*Memories to Choke On, Drinks to Wash Them Down*) | | (*Leap*) | *Memories to Choke On, Drinks to Wash Them Down*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *3CM*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Leap*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *One Second Champion* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2019 | John Chong | *Suk Suk* | Derek Tsang\ | Norris Wong\ | Tai Bo\ | Cecilia Choi\ | *Bamboo Theatre*\ | |
| | | | (*Better Days*) | (*My Prince Edward*) | (*Suk Suk*)\ | (*Beyond The Dream*) | *My Prince Edward*\ | |
| | | | | | Lau Chun-him\ | | *The Great Detective Sherlock Holmes - The Greatest Jail-Breaker*\ | |
| | | | | | (*Beyond The Dream*) | | *The New King of Comedy*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Beyond The Dream*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Better Days* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2018 | Andy Lau | *Three Husbands* | Fruit Chan\ | Oliver Chan\ | Anthony Wong Chau Sang\ | Zeng Meihuizi\ | *Still Human*\ | |
| | | | (*Three Husbands*) | (*Still Human*) | (*Still Human*) | (*Three Husbands*) | *G Affairs*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *I\'ve Got the Blues*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *A Family Tour*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Project Gutenberg* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2017 | George Lam | *Our Time Will Come* | Sylvia Chang\ | Xiong Zhaozheng, Maria Wong, Frankie Tam, MengZhang Wu\ | Yasuaki Kurata\ | Stephy Tang\ | *God of War*\ | |
| | | | (*Love Education*) | (*God of War*) | (*God of War*) | (*The Empty Hands*) | *Love Education*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Empty Hands*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Always Be With You*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Wu Kong*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Lost in the Fumes*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *29+1*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Paradox* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2016 | Michael Hui | *Trivisa* | Stephen Chow\ | Florence Chan\ | Gordon Lam\ | Zhou Dongyu\ | *Mad World*\ | |
| | | | (*The Mermaid*)\ | (*Mad World*) | (*Trivisa*) | (*Soul Mate*) | *The Mermaid*\ | |
| | | | Wong Chun\ | | | | *Soul Mate*\ | |
| | | | (*Mad World*) | | | | *Weeds on Fire*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Snuggle*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *See You Tomorrow* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2015 | Teddy Robin | *Port of Call* | Tsui Hark\ | Sylvia Chang, Yukihiko Kageyama\ | Michael Ning\ | Jessie Li\ | *The Taking of Tiger Mountain*\ | |
| | | | (*The Taking of Tiger Mountain*) | (*Murmur of the Hearts*) | (*Port of Call*) | (*Port of Call*) | *Murmur of the Hearts*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Ten Years*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *SPL II: A Time for Consequences*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Office*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Keeper of Darkness*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *She Remembers, He Forgets* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2014 | Paw Hee-Ching | *The Midnight After* | Fruit Chan\ | Zhang Ji\ | Lau Ching-Wan\ | Zhao Wei\ | *Dearest*\ | |
| | | | (*The Midnight After*) | (*Dearest*)\ | (*Overheard 3*) | (*Dearest*) | *The Golden Era*\ | |
| | | | | Wai Ka-fai, Ryker Chan, Yu Xi\ | | | *Overheard 3*\ | |
| | | | | (*Don\'t Go Breaking My Heart 2*) | | | *Kung Fu Jungle*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Crossing*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *That Demon Within*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Dot 2 Dot*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Don\'t Go Breaking My Heart 2*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Sara* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2013 | Raymond Chow | *The Grandmaster* | Johnnie To\ | Wai Ka-Fai, Yau Nai-Hoi, Chan Wai Bun, Yu Xi\ | Nick Cheung\ | Zhang Ziyi\ | *Drug War*\ | |
| | | | (*Drug War*) | (*Drug War*) | (*Unbeatable*) | (*The Grandmaster*) | *Unbeatable*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Ip Man: The Final Fight*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Way We Dance*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Blind Detective*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Rigor Mortis* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2012 | Law Lan | *Motorway* | Cheang Pou-soi\ | Wai Ka-Fai, Yau Nai-Hoi, Chan Wai Bun, Au Man-Kit\ | Chapman To\ | | *Love Lifting*\ | |
| | | | (*Motorway*)\ | (*Romancing in Thin Air*) | (*Diva*) | | *The Viral Factor*\ | |
| | | | Dante Lam\ | | | | *One Tree Three Lives*\ | |
| | | | (*The Viral Factor*) | | | | *My Sassy Hubby*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Romancing in Thin Air*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Bullet Vanishes*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Four*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Pork of Music* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2011 | Ng See Yuen | *A Simple Life* | Jiang Wen\ | Yau Nai-Hoi, Yip Tin-Shing, Ben Wong, Jeff Cheung\ | Lau Ching-Wan\ | Deanie Ip\ | *Life Without Principle*\ | |
| | | | (*Let the Bullets Fly*) | (*Life Without Principle*) | (*Life Without Principle*) | (*A Simple Life*) | *Overheard 2*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Don\'t Go Breaking My Heart*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Flying Swords of Dragon Gate*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Let the Bullets Fly*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *White Vengeance*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Big Blue Lake* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2010 awards | Johnnie To | *Gallants* | Su Chao-pin\ | Ivy Ho\ | Teddy Robin\ | Miriam Yeung\ | *Reign of Assassins*\ | |
| | | | (*Reign of Assassins*) | (*Crossing Hennessy*) | (*Gallants*) | (*Perfect Wedding*) | *Crossing Hennessy*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Stool Pigeon*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Breaking the Willow*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *La Comédie humaine*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Like a Dream*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Love in a Puff (film)* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2009 | Eric Tsang | *KJ: Music and Life* | Alan Mak, Felix Chong\ | Wai Ka-Fai, Au Kin-Yee\ | Wang Xueqi\ | Kara Hui\ | *Written By*\ | |
| | | | (*Overheard*) | (*Written By*) | (*Bodyguards and Assassins*) | (*At the End of Daybreak*) | *Prince of Tears*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Overheard*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Tactical Unit -- Comrades in Arms*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Shinjuku Incident*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Glamorous Youth*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Bodyguards and Assassins* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2008 | Derek Yee | *The Way We Are* | Ann Hui\ | Ivy Ho\ | Nick Cheung\ | Paw Hee-Ching\ | *High Noon*\ | |
| | | | (*The Way We Are*) | (*Claustrophobia*) | (*Beast Stalker*) | (*The Way We Are*) | *Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Sparrow*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Run Papa Run*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Beast Stalker*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Claustrophobia*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *City Without Baseball* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2007 | Stanley Kwan | *The Postmodern Life of My Aunt* | Ann Hui\ | Wai Ka-Fai, Au Kin-Yee\ | Tony Leung Ka-Fai\ | Siqin Gaowa\ | *Eye in the Sky*\ | |
