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# Oh Very Young
\"**Oh Very Young**\" is a song composed by Cat Stevens. It was released on his 1974 album *Buddha and the Chocolate Box*, as well as several later \"Best of\...\" and \"Greatest Hits\" albums. The song reached number 10 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 and number two Easy Listening.\
It also spent 15 weeks in the Australian KMR Top-100 chart, peaking at #19 after entering on 13th May 1974.
## Background
On his website djallyn.org, DJ Ally posted the following about \"Oh Very Young\" on April 30, 2009:`{{cquote|Its lyric is a gentle response to [[Don McLean]]'s hit "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]" released two years previously. Like McLean, he stops short of mentioning [[Buddy Holly]] directly, but questions the ill-fated songwriter's "[[Not Fade Away (song)|Not Fade Away]]" (the last song Holly performed) lyric "a love to last more than one day, a lover's love, not fade away" with Stevens' own "denim blue, fading up to the sky, and though you want him to last forever you know he never will, and the patches make the goodbye harder still". Stevens then mentions the young American's mould-breaking work "Words Of Love" in the line "will you carry the words of love with you, will you ride the great white bird into heaven, and though you want to last forever you know you never will, and the goodbye makes the journey harder still."}}`{=mediawiki}
## Chart performance {#chart_performance}
+-------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1974) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+===============================+==========+
| Australia | 19 |
+-------------------------------+----------+
| US *Billboard* Easy Listening | 2 |
+-------------------------------+----------+
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 10 |
+-------------------------------+----------+
## Cover versions {#cover_versions}
- Suzanne Lynch worked as a session musician until she became a regular part of Cat Stevens\' vocal group and appeared on several of his albums. The first song Lynch did for Stevens was \"Oh Very Young\" in which she sang the solo line and the haunting background melody.
- Jonathan Rayson also covered the song on his 2006 album \"Shiny and New\"
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# Hurricane Dean (1989)
**Hurricane Dean** was a strong tropical cyclone that affected the United States and Atlantic Canada while remaining offshore in early August 1989. The fourth named storm and second hurricane of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season, Dean formed on July 31 and reached tropical storm status the following day east of the Leeward Islands. Dean brushed the northern Leeward Islands as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir--Simpson Hurricane Scale, bringing light rain but producing no damage, before turning northward and striking Bermuda as a Category 2 hurricane. It continued northward before making landfall in southeastern Newfoundland.
Dean was initially difficult to forecast; it was thought to pose a possible threat to the Lesser Antilles, and as a result several evacuations occurred, and many hurricane watches and warnings were issued. However, as the storm turned northward, all watches and warnings in the Lesser Antilles were discontinued. As Dean approached Bermuda, a hurricane watch was issued, and was later upgraded to a hurricane warning. After the storm tracked away from the island, the hurricane warning was discontinued. In addition, a hurricane warning was briefly in effect for Sable Island, Nova Scotia. The storm left \$8.9 million (1989 USD\$, `{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|8900000|1989}}}}`{=mediawiki} {{#time:Y}} USD) and sixteen injuries across Bermuda, but no fatalities were reported. In Atlantic Canada, Dean dropped light rain across Nova Scotia and Sable Island.
## Meteorological history {#meteorological_history}
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 27, as detected by Meteosat imagery. By July 31 the tropical wave began to be classified, using the Dvorak Technique, by satellite analysts at the National Hurricane Center, in part due to persistent deep convection. Shortly thereafter, the system became organized enough that the National Hurricane Center began classifying it as Tropical Depression Five, roughly halfway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles. The depression moved westward at 17 mph, intensifying as it did so, and eventually intensified enough to be upgraded to a tropical storm, which was named *Dean* by the National Hurricane Center.
Continuing generally westward, Dean continued to gradually intensify, and became a hurricane on August 2 after an Air Force reconnaissance flight had recorded hurricane-force winds. The following day a decreasing ridge of high pressure to the north and a trough of low pressure forming off the East Coast of the United States caused the storm to slow in its forward motion and turn northwest. The trough of low pressure forming off the East Coast of the United States was deepening, causing Dean to curve northward while remaining nearly stationary. The storm then began to accelerate to a forward speed of 17 mph as it headed toward Bermuda. Thereafter, Dean intensified into a Category 2 hurricane, whilst the eastern half of the eyewall brushed Bermuda. Dean continued to intensify slightly after passing the island of Bermuda and became a Category 2 hurricane on August 7. While Dean was a Category 2 hurricane, it attained its peak intensity with winds of 105 mph and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (hPa; 28.59 inHg).
After peak intensity, the forward speed of the storm continued to increase as it approached Atlantic Canada while weakening back to a Category 1 hurricane. While approaching southern Newfoundland, Dean had weakened enough to be downgraded to a tropical storm on August 8. Shortly thereafter it made landfall on the south coast of Newfoundland with winds of 65 mph. Later that day Dean emerged into the far north Atlantic, and rapidly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on the following day.
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# Hurricane Dean (1989)
## Preparations
Hurricane Dean was very difficult to forecast in its early stages as the storm approached the eastern Caribbean. Even though most forecast models predicted that Dean would skirt the Leeward Islands, the track prediction models were not consistent and, as a result, uncertainty existed in justifying the posting of watches and warnings for the Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico. One track predicted Dean to threaten South Florida within three to four days.
Regardless, the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings for Guadeloupe on August 2 and the rest of the Leeward Islands extending to the Virgin Islands. The uncertainty of the hurricane\'s forecast track forced residents and tourists in the Lesser Antilles to evacuate. In the British Virgin Islands, 80 American and Canadian tourists evacuated to hotels. In Puerto Rico, residents were advised to secure or stow away loose objects and stock up on emergency supplies. 1.1 million residents in the city of San Juan went to supermarkets to get much-needed supplies in anticipation that the storm might hit Puerto Rico. In Humacao, the National Guard evacuated 1,966 people living along a coastal highway. The islands of Martinique and Dominica were placed under a hurricane watch. The warning for Guadeloupe was discontinued at 2200 UTC when the hurricane no longer posed any threat to the island. Simultaneously, the hurricane watches in effect for Martinique and Dominica were also discontinued. As Dean continued westward, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for the Turks and Caicos Islands. The watch was soon canceled as Dean made its northward turn towards Bermuda.
In Bermuda, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch on August 5. The hurricane watch was later changed to a hurricane warning the following day. Dean\'s approach to the island canceled numerous inbound and outbound flights. In Atlantic Canada, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning for Nova Scotia and Sable Island, while the Canadian forecasters issued a high wind advisory.
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# Hurricane Dean (1989)
## Impact
The outer bands of Hurricane Dean produced light rainfall and winds near 50 mph across Barbuda or winds up to 60 mph on the French territories of Saint Barthelemy and Saint Martin. There was no reported damage in the Leeward Islands or the Virgin Islands since the hurricane turned northward on the 4th of August. In the Atlantic, a sailboat bound for Bermuda was caught off guard by the hurricane. The boat, which carried no radio equipment, was spotted by a hurricane hunter plane. The occupants of the boat suffered no injuries. On Sunday, the 6 August, in Bermuda, the hurricane\'s eastern eyewall produced 81 mph sustained winds with gusts up to 113 mph. Bermuda\'s highest rainfall total from Dean was 2.45 in (50.8 mm) while parts of the island received 3 - of rain.
Strong winds from Hurricane Dean caused considerable power line damage, leaving 65,000 residents without electricity. The winds also caused minor roof damage. In Hamilton Harbour, 20 pleasure boats were damaged or sent adrift due to the rough seas. Flooding from the hurricane damaged fifteen houses. Sixteen people were injured by the hurricane, five of the injuries were considered serious. There were, however, no reports of fatalities from Dean\'s impact on Bermuda. Damage in Bermuda amounted up to \$8.9 million (1989 USD\$, `{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|8900000|1989}}}}`{=mediawiki} {{#time:Y}} USD).
Although Dean remained away from the United States coastline, it produced storm tides of 1.7 ft to North Carolina. In Atlantic Canada, hurricane-force winds were reported in Nova Scotia and Cape Sable Island. Newfoundland reported winds of only 50 mph. Moderate rainfall was reported on Newfoundland, with most areas of the island experiencing at least 1 in of precipitation. Rainfall on Newfoundland peaked at 2.7 in on the south coast of the island, near the location of Dean\'s landfall. A majority of rainfall was reported on the west side of Dean, but minimal precipitation had been recorded to the east of the storm. High winds were reported on the eastern side of the storm, however, with lighter winds along the western quadrants of Dean. Offshore, waves up to 26 ft were reported and Sable Island reported rainfall of 0.59 in. Although there were no reports of damage in Atlantic Canada from Hurricane Dean, three sailors had to be rescued by the Canadian Coast Guard when their boat got dismasted during the storm
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# Quang khem
The ***Quang khem*** (\"slow-running deer\") or **Chinh\'s deer** is an animal resembling a deer, found in the Pu Mat region of Vietnam, close to Vũ Quang. It first came to scientific attention through the work of biologist Nguyen Ngoc Chinh.
It is curious for its antlers, which, unlike those of other deer, are unpronged, in fact resembling the curled horns of an antelope. Quang khem skulls culled by Nguyen have been sent to University of Copenhagen, where they are being studied by Peter Arctander, who has so far been unable to relate them to any known deer species. As a result, its taxonomic status remains undefined and no binomial name has been assigned yet
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# Ugo Giachery
**Ugo Giachery** (May 13, 1896 -- July 5, 1989) was a prominent Italian Baháʼí from an aristocratic family from Palermo. At an anniversary of the founding of the spiritual assembly of Perugia Giachery told the story of how, as a young wounded soldier, still ignorant of the Baháʼí Faith, he was in Perugia in 1916. After World War I he moved to the United States, where he became a Baháʼí around 1926. In 1947, his family moved back to Rome in Italy. He translated many Baháʼí books into Italian. From 1948 he started taking care of the marble supplies from Italy for the superstructure of the Shrine of the Báb and the International Archives Building.
He was appointed a Hand of the Cause by Shoghi Effendi in December 1951, who also appointed him as a member-at-large of the International Baháʼí Council, and who named one of the doors of the Shrine of the Báb after him
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# ERS (insurance company)
**ERS** is a specialist personal, commercial and agricultural motor insurer. It has been providing insurance products for more than 70 years and now provides cover solely via Lloyd\'s Syndicate 218. ERS offers a diverse range of products, including private car, classic car, van, motorcycle, taxi, minibus, fleet, haulage, agricultural vehicle and motor breakdown.
## History
ERS began life in 1946 as **Equity Motor Policies**, a Lloyd\'s syndicate. In 1987 the company merged with Red Star to form Equity Red Star. Nine years later the company was bought by Cox Insurance, a Lloyd\'s underwriting business specialising in nuclear, marine and catastrophe insurance.
In 2002, following losses incurred due to 9/11, Cox Insurance withdrew from its commercial insurance activity to focus on personal lines. The business raised new equity capital to support its motor underwriting operation.
A management buyout of the business in 2005 led to a new focus and a new name, **Equity Insurance Group** -- led by CEO, Neil Utley -- backed by investors Englefield and Duke Street Capital. It was headquartered at Brentwood, Essex. Further facilities are located in Colchester and Swansea. The group\'s high street broking network was rebranded, converging Bennetts, Insure-shop and JMW to become **Equity Insurance Brokers**.
On 4 December 2006, Australian insurer Insurance Australia Group announced that it would acquire Equity Insurance Group for £570 million and Open + Direct Insurance Services, the largest retail broking operation in Northern Ireland.. The acquisition was completed on 8 January 2007 and Neil Utley, then CEO, joined the executive team of IAG. IAG also acquired Barnett & Barnett in 2008, and went on to dispose of its branch-based broking in 2009.
In May 2012, IAG sold Barnett & Barnett and the NBJ Broking arm. In April 2013 US private equity company Aquiline Capital Partners purchased Equity Insurance Group from IAG for £80 million. This led to the sale of EDBL and its personal accident and household business to Canopius. In April 2014, Equity Insurance Group rebranded to ERS and became a \"motor only, broker only\" insurer. It now operates solely as an A+ rated Lloyd\'s syndicate 218.\[1\]
In 2014 ERS underwent structural changes consolidating ERS' offices into two locations (London and Swansea). Only servicing for ERS' direct classic car arm, RH Insurance, remains in Brentwood
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# ERS (insurance company)
## Financial
**2014**
ERS announced a full calendar year profit of £8.3m, the first it has reported since 2009 and a £28m improvement year on year. The combined ratio improved by 6.6% to 101% from the prior year, with improvements across all ratios but the majority of improvement coming from the loss ratio. Gross written premiums £388m, down from £406m.
ERS has approved the closure of its 2012 year of account with a small profit, £1.4m, 0.3% of capacity. This is the first year of account since 2007 to close with a profit and is an improvement on the forecast provided last year which was for a small loss of £1.1m or 0.2% of capacity. The forecast released for the 2013 year of account remains a small loss of 0.9% of capacity with a forecast of −5.9% to +4.1%. This is an improvement on the forecast at the same point last year which was −7.3% to +2.7% and also an improvement on the Q3 2014 forecast.
**2015**
The calendar year profit for 2015 was 6.0m and the combined ratio improved to 99.8% (2014: 101%) and is below 100% for the first time since 2009, with improvements across all ratios but the majority of improvement coming from the loss ratio. Gross written premiums £394m, an increase of 2% from 2014.
ERS has approved the closure of its 2013 year of account with a profit, £10.7m, 2.4% of capacity, this is an improvement from a year ago which forecast 2013 as a small loss of 0.9% of capacity and a range of −5.9% to +4.1%. The current forecast released for the 2014 year of account remains a loss of 3.4% of capacity with a forecast of −8.4% to +1.6%
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# Kryptopterus geminus
***Kryptopterus geminus*** is a species of catfish belonging to the family Siluridae. It can be distinguished from all its congeners, with the exception of *Kryptopterus cryptopterus*, by the almost flat dorsal profile with no concavity behind the head. This species grows to a length of 17.1 cm SL.
Examples of this distinctively shaped, translucent fish used to be assigned to the long-established species *K. cryptopterus* but recent studies have shown several small but consistent differences which prompted the erection of this new species. It has been recorded in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. *K. geminus* can be distinguished from this close relative by its narrower head, longer snout, longer anal fin and eyes located much more laterally
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# Ange-François Fariau
**Ange-François Fariau** (`{{IPA|fr|ɑ̃ʒ fʁɑ̃swa faʁjo}}`{=mediawiki}; 13 October 1747 -- 8 December 1810) was a French poet and translator.
Fariau was born in Blois, the son of an advisor to the king. He studied in the Jesuit college of Blois, and later at the Sainte-Barbe college in Paris. A protégé of Turgot, he went on to be a teacher in the Parisian school of rue Saint-Antoine, teaching grammar and later belles-lettres. He became well known for his translations of Ovid\'s works, especially Metamorphoses. Fariau also penned his own odes and poems. In 1810 he was elected to l\'Académie française, but died in Paris three months later after a fall
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# Nathalie Handal
**Nathalie Handal** is a poet, writer and professor, described as a "contemporary Orpheus." A New Yorker and a quintessential global citizen, she has published 10 prize-winning books, including *Life in a Country Album.* She is praised for her "diverse, and innovative body of work."
## Biography
Nathalie Handal is a French-American poet and writer, born in Haiti to a Mediterranean Palestinian family from Bethlehem. She has lived in France, Italy, the United States, Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and the Arab world. After earning a MFA in Creative Writing from Bennington College, Vermont and a MPhil in English and Drama at the University of London, Handal began writing and translating global literature in the 1990s. She currently resides in New York City, Rome and Paris and teaches at New York University.
## Literary career {#literary_career}
Handal has authored books of poetry, plays, essays, and has edited two anthologies and has been involved as a writer, director, or producer in several theatrical or film productions. Her work has been translated into over fifteen languages. She is the recipient of awards from the National Endowment for the Arts, PEN Foundation, Pen International Croatia, Lannan Foundation, Fondazione di Venezia, Centro Andaluz de las Letras, Africa Institute, was honored Finalist for the Gift of Freedom Award, winner of the Alejo Zuloaga Order in Literature, and featured at the United Nations for Outstanding Contributors in literature, among others. Her work has appeared in anthologies and magazines such as *Vanity Fair,* *The New York Times*, *The Guardian*, *The Irish Times*, *World Literature Today*, *The Virginia Quarterly Review*, *Poetry New Zealand*, *Guernica Magazine*, and *The Nation*.
Her book *The Lives of Rain* was shortlisted for the Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize and received the Menada Literary Award. *Love and Strange Horses* won the 2011 Gold Medal Independent Publisher Book Award (IPPY Award), and was an Honorable Mention at the San Francisco Book Festival and the New England Book Festival. The flash collection *The Republics* was called "one of the most inventive books by one of today's most diverse writers" and is winner of the Virginia Faulkner Award for Excellence in Writing and the Arab American Book Award. And *Life in a Country Album* is winner of the Palestine Book Award and a Foreword Indies Book Award finalist.
Handal has edited the anthology *The Poetry of Arab Women*, which introduced Arab women poets to a wider audience in the West. It was an Academy of American Poets bestseller, named one of the top 10 Feminist Books by *The Guardian*, and it won the PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award. She co-edited along with Tina Chang and Ravi Shankar the anthology *Language for a New Century: Contemporary Poetry from the Middle East, Asia & Beyond*. She has lectured or been a Visiting Writer at La Sorbonne in Paris, Ca\' Foscari University of Venice, John Cabot in Rome, The American University in Beirut, Picador Guest Professor at Leipzig University, Germany, and professor at Columbia University and part of the Low-Residency MFA faculty at Sierra Nevada University. Handal is currently a professor at New York University and a Visiting Writer at The American University of Rome.
She writes the literary travel column, \"The City and the Writer,\" for Words Without Borders magazines, and \"Eat: Everywhere a Tale,\" for Popula.
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# Nathalie Handal
## Publications
Poetry
- *The Neverfield Poem* (1999)
- *The Lives of Rain* (2005)
- *Love and Strange Horses* (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010)
- *Poet in Andalucía* (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012)
- *The Invisible Star/La estrella invisible* (Valparaíso Ediciones, 2014)
- *The Republics* (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015)
- *Life in a Country Album* (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019)
- *Volo* (Diode Editions, chapbook 2022)
Poetry / Foreign Publications
- *Las horas suspendidas: poemas escogidos* (Valparaíso Ediciones, 2012)
- *Poeta en Andalucía* (Visor, España, 2013)
- *La estrella invisible* (Valparaíso Ediciones, 2014)
- *Riflessi, Artist Book, Illustrazioni di Lucio Schiavo* (Damocle Edizioni, Venezia, 2016)
- *Pjesnik u Andaluziji* (Druga prica, Zagreb, 2017)
- *التّلحمية Al-Talhamiyah* (Jordan, 2017)
- *Canto Mediterraneo* (Ronzani Editore, Italia, 2018)
- *Le vite della pioggia* (Iacobelli Editore, Roma, Italia, 2018)
- *Poet in Andalucia - Arabic* (Takween, Damascus, 2019)
- *Life in A Country Album - UK* (flipped eye, United Kingdom 2020)
- *Selected Poems: 2005-2019* (Fawasel Publishing House, Syria, 2022)
- *De l\'amour des étranges chevaux* (Mémoire Encrier, Montreal and Paris, 03/03/2023)
Anthologies
- *The Poetry of Arab Women* (2001, ed. by Handal)
- *Language for a New Century: Contemporary Poetry from the Middle East, Asia & Beyond* (W.W. Norton, 2008, ed. by Handal, Tina Chang and Ravi Shankar)
Plays
- *Between Our Lips*
- *La Cosa Dei Sogni*
- *The Stonecutters*
- *The Details of Silence*
- *The Oklahoma Quartet*
- *Hakawatiyeh*
- *Men in Verse*
Prose (creative nonfiction, fiction)
- "The Night and Nightingale\" Guernica Magazine, March 2017
- "My East in Venice\" Guernica Magazine, April 2017
- "After Kaddish\" Guernica Magazine, September 2018
CDs
- *Traveling Rooms*
- *Spell*
Interviews and Reviews
- \"Mahmoud Darwish: Palestine\'s Poet of Exile\", *The Progressive*, May 2002
- \"Shades of a Bridge\'s Breath\", *This bridge we call home: radical visions for transformation*, eds. Gloria E. Anzaldúa and Analouise Keating (Routledge, 2002)
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# Colin Madigan
**Colin Frederick Madigan** `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO}}`{=mediawiki} (22 July 1921`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}17 September 2011) was an Australian architect. He is best known for designing the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra.
## Biography
Born in Glen Innes, New South Wales, Madigan studied architecture at Sydney Technical College from 1939 to 1941. He enlisted in the Royal Australian Navy in 1941, and was one of the few survivors of the sinking of the corvette HMAS *Armidale* off Timor in 1942.
In 1951 Madigan, Maurice Edwards and Jack Torzillo formed the firm, Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Partners, whose work was mostly on public projects such as public housing, public libraries, schools and offices. A notable building from this period was the Warringah Council Library at Dee Why, New South Wales, which was awarded the Sir John Sulman Medal for architecture in 1966. In 1968, they won the design competition for the National Gallery of Australia. Later, Madigan supervised construction of the High Court of Australia Building after its designer Christopher Kringas died in March 1975, just prior to the start of construction in April 1975. The unsuccessful design for the new Australian Parliament House in Canberra was one of the shortlisted finalists in the architectural design competition.
He retired in 1989.
Madigan also wrote a book on the sinking of HMAS *Armidale* in 1942, *Armidale \'42 : a survivor\'s account*.
In later years, Madigan vigorously opposed plans to build a new entrance to the National Gallery of Australia. He died, aged 90, in Bangalow, New South Wales on 17 September 2011, survived by his wife Ruby (née Court-Rice), their son Guy (born 1952) and a grandson.
## Honours
Madigan received a Gold Medal from the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1981.
He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day Honours of 1984, and was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001
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# David G. Davies
**David G. Davies** is a microbiologist and a full professor at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York (United States). His interests lie specifically in the study of biofilms. He has a Ph.D. in Microbiology from Montana State University (1996)
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# Bruno Mota
**Bruno Fontes da Mota** (born 24 January 1987) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a midfielder.
## Career
Bruno Mota played youth football with Athlétique Régina and Servette. He joined Italian Serie A club Sampdoria in 2006, and was subsequently loaned to AC Bellinzona (2007), FC Chiasso (2008) and Taranto Sport (2008--2009).
In January 2009, he was signed by FC Chiasso
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# Abdul Rahman Saleem
**Abdul Rahman Saleem**, (born **Rahman Yahyaei**) also known as **Abu Yahya**, is a British Islamic activist, born around 1975.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Saleem was born in Mashhad, Iran in 1975 to a Punjabi Sunni family. He left Iran for London in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution where he was bullied and discriminated against for his South Asian identity. This provoked his embracement of radical Islam and later he became closely acquainted with Al-Muhajiroun members Omar Bakri and Anjem Choudary.`{{Fact?|date=March 2017}}`{=mediawiki} Nonetheless, he excelled in his studies, earning 11 A\* Grades at GCSE and 5 A grades at A Level in English literature, Persian, Further Mathematics, Mathematics and Physics. Despite this, he opted to attend university in Iran and was granted a placement at Sharif University of Technology to study mechanical engineering in 1993. He graduated in 1998 and returned to the United Kingdom the following year.`{{Fact?|date=March 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
## Career
He is a former Al Muhajiroun spokesman, a former member of the Saved Sect, and was a prominent member of al-Maddad, an organisation that claims to have sent dozens of British Muslims to fight in Chechnya and elsewhere. In August 2001, he went to secret camps in Pakistan and Afghanistan and trained in the use of guns and explosives.
He lives in Poplar, London. He is the father of five children and works for British Telecom as an engineer.
On 18 November 2005 he attended the founding of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah.
He participated in the Islamist demonstration outside the Danish Embassy in London in 2006, where he chanted \"Europe you will pay with your blood\" and \"Denmark, USA, 7/7 on its way\" through a megaphone, and he was charged with using words likely to stir up racial hatred and released on bail to appear at West London Magistrates\' Court on 31 March 2006 On 1 February 2007, he was found guilty, and will be held until his sentencing in April.
He was found guilty of Incitement to Terrorism Overseas by a unanimous verdict, and found not guilty of Terrorist Fundraising by a majority verdict on 17 April 2008 at Kingston upon Thames Crown Court. He gave a series of speeches at the Regent\'s Park Mosque, the DVD of which was discovered at the former residence of Omar Bakri in 2006. He was sentenced the following day to three years imprisonment
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# Magnetic domain
thumb\|upright=1.25\|Microcrystalline grains within a piece of Nd~2~Fe~14~B (the alloy used in neodymium magnets) with magnetic domains made visible with a Kerr microscope. The domains are the light and dark stripes visible within the many grains shown here. The outlined grain has its magnetocrystalline axis almost vertical, so the domains are seen end-on.
A **magnetic domain** is a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a uniform direction. This means that the individual magnetic moments of the atoms are aligned with one another and they point in the same direction. When cooled below a temperature called the Curie temperature, the magnetization of a piece of ferromagnetic material spontaneously divides into many small regions called magnetic domains. The magnetization within each domain points in a uniform direction, but the magnetization of different domains may point in different directions. Magnetic domain structure is responsible for the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys, and ferrimagnetic materials like ferrite. This includes the formation of permanent magnets and the attraction of ferromagnetic materials to a magnetic field. The regions separating magnetic domains are called domain walls, where the magnetization rotates coherently from the direction in one domain to that in the next domain. The study of magnetic domains is called micromagnetics.
Magnetic domains form in materials which have magnetic ordering; that is, their dipoles spontaneously align due to the exchange interaction. These are the ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials, in which the dipoles align in response to an external field but do not spontaneously align, do not have magnetic domains.
## Development of domain theory {#development_of_domain_theory}
Magnetic domain theory was developed by French physicist Pierre-Ernest Weiss who, in 1906, suggested existence of magnetic domains in ferromagnets. He suggested that large number of atomic magnetic moments (typically 10^12^-10^18^) were aligned parallel. The direction of alignment varies from domain to domain in a more or less random manner, although certain crystallographic axis may be preferred by the magnetic moments, called easy axes. Weiss still had to explain the reason for the spontaneous alignment of atomic moments within a ferromagnetic material, and he came up with the so-called Weiss mean field. He assumed that a given magnetic moment in a material experienced a very high effective magnetic field **H~e~** due to the magnetization of its neighbors. In the original Weiss theory the mean field was proportional to the bulk magnetization **M**, so that $H_e = \alpha M$ where $\alpha$ is the mean field constant. However this is not applicable to ferromagnets due to the variation of magnetization from domain to domain. In this case, the interaction field is
$$H_e = \alpha M_s,$$
where $M_s$ is the saturation magnetization at 0K.
