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# More... (Trace Adkins album)
***More...*** is the third studio album by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It was released on November 2, 1999, on Capitol Nashville. It features the singles \"Don\'t Lie\", \"More\", and \"I\'m Gonna Love You Anyway\", which respectively reached No. 27, No. 10, and No. 36 on the Hot Country Songs charts. It was also the only album of his career not to achieve a RIAA certification -- Trey Bruce produced all but two of the album\'s tracks. \"Don\'t Lie\" was produced by Paul Worley, while \"All Hat, No Cattle\" was produced by Ray Benson of Asleep at the Wheel.
The album\'s release date was advanced due to initial radio demand for \"Don\'t Lie\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Adapted from liner notes.
- Trace Adkins - lead vocals
- Ray Benson - acoustic guitar (track 11), background vocals (track 11)
- Chris Booher - piano (track 11)
- Pat Buchanan - electric guitar solo (track 3), slide guitar (track 4)
- Cindy Cashdollar - steel guitar (track 11)
- Joe Chemay - bass guitar (track 6)
- J.T. Corenflos - electric guitar, gut string guitar (track 12)
- Eric Darken - percussion (tracks 3, 4, 9, 12)
- Floyd Domino - piano (track 11)
- Michael Francis - saxophone (track 11)
- Larry Franklin - fiddle (track 6)
- Johnny Gimble - fiddle (track 11)
- Rob Hajacos - fiddle
- Tony Harrell - B-3 organ, piano, keyboards, Wurlitzer (track 2)
- Wes Hightower - background vocals (all tracks except 11)
- Steve Hinson - steel guitar, lap steel guitar
- John Hobbs - B-3 organ (track 6), piano (track 6), synthesizer (track 6)
- Troy Johnson - background vocals (track 6)
- Liana Manis - background vocals (tracks 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12)
- Brent Mason - electric guitar (track 2)
- David Earl Miller - bass guitar (track 11), background vocals (track 11)
- Greg Morrow - drums
- Alison Prestwood - bass guitar (tracks 2, 8)
- Jason Roberts - fiddle (track 11), electric guitar (track 11)
- David Sanger - drums (track 11)
- Brian D. Siewert - synthesizer (tracks 4, 7)
- Michael Spriggs - acoustic guitar
- Glenn Worf - bass guitar
- Paul Worley - acoustic guitar (track 6)
- Curtis Wright - background vocals (tracks 2, 5, 9, 10)
- Jonathan Yudkin - fiddle (tracks 8, 9, 10), fiddle solo (track 4), mandolin (track 7)
Strings performed by the Siewert String Thing, arranged and conducted by Brian D. Siewert.
## Chart performance {#chart_performance}
### Album
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1999) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+=====================================+==========+
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 9 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S
| 455 |
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# Pete Lammons
**Peter Spencer Lammons Jr.** (October 20, 1943 -- April 29, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a tight end for the American Football League (AFL)\'s New York Jets and the NFL\'s Green Bay Packers. He won the AFL Championship with the Jets in 1968, and played in their victory over the National Football League (NFL) champion Baltimore Colts in the third AFL-NFL World Championship game (aka Super Bowl III). He also won a National Championship with the 1963 Texas Longhorns football team
## Early life {#early_life}
As a high school freshman, Lammons played briefly under NFL coach Bum Phillips during his tenure as head coach at Jacksonville High School in Jacksonville, Texas. They met again briefly in January 1968 on the sidelines of the 1967 AFL All Star Game. Lammons, playing in his first and only All Star Game, greeted Phillips, who was an assistant with the San Diego Chargers organization, after the game with a question: \"Bum, does this mean I can claim you as a coach?\" Phillips allegedly responded \"You can claim me as your\'n if I can claim you as mine, Pete!\"
## College career {#college_career}
Lammons played end for Darrell Royal\'s Texas Longhorns from 1963 to 1965. In 1963 the team went undefeated and won the conference, the Cotton Bowl and the National Championship. In 1964 they finished the season by upsetting No. 1 Alabama in the Orange Bowl. He left Texas as the career leader in receptions and receiving yards -- records that would not be broken until 1981 -- and still hold the record for most TD receptions in a game (3, tied with Pat Fitzgerald and D.J. Grant). He led the school in receptions in both 1964 and 1965 and was a consensus All-Conference receiver in 1965.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Lammons was drafted in the 8th round (68th overall) of the 1966 AFL Draft by the NY Jets and in the 14th round (213th overall) of the 1966 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns. He selected to play for the Jets. During his rookie year he played well enough to come in 4th for the Offensive Rookie of the Year and was the top TE/WR in the voting. The next year he went to the All-Star Game, the AFL\'s equivalent of the Pro Bowl and helped the Jets win Super Bowl III catching 2 passes for 13 yards in the game. He played four more seasons with the Jets and then one with Green Bay -- though he saw such limited playing time with Green Bay that he only caught one pass -- before retiring.
After retiring, Lammons got into real estate and partnered with former teammate Jim Hudson in the thoroughbred racing business.
## Death
Lammons died on April 29, 2021, when he fell from a boat during a Major League Fishing tournament on the Sam Rayburn Reservoir in Texas. He was 77 years old
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# Lawrence Beesley
**Lawrence Beesley** (31 December 1877 -- 14 February 1967) was an English science teacher, journalist and author who was a survivor of the sinking of `{{RMS|Titanic}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Education
Beesley was educated at Derby School, where he was a scholar, and afterwards at Caius College, Cambridge, again as a scholar. He took a First Class degree in the Natural Science tripos in 1903.
## Career
Beginning as a schoolmaster at Wirksworth Grammar School in Derbyshire, he moved to Dulwich College in south London, where he was a science master. In 1957 he was still teaching as Principal of the Northwood School of Coaching, Northwood, Middlesex.
## RMS *Titanic* {#rms_titanic}
A second class passenger, Beesley is one of the survivors of the sinking of `{{RMS|Titanic||2}}`{=mediawiki} in April 1912, He wrote a successful book about his experience, *The Loss of the SS Titanic* (June 1912), published just nine weeks after the disaster.
Lifeboat No.13 was being launched on the Boat Deck, no women or children were in immediate sight, but it seemed there was room for more. As a result, Beesley was instructed to jump into the lifeboat just before it launched. He managed to survive a subsequent incident where Lifeboat No.15 nearly landed on top of No.13. The leading stoker of boiler room No.6, Fred Barrett, managed to cut the ropes connecting the boat to the falls at the last minute, and those in both boats emerged unharmed. Beesley and the rest of the survivors were picked up by `{{RMS|Carpathia}}`{=mediawiki} in the early morning of 15 April.
## Later life and legacy {#later_life_and_legacy}
During the filming of *A Night to Remember* in 1958, Beesley famously gatecrashed the set during the sinking scene, hoping to \'go down with the ship\'. However, he was spotted by the director, Roy Ward Baker, who vetoed this unscheduled appearance due to actors\' union rules. These events are parodied in Julian Barnes\' novel *A History of the World in 10.5 Chapters*, where Beesley makes a brief appearance as a fictional character.
Beesley was portrayed by actor David Warner (who later played fictional character Spicer Lovejoy in James Cameron\'s 1997 *Titanic* film) in the 1979 dramatisation of the voyage and sinking, *S.O.S. Titanic*. Beesley was also portrayed by Lawrence Bennett in 1999 musical stage adaptation *Titanic*. His son Alec married the author Dodie Smith, and he is the grandfather of *New York Times* science editor Nicholas Wade
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# Prince Henry the Navigator Park
**Prince Henry the Navigator Park** is a park on Pope\'s Island in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The park is dedicated to Prince Henry the Navigator. It was created in 1994, a gift to the city from the Prince Henry Society of New Bedford and the Portuguese government.
The park sits between New Bedford and Fairhaven, between the fishing docks of both cities, looking out toward the hurricane barrier in the New Bedford Harbor and Buzzards Bay beyond.
The park consists of a large granite and bronze statue in tribute to Prince Henry the Navigator. There is also a stone plaque, a walkway, and a parking and viewing area from which tourists can view New Bedford harbor
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# Willie Richardson
**Willie Louis Richardson** (November 17, 1939 -- February 8, 2016) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played nine seasons with the Baltimore Colts (1963--1969, 1971) and the Miami Dolphins (1970).
A first team college All-American in 1962, Richardson was named 1st Team All-Pro by the Associated Press for his play the 1967 NFL season and went to two Pro Bowls.
He is a member of the Jackson State Hall of Fame (1978), the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame (1979), and the College Football Hall of Fame (2003).
## Early life {#early_life}
Willie Richardson was born November 17, 1939, in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He attended Coleman High School in Greenville, Mississippi, where he gained attention as a pass receiver on the school football team.
## College career {#college_career}
Richardson attended Jackson State College, a racially segregated college for African-Americans located in Jackson, Mississippi.
He played at Jackson State from 1959 to 1962.
In 1960, Richardson lead the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) in pass receiving.
In his final two seasons he led the Tigers to Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) titles in 1961 and 1962. In the latter year, Jackson State claimed the Black College National Championship.
During his 1962 senior season, Richardson finished with 43 receptions for 896 yards (20.8 yards per catch), with 11 touchdowns. He was chosen as an Associated Press Little All-American in that season.
Richardson received a Bachelor of Science degree from Jackson State in 1962.
## Willie Richardson Day {#willie_richardson_day}
Mayor Allen C. Thompson of Jackson proclaimed January 14, 1963, to be \"Willie Richardson Day\" in honor of the football star\'s exploits. Initiated with a parade and a celebratory meeting at city hall, the event was lauded in the city\'s black newspaper as an event when \"for the first time since \[Jackson\'s\] founding some 150 years ago, by official proclamation a day was set aside, and the entire city called upon to join the observance and celebration honoring a Negro.\"
The Richardson Day event was not easy to ignore, with the parade up Capitol Street to city hall featuring the Jackson State College marching band, the band from Utica Junior College, two high school bands, and a number of decorated floats and automobiles which carried school administrators, coaches, and Jackson State players. The official proclamation was read by the mayor and a response given by President Jacob L. Reddix of Jackson State. Richardson then addressed the gathering himself, introducing his mother. Proceedings then moved to the Jackson State campus for a luncheon.
A second assembly was held at 4 pm, addressed by academic and sports leaders, including Jackson State head coach John Merritt and Buddy Young, a former black Colts star now working as a scout for the team.
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# Willie Richardson
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Richardson was selected by the Baltimore Colts in the seven round of the 1963 NFL draft, with the 89th pick overall. He went to camp in July projected as a flanker or perhaps defensive back. He turned in an identical 4.7 second time in the 40-yard dash as his surprisingly speedy fellow rookie teammate, John Mackey of Syracuse. The other important rookie in Baltimore, new head coach Don Shula, was not long in experimenting with Richardson as a defender, working him out almost exclusively with the offense from the middle of August.
During his 1963 rookie season Richardson was a reserve flanker behind starter Jimmy Orr. He saw game action in 13 games with 3 starts, catching 17 passes for 204 yards (12.0 yards per reception), with no touchdowns and a fumble.
Richardson would not play a truly significant role in the Colts\' offense until 1967. In that year he started 13 of 14 games, turning in what would be career highs for receptions (63) and yards gained (860) --- an average of 13.7 yards per catch --- and scoring 8 touchdowns.
He would continue as the Colts starter at flanker in 1968 and 1969, starting all 28 of the regular season games in those years.
After losing his starting role to Ray Perkins ahead of the 1970 season, on August 20, 1970, Richardson was traded along with a 1971 fourth-round draft pick from the Colts to the Pittsburgh Steelers for wide receiver Roy Jefferson. Attempts to renegotiate his contract led to him being traded to Miami for a fifth-round pick prior to the start of the 1970 season.
Richardson finished his professional career with 195 receptions for 2,950 yards and 25 touchdowns.
## Life after football {#life_after_football}
Later in life Richardson worked in sports radio, hosting an hour-long weekly radio show on an ESPN affiliate. He was also a color analyst for Jackson State football broadcasts on the radio and hosted the Jackson State football coach\'s radio call-in show when the sport was in season.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Richardson died of unspecified natural causes on February 8, 2016, in Jackson, Mississippi, age 76.
Richardson was inducted into the Jackson State Hall of Fame in 1978, the first such inductee. He was inducted into the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame a year later.
In 2003, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
At the time of his death Richardson was remembered by Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame archivist Rick Cleveland as an excellent athlete to the end and a compassionate person.