| | | | (*The Postmodern Life of My Aunt*) | (*Mad Detective*) | (*Eye in the Sky*) | (*The Postmodern Life of My Aunt*) | *The Warlords*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Whispers and Moans*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Hooked on You*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Mad Detective*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Triangle*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Protege*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Detective* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2006 | Joe Cheung | *Election 2* | Johnnie To\ | Wong Jing, Tang Tut-hei\ | Jet Li\ | Gong Li\ | *Wo Hu*\ | |
| | | | (*Exiled*) | (*Wo Hu*) | (*Fearless*) | (*Curse of the Golden Flower*) | *The Heavenly Kings*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Confession of Pain*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Exiled*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *On the Edge*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Fearless*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Heavenly Mission*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *After This Our Exile* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2005 | Wong Tin-Lam | *Election* | Johnnie To\ | Wong Jing\ | Tony Leung Ka-Fai\ | Zhou Xun\ | *Seven Swords*\ | |
| | | | (*Election*) | (*Colour of the Loyalty*) | (*Everlasting Regret*) | (*Perhaps Love*) | *Colour of the Loyalty*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Crazy N\' The City*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Initial D*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *SPL*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Home Sweet Home*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Perhaps Love*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Everlasting Regret* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2004 | Ann Hui | *McDull, Prince de la Bun* | Derek Yee\ | Gordon Chan, Chung Kai-Cheung\ | Tony Leung Chiu-Wai\ | Zhang Ziyi\ | *Dumplings: Three\... Extremes*\ | |
| | | | (*One Nite in Mongkok*) | (*A-1 Headline*) | (*2046*) | (*2046*) | *One Nite in Mongkok*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Throwdown*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Kung Fu Hustle*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Love Battlefield*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *A-1 Headline*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Colour Blossoms*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *2046*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Breaking News* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2003 | Michael Hui | *Infernal Affairs II* | Johnnie To\ | Wai Ka-Fai, Yau Nai-Hoi, Au Kin-Yee, Yip Tin-Shing\ | Andy Lau\ | Cecilia Cheung\ | *PTU*\ | |
| | | | (*PTU*) | (*Running on Karma*) | (*Running on Karma*) | (*Running on Karma*) | *Running on Karma*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Lost in Time*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Public Toilet*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Infernal Affairs III*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Men Suddenly in Black*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Golden Chicken 2*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Colour of the Truth*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Death Curse* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2002 | Gordon Chan | *Chinese Odyssey 2002* | Peter Chan\ | Fruit Chan\ | Anthony Wong Chau Sang\ | Faye Wong\ | *Hollywood Hong Kong*\ | |
| | | | (*Three*) | (*Hollywood Hong-Kong*) | (*Infernal Affairs*) | (*Chinese Odyssey 2002*) | *Infernal Affairs*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Fat Choi Spirit*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Runaway Pistol*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Shark Busters*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Three*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Inner Senses*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Mummy, Aged 19*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Eye*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Second Time Around*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *New Blood* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2001 | Connie Chan Po-chu | *Shaolin Soccer* | Ann Hui\ | Vincci Cheuk\ | Lau Ching-Wan\ | Sammi Cheng\ | *Visible Secret*\ | |
| | | | (*Visible Secret*) | (*Merry-Go-Round*) | (*La Brassiere*) | (*Wu yen*) | *July Rhapsody*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *From the Queen to the Chief executive*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *The Legend of Zu*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Lan Yu*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *My Life as McDull*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Running Out of Time 2*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Merry Go Round* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 2000 | Chow Yun-fat | *Durian Durian* | Wong Kar-wai\ | Chan Hing-Ka, Amy Chin\ | Francis Ng\ | Qin Hailu\ | *Spacked Out*\ | Yuen Woo-Ping\ |
| | | | (*In the Mood for Love*) | (*Jiang hu: The Triad Zone*) | (*2000 AD*) | (*Durian Durian*) | *Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon*\ | (*Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon*) |
| | | | | | | | *In the Mood for Love*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Jiang Hu - The Triad Zone*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Juliet in Love*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Needing You\ | |
| | | | | | | | * | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 1999 | Peter Chan | *The Mission* | Johnnie To for *The Mission* | Matt Chow, Wilson Yip, Ben Cheung\ | Francis Ng\ | Law Lan\ | *Bullets Over Summer*\ | |
| | | | | (*Bullets Over Summer*) | (*Bullets Over Summer*) | (*Bullets Over Summer*) | *Little Cheung*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Ordinary Heroes*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Victim*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Love will Tear Us Apart*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Running Out of Time*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Tempting Heart* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 1998 | Leslie Cheung | *Beast Cops* | Johnnie To\ | Yau Nai-Hoi\ | Anthony Wong Chau Sang\ | Sandra Ng\ | *Troublesome Night 3*\ | |
| | | | *A Hero Never Dies* | Szeto Kam-Yuen\ | (*Beast Cops*) | (*Portland Street Blues*) | *Expect the Unexpected*\ | |
| | | | | Chow Hin-Yan\ | | | *The Longest Nite*\ | |
| | | | | (*Expect the Unexpected*)\ | | | *Hold You Tight*\ | |
| | | | | Jeff Lau\ | | | *The Longest Summer*\ | |
| | | | | (*Timeless Romance*) | | | *The Storm Riders*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *A Little Life-Opera*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Anna Magdalena*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Timeless Romance* | |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| 1997 | Edward Yang | *Full Alert* | Fruit Chan\ | Chan Hing-Ka\ | Lau Ching-Wan\ | Jacklyn Wu\ | *Made in Hong Kong*\ | |
| | | | *Made in Hong Kong* | *Task Force* | *Full Alert* | *Eighteen Springs* | *Happy Together*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Lifeline*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Task Force*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Eighteen Springs*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Walk In*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *A Chinese Ghost Story - The Animation*\ | |
| | | | | | | | *Too Many Ways to Be No
| 3,805 |
Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award
| 0 |
10,053,602 |
# Gorkhapatra
***Gorkhapatra*** (*गोरखापत्र*) is the oldest Nepali language state-owned national daily newspaper of Nepal. It was started as a weekly newspaper in May 1901 and became a daily newspaper in 1961. It is managed by the Gorkhapatra Sansthan. *The Rising Nepal* is an English-language sister newspaper of *Gorkhapatra*.