Later, the quantum theory made it possible to understand the microscopic origin of the Weiss field. The exchange interaction between localized spins favored a parallel (in ferromagnets) or an anti-parallel (in anti-ferromagnets) state of neighboring magnetic moments
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# Magnetic domain
## Domain structure {#domain_structure}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|How dividing a ferromagnetic material into magnetic domains reduces the magnetostatic energy
### Why domains form {#why_domains_form}
The reason a piece of magnetic material such as iron spontaneously divides into separate domains, rather than exist in a state with magnetization in the same direction throughout the material, is to minimize its internal energy. A large region of ferromagnetic material with a constant magnetization throughout will create a large magnetic field extending into the space outside itself *(diagram a)*. This requires a lot of *magnetostatic energy* stored in the field. To reduce this energy, the sample can split into two domains, with the magnetization in opposite directions in each domain *(diagram b)*. The magnetic field lines pass in loops in opposite directions through each domain, reducing the field outside the material. To reduce the field energy further, each of these domains can split also, resulting in smaller parallel domains with magnetization in alternating directions, with smaller amounts of field outside the material.
The domain structure of actual magnetic materials does not usually form by the process of large domains splitting into smaller ones as described here. When a sample is cooled below the Curie temperature, for example, the equilibrium domain configuration simply appears. But domains can split, and the description of domains splitting is often used to reveal the energy tradeoffs in domain formation.
### Size of domains {#size_of_domains}
As explained above a domain which is too big is unstable, and will divide into smaller domains. But a small enough domain will be stable and will not split, and this determines the size of the domains created in a material. This size depends on the balance of several energies within the material. Each time a region of magnetization splits into two domains, it creates a domain wall between the domains, where magnetic dipoles (molecules) with magnetization pointing in different directions are adjacent. The exchange interaction which creates the magnetization is a force which tends to align nearby dipoles so they point in the same direction. Forcing adjacent dipoles to point in different directions requires energy. Therefore, a domain wall requires extra energy, called the domain wall energy, which is proportional to the area of the wall.
Thus the net amount that the energy is reduced when a domain splits is equal to the difference between the magnetic field energy saved, and the additional energy required to create the domain wall. The field energy is proportional to the cube of the domain size, while the domain wall energy is proportional to the square of the domain size. So as the domains get smaller, the net energy saved by splitting decreases. The domains keep dividing into smaller domains until the energy cost of creating an additional domain wall is just equal to the field energy saved. Then the domains of this size are stable. In most materials the domains are microscopic in size, around 10^−4^ - 10^−6^ m.
### Magnetic anisotropy {#magnetic_anisotropy}
An additional way for the material to further reduce its magnetostatic energy is to form domains with magnetization at right angles to the other domains *(diagram c)*, instead of just in opposing parallel directions. These domains, called *flux closure domains*, allow the field lines to turn 180° within the material, forming closed loops entirely within the material, reducing the magnetostatic energy to zero. However, forming these domains incurs two additional energy costs. First, the crystal lattice of most magnetic materials has magnetic anisotropy, which means it has an \"easy\" direction of magnetization, parallel to one of the crystal axes. Changing the magnetization of the material to any other direction takes additional energy, called the \"*magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy*\".
### Magnetostriction
The other energy cost to creating domains with magnetization at an angle to the \"easy\" direction is caused by the phenomenon called magnetostriction. When the magnetization of a piece of magnetic material is changed to a different direction, it causes a slight change in its shape. The change in magnetic field causes the magnetic dipole molecules to change shape slightly, making the crystal lattice longer in one dimension and shorter in other dimensions. However, since the magnetic domain is \"squished in\" with its boundaries held rigid by the surrounding material, it cannot actually change shape. So instead, changing the direction of the magnetization induces tiny mechanical stresses in the material, requiring more energy to create the domain. This is called \"*magnetoelastic anisotropy energy*\".
To form these closure domains with \"sideways\" magnetization requires additional energy due to the aforementioned two factors. So flux closure domains will only form where the magnetostatic energy saved is greater than the sum of the \"exchange energy\" to create the domain wall, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, and the magnetoelastic anisotropy energy. Therefore, most of the volume of the material is occupied by domains with magnetization either \"up\" or \"down\" along the \"easy\" direction, and the flux closure domains only form in small areas at the edges of the other domains where they are needed to provide a path for magnetic field lines to change direction *(diagram c, above)*.
### Grain structure {#grain_structure}
The above describes magnetic domain structure in a perfect crystal lattice, such as would be found in a single crystal of iron. However most magnetic materials are polycrystalline, composed of microscopic crystalline grains. These grains are *not* the same as domains. Each grain is a little crystal, with the crystal lattices of separate grains oriented in random directions. In most materials, each grain is big enough to contain several domains. Each crystal has an \"easy\" axis of magnetization, and is divided into domains with the axis of magnetization parallel to this axis, in alternate directions.
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# Magnetic domain
## Domain structure {#domain_structure}
### \"Magnetized\" states {#magnetized_states}
It can be seen from the above discussion that, although on a microscopic scale almost all the magnetic dipoles in a piece of ferromagnetic material are lined up parallel to their neighbors in domains, creating strong *local* magnetic fields, energy minimization results in a domain structure that minimizes the *large-scale* magnetic field. In its lowest energy state, the magnetization of neighboring domains point in different directions, confining the field lines to microscopic loops between neighboring domains within the material, so the combined fields cancel at a distance. Therefore, a bulk piece of ferromagnetic material in its lowest energy state has little or no external magnetic field. The material is said to be \"unmagnetized\".
However, the domains can also exist in other configurations in which their magnetization mostly points in the same direction, creating an external magnetic field. Although these are not minimum energy configurations, due to a phenomenon where the domain walls become \"pinned\" to defects in the crystal lattice they can be *local* minimums of the energy, and therefore can be very stable. Applying an external magnetic field to the material can make the domain walls move, causing the domains aligned with the field to grow, and the opposing domains to shrink. When the external field is removed, the domain walls remain pinned in their new orientation and the aligned domains produce a magnetic field. This is what happens when a piece of ferromagnetic material is \"magnetized\" and becomes a permanent magnet.
Heating a magnet, subjecting it to vibration by hammering it, or applying a rapidly oscillating magnetic field from a degaussing coil, tends to pull the domain walls free from their pinned states, and they will return to a lower energy configuration with less external magnetic field, thus \"demagnetizing\" the material.
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# Magnetic domain
## Landau-Lifshitz energy equation {#landau_lifshitz_energy_equation}
The contributions of the different internal energy factors described above is expressed by the free energy equation proposed by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz in 1935, which forms the basis of the modern theory of magnetic domains. The domain structure of a material is the one which minimizes the Gibbs free energy of the material. For a crystal of magnetic material, this is the Landau-Lifshitz free energy, *E*, which is the sum of these energy terms:
$$E = E_{ex} + E_D + E_{\lambda} + E_k + E_H\,$$
where
- ***E~ex~*** is **exchange energy**: This is the energy due to the exchange interaction between magnetic dipole molecules in ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials. It is lowest when the dipoles are all pointed in the same direction, so it is responsible for magnetization of magnetic materials. When two domains with different directions of magnetization are next to each other, at the domain wall between them magnetic dipoles pointed in different directions lie next to each other, increasing this energy. This additional exchange energy is proportional to the total area of the domain walls.
- ***E~D~*** is **magnetostatic energy**: This is a self-energy, due to the interaction of the magnetic field created by the magnetization in some part of the sample on other parts of the same sample. It is dependent on the volume occupied by the magnetic field extending outside the domain. This energy is reduced by minimizing the length of the loops of magnetic field lines outside the domain. For example, this tends to encourage the magnetization to be parallel to the surfaces of the sample, so the field lines won\'t pass outside the sample. Reducing this energy is the main reason for the creation of magnetic domains.
- ***E~λ~*** is **magnetoelastic anisotropy energy**: This energy is due to the effect of magnetostriction, a slight change in the dimensions of the crystal when magnetized. This causes elastic strains in the lattice, and the direction of magnetization that minimizes these strain energies will be favored. This energy tends to be minimized when the axis of magnetization of the domains in a crystal are all parallel.
- ***E~k~*** is **magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy**: Due to its magnetic anisotropy, the crystal lattice is \"easy\" to magnetize in one direction, and \"hard\" to magnetize in others. This energy is minimized when the magnetization is along the \"easy\" crystal axis, so the magnetization of most of the domains in a crystal grain tend to be in either direction along the \"easy\" axis. Since the crystal lattice in separate grains of the material is usually oriented in different random directions, this causes the dominant domain magnetization in different grains to be pointed in different directions.
- ***E~H~*** is **Zeeman energy**: This is energy which is added to or subtracted from the magnetostatic energy, due to the interaction between the magnetic material and an externally applied magnetic field. It is proportional to the negative of the cosine of the angle between the field and magnetization vectors. Domains with their magnetic field oriented parallel to the applied field reduce this energy, while domains with their magnetic field oriented opposite to the applied field increase this energy. So applying a magnetic field to a ferromagnetic material generally causes the domain walls to move so as to increase the size of domains lying mostly parallel to the field, at the cost of decreasing the size of domains opposing the field. This is what happens when ferromagnetic materials are \"magnetized\". With a strong enough external field, the domains opposing the field will be swallowed up and disappear; this is called saturation.
Some sources define a wall energy *E~W~* equal to the sum of the exchange energy and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, which replaces *E~ex~* and *E~k~* in the above equation.
A stable domain structure is a magnetization function ***M***(***x***), considered as a continuous vector field, which minimizes the total energy *E* throughout the material. To find the minimums a variational method is used, resulting in a set of nonlinear differential equations, called *Brown\'s equations* after William Fuller Brown Jr. Although in principle these equations can be solved for the stable domain configurations ***M**\'\'(***x**\'\'), in practice only the simplest examples can be solved. Analytic solutions do not exist, and numerical solutions calculated by the finite element method are computationally intractable because of the large difference in scale between the domain size and the wall size. Therefore, micromagnetics has evolved approximate methods which assume that the magnetization of dipoles in the bulk of the domain, away from the wall, all point in the same direction, and numerical solutions are only used near the domain wall, where the magnetization is changing rapidly.
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# Magnetic domain
## Domain imaging techniques {#domain_imaging_techniques}
There are a number of microscopy methods that can be used to visualize the magnetization at the surface of a magnetic material, revealing the magnetic domains. Each method has a different application because not all domains are the same. In magnetic materials, domains can be circular, square, irregular, elongated, and striped, all of which have varied sizes and dimensions.
### Magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) {#magneto_optic_kerr_effect_moke}
Large domains, within the range of 25-100 micrometers can be easily seen by Kerr microscopy, which uses the magneto-optic Kerr effect, which is the rotation of the polarization of light reflected from a magnetized surface.
### Lorentz microscopy {#lorentz_microscopy}
Lorentz microscopy is a collection of transmission electron microscopy techniques used to study magnetic domain structures down to the nanoscale. Most common techniques include Fresnel mode, Foucault mode and low-angle electron diffraction (LAD) in parallel beam TEM mode, and differential phase contrast (DPC) in scanning TEM mode. Off-axis electron holography is a related technique used to observe magnetic structures by detecting nanoscale magnetic fields.
### Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) {#magnetic_force_microscopy_mfm}
Another technique for viewing sub-microscopic domain structures down to a scale of a few nanometers is magnetic force microscopy. MFM is a form of atomic force microscopy that uses a magnetically coated probe tip to scan the sample surface.
### Bitter method {#bitter_method}
Bitter patterns are a technique for imaging magnetic domains that were first observed by Francis Bitter. The technique involves placing a small quantity of ferrofluid on the surface of a ferromagnetic material. The ferrofluid arranges itself along magnetic domain walls, which have higher magnetic flux than the regions of the material located within domains. A modified Bitter technique has been incorporated into a widely used device, the Large Area Domain Viewer, which is particularly useful in the examination of grain-oriented silicon steels. `{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header = Magneto-optical images of different domain structures
| width = 200
| image1 = CMOS Domänen Formgedächtnislegierung.jpg
| alt1 = Domain structure of a [[shape-memory alloy]] (recorded using CMOS-MagView)
| caption1 = Domain structure of a [[shape-memory alloy]] (recorded using CMOS-MagView)
| image2 = CMOS Mäanderdomänen.jpg
| alt2 = Domain structure of an exemplary meander domain (recorded using CMOS-MagView)
| caption2 = Domain structure of an exemplary meander domain (recorded using CMOS-MagView)
| image3 = CMOS magnetische Blasendomänen
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# Nakayama Grand Jump
The **Nakayama Grand Jump** (中山グランドジャンプ) is a Japanese horse racing steeplechase, held at Nakayama Racecourse every year in mid-April. It is for thoroughbreds, four years old and older, run at a distance of 4250m (2 5/8 miles + 84 feet).
With a purse of over 142,660,000 yen, (about US\$1.3 million), the Nakayama Grand Jump is one of the richest steeplechase races in the world. Held as \"Nakayama Daishogai spring\" until 1998, it was first run in 1999 as a 4100m race. It is one of two Grade I steeplechase races on Japanese turf, beside the Nakayama Daishogai, which slightly reconfigures the same racecourse.
The race is run on Nakayama\'s steeplechase course, which follows a twisted path on the racecourse interior over a series of jumps, inclines and declines. The dirt course is also crossed several times. On the final lap, with about 1200 m (3/4 mile) remaining, horses enter the outer turf course along the backstretch for the race\'s final three jumps. Since the inauguration of the race in 1999, it has been won by five foreign runners: St Steven (New Zealand 2002), Karasi (Australia 2005, 2006, 2007) and Blackstairmountain (Ireland 2013).
## Winners
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| Year\ | Winner\ | Age\ | Jockey\ | Trainer\ | Owner\ | Time\ |
+===========+====================+======+======================+=================+=============================+=========+
| 1999(\*1) | Mejiro Pharaoh | 6 | Takashi Oehara | Yokichi Okubo | Mejiro Shoji co. | 4:56.2 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2000 | Gokai | 7 | Yoshiyuki Yokoyama | Hiroyuki Gohara | Kei Yoshihashi | 4:43.1 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2001 | Gokai | 8 | Yoshiyuki Yokoyama | Hiroyuki Gohara | Kei Yoshihashi | 4:52.3 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2002 | St Steven | 8 | Craig Thornton | John Wheeler | John Wheeler | 4:50.9 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2003 | Big Taste | 5 | Katsuyoshi Tsuneishi | Tadashi Nakao | Big co. | 4:48.9 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2004 | Blandices | 7 | Takashi Oehara | Tatsuo Fujiwara | Sunday Racing Co. Ltd. | 4:47.0 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2005 | Karasi | 10 | Brett Scott | Eric Musgrove | Pearse Morgan | 4:50.4 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2006 | Karasi | 11 | Brett Scott | Eric Musgrove | Pearse Morgan | 4:50.8 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2007 | Karasi | 12 | Brett Scott | Eric Musgrove | Pearse Morgan | 4:50.4 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2008 | Maruka Rascal | 6 | Makoto Nishitani | Yutaka Masumoto | Kawacho Sangyo | 4:57.7 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2009 | Spring Ghent | 9 | Yuzo Shirahama | Akihiko Nomura | Haruo Kato | 4:49.1 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2010 | Merci Mont Saint | 5 | Yosuke Kono | Kohei Take | Mitsuishi Farm | 5:03.5 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2011(\*2) | Meiner Neos | 8 | Daichi Shibata | Ryuichi Inaba | K Thoroughbred Club Ruffian | 4:51.6 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2012 | Majesty Bio | 5 | Daichi Shibata | Tsuyoshi Tanaka | Bio Co. Ltd. | 5:02.9 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2013 | Blackstairmountain | 8 | Ruby Walsh | Willie Mullins | Susannah Ricci | 4:50.5 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2014 | Apollo Maverick | 5 | Yusuke Igarashi | Masahiro Horii | Apollo Thoroughbred Club | 4:50.7 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2015 | Up To Date | 5 | Mitsuaki Hayashi | Shozo Sasaki | Kazuo Imanishi | 4:46.6 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2016 | Oju Chosan | 5 | Shinichi Ishigami | Shoichiro Wada | Chosan Co Ltd | 4:49.64 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2017 | Oju Chosan | 6 | Shinichi Ishigami | Shoichiro Wada | Chosan Co Ltd | 4:50.8 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2018 | Oju Chosan | 7 | Shinichi Ishigami | Shoichiro Wada | Chosan Co Ltd | 4:43.0 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2019 | Oju Chosan | 8 | Shinichi Ishigami | Shoichiro Wada | Chosan Co Ltd | 4:47.6 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2020 | Oju Chosan | 9 | Shinichi Ishigami | Shoichiro Wada | Chosan Co Ltd | 5:02.9 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2021 | Meisho Dassai | 8 | Kazuma Mori | Yuji Iida | Yoshio Matsumoto | 4:50.1 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2022 | Oju Chosan | 11 | Shinichi Ishigami | Shoichiro Wada | Chosan Co Ltd | 4:52.3 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2023 | Irogotoshi | 6 | Yu Kuroiwa | Kazuya Makita | Gensho Uchida | 4:54.1 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2024 | Irogotoshi | 7 | Yu Kuroiwa | Kazuya Makita | Gensho Uchida | 4:47.2 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
| 2025 | Ecoro Duel | 6 | Taro Kusano | Takaki Iwato | Masatoshi Haramura | 4:50.5 |
+-----------+--------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+---------+
- (\*1):The 1999 race was open to Japanese trained horses only.
- (\*2):As a result of 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the 2011 race was postponed to July 2, and run over a distance of 4260m. For this year only, three-year-olds were allowed to enter the race. The weight conditions were changed to 61.5 kg for three-year-olds and 63.5 for four-year-olds or above
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# Stenhouse Bay, South Australia
Stenhouse}} `{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Australian English|date=June 2013}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox Australian place
| type = other
| name = Stenhouse Bay
| state = sa
| image = Yorke Peninsula 024.jpg
| coordinates = {{coord|35|17|0|S|136|56|0|E|display=inline,title}}
|coord_ref = <ref name=PLB-stenhouse>{{cite web|title=Search result for "STENHOUSE BAY (LOCU)" (Record no SA0032098) with the following layers being selected – "Suburbs and Localities", "Local Government Areas" and "Place names (gazetteer)" |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#|work=Property Location Browser|publisher= Government of South Australia |accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref>
| pushpin_label_position =
| lga = Yorke Peninsula Council
| postcode = 5575<ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title=Stenhouse Bay, South Australia|url=http://www.postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/adelaide/stenhouse+bay |publisher=Postcodes Australia|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>
| est = 1920
| elevation = 5.2
| pop_year =
| pop_footnotes =
| timezone = [[UTC9:30|ACST]]
| utc = +9:30
| timezone-dst = [[UTC10:30|ACST]]
| utc-dst = +10:30
| maxtemp = 20.4
| mintemp = 13
| rainfall = 443
| stategov = [[Electoral district of Goyder|Goyder]]<ref name=ECSA>{{cite web|title=Goyder electorate boundaries as of 2014|url=http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/?task=document.download&id=222&Itemid=0 |publisher=ELECTORAL COMMISSION SA|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref>
| fedgov = [[Division of Grey|Grey]]<ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Federal electoral division of Grey|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-grey.pdf |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>
| dist1 = 156
| dir1 =
| location1= [[Adelaide city centre]]<ref name=postcode/>
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Stenhouse Bay** is a place in the Australian state of South Australia near the south-west extremity of the Yorke Peninsula located in the gazetted locality of Inneston about 156 km west of the state capital of Adelaide.
## Naming
Stenhouse Bay was named after Andrew Stenhouse who was a principal of the Permasite Manufacturing Co Pty Ltd which held \"leases for the harvesting of gypsum north of Cape Spencer."
Since 1999, it has been located within the locality of Inneston. Its official status as of 2013 is that of a \'locality unbounded\' which is listed on the South Australian place name gazetteer with the advice that it is \"not to be used as an address\".
## History
### Gypsum works {#gypsum_works}
The Waratah Gypsum Company had works here for the quarrying and exporting of rock gypsum. Gypsum after being washed, roasted and ground, was used in the manufacturing of plaster of paris and cement. The quality of the gypsum in this area was exceptionally high class and most of Australia\'s needs were supplied from here.
The Waratah Gypsum Company closed its works and the town was sold to the South Australian Government which demolished the town except for the few houses required for the rangers of the National Parks and Wildlife Organization who look after Innes National Park.
### National park {#national_park}
### Weather station {#weather_station}
Stenhouse Bay has been the site of an automatic weather station since 20 November 1995.
## Climate
## Innes Park Trading Post and Rhino\'s Tavern {#innes_park_trading_post_and_rhinos_tavern}
After almost 60 years, the shop at Stenhouse Bay, trading in recent years as Innes Park Trading Post and Rhino\'s Tavern, was demolished before Christmas in 2013.
The iconic trading post and tavern was closed and fenced off just before the peak Christmas period. Park visitors must now travel 5 km out of the park back to Marion Bay for fuel, camping goods and a restaurant meal. The closure meant the department lost between \$30,000 and \$50,000 in annual lease revenue.
<File:Rhino> Head, Stenhouse Bay
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# Beyond the Pale (Fiona album)
***Beyond the Pale*** is the second studio album by American rock singer and actress Fiona. It was originally released in 1986 through Atlantic Records on vinyl and cassette only; a CD edition was reissued in 2004 through Wounded Bird Records, followed by a remaster in 2014 through Rock Candy Records.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
In a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Andrew Hamlin awarded *Beyond the Pale* 2.5 stars out of 5, describing it as {{\" \'}}80s pop, \[with\] gated drums, and synthesizer stabs punctuated with \'80s metal guitar.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Credits are adapted from the *Beyond the Pale* liner notes
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# John Holman (NASCAR owner)
**John Holman** (November 9, 1918 -- December 28, 1975) was an American NASCAR owner. He is most famous for his co-ownership of two time NASCAR championship team Holman-Moody with Ralph Moody.
## Early career {#early_career}
He was born in Nashville, Tennessee and grew up in Wooster, Ohio. After the start of World War II, Holman began a career as a tool and die maker and as a shipyard worker. After the war, he became a trucker. He assembled a Mack truck between shipments. He was hired in 1952 by Clay Smith and Bill Stroppe to drive their parts truck to each leg of the 1952 Mexican Road Race, and to stay ahead of the racing team. The team won the race, and they hired Holman as a full-time mechanic and parts man after the race to work in their Long Beach, California shop. Smith was killed in a racing accident at DuQuoin, Illinois in 1954, and Stroppe took over. Holman continued to work for him until 1956. Holman was hired by Ford Motor Company to run their factory shop in Charlotte.
## Holman-Moody {#holman_moody}
Ralph Moody was the mechanic, manager, and star driver of 1925 Indianapolis 500 winner Pete DePaolo\'s Ford factory-sponsored stockcar racing facility in Charlotte, North Carolina. The drivers formed a partnership after the American Manufacturers\' Association banned Ford\'s factory partication in stockcar racing in June 1957. The move unemployed both men. They decided to pool their resources, and formed Holman-Moody. The team became one of the winningest teams in NASCAR history, after racking up 92 wins and two championships before Moody sold his interests to Holman.
Ironically, Holman-Moody invested in the Bill Stroppe organization in 1965 and the Long Beach facility at 2190 Temple Avenue became Holman-Moody-Stroppe.
Holman died of a heart attack in 1975 while testing a new intercooler
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# Spiegel (surname)
**Spiegel** is a surname of German origin. In German language Spiegel means mirror.
Spiegel is an ancient German Christian surname. Family tradition says it was taken from a town or lake named Spiegel. There is a small community south of Munich named Spiegel. The name Spiegel goes back to at least the 12th century, when the Spiegel family were barons of Desenburg and Peckelsheim in Hessen; one noted person was Heinrich III Spiegel zum Desenberg (1361--80), Bishop of Paderborn.
There are also a significant number of Jewish people with the surname, and it is said that this name originated from a house sign in the Frankfurt am Main (*Judengasse*) picturing a mirror. The form *Spiegel* is documented in Frankfurt am Main since the 16th century. Variants are *Szpiegel, Schpiegel, Shpi(e)gel, Şpighel*, etc. Family lore, as told by the family of Joseph Spiegel scion of the Spiegel Family of catalogue fame, says that the family name in Germany had been Meyer. Big Meyer, bought a large mirror for the house. When he got it home, it was too big to fit. So, it was leaned against a nearby tree. When people came into the valley, the sun reflected off the mirror. The house became known as the Spiegel house. The family adopted the name.
## People with the surname Spiegel {#people_with_the_surname_spiegel}
- Adam Spiegel aka Spike Jonze (born 1969), American film director
- Arthur Spiegel, Chicago mail-order businessman and early American film studio executive
- Chaike Belchatowska Spiegel (1920--2002), Jewish resistance fighter in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
- David Spiegel (born 1945), son of Herbert Spiegel, American psychiatrist and medical hypnotist
- Edward A. Spiegel (1931--2020), American astrophysicist
- Evan Spiegel (born 1990), American entrepreneur, inventor of Snapchat
- Friedrich (von) Spiegel (1820--1905), an orientalist at the University of Erlangen
- Giora Spiegel (born 1947), a Jewish-Israeli footballer and manager
- Herbert Spiegel (1914--2009), American psychiatrist and medical hypnotist, who treated the woman known as Sybil
- Isaiah Spiegel (1906--1990), Polish and Israeli poet, writer and essayist writing in Yiddish, Holocaust survivor
- Jacob Spiegel (1902--1984), Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
- Joseph Spiegel (1840--1918), founder of Spiegel Catalog
- Laurie Spiegel (born 1945), an American composer
- Marcus M. Spiegel (1829--1864), Colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War
- Murray R. Spiegel (1923--1991), American mathematician
- Paul Spiegel (1937--2006), leader of the Central Council of Jews in Germany
- Sam Spiegel (1901--1985), Polish-born film producer
- Sam Spiegel (musician), American producer/DJ and brother of Spike Jonze
- Samuel A
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# James Cowan (footballer)
**James Cowan** (17 October 1868 -- 12 December 1918) was a Scottish football player and manager, winning five Football League First Division titles and two FA Cup winners medals at Aston Villa and later taking charge of Queens Park Rangers.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Club
Born in Jamestown, Dunbartonshire, Cowan was a half-back who played with local sides Renton and Vale of Leven before moving to England in 1888 to play for the Warwickshire County FC. The following season, he wished to pursue a professional career and joined Aston Villa and spent 12 years with the Birmingham side.
When Cowan played for the club in the 1890s and early 1900s, they were the giants of the Football League. While at Villa, he won five First Division titles (in 1893--94, 1895--96, 1896--97, 1898--99 and 1899--1900) and two FA Cup winners medals (1895 and 1897, after being a beaten finalist in 1892) and played 354 times in all; he is considered to be one of the finest players of the Victorian era. For four years, his younger brother John also played for Aston Villa.
### International
Cowan was selected for Scotland on three occasions, in 1896 being one of a group of five men who were the first to be selected while playing for an English club, in the process becoming Aston Villa\'s first international for that nation. Controversy dogged him after a disappointing performance in a defeat England in 1898, in which he was the Scottish captain; it emerged that he had not been fit to play through illness (possibly alcohol-related), and both the player and the selection committee were heavily criticised in the press for failing to replace him before the match began. He was not selected for international duties again.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
After retiring from playing in 1902, he coached the young players at Villa for a few years before deciding to accept the role of manager of Queens Park Rangers in 1907. QPR had just moved to a new ground designed By Archibald Leitch at Park Royal and Cowan was the club\'s first official manager. In his initial season he led them to the Southern League title and held Manchester United to a fine 1-1 draw in the Charity Shield.
Four years later he led QPR to another Southern League title. Off-the-field problems however prevented him from leading the club into the Football League. Prior to the start of the 1913--14 season he offered his resignation on the grounds of ill health which the directors accepted. He died at St Bartholomew\'s Hospital, London, in December 1918.