\"Last time I played golf with him he shot even par at age 75,\" Cleveland recalled. \"Everything he did athletically was smooth. He made everything look easy. He always had a kind word for everybody. Last time I saw him was at the press conference to name Fred McNair the head coach at Alcorn. Here\'s a Jackson State guy showing up for the head coach at the rival school and he did it just because he said so many times in life people don\'t get what they deserve. He wanted to be there for Fred because he was getting what he long deserved. He was just a kind guy.\"
Willie Richardson was the older brother of former NFL wide receiver Gloster Richardson (1942--2020), who played for the Kansas City Chiefs Dallas Cowboys, and Cleveland Browns from 1967 to 1974
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# Polish Academy Award for Best Screenplay
The **Polish Academy Award for Best Film Screenplay** is an annual award given to the best Polish screenplay of the year.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
Year Movie title Writer
------ --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
1999 ***Zabić Sekala*** **Jiří Křižan**
*Historia kina w Popielawach* Jan Jakub Kolski
*Kroniki domowe* Leszek Wosiewicz
*Nic* Dorota Kędzierzawska
*U Pana Boga za piecem* Tadeusz Chmielewski
*Złote runo* Andrzej Kondratiuk
2000 ***Dług*** **Krzysztof Krauze and Jerzy Morawski**
*Fuks* Robert Brutter and Maciej Dutkiewicz
*Pan Tadeusz* Andrzej Wajda
*Tydzień z życia mężczyzny* Jerzy Stuhr
*Wojaczek* Lech Majewski and Maciej Melecki
2001 ***Życie jako śmiertelna choroba przenoszona drogą płciową*** **Krzysztof Zanussi**
*Córy szczęścia* Maciej Karpiński and Márta Mészáros
*Daleko od okna* Cezary Harasimowicz
*Duże zwierzę* Krzysztof Kieślowski
*Prymas - trzy lata z tysiąca* Jan Purzycki
2002 ***Cześć Tereska*** **Jacek Wyszomirski**
*Angelus* Lech Majewski, Ireneusz Siwiński and Bronisław Maj
*Boże skrawki* Jerzy Bogajewicz
*Człowiek wózków* Mariusz Malec
*Stacja* Piotr Wereśniak
*Weiser* Wojciech Marczewski
2003 ***Dzień Świra*** **Marek Koterski**
*Edi* Wojciech Lepianka and Piotr Trzaskalski
*Głośniej od bomb* Przemysław Wojcieszek
*Pianista* Ronald Harwood
*Tam i z powrotem* Maciej Świerkocki and Anna Płażewska
2004 ***Zmruż oczy*** **Andrzej Jakimowski**
*Warszawa* Dariusz Gajewski and Mateusz Bednarkiewicz
*Żurek* Ryszard Brylski
2005 ***Wesele*** **Wojciech Smarzowski**
*Mój Nikifor* Krzysztof Krauze and Joanna Kos-Krauze
*Pręgi* Wojciech Kuczok
*Vinci* Juliusz Machulski
2006 ***Komornik*** **Grzegorz Łoszewski**
*Jestem* Dorota Kędzierzawska
*Persona non grata* Krzysztof Zanussi
2007 ***Wszyscy jesteśmy Chrystusami*** **Marek Koterski**
*Plac Zbawiciela* Krzysztof Krauze and Joanna Kos-Krauze
*Statyści* Jarosław Sokół
2008 ***Parę osób, mały czas*** **Andrzej Barański**
*Pora umierać* Dorota Kędzierzawska
*Sztuczki* Andrzej Jakimowski
2009 ***Mała Moskwa*** **Waldemar Krzystek**
*33 sceny z życia* Małgorzata Szumowska
*Cztery noce z Anną* Ewa Piaskowska and Jerzy Skolimowski
2010 ***Rewers*** **Andrzej Bart**
*Dom zły* Łukasz Kośmicki and Wojciech Smarzowski
*Generał Nil* Ryszard Bugajski and Krzysztof Łukaszewicz
2011 ***Wszystko, co kocham*** **Jacek Borcuch**
*Essential Killing* Ewa Piaskowska and Jerzy Skolimowski
*Joanna* Feliks Falk
2012 ***Róża*** **Michał Szczerbic**
*Sala samobójców* Jan Komasa
*W ciemności* David F. Shamoon
*Wymyk* Janusz Margański and Grzegorz Zgliński
2013 ***Drogówka*** **Wojciech Smarzowski**
*Jesteś Bogiem* Maciej Pisuk
*Obława* Marcin Krzyształowicz
*Rzeź* Yasmina Reza and Roman Polański
2014 ***Chce się żyć*** **Maciej Pieprzyca**
*Ida* Paweł Pawlikowski and Rebecca Lenkiewicz
*Imagine* Andrzej Jakimowski
2015 ***Bogowie*** **Krzysztof Rak**
*Jack Strong* Władysław Pasikowski
*Pod Mocnym Aniołem* Wojciech Smarzowski
2016 ***Moje córki krowy*** **Kinga Dębska**
*11 minut* Jerzy Skolimowski
*Body/Ciało* Michał Englert and Małgorzata Szumowska
2017 ***Ostatnia rodzina*** **Robert Bolesto**
*Jestem mordercą* Maciej Piperzyca
*Wołyń* Wojciech Smarzowski
2018 ***Cicha noc*** **Piotr Domalewski**
*Pokot* Olga Tokarczuk and Agnieszka Holland
*Sztuka kochania. Historia Michaliny Wisłockiej* Krzysztof Rak
2019 ***Zimna wojna*** **Paweł Pawlikowski and Janusz Głowacki**
*7 uczuć* Marek Koterski
*Kler* Wojciech Smarzowski and Wojciech Rzehak
2020 ***Boże ciało*** **Mateusz Pacewicz**
*Ikar. Legenda Mietka Kosza* Maciej Pieprzyca
*Mowa ptaków* Andrzej Żuławski
*Obywatel Jones* Andrea Chalupa
*Pan T.* Marcin Kryształowicz and Andrzej Gołda
2021 ***Zabij to i wyjedź z tego miasta*** **Mariusz Wilczyński**
*25 lat niewinności. Sprawa Tomka Komendy* Andrzej Gołda
*Jak najdalej stąd* Piotr Domalewski
*Sala samobójców. Hejter* Mateusz Pacewicz
*Szarlatan* Marek Epstein
2022 ***Aida*** **Jasmila Žbanić**
*Moje wspaniałe życie* Łukasz Grzegorzek
*Wesele* Wojciech Smarzowski
*Wszystkie nasze strachy* Łukasz Ronduda, Michał Oleszczyk and Katarzyna Sarnowska
*Żeby nie było śladów* Kaja Krawczyk-Wnuk
2023 ***IO*** **Jerzy Skolimowski and Ewa Piaskowska**
*Chleb i sól* Damian Kocur
*Johnny* Maciej Kraszewski
*Śubuk* Jacek Lusiński and Szymon Augustyniak
*Inni ludzie* Aleksandra Terpińska
*Kobieta na dachu* Anna Jadowska
2024 ***Kos*** **Michał A. Zieliński**
*Doppelgänger. Sobowtór* Andrzej Gołda
*Filip* Michał Kwieciński and Michał Matejkiewicz
*Tyle co nic* Grzegorz Dębowski
*Zielona granica* Maciej Pisiuk, Gabriela Łazarkiewicz-Sieczko and Agnieszka Holland
2025 *Biała odwaga* Łukasz M. Maciejewski and Marcin Koszałka
*Dziewczyna z igłą* Line Langebek Knudsen and Magnus von Horn
*Kulej
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| 0 |
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# Minister for Gender Equality (Sweden)
The **Minister for Gender Equality** (Swedish: *Jämställdhetsministern*) is a cabinet minister within the Swedish Government and appointed by the Prime Minister of Sweden.
The minister is responsible for issues regarding gender equality, popular education and policies for the civil society. The current Minister for Gender Equality is Nina Larsson, appointed on 1 April 2025.
## List of ministers for gender equality {#list_of_ministers_for_gender_equality}
Name Term Political party
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------ -------------------------
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Ulla Lindström 1954--1966 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Camilla Odhnoff 1966--1973 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\|
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Anna-Greta Leijon 1973--1976 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal People's Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Eva Winther 1978--1979 Liberal People\'s Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Centre Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Karin Andersson 1979--1982 Centre Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Anita Gradin 1982--1986 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Maj-Lis Lööw 1989--1991 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal People's Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Birgit Friggebo 1991--1993 Liberal People\'s Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal People's Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Bengt Westerberg 1993--1994 Liberal People\'s Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Mona Sahlin 1994--1995 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Marita Ulvskog 1995--1996 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Ulrica Messing 1996--1998 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Margareta Winberg 1998--2003 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Mona Sahlin 2003--2004 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Jens Orback 2004--2006 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal People's Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Nyamko Sabuni 2006--2013 Liberal People\'s Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal People's Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Maria Arnholm 2013--2014
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Åsa Regnér 2014--2018 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Lena Hallengren 2018--2019
bgcolor=`{{party color|Green Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Åsa Lindhagen 2019--2021 Green Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Green Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Märta Stenevi 2021
bgcolor=`{{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Eva Nordmark 2021--2022 Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal People's Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Paulina Brandberg 2022--2025 Liberal Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal People's Party (Sweden)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Nina Larsson 2025--
## Ministry history {#ministry_history}
The office of Minister for Gender Equality have been under several different ministries since its founding in 1954
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# Polish Academy Award for Best Cinematography
The **Polish Academy Award for Best Film Cinematography** is an annual award given to the best Polish cinematography of the year.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Movie title | Cinematographer(s) |
+======+===========================================================+========================================================================================================+
| 1999 | ***Historia kina w Popielawach*** | **Krzysztof Ptak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Demony wojny wg Goi* | Paweł Edelman |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Gniew* | Łukasz Kośmicki |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kroniki domowe* | Paweł Edelman |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Nic* | Artur Reinhart |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zabić Sekala* | Martin Štrba |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 | ***Pan Tadeusz*** | **Paweł Edelman** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Dług* | Bartosz Prokopowicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Egzekutor* | Jarosław Szoda |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Królowa aniołów* | Jolanta Dylewska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wojaczek* | Adam Sikora |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2001 | *Wrota Europy* | **Witold Sobociński** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Daleko od okna* | Arkadiusz Tomiak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Duże zwierzę* | Paweł Edelman |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Prymas - trzy lata z tysiąca* | Piotr Wojtowicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Życie jako śmiertelna choroba przenoszona drogą płciową* | Edward Kłosiński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2002 | ***Weiser*** | **Krzysztof Ptak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Angelus* | Adam Sikora |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Boże skrawki* | Paweł Edelman |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Cisza* | Arkadiusz Tomiak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Cześć, Tereska* | Petro Aleksowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Człowiek wózków* | Jacek Petrycki |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | ***Pianista*** | **Paweł Edelman** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Edi* | Krzysztof Ptak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Eukaliptus* | Adam Sikora |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Głośniej od bomb* | Jolanta Dylewska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Tam i z powrotem* | Piotr Wojtowicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | ***Pornografia*** | **Krzysztof Ptak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Julia wraca do domu* | Jacek Petrycki |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zmruż oczy* | Paweł Śmietanka Adam Bajerski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2005 | *Mój Nikifor* | **Krzysztof Ptak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pręgi* | Marcin Koszałka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Symetria* | Arkadiusz Tomiak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2006 | ***Jestem*** | **Arthur Reinhart** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Rozdroże cafe* | Andrzej Ramlau |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Skazany na bluesa* | Grzegorz Kuczeriszka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *W dół kolorowym wzgórzem* | Jolanta Dylewska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2007 | ***Jasminum*** | **Krzysztof Ptak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Palimpsest* | Arkadiusz Tomiak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wszyscy jesteśmy Chrystusami* | Edward Kłosiński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2008 | ***Katyń*** | **Paweł Edelman** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Hania* | Janusz Kamiński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pora umierać* | Artur Reinhart |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Sztuczki* | Adam Bajerski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | ***Cztery noce z Anną*** | **Adam Sikora** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Boisko bezdomnych* | Jacek Petrycki |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chłopiec na galopującym koniu* | Jolanta Dylewska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 | ***Dom zły*** | **Krzysztof Ptak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Rewers* | Marcin Koszałka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wojna polsko-ruska* | Marian Prokop |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2011 | ***Wenecja*** | **Artur Reinhart** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Essential Killing* | Adam Sikora |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Las* | Adam Sikora |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2012 | ***W ciemności*** | **Jolanta Dylewska** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Młyn i krzyż* | Lech Majewski Adam Sikora |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Róża* | Piotr Sobociński Jr. |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2013 | *Obława* | **Arkadiusz Tomiak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Drogówka* | Piotr Sobociński Jr. |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Jesteś Bogiem* | Radosław Ładczuk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2014 | ***Papusza*** | **Krzysztof Ptak**\ |
| | | Wojciech Staroń |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ida* | Ryszard Lenczewski Łukasz Żal |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Imagine* | Adam Bajerski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2015 | ***Bogowie*** | **Piotr Sobociński Jr.** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Miasto 44* | Marian Prokop |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Powstanie Warszawskie* | Stefan Bagiński, Antoni Wawrzyniak, Andrzej Ancuta Roman Banach, Jerzy Gabryelski, Seweryn Kruszyński, |
| | | |
| | | Jerzy Zarzycki, Kazimierz Pyszkowski, Stanisław Bala, |
| | | |
| | | Ryszard Szope, Antoni Bohdziewicz, Edward Szope, |
| | | |
| | | Henryk Vlassak, Wacław Kaźmierczak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2016 | ***Karbala*** | **Arkadiusz Tomiak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Fotograf* | Arkadiusz Tomiak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Czerwony pająk* | Marcin Koszałka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Body/Ciało* | Michał Englert |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2017 | ***Wołyń*** | **Piotr Sobociński jr.** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Jestem mordercą* | Paweł Dyllus |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ostatna rodzina* | Kacper Fertacz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Letnie przesilenie* | Jerzy Zieliński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2018 | ***Zimna wojna*** | **Łukasz Żal** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ajka* | Jolanta Dylewska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Fuga* | Jakub Kijowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2019 | ***Boże Ciało*** | **Piotr Sobociński jr.** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Mowa ptaków* | Andrzej J. Jaroszewicz Marian Prokop |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Obywatel Jones* | Tomasz Naumiuk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pan T* | Adam Bajerski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ukryta gra* | Paweł Edelman |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2020 | ***Jak najdalej stąd*** | **Piotr Sobociński jr.** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | ***Śniegu już nigdy nie będzie*** | **Michał Englert** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Interior* | Paweł Flis |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Szarlatan* | Martin Strba |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zieja* | Witold Płóciennik |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2021 | ***Wesele*** | **Piotr Sobociński jr.** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Furioza* | Klaudiusz Dwulit |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Mistrz* | Witold Płóciennik |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Teściowie* | Michał Englert |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wszystkie nasze strachy* | Łukasz Gutt |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Żeby nie było śladów* | Kacper Fertacz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Żużel* | Arthur Reinhart |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2022 | ***IO*** | **Michał Dymek** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Broad Peak* | Łukasz Gutt |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chleb i sól* | Tomasz Woźniczka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Orzeł. Ostatni patrol* | Jolanta Dylewska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Silent Twins* | Jakub Kijowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023 | ***Filip*** | **Michał Sobociński** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Doppelgänger. Sobowtór* | Bartłomiej Kaczmarek |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kos* | Piotr Sobociński jr
| 1,038 |
Polish Academy Award for Best Cinematography
| 0 |
10,105,466 |
# Polish Academy Award for Best Costume Design
The **Polish Academy Award for Best Costume Design** is an annual award given to the best Polish costume design of the year.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Movie title | Designer(s) |
+======+===========================================================+=========================================================+
| 2001 | ***Wrota Europy*** | **Magdalena Tesławska** **Paweł Grabarczyk** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chłopaki nie płaczą* | Dorota Roqueplo |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Daleko od okna* | Małgorzata Zacharska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Duże zwierzę* | Elżbieta Radke |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Prymas - trzy lata z tysiąca* | Ewa Krauze |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Syzyfowe prace* | Maria Wiłun |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zakochani* | Paweł Grabarczyk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Życie jako śmiertelna choroba przenoszona drogą płciową* | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2002 | ***Quo Vadis*** | **Magdalena Tesławska** **Paweł Grabarczyk** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Boże skrawki* | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pół serio* | Jan Kozikowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Przedwiośnie* | Małgorzata Braszka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wiedźmin* | Małgorzata Stefaniak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | ***Pianista*** | **Anna Biedrzycka-Sheppard** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chopin. Pragnienie miłości* | Magdalena Tesławska Paweł Grabarczyk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Dzień świra* | Ewa Krauze |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kariera Nikosia Dyzmy* | Małgorzata Braszka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zemsta* | Krystyna Zachwatowicz Magdalena Biedrzycka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | ***Stara baśń - kiedy słońce było bogiem*** | **Magdalena Tesławska** **Paweł Grabarczyk** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Nienasycenie* | Daiva Petrulyte |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pornografia* | Małgorzata Zacharska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2005 | ***Ubu Król*** | **Magdalena Biedrzycka** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Mój Nikifor* | Dorota Roqueplo |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wesele* | Magdalena Maciejewska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2006 | ***Skazany na bluesa*** | **Ewa Krauze** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Persona non grata* | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *PitBull* | Justyna Stolarz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2007 | ***Jasminum*** | **Ewa Helman** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kochankowie roku tygrysa* | Andrzej Szejnach |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kochankowie z Marony* | Magdalena Biedrzycka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Oda do radości* | Magdalena Biedrzycka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *S@motność w sieci* | Ewa Machulska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Statyści* | Paweł Grabarczyk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Tylko mnie kochaj* | Elżbieta Radke |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wszyscy jesteśmy Chrystusami* | Justyna Stolarz Magdalena Biedrzycka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2008 | ***Katyń*** | **Magdalena Biedrzycka** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Nightwatching* | Jagna Janicka Marrit van der Burgt |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Strajk* | Ewa Krauze |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | ***Mała Moskwa*** | **Małgorzata Zacharska** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Boisko bezdomych* | Katarzyna Lewińska Magdalena Jadwiga Rutkiewicz-Luterek |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Rysa* | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 | ***Rewers*** | **Magdalena Biedrzycka** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Janosik. Prawdziwa historia* | Anita Hroššová Magdalena Tesławska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Miasto z morza* | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2011 | ***Wenecja*** | **Małgorzata Zacharska** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Joanna* | Magdalena Biedrzycka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Śluby panieńskie* | Małgorzata Braszka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2012 | ***Młyn i krzyż*** | **Dorota Roqueplo** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Daas* | Barbara Sikorska-Bouffał |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *W ciemności* | Katarzyna Lewińska Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2013 | ***Obława*** | **Magdalena Rutkiewicz-Luterek** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Jesteś Bogiem* | Agata Culak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pokłosie* | Małgorzata Braszka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2014 | ***Papusza*** | **Barbara Sikorska-Bouffał** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ida* | Aleksandra Staszko |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wałęsa
| 586 |
Polish Academy Award for Best Costume Design
| 0 |
10,105,468 |
# Château de Hohenfels
The **Château de Hohenfels** is a castle situated in the *commune* of Dambach, in the Bas-Rhin *département* of France.