It is the sixth oldest newspaper in continuous publication in South Asia and the oldest in Nepal. *Gorkha Bharat Jiba*n, edited by Motiram Bhatta was published in Varanasi in 1886, is considered the first Nepali language newsmagazine ever published. *Gorkhapatra* is the second Nepali-language newspaper to be published in Nepal, after *Sudha Sagar*.
## Name and etymology {#name_and_etymology}
The name of the newspaper is made of up two words--- *Gorkha* and *Patra*. Gorkha was the erstwhile name of Nepal and was used interchangeably. The erstwhile Kingdom of Nepal was also known as Kingdom of Gorkha and Nepali language was known as Gorkhali language. *Patra* in Nepali translates to a mail or a document.
Initially, the name of the newspaper was written as *गोर्खापत्र* (with a Repha character), it was later changed to *गोरखापत्र* (with a Ra character) on 17 May 1926 (4 *Jestha* 1983 BS). During the reign of the King Gyanendra, the name was reverted to initial form but was again changed to its second form (*गोरखापत्र*) on 1 May 2006 (18 *Baisakh* 2063 BS), after the end of Gyanendra\'s rule.
## History
It was founded by Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana on 6 May 1901 (24 Baisakh 1958 BS). Dev Shumsher was considered to be one of the more liberal Rana Prime minister. It was initially managed by Pandit Nara Dev Pandey and was published weekly under the supervision of Lt. Col. Dilli Shumsher Thapa. During the early days, the title of editor was not prevalent. Pt. Nara Dev Pandey was referred as *Talukdar* (manager). Pandey was given a 14--point list of do\'s and don\'ts regarding the matters to be published.
Dev Shumsher was replaced by Chandra Shumsher, as the prime minister of Nepal, just after two months of the establishment of *Gorkhpatra*. Chandra Shumsher exiled Dev Shumsher to Palpa. Pt. Nara Dev Pandey served as *Talukdar* for 2 years till September 1903 (*Bhadra* 1960 BS).
Chandra Shumsher then appointed his son-in-law, Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh as the new *Talukdar* on 7 September 1903 (22 *Bhadra* 1960 BS). Singh was also provided with all the income earned by the paper from 23 August 1905 (8 *Bhadra* 1962 BS) to 14 December 1908 (30 *Mangsir* 1965 BS).
There is a dispute over who the first editor of the newspaper is. Prem Raj became the first person to be referred as an editor of the newspaper. He was appointed as editor on 18 May 1934 (5 *Jestha* 1991 BS). Bal Krishna Sama was appointed the first Editor-in-Chief of the newspaper on 28 August 1955 (12 *Bhadra* 2012 BS). He work as the Editor-in-Chief till 9 October 1957 (23 *Ashoj* 2014 BS).
The official registration of the Nepalese newspapers begun in `{{NepaliDateConverter|1994}}`{=mediawiki}. *Sharada*, a monthly literary magazine became the first one to register and *Gorkhapatra* was registered with registration number two on 14 April 1938 (2 *Baisakh* 1995 BS).The newspaper was initially printed by Pashupat Press. The address of the newspaper was printed as Pt. Nara Dev, Motikrishna Sharma, Pashupat Press, Nepal. Pt. Nara Dev was the manager of the Gorkhapatra whereas Motikrishna Sharma was the combined name of Motiram Bhatta and Krishna Dev Pandey. The press was initially started as a bookshop by Bhatta and his maternal uncle Krishna Dev Pandey as Motikrishna Dhirendra Company in `{{NepaliDateConverter|1945}}`{=mediawiki}. In `{{NepaliDateConverter|1950}}`{=mediawiki}, Pashupat Press was established alongside the company. The press was located in Thahiti, Kathmandu.
The printing was shifted to a web offset machine in `{{NepaliDateConverter|2038}}`{=mediawiki} and to a colour press on 24 June 2002 (10 *Ashar* 2059 BS). The publication of the news in other Nepalese languages was started on 18 September 2007, under the title *Naya Nepal* and at present news materials are being published in 38 languages.
Gorkhapatra Corporation was formed on 9 July 1963 (25 *Ashar* 2020 BS) under the Gorkhapatra Corporation Act 2019. Narayan Prasad Baskota served as the founding director of the corporation.
### Timeline
Important events in the history of the newspaper (Nepali Bikram Sambat dates in brackets alongside description):`{{timeline-start}}`{=mediawiki} `{{timeline-item|{{start date|1901|05|06|df=y}}|Start of weekly publication on Mondays (24 Baisakh 1958 BS)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{timeline-item|{{start date|1927|04|26|df=y}}|The first photo was printed on the newspaper. The photograph was of Suryamati Shrestha, a 12 year old girl from Birgunj who was weaving thread from a Chandra Kamdhenu spinning wheel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-26|title= Photobook unveiled marking 90th National Photo Journalism Day
|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/photobook-unveiled-on-90th-national-photo-journalism-day|work=Republica }}</ref> (13 Baisakh 1984 BS)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{timeline-item|{{start date|1934|04|21|df=y}}|The day of publication was shifted to Fridays. (9 Baisakh 1991 BS)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941|09|01|df=y}}|The first special edition, ''Udayangka'' was published. (17 Bhadra 1998 BS)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{timeline-item|{{start date|1943|10|15|df=y}}|Beginning of bi-weekly publication; distributed on Tuesdays and Fridays. (29 Ashoj 2000 BS)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{timeline-item|{{start date|1946|12|23|df=y}}|Beginning of tri-weekly publication. (8 Poush 2003 BS)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Timeline-item|{{start date|1961|02|18|df=y}}|Beginning of daily publication. (7 Falgun 2017 BS)}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Timeline-item|{{start date|1962|06|23|df=y}}|Beginning of the Saturday appendix (9 Ashar 2019 BS)
}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Timeline-item|{{start date|1962|10|18|df=y}}|Beginning of the Publication twice in the morning and evening. (2 Kartik 2019)}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Timeline-item|{{start date|1965|10|8|df=y}}|End of the Publication twice in the morning and evening. The distribution of the newspaper became daily again. (22 Ashoj 2022 BS)}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Timeline-item|{{start date|1988|08|17|df=y}}|Beginning of the print of the additional 4 paged Special Friday appendix (''Ramailo Sukrabar'') (Bhadra 2045 BS)}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Timeline-item|{{start date|2000|05|06|df=y}}|Hundred anniversary of the first publication of ''Gorkhapatra''. (24 Baisakh 2057 BS)}}`{=mediawiki}`{{timeline-end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Present day {#present_day}
Presently, *Gorkhapatra* is also printed in Kohalpur for western region of Nepal and Biratnagar for eastern region of Nepal, alongside Kathmandu. As of 2021, it had a total circulation of more than 50,000. *Gorkhapatra* is also accessible through its website.