## Other sports {#other_sports}
In 1890 Cowan played professional baseball for Aston Villa in the National League of Baseball of Great Britain.
He was renowned for his speed. On one occasion he missed a Villa match due to his attending (and winning) the illustrious 100 yard New Year Sprint event held at Powderhall. The club fined him but he still made a healthy profit due to the prize money.
## Managerial statistics {#managerial_statistics}
Nat
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# Cahuilla traditional narratives
**Cahuilla traditional narratives** include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Cahuilla people of the Colorado Desert and Peninsular Ranges of southern California.
Cahuilla oral literature has much in common with the traditions of the other Takic-speaking groups of southern California and with the Yumans of southern California, western Arizona, and northern Baja California. (*See also* Traditional narratives (Native California)
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# The Plague (2006 film)
***The Plague**\'\' (also known as***Clive Barker\'s The Plague**\'\') is a 2006 horror movie directed by Hal Masonberg and written by Masonberg and Teal Minton. It was produced by Clive Barker.
## Plot
On one day in 1983, every single child younger than the age of nine simultaneously becomes catatonic. For the next ten years, every child is born in a state of catatonia. During this state, the children experience seizures twice a day, which develops and maintains muscle mass.
In 1993, all the children awaken simultaneously in a zombie-like state, and begin pursuing, attacking and murdering all adults. The children have both superhuman strength and some kind of collective intelligence - what one learns, they all learn.
The children\'s tactics quickly become more sophisticated. They disable the engines in almost every car and build roadblocks to stop the adults from escaping. Then they learn how to use firearms. The children also take the souls of the ones they kill. Tom, his ex-wife Jean, and a few other people form a team and try to survive, but all are killed gradually except for Tom. and Jean. In the end, the children disappear with Tom.
## Cast
- James Van Der Beek as Tom Russell
- Ivana Miličević as Jean Raynor
- Brad Hunt as Sam Raynor
- Joshua Close as Kip
- Brittany Scobie as Claire
- Bradley Sawatzky as Nathan Burgandy
- John P. Connolly as Sheriff Cal Stewart
- Dee Wallace as Nora
- John Ted Wynne as Dr. Jenkins
- Arne McPherson as David
## Release
The Region 1 DVD was released September 5, 2006. *The Plague: Writer\'s & Director\'s Cut*, exists but has, to date, has remained unreleased.
## Reception
Bloody Disgusting rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, \"But even as the premise of The Plague continues to titillate and intrigue, the film can't quite deliver on its promise, rendering it slightly entertaining and ultimately forgettable.\" Steve Barton of Dread Central rated it 2/5 stars and wrote, \"Clive Barker may have in some way produced this mess and lent his name to it, but rest assured there's nothing Barker-esque about it. All that\'s here is a giant missed opportunity which --- pardon the really bad, yet fitting pun --- you should avoid like the plague.\" Scott Weinberg of DVD Talk rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote that it does not live up the premise, instead \"devolving into yet another (and very stale) zombie-type chase thriller\". David Johnson of DVD Verdict wrote, \"*The Plague* is an inscrutable movie that starts out strong, but loses forward momentum, eventually grinding to an awkward halt
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# If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out
\"**If You Want To Sing Out, Sing Out**\" is a popular song by Cat Stevens. It first appeared in the 1971 film *Harold and Maude*.
Stevens wrote all the songs in *Harold and Maude* in 1970--1971, during the time he was writing and recording his *Tea for the Tillerman* album. However, \"If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out\" and two other songs from that period were not released as singles nor placed on any album at that time. No official soundtrack was released from the film at that time. The song was finally released later on Stevens\' 1984 album, *Footsteps in the Dark: Greatest Hits, Vol. 2* along with his other previously unreleased songs. In addition, it appeared on the UK edition of his 2003 album *The Very Best of Cat Stevens*.
## Official soundtrack (2007) {#official_soundtrack_2007}
The first official soundtrack album to the film was released in December 2007, by Vinyl Films Records, as a vinyl-only limited edition release of 2500 copies. It contained a 30-page oral history of the making of the film, the most extensive series of interviews yet conducted on *Harold and Maude*.
## Other appearances in other media {#other_appearances_in_other_media}
In 2007, a rendition of \"Sing Out\" appeared in the film *Charlie Bartlett*.
The song is featured in the TV shows *My Name Is Earl* and *Ray Donovan*.
It was featured as the 2nd song of Rodney Mullen\'s skateboarding part in the Plan B video, *Questionable*.
The song is also the theme to the BBC Radio sitcom *North by Northamptonshire*.
As of fall 2016, the song appears in a commercial for the 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee.
## Cover versions {#cover_versions}
- The song has been covered by Bloomington, Indiana\'s folk punk pioneers Ghost Mice under the shortened title \"Sing Out\".
- The song has been covered by Death By Chocolate in 2001, on their first, self-titled album
- In August 2009, Yusuf Islam approved his original recording of the song for use in a T Mobile television commercial. Wyclef Jean also made an upbeat remix of the song for a later T Mobile commercial that aired in December 2009.
- Folk music/bluegrass band Rani Arbo and Daisy Mayhem covered the song for their 2010 album *Ranky Tanky*.
- The song has also been covered by Amanda Palmer.
- The song has been covered by Jim Gill on his 1995 children\'s album *Jim Gill Makes It Noisy In Boise, Idaho*.
- German bitpop band Welle: Erdball covered the song on their album *Der Kalte Krieg* (2011).
- The song was covered by James Marsden, Ariana Greenblatt and Jacob Collier in the 2021 animated feature *The Boss Baby: Family Business*
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# Highlands Natural Pool
The **Highlands Natural Pool** is a recreational outdoor swimming pool that is fed by stream water from the Wyanokie Highlands in the Norvin Green State Forest. The pool is located in Ringwood, New Jersey, United States. The pool is not chemically treated, contains aquatic life, and is surrounded by gardens, trees and plenty of shade. Annual memberships and daily visitors passes are available to the general public.
## History
In 1921, Camp Midvale was founded as a haven for working people seeking refuge, recreation, community, and nature by a group of outdoor enthusiasts called the Nature Friends (Naturfreunde). In 1935, Nature Friends volunteers carved the present swimming pool out of the hillside by hand.
In 1974, the Metropolitan Recreation Association, a successor group of the Nature Friends, donated the Camp Midvale property to the Ethical Culture Society, because they were unable to financially maintain it, and most of the wooded area of over 100 acre was placed under the New Jersey Green Acres program, to be preserved from development in perpetuity.
Ethical Culture members Walter and May Weis endowed money to the remaining developed part of the property in order to realize their dream of preserving land for the purpose of environmental education. Thus the Weis Ecology Center (WEC), a private, non-profit organization, was created to offer the public a unique opportunity to learn about the Northern New Jersey Highlands Region.
The WEC was then taken over by the New Jersey Audubon Society who closed the pool in 1994.
In 1995, New Jersey Audubon agreed to allow the community to open the pool and in 1996, The Community Association of the Highlands incorporated, reopening the site as the Highlands Natural Pool. In 1998, NJAS/WEC formally donated the pool to the community.
## Operation
The pool is generally open to the public on weekends from Memorial Day until July, daily through Labor Day, and on weekends in September. Annual memberships and daily visitor passes are available to the general public.
Lifeguards are on duty during pool hours. Amenities include a shower, changing rooms, restrooms, a picnic grove, and a small concession stand selling snacks and drinks. Alcohol is prohibited on pool grounds. To help preserve the sense of nature surrounding the pool, no radios or amplified music are allowed
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# Hawala scandal
The **Hawala scandal**, also called the **Jain Diaries case** or the **hawala scam**, was an Indian political and financial scandal involving payments allegedly sent by politicians (black money) through four hawala brokers, namely the Jain brothers. It was a US\$18 million bribery scandal that implicated some of the country\'s leading politicians.
The Jain Hawala story was broken by two Delhi-based journalists Ram Bahadur Rai and Rajesh Joshi, working for the Hindi daily Jansatta, and then by Vineet Narain, a journalist who filed a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India.
## Events
In 1991, an arrest linked to militants in Kashmir led to a raid on hawala brokers, revealing evidence of large-scale payments to national politicians. On 25 March 1991, as per the court proceedings published by the Supreme court of India, Ashfak Hussain Lone, a person alleged to be an official of the terrorist organisation Hizbul Mujahideen, was arrested in Delhi. During his interrogation, the police learnt that his organisation was funded through hawala, using Surendra Kumar Jain and his family as a conduit. Based on this and further information received during Lone\'s interrogation, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) conducted raids on the premises of Surendra Kumar Jain, his brothers, relatives and businesses. During the raids, the CBI seized Indian and foreign currency, two diaries and two note books at the premises. These diaries contained detailed accounts of vast payments made to people, identified only by initials, who were high ranking politicians, both in power and out of power, and of high ranking bureaucrats. At this stage, the investigation stopped at the CBI and neither the Jains, nor the contents of their diaries were investigated. Meanwhile, officers of the CBI involved in the investigation were transferred to other places by orders from ruling politicians. However, the case continued to make headlines in the news media, as it was pursued by a few journalists.
On 4 October 1993, writ petitions were filed in the Supreme court of India, on public interest under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution. They contained allegations that Government agencies like the CBI and the revenue authorities had failed to perform their duties and legal obligations as they had \"failed to investigate matters arising out of the seizure of the \"Jain diaries\"; that the apprehension of terrorists had led to the discovery of financial support to them by clandestine and illegal means using tainted funds obtained through \'hawala\' transactions; that this had also disclosed a nexus between politicians, bureaucrats and criminals, who were recipients of money from unlawful sources, given for unlawful consideration that the CBI and other Government agencies had failed to investigate the matter, take it to its logical conclusion and prosecute all persons who were found to have committed an offence; that this was done with a view to protect the persons involved, who were very influential and powerful; that the matter disclosed a nexus between crime and corruption at high places in public life and it posed a serious threat to the integrity, security and economy of the nation; that probity in public life, the rule of law and the preservation of democracy required that the Government agencies compelled to duly perform their legal obligations and to proceed in accordance with law against every person involved, irrespective of where he was placed in the political hierarchy.\" In India, the Hawala method is an illegal method of transacting in foreign currency. It is illegal and contentious due to two reasons. Firstly, it is highly secretive as it does not reveal the identity of people on either side of the transaction, even to the hawala operators. Secondly, it violates the FERA regulations of India as it does not use approved channels of regular banks for foreign currency transactions. However, it is often used in India for two reasons. Firstly, to transfer legally earned salaries (example: by ordinary workers overseas in Saudi Arabia and UAE) to their hometowns, as hawala transaction costs are a fraction of banks, and hawala operators can be found in the smallest villages of India. Secondly, by politicians, bureaucrats and nefarious elements to transfer corruption money.
## Discovery of involvement of politicians {#discovery_of_involvement_of_politicians}
Those accused included L. K. Advani, V. C. Shukla, Devi Lal, Sharad Yadav, Balram Jakhar, and Madan Lal Khurana. and an entrepreneur from Hyderabad Anwar Alvi.The list contained politicians from multiple political parties including BJP, INC, SJP and Janata Dal, and one independent, with amounts varying between Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 7.5 crore. The prosecution that followed was partly prompted by a public interest petition (see Vineet Narain), but the court cases of the Hawala scandal eventually all collapsed without convictions. Many were acquitted in 1997 and 1998, partly because the hawala records (including diaries) were judged in court to be inadequate as the main evidence. The Central Bureau of Investigation\'s role was criticized. In concluding the Vineet Narain case, the Supreme Court of India directed that the Central Vigilance Commission should be given a supervisory role over the CBI.
L. K. Advani resigned because of the scandal. Later in June 2015 he said, \"I quit over Hawala because I listened to my conscience\". This statement was seen as a \"veiled message\" to Lalit Modi to also take moral responsibility over Modigate scandal.
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# Hawala scandal
## Supreme court decision {#supreme_court_decision}
The Supreme Court proceedings did not relate to the hawala case per se but rather to the suspicious transfer of the CBI Director Joginder Singh and the rampant misuse of political power to curb the investigations of the CBI and Revenue department. In its judgment, delivered on 18 December 1997, the court, through Judges S.P. Bharucha and S.C. Sen, gave a ruling consisting of a 26 points list of pronouncements, the most important of which made it impossible for politicians in the government to remove the Director of the CBI for 2 years, thus ensuring that the CBI and its officers would have freedom to carry out their work without political interference
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# Association of Science and Technology Centers
The **Association of Science and Technology Centers** (**ASTC**) is a non-profit, global organization based in Washington, D.C., in the United States, that provides professional support for science centers, museums, and related institutions. ASTC\'s goal is to increase awareness of the contributions its members make to their communities and the field of informal STEM learning.
Founded in 1973, ASTC now represents nearly 700 members in almost 50 countries, including not only science centers and museums, but also nature centers, aquariums, planetariums, zoos, botanical gardens, and natural history and children\'s museums, as well as companies, consultants, and other organizations that share an interest in informal science education.
## Member programs {#member_programs}
### Passport Program {#passport_program}
ASTC member institutions can participate in ASTC\'s Passport Program, allowing members of participating institutions to visit other participating institutions for free, provided the member is visiting an institution more than 90 miles from their home institution. More than 300 institutions in over a dozen countries are currently participating in the Passport Program.
### Annual conference {#annual_conference}
Each year, nearly 2,000 individuals representing science centers and museums from across the world, informal science educators, and companies collaborating with the museum field gather for ASTC\'s annual conference.
### Professional development {#professional_development}
ASTC provides professional development opportunities for those who work in science centers and other institutions of informal learning. ASTC\'s professional development services include Communities of Practice (CoP), which provides informal science education professionals with resources and support for connecting with colleagues, convening meetings, and organizing workshops, among other activities.
### ExhibitFiles
ExhibitFiles is an online community of exhibit practitioners building a shared collection of exhibition records and reviews. Community members can connect with colleagues, find out about exhibits, and share their experiences. ExhibitFiles was developed to preserve and share experiences and materials that are often unrecorded, temporary, and hard to locate. Visitors to the site can also search for, and post exhibitions rentals and sales.
### *Dimensions*
ASTC publishes *Dimensions*, which features in-depth analysis of news and trends in the science center and museum field, in addition to articles about noteworthy events and resources. *Dimensions* readers include directors and staff of ASTC-member institutions around the world, as well as those with an interest in informal science education. Until 2020, *Dimensions* was a bimonthly print and online magazine; since mid-2020, it is an exclusively online publication that publishes continuously.
### Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education {#center_for_advancement_of_informal_science_education}
ASTC was home to the **Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education** (CAISE). CAISE supported the informal science education (ISE) community by creating and disseminating resources, as well as encouraging collaboration across the ISE field---including film and broadcast media, science centers and museums, zoos and aquariums, botanical gardens and nature centers, digital media and gaming, science journalism, and youth, community, and after-school programs. Founded in 2007 with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Advancing Informal STEM Learning (AISL) program, CAISE was a partnership among ASTC and several co-principal investigators. CAISE managed the InformalScience.org website, which is a repository of project descriptions, evaluation reports and tools, and research papers and products that are collected and curated to provide informal STEM Learning practitioners with knowledge that can be used when developing new work and seeking potential collaborators
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# Lindsay Benko
**Lindsay Dianne Benko** (born November 29, 1976), known by her married name **Lindsay Mintenko** since 2005, is an American former competition swimmer, two-time Olympian, former world record-holder, and a managing director of USA Swimming. She represented the United States women as a Team Captain at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics, taking a gold medal in freestyle relays both years. She held the short-course world record in the 400-meter freestyle at 3:59.53, for nearly three years from January 2003 to December 2005.
After taking All-American honors swimming for the University of Southern California, where she led the team to their first NCAA National championship in 1997, she served as their Assistant Coach for five years. She was appointed to USA Swimming\'s National Team staff in 2006, and in 2017 became the first woman to hold the position of USA National Team Division Managing Director, which included management responsibilities over both the men\'s and women\'s U.S. Olympic swim teams.
## Early years and education {#early_years_and_education}
Benko attended the Stanley Clark School in South Bend, Indiana, for her elementary education. Upon graduating from Stanley Clark, she attended Elkhart Central High School in Elkhart, Indiana, where she lettered in swimming all four years from 1991 through her graduation in 1995. Lindsay made her reputation dominating the 100- and 200-yard freestyle events, taking eight individual state championship titles in her four-year high school career.
Showing promise early, as only a freshman at Elkhart Central in the 13-14 age group, she was ranked first in the country for the 50-meter freestyle with a time of 26.90 and second in the 100-meter freestyle with a time of 57.77 by United States Swimming. Not surprisingly, during her high school swimming career, she was an Indiana State champion in multiple years in the 100-yard freestyle and retained the record from 1993-2001. She simultaneously held the state record in the 200 freestyle in multiple years, retaining it for the ten-year period from 1991-2011.
At Elkhart, she was \"the first swimmer in IHSAA history to sweep two individual events all four years while piling up All-American honors.\" Swimming for Elkhart Central in Elkhart, she captured the Indiana state title for the 100 free in November 1993, with a time of 50.02. Beginning her senior year in September 1994, Benko held six total state championships, which included a state title as a member of the 4x100 freestyle relay team for Elkhart Central. Lindsay earned All-American honors 10 times at Elkhart Central and received the 1995 Catherine Wolf Award for the outstanding female athlete in the Elkhart Community Schools.
## Swimming career after high school {#swimming_career_after_high_school}
### Swimming at USC {#swimming_at_usc}
At the University of Southern California from 1995-1999, Lindsay was a 21-time All-American swimmer for Hall of Fame Head Coach Mark Schubert. Schubert also served as a U.S. Olympic Coach from 1984-2008, during Lindsay\'s Olympic competition years in 2000 and 2004. During her college years, she won five individual national titles, with three in the 500-yard freestyle and two in the 200-yard backstroke, demonstrating her versatility in a stroke other than freestyle, where she consistently excelled. Many of her titles were in freestyle relays for USC.
### Leading USC to the 1997 NCAA National Championship {#leading_usc_to_the_1997_ncaa_national_championship}
More important than her individual accomplishments, in 1997 she was at the center of USC\'s only NCAA women\'s swimming and diving championship.
Graduating from USC in 1999, with a Bachelor\'s in Communications and a Minor in Business, she acquired the academic background that would soon launch her career in both swim coaching and sports management.
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# Lindsay Benko
## International competition highlights {#international_competition_highlights}
### 2000, 2004 Olympics
At the 2000 Olympics, Benko was a team captain and member of the USA\'s gold-medal-winning 4×200-meter freestyle relay. She had an individual time in her leg of the 4x200 relay of 1:59.34, and the U.S. team\'s combined time set an Olympic record.
Serving again as the U.S. team captain, four years later at the 2004 Olympics, she earned a second gold medal in the 4×200 m freestyle relay and took a silver in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay.
### 2000, 2002, 2004 World Short-course Championships {#world_short_course_championships}
Benko excelled in short-course competition, taking a total of 10 medals including 5 golds at the World Short-Course Championships. Her Short-course World Championship golds individually included one in the 400-meter freestyle in 2000 in Athens and a gold in the 200-meter freestyle and 200-meter backstroke in 2002 in Moscow. In 2004, she took a gold in the 200-meter freestyle, in Indianapolis.
#### Short course records {#short_course_records}
Lindsay set American short course records in the 200, 400, and 800-meter freestyle. She also held World short course Records in the 200 and 400-meter freestyle.
### 1998, 2003, World Aquatics medals {#world_aquatics_medals}
In the World Aquatics Championships, in 1998 in Perth, Australia, she won a silver in the 4x200 Medley Freestyle relay. In 2003 Worlds, she won a gold in the 4x100 meter freestyle relay in Barcelona, as well as in the 4x200 meter freestyle relay. She also won a silver in the 4x100 medley relay.
She was the holder of a world record in short-course for the 400-meter free with a time of 3:59.53 from January 2003 to December 2005.
### 5 Pan Pacific gold medals {#pan_pacific_gold_medals}
In 1997, 1999, and 2002, she won four gold medals in the 100 and 200-meter freestyle relays in the Pan Pacifics, and one in the individual 200-meter freestyle.
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# Lindsay Benko
## Acting career {#acting_career}
In 2000, Benko played herself in an episode of *The Jersey* called \"Sophomore Year.\" In the episode, Morgan Hudson (played by Courtnee Draper) fights to have girls soccer reinstated after it is canceled, and Nick Lighter (played by Michael Galeota) uses a news crew to promote girls soccer and to raise money for the school\'s team with a fundraising car wash.
## Marriage
In Indiana, on Saturday, May 7, 2005, Benko married Canadian swimmer Mike Mintenko, a 2000 and 2004 Olympian and a Canadian record holder in the 50-meter butterfly. She uses her married name professionally.
## Coaching and swimming management, 2001-2023 {#coaching_and_swimming_management_2001_2023}
After five years as an USC assistant coach, she was appointed to the staff of USA Swimming\'s National Team, a position she held from 2006-2017.
During her service on the National Team staff, U.S. swimmers received a total of 95 medals spanning the Olympics in 2008, 2012 and 2016 and captured an additional 177 appearances on podiums in swimming competitions in long-course FINA World Championships from around 2012-2017.
## Managing director, U.S. National Team Division, 2017-2024 {#managing_director_u.s._national_team_division_2017_2024}
On October 18, 2017, she was formally promoted and became the first woman to lead USA Swimming's National Team Division as managing director, a position she would until September 20, 2024, which gave her responsibility over both the U.S. Olympic men and women\'s teams in domestic, world, and Olympic competition. Lindsay was tasked with focusing on athlete and coach development and support for the National Team division.
Likely preparing for a role in swimming management and administration, in 2015, she received her master's degree in Sports Administration from California University of Pennsylvania.
In June, 2022, Mintenko, as U.S. American Team Manager announced that Caleb Dressel would be pulled from the World Swimming Championships in Budapest for medical reasons, ending a World Championship career that had garnered two gold medals.
In September 2023, USA Swimming, under the executive management of Mintenko, announced the appointment of Todd DeSorbo as the Head Coach for the U.S. Olympic Women\'s swim team in the 2024 Paris Olympics, and Anthony Nesty as the Head Coach for the U.S. Olympic Men\'s Swim team.
On September 6, 2024, Mintenko announced during a press release that she would resign from the managing director position effective September 20, 2024, following the resignation of USA Swimming president and CEO, Tim Hinchey. The resignations followed letters written by both the American Swim Coaches Association, or simply ASCA, and USA Swimming\'s coaching advisory board, which expressed the organizations\' lack of confidence in the leadership of USA Swimming.
Swimming her mother\'s signature event, Lindsay\'s daughter Madi Mintenko was a Girl\'s 200-meter freestyle champion at the 2023 Summer Junior Nationals for age group 15-16 with a time of 1:58.07. Her performance was the seventh fastest age-group time in the history of American competition in the event.
## Honors
In 2012, Lindsay was inducted into the University of Southern California Athletic Hall of Fame, and she has also been a member of the Elkhart County Sports Hall of Fame. She is a member of the Indiana High School Athletic Hall of Fame.
She currently resides in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with her husband, Mike, and their two children
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# Heart Like a Gun
***Heart Like a Gun*** is the third studio album by singer Fiona, released on October 2, 1989 through Atlantic Records. It reached #150 on the *Billboard* 200 chart in 1990 and remained charted for sixteen weeks. The album features singer/bassist Kip Winger and drummer Rod Morgenstein from the band Winger, with Kip dueting with Fiona on \"Everything You Do (You\'re Sexing Me)\"
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# Earl Fitzwilliam's private railway
**Earl Fitzwilliam\'s private railway** near Rotherham, South Yorkshire, was constructed in order to link the Earl\'s coal interests to the southeast of his Wentworth estate with the Greasbrough Canal, also owned by his estate, which gave an outlet to the River Dun (Don) Navigation.
The Marquess of Rockungham held the coal pits at the same time; this wasn\'t their first attempt to connect them to the canal; in the middle years of the 18th century, a wagonway had been constructed to connect the Bassingthorpe pits to the newly opened \"Rotherham Cut\" of the River Dun Navigation. The Greasbrough Canal, connecting to the navigation on the boundaries of Rotherham and Parkgate, was opened in 1780 to serve the Marquess\'s interests, and the wagonways from his coal pits at Bassingthorpe were diverted to the canal head. Two years later, the Marquess died, and the estate passed to his nephew, Earl Fitzwilliam.
In the early 19th century, a wagonway connected the Earl\'s coal pits at High Stubbin and Swallow Wood to the Greasbrough Canal. In 1839, the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway opened a branch from its main line at Holmes, which had been opened the previous year, to join the Earl\'s railway at Parkgate. This line ran alongside the construction works of the North Midland Railway before joining the canal bank. This connection broke the near monopoly of the Duke of Norfolk\'s estate in supplying coal to the developing industries of the city and gave the Earl\'s coal a competitive edge in the marketplace.
In 1840, the estate bought a six-coupled steam locomotive for use on the line, and to accommodate this, the wagonway was rebuilt.
A connection was made from the North Midland Railway to the Earl\'s line, which rendered the branch from Holmes redundant. This connection was closed in 1977, a year before New Stubbin Colliery itself. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway constructed a line from Rotherham Road alongside the canal and below the North Midland line to reach the canal head. The line opened in 1873, and the agreement between the Earl\'s Colliery Company and the M.S.& L. terminated on 31 December 1978 when the line closed.
In 1915, Viscount Halifax invested heavily in the improvement of the rail line.
The line can be divided into two sections, both originally rope-worked. The lower section serving New Stubbin Colliery, sunk between 1913 and 1915, changed to locomotive working.
Its last steam locomotives were two examples built by Hudswell Clarke & Co. of Leeds: No. 34, an outside cylinder, six-coupled side tank locomotive, works No.1523, built in 1925 and delivered new to the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company in Scunthorpe, which came to the line in the 1950s; and No. 37, an outside cylinder, six-coupled saddle tank. They worked until the mid-1960s, when the line became fully dieselised, with Hudswell Clarke again supplying the power
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# Gottfried Honegger
**Gottfried Honegger** (12 June 1917, Zurich -- 17 January 2016, Zurich) was a Swiss artist and graphic designer.
He was married to the Swiss illustrator Warja Lavater. He studied shop-window display at the Zurich Kunstgewerbeschule and taught there from 1948. His early work was commercial graphic design.
From 1955 to 1958 he was art director at Geigy. He lived in New York City between 1958 and 1960, and held his first exhibition there. In 1961 he moved to Paris and concentrated on painting with focus on exacting explorations of circles and squares. From 1968, he worked on sculpture.
Honegger also spent time in Dallas, Texas as the artist in residence at the University of Dallas. Honegger died at his home in Zürich, Switzerland from a short-illness on 17 January 2016. He was 98 at the time of his death
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# Lucy Chao
**Lucy Chao** or **Zhao Luorui** (`{{zh|t=趙蘿蕤|s=赵萝蕤|p=Zhào Luóruí|w=Chao Lo-jui}}`{=mediawiki}; May 9, 1912 -- January 1, 1998) was a Chinese poet and translator.
## Biography
Chao was born on May 9, 1912, in Xinshi, Deqing County, Zhejiang, China.