## History
The castle was built at the end of the 13th century and recorded in a document for the first time in 1293. It was destroyed by troops from Strasbourg and Haguenau in 1423, and again during the German Peasants\' War in 1525.
The semi-troglodytic castle is built on a sandstone table, separated from the crest of the hill by a ditch dug into the bare rock. The castle was built with six floors and allowed surveillance of the access roads towards Lorraine. It was certainly altered in the 15th century.
## Visible remains {#visible_remains}
- Remains of the old wall closing the lower courtyard.
- The surrounding wall of large dressed stones.
- The cistern cut into the sandstone and its water collection system.
- Of the lower courtyard, only fragments of walls and a cistern remain.
- The western platform has kept some remains as well as a room cut out of the rock.
- The manor house, at the eastern end of the summit, has kept its north wall of dressed stones up to three levels.
Hohenfels was the first castle in Alsace to undergo properly scientific archaeological digs.
The castle has been classified since 1985 by the French Ministry of Culture as a *monument historique*
| 233 |
Château de Hohenfels
| 0 |
10,105,489 |
# Sue Tinson
**Dame Susan Myfanwy Tinson**, DBE, FRTS (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas; born 15 January 1943), best known as **Sue Tinson**, is a British business executive and former television executive at ITN.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born in Sussex to John and Kathleen (née Ayling) Thomas, she attended South Hampstead High School and Hull University, where she earned her B.A. She married Trevor James Tinson in 1968; the marriage was dissolved in 1979.
## Career
Sue Tinson is currently Advisory Board Director, Pagefield Communications Ltd as well as being a consultant with ITN. She was formerly a non-executive Director of Chime Communications plc, ITV London, the Yorkshire Building Society, and St. Ives plc. She was a non-executive Director of both ASDA and Freeserve before they were taken over.
Tinson has more than 40 years\' experience in the media industry, much of it with ITN (Independent TV News) as Associate Editor and Editor of ITN and Editor of \"News at Ten\". She is a Fellow of the Royal Television Society. She is a former Commissioner of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (1999-2004) and a Committee member of the Heritage Lottery Fund. She was producer of The Queen\'s Christmas Broadcasts in 1997, 1998, 2001 and 2002. In 2012 she was a member of the committee for the Queen\'s Jubilee River Pageant
| 218 |
Sue Tinson
| 0 |
10,105,492 |
# Provisional Government of Belgium
The **Provisional Government** (*Voorlopig Bewind*; *Gouvernement provisoire*) was the first iteration of the Belgian state, formed in the midst of the Belgian Revolution. After Dutch forces were expelled from Brussels on 27 September 1830, the recently created Revolutionary Committee transformed into the Provisional Government. The independence of Belgium as a state was officially declared on 4 October.
On 7 February 1831, the Constitution of Belgium was proclaimed and Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier was declared regent. With Belgium now under a constitutional monarchy, the Provisional Government was dissolved.
## History
As the Belgian Revolution raged in Brussels, William I of the Netherlands attempted to forcefully end the revolt. An army under William\'s son, Prince Frederick, occupied the city on 23 September. A Revolutionary Committee was formed by the Belgians to organize a revolt against the occupying force, and the Dutch began their retreat on the 26th.
On 27 September the Revolutionary Committee assumed the title of Provisional Government, and two days later on 28 September it set up a Central Committee. This Central Committee proclaimed the independence of the \"provinces of Belgium\" on 4 October 1830. Afterwards, the term Provisional Government was increasingly used to refer to the Central Committee. Apart from the Central Committee, there also were Special Committees for War, Internal Affairs, Finance, Justice, Public Safety, and Diplomacy; each of these had distinct ramifications for the history of Belgium.
The Provisional Government exercised both executive and legislative power until 10 November 1830, when the National Congress met for the first time. On 12 November it formally returned its powers to the National Congress, which subsequently decided to entrust executive power to the Provisional Government. It was dissolved on 25 February 1831 after Erasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier was appointed Regent by the National Congress, beginning the modern Kingdom of Belgium
| 307 |
Provisional Government of Belgium
| 0 |
10,105,505 |
# Polish Academy Award for Best Sound
The **Polish Academy Award for Best Sound** is an annual award given to the best Polish sound-on-film of the year.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Winner | Movie title |
+==========+==============================================+==========================================================+
| 1999 | **Lech Brański** | ***Kochaj i rób co chcesz*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marek Wronko Paweł Łuczyc-Wychowski | *Ciemna strona Wenus* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Andrzej Żabicki | *Historia kina w Popielawach* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Barbara Domradzka | *Nic* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Katarzyna Dzida-Hamela | *U Pana Boga za piecem* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Wiesław Znyk | *Złoto dezerterów* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| **2000** | **Nikodem Wołk-Łaniewski** | ***Pan Tadeusz*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Barbara Domaradzka | *Fuks* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marek Wronko | *Kiler-ów 2-óch* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Krzysztof Wodziński Piotr Knop | *Ogniem i mieczem* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marek Wronko Katarzyna Dzida-Hamela | *Tydzień z życia mężczyzny* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| **2001** | **Nikodem Wołk-Łaniewski** | ***Prymas. Trzy lata z tysiąca*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Aleksander Gołębiowski | *Córy szczęścia* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Aleksander Gołębiowski | *Nie ma zmiłuj* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Piotr Domaradzki | *Ostatnia misja* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Janusz Rosół | *Syzyfowe prace* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| **2002** | **Francois Musy** **Joanna Napieralska** | ***Weiser*** |
| | | |
| | **Mariusz Kuczyński** | |
| | | |
| | **Marek Wronko** | |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Lech Brański | *Cześć, Tereska* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Katarzyna Dzida-Hamela | *Poranek kojota* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Jacek Hamela Andrzej Lewandowski | *Pół serio* |
| | | |
| | Błażej Kukla | |
| | | |
| | Andrzej Bohdanowicz | |
| | | |
| | Ryszard Krupa | |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Piotr Knop | *Quo Vadis* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | **Jean-Marie Blondel** | ***Pianista*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Nikodem Wołk-Łaniewski | *Chopin. Pragnienie miłości* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Jan Freda | *Edi* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Andrzej Artymowicz Marek Wronko | *Haker* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Piotr Domaradzki | *Tam i z powrotem* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| **2004** | **Jacek Hamela** **Bertrand Come** | ***Pornografia*** |
| | | |
| | **Katarzyna Dzida-Hamela** | |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marek Wronko | *Superprodukcja* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Nikodem Wołk-Łaniewski | *Pogoda na jutro* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2005 | **Nikodem Wołk-Łaniewski** | ***Mój Nikifor*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marek Wronko | *Nigdy w życiu!* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Michał Żarnecki | *Pręgi* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2006 | **Wiesław Znyk** **Jacek Kuśmierczyk** | ***Persona non grata*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Jan Freda | *Mistrz* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Piotr Domaradzki | *Trzeci* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2007 | **Jacek Hamela** | ***Jasminum*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marek Wronko Maurizio Argentieri | *Jan Paweł II* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Nikodem Wołk-Łaniewski | *Kochankowie z Marony* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Nikodem Wołk-Łaniewski | *Plac Zbawiciela* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Michał Muzyka Andrzej Bohdanowicz | *Statyści* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2008 | **Jacek Hamela** | ***Katyń*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Michał Żarnecki | *Północ-Południe* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Jan Freda | *U Pana Boga w ogródku* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | **Wacław Pilkowski\ | ***Mała Moskwa*** |
| | Michał Kosterkiewicz\ | |
| | Piotr Knop** | |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Gérard Rousseau Frédéric de Ravignan | *Cztery noce z Anną* |
| | | |
| | Philippe Lauliac | |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marek Wronko | *Ile waży koń trojański?* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 | **Mateusz Adamczyk** **Sebastian Witkowski** | ***Wojna polsko-ruska*** |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Jacek Hamela Krzysztof Jastrząb | *Afonia i pszczoły* |
+----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Krzysztof Jastrząb | *Janosik
| 618 |
Polish Academy Award for Best Sound
| 0 |
10,105,520 |
# Nesquehoning Creek
**Nesquehoning Creek** is an east flowing 14.9 mi tributary of the Lehigh River in northeastern Pennsylvania in the United States.
Nesquehoning Creek joins the Lehigh River 2 miles (3.2 km) upstream of the borough of Jim Thorpe in Carbon County.
## Name
*Nesquehoning* is a name derived from a Native American language purported to mean \"at the black lick\".
## Course and history {#course_and_history}
Nesquehoning Creek rises along the slopes of Nesquehoning Ridge and Broad Mountain and flows through two man-made lakes in its descent through a generally steep sided gully bottomed V-shaped valley. Along most of its run the stream hugs Broad Mountain which contributes tributary waters and digs it deeper below the navigable floor of the valley.
Nesquehoning Creek encompasses a 34 sqmi sq-mi drainage area between Broad Mountain to the northwest and the north along the left bank of its generally eastern course and Nesquehoning Mountain to the south. It rises in the peaks flanking join of the two ridgelines in a saddle at Hometown, PA and terminates in the Lehigh River about two miles below the town of Nesquehoning, Pennsylvania in the shadow of Mount Pisgah from which several minor unnamed tributary streams descend adding their waters. All the mountains in the area are among a series of near parallel ridgelines in the region. Approximately 7.2 sqmi of the drainage basin or watershed is located in Schuylkill County while 26.7 sqmi is located in Carbon County.
Nesquehoning Creek originates in two forested gullies diametrically opposed N-to-S along the east edge of Hometown, the major fork on the slopes of Broad Mountain to the north and the minor to the south on the last minor peak of Nesquehoning Ridge. From their confluence the creek flows south for about 2 mi then turns to the northeast and flows into and through Greenwood Lake, which is nearly a mile long. Approximately 600 ft downstream from the spillway, it discharges into Lake Hauto, both lakes being man-made. It then continues to the northeast in a relatively narrow valley over its steepest stretch then flattens out and slows making its way through Nesquehoning, which is a right bank town. The stream then travels down a narrow undeveloped ladder or rapids section where its elevation drops significantly to its confluence with the Lehigh River opposite and downstream from the Lehigh River Gorge around the bend from Jim Thorpe, PA formed by the roots of Mount Pisgah. Six left bank tributaries enter the stream below Hauto Dam from State Game Lands No. 141 before and west of the 1563 ft summit on Broad Mountain, the uppermost named \'Broad Run\', the lower \'Deep Run\' being the largest and named, the other four being short and relatively insignificant rills.
The heavily forested, relatively steep slopes of Broad and Nesquehoning Mountains and the occasional culm piles characterize the land within the watershed. All travel is channeled in the area by the terrain, so north-south oriented highways are rare and need a saddle pass such as at the streams headwater area for such to cross the valleys. Consequently, Hometown, a small high-elevation outlier of Tamaqua sits in such a pass astride the junction of Pennsylvania Route 54 and Pennsylvania Route 309 and contains railroad switch junctions as well that connect trackage to the Wyoming Valley, points south and the Panther Creek Valley via Tamaqua of the Blue Mountain and points west through the Mahanoy Creek valley.
The Nesquehoning Creek valley consists of some residential and industrial development, including a power plant, but was primarily a transit corridor. The Hauto Dam constructed opposite the north entrance of the mile-long Hauto Railway Tunnel protected a railroad switching yard for the coal trains servicing the mines in Lansford and Coaldale inside the Panther Creek valley on the opposite side of Nesquehoning Mountain. Nesquehoning Junction is a named small railyard downstream and within the town of that name along the lower creek. Right bank urban development is concentrated in the Borough of Nesquehoning, left bank development in New Columbus opposite Nesquehoning and at the source region in Hometown.
Large areas in the valley have been dramatically disturbed by coal mining related activities. Much of the runoff from strip mines is retained in abandoned pits and therefore lesser amounts of surface runoff is discharged into Nesquehoning Creek. The middle two lesser tributary rills noted previously join in one such containment pond in an old Broad Mountain strip mine just above Nesquehoning.
The use of the former Lehigh Valley Railroad, Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) and route PA-54 marks the importance of the creeks\' valley as an important transportation corridor in an area where road beds are highly constricted. The trackage today is used by both the Reading, Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad and Norfolk Southern. The watershed encompasses four municipalities.
U.S. Route 209 climbs up inside the V-shaped gully of the westernmost of these from the beginning terminus junction with PA-54 within downtown Nesquehoning up over the ridge to the headwaters region of the Panther Creek Valley across the Nesquehoning Ridge drainage divide into the valley formed with Pisgah Ridge.
Part of the waters are pooled in Lake Hauto above the Hauto Dam in the Hamlet of Hauto, near where the historically important Hauto Tunnel serviced the many coal breakers of Lansford, Coaldale, and historic Summit Hill. The Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of Pennsylvania (CNJ), both Class I railroads ran trackage up slope to cross north and west over the mountain ridges.
## Communities
The stream runs through the following municipalities source-to-mouth:
- Rush Township, Schuylkill County officially at 1,129 feet (344 m)
- Lehigh Township, Carbon County
- Packer Township, Carbon County
- Nesquehoning borough, Carbon County officially at 830 ft (253 m) (above stream level, mouth is two miles further east)
Image:Nesq_Creek 1.jpg\|Nesquehoning Creek at the bridge on Industrial Road,Green Acres Industrial Park Image:Creek flood 1
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# Herman Fontenot
**Herman Joseph Fontenot Jr.** (born September 12, 1963) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons with the Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers. In 83 career games played, he had 370 rushing yards, 143 receptions, 1,453 receiving yards, and eight total touchdowns.