| 947 |
Gorkhapatra
| 0 |
10,053,602 |
# Gorkhapatra
## Sister publications {#sister_publications}
- [GorkhapatraOnline](https://gorkhapatraonline.com/) National Daily Newspaper
- *The Rising Nepal*, English-language national daily
- *Madhuparka*, a literary monthly magazine
- *Muna*, a children\'s monthly magazine
- *Yuba Manch*, a youth monthly magazine
## Criticisms
The paper have been criticised for being government\'s proponent throughout history. During Rana rule, the newspaper was heavily censored. The newspaper did not published the news of the execution of the four martyrs by the Rana government in 1941. The newspaper also portrayed Chiranjibi Wagle, a person who had held important portfolios as the Minister for Physical Planning and Works and Minister for Information and Communications and Home Minister, as innocent in a corruption case. Wagle was later acquitted for corruption and jailed in 2011.
The online version of the newspaper deleted an article published on 7 December 2021 containing criticism of the Nepali Congress government. The article was retracted due to political pressure from the Prime Minister\'s Office
| 158 |
Gorkhapatra
| 1 |
10,053,648 |
# Emy Machnow
**Emmy Gunilla \"Emy\" Machnow** (1 September 1897 -- 23 November 1974) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer. She won a bronze medal in 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp along with Aina Berg, Carin Nilsson and Jane Gylling
| 47 |
Emy Machnow
| 0 |
10,053,682 |
# Carin Nilsson
**Carin Maria Nilsson** (later *Lommerin*, 10 December 1904 -- 20 December 1999) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer. Aged 15 she won a bronze medal in 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp along with Aina Berg, Emily Machnow and Jane Gylling
| 50 |
Carin Nilsson
| 0 |
10,053,691 |
# Avshalom Cave
**Avshalom Cave** (*Me\'arat Avshalom*), known in academic literature as **Soreq Cave** (*Me\'arat Soreq*; *Mghar Suriq*) and popularly as **Stalactites Cave** (*Me\'arat HaNetifim*), is a 5,000 m^2^ cave on the western side of Mt. Ye\'ela, in the Judean hills in Israel, unique for its dense concentration of stalactites and other cave formations. It is a popular show cave, as well as a highly valued witness of the climate evolution over the last 185,000 years.
## Name
The cave is named after the Soreq/Sorek Valley (Nahal Sorek) and after Avshalom Shoham, an Israeli soldier killed in the War of Attrition.
## Location
Avshalom Cave is situated near Hartuv, 3 km east of Bet Shemesh, Israel.
## Discovery
The cave was discovered accidentally in May 1968, while quarrying with explosives.
After its discovery, the location of the cave was kept a secret for several years for fear of damage to its natural treasures.
## Description
The cave is 83 m long, 60 m wide, and 15 m high.
The temperature and the humidity in the cave are constant year round.
Some of the stalactites found in the cave are four meters long, and some have been dated as 300,000 years old. Some meet stalagmites to form stone pillars.
## Paleoclimate research: significance {#paleoclimate_research_significance}
The cave has been the focus of paleoclimate research, which allowed reconstruction of the region\'s semi-arid climate for the past 185,000 years. According to the American geologist James Aronson, the Soreq Cave is the Rosetta Stone of climate history in the Eastern Mediterranean.
## Tourism
The cave is now open to visitors, in the heart of the 67-dunam Avshalom Nature Reserve, declared in 1975. In 2012, a new lighting system was installed to prevent the formation and growth of algae.
## Gallery
<File:Avshalom> (Soreq) Cave sign.JPG\|Sign at entrance to the cave <File:Avshalom's> Cave IMG 0992.JPG\|Cave entrance <File:Soreq> Cave 07.jpg\|Speleothems <File:Stalactites> cave (17).JPG\|Stalactite meeting stalagmite to form a pillar <File:Cave> formation.JPG\|Speleothems <File:A> Stalagmite and Stalactite touch.JPG\|A stalagmite and stalactite almost touch <File:View> of Cave from above.JPG\|Cave pond almost covered over by calcareous sinter <File:Beautiful> cave formations
| 348 |
Avshalom Cave
| 0 |
10,053,693 |
# The Wedding Party (1969 film)
***The Wedding Party*** is a 1969 American film farce created as a joint effort by Sarah Lawrence College theater professor Wilford Leach and two of his students, protégé Brian De Palma and Cynthia Munroe.
## Plot
The film focuses on a soon-to-be groom and his interactions with various relatives of his fiancée and members of the wedding party prior to the ceremony at the family\'s estate on Shelter Island, New York.
## Cast
- Velda Setterfield as Mrs. Fish
- Raymond McNally as Mr. Fish
- John Braswell as Reverend Oldfield
- Charles Pfluger as Charlie
- Jill Clayburgh as Josephine
- William Finley as Alistair
- Jennifer Salt as Phoebe
- Robert De Niro (credited as Robert Denero) as Cecil
## Production
The film was made in 1963. It was bankrolled by Stanley Borden, owner of American Films and De Palma\'s mentor and employer, who allowed De Palma to produce the film on company time.