She married Chen Mengjia, an anthropologist and expert on oracle bones, in 1932. In 1944, Chao and Chen were awarded a joint fellowship by the Rockefeller Foundation to study at the University of Chicago in the United States. Chao earned her PhD from the institution in 1948, for a dissertation on Henry James. Afterward, she returned to China to teach English and North American literature at Yenching University, Beijing.
Chao\'s husband Chen opposed the government\'s proposal to simplify Chinese writing in the 1950s and was labeled a Rightist and an enemy of the Communist Party. He was sent to a labor camp in 1957. After he returned, he was banned from publishing research and committed suicide after denunciation and persecution during the Cultural Revolution.
After Chen\'s death, Chao developed schizophrenia. In spite of this, she created the first complete Chinese translation of Walt Whitman\'s *Leaves of Grass*, which was published in 1991. That same year, she was awarded the University of Chicago\'s \"Professional Achievement Award\".
## Works
Chao translated T. S. Eliot\'s *The Waste Land* (1937), Longfellow\'s *The Song of Hiawatha* and eventually saw a mass publication of her translation of the whole of Whitman\'s *Leaves of Grass* (1991). She was a co-editor of the first Chinese-language *History of European Literature* (1979)
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# Window (short story)
**\"Window\"** is a science fiction story by American writer Bob Leman, originally published in the May 1980 issue of *The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction*, and reprinted numerous times.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
A researcher seeking to merge science and magic opens a "window" to another dimension, which reveals what seems to be a tranquil Victorian home and family. The viewpoint characters can see through the \"window\" to the family, but the family can\'t see them. Yearning for the apparently idyllic 19th century life seen through the portal, a subordinate leaps into the other dimension but is immediately killed and eaten by the family, who turn out to be alien inhuman predators. The family performs a ritual, closing the portal, and the window disappears. However, the dead man\'s bones come out of thin air where the portal had been. The viewpoint characters realize that the man-eating family have found a \"window\" into their world and are now watching them.
## Reception
\"Window\" was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Short Story. The influential science fiction publisher Donald A. Wollheim included the short story in *The 1981 Annual World\'s Best SF*. Ann and Jeff VanderMeer included it in the 2012 compendium *The Weird*.
The story was adapted in the episode \"A View Through the Window\" in the anthology horror series *Night Visions*, starring Bill Pullman in the main role
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# Squeeze (Fiona album)
***Squeeze*** is the fourth studio album by singer Fiona, released in 1992 through Geffen Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
\]\] \| writer7 = Diane Warren \| length7 = 4:08 \| title8 = Nobody Dies of a Broken Heart \| writer8 = Bob Mitchell \| length8 = 3:56 \| title9 = Mystery of Love \| writer9 = Tanner, Jeff Klaven, Rick Nielsen, Robin Zander \| length9 = 3:55 \| title10 = Life on the Moon \| writer10 = Jani Lane \| length10 = 3:56 \| total_length = 38:12 }}
## Personnel
- Fiona -- lead vocals
- Dave Marshall -- guitar, backing vocals
- Tommy Girvin -- guitar
- Craig Stull -- steel guitar
- Kim Bullard -- keyboard
- Jimmy DeGrasso -- drums, percussion, backing vocals
- Laura McDonald -- bass, backing vocals
- Robert O
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# Trouble (Cat Stevens song)
\"**Trouble**\" is a song written by the English singer-songwriter and musician, Cat Stevens, during a period from 1969 to 1970.
Stevens was recovering during what amounted to nearly a year of convalescence, after being diagnosed with a collapsed lung and tuberculosis. He spent three months in King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, England, transferring afterward to another nine months of bedrest at home. Stevens, who was near death at the time he was admitted in the hospital, used the time he was recuperating for contemplation, and wrote dozens of songs, including \"Trouble\", many of which were recorded much later.
When he was hospitalized, Stevens was often alone in a very spare and plain room. He was told that at the time he was admitted, he had perhaps only a few weeks of life left in him. The effect on the 19-year-old pop star was pronounced. He said, \"To go from the show business environment and find you are in hospital, getting injections day in and day out, and people around you are dying, it certainly changes your perspective. I got down to thinking about myself. It seemed almost as if I had my eyes shut.\" The song itself shows Stevens switching from heavily orchestrated pop music to a folk-rock emphasis.
While recovering, Stevens donated his spare time, and some of his newer, more introspective songs for Colin Higgins and Hal Ashby\'s 1971 film soundtrack of *Harold and Maude*. Most of the tunes used for the movie appear on Stevens\'s next albums, *Mona Bone Jakon* and *Tea for the Tillerman*, with the exception of two songs which were not released until the release of the album *Footsteps in the Dark: Greatest Hits Vol. 2* in 1984, \"If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out\" and \"Don\'t Be Shy\".
In *Harold and Maude* the song \"Trouble\" is used in the scene of Maude\'s impending death, with her devoted young lover heartbroken over the turn of events.
## Appearances in the media {#appearances_in_the_media}
- The Cat Stevens recording was used in the 1971 film *Harold and Maude*, starring Bud Cort and Ruth Gordon.
- The song was also used in the 2006 film *A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints*, starring Robert Downey, Jr., Channing Tatum, Rosario Dawson, and Shia LaBeouf. It is based on a 2001 memoir of the same name by Dito Montiel, in which he described growing up in Astoria, New York during the 1980s.
- The song was featured in an episode of *ER*. The song has been featured on the soundtrack of the pilot for the television show *Alias*, and in an episode of *Everwood*.
- The song, performed by The Holmes Brothers, was used on the soundtrack of the TV series *Crossing Jordan*, and is included on the album *Music From the NBC Television Series Crossing Jordan*, 2003.
- The song was used in the 2008 documentary *American Teen*, directed by Nanette Burstein.
- The song was used in the 2011 independent film *Bringing Up Bobby*, directed by Famke Janssen.
- The song is performed by Leem Lubany in the film *Rock the Kasbah* starring Bill Murray.
- The song was used at the end of the episode \"Not Giants, But Windmills\" of the television show *Graves* (S01E10).
## Cover versions {#cover_versions}
- Kristin Hersh, formerly of the Throwing Muses, recorded a rendition of the song for her 2001 solo album, *Sunny Border Blue*.
- Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as their guitarist John Frusciante as a solo artist have covered the song live
- Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam performs a rendition of the song.
- The Athens, Georgia jam band Widespread Panic performs the song live. After a single live performance in 1989, the band added the song to its regular rotation of cover songs in 2000, and has performed it over 40 times since. A live performance version from the band\'s 20 July 2002 concert appears on the DVD *Live from the Backyard*.
- Elliott Smith recorded a cover of the song for the soundtrack of the film, *Thumbsucker*.
- Texas Country singer Bruce Robison covers the song on his album *Long Way Home from Anywhere*.
- Marissa Nadler covers the song on her album \"COVERS VOLUME I\".
- Father John Misty recorded a cover of the song in 2012 for the documentary, \"Once I Was: The Hal Ashby Story.\" It appears on his EP Anthem +3.
- Bluegrass band Barnstar! released a cover on their album *Sit Down! Get Up! Get Out!*
- A cover of the song that was falsely credited to Oasis circulated around LimeWire in 2001, but the real artist is unknown. This is an example of Lostwave
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# Chemehuevi traditional narratives
**Chemehuevi traditional narratives** include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Chemehuevi people of the Mojave Desert and Colorado River of southeastern California and western Arizona.
Chemehuevi oral literature is known primarily through the writings of Carobeth Laird, based on the testimony of her Chemehuevi husband, George Laird. These narratives show their closest links with the traditional narratives of the Great Basin peoples and of the Chemehuevi\'s linguistic kinsmen the Southern Paiute in particular. (*See also* Traditional narratives (Native California)
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# Lynette Foreman
**Lynette May \"Lyn\" Foreman** `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|OAM}}`{=mediawiki} (née **Young**; born 5 March 1957) is a former champion hurdler who competed for Western Australia and Australia from 1979 to 1982. She was the national 400m hurdles champion three times between 1979 and 1981.
In the IAAF World Championships event in 1980, Young-Foreman made the final of the 400m hurdles, finishing 7th with continuing good form for the next two seasons. At the 1982 Commonwealth Games, she ran as the nominal favourite but was beaten by rising star Debbie Flintoff, who set a personal best and new Commonwealth Record to win a gold medal at her international debut.
Forman qualified for the 800m in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and in 2000 was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for \"Outstanding service as an international athlete and since as a coach and team official\".
Currently she is an elite Level 5 coach and the head track coach at the Western Australian Institute of Sport.
Foreman received the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in the 2018 Queen\'s Birthday Honours for service to athletics.
Foreman was married to ABC commentator and sports administrator Wally Foreman until his death in 2006. They have two children
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# Lists of people from Quebec by region
| 8 |
Lists of people from Quebec by region
| 0 |
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# February (2003 film)
***February*** (*กุมภาพันธ์* or *Khumphaphan*) is a 2003 Thai romance-drama film, written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak.
## Plot
The plot involves a young Thai woman with a terminal illness who goes to New York City to live her final months, is hit by a car and then develops amnesia, forgetting that she\'s in need of medical care. The man who run her over is part of a drug syndicate, and ever since the accident their lives intertwine. The drug dealer wishes to escape his evil life. However, his boss has his passport and will not allow him to exit the country as he wants him to do more jobs
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# Urban Bioscope
The **Urban Bioscope**, also known as the **Warwick Bioscope** was a film projector developed by Walter Isaacs in 1897 for Charles Urban of the Warwick Trading Company. The projector used a beater movement. It has two names because it was created by Charles Urban and Walter Isaacs. It was a 35mm fast-pull-down-beater-movement machine allegedly based on Georges Demenÿ patents. In 1897, Urban joined Warwick Trading in the UK. At that time he brought with him the Bioscope from America for resale. Earlier versions of the scope projected both slides and films. These versions came with a \"spoolbank\" attachment that made it possible for very short films to be repeated without pause
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# Zhang Xinxin (writer)
**Zhang Xinxin** (`{{zh|t=張辛欣|s=张辛欣|p=Zhāng Xīnxīn}}`{=mediawiki}; born October 4, 1953) is a Chinese writer and director. Outside of China, she is best known for her work *Chinese Lives* (1986), co-authored with the journalist and oral historian Sang Ye. She has also written short stories, screenplays, and autobiographical works.
## Background
Zhang was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu, on October 4, 1953. She was raised in Beijing. As a result of her father\'s military position and the fact that he was a writer, Zhang had access to a wide variety of books in her childhood and spent much of her time reading. During the Down to the Countryside Movement, she worked as a sent-down youth in Heilongjiang province in northeast China. She enlisted in the People\'s Liberation Army (PLA) in Hunan province in central China. After an illness and while still in the PLA, she was sent as a nurse to Xishuangbanna. In 1971, she left the PLA and continued to work as a nurse in Beijing until 1976.
She was admitted to Central Academy of Drama in 1979 to study theatre directing. She finished her studies in 1984, but was denied her diploma for a year. She worked as a director at Beijing People\'s Art Theatre between 1985 and 1988. From 1988 to 1990, she studied at Cornell University and the University of Georgia, and has remained in the United States since.
## Works
She began to publish her works in 1978. Her first publication, in the literary journal *Beijing Literature*, was a short story titled \"In the Quiet Ward.\" During her studies at the Central Academy of Drama, she began writing novellas, the first of which was a 1981 semi-autobiographical work titled \"On the Same Horizon\" (在同一地平线上). This novella was an initial success and garnered her literary acclaim, though it was later criticized in the context of the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign, which resulted in consequences for her academic and literary career.
After the campaign, Zhang started creating a wider variety of works, including *Orchid Mania* (疯狂的君子兰), a 1983 detective fiction short story, and *Chinese Lives* , a 1986 collection of interviews with a variety of ordinary Chinese people. The latter was co-authored with Sang Ye. She has also written plays such as *We, You* (我们，你们) and an autobiography, *Me* (我Me), in two volumes. She also wrote and illustrated a graphic novel, *Pai Hua Zi and the Clever Girl* (拍花子和俏女孩), which she self-published in 2012. More recently, she has written about her experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
## Style
Zhang\'s early works deal with themes such as the effects of gender roles and expectations, the duality of womanhood, and the search for an \"authentic self.\" However, after being the subject of political persecution in the 1980s, she shifted from her avant-garde style to a less politically controversial one. Having read a variety of literature throughout her life, Zhang also incorporates Western concepts into her writing. Overall, her works have covered a wide range of genres, from short stories to journalistic non-fiction to screenplays, and a variety of topics reflecting her experiences.
## Fiction
### Autobiographical fiction {#autobiographical_fiction}
- 《我 Me》 (*Me*, 2 volumes, 2011)
- English excerpt \"After the Inferno\", 2017.
### Novels
- 《IT84》(*IT84*, 2018)
- English: excerpts translated by Helen Wang, 2019.
### Novellas
- 《疯狂的君子兰》(*Orchid Mania*, 1983)
- English: *Mad about Orchids*, translated by Helen Wang, 2011.
- 《我们这个年纪的梦》 (*The Dreams of Our Generation*, 1985)
- 《封．片．联》 (*Postcard and Bandits*, 1986)
- 《IT84》(*IT84*, 2015)
### Short stories {#short_stories}
- \"In the Quiet Ward\" (1978)
- 《我在哪兒錯過了你?》(\"Where Did I Miss You?,\" 1979)
- 《在同一个地平线上》(\"On the Same Horizon,\" 1981)
- 《张辛欣小说选》 (*The Collected Stories of Zhang Xinxin*, 1985)
- 《这次你演哪一半? 》 (\"Which half will you play this time -- husband or wife?,\" 1988)
- 《龙的食谱》 (\"A Recipe for Dragons,\" 2011)
- English: \"Dragonworld\" in *The Guardian*, 14 April 2012, and Read Paper Republic, Afterlives 2, 3 Nov 2016.
### Graphic novel {#graphic_novel}
- 《拍花子和俏女孩》(*Pai Hua Zi and the Clever Girl*, 2012)
## Non-fiction {#non_fiction}
- 《在路上》 (*On the Road*, 1986)
- 《北京人 (一百个中国人的自述)》(*Peking Man: One Hundred Chinese Self Portraits*, 1986) - co-authored with Sang Ye
- 《天狱：偷渡美国》(*Hell in Heaven: Smuggling to America*, 1994)
- 《我知道的美国之音》(*Me and the VOA: A Collection of Commentaries*, 2000)
- 《独步东西 : 一个旅美作家的网上创作》 (*Lonely Drifter: The Wanderer Between the East and the West - My Journey on The Web*, 2000)
- 《流浪世界的方式》 (*Style of Wandering the World: Short Essay Collection*, 2002)
- 《闲说外国人》 (*Chatting About Foreigners*, 2002)
- 《我的好莱坞大学》(*Dark Paradise: My Observations of Hollywood*, 2003)
- 《我在美国的自隔离日记》(My Self-Isolation Diaries) - *Jintian toutiao*, 24 April 2020
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# Rewalsar Lake
**Rewalsar Lake**, also known as **Tso Pema**, is a mid-altitude lake located in the mountains of the Mandi district in Himachal Pradesh, India. It is located 22.5 km south-west from the town of Mandi, at an elevation of about 1,360 m above sea level, with a shoreline of about 735 m. Rewalsar Lake is a sacred spot for Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists, and sacred to Tibetan Buddhists for the Vajrayana practices of Padmasambhava and Mandarava, which are credited for the lake\'s creation.
There is a Colossus of Padmasambhava, a shrine to Mandarava, and three Buddhist monasteries at Rewalsar Lake. The Rewaksar Lake also has three Hindu temples, dedicated to Lord Krishna, Lord Shiva and to the sage Lomasha. Another holy lake, **Kunt Bhyog** which is about 1,750 m above sea level lies above Rewalsar. It is associated with the escape of \'Pandavas\' from the burning palace of wax---an episode from the epic *Mahabharata*.
After practicing with the local Relwasar king\'s daughter Mandarava, Padmasambhava and Mandarava departed for Nepal, from which Padmasambhava travelled to Tibet. Known to Tibetans as Guru Rinpoche, (the \"Precious Master\"), Padmasambhava revealed the teachings of Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet. There are islands of floating reed on Rewalsar lake and the spirit of Padmasambhava is said to reside in them. It is also here that the sage Lomas did penance in devotion to Lord Shiva; and, the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh (22 December 1666 -- 7 October 1708), the tenth Guru of Sikhism, also resided here for one month.
The Sisu fair held in late February/early march, and the festival of Baisakhi are important events at Rewalsar.
## Legend of Padmasambhava and Princess Mandarava of Mandi (Zahor) {#legend_of_padmasambhava_and_princess_mandarava_of_mandi_zahor}
Mandarava and Padmasambhava were energetically drawn to one another. The local king Vihardhara, fearful of the contamination of the royal bloodline and what he perceived as Mandarava\'s apostasy, endeavoured to have Mandarava and Padmasambhava purified by immolation through the flames of a pyre. Instead of finding their corpses incensed and charred, Vihardhara finds that the fire of the pyre has been transformed into Lake Rewalsar, out of which arises a blooming lotus that supports the unharmed Mandarava and Padmasambhava who through this manifestation of their realisation have achieved their secret names of Vajravarahi and Hayagriva, respectively, after which Vihardhara furnishes the union with his unreserved blessings.
Legend has it that the great teacher Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) used his enormous power to take flight to Tibet from Rewalsar. In Rewalsar, his spirit is said to reside in the tiny island of floating reed that drifts over the water.
## Colossus of Padmasambhava {#colossus_of_padmasambhava}
On April 1, 2012, a monumental statue of Padmasambhava, measuring 37.5 m (123 ft), was consecrated, blessed and inaugurated by the 14th Dalai Lama. The building project was spear-headed and overseen by Wangdor Rinpoche and funded by donations. It took nearly 10 years to complete, with the foundation alone taking three years.
The statue was constructed almost entirely by hand by tradespeople from the immediate Rewalsar area and by master artists from Nepal and Bhutan. It is made primarily of cement, layered by hand over a skeleton of iron rebar, while the walls are made of hand-cut stone. Bhutanese sculptors carved intricate details into the cement while still wet. It was then painted by masters from Nepal, who finished the delicate details by hand. The building\'s interior is filled with traditional dzong, tsa tsas, prayer flags and medicine pills made by local craftworkers
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# Steve Early
**Steve Early** (born 7 May 1956) is a professional boxer, who fought out of Coventry, England. Early started his career in 1977 with a TKO win over Kevin Sheehan.
Early marched on to thirteen consecutive wins in three years, in November 1979 Early suffered his first professional defeat to Roger Guest in a BBBoC Midlands area Light Welterweight title bout. Early was floored in the first round and counted out by the referee. Early later returned the favor and knocked out Guest in the fourth round of their second contest in 1981.
After the loss to Guest, Early bounced back to another 7 consecutive wins, including experienced fighters like Billy Waith with 94 bouts.
In 1981, Early stepped into the ring for a final eliminator contest for the BBBoC British light-welterweight title, with one of the most talented fighters of his era, Ken Buchanan. Early beat Buchanan after a hard-fought 12 rounds.
After beating Buchanan. Early eventually had the chance to take the British Light-Welterweight championship to Coventry. He stepped into the ring with champion Clinton McKenzie . After an exciting 3 rounds, McKenzie had put on the pressure and Early was saved by the referee in the fourth as in his opinion Earley was in no fit state to continue.
Yet again, over the next year, Early put another four wins and eventually retired after being defeated by Gary Night in London
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# Chlamydogobius
***Chlamydogobius*** is a genus of gobies from Australia. All but one coastal species (*C. ranunculus*) are found in inland waters, such as springs, pools, creeks and streams.
Most species live in extreme environments; for example, several species of *Chlamydogobius* are found in the water that emerges from geothermal springs, such as the Dalhousie goby, found in the waters around Dalhousie Springs.
These fish can live in water with a wide range of temperatures, pH, salinity, and oxygen levels; for example they are found in water with a pH between 6.8 and 9.0, and temperatures between 3 and(-). They can tolerate salinity as high as 60 parts per thousand (almost twice that of sea water). They have been found in water with extremely low oxygen levels (as low as 0.8 ppm). Their water habitats often exhibit oxygen levels below 5 milligrams of oxygen per litre.
To cope with extremely low oxygen levels, they will emerge from the water to \"gulp\" air (known as aerial respiration). They also will position themselves over beds of algae to capture the produced oxygen.
They will hide in the mud and silt at the bottom of a stream, or in a plant or under a rock to avoid more extreme water temperatures. Sometimes they will emerge from very hot water for brief periods to take advantage of evaporative cooling.
They can survive even if there are drought conditions that reduce the size of their habitat. If there is a flood that results in drastically increased water flow, they anchor themselves to rocks with their pelvic fins.
*Chlamydogobius* fish are able to change their colours to blend in with their environments.
Human drilling activities in Australia have often reduced the pressure of the aquifers that feed the Australian hot springs that *Chlamydogobius* rely on, so some species are endangered
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# Greenfield-Central High School
Greenfield School}} `{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{more citations needed|date=October 2010}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox school
| name = Greenfield-Central High School
| logo = Greenfield-CentralGC.png
| streetaddress = 810 North Broadway Street
| city = [[Greenfield, Indiana|Greenfield]]
| state = [[Indiana]]
| zipcode = 46140-1496
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|39|47|32|N|85|46|52|W|type:edu_region:US-IL_scale:3000|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1969
| type = [[Public high school]]
| district = [[Greenfield-Central Community School Corporation]]
| grades = 9-12
| ceeb = 151-350
| superintendent = Harold Olin
| principal = Daniel Walbaum
| enrollment = 1,430 (2023–2024)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=1804050&ID=180405000696|title=Greenfield-Central High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref>
| enrollment_as_of =
| teaching_staff = 88.50 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
| ratio = 16.16<ref name=NCES/>
| nickname = [[Cougars]]
| colors = {{color box|#0000FF}} {{color box|#FFD700}}
| fight_song = Old Gold and Blue
| athletics_conference = [[Hoosier Heritage Conference]]
| website = {{URL|http://gchs.gcsc.k12.in.us/}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Greenfield-Central High School** is a secondary school (grades 9--12) located in the city of Greenfield, Indiana. It is under the management of the Greenfield-Central Community School Corporation. It had 1,363 students in 2009--2010.
The high school has television studio facilities and operates broadcast radio station WRGF. The public-access television cable TV is named GCTV.
## History
The first class to graduate from Greenfield High School was the class of 1879. It was a three-year program to complete studies until 1887 when it became a four-year institution. The first four-year class to graduate was the class of 1888. In 2018 the district added a resource officer position that was full time to the high school.
## Athletics
Greenfield-Central High School is part of the Hoosier Heritage Conference. The school offers soccer, tennis, cross country, football, golf, volleyball, basketball, swimming, wrestling, baseball, softball, and track and field. Greenfield-Central holds one state title in football (1973). Two individual titles were won for wrestling (1979 Terry Edon, 2013 Joshua Farrell) and one was won for swimming (2017 Zach Cook 100 Butterfly).
## Music Programs {#music_programs}
Greenfield-Central High School has enjoyed success with its marching band program, the Greenfield-Central Cougar Pride. In Indiana State School Music Association (ISSMA) Marching Band Class B competition, the Cougar Pride placed eighth in 2005, ninth in 2014, and as state runner-up in 2016 and 2018. In November 2019, the Cougar Pride won the ISSMA Class B Indiana State Marching Band Championship at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. After ISSMA competition was suspended for the 2020 season due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the Cougar Pride successfully defended their title by again winning the ISSMA Class B Indiana State Marching Band Championship on November 6, 2021, at Lucas Oil Stadium.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Mike Edwards (Class of 1969) -- 1972 co-Southeastern Conference Men\'s Basketball Player of the Year
- Kyle Gibson (Class of 2006) -- Baseball player (pitcher/infielder) at Greenfield-Central High School and pitcher at University of Missouri, starting pitcher for Minnesota Twins, first-round pick (22nd overall) in 2009 MLB Amateur Draft
- Drey Jameson (Class of 2017) - Baseball player (pitcher) in high school and at Ball State University. Drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2019 as the 34th overall pick.
- Lane Wadle (Class of 2024) - Football Player (Tight end) in high school and at Georgia State University. First graduate in school history to be selected to an NCAA FBS Division I university on a football scholarship
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# Benedict Zilliacus
**Emil Benedict Zilliacus** (January 11, 1921 -- January 28, 2013) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish journalist, author, scriptwriter and translator.
Zilliacus was born in Helsinki, Finland. He wrote screenplays for many movies, including *Etulinjan edessä* (Beyond the Front Line), which he wrote together with Stefan Forss.
In the 1950s and 1960s, he wrote a revue for the Swedish theater *Lilla Teatern* in Helsinki every other year, or sometimes more often; the show became very popular
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| 0 |
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# Cathedral of San Juan, Puerto Rico
The **Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica of Saint John the Baptist** (Spanish: *Catedral Basílica Metropolitana de San Juan Bautista*), officially known as the **Minor Basilica of Saint John the Baptist and Parish of Our Lady of Remedies** (*Basilica Menor de San Juan Bautista y Parroquia Nuestra Señora de los Remedios*), is the Catholic cathedral for the Archdiocese of San Juan de Puerto Rico. Located in the Old San Juan historic district of San Juan, Puerto Rico, it is one of the oldest buildings in both Puerto Rico and the Americas, the oldest cathedral building in the United States, the oldest purpose-built cathedral building and second-oldest existing cathedral in the Americas, and the third cathedral to be constructed in the Americas.
The cathedral contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer and settlement founder Juan Ponce de León. It also contains the national shrine to Our Lady of Divine Providence, national patron of Puerto Rico, and a shrine dedicated to the Blessed Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Santiago, the first Puerto Rican and first Caribbean-born layperson in history to be beatified.
## History
Although the Cathedral of Santa María la Menor in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, is an older church building, and the Garðar Cathedral Ruins in Garðar, Greenland were built and served as a cathedral much earlier, the Cathedral of San Juan holds the distinction of being the oldest existing purpose-built cathedral church in the Americas. This is because San Juan, then known as the City of Puerto Rico, was the first diocese of the New World in the post-Columbus era (excluding Norse settlements in Greenland), with Bishop Don Alonso Manso appointed in 1511. The original cathedral of the nascent *Ciudad de* *Puerto Rico* (formally established as *Puerto Rico de San Juan Bautista* in 1521) was constructed from wood from 1513, intended to become the seat of the First Catholic Diocese to be established in the Americas, founded earlier in 1511. That same year, the *Escuela de gramática* (Grammar School) was established by Bishop Alonso Manso, in the area where the modern cathedral would later be constructed. This was the first school to be established in the island of Puerto Rico. It was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language, literature, history, science, art, philosophy and theology. The original wooden structure was destroyed by a hurricane in 1529, which prompted the construction of a stone building from 1535 to 1542. The original cathedral structure completed in the second half of the 16th century was built in the Gothic style of architecture. This style can still be appreciated in several gothic vaults located in the northeast corner of the building. An earthquake in 1787 resulted in structural damages to the building which prompted a reconstruction of the cathedral in 1802 that resulted in its current Baroque style iteration. Another earthquake in 1867 prompted further modifications to the facade in 1905.
The first organist of the Cathedral of San Juan was the Canarian Domingo Crisanto Delgado Gómez who came from the island of Tenerife and managed to take this position in 1836, having been a composer in Cathedral Our Lady of Los Remedios of San Cristóbal de La Laguna in his native island.