Born and raised in Texas, Fontenot played college football for the LSU Tigers, where he was moved from running back to wide receiver. He went undrafted in the 1985 NFL draft, but signed with the Cleveland Browns, who moved him back to running back. He played four seasons with the team and was primarily a backup, used as a change of pace running back. Fontenot was traded to the Green Bay Packers in 1989, and was utilized the same way. He played two seasons for the Packers before leaving football after not being signed prior to the 1991 season.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Fontenot was born on September 12, 1963, in Beaumont, Texas, where he was raised by his grandmother. He attended Beaumont Charlton-Pollard High School, where he was a star player on the school\'s football team. After graduating from high school, he played college football at Louisiana State University. In his freshman season, he was primarily used as a kick returner. For the season, he caught two passes for 26 yards and had nine kick returns in limited action. After his freshman season, the steel plants both he and his mother worked at shut down, which led to Fontenot considering dropping out of school to try and support his mother and two younger siblings. Ultimately, he stayed in school and returned to the football field for his sophomore season at LSU.
In 1982, both Fontenot and fellow sophomore Eric Martin were converted from running back to wide receiver in an attempt to spread out the team\'s offense and allow for more passing targets, as well as utilizing the skill sets of both players. After a position battle between the two during the summer, Martin won the primary pass-catching job, with Fontenot primarily being a blocking wide receiver. He finished his second season with eight catches for 83 yards and two touchdowns. LSU intended to get Fontenot more involved in the passing game for his junior season on top of his blocking responsibilities. For the season, he caught 22 passes for 330 yards. LSU brought on a new coaching staff for Fontenot\'s senior season. New wide receivers coach Jerry Sullivan complimented Fontenot\'s blocking ability, noting that it gave the team an \"added dimension\" on offense. He finished his senior season with 25 catches for 349 yards and two touchdowns.
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# Herman Fontenot
## Cleveland Browns {#cleveland_browns}
After his college football career ended, Fontenot was selected by the New Jersey Generals with the 127th overall pick in the 9th round of the 1985 USFL draft. He never signed with the Generals, and after being undrafted in the 1985 NFL draft, he signed with the Cleveland Browns. In training camp, Fontenot, who had been moved back to his original position of running back, became a favorite of head coach Marty Schottenheimer, who praised his fluidity and stated that he had a good chance of making the team despite the acquisitions of Kevin Mack and Greg Allen that season. Fontenot began the season on the injured reserve list, but was signed to the active roster in October due to Allen getting injured. He spent the rest of the season primarily on special teams, with the highlight of his season being an 81-yard kick return in the second half of a 28--21 win against the Houston Oilers on December 15.
With the release of Allen and the signing of kick return specialist Gerald McNeil, the 1986 Cleveland Browns season saw Fontenot move to a change of pace running back role behind Mack and Earnest Byner instead of just being the kick returner. Due to injuries to Mack early in the season and Byner late in the season, Fontenot\'s role on the team increased significantly, and he saw more playing time as the season went on. On November 2 against the Indianapolis Colts, Fontenot got his first NFL touchdown, a 72-yard pass during a 24--9 Browns win. He also threw a 46-yard touchdown pass to Webster Slaughter on a trick play at the start of the game in a 47--17 win against the San Diego Chargers in the final game of the season. Fontenot finished the season with 47 catches for 559 yards. His 47 receptions were second on the team behind Brian Brennan. He also had 12 receptions for 128 yards and two touchdowns in the Browns\' two playoff games. In the 1986 AFC Championship Game against the Denver Broncos, Schottenheimer ran a play to give the ball to Fontenot on third and two in overtime. The play failed, leading the Browns to punt and eventually lose, which drew criticism from reporters after the game.
Entering the 1987 season, Fontenot was firmly in the third running back position on the depth chart behind Byner and Mack, but ahead of rookie draft pick Tim Manoa. During training camp, he injured his hamstring. This, combined with a healthy Byner and Mack, led to his role being significantly reduced, finishing the season with four receptions. He spent most of the season on special teams, leading the group with 17 tackles on kick and punt returns. The Browns\' running back group remained the same for 1988, with Fontenot being the third string running back. However, he was named the starting kick returner and special teams captain for the season. The highlight of his season occurred on October 30 against the Cincinnati Bengals when Fontenot recovered a blocked punt for a touchdown and had an 84-yard kick return in a 23--16 Browns win. He finished the season with 19 receptions for 170 yards and a touchdown, and also had a career-high 28 rushing attempts for 87 yards.
After the 1988 season ended, Fontenot became an unprotected free agent. Green Bay Packers head coach Lindy Infante, who was offensive coordinator for the Browns, wanted to sign Fontenot to the team during the offseason, as did Schottenheimer, who was now head coach for the Kansas City Chiefs. Ultimately, Fontenot decided to re-sign with the Browns in early April. Three weeks later, the 1989 NFL draft took place. The Browns traded up to select running back Eric Metcalf with the 13th overall pick in the draft. This made Fontenot expandable, and shortly after drafting Metcalf, the Browns traded Fontenot, a 1990 first-round pick, and another draft pick to the Packers in order to draft Lawyer Tillman with the 31st overall pick.
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# Herman Fontenot
## Green Bay Packers {#green_bay_packers}
In July, Fontenot opted not to report to training camp, as he wanted a pay raise to the contract originally offered by the Packers in March rather than the one he signed with the Browns. He eventually reported to camp after being absent for five days and was fined \$8,000. During training camp, he was fighting in a crowded group for playing time opposite Brent Fullwood, who had won the primary starting job early on. In back-to-back games in October, Fontenot had a two-touchdown performance against the Dallas Cowboys and a late touchdown catch to lead the Packers to a comeback win against the Atlanta Falcons. He followed that up with seven catches for 76 yards on October 29 against the Detroit Lions, and had eight catches for 58 yards on November 26 against the Minnesota Vikings. Fontenot finished the season with 40 receptions for 372 yards and three touchdowns despite dealing with an ankle injury throughout the season, and was the Packers selection for the Ed Block Courage Award.
Fontenot began the 1990 season holding out for a new contract. He eventually signed one in early September, missing all of training camp and the preseason as a result. Despite signing the contract, he was still unhappy and was missing team meetings and practices. As a result, the Packers suspended Fontenot at the beginning of October. The suspension was originally planned to be two weeks, but Fontenot was reinstated one week later after a 27--13 loss to the Chicago Bears. He returned to action the following week against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, but injured his hamstring, which caused him to miss another week. Fontenot finished the season with 31 receptions for 293 yards and a touchdown in 14 games. In 1991, Fontenot had an opportunity to acquire the starting running back position, as the training camp battle was between Fontenot, Keith Woodside, and Vince Workman, with none of the three having a clear advantage heading into the preseason. Fontenot ended up holding out the entire preseason looking for a new contract. Instead of signing him, the third-down plays were given to Workman, who impressed the Packers enough in the preseason to give him the job, leading to them giving up signing Fontenot and ending his professional career.
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# Herman Fontenot
## Later life {#later_life}
After retiring from the NFL, Fontenot moved to Texas, where he worked in 3D printing. Among his work was the restoration of a 193-year old menorah in Houston
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# Polish Academy Award for Best Editing
The **Polish Academy Award for Best Editing** is an annual award given to the best Polish film editing of the year.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Movie title | Editor(s) |
+======+===============================================================+================================================+
| 1999 | ***Historia kina w Popielawach*** | **Ewa Pakulska** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Demony wojny wg Goi* | Wanda Zeman |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Farba* | Zbigniew Kostrzewiński |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kochaj i rób co chcesz* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kroniki domowe* | Wanda Zeman\] |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Nic* | Artur Reinhart Dorota Kędzierzawska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *U Pana Boga za piecem* | Jadwiga Zajiček |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zabić Sekala* | Jiří Brožek |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Złoto dezerterów* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 | ***Pan Tadeusz*** | **Wanda Zeman** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ajlawju* | Ewa Smal |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Dług* | Krzysztof Szpetmański |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kiler-ów 2-óch* | Jadwiga Zajiček |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Tydzień z życia mężczyzny* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2001 | ***Życie jako śmiertelna choroba przenoszona drogą płciową*** | **Marek Denys** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chłopaki nie płaczą* | Wanda Zeman |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Duże zwierzę* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Prawo ojca* | Wanda Zeman |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *To ja, złodziej* | Jadwiga Zajiček |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2002 | ***Weiser*** | **Milenia Fiedler** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *6 dni strusia* | Marek Denys |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Cześć, Tereska* | Krzysztof Szpetmański |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pieniądze to nie wszystko* | Jadwiga Zajiček |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wiedźmin* | Wanda Zeman |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | ***Pianista*** | **Hervé de Luze** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Dzień świra* | Ewa Smal |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Edi* | Cezary Kowalczuk |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Tam i z powrotem* | Marek Denys |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zemsta* | Wanda Zeman |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | ***Żurek*** | **Jarosław Kamiński** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pogoda na jutro* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Stara baśń. Kiedy słońce było bogiem* | Cezary Grzesiuk |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2005 | ***Mój Nikifor*** | **Krzysztof Szpetmański** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ubu król* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wesele* | Paweł Laskowkski |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2006 | ***Persona non grata*** | **Wanda Zeman** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Komornik* | Krzysztof Szpetmański |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *PitBull* | Jarosław Barzan |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Rozdroże cafe* | Leszek Wosiewicz Krzysztof Raczyński |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Skazany na bluesa* | Cezary Grzesiuk |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2007 | ***We\'re All Christs*** | **Ewa Smal** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kochankowie z Marony* | Anna Wagner |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Plac Zbawiciela* | Krzysztof Szpetmański |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2008 | ***Parę osób, mały czas*** | **Wanda Zeman** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Katyń* | Milenia Fiedler Rafał Listopad |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Korowód* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pora umierać* | Artur Reinhart Dorota Kędzierzawska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Świadek koronny* | Piotr Kmiecik |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wszystko będzie dobrze* | Krzysztof Szpetmański |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | ***33 sceny z życia*** | **Jacek Drosio** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Lejdis* | Jarosław Barzan |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ogród Luizy* | Ewa Smal |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Rysa* | Krzysztof Szpetmański |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Serce na dłoni* | Wanda Zeman |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 | ***Dom zły*** | **Paweł Laskowski** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Jeszcze nie jeden wieczór* | Jarosław Kamiński Jacek Bławut |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Mniejsze zło* | Elżbieta Kurkowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2011 | ***Essential Killing*** | **Réka Lenhényi\ |
| | | Maciej Pawliński** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chrzest* | Piotr Kmiecik |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Las* | Katarzyna Maciejko-Kowalczyk Beata Walentowska |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Różyczka* | Cezary Grzesiuk |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wenecja* | Witold Chomiński |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2012 | ***Sala samobójców*** | **Bartosz Pietras** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Battle of Warsaw 1920* | Marcin \"Kot\" Bastkowski |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Czarny Czwartek. Janek Wiśniewski padł* | Rafał Listopad |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ki* | Jarosław Kamiński |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *W imieniu diabła* | Anna Wagner |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2013 | ***Jesteś Bogiem*** | **Jarosław Kamiński** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Mój rower* | Cezary Kowalczuk |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pokłosie* | Jarosław Kamiński |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2014 | ***Ida*** | **Jarosław Kamiński** |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chce się żyć* | Krzysztof Szpetmański |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Imagine* | Cezary Grzesiuk |
+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wałęsa
| 762 |
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| 0 |
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# Voxtrot (album)
***Voxtrot*** is the first full-length album by the Texas-based indie pop band Voxtrot. It was released worldwide on May 22, 2007. Ramesh Srivastava, lead singer of the band, announced in December 2006 that the band was starting work on its long-awaited full-length record.
The album was leaked in its entirety to the Internet on March 16, 2007.
\"Kid Gloves\" can be heard on the band\'s MySpace and an MP3 of the track was made available as a free download through *Pitchfork Media*\'s Forkcast on March 19, 2007. The MP3 has since been added to Voxtrot\'s website.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Ramesh Srivastava.
1. \"Introduction\" - 3:32
2. \"Kid Gloves\" - 4:23
3. \"Ghost\" - 4:48
4. \"Steven\" - 3:27
5. \"Firecracker\" - 3:43
6. \"Brother in Conflict\" - 4:04
7. \"Easy\" - 3:35
8. \"The Future Pt. 1\" - 3:41
9. \"Every Day\" - 4:25
10. \"Real Life Version\" - 4:00
11. \"Blood Red Blood\" - 4:13
12. \"Loan Shark\" - 4:08 (iTunes only)
13
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# Fort space
In mathematics, there are a few topological spaces named after M. K. Fort, Jr.
## Fort space {#fort_space}
**Fort space** is defined by taking an infinite set *X*, with a particular point *p* in *X*, and declaring open the subsets *A* of *X* such that:
- *A* does not contain *p*, or
- *A* contains all but a finite number of points of *X*.
The subspace $X\setminus\{p\}$ has the discrete topology and is open and dense in *X*. The space *X* is homeomorphic to the one-point compactification of an infinite discrete space.
## Modified Fort space {#modified_fort_space}
**Modified Fort space** is similar but has two particular points. So take an infinite set *X* with two distinct points *p* and *q*, and declare open the subsets *A* of *X* such that:
- *A* contains neither *p* nor *q*, or
- *A* contains all but a finite number of points of *X*.
The space *X* is compact and T~1~, but not Hausdorff.
## Fortissimo space {#fortissimo_space}
**Fortissimo space** is defined by taking an uncountable set *X*, with a particular point *p* in *X*, and declaring open the subsets *A* of *X* such that:
- *A* does not contain *p*, or
- *A* contains all but a countable number of points of *X*.