## Release
The on-screen copyright year is 1966. However, owing to a legal dispute between De Palma and Borden over the rights to the film (Borden thought it was not ready for release, and De Palma insisted on final cut), the film was not released until 1969, after one of its supporting players, Robert De Niro, had begun to draw notice for his work in off-Broadway theatre and De Palma\'s 1968 release *Greetings*.
Leach went on to a successful career as a Tony Award-winning theatre director, while De Palma continued as a well-known film director.
## Home media {#home_media}
*The Wedding Party* was released on DVD from Troma Entertainment, and on Blu-ray by Arrow Films on December 11, 2018, as part of the *De Niro and De Palma: The Early Films* collection. The set also includes the films *Greetings* (1968) and *Hi, Mom!* (1970), which are both directed by De Palma and star De Niro
| 317 |
The Wedding Party (1969 film)
| 0 |
10,053,701 |
# Stacy Sykora
**Stacy Denise Sykora** (born June 24, 1977) is an American retired volleyball player. She was a two-time All-American at Texas A&M University and she competed in both the 2000 and the 2004 Olympics as part of the U.S. women\'s national team. She made her third Olympic appearance at the 2008 Olympics, helping Team USA to a silver medal.
Sykora won the gold medal with her team at the 2001 and 2010 FIVB World Grand Prix.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sykora was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Ed Sykora and Sherian Richards. She was raised in Burleson (a Fort Worth suburb) with her two older sisters, Kim and Keri. As a student at Burleson High School, Sykora dreamed of becoming an Olympic athlete, but was unwilling to choose between volleyball, basketball, and track and field. After graduating from high school, she accepted a scholarship to play volleyball at Texas A&M University under coach Laurie Flachmeier Corbelli, a member of the USA Volleyball team which won the silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
## Texas A&M University {#texas_am_university}
While attending Texas A&M University, Sykora competed in volleyball, basketball and track, winning a Big 12 Conference title in the heptathlon. As a true freshman, Sykora played in all but one of the volleyball team\'s 30 matches, leading the team in kills in four matches and in digs three times.
As a sophomore, Sykora set a school record with 24 digs in a three-game loss to Michigan State in the NCAA Tournament. Against nationally ranked Loyola Marymount, she posted a career-high 30 kills, leading the Aggies to victory. After leading the Big 12 in digs with an average of 4.01 digs per game, Sykora was named that Texas A&M Volleyball defensive player of the year, and earned AVCA All-District 5 honors.
In her junior year, Sykora led the team and ranked second in the Big 12 in digs, with an average of 3.80 per game. For her performance throughout the year she was named MVP of the Georgia Invitational, First-Team All Big 12, AVCA All-District 5, and AVCA Second-Team All-American.
The following year, her last year of college eligibility, Sykora ranked 9th in the country in digs per game (4.37). She also led the Aggies in kills, with 4.74 per game, and earned First-Team All Big 12 honors. She was also named to the American Volleyball Coaches Association\'s All-District 5 team and was an AVCA Second-Team All-American.
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# Stacy Sykora
## USA Volleyball {#usa_volleyball}
### 1999
In late 1998, the International Volleyball Federation introduced a new position, known as the libero, that specialized in defensive skills. Sykora\'s coach, Corbelli, encouraged her to try out for this new position on the US volleyball team. In January 1999, Sykora joined the USA women\'s volleyball team playing this new position. During her first year of international play, she recorded a team-high 456 digs, including 153 at the World Cup. She was named the Best Receiver at the BCV Volley Masters, also placing third in digging. While on the Japan Tour, she recorded a career-high 22 digs in the June 30 match, before becoming the team\'s primary passer and defensive player on the bronze-medal winning Pan American Games squad.
### 2000 {#section_1}
In her second year of professional competition, Sykora again led the team in digs, with 553. She was named Best Libero at the Nike Americas\' Volleyball Challenge, helping her team to qualify for the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Although the team placed fourth at the Olympics, Sykora was ranked second amongst all the players for her 123 digs, including a career-high 26 against Korea in the five-set quarterfinal win. In the bronze medal match against Brazil, Sykora posted her 1000th career dig.
### 2001 {#section_2}
The following year, Sykora earned the Best Libero Award at the Montreux Volley Masters after leading both the serve-receive and digging categories. She was named the Best Digger at both the World Grand Prix and the World Grand Champions Cup, and earned the Best Receiver award at the NORCECA Championships. With her assistance, the team won first place at the NORCECA Championships, the World Grand Prix, and the World Championships Qualifying Cup.
At the close of the international competitive season, Sykora joined the professional volleyball team Mirabilandia Teodora Ravenna in Italy\'s Serie A1.
### 2002 {#section_3}
In 2002, Sykora helped her team to the silver medal at the Women\'s Volleyball World Championships. She spent the offseason playing professionally for Starfin Ravenna in Italy\'s Serie A1.
### 2003 {#section_4}
During the 2003 season, Sykora led the USA volleyball team in digs (533) and digs per set (3.46), and finished sixth on the team with 89 total points in 11 matches (85 kills, 3 blocks, 1 ace) as the United States went 8-3. Her team earned the gold medal at the Pan American Cup and the NORCECA Zone Championships and the bronze medal at the World Grand Prix and the World Cup, earning the USA a berth in the 2004 Athens Olympics. Sykora was named Best Digger at the Montreux Volley Masters.
### 2004 {#section_5}
Although the US national team was ranked first entering the 2004 Athens Olympics, they played poorly, losing three of their first five matches (beating Germany and Cuba and losing to China, the Dominican Republic, and Russia). Their 2-3 record landed them the lowest seed in quarterfinal play, matching them with unbeaten Brazil. After losing their first two sets to Brazil in the quarterfinals, the US team won the next two, but dropped the final set to Brazil, 15-6, leaving the US team tied for fifth in the Games. Despite the team\'s lackluster showing, Sykora\'s performance earned her the Best Digger honor for the Olympic games. Following the Athens Games, Sykora left the US national team.
### 2007 {#section_6}
After being three years away from the program, Sykora was named to the 12-player roster of the U.S. women\'s national team that played at the 2007 FIVB Women\'s World Cup in Japan. The top three teams at the world cup will play at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The U.S. team finished in 3rd place. In the medal round, the team eventually reached the gold medal match, losing to Brazil and capturing the silver medal.