Cardinal Luis Aponte Martínez, who was archbishop of San Juan from 1965 to 1999, petitioned the Holy See to designate the historic cathedral a basilica in the 1970s. The cathedral finally was proclaimed a minor basilica by Pope Paul VI on January 25, 1978. The cathedral was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1984 as part of his pastoral visits to Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic that same year.
A private Puerto Rican foundation known as *Fundación Protectora de la Catedral Metropolitana de San Juan, Inc.* was established to fund the historical restoration of the building and its art treasures for its 500th anniversary in 2021, and to protect it for the coming centuries.
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# Cathedral of San Juan, Puerto Rico
## Chapels and chambers {#chapels_and_chambers}
### Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament {#chapel_of_the_blessed_sacrament}
Also known as the Chapel of the Metropolitan Tabernacle (*sagrario metropolitano*), this chapel located on the southwestern corner of the cathedral buildingholds the metropolitan tabernacle and various works of art. Unlike other Latin American metropolitan cathedrals, such as those in Mexico City and Bogotá, this is located within the cathedral building itself.
### Chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe {#chapel_of_our_lady_of_guadalupe}
Although it is primarily dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, it also contains icons of the Christ Child, Jude the Apostle and Our Lady of Sorrows. It contains a faithful replica of the tilmàtli of Juan Diego, authorized and signed by Cardinal Norberto Rivera Carrera, Archbishop of Mexico from 1995 to 2017. It is surrounded by a gold and pearl frame and an inscription that reads: \"Queen of Mexico and Empress of America.\"
### Chapel of Our Lady of Divine Providence {#chapel_of_our_lady_of_divine_providence}
One of the most culturally important chapels of the cathedral, it contains a shrine that is dedicated the national image of Our Lady of Providence, patron and protector of Puerto Rico, together with the flag of Puerto Rico. The current statue dates to 1853. Next to it is an inscription that reads: *Our Lady of Providence, Protector of Puerto Rico (1853-1953)*. Our Lady of Providence was declared national patron of Puerto Rico on November 19, 1969 by Pope Paul VI, on a decree that states the celebration of this Marian icon on November 19. This chapel is an officially declared national shrine that contains the icon of said national patron while the planned **National Shrine of Our Lady Mother of Divine Providence** (*Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora Madre de la Divina Providencia*) is being built in the Cupey barrio of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
### Baptistery Chapel {#baptistery_chapel}
The baptismal chapel or baptistery contains a wooden shrine with a portrait and personal relics of the Blessed Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Santiago, familiarly known as *Blessed Charlie*, the first Puerto Rican and first Caribbean-born layperson in to be beatified.
### Chapel of Pius I {#chapel_of_pius_i}
Located behind the sacristy, it contains the relics of Pope Pius I, the ninth pope of the Catholic Church. It also houses the vestments and ornaments worn by Pope John Paul II during his visit to Puerto Rico in 1984.
### Burial Chapel of Juan Ponce de León {#burial_chapel_of_juan_ponce_de_león}
This chapel contains the mausoleum and tomb of the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, first colonial governor of Puerto Rico and the first European to arrive and settle the territory of Florida. This chapel also contains the tomb of Alonso Manso, the first bishop and founder of the Roman Catholic diocese of San Juan, and the tomb of Juan Alejo de Arizmendi, the first native-born Puerto Rican to become bishop.
### Chapel of the Immaculate Conception {#chapel_of_the_immaculate_conception}
Located on the northwestern corner of the cathedral building, its main shrine has an icon of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. The chapel also contains an image of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. Due to its position at the northern side of the main entrance to the cathedral, this chapel serves as a side portal.
### *Altar de la Patria* {#altar_de_la_patria}
Consisting of a Gothic vault chamber located on the northeast corner of the nave, the oldest remaining portion of the cathedral building now contains the Altar to the Fatherland (*Altar de la Patria*), a monument and a plaque that commemorates the first use of the word *puertorriqueño* (Puerto Rican) as a demonym and marker of the birth of the Puerto Rican identity as cultural and spiritual identity separate from the Spanish one. The monument was established in 2011 in a ceremony preceded by archbishop Roberto González Nieves.
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# Cathedral of San Juan, Puerto Rico
## Cathedral treasury {#cathedral_treasury}
Being one of the oldest churches and religious institutions in the Americas, the cathedral holds a large and rich church treasury that showcases not only the history of the church but also the history of San Juan from its foundation in the 16th century to the present day. The treasury consists of sacred artifacts, relics and reliquaries, manuscripts and other important liturgical and other historical documents. The treasury today, particularly its historic religious silverware, is displayed as part of the art and history collection of the Museum of San Juan, which is located nearby in the Mercado subbarrio of Old San Juan.
## Gallery
<File:Interior> de la Catedral de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico.jpg\|Inside the cathedral nave. <File:Catedral> de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico - DSC06864.JPG\|Shrine of Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Santiago. <File:Mother> of Divine Providence in altar.jpg\|Close-up of Our Lady of Providence shrine. <File:Catedral> de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico - DSC06854.JPG\|Tomb of Juan Alejo de Arizmendi. <File:Catedral> de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico 12 2015 13.JPG\|Tomb of Alonso Manso
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# Tris-buffered saline
**Tris-buffered saline** (**TBS**) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Tris (with HCl) has a slightly alkaline buffering capacity in the 7--9.2 range. The conjugate acid of Tris has a pK~a~ of 8.07 at 25 °C. The pK~a~ declines approximately 0.03 units per degree Celsius rise in temperature. This can lead to relatively dramatic pH shifts when there are shifts in solution temperature. Sodium chloride concentration may vary from 100 to 200 mM, tris concentration from 5 to 100 mM and pH from 7.2 to 8.0. A common formulation of TBS is 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6. TBS can also be prepared by using commercially made TBS buffer tablets or pouches.
## Applications
TBS is isotonic and non-toxic. It can be used to dilute substances used in laboratory experiments. Additives can be used to add to a compound\'s functionality.
TBS is often used in immuno-blotting for both membrane washing and antibody dilution
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# Lake Chebarkul
**Lake Chebarkul** (*озеро Чебаркуль*) is a lake in Chebarkulsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, on the slopes of the southern Urals. The town of Chebarkul lies on its eastern shore, and Chelyabinsk, the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, is located about 70 km to the northeast. The name of the lake, and the city of the same name, comes from Turkic and means \"Beautiful, colorful lake.\"
Mostly fed by snowmelt from mountain streams, the lake freezes in November and stays icebound until April. The lake is the source of the Koelga River, which in turn flows into the Uvelka, Uy, Tobol, Irtysh, and Ob Rivers. The Ob finally empties into the Arctic Ocean.
There are several wooded islands, including Grachev, Golets, the Ribatskies, and Korablik Islands. The Krutik, Marin and Nazarychev peninsulas extend into the lake. Rest homes and sanatoria are located on the shores. Lake Chebarkul is the largest of several lakes in the region, which collectively take on the name \"Chebarkulsky lakes.\"
Fish that can be found in the lake include tench, carp, crucian carp, bream, pike, and perch.
## 2013 Chelyabinsk meteorite impact {#chelyabinsk_meteorite_impact}
On 15 February 2013, local fishermen found a hole in the ice where a large fragment from the 2013 Russian meteor event likely struck the frozen lake. The hole was circular, and about 6 m across. Police immediately cordoned off this site, as well as one other possible impact site in the area of the lake, but scientists and interested people streamed to the area to investigate.
In the days after the impact, black fragments of rock were found around the hole, which scientists from Ural Federal University suspect are meteorite fragments, and composed of about 10% iron. Months later, divers found a large meteorite fragment on the lakebed, and it was dredged to the surface on October 16, 2013. This fragment weighed about 570 kg.
### Gallery
<File:Chebarkul> meteorite sample.jpg\|Scientists found meteorite samples on the ice of frozen Lake Chebarkul. <File:Chebarkul> meteorite sample on lake ice.jpg\|The meteorite fragments are about 10% iron. <File:Strewnfield> map of Chelyabinsk meteorites.jpg\|Map showing places where meteorite fragments were found, including Lake Chebarkul
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# Martin Russell Thayer
**Martin Russell Thayer** (January 27, 1819 -- October 14, 1906) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
His grandnephew was John B. Thayer, who died on the sinking of the RMS *Titanic*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Martin Russell Thayer was born in Dinwiddie County, Virginia near the city limits of Petersburg. He attended the Mount Pleasant Classical Institute in Amherst, Massachusetts and Amherst College. He moved with his father to Philadelphia in 1837. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1840. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842, and commenced practice in Philadelphia.
## Public service {#public_service}
Thayer was a commissioner to revise the revenue laws of Pennsylvania in 1862. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses, during which he served on the committee on the bankrupt law and was the chairman of the United States House Committee on Private Land Claims. He declined to be a candidate for re-election in 1866, and resumed the practice of law.
While in Congress, Thayer criticized the use of portraits of living persons on US currency, suggesting that the Treasury\'s privilege of portrait selection for currency was being abused.{{#tag:ref \|\"But now we see upon our current paper money not only the heads of the illustrious men of our country long since gathered to their fathers, but of living secretaries of the Treasury, and even of such subordinate officers as the superintendent of the Currency Printing Bureau, Mr. S.M. Clark.\"\| group=\"nb\"}} Spearheaded by Thayer, on April 7, 1866 Congress enacted legislation specifically stating \"that no portrait or likeness of any living person hereafter engraved, shall be placed upon any of the bonds, securities, notes, fractional or postal currency of the United States.\"
Thayer was judge of the district court of Philadelphia from 1867 to 1874, and served as president judge of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia from 1874 until his resignation in 1896. In 1873 he was appointed on the board of visitors to West Point, and wrote the report. (Some 40 years earlier, his cousin Sylvanus Thayer had been superintendent of West Point.) He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1877. He was elected by the judges of the common pleas court prothonotary of Philadelphia in 1896. He also engaged in literary pursuits. He died in Philadelphia in 1906 and is buried in the churchyard of Church of St. James the Less in Philadelphia.
## Works
- *The Duties of Citizenship* (Philadelphia, 1862)
- *A Reply to Mr. Charles Ingersoll\'s \"Letter to a Friend in a Slave State
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# American game show winnings records
A game show is a type of radio, television, or internet program in which contestants, television personalities or celebrities, sometimes as part of a team, play a game which involves answering trivia questions or solving puzzles, usually for prizes. Game shows are usually distinguishable from reality television competition shows, in which the competition consumes an entire season of episodes; in a game show, prizes can typically be won in a single match (in some cases, particularly in the ones that offer record-setting prizes, contestants can play multiple matches and accumulate a larger total). Beginning with the first five-figure and six-figure game show jackpots in the mid-1950s, a succession of contestants on various quiz shows of the era each set records. Teddy Nadler of *The \$64,000 Challenge*, the highest-scoring contestant of the 1950s era, was not surpassed until 1980, when Thom McKee won \$312,700 on *Tic-Tac-Dough.* Between 1999 and 2001, during a brief boom in high-stakes game shows, the record was broken six times. Both the 1955--1958 and 1999--2001 eras of rapidly set and broken records were driven primarily by one-upmanship between the networks each trying to secure bragging rights and ratings by inflating their prize offerings, rather than the merits of the contestants themselves. American daytime television has historically had smaller prize budgets for game shows that air in that daypart.
, the top second through fourth winners in American game show history all earned the majority of their winnings from the quiz show *Jeopardy!*, which has aired since 1984 and has had no hard earnings limit since 2003. Ken Jennings is the second highest-earning American game show contestant of all time, having accumulated a total of \$5,296,214 over the course of twenty years. He took the record back from Brad Rutter as the highest-earning contestant (a record Rutter had held since 2014) by virtue of his victory on January 14, 2020, in the *Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time* tournament.
On March 25, 2025, David Genat, an Australian model and television personality, surpassed both Jennings and Rutter and became the highest-earning contestant on a single American game show, after winning \$5,800,000 on the second season finale of *Deal or No Deal Island*.
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# American game show winnings records
## Daytime game shows {#daytime_game_shows}
Most daytime game show top prizes were limited to \$25,000 during the 1960s and 1970s, a restriction made for both budgetary concerns and to assuage criticism that arose from the 1950s quiz show scandals. The limits were usually imposed by the networks themselves; CBS, for example, had a limit of \$25,000 that increased during the 1980s up to \$125,000 during the 1990s. In 1975, ABC also imposed a limit of \$30,000 which was eventually dropped by 1977. NBC, however, opted not to employ such a limit and allowed show producers to set them if they saw fit.
### Single day record {#single_day_record}
The single day record for shows in daytime television was set in 1984 by Michael Larson, who won \$110,237 (`{{Inflation|US|110237|1984|r=-3|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki})`{{Inflation-fn|US}}`{=mediawiki} on *Press Your Luck.* Larson achieved this record by memorizing the show\'s board patterns, repeatedly hitting the board\'s squares that awarded contestants money and an additional spin, which would, in turn, replace the spin he had just used, effectively allowing him to spin the board in the second round as long as he wanted. Because of this, his game had to be split into two episodes (which aired June 8 and June 11), as his turn caused the game to go well over the show\'s half-hour allotted time. At the time of the show\'s airing, CBS only allowed contestants to win up to \$50,000 on a game show (contestants would retire after winning \$25,000); the winnings limit increased to \$75,000 in November and \$100,000 in 1986 (and later \$125,000 by 1990) before being permanently eliminated in 2006. In March 2003, Game Show Network produced a documentary about the event featuring Ed Long and Janie Litras-Dakan, the contestants Larson handily defeated in 1984.
In 2006, Vickyann Chrobak-Sadowski set a new record by winning \$147,517 on the 35th-season premiere of *The Price Is Right*, winning a Dodge Caravan playing \"Push Over\", a \$1,000 cash bonus in the Showcase Showdown, and both showcases, one of which included a Dodge Viper. In 2013, Chrobak-Sadowski was succeeded by Sheree Heil, who set the record by winning \$170,345 on *The Price Is Right* \"Best of 2013\" special aired December 30, 2013 by winning an Audi R8 playing \"Gas Money\", \$10,000 cash and Prada shoes. In 2016, Heil was succeeded by Christen Freeman, who set the record by winning \$210,000 on October 28, during the show\'s \"Big Money Week\" special. As *Cliff Hangers* was the episode\'s Big Money game, game rules were modified to offer a top prize of \$250,000, which was reduced by \$10,000 for every step the mountain climber took. In addition to her One Bid prize and an additional \$1,000 won during the Showcase Showdown, Freeman\'s grand total was \$212,879, setting a new daytime record.
The current single-day record holder is Michael Stouber, who won a total of \$262,743 on the October 14, 2019, episode of *The Price Is Right.* Stouber\'s appearance occurred during a special \"Big Money Week\" promotion in which games normally played for standard prizes had increased values or special cash awards offered. Stouber played the pricing game Plinko, normally played for a top prize of \$50,000. On this special episode, the top prize was increased to \$1,000,000, with the middle slot\'s value increased from \$10,000 to \$200,000. Stouber won a total of \$202,000 during the game, plus his showcase and an accumulating jackpot of prizes (worth \$29,657).
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# American game show winnings records
## Overall winnings record {#overall_winnings_record}
### 1955--1958
During the early quiz show boom of the mid-1950s, Richard McCutcheon set the first major winnings record by winning the title prize on *The \$64,000 Question* on September 13, 1955, matched shortly thereafter by Joyce Brothers on December 3, despite producers attempting to give her questions they thought she could not answer. Ethel Park Richardson set the next winnings record of \$100,000 on *The Big Surprise* on December 10.
Richardson\'s record would stand for more than a year, before being surpassed by Charles Van Doren on January 21, 1957, who was playing *Twenty One*. Van Doren, who won \$129,000 total, was almost immediately passed by on February 10 by 11-year-old Leonard Ross. Ross, through earlier winnings on *The Big Surprise* and a new appearance on *The \$64,000 Question*, reached \$164,000. Ross\'s total was surpassed by ten-year-old Robert Strom, on *The \$64,000 Question* on April 16. Strom would go on to win \$242,600 in various game show appearances by mid-1958. Finally, Teddy Nadler collected winnings on *The \$64,000 Question* and *The \$64,000 Challenge* through 1957 and 1958 sufficient to eclipse Strom\'s winnings on August 24, 1958, on the way to \$264,000 (`{{Inflation|US|264000|1958|r=-3|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}).`{{Inflation-fn|US}}`{=mediawiki}
### 1950s quiz show scandals {#s_quiz_show_scandals}
Nadler\'s record would stand for more than two decades, because in the fall of 1958, allegations that many big-money quiz shows were fixed were corroborated; several of the programs under scrutiny were almost immediately cancelled. Herb Stempel, who had won \$49,500 on *Twenty One*, openly admitted that his defeat by Charles Van Doren had been scripted. Van Doren, by comparison, insisted he had wanted to do the show honestly and refused to speak on the topic for decades afterward, until writing an essay on the subject for *The New Yorker* in 2008. Joyce Brothers\'s winnings, which added up to \$128,000 after a follow-up win on *The \$64,000 Challenge*, were ultimately upheld as legitimate, and she went on to a prolonged career as a psychologist and media personality. Nadler, a middle-school dropout, failed a civil service exam trying to get a temporary job with the United States Census Bureau in 1960. His breadth of knowledge was never questioned; Nadler was not implicated for any role in the quiz show scandals. In a 1970 Nadler interview and article, people connected with the shows Nadler was on stated that he \"had been shown some questions before air time, but it didn\'t matter when he saw them -- he knew the answers anyway.\" Nadler died on May 23, 1984, at the age of 74.
The quiz show scandals caused sweeping changes in television game show production. These changes, which lasted decades, included the imposition of limits on future prize amounts, limits on the number of times game champions could return, and a change in emphasis in most game shows away from \"recall of factual knowledge\" as the means to win. As with much programming of the early 1960s, game shows of the era were criticized for dumbing down; *Let\'s Make a Deal*, a breakout hit game show that debuted in 1963, was belittled as \"mindless\" and \"demeaning to traders and audiences alike\". The establishment of the original version of *Jeopardy!*, with its low stakes (no contestant won more than \$12,000 including tournament play during the show\'s original 11-year daytime run) and five-game limit, helped ease the stigma against the quiz show.
### 1980s
A reboot of *Tic-Tac-Dough,* which by 1980 was running in syndication, *did* allow its returning champion to play until defeated, and had no winnings cap. When *Tic Tac Dough* games ended in ties, potential game winnings would carry over to the next game, and both champion and challenger would return. With this play structure, U.S. Naval officer Thom McKee began a winning streak on *Tic Tac Dough* that carried from the spring of 1980 into the 1980--1981 season. McKee passed Nadler\'s record in tapings recorded over the summer of that year as revealed in a leak to the press. McKee won \$312,700 (`{{Inflation|US|312700|1980|r=-3|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki})`{{Inflation-fn|US}}`{=mediawiki} in cash and prizes in 43 games, which included eight cars (on *Tic Tac Dough* a contestant received a new car after every fifth game won). McKee\'s record on *Tic Tac Dough* was not surpassed by another player, and this was in part because when WCBS-TV in New York purchased the right to air the syndicated *Tic Tac Dough* in 1983, CBS (the station\'s owner) realized that airing a game show without a winnings cap on a station it owned was a violation of its own Broadcast Standards and Practices. CBS requested to the producers of *Tic Tac Dough* that a winnings limit of \$50,000 be imposed, and the show complied with this request.
While Thom McKee was the biggest solo game show winner until 1999, nine couples on *The \$1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime* shared the show\'s top prize of \$1,000,000 awarded in a combination of prizes and a long-term annuity, during that show\'s run in syndication from January 1986 to May 1987.
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# American game show winnings records
## Overall winnings record {#overall_winnings_record}
### 1999--2004: Million-dollar game shows {#million_dollar_game_shows}
In 1999, McKee\'s winnings total was passed by Michael Shutterly, who became the biggest winner in the first season of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire* in the United States. Shutterly was the first contestant on the show to get to the 15th and final question but elected to walk instead with \$500,000 which made him the biggest winner in American game show history at the time. Shutterly had previously won \$49,200 as a four-day champion on *Jeopardy!* in 1988, making his career winnings total \$549,200. On November 19, during the second season of *Millionaire* in the United States, the show crowned its first million-dollar winner when John Carpenter won the show\'s top prize without using any lifelines, save for a phone call on the final question, which he used to inform his father that he was going to win the million dollars. After Carpenter answered the final question, which concerned Richard Nixon\'s appearance on *Laugh-In* in 1968, host Regis Philbin proclaimed Carpenter the show\'s (and worldwide format\'s) first top-prize winner. Carpenter\'s record remained intact until the following year.
The ratings success of *Millionaire* sparked a brief glut of high-stakes game shows from the other networks, each attempting to outdo the other. In early 2000, Rahim Oberholtzer, a contestant on the revival of NBC\'s *Twenty One,* won four games in his appearances on the show, along with \$120,000 in the show\'s \"Perfect 21\" bonus round, for a total of \$1,120,000. For surpassing Carpenter\'s mark, then-host Maury Povich proclaimed Oberholtzer \"the TV Game Show King\". Late in its run, the Fox game show *Greed* brought back some of its previous winners to try for an extra \$1,000,000. Curtis Warren, who was part of the first *team* to win \$1,000,000 on the show (of which his share was \$400,000, plus \$10,000 for winning a terminator round), was one of the contestants brought back to do so on February 11, 2000. Warren was given a question about TV shows that had been made into movies, with eight choices (of which he had to identify the four correct answers). He successfully did so, giving himself \$1,410,000 and the record for the time being. Warren\'s record was even shorter lived than Oberholtzer\'s had been, lasting only four days. Three days before Warren\'s win, David Legler, who also appeared on *Twenty One,* began a run as champion on the show. Four days after Warren\'s win, the run continued, with Legler having earned a grand total of \$1,765,000 in six wins to surpass Warren\'s record and become the third contestant in two months to top \$1,000,000 on a game show.
Legler held the record for well over a year, outlasting *Twenty One* and *Greed* themselves; by July 2000, the million-dollar game show boom had gone bust and both *Greed* and *Twenty One* (along with several others) were cancelled, leaving *Millionaire* as the last surviving million-dollar game show on American television from that boom; it would not be until April 2001 (with the arrival of the similarly short-lived *Weakest Link*) that another would be attempted. By the start of 2001, the producers of *Millionaire* decided that it had been too long (71 episodes over a five-month period) since their top prize had been won and instituted an accumulating jackpot which added \$10,000 to the grand prize amount for each episode it was not won. Kevin Olmstead claimed the top prize on April 10, 2001, winning a jackpot of \$2,180,000. Olmstead became the first contestant to top \$2,000,000 in total winnings on a game show and supplanted Legler as the all-time leader. In 2004, ABC launched an ultra high-stakes version of *Millionaire* entitled *Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire* with a \$10,000,000 top prize. Two separate *Super Millionaire* series aired, one in February and a second in May. However, despite the higher stakes and the potential for someone to top the all-time record for winnings, the largest prize awarded was \$1,000,000, won by Robert Essig.
Million-dollar game shows continue to air, in somewhat lower frequency, into the present day, as several other game shows with prizes in excess of \$1,000,000 (including *Deal or No Deal*) came and went. In 2008, *Wheel of Fortune* increased its top prize to \$1,000,000, making it the second syndicated game show to have a top prize of that value. To date, three contestants have won *Wheel*{{\'}}s million-dollar prize. *Millionaire* would eventually end its syndicated run in 2019; at the time it ended, it had not awarded the top prize in regular play since Nancy Christy became the first woman to top \$1,000,000 in overall winnings in May 2003, making her the second-to-last million-dollar winner in the show\'s history.
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# American game show winnings records
## Overall winnings record {#overall_winnings_record}
### 2003--2020: The *Jeopardy!* multimillionaires {#the_jeopardy_multimillionaires}
A rule change imposed by *Jeopardy!* for the 2003--04 season set the stage for a new generation of game show winnings records. For Season 20, the show eliminated its long-standing rule limiting a champion\'s consecutive wins to five. In doing so, *Jeopardy!* joined *Tic Tac Dough* from two decades earlier in allowing unlimited appearances by a returning champion on a quiz show. This set up the potential for winning streaks like those seen in the big-money 1950s quiz shows.
On October 15, 2003, a month into the new season, Pennsylvania college student Sean Ryan became the first champion to play (and win) a sixth game. On January 14, 2004, Tom Walsh became the first seven-game winner. But nearing the end of the season on June 2, 2004, software engineer Ken Jennings of Salt Lake City, Utah became the new champion on *Jeopardy!* The episode was the first in a long winning streak for Jennings, first breaking Ryan\'s and Walsh\'s accomplishments. With no limit to his appearances, Jennings began to break many game show records. As his streak continued deeper into the 21st season, Jennings was inching closer and closer to Olmstead\'s all-time record. On November 3, 2004, Jennings topped Olmstead\'s *Millionaire* winnings with his 65th consecutive win, finishing the day with \$45,099 and a new cumulative total of \$2,197,000 (`{{Inflation|US|2197000|2004|r=-3|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}).`{{Inflation-fn|US}}`{=mediawiki} Jennings won nine more games before his streak came to an end on November 30, 2004, at the hands of contestant Nancy Zerg. He had extended his record total to \$2,520,700 at the time of his defeat, after which he was awarded an additional \$2,000 for finishing in second place per *Jeopardy!* rules.
Shortly after Jennings\'s defeat, *Jeopardy!* decided to see how he would fare in tournament play. On February 9, 2005, the show launched its Ultimate Tournament of Champions, inviting back 144 other past champions to compete over the next three months in a five-round single-elimination tournament with a \$2,000,000 grand prize. The field included the highest-winning five-time champions and winners of some previous tournaments, though not all invitees were able to participate. Jennings received a bye into the finals of the tournament, where he faced semi-final winners Jerome Vered and Brad Rutter in a three-game, cumulative total match. Vered had set a single-day scoring record during his appearance on the show in 1992, while Rutter had won the 2001 Tournament of Champions and the 2002 Million Dollar Masters tournament and was the show\'s highest-earning contestant of all-time before Jennings. In the tournament\'s three-day final, Rutter defeated Jennings and Vered to win the tournament and \$2,000,000, supplanting Jennings as the all-time highest earning American game show contestant in the process. Including the \$1.27 million he had won in his previous *Jeopardy!* appearances (five regular season games, a Tournament of Champions win, the Million Dollar Masters win, and three matches in the earlier rounds of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions which were worth \$115,000), Rutter\'s total stood at \$3,270,102, while Jennings was now second with \$3,022,700 having gained an additional \$500,000 for his second-place finish in the tournament.
Jennings slowly began to chip away at Rutter\'s record, first by winning \$714.29 in 2006 as part of the Mob on NBC\'s *1 vs. 100.* A year later, Jennings won the *Grand Slam* tournament on Game Show Network and the \$100,000 top prize by defeating Ogi Ogas in the final round. Finally, on October 10, 2008, Jennings passed Rutter by winning \$500,000 on *Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?*; he extended the record by winning \$300,000 in The IBM Challenge, where he and Rutter took on IBM supercomputer Watson in a special *Jeopardy!* event in 2011. Rutter won \$200,000 in the challenge, in which both he and Jennings pledged half of their winnings to charity. Rutter then added \$100,000 more when he appeared on *Million Dollar Mind Game*, raising his total to \$3,570,102, second only to Jennings\'s \$3,923,414.29.