The subspace $X\setminus\{p\}$ has the discrete topology and is open and dense in *X*. The space *X* is not compact, but it is a Lindelöf space. It is obtained by taking an uncountable discrete space, adding one point and defining a topology such that the resulting space is Lindelöf and contains the original space as a dense subspace. Similarly to Fort space being the one-point compactification of an infinite discrete space, one can describe Fortissimo space as the *one-point Lindelöfication* of an uncountable discrete space
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# Polish Academy Award for Best Production Design
The **Polish Academy Award for Best Production Design** is an annual award given to the best Polish film production design of the year.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Movie title | Designer(s) |
+======+===========================================================+================================================+
| 1999 | ***Kroniki domowe*** | **Przemysław Kowalski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Billboard* | Janusz Sosnowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Farba* | Tadeusz Kosarewicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Historia kina w Popielawach* | Wojciech Saloni-Marczewski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Łóżko Wierszynina* | Marcin Jarnuszkiewicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Nic* | Magdalena Kujszczyk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 | ***Pan Tadeusz*** | **Allan Starski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Dług* | Magdalena Dipont |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Fuks* | Andrzej Przedworski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ogniem i mieczem* | Andrzej Haliński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wojaczek* | Katarzyna Jarnuszkiewicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2001 | ***Wrota Europy*** | **Janusz Sosnowski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Córy szczęścia* | Halina Dobrowolska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Operacja Koza* | Andrzej Przedworski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Prawo ojca* | Allan Starski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Prymas - trzy lata z tysiąca* | Barbara Ostapowicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Życie jako śmiertelna choroba przenoszona drogą płciową* | Halina Dobrowolska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2002 | ***Quo Vadis*** | **Janusz Sosnowski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Angelus* | Lech Majewski Katarzyna Sobańska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Egoiści* | Bodris F. Kudlicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Przedwiośnie* | Anna Wunderlich |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Weiser* | Andrzej Kowalczyk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | ***Pianista*** | **Allan Starski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Chopin. Pragnienie miłości* | Andrzej Przedworski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Edi* | Wojciech Żogała |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Tam i z powrotem* | Jacek Osadowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zemsta* | Magdalena Dipont Tadeusz Kosarewicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | ***Pornografia*** | **Andrzej Przedworski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Stara baśń. Kiedy słońce było bogiem* | Andrzej Haliński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Zmruż oczy* | Ewa Jakimowska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2005 | ***Mój Nikifor*** | **Magdalena Dipont** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pręgi* | Joanna Doroszkiewicz Ewa Skoczkowska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wesele* | Barbara Ostapowicz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2006 | ***Komornik*** | **Anna Wunderlich** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Mistrz* | Wojciech Żogała |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Persona non grata* | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Skazany na bluesa* | Joanna Białousz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *The Call of the Toad* | Jochen Schumacher Robert Czesak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2007 | ***Jasminum*** | **Joanna Doroszkiewicz** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kochankowie z Marony* | Jacek Osadowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Kto nigdy nie żył\...* | Janusz Sosnowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wszyscy jesteśmy Chrystusami* | Przemysław Kowalski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2008 | ***Katyń*** | **Magdalena Dipont** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Nightwatching* | Maarten Piersma |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Strajk* | Robert Czesak |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wszystko będzie dobrze* | Andrzej Kowalczyk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | ***Mała Moskwa*** | **Tadeusz Kosarewicz** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Cztery noce z Anną* | Marek Zawierucha |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Rysa* | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 | ***Rewers*** | **Magdalena Dipont**\ |
| | | **Robert Czesak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Generał Nil* | Aniko Kiss |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Miasto z morza* | Jacek Osadowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Popiełuszko. Wolność jest w nas* | Andrzej Kowalczyk |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wojna polsko-ruska* | Joanna Kaczyńska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2011 | ***\'Wenecja*** | **Joanna Macha** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Różyczka* | Joanna Białousz |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Śluby panieńskie* | Anna Wunderlich |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2012 | ***Młyn i krzyż*** | **Katarzyna Sobańska**\ |
| | | **Marcel Sławiński** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Battle of Warsaw 1920* | Andrzej Haliński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *W ciemności* | Marcel Sławiński Erwin Prib Katarzyna Sobańska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2013 | ***Pokłosie*** | **Allan Starski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Jesteś Bogiem* | Marcel Sławiński Katarzyna Sobańska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Mój rower* | Wojciech Żogała |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wyspa skazańców* | Janusz Sosnowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2014 | ***Papusza*** | **Anna Wunderlich** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Dziewczyna z szafy* | Andrzej Haliński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Ida* | Marcel Sławiński Katarzyna Sobańska |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Syberiada polska* | Michał Sulkiewicz Janusz Sosnowski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Wałęsa. Człowiek z nadziei* | Magdalena Dipont |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2015 | ***Miasto 44*** | **Marek Warszewski**\ |
| | | **Grzegorz Piątkowski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Bogowie* | Wojciech Żogała |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Jack Strong* | Joanna Macha |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2016 | ***Hiszpanka*** | **Jagna Janicka** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Excentrycy, czyli po słonecznej stronie ulicy* | Andrzej Haliński |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | *Karbala* | Marek Warszewski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2017 | ***Wolyn*** | **Marek Zawierucha** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | I\'m a Killer | Joanna Anastazja Wójcik |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | The Innocents | Joanna Macha |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | The Last Family | Jagna Janicka |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2018 | **Loving Vincent** | **Matthew Button** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Afterimage | Marek Warszewski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | The Art of Loving | Wojciech Zogala |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | The Man with the Magic Box | Wojciech Zogala |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2019 | **The Butler** | **Zbigniew Dalecki, Pawel Jarzebski** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Cold War | Katarzyna Sobanska, Marcel Slawinski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Eter | Joanna Macha |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2020 | **Mister T.** | **Magdalena Dipont, Robert Czesak** |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Corpus Christi | Marek Zawierucha |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Icarus. The Legend of Mietek Kosz | Joanna Anastazja Wójcik |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Mr. Jones | Grzegorz Piatkowski, Katarzyna Sikora |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | The Coldest Game | Allan Starski |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2021 | **Valley of the Gods** | **Christopher R
| 967 |
Polish Academy Award for Best Production Design
| 0 |
10,105,579 |
# Géza Képes
`{{eastern name order|Képes Géza}}`{=mediawiki} **Géza Képes** (February 1, 1909 -- August 19, 1989) was a Hungarian poet, translator and polyglot. He was born in Mátészalka and died in Budapest
| 32 |
Géza Képes
| 0 |
10,105,587 |
# Expand (Unix)
**`expand`** is a program that converts tab characters into groups of space characters, while maintaining correct alignment. It is available in Unix operating systems and many Unix-like operating systems. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.
## Example
For example:
``` console
$ echo -e "foo\tbar" | expand | xxd -g 1 -u
0000000: 66 6F 6F 20 20 20 20 20 62 61 72 0A foo bar.
$ echo -e "foo\tbar" | xxd -g 1 -u
0000000: 66 6F 6F 09 62 61 72 0A foo.bar.
$
```
Here the `echo` command prints a string of text that includes a tab character, then the output is directed into the `expand` command. The resulting output is then displayed in hexadecimal and as characters by the `xxd` dump command. At the second prompt, the same `echo` output is sent directly to the `xxd` command. As can be seen by comparing the two, the `expand` program converts the tab (specified as \'\\t\' to the `echo` program) into spaces
| 188 |
Expand (Unix)
| 0 |
10,105,623 |
# Polish Academy Award for Best European Film
The **Polish Academy Award for Best European Film** is an annual award given to the best European film of the year.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
Year Movie title Director Country
------ ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 ***Girl with a Pearl Earring*** **Peter Webber** **United Kingdom / Luxembourg**
*The Return* Andrey Zvyaginstev Russia
*Bad Education* Pedro Almodóvar Spain
2006 ***My Summer of Love*** **Paweł Pawlikowski** **United Kingdom**
*Buttoners* Petr Zelenka Czech Republic
*Control* Nimród Antal Hungary
2007 ***Volver*** **Pedro Almodóvar** **Spain**
*Copying Beethoven* Agnieszka Holland Germany / United States
*The Wind That Shakes the Barley* Ken Loach Germany / Italy / Spain / France / Republic of Ireland / United Kingdom
2008 ***The Lives of Others*** **Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck** **Germany**
*The Queen* Stephen Frears United Kingdom / France / Italy
*4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days* Cristian Mungiu Romania
2009 ***The Diving Bell and the Butterfly*** **Julian Schnabel** **France / United States**
*Mamma mia!* Phyllida Lloyd United Kingdom / Germany / United States
*Empties* Jan Svěrák Czech Republic / United Kingdom
2010 ***The White Ribbon*** **Michael Haneke** **Germany / Austria / France / Italy**
*Slumdog Millionaire* Danny Boyle United Kingdom
*Vicky Cristina Barcelona* Woody Allen Spain / United States
2011 ***The Ghost Writer*** **Roman Polanski** **France / Germany / United Kingdom**
*A Prophet* Jacques Audiard France / Italy
*Death in Venice* Luchino Visconti Italy / France
2012 ***The King\'s Speech*** **Tom Hooper** **United Kingdom**
*Melancholia* Lars von Trier Denmark / Sweden / France / Germany
*Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy* Tomas Alfredson France / United Kingdom / Germany
2013 **Amour** **Michael Haneke** **Austria / France / Germany**
*The Artist* Michel Hazanavicius France / United States
*Intouchables* Éric Toledano and Olivier Nakache France
2014 ***Searching for Sugar Man*** **Malik Bendjelloul** **Sweden / United Kingdom**
*Blue Is the Warmest Colour* Abdellatif Kechiche France / Belgium / Spain
*The Best Offer* Giuseppe Tornatore Italy
2015 ***Leviathan*** **Andrey Zvyagintsev** **Russia**
*The Great Beauty* Paolo Sorrentino Italy / France
*Nymphomaniac* Lars von Trier Denmark / Belgium / France / Germany
2016 ***Youth*** **Paolo Sorrentino** **Italy / France / Switzerland / United Kingdom**
*Mr
| 356 |
Polish Academy Award for Best European Film
| 0 |
10,105,627 |
# Nineteeneighties
***Nineteeneighties*** is a cover album by American singer-songwriter Grant-Lee Phillips. It was released on June 27, 2006 under Zoë Records.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Nineteeneighties* was met with \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 75, based on 10 reviews. Aggregator Album of the Year gave the release a 73 out of 100 based on a critical consensus of 5 reviews
| 84 |
Nineteeneighties
| 0 |
10,105,629 |
# Rab Noakes
**Robert Ogilvie Noakes** (13 May 1947 -- 11 November 2022) was a Scottish singer-songwriter. He was at the forefront of Scottish folk music for over 50 years and recorded over 19`{{explain|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki} studio albums. He toured folk clubs and often performed at the Glasgow music festival Celtic Connections.
In 1970. Noakes released his first album ,*Do You See the Lights*, a blend of easy-going country rock which included the songs \"Too Old to Die\", \"Together Forever\" and \"Somebody Counts on Me\". In 1971, he was a founding member of the folk rock band Stealers Wheel, along with Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan. He played on Rafferty\'s *Can I Have My Money Back*, notably \"Mary Skeffington\". He recorded with Lindisfarne in 1972, on the songs \"Turn a Deaf Ear\", \"Nicely Out of Tune\", \"Together Forever\" and \"Fog on the Tyne\". He performed with Lindisfarne for a John Peel concert and in 1995 produced the BBC Radio 2 programme, *The Story of Lindisfarne*. One of his best-known recordings, \"Branch\", from his *Red Pump Special* album, received airplay on BBC Radio 1. Noakes\' songs have been covered by Lindisfarne and Barbara Dickson.
## Biography
Noakes was born in St Andrews, Fife, on 13 May 1947, and brought up in Cupar.
In 1963, Noakes moved to London and worked for the Civil Service, where he played folk clubs at night. He returned to Scotland in 1967 and began a duo with Robin McKidd. They played their first gig at the Glasgow Folk centre. In the same year he secured a month\'s residency in Denmark.
Noakes released his first album ,*Do You See The Lights*, in 1970, with a line-up that included McKidd on electric guitar and the Scottish jazz bassist`{{ambig|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Ronnie Rae. This recording included the songs \"Too Old to Die\", \"Together Forever\" and \"Somebody Counts on Me\".
Noakes was a founding member in 1971 of the folk rock band Stealers Wheel, along with Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan. He sang backing vocals and played on Rafferty\'s first solo album, *Can I Have My Money Back*, most notably on \"Mary Skeffington\", a song about Rafferty\'s mother. After these sessions, he became an early member of Stealers Wheel, but left them before the release of the band\'s first album.
Noakes recorded and performed with Lindisfarne, whom he supported on a national tour in 1972, and recorded his songs \"Turn a Deaf Ear\" on their first album, *Nicely Out of Tune*, and \"Together Forever\" on their second, *Fog on the Tyne*. Barbara Dickson recorded \"Turn a Deaf Ear\" on her album *Do Right Woman*, on which Noakes performed.
In May 1972, the British music magazine *NME* reported that Noakes was to appear at the Great Western Express Lincoln Festival on 26 May that year. Other acts to perform in the \"Giants of Tomorrow\" marquee included Budgie, Skin Alley, Tea & Sympathy, John Martyn, Warhorse and Gnidrolog. One of Noakes\'s best-known recordings, \"Branch\", was released as a single in summer 1974 from his album *Red Pump Special*, which was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, and produced by Elliot Mazer. It had considerable airplay on BBC Radio 1, but without making the UK Singles Chart.
The album *Restless* (1978) was produced by Terry Melcher at Starling Sounds, based at Tittenhurst Park in Ascot, the former home of John Lennon and Yoko Ono, then owned by Ringo Starr. The albums, *Rab Noakes* (1980) and *Under the Rain* (1984) followed, but it was not until 1994 that *Standing Up* appeared. Noakes subsequently toured with the Varaflames, containing Pick Withers, Rod Clements and the harmonicist, Fraser Speirs.
## Later career and albums {#later_career_and_albums}
Noakes became the senior producer for music programmes on BBC Radio Scotland. He left to create the production company Neon.
In November 2007, his album *Unlimited Mileage*, again with the Varaflames, was released. In 2012, CDs of *Standing Up Again\' \'(made in 2009) and*Just in Case\'\' (recorded in 2007) were made available, having only been available to download until then.
In 2015, he released the album *I\'m Walking Here*. It was his 19th solo album and many of the songs tell the story of his working life as a songwriter and performer. It is a double album containing 26 songs. The first set consists of new compositions that show his gift for melody and love of Americana, and includes \"Out of Your Sight\", influenced by Buddy Holly, a tribute to a 1920s minstrel singer, and a poignant lament for Rafferty. The second album is dominated by \"interpretations\" (he hated the word \"covers\") of songs from early Cliff Richard to Garbage and Beck, along with the skiffle standard \"Freight Train\", on which he was joined by Jimmie MacGregor, and a finely sung treatment of the traditional \"The Two Sisters\".
On 20 July 2017, he appeared on the BBC quiz programme *Eggheads*.
| 805 |
Rab Noakes
| 0 |
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# Rab Noakes
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1988, he met Stephanie Pordage and they married in 1998. She became his muse, manager and collaborator. They both left the BBC to set up their own production company, Neon, in 1995. Pordage died from the effects of Parkinson\'s disease in 2021. Noakes was diagnosed with tonsil cancer in 2015, but treatment was effective and he was back recording *The Treatment Tapes* in 2016. He also toured in 2017, at the Leith folk club and with a full band at Celtic Connections. In 2022, he continued to tour and work in collaboration with other singers.
Noakes died on 11 November 2022, suddenly, at the age of 75, in hospital in Glasgow.
## Albums (including reissues) {#albums_including_reissues}
+:--------:+:-----------------------------:+:---------------:+:-----------:+:------------------------------------------------------------:+
| **Date** | **Artist** | **Label** | **Cat
| 133 |
Rab Noakes
| 1 |
10,105,630 |
# Reverse sneezing
**Reverse sneezing**, also known as **inspiratory paroxysmal respiration**, is a clinical event that occurs in dogs and cats. It is possibly caused by a muscle spasm at the back of the animal\'s mouth, more specifically where the muscle and throat meet. Other hypotheses state that it occurs when the animal\'s soft palate gets irritated. The irritation causes spasms in the soft palate muscle thus narrowing the trachea. Because the trachea is narrowed, the pet isn\'t able to inhale a full breath of air, resulting in forceful attempts to inhale through their nose. This causes the pet to experience reverse sneezing.