### 2010 {#section_7}
She was named Best Digger and Best Libero at the 2010 World Championship.
### 2011 {#section_8}
After some time playing for Brazilian volleyball team Vôlei Futuro, Sykora was injured when the bus carrying her team overturned on its way to the first match for the semifinals of the Brazilian Volleyball Superleague on April 12. She was taken to Hospital Sírio-Libanês where it was detected that she had head trauma and some bleeding in the left side of the brain. The player was sedated and admitted to the Intensive care unit. After a week in the ICU, Sykora\'s state had improved and she was able to breathe and eat on her own and could walk around the hospital\'s halls with the help of nurses. Sykora left the ICU and was transferred to a semi-intensive care unit on April 19. She was finally discharged from hospital on May 6.
### 2012 {#section_9}
In December 2012, Sykora announced that she was retiring from professional volleyball playing, since she was not yet fully recovered from the accident she suffered while defending Vôlei Futuro. She still had problems with her eyesight and she lost some of her reflexes since that accident, which made playing volleyball as a Libero very difficult.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 2012, Sykora came out as lesbian in an interview with Italian volleyball magazine *Pallavoliamo*, saying in part, \"I have a girlfriend and I\'m happy with her now. \... I\'m happy and this is the most important thing
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# Raymond Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton
**Raymond Hervey Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton**, ARICS, DL (born 13 June 1932), is a British peer and landowner. He was one of 92 hereditary peers elected to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, sitting as a crossbencher. He was the longest-serving Crossbench member of the House of Lords at the time of his retirement.
## Early life {#early_life}
He is the elder son of the 4th Baron Hylton and Lady Perdita Rose Mary Asquith (1910--1996; daughter of Katharine and Raymond Asquith, and sister of Julian Asquith, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith, and thus the granddaughter of former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith). He was educated at Eton College in Berkshire and Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in History in 1955. In 1951 and 1952, he served in the Coldstream Guards, and in 1967, he succeeded to his father\'s title.
## Career
Jolliffe was Assistant Private Secretary to the Governor-General of Canada between 1960 and 1962. Since 1962, he was member of the Abbeyfield Society, the Catholic Housing Aid Society, the London Housing Aid Centre, the National Federation of Housing Associations, Mencap, the Foundation for Alternatives, the Hugh of Witham Foundation, and the Action around Bethlehem Children with Disability (ABCD). He has worked for Age Concern, L\'Arche Ltd as well as the Mendip Wansdyke Local Enterprise Group. Since 1988, he is further president of the Northern Ireland Association for Care and Resettlement of Offenders. He is a member of the Housing Associations Charitable Trust and of Forward Thinking.
As a member of the House of Lords, he worked to promote peace talks in the Middle East and Ireland amongst other work. He once stated that he regretted \"very much that the fine old English and French word 'gay' has, in my lifetime, been appropriated by a small but vocal minority of the population. The result is that it can no longer be used in its original and rather delightful meaning.\"
## Philanthropy
Hylton is a trustee of the Acorn Christian Healing Trust and vice-chairman of Partners in Hope. From 1993 to 2001, he was chairman of the St Francis and St Sergius Trust Fund. He is also a trustee and governor of the Ammerdown Study Centre at Ammerdown House, Kilmersdon, near Bath, which remains the family seat. In 1960 he was appointed an Associate of Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and in 1994, he received an honorary doctorate of the University of Southampton.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Since 1966, he has been married to Joanna de Bertodano, granddaughter of the 6th Earl of Mexborough. They have a daughter and four sons:
- Hon. William Henry Martin Jolliffe (1 April 1967), *heir apparent*
- Hon. Andrew Thomas Peter Jolliffe (29 June 1969 -- 24 October 2022)
- Hon. Alexander John Charles Martin Jolliffe (10 February 1973)
- Hon. Emily Sylvia Rose Elizabeth Jolliffe (14 March 1975)
- Hon
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10,053,725 |
# Polyserena
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{{album chart|Australia|1|artist=george|album=Polyserena|access-date=25 April 2016|rowheader=true}}
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``
| 19 |
Polyserena
| 0 |
10,053,732 |
# Jane Gylling
**Jane Hilda Charlotta Gylling** (6 April 1902 -- 10 March 1961) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1920 she won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. She finished sixth in the individual 100 m and 300 m events. In 1924, she was eliminated in the 400 m freestyle race preliminaries
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Jane Gylling
| 0 |
10,053,735 |
# Canadian Mothercraft Society
The **Canadian Mothercraft Society** (Mothercraft) is a non-profit, charitable NGO that serves children ages 0 to 6, their families, their teachers, and their community.
## History
Mothercraft\'s history dates back to 1907 when Dr. Truby King introduced \"Mothercraft as an Educational Process\" as an intervention strategy in New Zealand for the high rate of infant mortality. Dr. King\'s \"Twelve Essentials\" (King, 1930) for the raising of healthy infants included:air and sunshine, water, food, clothing, bathing, muscular exercise and sensory stimulation, warmth, regularity, cleanliness, mothering, management, and rest and sleep. Dr. King\'s \"Twelve Essentials\" were thought to be revolutionary at the time.
In 1918, Dr. King campaigned on the need for the pre-parenting for parenting and the value of breast-feeding. Dr. King was invited to establish a system of Mothercraft. The underlying message of his program and of the Mothercraft manual was: \"Build healthy babies rather than patch sick ones\". The Mothercraft system became known as the Mothercraft Movement as it spread to all corners of the British empire, including Australia, England, India, Jamaica, New Zealand, Scotland, and South Africa.
In 1925, His Majesty King George V knighted Dr. King. Over the years, the Royal Family provided support, interest, and encouragement in the activities and accomplishments of Mothercraft.
In 1931, Barbara Mackenzie, a registered nurse and midwife trained in New Zealand came to Canada and married Irving Robertson, then Chairman of the Board of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada. Together, Mr. and Mrs. Robertson established the Canadian Mothercraft Society. Mrs. Robertson championed the cause of midwifery, founded the Mothercraft Well-Baby Nursing Training program, and operated the Mothercraft maternity hospital, and maintained a community registry of Well-Baby Nurses. Well-Baby Nurses aided with breastfeeding, getting infants on schedules, and provided at home child care support. The registry of Well-Baby Nurses was maintained until 1990.