NBC\'s *The Million Second Quiz* artificially inflated its grand prize to allow for Andrew Kravis, the winner of the ten-day tournament, to claim a record for most money won on a single game show in regular play. Kravis had only won \$2,326,346 during actual play (\$326,346 during the game, plus the \$2,000,000 grand prize) but was awarded \$2,600,000 solely so the show could lay claim to the record. Factoring overall winnings, which includes a \$50,500 win on *Wheel of Fortune* and two consolation prizes for losing on *Jeopardy!* and *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, Kravis\'s total sits in fourth as of 2024.
In 2014, Jennings and Rutter were both invited to play in the *Jeopardy!* Battle of the Decades, a tournament conducted by the producers of *Jeopardy!* to celebrate its thirtieth season in syndication. Both men advanced to the two-day tournament final with Roger Craig (who had set the previous single-day winnings record of \$77,000 in 2010) filling the third position. Needing a win to reclaim his record, Rutter took the top prize in the tournament after Jennings, who needed to answer the second day\'s Final Jeopardy clue correctly to win (after making a sufficient wager), failed to do so. Rutter won the top prize of \$1,000,000 while Jennings won the \$100,000 second prize. Jennings appeared on *Millionaire* in November 2014 and won \$100,000, missing out on his opportunity to surpass Rutter\'s record if he could have won the grand prize. He was then a contestant on the ABC primetime show *500 Questions* in 2016; however, as he only lasted four questions, he was unable to add to his total. Both Jennings and Rutter competed in the *Jeopardy!* All-Star Games in 2019. Under the format of that tournament, teams of three competed in a relay to win a \$1,000,000 top prize split between them. Thus, either Jennings or Rutter would be able to add up to \$333,333.33 to their total as captain of their respective team if they won. It would not have been enough for Jennings to surpass Rutter. But it was Rutter\'s team who won the tournament, with Jennings\'s team finishing second and splitting \$300,000.
A month after the *Jeopardy!* All-Star Games came to an end, James Holzhauer became the new *Jeopardy!* champion. The episode, which was broadcast on April 4, 2019, was the first in a 32-game winning streak where he joined Jennings and Rutter as the only contestants in *Jeopardy!* history to win at least \$1,000,000 (as of the episode broadcast on April 23) and \$2,000,000 (as of the episode broadcast on May 24). He also surpassed Roger Craig\'s *Jeopardy!* single-day winnings (on multiple occasions), pushing the record to \$131,127 on the episode broadcast on April 17. Holzhauer ultimately won \$2,464,216 during his *Jeopardy!* run, plus an additional \$250,000 for winning the Tournament of Champions, which combined with his prize of \$58,333.33 from his appearance on *The Chase* in 2014, places him fourth in total game show earnings.
In January 2020, Jennings, Holzhauer, and Rutter all were invited back to *Jeopardy!* for *The Greatest of All Time*, a special multi-game prime time miniseries on ABC that carried a minimum \$250,000 appearance fee and a \$1,000,000 top prize. In the series of two-legged ties, in which the first to win three such ties won the competition, Jennings (3) defeated Holzhauer (1) and Rutter (0), to win the top prize and reclaim the overall American game show earnings lead at the time.
### 2024-present: *Deal or No Deal Island* {#present_deal_or_no_deal_island}
On February 26, 2024, *Deal or No Deal Island* premiered. *Deal or No Deal Island* is a show with a progressive jackpot where each episode adds money to the final case in the season finale. After winning the second season on March 25, 2025, David Genat earned the right to play a high stakes game of *Deal or No Deal*, in which he surpassed Ken Jennings' record by accepting a deal of \$5,800,000 out of a possible \$12,232,001, making Genat the biggest game show winner in television history.
| 1,335 |
American game show winnings records
| 4 |
7,741,076 |
# American game show winnings records
## All-time top 25 winnings list {#all_time_top_25_winnings_list}
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rank | Name | Total winnings\ | Show(s) | Notes |
| | | (in USD) | | |
+===================================+===================+=================+===================================================+==================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| 1 | David Genat | \$5,800,000 | *Deal or No Deal Island,* \$5,800,000 | Genat won the second season of *Deal or No Deal Island* on March 25, 2025, earning the right to play a high-stakes game of Deal or No Deal, winning \$5,800,000. He surpassed the all-time American game show winnings record held by Jennings. Notably, Genat previously appeared on television as part of the cast of *Australian Survivor: Champions V Contenders II* (2019) and *Australian Survivor: All Stars* (2020), where he won \$A500,000. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | Ken Jennings | \$5,296,214 | *Jeopardy!*, \$3,522,700 | Jennings won \$2,522,700 in his original 75-episode run on *Jeopardy!*; \$500,000 for his second-place finish in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions; \$300,000 in the 2011 IBM Challenge; \$100,000 for finishing second in the Battle of the Decades; and \$100,000 for finishing second in the 2019 *Jeopardy!* All-Star Games as a portion of a \$300,000 cash winnings split between Jennings and his teammates Monica Thieu and Matt Jackson. In 2020, he won the *Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time* tournament, where he won \$1,000,000. In addition to his appearances on other shows, Jennings also competed on *500 Questions* in 2016; however, he did not add to his total, lasting only four questions. Jennings also appeared on a primetime *Celebrity Wheel of Fortune* special, winning \$72,800 on behalf of his charity, the Equal Justice Initiative. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time*, \$1,000,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?*, \$500,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Grand Slam*, \$100,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$100,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Celebrity Wheel of Fortune*, \$72,800 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *1 vs. 100*, \$714.29 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | Brad Rutter | \$5,168,436 | *Jeopardy!*, \$4,803,436 | Rutter\'s total includes his \$55,102 in cash winnings from his initial 5-game appearance on *Jeopardy!* in 2000; \$100,000 for winning the Tournament of Champions in 2001; \$1,000,000 for winning the Million Dollar Masters tournament in 2002; \$2,115,000 for winning the Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005; \$200,000 for finishing third in the IBM Challenge in 2011; \$1,000,000 for winning the Battle of the Decades in 2014; \$333,334 for winning the All-Star Games in 2019 (as a portion of a \$1,000,000 cash winnings split between Rutter and his teammates David Madden and Larissa Kelly); 250,000 for finishing third in the Greatest of All Time tournament in 2020; and \$15,000 for finishing seventh in the Masters Tournament in 2025. The \$100,000 that he won on *Million Dollar Mind Game* in 2011 was a portion of a \$600,000 prize that was split between six contestants. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time*, \$250,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! Masters*, \$15,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Million Dollar Mind Game*, \$100,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | James Holzhauer | \$3,772,549 | *Jeopardy!*, \$2,714,216 | Holzhauer won \$2,464,216 in his 33-episode run on the daily *Jeopardy!* in 2019, \$58,484 short of matching Jennings\' record for regular (non-tournament) winnings on that show, and won the 2019 Tournament of Champions\' \$250,000 grand prize. He also received \$250,000 for participating in the 2020 *Jeopardy!* \"Greatest of All Time\" tournament; \$600,000 (\$500,000 for himself and \$100,000 for the charity Project 150) for winning the inaugural *Jeopardy! Masters* tournament in 2023; and \$150,000 for his third-place finish in the second *Masters* tournament. Holzhauer had previously won \$58,333.33 in 2014 on *The Chase*, one-third of a \$175,000 jackpot split among his three-person team. He also appeared on *500 Questions*, but did not win anything. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! Masters*, \$750,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time*, \$250,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *The Chase*, \$58,333.33 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | Andrew Kravis | \$2,656,550 | *The Million Second Quiz*, \$2,600,000 | In the 2013 *The Million Second Quiz*, Kravis won \$326,346 in the main competition as one of the top four finalists, then won a \$2,000,000 grand prize. The producers then deliberately rounded up Kravis\'s total to \$2,600,000 as a contrivance to ensure that Kravis\'s total would break the record then held by Jennings. He previously took part in *Jeopardy!*{{\'s}} Teen Tournament in 2002 and was eliminated in the tournament\'s semifinal round. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Wheel of Fortune*, \$50,550 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy!*, \$5,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$1,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | Kevin Olmstead | \$2,205,901 | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$2,180,000 | Olmstead\'s primary win occurred during the progressive jackpot shows on *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire* in 2001. Following this win, Olmstead held the record as the biggest winner in American television for over three years until it was broken by Jennings. He also held the record as the biggest winner on a primetime game show in U.S. television history for over twelve years before Kravis broke it on September 19, 2013. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy!*, \$25,901 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | Matt Amodio | \$1,879,601 | *Jeopardy!*, \$1,679,601 | In 2021, Amodio won 38 consecutive games of *Jeopardy!*, finishing third in his 39th. He also received \$10,000 in the semifinals of *Jeopardy!*{{\'}}s 2022 Tournament of Champions an additional \$150,000 for his third-place finish in the 2023 *Jeopardy! Masters* and an additional \$50,000 for placing sixth in the 2024 *Jeopardy! Masters*. Amodio then added another \$150,000 to his total for winning the *Jeopardy!* Invitational Tournament in 2025. Amodio\'s total number of regular-season wins is the third-most all-time behind Jennings and Schneider. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! Masters*, \$200,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | Ed Toutant | \$1,871,401 | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$1,860,000 | Toutant (December 27, 1951 -- November 6, 2018) was another contestant during the progressive jackpot shows on *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?* in 2001. After missing a question, leaving him with \$1,000, which was later revealed to be flawed, Toutant was invited back to continue playing for the jackpot at the same level he was playing for during his original appearance. Toutant was able to complete the remaining questions and win a jackpot of \$1.86 million. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy!*, \$11,401 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | Amy Schneider | \$1,864,800 | *Jeopardy!*, \$1,689,800 | From 2021 to 2022, Schneider won 40 consecutive games of *Jeopardy!*, the second-most behind Jennings. She finished second in her 41st game. She is the first woman in *Jeopardy!* history with over \$1,000,000 in career winnings and the first openly transgender contestant to qualify for the show\'s Tournament of Champions, a tournament she would go on to win, adding \$250,000 to her career total. She went on to win \$75,000 in the *Masters* tournament. She came 2nd place in the Jeopardy! Invitational Tournament and won an extra \$50,000. She came in 4th place on the 2nd season of the *Masters* tournament and won \$100,000 In 2025, Schneider participated in the *Jeopardy!* Invitational Tournament and received another \$5,000 after finishing third in the quarterfinals. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! Masters*, \$175,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | Ashlee Register | \$1,795,000 | *Duel*, \$1,795,000 | Register\'s *Duel* winnings include \$75,000 plus an accumulating \$1,720,000 jackpot. Register is the highest-earning game show contestant who has only appeared on one game show and the first woman to win more than one million dollars in a game show. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 11 | David Legler | \$1,765,000 | *Twenty-One*, \$1,765,000 | Legler earned \$1,765,000 over six wins on the 2000 revival of *Twenty-One*, making him the show\'s biggest winner. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | Ike Barinholtz | \$1,635,000 | *Celebrity Jeopardy!*, \$1,000,000 | Barinholtz\'s winnings include a \$125,000 prize from *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*{{\'s}} 2020 revival on April 22, 2020, as well as the top prize of \$1,000,000 from the first season of *Celebrity Jeopardy!* on February 2, 2023. Barinholtz donated his *Millionaire* and *Celebrity Jeopardy!* winnings to the charities Uplift Family Services and Pacific Clinics, respectively. By virtue of winning *Celebrity Jeopardy!*, Barinholtz was invited to participate in the 2024 *Jeopardy!* Tournament of Champions, where he earned \$10,000 for winning his quarterfinal match and losing to the tournament\'s eventual runner-up, Ben Chan, in the semifinals. Barinholtz then returned to *Millionaire* on August 14, 2024, this time playing along with his father Alan Barinholtz. They would go on to win the top prize for a \$1,000,000 donation to the American Sign Language program at Los Encinos School. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$625,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy!*, \$10,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 13 | Curtis Warren | \$1,546,988 | *Greed*, \$1,410,000 | After Warren won \$410,000 in late 1999 on *Greed*, he was one of four big winners invited back in early 2000 for the Million Dollar Moment, where he added a then-record-setting \$1,000,000 prize to his total winnings on the show. Warren was also a winning contestant on *Sale of the Century* in 1986 and *Win Ben Stein\'s Money* in 1998, and failed to win any money on *Jeopardy!* in a 1986 appearance. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Sale of the Century*, \$136,288 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Win Ben Stein\'s Money*, \$700 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14 | John Carpenter | \$1,250,000 | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$1,250,000 | Carpenter\'s winnings include \$1,000,000 as first ever top prize winner on the show, and \$250,000 (\$125,000 of which was donated to charity) in the champions edition of the show. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 15 | Jordan Fowler | \$1,230,000 | *Deal or No Deal Island,* \$1,230,000 | Fowler won \$1,230,000 on the first season finale of *Deal or No Deal Island* on May 13, 2024. She is the first contestant to win more than \$1,000,000 in *Deal or No Deal* history. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 16 | Yogesh Raut | \$1,198,403 | *Jeopardy!*, \$348,403 | Raut won \$96,403 over three regular games on *Jeopardy!*, and lost his fourth game for a consolation prize of \$2,000. He won the 2024 Tournament of Champions for additional \$250,000, and advanced to *Jeopardy! Masters*. On *Masters*, he came second in 2024 for \$250,000 and won the 2025 tournament for \$500,000 for himself and extra \$100,000 for charity of his choice. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy! Masters*, \$850,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 17 | Lisa Ann Walter | \$1,187,500 | *Celebrity Jeopardy!*, \$1,000,000 | Walter\'s winnings for charity include \$1,000,000 from the second season of *Celebrity Jeopardy!* in primetime, half of a \$250,000 prize from a 2024 episode of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire* shared with Rosie O\'Donnell\'s charity, and \$62,500 from a 2001 episode of *Weakest Link*. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$125,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Weakest Link*, \$62,500 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 18 | Adam Rose | \$1,153,908 | *The Price Is Right*, \$1,153,908 | Rose\'s total was achieved on a \$1,000,000 Spectacular special episode, winning \$153,903 in cash and prizes including both of that evening\'s Showcases, which earned him a \$1,000,000 cash bonus. Rose holds the record for the most money a contestant has ever won in the show\'s history. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 19 | Michael Haynes | \$1,137,697 | *The Price Is Right*, \$1,127,062 | Haynes\'s winnings came on a \$1,000,000 Spectacular special episode, winning \$127,062 in cash and prizes including both of that evening\'s Showcases, which earned him a \$1,000,000 cash bonus. Haynes also won \$10,635 on *Press Your Luck* in December 1983. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Press Your Luck*, \$10,635 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 20 | Rahim Oberholtzer | \$1,120,000 | *Twenty-One*, \$1,120,000 | Oberholtzer\'s earnings came across four wins on the 2000 revival of *Twenty-One*, making him the show\'s second-biggest winner behind Legler. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 21 | Michael McKean | \$1,115,400 | *Jeopardy!*, \$1,115,400 | McKean\'s *Jeopardy!* winnings include \$15,400 from his first *Celebrity Jeopardy!* appearance in 1999, \$50,000 from his second appearance in 2006, and a total of \$1,050,000 from the show\'s Million Dollar Celebrity Invitational in 2009--10. McKean\'s winnings resulted in the single-largest donation ever to the International Myeloma Foundation. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 22 | Tim Hsieh | \$1,106,309 | *It\'s Your Chance of a Lifetime*, \$1,042,309 | Hsieh was the highest-earning contestant of the short-lived 2000 game show *It\'s Your Chance of a Lifetime*. He also won \$64,000 on *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire* in 2003, and finished third in an appearance on *Jeopardy!* in 1997. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$64,000 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 23 | Cynthia Azevedo | \$1,089,017 | *The Price Is Right*, \$1,089,017 | Azevedo\'s total was achieved on a \$1,000,000 Spectacular special episode, winning the \"Clock Game\" pricing game within ten seconds, earning her a \$1,000,000 bonus. She also won her episode\'s Showcase, bringing her total value in cash and prizes to \$1,089,017. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 24 | Bernie Cullen | \$1,069,102 | *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, \$1,000,000 | Cullen won *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*{{\'}}s top prize in April 2001, just five days after Olmstead. Prior to *Millionaire*, Cullen first appeared on *Jeopardy!* in 1996, winning five games and \$63,102. He returned for that season\'s Tournament of Champions, earning \$1,000 as a quarterfinalist, as well as the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions, where he received an additional \$5,000. |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | *Jeopardy!*, \$69,102 | |
+-----------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 25 | Melissa Joan Hart | \$1,056,100 | *Celebrity Wheel of Fortune*, \$1,039,800 | Hart won \$1,000,000 on *Celebrity Wheel of Fortune* in October 2021, winning the money in the bonus round for her charity, Youth Villages. Hart also appeared on *Celebrity Family Feud* in 2016 (\$25,000 for a five-member team), a celebrity invitational edition of *Jeopardy!* in 1998 (\$10,000), and a celebrity edition of *Nick Arcade* in 1992 (\$1,300), donating her winnings to charity in each appearance
| 2,418 |
American game show winnings records
| 5 |
7,741,081 |
# Goodbye Girl (Miyuki Nakajima album)
is the 16th studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima, released in November 1988.
The album includes \"Namida\", her own rendition of a song Nakajima originally wrote for Kiyoshi Maekawa. The song released as a single before the album came out was the first material which was co-produced by Ichizo Seo, who has been her long-term collaborator since then.
The album debuted at number one on the Oricon Chart.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- All songs written by Miyuki Nakajima.
1. \"`{{nihongo|Nousagi no You ni|野ウサギのように}}`{=mediawiki}\" -- 4:22
2. \"`{{nihongo|Fura Fura|ふらふら}}`{=mediawiki}\" -- 4:40
3. \"Megami\" -- 4:53
4. \"`{{nihongo|Ki ni Shinaide|気にしないで}}`{=mediawiki}\" -- 4:59
5. \"`{{nihongo|December|十二月|Jūnigatsu}}`{=mediawiki}\" -- 3:59
6. \"`{{nihongo|Tatoe Sekai ga Sora kara Ochitemo|たとえ世界が空から落ちても}}`{=mediawiki}\" -- 4:10
7. \"`{{nihongo|Ai Yorimo|愛よりも}}`{=mediawiki}\" -- 6:10
8. \"`{{nihongo|Namida|涙}}`{=mediawiki} -Made in Tears\" -- 5:08
9
| 134 |
Goodbye Girl (Miyuki Nakajima album)
| 0 |
7,741,091 |
# Australian Sports Medal
The **Australian Sports Medal** is an award given to recognise achievements in Australian sport to commemorate Australian participation in major sporting events. Original recipients of the award included competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, and people who maintained sporting facilities and services. During the original period of its award in 2000--2001, over 18,000 medals were awarded. The award was permanently reactivated in 2020 to commemorate Australian contributions and participation in major multi-sport events.
## Description
- The medal is circular and made of nickel-silver with a highly polished finish. The obverse design symbolises Australian sport featuring the stars of the Southern Cross, and lines depicting the athletics track at the Australian Sports Stadium.
- The reverse features the same lines as the obverse symbolising the athletics track, with the words 'to commemorate Australian sporting achievement' appearing in the raised rim of the medal. The reverse is also marked with the year '2000'.
- The medal is suspended from a 32 mm ribbon by a connector piece and ring. The ribbon's colours are Australia's national sporting colours green and yellow.
## History
The Prime Minister announced the creation of the Australian Sports Medal on 31 December 1998 and was formally established on 23 December 1999 by Letters Patent. The medals were first awarded during the year 2000 and were discontinued in 2001.
On 4 December 2020, the Queen of Australia assented to amendments to the regulations for the Australian Sports Medal, which reactivated awards to commemorate Australian sporting participation in major multi-sports events, including:
- Invictus Games (from 2018)
- International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability (INAS) Global Games (from 2019)
- Special Olympics World Summer Games (from 2019)
- Special Olympics World Winter Games (from 2021)
- Summer Olympic Games (from 2020)
- Winter Olympic Games (from 2022)
- Summer Paralympic Games (from 2020)
- Winter Paralympic Games (from 2022)
- Commonwealth Games (from 2022)
### Recipients
The year is listed as such in the table due to the award numbers being made public based on the financial year in the Governor Generals Annual Report.
Year Number awarded Notes
----------- ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------
1999-2000 18,012 Initially awarded during the awards first inception.
2021-22 982 Awards following reactivation of the medal.
2022-23 933
2023-24 218
## How it is awarded {#how_it_is_awarded}
The Australian Sports Medal is awarded by the Governor-General. This commemorative medal was introduced to recognise Australian sporting achievements. The medal acknowledges a range of Australians who, in different ways, contributed to the nation's sporting success. Recipients included former competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, and people who maintain sporting facilities and services. Most of the medals were presented to people following their nomination by the sports community. Peak sports bodies recognised or funded by the Australian Sports Commission were given quotas according to a formula based on the number of their registered competitors. All Australian parliamentarians could make nominations. The Australian Sports Medal does not carry a post-nominal entitlement.
With the reactivation of the award in 2020, details regarding the eligibility criteria, administration and application process have yet to be released, and new applications are not yet accepted for the award. On announcing the reactivation of the medal on 18 December 2020, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that the medal \"will enable official members of Australian teams who participate in eligible international multi-sport events to be awarded the medal \[\...\] The Australian Sports Medal will be awarded to eligible Australian team members and officials in recognition of their participation at international multi-sport events, and a number of international events for people with a disability
| 600 |
Australian Sports Medal
| 0 |
7,741,094 |
# Gabriel Strobl
**Gabriel Strobl** (3 November 1846 in Unzmarkt, Styria, Austrian Empire -- 15 March 1925 in Admont, Benediktinerstift) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest and entomologist who specialised in Diptera.
In 1866 the then 20-year-old Gabriel Strobl became a Roman Catholic priest monk (*Pater*) at the Benedictine monastery Admont Abbey (Stift Admont). A devastating monastery fire in 1865 had destroyed the Natural History Cabinet (a museum) and its contents which had included Joseph Stammel's Universe. He was entrusted by Abbot Karlmann Hieber (served 1861--1868) with rebuilding the Natural History Museum. In 44 years of work - until his stroke in 1910 - Gabriel Strobl built up the Museum anew. In his first 12 years of work, he devoted himself principally to botany, before dedicating himself completely to entomology for the following 32 years. Although his published work is mainly on Diptera he also worked on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera of the Balkan peninsula which was partially ruled by Austria-Hungary until 1918.
## Partial list of publications {#partial_list_of_publications}
On Diptera:
- 1880\. *Dipterologische Funde um Seitenstetten. Ein Beitrag zur Fauna Nieder-Österreichs*. Programm des Kaiserlich-königlichen Ober-Gymnasiums der Benedectiner zu Seitenstetten 14: 3-65.
- 1892\. Die osterreichischen Arten der Gattung *Hilara* Meig. (Mit Beruckischtigung der Arten Deutschlands und der Schweiz.). *Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien* 42: 85--182.
- 1893\. Beiträge zur Dipterenfauna des österreichischen Littorale. *Wien. Ent. Ztg*. 12: 29--42, 74--80, 89--108, 121-136 and 161--170.
- 1893\. Die Dipteren von Steiermark. *Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark* 29 (1892): 1--199.
- 1894\. Die Dipteren von Steiermark. *Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark* 30 (1893): 1--152.
- 1898\. Die Dipteren von Steiermark. IV Theil. Nachträge. *Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark* 34 (1897): 192--298.
- 1898b. Fauna diptera Bosne, Hercegovine I Dalmacie. Glasn. Zemalj. *Muz. Bosni Herceg*. 10: 387--466, 562-616 (in Serbian).
- 1899\. Spanische Dipteren. II. Theil. *Wiener entomologische Zeitung*. 18: 12--27.
- 1899\. Spanische Dipteren. III.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 18: 77--83.
- 1899\. Spanische Dipteren. IV.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 18: 117--128.
- 1899\. Spanische Dipteren. V.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 18: 144--148.
- 1899\. Spanische Dipteren. VI.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 18: 213--229.
- 1899\. Spanische Dipteren. VII.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 18: 246--250.
- 1900\. Spanische Dipteren. VIII.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 19: 1--10.
- 1900\. Spanische Dipteren. IX.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 19: 61--70.
- 1900\. Spanische Dipteren. X.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 19: 92--100.
- 1900\. Spanische Dipteren. XI.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung*. 19: 169--174.
- 1900\. Spanische Dipteren. XII.Theil. *Wiener Entomologische Zeitung (Schluss.)*. 19: 207--216.
- 1900a. Dipterenfauna von Bosnien, Herzegovina und Dalmatien. *Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herzeg*. 7: 552--670. (German translation of the paper published in 1898b, with additions).
- 1900b. Spanische Dipteren. IX. *Theil. Wien. Ent. Ztg*. 19: 61--70.
- 1901\. Tief\'s dipterologischer Nachlass aus Kärnten und Österreich-Schlesien. *Jahrb. Naturh. Landesmus. Kärnten* 26 (1900): 171--246.
- 1902\. Novi prilozi fauni diptera Balkans\'kog poluostrva \[New contributions on the dipterous fauna of the Balkan peninsula\]. *Glasn. Zemalj. Muz. Bosni Herceg*. 14: 461--517.
- 1904\. Neue Beiträge zur Dipterenfauna der Balkanhalbinsel. *Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herzeg.* 9: 519--581. (German translation of Strobl 1902)
- 1906\. Spanische Dipteren II. Mem. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. (Madrid), Segunda Epoca 3(1905): 271-422
- 1909\. with Czerny, L. Spanische Dipteren. III. *Beitrag. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien* 59(6): 121--310.
- 1910\. Die Dipteren von Steiermark. II. Nachtrag. *Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Steiermark* 46(1909): 45-293.
On Hymenoptera:
- 1900-1903. *Ichneumoniden Steiermarks* (*und der Nachbarländer*). 388 p.
## Collections
Strobl\'s Diptera and Coleoptera (excepting exotic, i.e. Non-European species) are in the Natural History museum at Admont Abbey (Stift Admont) as well as are all his Lepidoptera. The exotic Coleoptera and Cicadidae, and all the Hymenoptera are in Landesmuseum Joanneum (Joanneum National Museum) in Graz. The Syrphidae via H. R. Meyer are in the Hessisches Landesmuseum in Darmstadt
| 615 |
Gabriel Strobl
| 0 |
7,741,095 |
# Taft Stettinius & Hollister
**Taft Stettinius & Hollister**, commonly known as \"Taft\", is an American, AmLaw100 law firm founded in 1885 with offices in Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton and Delaware, Ohio; Chicago, Illinois; Colorado Springs and Denver, Colorado; Detroit, Michigan; Indianapolis, Indiana; Covington, Kentucky; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Phoenix, Arizona; and Washington, D.C. The firm has smaller, specialty offices in Las Vegas and Reno, Nevada; Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Aspen and Steamboat Springs, Colorado.
## History
Taft traces its roots back to 1885 when Judge William Worthington and Edward W. Strong founded Worthington & Strong. John L. Stettinius and John B. Hollister joined the firm after its founding; at this point, the firm became known as Worthington, Strong, Stettinius & Hollister.
In January 1923, Judge Worthington died. In the following year, a young firm headed by Robert A. Taft and Charles P. Taft II, sons of former President William Howard Taft, joined the older firm to become Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP.