The clinical symptoms seem to occur more in brachycephalic dog breeds such as Pugs, Brussels Griffons, Boxer, English- and French bulldogs. The specific cause of reverse sneezing is unknown but there could be a link between nasal, pharyngeal or sinus irritation which increases the production of mucus. In attempt to remove this excess mucus, reverse sneezing can be observed. Another hypothesis is based on the overexcitement of the pet which might cause reverse sneezing. Reverse sneezing might also be caused by a previous diagnosis such as tracheal collapse. It can also be a sign of an asthma attack in pets.
During an episode of reverse sneezing, symptoms such as sudden, involuntary respiratory reflex can be noted. As a response to reverse sneezing, the air is sucked in through the nose in a series of rapid and forceful inhalations. An episode of reverse sneezing usually lasts for 30 seconds or less although it might feel longer for the owner. For reverse sneezing, there are no confirmed treatments yet to be found, but there are some commonly used remedies. It\'s recommended to have a veterinarian examine your pet regardless of severity.
| 292 |
Reverse sneezing
| 0 |
10,105,630 |
# Reverse sneezing
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
Reverse sneezing oftentimes occurs when the pet is asleep or immediately after a long nap. It can also be experienced following play, exercise or meals. Other pets experience it whilst inhaling dust but the episodes of reverse sneezing typically occur randomly. The pet\'s size does not have a direct impact on reverse sneezing. However, smaller breeds have shown to be more susceptible to reverse sneezing. In addition, research shows that brachycephalic dogs and cats are more prone to develop reverse sneezing than other dog or cat breeds.
Reverse sneezing is characterized by rapid and long inhalations, extending from the head and neck. In most cases, the pet stands still during an episode. A snorting or gagging sound can be observed as a result of a pet inhaling their sneezes.
The pet undergoes reverse sneezing to expel an irritating agent. Normally, a regular sneeze helps by expelling the irritating agent in the nasal cavity. Coughing will make the irritating agent move further down in the trachea. Reverse sneezing is a way of the pet\'s body to expel an irritating agent slightly further down at the nasopharynx or the area near the soft palate. Some examples of possible causes of irritation that result in reverse sneezing include: allergies, nasal mites, exercise intolerance and elongated soft palate. An elongated soft palate mostly occurs in dogs or cats of brachycephalic breeds.
A pet that experiences reverse sneezing, appears to be normal after an episode of reverse sneezing. Most pets who are prone to developing the condition will experience reverse sneezing repeatedly throughout their lives. The reverse sneezing might be distressing for the animal but it is not known to be harmful.
### Reverse sneezing as a symptom of other conditions {#reverse_sneezing_as_a_symptom_of_other_conditions}
It is common for reverse sneezing to be a symptom of another condition or diagnosis, meaning reverse sneezing might lead to the discovery of an underlying condition. A pet which was diagnosed with nasal eucoleosis was experiencing symptoms of reverse sneezing amongst other clinical symptoms.
## Treatment
The treatment of reverse sneezing does not specifically require medication. Studies have proven that medication such as antihistamines and steroids may be effective if the reverse sneezing is serious, chronic or allergy-related. In case of chronic episodes or other respiratory issues, a clinical diagnosis made by a veterinarian is recommended. In severe cases of reverse sneezing, rhinoscopy can be used to determine possible causes for the reverse sneezing.
## Prognosis
Although a great deal of research has been done in order to determine the clinical cause of reverse sneezing, any specific origin for reverse sneezing has yet been found
| 441 |
Reverse sneezing
| 1 |
10,105,635 |
# This Is Not a Test (2008 film)
***This Is Not a Test*** is a 2008 comedy-drama written and directed by Chris Angel and starring Hill Harper, Robinne Lee, and Tom Arnold. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California. The film was released on DVD in the United States on January 20, 2009.
## Plot
The film is based around a teacher named Carl (Hill Harper) who\'s living his everyday life while trying to cope with his fear of terrorist nuclear attacks. However, with the threat so high he soon lets loose and jeopardizes his family and friends.
This fear begins when he hears constant talk of terrorism on the news. He soon begins to have nightmares about himself and his family dying as a result of a nuclear terrorist attack. He searches on the internet for \"how to protect your family from a terrorist attack\". He ends up at a seminar he finds on a website that specializes in providing people with steps to prepare for an attack. There, he meets comedian Tom Arnold, who is also having fears of an attack. He and Arnold end up forming a close relationship later in the film.
Carl begins to clean out his basement and convert it into a fallout shelter. He fills it with emergency supply items (duct tape, food, water, flashlights, batteries, an EMP-proof radio, etc.). This worries his wife Viv, who is pregnant. She sends him to a therapist, whom Carl dislikes. Viv is even more worried when Tom takes Carl out to the shooting range at a gun shop, where Carl buys a 9mm Glock pistol. He places it and some gold he buys in a safe, which is delivered by three shady-looking characters. The gold, safe, and gun are lost when the same guys who delivered the safe, rob Carl and tie him and Viv up in the shelter.
During a scene when Carl is scanning his shelter for radiation, he sees a high radiation count in a plate he obtained from a homeless man earlier in the film. He returns the plate to him, however the man does not believe him and gives him a card to a mental health clinic. In one scene, Carl goes to a comedy club where Tom is performing, and hears Tom joking about him. He feels betrayed, and avoids contact with Tom.
Carl soon begins to believe that America is a dangerous place, and he searches for a home in British Columbia. This leads to Viv and him being separated. Carl buys the new house and says goodbye to his wife when she is heading to work. Just as Carl is packing, Tom calls him, and apologizes for his stage performance. He then tells Carl that one of his friends deep in the government reported that bomb disposal units have been dispatched to downtown L.A., where an armed suitcase nuke had been found. Tom has saved two seats in a jet for him and Viv to escape from the impending attack. Carl agrees to go along and gets his dog, and then tries to warn Viv. She does not believe him and hangs up on him. Carl then calls his students and warns them to take shelter.
The Emergency Alert System comes on the air and broadcasts an EAN warning of the terrorist attack. Carl calls Viv again, who now believes him but cannot leave because she is working the crisis at City Hall. He shows up at the airport, and tells Tom he\'s not going. He gives Tom his dog and drives to the government building to find Viv and take shelter. With two minutes left until the bomb detonates, he finds her working the 911 service. When he tells Viv to go to the shelter with him, she expresses concerns about the people needing help. In the last seconds before detonation, Viv and Carl say they love each other one last time. The explosion is not shown, however Carl gives an afterword.
## Cast
Character Actor
----------------- -----------------------
Carl Hill Harper
Viv Robinne Lee
Tom Arnold Tom Arnold
Trey Carmine Giovinazzo
Robert Forte Eddie Cahill
Teresa Bellamy Young
Wendy Romer Melissa Fitzgerald
Matt Romer Anthony DeSantis
Rick Smyth Gordon Currie
Johnny Dorey Jason Manuel Olazabal
Dr
| 709 |
This Is Not a Test (2008 film)
| 0 |
10,105,648 |
# Polish Academy Award for Best Producer
The **Polish Academy Award for Best Producer** was an annual award (1999--2001) given to the best Polish film producer of the year
| 29 |
Polish Academy Award for Best Producer
| 0 |
10,105,654 |
# Fmt (Unix)
The `{{Mono|'''fmt'''}}`{=mediawiki} command in Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like operating systems formats natural language text for humans to read.
## Overview
The command has been used to reformat email messages after composition and before delivery. Its syntax is similar among various Unixes, but not identical. `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki} attempts to break, fill, and join input lines to produce globally optimal, balanced output with the lengths of each line approaching the target width as closely as possible, rather than wrapping the input lines exactly as `{{Mono|fold}}`{=mediawiki} (from BSD and GNU Core Utilities) does.
In most implementations of `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki}, the word wrap optimization procedure usually requires two criteria: the target output line width and the maximum acceptable line width (which should be larger than the previous one to give room for optimization). It might not always be possible to give these two options simultaneously. For example, early versions of GNU `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki} can only accept the maximum width option, which is given by the `{{code|-w}}`{=mediawiki} switch, or directly `{{code|-digits}}`{=mediawiki} as the first command line option for compatibility (later versions use `{{code|-g}}`{=mediawiki} to specify the goal width and `{{code|-w}}`{=mediawiki} for the maximum width). See the Solaris man page for `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki} and FreeBSD manual entry for `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki} for detailed examples, and compare with the latest documentation of the GNU `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki} utility included by most Linux distributions. See also the Plan 9 `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki} man page.
Unlike `{{Mono|par}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Mono|fmt}}`{=mediawiki} has no Unicode support and does not support text justification.
The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.
## Example
``` console
$ fmt -w 50 << END
> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Curabitur dignissim
venenatis pede. Quisque dui dui, ultricies ut, facilisis non, pulvinar non. Duis quis arcu a purus volutpat iaculis. Morbi id dui in diam ornare
dictum. Praesent consectetuer vehicula ipsum. Praesent tortor massa, congue et,
ornare in, posuere eget, pede.
Vivamus rhoncus. Quisque lacus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Nullam mauris
tellus, sollicitudin non, semper eget, sodales non, pede. Phasellus varius
ullamcorper libero. Fusce ipsum lorem, iaculis nec, vulputate vitae, suscipit
vel, tortor. Cras varius.
Nullam fringilla pellentesque orci. Nulla eu ante pulvinar velit rhoncus
fringilla ut, venenatis ut, neque.s arcu. Vestibulum sem quam, dapibus in,
> END
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit. Curabitur dignissim
venenatis pede. Quisque dui dui, ultricies ut,
facilisis non, pulvinar non. Duis quis arcu a
purus volutpat iaculis. Morbi id dui in diam
ornare dictum. Praesent consectetuer vehicula
ipsum. Praesent tortor massa, congue et, ornare
in, posuere eget, pede.
Vivamus rhoncus. Quisque lacus. In hac
habitasse platea dictumst. Nullam mauris tellus,
sollicitudin non, semper eget, sodales non,
pede. Phasellus varius ullamcorper libero. Fusce
ipsum lorem, iaculis nec, vulputate vitae,
suscipit vel, tortor. Cras varius.
Nullam fringilla pellentesque orci. Nulla eu ante
pulvinar velit rhoncus lacinia. Morbi fringilla
lacus quis arcu. Vestibulum sem quam, dapibus in,
fringilla ut, venenatis ut, neque.
```
The width of each line is at most 50 characters and the text flows within this constraint
| 516 |
Fmt (Unix)
| 0 |
10,105,678 |
# Polish Academy Audience Award
The **Polish Academy Audience Award** is an annual award given by audience to the best Polish film of the year.
## Winners
Year English title Original title Director
------ --------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------
2002 *Hi Tessa* *Cześć, Tereska* Robert Gliński
2003 *Edi* *Edi* Piotr Trzaskalski
2004 *Squint Your Eyes* *Zmruż oczy* Andrzej Jakimowski
2005 *The Wedding* *Wesele* Wojciech Smarzowski
2006 *The Collector* *Komornik* Feliks Falk
2007 *Jasminum* *Jasminum* Jan Jakub Kolski
2008 *Tricks* *Sztuczki* Andrzej Jakimowski
2009 *33 Scenes from Life* *33 sceny z życia* Małgorzata Szumowska
2010 *The Dark House* *Dom zły* Wojciech Smarzowski
2011 *All That I Love* *Wszystko co kocham* Jacek Borcuch
2012 *Rose* *Róża* Wojciech Smarzowski
2013 *You Are God* *Jesteś Bogiem* Leszek Dawid
2014 *Life Feels Good* *Chce się żyć* Maciej Pieprzyca
2015 *Gods* *Bogowie* Łukasz Palkowski
2016 *These Daughters of Mine* *Moje córki krowy* Kinga Dębska
2017 *Hatred* *Wołyń* Wojciech Smarzowski
2018 *Silent Night* *Cicha noc* Piotr Domalewski
2019 *Clergy* *Kler* Wojciech Smarzowski
2020 *Corpus Christi* *Boże ciało* Jan Komasa
2021 *The Hater* *Sala samobójców
| 175 |
Polish Academy Audience Award
| 0 |
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# Gossypium australe
***Gossypium australe*** is an endemic woody shrub, related to cotton, found across a broad swath of northern Australia from West Australia to Queensland. Preferring sandy soils near watercourses, it grows to about two or three feet tall. The leaves are grey and hairy, oval to elliptic, 3 in long and soft to the touch. Flowers are around 1 - long and present a pale pink mauve \'rose\' with a deeper shade at the centre. Fruit are hairy, spherical and contain a bristly seed 1/6 in long.
It is sometimes confused with Sturt\'s desert rose *Gossypium sturtianum*
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# Polish Academy Special Award
The **Polish Academy Special Award** was a special honor presented annually from 2001 to 2003 as part of the Polish Film Awards
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# Kiyoshikōjin Seichō-ji
`{{Nihongo|'''Kiyoshikōjin Seichō-ji'''|清荒神清澄寺}}`{=mediawiki} is a Shingon Buddhist temple in Takarazuka, Hyōgo, Japan. It is one of the typical type of mixture of Shinto and Buddhism temples in Japan, and temple\'s name has two Chinese letters of two religions in Japan together, \'Jin\'(神) of Shinto and \'Ji\'(寺) of Buddhism. This type of mixture of two religions, called \'Shinbutsu shugo\'(神仏習合) was very common among Japanese temples or shrines until the Edo period, but the two religions were formally and forcedly separated by Meiji Government in the last half of the 19th century. In this sense, this temple is a good example that still preserves Japanese religious traditions before modernization.
Kiyoshikojin deals with fire, which is indispensable to people's lives, has been respected as something sacred. Kiyoshikojin gives us benefits such as family safety, business and good luck.
## History
Kiyoshikōjin Seichō-ji is established in 896 by `{{Nihongo|monk Seikan|静観僧正|Seikan Sōjō}}`{=mediawiki} according to the order of Emperor Uda. This temple met fire twice in the history. In the 12th century, it was destroyed by the fire in the war between Genji(源氏) clan and Heike clan(平家), however, rebuilt by General Yoritomo Minamoto in 1193. In the 16th century, this temple was again burned in the fire of war between a daimyō, Murashige Araki of Itami Castle, and famous Nobunaga Oda, in the process of re-unification of Japan by Nobunaga.