The work of the Canadian Mothercraft Society also attracted the attention of Britain\'s Royal Family. In 1931, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, as Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York, became the Honorary Patroness of the Canadian Mothercraft Society.
In these early days, the Canadian Mothercraft Society supported infants awaiting adoption with the Catholic Children\'s Aid Society and provided hospice for infants who were very ill. It was also a time prior to the establishment of Canadian public health systems. To support local efforts at community-based public health, Mothercraft opened advice rooms so that families could bring young children for medical and nutritional advice. Mothercraft also pioneered prenatal classes that focused on infant well-being and mental health.
In the 1960s, Mothercraft\'s medical focus broadened to include early learning and care and, in 1965, the Canadian Mothercraft Society opened one of the first infant child care centres in Toronto.
In 1967, Mothercraft joined with the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and conducted research with Dr. William Fowler to determine the effects of quality child care on disadvantaged children. The findings from Dr. Fowler\'s research provided the foundation for Mothercraft\'s curriculum in Early Childhood Education. In 1979, Mothercraft again joined research forces with the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education studying early intervention strategies for infant at risk and their families with Dr. Dorothy Shipe. The findings from this research provided a foundation for Mothercraft\'s early intervention programs.
## Activities
As of 2011, The Canadian Mothercraft Society departments include:
- **Mothercraft College**, home to Mothercraft\'s diploma program in Early Childhood Education and Research and Evaluation
- The Mothercraft ECE diploma is a 12-month intensive program of study in the field of Early Childhood Education. The Mothercraft diploma program in Early Childhood Education is an **AECEO** **(Association of Early Childhood Educators, Ontario)** **Accredited ECE Program**.
- Early Intervention, most notably the Breaking the Cycle program (Motz, Leslie, Pepler, Moore & Freeman, 2006; Watson & Leslie, 2005), an early intervention program to support mothers of young children challenged by addictions;
- Breaking the Cycle\'s ongoing collaborations in the area of FASD, including work with the Motherisk program, continue to offer research insights into this prevalent form of prenatal brain damage.
- Early Child Development, with three licensed child care centres, a hospital-based play centre at the Princess Margaret Hospital, and the St. Paul\'s Early Years Centre. Mothercraft\'s Early Child Development department strives to provide preschool education programs to young children and their families
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10,053,745 |
# 1674 in England
Events from the year **1674 in England**.
## Incumbents
- Monarch -- Charles II
## Events
- 15 January -- The Earl of Arlington is impeached by the House of Commons on charges of popery, but the Commons rejects the motion to remove him from office, 127 votes for and 166 against.
- 9 February (19 February New Style) -- England and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Westminster ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
- 14 March -- Third Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Ronas Voe -- the English Royal Navy captures the Dutch East India Company ship *Wapen van Rotterdam* in Shetland.
- 26 March -- Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, re-opens, having been rebuilt after a fire in 1672.
- 25 April -- Great Fire of Watton, Norfolk.
- 12 June -- the British East India Company arranges a commercial treaty with the Maratha Empire after Henry Oxenden, the company\'s deputy governor, meets Emperor Shivaji at his recent coronation.
- 17 July -- two skeletons of children are discovered at the White Tower (Tower of London) and believed at this time to be the remains of the Princes in the Tower. The remains are subsequently buried in Westminster Abbey.
- 10 November -- as provided in the Treaty of Westminster of 19 February, the Dutch Republic cedes its colony of New Netherland to England. This includes the colonial capital, New Orange, which is returned to its English name of New York.
## Publications
- The second edition of John Milton\'s epic poem *Paradise Lost* is published, shortly before the writer\'s death in November, by Samuel Simmons in London.
## Births
- 8 February -- Henry Sacheverell, churchman and politician (died 1724)
- 24 January -- Thomas Tanner, bishop and antiquarian (died 1735)
- March -- Jethro Tull, agriculturist (died 1741)
- 18 April -- Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, statesman (died 1738)
- 20 June -- Nicholas Rowe, dramatist (died 1718)
- 3 July -- James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey (died 1702)
- 17 July -- Isaac Watts, hymnist (died 1748)
- 11 September -- Elizabeth Rowe, poet and novelist (died 1737)
- 18 October -- Beau Nash, dandy (died 1762)
- Approximate date
- Jeremiah Clarke, composer (suicide 1707)
- Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, Prime Minister of Great Britain (died 1743)
- John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1747)
## Deaths
- 23 March -- Henry Cromwell, soldier, politician and lord lieutenant of Ireland (born 1628)
- 10 October -- Thomas Traherne, poet (born c
| 425 |
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| 0 |
10,053,757 |
# Sick (Sow album)
***Sick*** is the second studio album by Sow released in 1998. This album spawned no singles. At this time Sow comprises Anna Wildsmith with \"Boys\", where the Boys are Raymond Watts, Euphonic, Sascha Konietzko, Hoppy Kamiyama & Optical 8, Martin King, and Günter Schulz.
## Releases
- Invisible Records #INV 128 CD - CD, 1998
- Blue Noise #DRCN-25017 - CD, 1998
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Ssik\" - 6:55
2. \"Jo The Lover\" - 4:45
3. \"Shrub\" - 3:47
4. \"Ego Head\" - 6:13
5. \"Strip\" - 6:03
6. \"K-Casino\" - 8:21
7. \"Wedge\" - 6:34
8. \"Working For God\" - 6:50
9
| 108 |
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| 0 |
10,053,758 |
# Aera! Aera! Aera!
***Aera! Aera! Aera!*** (*Αέρα! Αέρα! Αέρα!*; En. ***Hero Bunker***) is a 1972 Greek feature film directed by Kostas Andritsos, starring Yannis Voglis and Xenia Kalogeropoulou. The plot concerns the opening phase of the Greco-Italian War in October/November 1940, with the protagonists caught up in the Italian invasion of Greece from Albania. The film belongs to a series of \"patriotic\" films shot during the Greek military junta of 1967--74. Its title derives from the popular Greek war cry of the time, \"*Aera!*\"
| 85 |
Aera! Aera! Aera!
| 0 |
10,053,804 |
# Das Fest des Huhnes
***Das Fest des Huhnes*** (German for *The festival of the chicken*) is a 1992 Austrian film, directed by Walter Wippersberg. It is a production of the ORF local studio in Oberösterreich, for the series \"Kunst-Stücke\" (Art-Works).