In 1947, the firm\'s labor department, led by J. Mack Swigert, was instrumental in helping Robert Taft, who had become a United States Senator, draft and pass the groundbreaking Taft--Hartley Act that regulated labor unions. In the late 1960s-early 1970s, Murray S. Monroe founded the firm\'s Antitrust practice.
More recently, the firm is known for its work representing West Virginians in the environmental litigation against DuPont beginning in the 1990s, which was the subject of the 2019 film Dark Waters.
Since the 1980s, the firm\'s expansion beyond Cincinnati has been accomplished with the aid of strategic mergers with local firms with its various branch offices, including Kelley, McCann, and Livingston of Cleveland in 2001, Sommer Barnard of Indianapolis in 2008, Kahn Kleinman of Cleveland in 2008, Chester, Wilcox, and Saxbe of Columbus in 2012, and Shefsky and Froelich of Chicago in 2014.
On August 29, 2019, partners at Briggs & Morgan of Minneapolis voted to merge with Taft. The merger became effective January 1, 2020. In February 2021, Taft opened an office in Washington, D.C. In December 2022, it opened an office in Detroit, Michigan through a merger with Jaffe Raitt Heuer & Weiss.
On Jan. 1, 2025, Taft completed its merger with the Denver law firm, Sherman & Howard L.L.C., effectively expanding into the Mountain West region. The firm will merge with Mrachek Law to expand into Southeast Florida, effective June 30, 2025.
Taft has grown revenue by approximately 440% since Jan. 1, 2017.
## Practice areas {#practice_areas}
The firm\'s practice areas include business and finance, business restructuring, bankruptcy and creditor rights, domestic relations, employment, environmental, gaming, government contracts, health and life sciences, higher education, intellectual property, labor relations, litigation, pharmaceutical and life sciences litigation, private client, public finance, real estate, tax, technology services and more. Taft employs over 1,000 attorneys.
## Notable attorneys {#notable_attorneys}
- Robert Bilott, environmental lawyer
- John Cranley, Mayor of Cincinnati (2013--2022)
- Peter Deegan, United States Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa (2017--2021)
- Virginia Emerson Hopkins, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of Alabama
- Marcia Fudge, former Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (2021--2024) and U.S. Representative from Ohio (2008--2021)
- Susan P. Graber, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit and former Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court (1990--1998)
- Sarah Morrison, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio (2019--present) and Administrator for the Ohio Bureau of Workers\' Compensation (2016--2019)
- John B. Nalbandian, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit
- Caleb Nelson, Emerson G. Spies Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law
- Charles Phelps Taft II, Mayor of Cincinnati (1955--1957)
- Charles R. Saxbe, former member of the Ohio House of Representatives (1975-1982) and 1982 Republican candidate for Ohio Attorney General
- Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio (1939--1953)
- Robert Taft Jr., U.S. Senator from Ohio (1971--1976), U.S
| 649 |
Taft Stettinius & Hollister
| 0 |
7,741,099 |
# Chinese Taipei women's national volleyball team
The **Chinese Taipei women\'s national volleyball team** is the women\'s national volleyball team of Republic of China (Taiwan). (See *Chinese Taipei* for team naming issue) Controlled by Chinese Taipei Volleyball Association, it represents the country in international competitions and friendly matches.
After 16 years since 1990, Chinese Taipei women\'s national volleyball team re-entered FIVB Volleyball Women\'s World Championship in 2006. To everyone\'s surprise, the 23-ranked team gained their first-ever victory over the host Japan (7th) on the opening day, followed by defeated South Korea (8th), Poland (9th), Kenya (11th), and Costa Rica (33rd) in the first round. However, after a good start of five consecutive victories, the team could not continue their impressing form and eventually took the 12th place.
In December, the same squad attended the 2006 Asian Games held in Doha, Qatar. Although the team lost to South Korea and China in the preliminary round, they later beat Kazakhstan and Thailand and won the bronze medal, the first medal in women\'s volleyball at Asian Games.
## Results
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
- 1964 to `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} 1996 -- *Did not enter* or *Did not qualify*
- 2000 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2004 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2008 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2012 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2016 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2020 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2024 -- *Did not qualify*
### FIVB World Cup {#fivb_world_cup}
- 1973 to `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} 2023 -- *Did not qualify*
### FIVB World Championship {#fivb_world_championship}
- 1952 to `{{flagicon|TCH}}`{=mediawiki} 1986 -- *Did not enter* or *Did not qualify*
- 1990 -- 11th place
- 1994 -- *Did not qualify*
- 1998 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2002 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2006 -- 12th place
- 2010 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2014 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2018 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2022 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2025 -- *Did not qualify*
### FIVB World Grand Prix {#fivb_world_grand_prix}
- 1994 -- 12th place
- 1995 to `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} 2006 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2007 -- 12th place
- 2008 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2009 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2010 -- 12th place
- 2011 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2012 -- 16th place
- 2013 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2014 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2015 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2016 -- *Did not qualify*
- 2017 -- *Did not qualify*
### FIVB Challenger Cup {#fivb_challenger_cup}
- 2019 -- 6th place
### Asian Games {#asian_games}
- 1990 -- 5th place
- 1994 -- 4th place
- 1998 -- 5th place
- 2002 -- 4th place
- 2006 -- **Bronze medal**
- 2010 -- 7th place
- 2014 -- 5th place
- 2018 -- 9th place
- 2022 -- 6th place
### Asian Championship {#asian_championship}
- 1975 -- *Did not participate*
- 1979 -- *Did not participate*
- 1983 -- 4th place
- 1987 -- *Did not participate*
- 1989 -- 4th place
- 1991 -- 5th place
- 1993 -- 4th place
- 1995 -- 4th place
- 1997 -- 4th place
- 1999 -- 5th place
- 2001 -- 5th place
- 2003 -- 5th place
- 2005 -- 5th place
- 2007 -- 6th place
- 2009 -- 6th place
- 2011 -- 5th place
- 2013 -- 7th place
- 2015 -- 4th place
- 2017 -- 6th place
- 2019 -- 6th place
- 2021 -- *Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic*
- 2023 -- 9th place
### Asian Cup {#asian_cup}
- 2008 -- 6th place
- 2010 -- 6th place
- 2012 -- 7th place
- 2014 -- 6th place
- 2016 -- 5th place
- 2018 -- 4th place
- 2022 -- 5th place
### Asian Nations Cup {#asian_nations_cup}
- 2022 -- *Did not participate*
- 2023 -- **3rd place**
- 2024 -- 9th place
- 2025 -- **3rd place**
## Current squad {#current_squad}
As of May 2023 Asian Women\'s Volleyball Championship
- **Coach:** Lin Ming-Hui `{{Flag|TWN}}`{=mediawiki}
Shirt No Player Birth Date Height Club Position
---------- -------------------- ------------ ---------- -------------- ----------------
5\. Chen Yi-Ju 21.12.1989 174 / 64 NTNU Middle Blocker
6\. Hsieh Chian-Yi 25.09.1990 165 / 58 Taiwan Power Setter
7\. Chen Wan-Ting 25.11.1990 178 / 65 NTNU Opposite
8\. Yang Yi-Chen 04.04.1992 166 / 62 NTNU Setter
9\. Chang Chen-Yin (c) 28.03.1991 180 / 66 Taiwan Power Outside Spiker
11\. Wu Shu-Fen 07.04.1989 175 / 68 Taiwan Power Middle Blocker
12\. Yang Meng-Hua 15.08.1991 170 / 67 Taiwan Power Libero
13\. Wan I-Tzu 31.10.1991 175 / 64 Taiwan Power Middle Blocker
15\. Lee Tzu-Ying 04.07.1994 173 / 68 NTNU Outside Spiker
16\. Chen Tzu-Ya 26.08.1997 177 / 64 NTNU Outside Spiker
19\. Tseng Wan-Ling 13.05.1996 170 / 65 Taiwan Power Middle Blocker
20\. Wang Sin-Ting 17.10
| 800 |
Chinese Taipei women's national volleyball team
| 0 |
7,741,101 |
# Brad Hunt (actor)
**Brad Hunt** is an American actor, singer and songwriter, born in Moberly, Missouri.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------- --------------------------- -----------------
1983 *Deep in the Heart* Student
1994 *Post Cards from America* Driver
1996 *Ed* Carnie
1996 *Mulholland Falls* Guard
1997 *Dream with the Fishes* Nick
1997 *Opposite Corners* Fighter #3
1997 *Fire Down Below* Orin, Jr.
1997 *Favorite Son* Lance Beauchamp
1999 *Clubland* King
1999 *Magnolia* Craig Hansen
2001 *The Journeyman* Morphinist
2001 *Blow* GG
2001 *Cookers* Hector
2001 *The Ghost* Sink
2002 *Cherish* D.J.
2002 *Hart\'s War* Pvt. G.H. \'Cookie\' Bell
2003 *Reeseville* David Meyers
2004 *Em & Me* Dwayne
2005 *Lucky 13* Zach Baker
2006 *The Darwin Awards* Stan
2006 *The Plague* Sam Raynor Direct-to-video
2006 *The Tripper* Hank
2008 *Just Add Water* Denny
2011 *Tomorrow\'s End* Dustin
2017 *Billy Boy* Frank
2022 *Alex/October* Alex
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ---------------------------------- ------------------ -----------------------------------------------
1989 *Freddy\'s Nightmares* Kurt Episode: \"Do You Know Where Your Kids Are?\"
1991 *The Wonder Years* Billy Episode: \"The Lake\"
1993 *Blindsided* Lee Television film
1993 *SeaQuest DSV* Le Chein Guard Episode: \"To Be or Not to Be\"
2003 *NYPD Blue* Jerry Wells 3 episodes
2004 *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* Rory Kendell Episode: \"Crow\'s Feet\"
2006 *In Justice* Paul Buckner Episode: \"Cost of Freedom\"
2006 *Monk* Kris Kedder Episode: \"Mr
| 226 |
Brad Hunt (actor)
| 0 |
7,741,102 |
# Power.org
**Power.org** was a global computer industry organization from 2004 to 2013, then succeeded by OpenPOWER Foundation, to develop and promote POWER Architecture technology by establishing its open standards, guidelines, best practices, and certifications.
It was founded in 2004 by IBM and 15 other companies. Freescale (later bought by NXP Semiconductors) joined in 2006 as an honorary founding member and was given similar status as IBM. One year later, it announced a landmark technology development deal with IBM. Power.org had over 40 paying members as corporations, governmental, and educational institutions.
## History
In December 2004, Power.org was founded. In February 2006, Freescale joined. In July 2006, the Power Architecture brand was established to unify products based on Power, PowerPC, PowerQUICC and Cell. In November 2006, Power ISA v2.03 was released as the unified instruction set for POWER Architecture processors, to unify 15 years of development on POWER and PowerPC. In November 2006, Power Architecture Platform Reference was released as the foundation for development of standard Power Architecture computers running the Linux operating system. In September 2007, Power Architecture Developer Conference was held. In December 2008, the Common Debug API Specification was released. In December 2008, the ePAPR specification for embedded systems was released.
Power.org introduced and promoted Power Architecture, a collective marketing term for any specification, hardware, and software related to the POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA architectures.
In 2013, Power.org was disestablished and succeeded by OpenPOWER Consortium, since renamed OpenPOWER Foundation, which is responsible for developing and releasing open documentation.
## Organization
Power.org\'s board of directors consisted of founding members and others. Several committees and subcommittees governed and managed the organization\'s goals, projects, and responsibilities. Members had no veto rights in the decision processes of what defined the Power ISA, which was IBM\'s and Freescale\'s responsibility. Power.org had a tiered membership model, with four levels: Founder, Sponsor, Participant, Associate and Developer. Developer membership was free of charge. Members included these: `{{Col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Col-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- IBM (founder)
- Freescale (founder, later bought by NXP)
- Cadence (founder)
- Synopsys (founder)
- Airbus
- AMCC
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- Broadcom
- Bull
- Chartered
- Curtiss-Wright
- Denali
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- ENEA
- Ericsson
- Genesi
- Green Hills Software
- HCL Technologies
- Kyocera
- Lauterbach
- LynuxWorks
- Mentor Graphics
- Mercury Computer Systems
- National Instruments
- OKI
- P.A
| 395 |
Power.org
| 0 |
7,741,109 |
# Bitter Tongues
***Bitter Tongues*** is an album by Ann Beretta, released in 1997 via Fueled by Ramen.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic wrote that \"with some judicious pruning \... *Bitter Tongues* would be a pop-punk treasure.\" Reviewing a reissue, *Ox-Fanzine* noted: \"Not that they sound particularly polished today, but back then they were a bit rougher and gruff, but they also had the melancholy, hymn-like melodies on board for which they are valued.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Forever Family
2. Fuel
3. FM
4. Dirty Faces
5. Mr. Bowling
6. Wasteland
7. Broadway
8. Bottlecaps
9. St. Marks
10. MCA
11. Shovel
12. Costello
13. Hate Mail
14. Tommy Gunn
15. Spite
16. Mary
17. Baker Street
18. Efforts Wasted
19
| 123 |
Bitter Tongues
| 0 |
7,741,115 |
# Watson Chapel, Pine Bluff, Arkansas
**Watson Chapel** is a neighborhood in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. It is located at the fork of U.S. Route 79 (Camden Road) and Highway 54 (Sulphur Springs Road), directly southwest of downtown Pine Bluff.
## History
Watson Chapel was named after Cumberland Presbyterian minister Benjamin Watson, who settled in nearby Sulphur Springs in the 1870s. Watson later in 1872 founded a church and school which were named Good Faith church and later in 1876 changed to Watson\'s Chapel Cumberland Presbyterian Church. On April 5, 1880, the school district was formed, with the school still meeting in Rev. Benjamin Watson\'s church until a separate school building was erected in 1898.
## Education
Watson Chapel is served by the Watson Chapel School District, including Watson Chapel High School. The Pine Bluff and Jefferson County Library System operates the Watson Chapel Dave Burdick Library, near the high school and along U.S. Route 79. Its namesake is the library director from 1991 to 2012
| 165 |
Watson Chapel, Pine Bluff, Arkansas
| 0 |
7,741,119 |
# Amelia Collins
**Amelia Engelder Collins** (June 7, 1873 -- January 1, 1962) was a prominent American Baháʼí from a Lutheran family. She became Baháʼí in 1919. She made large donations to several Baháʼí projects in Haifa, Israel, such as to the building of the Western Pilgrim House, the superstructure of the Shrine of the Báb the International Archives building and the purchasing of the land for the future Baháʼí House of Worship on Mount Carmel.
She was appointed a Hand of the Cause and vice-president of the International Baháʼí Council by Shoghi Effendi in 1951
| 96 |
Amelia Collins
| 0 |
7,741,125 |
# Sir Henry Cooper School
**Sir Henry Cooper School** was a coeducational, secondary school located on Thorpepark Road in Orchard Park Estate, Kingston upon Hull, England. On the school ground is the North Site of the Hull City Learning Centre, no longer part of the City Learning Centres, in the school Information Technology building.
## History
In 1854 Sir Henry Cooper was elected Mayor of Hull and, on the occasion of the visit of Queen Victoria in October of that year, he received a knighthood. He became a member and first chairman of the Hull School Board in 1871. When the Board Schools opened in 1876 at Bean Street, Hull, they were named the \'Sir Henry Cooper Schools\' and, following their closure, the name was transferred to this school when it opened in September 1967.
Sir Henry Cooper School closed in 2012, with pupils transferring to the newly built Thomas Ferens Academy. The building of the academy, sponsored by the University of Hull, met local opposition, with concerns that construction could cause \"flooding, traffic problems and loss of green space\". The school was renamed Sirius Academy North in 2015.
At the west end of Adelaide Terrace was the entrance to Bean Street. Originally a short street leading to an old farm, the street was shown, un-named, and with only a few buildings on Wilkinson's plan of Hull of 1848. It was originally named "New" Jarratt Street to avoid confusion with the older Jarratt Street in the centre of Hull, and was still named as such on the 1852 Ordnance Survey plan of Hull, when it led only as far as an old-established farm, whose land and buildings initially prevented its further development. Slightly later, a new street called Bean Street was being developed from the north side of the Hessle Road (most likely to have been named in honour of Alderman Robert Bean, a brewer and maltster, who was chairman of the Property Committee in the 1840s). Bean Street was laid out c.1869, and the 1871 Census lists many occupied houses on the street and terraces running off it. It developed north, eventually joining the older New Jarratt Street that ran south from Anlaby Road. As the two became joined c.1871. The Sir Henry Cooper Board School was situated in Bean Street, opening in 1876, it was named after the School Board's first chairman. There were 900 places after 1903, for boys girls and infants, Average attendance was 813 in 1904, and 543 in 1938. The boys were transferred to Boulevard High School in 1957 leaving only the senior girls and infants departments. The school was demolished c.1966; the transfer of the land (0.625 acres) was noted in the Town Planning Officer's annual report for 1967/68. A new Sir Henry Cooper High School was built on the Orchard Park Estate around the same time. The huge population of Bean Street (it was said that more people lived in Bean Street than the whole of Withernsea) was served by two pubs; a small beer-house called the Engineers Arms, which opened c.1872, and closed in the 1960s.
From September 2012 to September 2013 the school site was the temporary home of Newland School for Girls, while its own buildings were reconstructed.
Teachers Mr Carvell and Mr Ellerby were voted among the most memorable teachers from the school
| 555 |
Sir Henry Cooper School
| 0 |
7,741,138 |
# Westside Secondary School
**Westside Secondary School** is a public high school located in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada that opened on November 25, 1999. The current population is 800 students
| 29 |
Westside Secondary School
| 0 |
7,741,139 |
# WQUT
**WQUT** (101.5 FM) is a radio station in Tri-Cities, Tennessee. The station format is classic rock and is branded as \"Tri-Cities Classic Rock 101.5 WQUT.\" As of the Fall 2008 Arbitron ratings book, WQUT is the third highest rated station in the Tri-Cities (Johnson City, Tennessee - Kingsport, Tennessee - Bristol Tennessee/Virginia) market (adults 12+) behind country music station WXBQ-FM and adult contemporary WTFM-FM. Since the early 1990s, WQUT and WTFM have fought for the number-two spot in the market, with WXBQ rated the overall number-one station since 1993.
WQUT is the flagship station of Cumulus Media Tri-Cities and began broadcasting in 1948 as WJHL-FM on 101.5 Megahertz. In 1960, the callsign changed to WJCW-FM. In 1973, its effective radiated power was increased to 100,000 watts from its antenna on Buffalo Mountain in Johnson City, Tennessee.
## Programming
WQUT carries the \"John Boy and Billy Big Show\" (a syndicated show carried on many southeastern U.S. stations). Specialty shows include the Tennessee Midnight Rambler Show (approx. 1976 - 1982), Flashback with Bill St. James and House of Hair with Dee Snider. Its sister stations are WKOS, WJCW (which signed on in 1938), WGOC, and WXSM.
WQUT is involved in community activities throughout the Tri-Cities market.
## Translator coverage {#translator_coverage}
WQUT owns a translator in Boone, North Carolina (W285DG) on 104.9 FM, and is located at the Fire Tower where Boone\'s communication towers are located. Previously, WQUT licensed translators in Lenoir, North Carolina (W232AV) on 94.3 FM and in Hazard, Kentucky (W244BW) on 96.7 FM. The Lenoir translator switched to simulcasting WCQR-FM from Kingsport in the early-2000s, and the Hazard translator switched to simulcasting WZLK from Virgie, Kentucky in the late-2000s
| 281 |
WQUT
| 0 |
7,741,153 |
# S. Newton Pettis
**Solomon Newton Pettis** (October 10, 1827 -- September 18, 1900) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Early life {#early_life}
S. Newton Pettis was born in Lenox, Ohio. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1848 and commenced practice in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention.
## Public service {#public_service}
On March 21, 1861, President Lincoln appointed Pettis an associate justice of Colorado Territory, but he never really served in the position. He departed Denver some time after July 30, 1861 without ever presiding over the court he was appointed to. He remained absent until his replacement, Allen A. Bradford was appointed associate justice in June 1862. He returned to Meadville and continued to practice law.
Pettis was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Darwin A. Finney. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1868. He resumed the practice of law in Meadville.
Pettis was appointed Minister to Bolivia September 4, 1878, and served until November 1, 1879. He was again engaged in the practice of law until his death in Meadville in 1900. Interment in Greendale Cemetery
| 208 |
S. Newton Pettis
| 0 |
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# Soroni
**Soroni** (*Σορωνή*) is a small village on the island of Rhodes, Greece, on the northwest coast of the island. It was the seat of the former municipality of Kameiros (Κάμειρος). Its population was 1,265 at the 2021 census. The island\'s main power plant is located just outside the village. There are 5 very active organizations:
- The Cultural and Folklore Association of Soroni Rhodes "Ampernalli" (ampernos= the oak tree),
- The Athletic Association of Soroni Rhodes \"Efklis\"
- The Athletic Association of Soroni Rhodes \"Ages Kameiros 2009\"
- The Environment Association of Soroni Rhodes
- The Association of Women.
The most popular religious festival on the island is held at the chapel \'Agios Sylas\' outside the village on the chapel\'s saint\'s day, every 20 to 30 of July. The village is situated 24 km from the city of Rhodes
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# Gary Reilly
**Gary Reilly** (born New Zealand, 1945) is an Australian radio and television producer and writer. He is known for his work on a variety of comedy series including *The Naked Vicar Show*, *Kingswood Country*, *Hey Dad..!* and *Bullpitt!*. He won several Australian Writers Guild awards and Logies, as well as being inducted into the Australian Writers\' Hall of Fame.
## Career
Reilly started work as a trainee with the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation in 1964, working in various production roles before he moved to advertising; working mostly freelance in most of the industry\'s creative departments: as writer, art director, production manager, director and MC in New Zealand and Great Britain, then from 1970, in Australia.
Around 1972 he teamed up with Tony Sattler, initially to make television commercials, then with the advent of the ABC\'s youth radio station 2JJ, to create humorous pieces: \"anti-ads\" satirizing the advertising industry, mock soap-operas (*The Novels of Fiona Wintergreen*), space-operas (*Chuck Chunder of the Space Patrol*) and hospital shows (*Doctors and Nurses*).
The pivotal radio show for their company RS Productions was *The Naked Vicar Show,* broadcast nationally from 1976 to 1977. Subsequently, Channel Seven commissioned a television version that was broadcast in 1977 and 1978, which in turn provided the basis for the Logie-winning *Kingswood Country*. From 1984, Gary worked independently with his own company Gary Reilly Productions.
From 1986 to 1994, Reilly produced a sitcom titled *Hey Dad..!* for Channel Seven, with writer John Flanagan. In 1997, he partnered with his former writing partner Tony Sattler to write *Bullpitt!*, which featured the main character (\'Ted Bullpitt\') from *Kingswood Country*, now living in a retirement home.
## Awards
Reilly and Sattler won two Logie Awards for Best Comedy
- *Kingswood Country* 1981 and 1982.
Together they won two Australian Writer\'s Guild AWGIE Awards -- Best Comedy (radio)
- 1979 -- *You only live once*
- 1980 -- *Sunday morning fever*
He and Sattler received the 1997 Australian Writer\'s Guild Freddie Parsons Award for Lifetime Contribution to Comedy
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# To All Our Fallen Heroes
***To All Our Fallen Heroes*** is an album by Ann Beretta. It was released in 1999 on Lookout! Records.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*CMJ New Music Report* called the album a \"blazing document of bright-eyed and bushy-tailed pogo punk.\" *The Austin Chronicle* wrote: \"All\'s Bill Stevenson provided the CD\'s monstrous production, guitars, drums, and vocals, all leaping out of the speakers. Though the songwriting could use some of that, there\'s plenty of power here to ensure that Ann Beretta must be a scorching live band.\"
The *Reno Gazette-Journal* listed *To All Our Fallen Heroes* as the eighth best album of 1999, writing that \"every number is a sing-along with the screaming guitars right up front.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Fire In The Hole\"
2. \"Eye For An Eye\"
3. \"Push To Shove\"
4. \"Rumor Town\"
5. \"Bully Me Now\"
6. \"Vengeance\"
7. \"Untitled\"
8. \"Burning Bridges\"
9. \"Brothers At Arms\"
10. \"Like A Riot\"
11. \"Mad At The World\"
12. \"Haywire\"
13. \"Love\'s Easy Tears\"
14
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# Nako Lake
**Nako Lake** is a high-altitude lake in the Pooh sub-division of the Kinnaur district of the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. It forms part of the boundary of Nako village and is named after it. It is about 3662 m above sea level. The size of the lake is around 500 meters long and 200 meters wide and the depth of the lake is estimated to be around 60 meters. The lake is surrounded by willow and poplar trees. Near the lake, there are four Buddhist temples. Near this place, there is a foot-like impression ascribed to the saint Padmasambhava. Several miles away there is a village called Tashigang around which there are several caves where it is believed that Guru Padmasambhava meditated and gave discourse to followers. There is a waterfall nearby which has snow water falling like a river of milk. Legend says that it is a heavenly realm of fairies. In one of the caves, you are still able to see the live footprints of these fairies or other demigods. It is a sacred place for the people of these valleys. Followers come from as far a place as Ladakh and Spiti Valley
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# Darwin A. Finney
**Darwin Asahel Finney** (August 11, 1814 -- August 25, 1868) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Early life {#early_life}
Darwin Asahel Finney was born in Shrewsbury, Vermont. He attended the public schools and attended the military academy at Norwich, VT (then the ALS&MA, now Norwich University). He moved with his parents to Meadville, Pennsylvania. He served in a clerk in a law office in Kingsbury, New York, in 1834 and 1835. He graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville in 1840. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842 and commenced practice in Meadville.
## Public service {#public_service}
He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1856 to 1861.
Finnery was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth Congress and served until his death at Brussels, Belgium, in 1868. Interment in Greendale Cemetery in Meadville, Pennsylvania. Cenotaph at Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C
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# Vũ Quang district
**Vũ Quang** is a rural district of Hà Tĩnh province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 32,242. The district covers an area of 646 sqkm. The district capital lies at Vũ Quang.
## Geography
Vũ Quang is an area of steep mountains and dense tropical forest in Hà Tĩnh province of Vietnam\'s North Central Coast. It is a very wet, hot area, whose mountains trap moisture coming in from the South China Sea. This creates a very stable but inhospitable climate. It rains continually in the rainy season, and in the dry season there is much fog; consequently most surfaces are algae-coated and slippery. The local hunters prefer to stay out of the forest, setting snares and using dogs to chase animals into more accessible areas.
## History
Vũ Quang was used as a base by Phan Đình Phùng, the anti-colonial revolutionary, from 1885 to 1896
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# Ocha
***Ocha*** is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index described it as a synonym of *Nesara*
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# Bombardier Aerospace Emergency Services (Toronto)
**Bombardier Aerospace Emergency Services (Toronto)** is responsible for fire and emergency services at Bombardier Aerospace\'s assembly and testing facility at Downsview Airport.