## Object of Worship {#object_of_worship}
- Kōjin (*kami* of fire and hearth
- Dainichi-Nyorai (Mahāvairocana, 大日如来)
## Cultural Property {#cultural_property}
This temple has an Important Cultural Property selected by the Japanese government
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# Pete Wilkinson
**\'Pistol\' Pete Wilkinson**is a former competitor in the UK Pickup Truck Racing series, and was also the occasional driver of the #9 Chevy Monte Carlo in the then SCSA MAC Tools V8 Trophy
## Achievement
In June 2007, Pete became the first Pickup Truck Racing driver to pass the 20,000-point mark, on the all-time career points table. He held the title of all-time career top points scorer for several meetings before it was taken by Gavin Seager on 24 June 2007
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# Mauricio Romero (Argentine footballer)
**Mauricio Martín Romero** (born January 13, 1983, in La Pampa) is a former Argentine football defender and current manager. He also holds Mexican citizenship.
## Career
### Club career {#club_career}
Romero was captain of Morelia from the Clausura 2009 until the Apertura 2010 when Jaime Lozano was named captain. His last club was Club Agropecuario Argentino in the Primera B Nacional.
### International career {#international_career}
He capped for Argentina Under-20 team at 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship.
### Managerial career {#managerial_career}
After becoming assistant manager for a season starting in 2019, he became manager in August 2021 for CA Ferro Carril Oeste General Pico.
On 2 November 2021 during a third division away match against Huracan Las Heras at 1--3 in the 34 minute, whilst managing CA Ferro Carril Oeste General Pico he was shot in the shoulder
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# Install (Unix)
The **`{{mono|install}}`{=mediawiki}** command is a Unix program used to copy files and set file permissions. Some implementations offer to invoke `{{mono|[[strip (Unix)|strip]]}}`{=mediawiki} while installing executable files.
The command is not defined in POSIX. It has mostly split into two camps in terms of compatibility, a GNU type and a BSD type. The main incompatibility lies in the definition of options `{{code|-D}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{code|-d}}`{=mediawiki}. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities
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# Türksat (satellite)
**Türksat** is the name of a series of Turkish communications satellites operated or projected by the state-owned Türksat A.Ş.
Satellite telecommunication is provided by the Gölbaşı Ground Station in Ankara, Turkey.
## Missions
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Satellite | Launch Date | Launch Site | Launcher | Mass | Status | Note |
+============+==================+=================================+==================+===========+========+==============+
| Türksat 1A | 24 January 1994 | ELA-2 Guiana Space Centre | Ariane-44LP H10+ | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 1B | 10 August 1994 | | | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 1C | 9 July 1996 | | Ariane-44L H10-3 | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 2A | 10 January 2001 | | Ariane-44P H10-3 | | | Eurasiasat 1 |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 3A | 12 June 2008 | ELA-3 Guiana Space Centre | Ariane 5ECA | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 4A | 14 February 2014 | Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/24 | Proton-M/Briz-M | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 4B | 16 October 2015 | Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200/39 | | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 5A | 8 January 2021 | Cape Canaveral SLC-40 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 5B | 19 December 2021 | | | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
| Türksat 6A | 8 July 2024 | | | | | |
+------------+------------------+---------------------------------+------------------+-----------+--------+--------------+
## Satellites
### Türksat 1A {#türksat_1a}
Türksat 1A was the first attempt of the project and launched by Ariane 4 from Centre Spatial Guyanais in Kourou, French Guiana on 24 January 1994. Due to the failure of the launcher, the satellite exploded in the atmosphere before reaching its orbit.
### Türksat 1B {#türksat_1b}
After the loss of Turksat 1A, Türksat 1B was successfully located at 42°E orbit on 11 August 1994. After the orbital tests, Turksat 1B was put into service on 10 October 1994. Turksat 1B has three different coverage areas, Turkey, Central Europe and Central Asia. The satellite carries 16 transponders, 10 of 36 MHz, 6 of 72 MHz operating in K~u~-band (11--14 GHz). There are 4 transponder switching capability between Turkey and Central Europe, and 3 between Turkey and Central Asia. Turksat 1B provides TV and radio broadcasting, data and telephone transmissions. On the other hand, TES (Telephony Earth Station) Project and Internet Broadcasting Systems (including 40 southeast rural area IBS) are also transmitting from Türksat 1B.
### Türksat 1C {#türksat_1c}
After the Turksat 1A launch failure, Aérospatiale Company started building a new satellite under the insurance terms of the Turkey system contract. Modifying the contract with Aérospatiale, Türksat 1C coverage area was enlarged by two big zones different from Turksat 1B coverage areas. Turksat 1C was designed for covering Turkey on west spot and Europe on east spot so as to serve simultaneously between Turkey and Europe with Turkey and Central Asia and to provide direct connection between Europe and Central Asia. Turksat 1C was successfully launched at 31.3°E position on 10 July 1996. Completing the orbital tests, this satellite shifted from longitude 31.3°E to 42°E. After this process which took 17 days, the broadcast traffic of the Turksat 1B was transferred to Turksat 1C. Finally when these processes finished Turksat 1B was shifted with similar orbital manoeuvres to 31.3°E position. On 16 July 2008, all traffic on Turksat 1C was transferred to Turksat 3A. After this date Turksat 1C was shifted at 31.3°E. It is being used in inclined orbit.
### Türksat 2A {#türksat_2a}
Turksat Satellite Systems continued progress regarding the need of new satellites having multiple channels, larger coverage, and backup capability like the other satellite operator satellites in the international market. To serve with a larger coverage area for resident customers and to compete with the other satellite operators in the literal sense, the new satellite would be located at the same position with Turksat 1C. Türk Telekom set up a joint venture company with Aérospatiale (merged by Alcatel Space, then Thales Alenia Space), called EurasiaSat, which would be in charge of purchasing a new-generation satellite named Turksat 2A (also known as Eurasiasat 1). Turksat 2A started commercial service on 1 February 2001, with the same 42°E location as Turksat 1C.
Turksat 2A satellite carries a payload of 34 high-powered transponders consisting of 22 - 33 MHz fixed-beam transponders and 12 36 - MHz transponders with two steerable beams.
Turksat 2A BSS Band fixed-beam transponders have two coverage zones like Turksat 1C:
1. **West Zone** covers the British Isles in the west, Scandinavian countries in the north, North Africa in the south, and Caspian Sea in the east.
2. **East Zone** covers the Balkan Peninsula in the west, Russian Federation in the north, Pakistan in the south, and China national boundary in the east.
Inside of the footprint such as south Asia and Republic of South Africa can be accessed over the Turksat 2A FSS Band steerable-beam transponders.
On 18 September 2014, all traffic on Turksat 2A was transferred to Turksat 4A. However, Turksat 2A will broadcast a few TV channels until its end of mission in 2016.
### Türksat 3A {#türksat_3a}
Turksat 3A satellite will enable Turksat to offer telecommunication services as well as direct TV broadcasting services through a broader area than its existing satellites covering Turkey, Europe, Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia. With the help of its switchable transponders, Turksat 3A will act as a bridge between Europe and Asia. Türksat 3A\'s Turkey coverage has been specially designed to provide very efficient gain for broadband applications like VSAT services giving customers low-cost, up-link systems.
Based on Thales Alenia Space Spacebus 4000B2, Turksat 3A is fitted with 24 Ku-band transponders and offers beginning of life power of about 8 kW. Positioned at 42°E, Turksat 3A will weight 3060 kg at launch and will replace Turksat 1C satellite.
Turksat 3A was launched by Arianespace atop an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle, along with the British Skynet 5C satellite, in a dual-payload launch on 12 June 2008 at 22:05:02 UTC, from ELA-3 at the Centre Spatial Guyanais.
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# Türksat (satellite)
## Satellites
### Türksat 4A {#türksat_4a}
Turksat 4A was successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 23:09 UTC on 14 February 2014. After three months of orbital and subsystem tests, Turksat 4A was successfully transferred from its temporary orbit at 50°E to a position at 42°E. The satellite started broadcasting on 15 July 2014.
With Turksat 4A, Turksat AS offers telecommunication and direct TV broadcasting services throughout Turkey, as well as in Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Turksat 4A provides Ku-band high-power direct TV broadcasting channels and both C- and Ka-band communications channels.
### Türksat 4B {#türksat_4b}
Turksat 4B was successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 20:40 UTC on 16 October 2015
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# Polish Academy Life Achievement Award
The **Polish Academy Life Achievement Award** is an honorary Polish Film Award bestowed by the Polish Film Academy for outstanding contributions to the cinema of Poland.
## Recipients
- 1999: Wojciech Has
- 2000: Andrzej Wajda
- 2001: Stanisław Różewicz
- 2002: Tadeusz Konwicki
- 2003: Roman Polanski
- 2004: Kazimierz Kutz
- 2005: Jerzy Kawalerowicz
- 2006: Jerzy Hoffman
- 2007: Witold Sobociński
- 2008: Janusz Morgenstern
- 2009: Jerzy Wójcik
- 2010: Jerzy Stefan Stawiński
- 2011: Tadeusz Chmielewski
- 2012: Janusz Majewski
- 2013: Danuta Szaflarska
- 2014: Kazimierz Karabasz
- 2015: Franciszek Pieczka
- 2016: Janusz Gajos
- 2017: Sylwester Chęciński
- 2018: Jerzy Stuhr
- 2019: Krzysztof Zanussi
- 2020: Maja Komorowska
- 2021: Jerzy Matuszkiewicz
- 2022: Jerzy Skolimowski
- 2023: Jan A.P
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# Of Sculptured Ivy and Stone Flowers
***Of Sculptured Ivy and Stone Flowers*** is the second studio album by the American death-doom band Novembers Doom, The album was released in 1999. This album features an entirely different lineup from its predecessor, save for vocalist Paul Kuhr
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# Encouraging Bear
**Encouraging Bear**, also known as **Horn Chips** (Lakota: *Ptehé Wóptuȟ'a*), was a noted Oglala Lakota medicine man, and the spiritual advisor to Crazy Horse, a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century.
Horn Chips was born in 1824 near Ft. Teton. He was orphaned as a young child and raised by his grandmother. Later he was adopted by the uncle of Crazy Horse.
Chips and Crazy Horse were raised together. He is said to have had the gift of prophecy, being able to change the weather, and find lost objects and missing people. He is also acknowledged as the man who saved traditional Lakota religion from extinction and trained a number of successors.
Chips was present when Crazy Horse was killed. When the soldier jerked the bayonet from Crazy Horse\'s body, he hit Chips in the shoulder with the butt and dislocated his shoulder. Chips buried Crazy Horse, and he was the only person who knew the body\'s location.
Horn Chips contributed to the popularity of a Lakota healing ceremony called yuwipi.
He was interviewed about Crazy Horse in 1907. Chips, who had a wife and four children, reportedly renounced his faith for Catholicism shortly before his death in 1913 or 1916
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# Electoral district of Yaralla
**Yaralla** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It was created in 1968, named after Yaralla Estate and largely replaced Concord, extending west to the districts of Parramatta and Granville. It also extended to the north of the Parramatta River, absorbing parts of Eastwood, Parramatta and Ryde It was abolished in 1981 with the area south of the river being absorbed by Electoral district of Burwood and the area north of the river by the re-created district of Ryde. The first member was Lerryn Mutton (Liberal) who had previously unsuccessfully contested Concord. The sitting member Garry McIlwaine (Labor) successfully contested Ryde
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# Strangelet (album)
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unexpected '{'
{{album chart|BillboardHeatseekers|44|artist=Grant-Lee Phillips|rowheader=true|accessdate=September 12, 2020}}
^
``
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# Ecumenical Hellenism (program)
`{{wikinews|Program Ecumenical Hellenism starts second decade of action}}`{=mediawiki} The **Ecumenical Hellenism program** (*Πρόγραμμα Οικουμενικός Ελληνισμός*), is a non-profit, non-governmental company. It is the result of the cooperation between the Athens-based publishing house *Greek National Line* (Ελληνική Εθνική Γραμμή) and the Institute for National and Religious Studies of Thessaloniki.
The program started its function in 1996, as a result of the initiative of the businessman Stavros Panousopoulos and of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Professor, Athanasios Angelopoulos. The aim of the **Ecumenical Hellenism** is to promote Greek interests abroad as well as to publish editions regarding Greek culture and Orthodoxy. The program mainly operates within the Greek diaspora.
During its function, the program organised missions all over the world and operated under the patronage of the President of the Hellenic Republic as well as under the blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch and of the Church of Greece
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# Ilchi Lee
**Lee Seung-Heun** (`{{korean|이승헌}}`{=mediawiki}; born December 23, 1950), better known as **Ilchi Lee**, is a South Korean author and the founder of a variety of mind-body training methods, including Body & Brain (*Dahn Hak*), Brain Wave Vibration, Kookhak Qigong, and DahnMuDo, all falling under the umbrella name \"Brain Education\" (formerly known as \"Brain Respiration\"). Lee started teaching his methods in a park in the 1980s, and since then, the practice has developed into an international network of for-profit and non-profit entities. Lee\'s practices have been criticized as pseudoscience, and his organizations as a cult.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Ilchi Lee was born in 1950 in Cheonan, South Korea. His father was a teacher, yet he reports having struggled in school due to his inability to focus and a preference for imaginative play. Later in life, he would identify himself as having overcome Attention Deficit Disorder through rigorous physical and mental training. He suggests in his books that these early experiences formed the foundation of the brain-based training techniques he would develop later in life.
In his adolescence he turned to the martial art of Taekwondo to help calm his restless mind. He eventually earned a fourth-level black belt, and opened a successful martial arts studio. He took the first term of Taekwondo master education hosted by Kukkiwon in 1972. After he graduated from Dankook University in 1977 with a B.S. degree in clinical pathology and physical education, he opened a health clinic, which according to his own account did well. He soon married and settled down to raise a family.
However, Lee recounts that he was still plagued by questions about the meaning of human life and the universe, even while on the surface living an ideal life. Thus, in his early thirties he set out to engage in rigorous solo training in the wilderness of Korea\'s Moaksan. He engaged in 21 days of ascetic practice and meditation without food, sleep or lying down. He claims that through this training he gained insights that would provide the philosophical underpinnings of his methods.
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# Ilchi Lee
## Career
Upon his return to ordinary civilization, he began to teach his methods in a community park, at first to only one stroke victim. It was at this point that he took the name *Ilchi* (일지; `{{linktext|一|指}}`{=mediawiki}), which means \"finger pointing to the truth\". Eventually, a larger group of people gathered in the park, and inclement weather necessitated that the classes be moved indoors. This led to the opening of the first Dahn Center in 1985 in Seoul, South Korea, which would grow to over 300 Korean centers in the early twenty-first century In 1991, the first Dahn Center opened in the United States. As of 2006, there were approximately 146 Dahn Centers in the United States. In the meantime, many corporates and government organizations, including Samsung Group, Hyundai, POSCO, and Ministry of National Defense of South Korea employed Lee\'s program for their employees.`{{Better source needed|reason=Previous source is self-reported by the organization in an interview.|date=August 2018}}`{=mediawiki} Chung Ju-yung, a former Hyundai CEO, Chey Jong-hyun, a former CEO of SK Corporation and Cho Soon, a former Vice Prime Minister of South Korea, took personal training from Lee. Lee has been given a letter of appreciation from Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs and Ministry of National Defense of South Korea. Korean religions scholar Dr. Hai Ran Woo describes Ilchi Lee\'s Dahn World Co. (formerly Dahn-Hak-Sonwon) as South Korea\'s largest \'New Age\' (or \'self-cultivation\') \'meditation industry\' with sales reaching \$280 million in 2005. Dahn World has described their spiritual products as the most lucrative of all Korean exports; they plan to expand to 36,000 training centers worldwide by 2010.