## Plot
The morals and customs of the \"native peoples\" of Upper Austria are described by a team of anthropologists from Sub-Saharan Africa in the style of European and American anthropologists in the non-western world. While making the film, they discover new cultural phenomena. Wippersberg turns around the research methodology of Western anthropologists of performing ethnologic studies, and then popularising them by means of a documentary film.
The name of the film derives from the discovery that the researchers made, that the churches were vacated, but the locals instead tend to gather in large tents, and drink a yellowish fluid by the litre, while primarily eating chicken and then engaging in a chicken dance. The researchers come to the conclusion that the chicken has taken the religious-sacrificial role of the lamb.
## Reviews
- The Austrian newspaper Der Standard claims, \"The film presents a wonderfully foreign view of Austrian life (in Upper Austria), with its distanced scientific perspective of an ethnologist. The sarcastic and perfectly developed counterpoint of picture and sound melts into an ironic unity.\"
- The Austrian newspaper Kurier claims, \"Possibly the most original, meanest show broadcast by ORF in 1992; the parody of chauvinistic, interpret-everything expedition films, has reached cult status
| 245 |
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| 0 |
10,053,813 |
# Sidhom Bishay
**Sidhom Bishay** (*ⲥⲓⲇϩⲟⲙ ⲡⲓϣⲁⲓ*; died March 25, 1844) was a Coptic Orthodox martyr and saint.
## Life
Bishay was a government employee in the city of Damietta, Egypt, at the time of Muhammad Ali.
He was accused by Muslims of cursing Islam. Bishay was therefore brought to trial before a Muslim religious judge, who decreed that Sidhom Bishay must accept Islam and renounce Christianity, or else be put to death. Bishay refused to embrace Islam and insisted on his innocence.
He was whipped and brought before Damietta\'s governor, who confirmed the decree of the religious court. Sidhom Bishay was again flogged and put on a buffalo facing the tail. He was paraded around Damietta in this state and subjected to insults and humiliation. Eventually, molten tar was poured over his head and he was left outside the door of his home. His family attempted to nurse him, but he died five days later on 17 Paremhat 1565 A.M. (March 25, 1844). During these five days, members of Damietta\'s Christian community locked themselves in their homes for fear of attacks by the enraged mobs.
Sidhom Bishay\'s death outraged Damietta\'s Christian community, and Christians of all denominations gathered at his funeral. The Coptic Orthodox priests put on their vestments. Led by chanting deacons bearing banners surmounted by the cross, and headed by Hegoumenos Youssef Mikhael, the senior priest in Damietta, they progressed through the streets of the city until they reached the church where the funeral was held.
Following this incident, the leading Christians in Damietta asked the European consuls for help. Eventually, Mr. Michail Sorour, the official representative of seven European countries in Egypt, agreed to act as mediator between the Egyptian government and Pope Peter VII of Alexandria. Two government officials were charged with conducting an official enquiry, and the case was officially reopened. As a result, both the judge and the governor were dismissed. As a concession to the Christians of Damietta, they were granted the right to raise the Cross at their funerals and over their churches. This privilege was ultimately extended to the whole of Egypt during the pontificate of Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria.
Sidhom Bishay was subsequently canonized by the Coptic Orthodox Church. His body rests today in a glass-fronted shrine in the Cathedral of Saint Mary in Damietta
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| 0 |
10,053,869 |
# Brad R. Roth
**Brad Richard Roth** is an American political scientist. He is a professor of political science and law at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan.
## Biography
His research has focused on international law, political theory, and human rights. He received a B.A. from Swarthmore College, a J.D. from Harvard Law School, an LL.M. from Columbia Law School, and a PhD from the University of California at Berkeley. He has been described by James Gathii as a neoconservative realist in reference to Roth\'s book *Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law.*. This description has been rejected by Roth in his response to Gathii\'s review. Roth acknowledges that certain aspects of his book could be portrayed as conservative, \"in the limited sense that it seeks to rationalize and bolster the conception of international legal order, premised on the twin principles of self-determination of peoples and non-intervention in international affairs\...\" Additionally, he grants the book is realist, \"to the extent that it takes states (qua political communities entitled to self-government) seriously as units of the international system, and that it treats skeptically efforts to superimpose idealist blueprints on complex and unruly realities.\" Roth calls the use of the term neoconservative \"especially troubling\" as it implies an association with an American right-wing movement which \"stands for propositions diametrically opposed to the book\'s central arguments.\"
## Scholarship
Brad R. Roth\'s books include [Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law](http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/Law/?view=usa&ci=9780199243013) (Oxford University Press), [Democratic Governance and International Law](http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521660952) (edited with Greg Fox, Cambridge University Press), and a forthcoming book on sovereignty. In recent years, Brad Roth has advised the government of Taiwan, including President Chen Shui-bian, on issues of sovereignty and independence from China under international law.
## Activism
Roth has been a strong critic of U.S. foreign policy in Nicaragua during the 1970s and 1980s, and supporter of Palestinian rights and a two-state solution. In recent years, he has also emerged as a strong critic of torture policies advocated by people such as John Yoo
| 330 |
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| 0 |
10,053,884 |
# Kostas Andritsos
**Kostas Andritsos**, also known as **George Andrews** (*Κώστας Ανδρίτσος*; 1 May 1916, Athens -- 10 October 1993) was a Greek film director and writer.
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
- Oneira koritsion 1953
- Bouboulina 1959
- Exo oi kleftes! 1961
- Apolytrosis 1961 with Spiros Focás, Lorella De Luca
- Scream 1964
- Aera! Aera! Aera! (1972)
| 60 |
Kostas Andritsos
| 0 |
10,053,912 |
# Darnius
**Darnius** (`{{IPA|ca|dəɾˈniws}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the *comarca* of the Alt Empordà in Girona, Catalonia, Spain. The first document where is related Darnius was dated in 983, and the written name was *Darnicibus*. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the main economic activity was the manufacturing of the cork
| 52 |
Darnius
| 0 |
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