## Station
There is one station that is located at the airport with apparatus stored in a shed near the end of Hanover Road
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# Sports Arena, Kingston upon Hull
The **Sports Arena** also known as the **Tigers Trust Arena** (formerly the **Airco Arena** the **Bonus Arena**, **Gemtec Arena** and the **Vulcan Arena**) is a sports centre located next to the MKM Stadium in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
The arena was built at the same time as the KC Stadium and is a multisport arena used by many people in and around Hull. It is used by many of the city\'s schools, colleges and universities and is a popular place for association football or other sport tournaments to take place, including The Tigers 5-A-Side Tournament. It is also used for many other events such as Fares and Model Shows such as the Fairground model show. Until 2012 it was also the home for the NBL Division 4 basketball team, the Hull Wasps. However, the Wasps moved to the Ennerdale Lesure Centre before the 2012--13 season citing the increase charges for use of the Sports Arena as the main reason. The 2013--14 season will see the return of NBL basketball to the Sports Arena as the home the Kingston Panthers. It is also an accredited Handball facility.
The main hall of the arena is 54 m x 33 m with a height of 9 m.
The venue is frequently used for shows by acclaimed wrestling promotion New Generation Wrestling
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# Boduberu
**Boduberu** (Dhivehi: ބޮޑުބެރު) is similar to some of the songs and dances found in east and south west Africa. It is likely that the music was introduced to The Maldives by sailors from the Indian Ocean region. It may be said that *Boduberu* first made an appearance in The Maldives in the 11th Century AD, or possibly before that.\
`{{main article|Music of the Maldives}}`{=mediawiki}
## Performance
Boduberu is performed by about 20 people, including three drummers and a lead singer. They are accompanied by a small bell, a set of drums also known as a *bodu beru*, and an *onugandu* - a small piece of bamboo with horizontal grooves, including a few lines, from which raspy sounds are produced by scraping. The songs may be of heroism, romance or satire. The prelude to the song is a slow beat with emphasis on drumming, and dancing. As the song reaches a crescendo, one or two dancers maintain the wild beat with their frantic movements ending in some cases in a trance.
The costume of the performers is a sarong (feyli) and a white short sleeved shirt.
## Evolution
Boduberu evolved among the common citizens as an alternative to court music. In the early days, the people gathered together to perform Boduberu, and it became widely accepted as the music of the common people. The performing of the music is often referred as \"vibrating the island\". A notable point about Boduberu is its noise and sometimes meaningless lyrics sung. The lyrics do not have a meaning, because it consists of a mixture of local, neighbouring and some African words. Today, meaningful songs written in the local language Dhivehi are sung to the rhythm of Boduberu.
Boduberu is usually sung after a hard day\'s work. The location is up to the performers. Today, Boduberu is an important item of entertainment at stage shows, special occasions, celebrations and festivals.
## Bodu beru {#bodu_beru}
The *bodu beru* is a Maldivian drum, made of wood from coconut tree trunk, and often grouped in trios. The instrument is used to accompany a dance of the same name, the Boduberu
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# Strathgryffe
**Strathgryffe** or **Gryffe Valley** (*Srath Ghriobhaidh*) is the strath of River Gryffe, which lies within the historic county of Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland.
Strathgryffe also gives its name to a feudal lordship, which covered the western portion of Renfrewshire in the 12th century and formed the nucleus of the county. The land was originally associated with the House of Stewart, who went on to be monarchs of Scotland and later Great Britain.
The settlements of Strathgryffe are divided between the council areas of Inverclyde and Renfrewshire and largely follow the flow of the River Gryffe, from Kilmacolm in the far west to where the river meets the Black Cart Water between Houston and Inchinnan. Other significant settlements include Bridge of Weir, Quarriers Village and Crosslee.
## Name
A Strath is a wide glen. The term is rendered in Scots Gaelic as \'Srath\' and in Modern Welsh as \'Ystrad\'.
\'Stragrif\' is mentioned in the 1169 charter of Paisley Abbey, which placed the churches of the area under the control of the new abbey. Later, the name \'Gryff\' is recorded in the Military Survey of Scotland 1747--1755, compiled by William Roy, a predecessor to the Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain.
The \'Gryffe\' spelling has gained predominance in the area, seen for example in signposts showing the name of the river and the names of organisations such as the Gryffe Valley Rotary Club and Gryffe High School.
## History
The lands of Strathgryffe were granted by King David I to Walter fitz Alan, first High Steward of Scotland, and founder of the Stewart family in Scotland, probably in the 1150s. The Royal house would continue to hold lands in Renfrewshire, with the heir to the British throne holding the title of Baron Renfrew, and in part forming the principality of Scotland.
In the early 15th century, the area emerged as a county by the name Renfrewshire, owing to the Stewart\'s base at Renfrew Castle. Initially the chief magistrate in a county was its sheriff - and later in the 15th century the position of Sheriff of Renfrew was held by the Sempill family - an arrangement that continued until the 17th century.
## Geography
The geography of the area is a contrasting mix of green fields surrounding the river, with rough moorland in the higher areas, particularly Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park.
### Settlements
There are a number of villages in Strathgryffe, varying considerably in size
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# Baron Brimstone
**Baron Brimstone** (**Walther Theodoric**) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Baron Brimstone first appeared in *Machine Man* #16 (August 1980), and was created by writer Tom DeFalco and artist Steve Ditko.
The character subsequently appears in *Marvel Team-Up* #99 (Nov. 1980), *The Avengers* #251 (Jan. 1985), and *Fantastic Four* #336 (Jan. 1990).
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
Baron Brimstone is a criminal who appears to use a combination of magical powers and technological devices in committing thefts.
In his first appearance, Baron Brimstone steals the Sol-Mac from the Chem-Solar Corporation to mass-produce it as a weapon and sell it to other criminals. The security at Chem-Solar and Machine Man are unable to prevent the theft. Baron Brimstone later organizes a meeting with non-Maggia affiliated criminals to recruit them into his Satan Squad. Duke Dawson, one of the assembled criminals, takes exception to Brimstone\'s leadership and met with Delmar Insurance agent Pamela Quinn. This results in Baron Brimstone sending his lieutenants \"Snake\" Marston and \"Hammer\" Harrison to bring her in for interrogation. When Machine Man tracks them and finds the Satan Squad\'s hideout, he rescues Quinn, and hands Baron Brimstone to the police.
While imprisoned on Ryker\'s Island, Brimstone escapes by hypnotizing a guard into freeing him and frees Sandman. He plots revenge on Machine Man before being defeated by him and Spider-Man.
Brimstone later robs a casino on the French Riviera. The Caribbean-based casino owners hire Paladin to bring him to justice. The Wasp assists in the Baron\'s defeat.
In *Acts of Vengeance*, Doctor Doom forces Brimstone, Armadillo, Man-Ape, Orka, Stilt-Man, and Whirlwind to attack the Fantastic Four at their court hearing. All the villains are defeated and taken into police custody.
Several years later, Brimstone is involved in the Demonica Soulcutters, an arms racket in Miami, before being defeated by the Heroes for Hire and sent to Hell
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# Chelvy Thiyagarajah
**Thiagarajah Selvanithy** (*செல்வநிதி தியாகராசா*), also known as **Selvi**, was a Sri Lankan Eelam poet and a feminist. She was also an International PEN award winner in 1992. In 1991, She was abducted by the LTTE, which acknowledged her execution in 1997.`{{Ref|1}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Ref|2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Early life {#early_life}
Selvi was born into a peasant family in Semamadu, a village about 80 miles south of Jaffna in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. She was deeply influenced by the socio-political environment around her. From a young age, she showed a keen interest in literature and the arts, which led her to pursue studies in Theater and Drama Arts at the University of Jaffna. Her early life was marked by her commitment to social justice and her passion for using poetry and drama to highlight the struggles of her community. This dedication eventually led her to establish the feminist journal *Tholi*, through which she voiced the concerns and aspirations of Tamil women during the turbulent times of the Sri Lankan civil war.
## Activism
Selvi was a Tamil language poet from Jaffna in Sri Lanka.
She was the founder of a feminist journal called *Tholi* and was a gifted young poet who in her work deplored the carnage brought about by the Sri Lankan civil war. Selvi also produced two plays, one about dowry payments and the other about rapes.`{{Ref|1}}`{=mediawiki}
At the time of her kidnapping, Selvi was a third-year student in Theater and Drama Arts in the University of Jaffna.`{{Ref|1}}`{=mediawiki}
## Contributions
Selvi was also a playwright and actress. She served as the editor of the women's literary magazine \"Thozhi.\" Her poems were published in the anthology \"Sollatha Sethigal,\" which featured voices of Eelam women poets. Her works appeared in various magazines such as \"Manosai,\" \"Mann,\" \"Arangetram,\" \"Osai,\" \"Nangavathu Parimandam,\" \"Sarinikar,\" and \"Thisai.\" Some of her poems were translated into English and included in collections. She was a member of the Jaffna Women's Study Circle, the Jaffna University Student Council, and the Literary Circle. She wrote two plays and was a member of the women's center \"Poorani Illam,\" which provided relief aid to those affected by the war and bombings in the north.
Selvi received the prestigious 'Poetry International Award' from the Poets, Essayists, and Novelists (PEN) organization.
## Abduction
On 30 August 1991, Selvi was abducted by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE, a rebel group fighting for independence for minority Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka.`{{Ref|1}}`{=mediawiki} The day before her abduction she was about to star in a play about the role of women in the Palestinian intifada. She was a prominent member of *Poorani Illam*, a women\'s center in Jaffna, which gives support to women traumatized by government bombing raids and bereavement.`{{Ref|1}}`{=mediawiki}
## Murder
In 1997, LTTE sources acknowledged that she was killed along with another dissident, one **Manoharan**, also a final-year university student. Although their opposition to the LTTE was non-violent, they were both killed in the LTTE\'s prison camps
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# Charles Vernon Culver
**Charles Vernon Culver** (September 6, 1830 -- January 10, 1909) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Early life {#early_life}
Culver was born in Logan, Ohio. He received a liberal preparatory schooling and attended the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio. He moved to Pennsylvania and settled in Reno, Pennsylvania, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He also became interested in the development of oil in Venango County, Pennsylvania, and the establishment of national banks in thirteen cities throughout the East.
He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1866. While a member of Congress, he became bankrupt and was imprisoned in 1866 but was eventually acquitted after a long trial. He resumed operations in the oil business, with headquarters in Franklin, Pennsylvania. He died while on a business trip in Philadelphia in 1909. He was interred in Franklin Cemetery in Franklin, Pennsylvania.
## Culver and the Great Bank Scandal {#culver_and_the_great_bank_scandal}
Culver had made a small profit in Logan, Ohio, by investing some bank money in oil. He took that money and began buying up banks throughout the oil region. He bought land two miles below Oil City, Pennsylvania, where he established the town of Reno and The Reno Oil and Land Company and starting selling stock in what appears to have been a basic pyramid scheme.
Culver also attempted to establish the Reno-Pithole railroad, to run between Reno and Pithole, Pennsylvania, the leading oil boom town at the time. Culver was not one for half measures---to run the railroad he hired Ambrose Burnside, and to hook investors, he brought deep-pocketed men of wealth from all over the country to tour his as-yet-non-existent oil fields.
Ultimately Culver\'s plan collapsed and he was pursued by creditors and courts up and down the oil region. The collapse of his banks triggered a financial panic throughout the oil region that drove many oilmen out of the business and created chaos that set the stage for men like John D. Rockefeller to move in.
A more complete and colorful account of Culver\'s career can be found in the book The Great Oildorado by Hildegarde Dolson
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# Ern Westmore
**Ernest Henry Westmore** (October 29, 1904 -- February 1, 1967), was a Hollywood makeup artist and actor, the third child in George Westmore\'s famed Westmore family.
## Career
Ern was also involved in the creation of the House of Westmore with three of his brothers. It was billed as a place of beauty, primarily for women, and Ern was forced to borrow \$40,000 from John Barrymore and Errol Flynn to assist in the financing, never paying them back.
In 1955, Babb set Westmore up with his own television series. Originally called *Hollywood Today*, but also called *Hollywood Backstage* and *The Ern Westmore Show*, *The Ern Westmore Hollywood Glamour Show* was a program featuring make-up tips and beauty suggestions.
Ern struggled with alcoholism throughout his life, drinking as early as 1921. Often involved with Barrymore, John Decker, and W. C. Fields, Ern would eventually be forced out of Warner Bros. because of his alcohol problem. Ern also struggled in his personal life due to his vices, having been married four times during his life, fathering two children.
Ern died in New York City in 1967 of an apparent heart attack
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# List of birds of Singapore
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in Singapore**. The avifauna of Singapore include a total of 450 species, 35 of which have been introduced by humans.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2023b edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
## Abundance
- Very common (**VC**) - found almost all the time in suitable locations
- Common (**C**) - found most of the time in suitable locations
- Uncommon (**U**) - found some of the time
- Rare (**R**) - found several times a year
- Very rare (**VR**) - not found every year
- Extirpated (**Ex**) - used to be found in Singapore, but not any more
## Status
- Resident (**R**) - stays throughout the year without known breeding record
- Resident breeder (**RB**) - stays throughout the year with known breeding record
- Winter visitor (**WV**) - spends months at wintering site
- Passage migrant (**PM**) - spends days to weeks at wintering site
- Migrant breeder (**MB**) - breeds locally, but winters elsewhere
- Non-breeding visitor (**NBV**) - can be found throughout the year for days to months, but does not breed locally
- Vagrant (**V**) - not usually found locally
- Introduced (**I**) - either released or escaped birds
- Reintroduced (**rI**) - previously extirpated, but has been re-introduced into the wild
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# List of birds of Singapore
## Locations
There are many locations for bird watching in Singapore. The habitats include forests, mangroves, rivers, coasts, grasslands, woodlands, marshes, and offshore islands. There are no mountains in Singapore, but there are several hills, i.e., \"bukit\" (**Bt.**) in the Malay language.
The house crow is the most successful introduced bird in Singapore. It was originally brought in from Sri Lanka for the purpose of controlling the caterpillar population, but the plan back-fired and instead of attacking the caterpillars, they became a pest. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, crow cullings were common in Singapore and were guided by the Certis CISCO. Crow cullings were discontinued since the COVID-19 pandemic.
Many of the areas were largely cleared for redevelopment, such as Tengah New Town. The expiring leases of Neo Tiew in 2014 were also given to Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) restricted area.
Location Areas Notes
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Admiralty Park
Bedok Reservoir Park
Bidadari Cemetery
Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West, Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
Bukit Batok Nature Park A forest near the western part of Singapore with a quarry within.
Bukit Brown Cemetery
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve Hindhede Nature Park, Hindhede Quarry, Wallace Education Centre and Singapore Quarry
Central Catchment Nature Reserve MacRitchie Reservoir, Lower Peirce Reservoir, Upper Peirce Reservoir, Upper Seletar Reservoir
Changi Changi Business Park
Choa Chu Kang Cemetery
Choa Chu Kang Park
Gardens by the Bay
Kranji Dam & Neo Tiew East A dam at north-western Singapore. It is the northern border of the Kranji Reservoir.
Labrador Nature Reserve
Lower Seletar Dam A mudflat and sandy beach at north-eastern Singapore. It is the northern border of Lower Seletar Reservoir (**LSR**).
Mandai Mudflat A mudflat at north-western Singapore. It is a feeding ground for migratory waders.
North-eastern Islands Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin, Coney Island Only Pulau Tekong is restricted access
Pasir Ris Park
Pedra Branca Easternmost end of Singapore strait, restricted access
Punggol Reservoir A river in the north-eastern part of Singapore. It has been converted into a reservoir in 2011 and is now known as Punggol Reservoir. It contains Sengkang Floating Wetland (**SFW**) and is beside Sengkang Riverside Park (**SRP**).
Serangoon Reservoir A river in the north-eastern part of Singapore. It has been converted into a reservoir in 2011 and is now known as Serangoon Reservoir. It is beside Lorong **Halus** Wetland and **Punggol** grassland.
Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore\'s only UNESCO site containing three lakes (Eco, Symphony and Swan).
Southern Islands Sentosa, Sisters\' Islands, St. John Island, Lazarus Island, Kusu Island, Jurong Island, Pulau Hantu, Pulau Salu, Pulau Semakau Pulau Senang, Pulau Pawai and Pulau Sudong are restricted access.
Southern Ridges Kent Ridge Park (**KRP**), Mount Faber Park (**MFP**) and Telok Blangah Hill Park (**TBHP**).
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
Tampines Eco Green
Tengah
Tuas
West Coast Park
Western Water Catchment Wrexham, Tengeh Reservoir, Pasir Laba, Peng Kang Hill, Poyan Reservoir, Murai Reservoir, Sarimbun Reservoir, Lim Chu Kang, Neo Tiew, Ama Keng, Jalan Bahar, Nanyang Technological University. Jurong Eco-Garden Most of it are restricted access including the four reservoirs, except for Nanyang Technological University and Cleantech Park. Bird watchers secretly enter military and live firing premises without getting caught by the security or military warden.
## Waterfowl
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Wandering whistling duck (*Dendrocygna arcuata*) - U/IRB - SBG, SBTB, WCP, *Marina East, Marina South, P. Punggol*
- Lesser whistling duck (*Dendrocygna javanica*) - U/RB - Halus, Jurong Central Park, Kranji Marsh, SBTB, SBG, SBWR, WCP, Yishun, *P. Punggol, S. Serangoon*
- Cotton pygmy-goose (*Nettapus coromandelianus*) - VR/NBV - BAMKP, CCNR, Halus, Kranji Marsh, LSR, SBTB, Seletar East, *Marina South, WWC (Poyan), WCP*
- Garganey (*Spatula querquedula*) - R/WV - Changi, CCNR, Halus, WWC (Poyan), SBWR, Tuas, *Marina South, Tanah Merah*
- Northern shoveler (*Spatula clypeata*) - VR/WV - Changi, Halus, WWC (Poyan), SBWR (2008)
- Gadwall (*Mareca strepera*) - VR/V - *Punggol (1989)*, SBWR (2020)
- Eurasian wigeon (*Mareca penelope*) - VR/V - Kranji Marsh (2018), SBWR (1986-7)
- Northern pintail (*Anas acuta*) - VR/WV - SBWR (2016, 2020), *WWC (Poyan), Senoko, S. Jurong*
- Green-winged teal (*Anas crecca*) - VR/V - *S. Jurong (1978)*
- Tufted duck (*Aythya fuligula*) - V - *Changi (1999)*, Marsiling Park (2020), SBWR/Kranji Marsh (2023)
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# List of birds of Singapore
## Pheasants, grouse, junglefowl, quails and allies {#pheasants_grouse_junglefowl_quails_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Blue-breasted quail (*Synoicus chinensis*) - U/RB - Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, Pasir Ris Farmway, P. Punggol, Punggol, SBWR, Tuas
- Red junglefowl (*Gallus gallus*) - C/RB+IRB -
- Changi District (Grand Venture Technology): Pasir Ris, Tampines, Simei, Changi Village, Changi
- Kaki Bukit District (Axiom Tab): Kaki Bukit, Kampong Ubi
- North East District: Hougang, Serangoon Gardens
- Bukit Timah District: Botanic Gardens, Bukit Timah
- Fort Canning District: Fort Canning, Oxley Road, Dhoby Ghaut
- Gardens by the Bay
- Thomson District: Thomson, MacRitchie Reservoir, Bishan Park, Bishan, Ang Mo Kio
- Chinatown District: Chinatown, Amoy Street
- Ayer Rajah District: Clementi, Singapore Polytechnic, Science Park, Alexandra Hospital, Henderson, Kim Tian, Kampong Bahru, Labrador Park
- Bukit Panjang District: Bukit Panjang
## Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
- Little grebe (*Tachybaptus ruficollis*) - VR/RB - Halus, Rasir Ris Farmway, P. Ubin, KRP, Kranji Marsh, P. Punggol, Punggol, Singapore Quarry, Tampines Quarry
## Pigeons
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon (*Columba livia*) - VC/IRB - urban areas
- Oriental turtle-dove (*Streptopelia orientalis*) - VR/V - LNR, Lim Chu Kang Lane 3, Rower\'s Bay, Sisters\' Is.
- Red collared-dove (*Streptopelia tranquebarica*) - U/IRB - Admiralty Park, Changi, Halus, NTL, PRP, P. Punggol, P. Ubin
- Spotted dove (*Spilopelia chinensis*) - VC/RB - urban areas
- Asian emerald dove (*Chalcophaps indica*) - U/RB - Admiralty Park, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Zebra dove (*Geopelia striata*) - VC/RB - urban areas
- Little green-pigeon (*Treron olax*) - *Ex/R* + VR/NBV - BTNR, CCNR, Punggol 17th Ave
- Pink-necked green-pigeon (*Treron vernans*) - C/RB - woodlands
- Cinnamon-headed green-pigeon (*Treron fulvicollis*) - R/NBV - CCNR, P. Tekong, P. Ubin, SBWR, TEG
- Orange-breasted green-pigeon (*Treron bicinctus*) - VR/NBV - JLG
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- Thick-billed green-pigeon (*Treron curvirostra*) - U/RB - BBC, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Springleaf, St. John Is., Sentosa, *Marina South*
- Jambu fruit-dove (*Ptilinopus jambu*) - U/NBV - BBNP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, DFNP, JLG, Kranji Marsh, KRP, MFP, P. Punggol, SBG
- Green imperial-pigeon (*Ducula aenea*) - U/RB - BBNP, CBP, Halus, Loyang, PRP, P. Ubin, P. Tekong
- Mountain imperial-pigeon (*Ducula badia*) - VR/V - P. Ubin (2012, 2016-7)
- Pied imperial-pigeon (*Ducula bicolor*) - R/NBV + C/IRB - NBV: P. Salu, Singapore Strait, Southern Islands; IRB: BBNP, Bt Batok West, JLG, LNR, WWC (Poyan), PRP, Tuas, WCP
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# List of birds of Singapore
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Greater coucal (*Centropus sinensis*) - U/RB - woodlands: CCNR, Halus, Mandai, NTL, WWC (Poyan), PRP, SBG, SBWR, TBHP, Venus Drive
- Lesser coucal (*Centropus bengalensis*) - C/RB - grasslands
- Chestnut-bellied malkoha (*Phaenicophaeus sumatranus*) - U/RB - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, JEG, Mandai, WWC (Poyan), TBHP
- Chestnut-winged cuckoo (*Clamator coromandus*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, SBTB, Halus, JEG, JLG, WWC (Murai, Thousand Oaks, Poyan), PRP, P. Punggol, Simpang, SBG, SBWR, Tengah, TEG, Tuas, *Khatib Bongsu, Marina South*
- Pied cuckoo (*Clamator jacobinus*) - VR/V - Halus (2013-4, 2015)
- Asian koel (*Eudynamys scolopaceus*) - C/RBWV - Islandwide (including offshore islands)
- Asian emerald cuckoo (*Chrysococcyx maculatus*) - VR/V - JLG (2021), P. Ubin (2021), Sentosa (2017-8), Ulu Pandan (2020)
- Violet cuckoo (*Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus*) - U/RBWV - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, JEG, Mandai, NTL, PRP, WWC (Poyan), P. Ubin, SBG, Simpang, Springleaf, Tengah
- Horsfield\'s bronze-cuckoo (*Chrysococcyx basalis*) - R/WV - Changi Beach, CCKC, Halus, Kranji, P. Punggol, P. Tekong, Punggol, Sentosa, Tuas, *Marina East*, *Marina South*
- Little bronze-cuckoo (*Chrysococcyx minutillus*) - C/RB - woodlands
- Banded bay cuckoo (*Cacomantis sonneratii*) - U/RB - Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, Marina East, NTL, P. Ubin, SBWR
- Plaintive cuckoo (*Cacomantis merulinus*) - U/RB - Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, Halus, JLG, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, WWC (Poyan), PRP, Punggol, SBWR, Tampines, Tuas
- Brush cuckoo (*Cacomantis variolosus*) - U/RB - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Coney Is., Halus, JLG, NTL, WWC (Poyan), P. Tekong, P. Ubin, PRP, SBG, SBWR, Sentosa, *Khatib Bongsu*
- Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo (*Surniculus lugubris*) - U/RBWV - Bidadari, BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, JLG, Mandai, NTL, PRP, WWC (Poyan), SBG, SBWR
- Large hawk-cuckoo (*Hierococcyx sparverioides*) - R/WVPM - Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, JLG, P. Punggol, PRP, Sentosa, Tuas, *Khatib Bongsu*
- Hodgson\'s hawk-cuckoo (*Hierococcyx nisicolor*) - R/WVPM - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, CCKC, Coney Is., JLG, Kusu Is., Mandai, PRP, WWC (Poyan), P. Punggol, Sembawang, Tuas
- Malaysian hawk-cuckoo (*Hierococcyx fugax*) - R/NBV - BAMKP, Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Halus, JLG, WWC (Poyan), SBWR
- Indian cuckoo (*Cuculus micropterus*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, BTNR, CCNR, Changi, JLG, Mandai, MFP, NTL, WWC (Poyan), P. Punggol, SBG, SBWR, Sembawang, Sentosa, Tuas
- Himalayan cuckoo (*Cuculus saturatus*) - R/PM - Bidadari, BBNP, CCNR, Coney Is., JLG, Tuas
## Nightjars and allies {#nightjars_and_allies}
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
- Malaysian eared-nightjar (*Lyncornis temminckii*) - *Ex/R* - BBNP, CCNR
- Grey nightjar (*Caprimulgus jotaka*) - U/WVPM - Bidadari, CCNR, Changi, JLG, SBWR, TBHP
- Large-tailed nightjar (*Caprimulgus macrurus*) - C/RB - woodlands
- Savanna nightjar (*Caprimulgus affinis*) - U/RB - grasslands: Changi, Halus, NTL, P. Ubin, Punggol, Seletar East, TEG, Tuas
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- Silver-rumped needletail (*Rhaphidura leucopygialis*) - VR/NBV - CCNR, Changi, WWC (Poyan)
- White-throated needletail (*Hirundapus caudacutus*) - VR/PM - BTNR, CCNR, Henderson Waves
- Silver-backed needletail (*Hirundapus cochinchinensis*) - R/WVPM - BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Henderson Waves
- Brown-backed needletail (*Hirundapus giganteus*) - U/WVPM - BTNR, CCNR, Henderson Waves, Marina East, P. Ubin
- Plume-toed swiftlet (*Collocalia affinis*) - U/R - BBNP, BTNR, CCNR, DFNP, Henderson Waves, MFP, SBG
- Black-nest swiftlet (*Aerodramus maximus*) - C/RB - islandwide, including offshore islands
- Germain\'s swiftlet (*Aerodramus germani*) - C/RB - islandwide, including offshore islands
- Common swift (*Apus apus*) - VR/V - CCNR, Henderson Waves
- Pacific swift (*Apus pacificus*) - U/WVPM - BTNR, CCNR, KRP, P. Ubin, Singapore Strait, Tuas
- House swift (*Apus nipalensis*) - U/RB - Buangkok, Changi, CCNR, DFNP, Halus, Henderson Waves, NTL, P. Punggol, P. Ubin, Tuas
- Asian palm-swift (*Cypsiurus balasiensis*) - U/RB - BTNR, CCKC, CCNR, Halus, KRP, WWC (Poyan), P. Ubin
## Treeswifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Hemiprocnidae
The treeswifts, also called crested swifts, are closely related to the true swifts. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.
- Grey-rumped treeswift (*Hemiprocne longipennis*) - U/RB - BAMKP, BBNP, Bidadari, CCNR, KRP, Mandai, SBG, TBHP
- Whiskered treeswift (*Hemiprocne comata*) - *Ex/RB* + VR/NBV - BTNR, CCNR, Dairy Farm
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