Korean religions scholar Donald Baker regards Dahn World as one of the more noteworthy among more than 200 new religions in South Korea that share a \'Korea-centric\' view that Korea has become \'the spiritual center of the world\' -- with Dahn World asserting that Seung Heun Lee is a spiritual leader leading humanity toward an \'enlightenment revolution\'.
In 2000, Ilchi Lee became a director of the Tao Fellowship, a non-profit religious charity and educational foundation, which purchased property in Sedona, Arizona to house the Sedona Ilchi Meditation Center (SIMC). According to their web site, the Tao Fellowship teaches and promotes Tao philosophy and provides training for a cultural movement for peace. The Sedona Ilchi Meditation Center is described as \"the home from which the ideals of Tao Fellowship may flower and go forth to awaken the human consciousness,\" and as the location of 12 \"energy vortexes\".`{{Clarify|reason=What is "energy vortex"?|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki} (Sedona is believed by many visitors and locals to contain healing \"energy vortexes\".)`{{Synthesis inline|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Described by Dr. Woo as the \"heart of the \'world mission\' or \'global management,\'\" SIMC hosts 3,000 participants annually from around the world in a variety of programs based in Lee\'s Brain Education system, including youth camps, residential healing, retreat programs and advanced Dahn training programs such as Dahn Healer School. Eventually SIMC was renamed the Sedona Mago Retreat Center (SMRC). (\"Mago\" means \"Mother Earth\" in Korean.)
According to his official website, Lee is no longer in direct management of the Dahn Centers, instead focusing on developing educational applications of his training system and serving as president of the consulting firm BR Consulting in Sedona, AZ,`{{Better source needed|reason=Not independent|date=August 2018}}`{=mediawiki} which provides services to corporations that provide his training programs, including management of trainer education programs, training and licensing of trainers, marketing and media relations, business analysis and planning.`{{Better source needed|reason=Not independent|date=August 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
On January 8, 2009, Lee held a seminar at the United Nations on \"The Role of Brain Education in Global Mental Health,\" as the president of \"International Brain Education Association\". Coincided with the seminar, New York City declared this day \"IBREA Brain Education Day,\" recognizing Brain Education\'s contribution to education, health and well-being of New York citizens.
Fifteen American cities including Atlanta, Cambridge, Las Vegas and San Francisco have declared Ilchi Lee Day, in recognition of Lee\'s contributions through his original Brain Education.`{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
On September 12, 2018, Ilchi Lee received the award, José Simeón Cañas Slave Liberator Order, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador as the president of IBREA Foundation, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) that Ilchi Lee founded. The award was for the culture of peace Lee\'s Brain Education program brought to El Salvador\'s public schools. Brain Education has been taught in Salvadoran schools since 2011, beginning with a pilot project in Distrito Italia, an area on the northern outskirts of the capital of San Salvador. Brain Education is a five-step mind-body method that includes brain exercises, meditation, and mindfulness training. At the time of the award, 2,357 educators in El Salvador had been certified to teach Brain Education, and the Ministry of Education and the Teacher Welfare Institute continue to support the program.
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# Ilchi Lee
## Philosophy
Ilchi Lee considers the creation of world peace to be the ultimate goal of his training methods. Essentially, they are meant to facilitate a shift in human consciousness toward a more suitable world culture, according to Lee. He stresses a concept of personal enlightenment similar to those found in other Eastern philosophies, but emphasizes the need to take action based on that enlightenment. Appropriate action, according to Lee, should include some sort of action intended for the betterment of the human condition. Based on this notion, he has spearheaded what he calls the \"HSP Movement,\" a movement intended to spread \"health, happiness, and peace\".
Lee also believes peace can only be achieved if humanity gives up nationalistic identities in favor of a single common identity. He contends that this identity should be rooted in people\'s mutual appreciation of and reliance upon the Earth, what he refers to as the \"Earth Human\" concept.
He believes that the Brain Wave Vibration training he created can help change negative thoughts which generate negative brain waves to positive ones, and understand the effects their actions have upon their brains.
In his book *Human Technology*, Lee asserts that people should become more self-sufficient in their own health care. Citing what he believes to be modern civilization\'s over-reliance on pharmaceuticals and specialized health care, he encourages people to rediscover what he regards as natural means of health maintenance, such as the traditional Asian methods discussed in the book, including acupressure and moxibustion.
The South Korean Government conferred the Order of Civil Merit on Lee in 2002, honoring his dissemination of Korean traditional philosophy and culture throughout the world through his founding of the Institute for Traditional Korean Cultural Studies (국학원 *Gukhakwon*, also known as the Kukhak Institute), an educational non-profit organization devoted to the study and development of traditional Korean philosophy
Through this and other affiliated NGOs and projects, such as \'Erecting 369 Tan-gun Statues in Schoolyards\', which proved controversial in Korea in the late 1990s, Lee contributes to the revival of Korea\'s nationalist movement by mobilizing large numbers to revere Korea\'s legendary 2333 BCE divine founding father Tan\'gun \[or Dangun, Tan-gun, Dahngun\], an indigenous tradition said to exist prior to the influence of foreign religions. Lee advances the belief that Tan\'gun practiced a 15,000-year-old Korean value called \'Hongik Ingan Ewah Saegae\' (\'Widely benefit humanity, rightfully harmonize the world\') and that an ancient scripture exists, \'Chun Bu Kyung\' \[or Cheonbugyeong\], that reveals that Heaven, Earth, and Human exist as One in each person. Lee maintains that this is the core Korean spirit that will prove key to Korean reunification as well as world peace, an ideal he contends to be attainable through his \'brain education\' programs - resulting in a \'one world communal culture\' of perfectly healthy and peaceful \'Power Brains\' or \'New Humans\'.
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# Ilchi Lee
## Training methods {#training_methods}
Ilchi Lee\'s training methods have been described as focusing primarily on the brain and its development. Although actual practices resemble yoga, martial arts, meditation, and other recognizable Eastern disciplines, they have been modified with the said intent of uncovering the practitioner\'s natural brain potential. Lee\'s *Power Brain Kids* book describes that these practices may also be combined with other games and activities intended to develop mind-body connection and mental acuity. Collectively, the techniques have been termed Brain Education (formerly known as Brain Respiration or Brain Education System Training (BEST)).
Lee categorizes all of his training techniques under one or more of the five sequential steps that comprise Brain Education. The claimed focus of each step is as follows:
1. Brain Sensitizing: Stress management, awakening of the five senses, physical health, and brain awareness.
2. Brain Versatilizing: Enhanced learning ability through claimed creation of new synaptic connections.
3. Brain Refreshing: Emotional release, emotional control, and positive mental outlook.
4. Brain Integrating: Developing latent brain abilities and increasing communication between diverse parts of the brain.
5. Brain Mastering: Improved decision making and developing a clear sense of life purpose.
Lee teaches that while the brain is the primary focus of his training methods, the health of the physical body as a whole is of primary concern in the initial phase of training (Brain Sensitizing). Exercises and practices followed during this phase are heavily influenced by the notion of ki energy as it is understood in Traditional Korean medicine. This typically includes a variety of exercises that are said to be designed to open up the energy meridian system of the body and work to open up the body\'s seven major energy centers, known as chakras.
One of the mental and physical health enhancement techniques that Ilchi Lee created, Brain Wave Vibration (head-shaking), was used as a kind of moving meditation in a research study published in the international journal, Neuroscience Letters, in July 2010. Using two psychological questionnaires, this study suggested that regular practitioners of Brain Wave Vibration were less stressed and experienced more positive emotions and fewer psychosomatic symptoms. As well, regular Brain Wave Vibration practitioners had more dopamine in their blood than the healthy control group. The Ministry of Science and Technology of South Korea funded the research. Researchers from several departments of Seoul National University and the university hospital collaborated for the research along with the Korea Institute of Brain Science, of which Ilchi Lee is president.
Lee says that although the underlying philosophy has remained the same, he continues to \"refine and improve\" the methods. He recounts in one newspaper report that the techniques have evolved from breathing methods to meditation to its current emphasis on the brain. An early English-language book by Lee, *Dahn Meditation*, which was published in 1997, focuses primarily on Ki development through Lee\'s \"practical and modern\" version of traditional Korean Dahn Hak techniques and does not mention any exercises specific to brain development. The book describes stretching exercises (\"do-in\"), meditation for energy sensitivity (\"ji gam\"), energy dance (\"dahn mu\"), and energy building exercises (\"haeng gong\").
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# Ilchi Lee
## *The Call of Sedona* {#the_call_of_sedona}
In 2011, Lee wrote *The Call of Sedona: Journey of the Heart* and it is published by BEST Life Media. It has been listed as a New York Times Best Seller. It was on the Washington Post Best Seller, USA Today Best Seller, LA Times Best Seller, and the IndieBound Best Seller lists. This book made the author the first Korean author to rank on the four major bestseller lists in the United States.
In *The Call of Sedona*, Ilchi Lee shares his personal memoirs and the inspirations he received in Sedona, Arizona. Among these were claimed experiences of being visited in his mind, (in meditation) by Lester Levenson, a master who had recently dropped his body,`{{Clarify|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki} who urged Lee to buy his Sedona Method group\'s Sedona retreat property, which Lee later bought after much vacillation, due mainly to the price, but he found a way to handle it. The book also provides a range of advice on meditation and spirituality that claims to benefit anyone. Though millions of visitors are drawn each year to Sedona, Arizona\'s red rock formations, Lee believes there is much more to be gained than what can be seen with the eye. Recounting his own experiences, he here tells how readers can find inner strength and guidance by experiencing the spirit of Sedona. According to one review, \"The Call of Sedona offers powerful guidance for all people seeking to connect with their inner selves, nature, and the spirit of this magical region.\"
Lee is donating 30% of his royalties from the sale of his book to three Sedona area charities: Camp Soaring Eagle, Yavapai Big Brothers Big Sisters, and the Sedona Community Center.
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# Ilchi Lee
## Controversy
### Criticism
Ilchi Lee\'s brain education claims have been described as pseudoscience by Ben Goldacre in his Guardian column and by Brian Cummings, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Irvine.
Lee\'s organization has also been described as a cult by Steven Hassan.
### Lawsuits
#### Death of Julia Siverls {#death_of_julia_siverls}
In 2005, a wrongful death lawsuit was filed against Lee and other defendants over the death of Julia Siverls, a Body & Brain center member, during a training hike. The plaintiffs claimed thet she was \"drugged and killed\". On November 13, 2006, the Court dismissed all claims against Lee, finding that \"There is no evidence that Dr. Siverls-Dunham\'s death, or even her presence in Arizona, arose out of a transaction of business by Lee.\"
#### Barba et al. v. Lee et al. {#barba_et_al._v._lee_et_al.}
In Barba et al. v. Lee et al. (Case No. CV-09-1115-PHX-SRB) filed in May, 2009, twenty seven former members and employees of Body & Brain sued Lee, Body & Brain, and other defendants in the State of Arizona for fraud, undue influence, unfair and deceptive business practice, emotional distress, wage and hour law violation and civil RICO.
The Court dismissed ten plaintiffs in 2012. The other seventeen plaintiffs withdrew them and settled the case by mutual release. No money was paid to any of the plaintiffs by any defendants in this case. On the other hand, a judgment was entered against seven of the dismissed plaintiffs awarding defendants \$11,072.07 in litigation costs.
Two plaintiffs acknowledged that they brought this lawsuit primarily because of the misrepresentations made by their former attorney Ryan Kent about their claims and his ability to handle their case.
This case was finally dismissed entirely on April 1, 2013 by court order.
Jessica Harrelson filed emotional distress claims against Lee in both the Barba et al. v. Lee et al. case and another case filed in the State of Massachusetts. On January 31, 2012, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts dismissed Harrelson\'s case, finding that \"Lee filed a motion\... providing the court with a number of exhibits that tended to disprove, or at the very least, shed serious doubt, on Harrelson\'s substantive claims.\" On April 6, 2012, Harrelson was also dismissed in the Barba et al. v. Lee et al. case for failure to prosecute.
## Published works in English {#published_works_in_english}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- *Meridian Exercise for Self-Healing: Classified by Common Symptoms*. 2 volumes. Healing Society. 2004. `{{ISBN|0-9720282-7-7}}`{=mediawiki} \| `{{ISBN|0-9720282-8-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Home Massage Therapy*. 2 volumes. Healing Society. 2004
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# Plasmodium kentropyxi
***Plasmodium kentropyxi*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium* subgenus *Sauramoeba*.
## Taxonomy
The parasite was first described by Lainson *et al.* in 2001.
## Description
Young asexual stages are initially polar in the erythrocyte but with maturation, move to a lateral position. The larger meronts may slightly enlarge the erythrocyte but most asexual stages do not. Conspicuous greenish-black pigment granules are located in a distinct vacuole.
The largest schizonts contain 30-40 nuclei.
The gametocytes are at first polar in the erythrocyte but gradually move to a lateral position. They eventually assume a smooth, curved cylindrical shape with evenly rounded ends. Pigment is scattered or concentrated around a conspicuous vacuole which is slowly developed as the gametocytes mature. The mature gametocytes occasionally enlarge the erythrocyte.
Mature male parasites measured 11.8 x 4.0 micrometres (range: 9.6 x 4.2 - 13.2 x 3.6 micrometres) and females 13.5 x 4.5 micrometres (range: 12.0 x 4.5 - 15.0 x 4.8 micrometres).
## Hosts
Like all *Plasmodium* species *P. kentropyxi* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles. The only known vertebrate host is the teiid lizard *Kentropyx calcarata*.
## Distribution
This species is found in Brazil and Surinam
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# Claire Roche
**Claire Roche** is a singer harpist based in County Dublin, Ireland. She plays the concert harp as well as the Irish harp. Roche has performed as an opening artist for The Chieftains and The Fureys and has performed at venues including The Florida Folk Festival in White Springs, Florida, and at Stephen Foster Memorial Park, on the banks of the Suwannee River in the Southern United States and at Old Government House, Parramatta in Australia.
## Recordings
- Dancing in the Wind: poetry of W.B
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# Sum (Unix)
**`{{mono|sum}}`{=mediawiki}** is a legacy utility available on some Unix and Unix-like operating systems. This utility outputs a 16-bit checksum of each argument file, as well as the number of blocks they take on disk. Two different checksum algorithms are in use. POSIX abandoned `sum` in favor of cksum.
## Overview
The `{{mono|sum}}`{=mediawiki} program is generally only useful for historical interest. It is not part of POSIX. Two algorithms are typically available: a BSD checksum and a SYSV checksum. Both are weaker than the already weak 32-bit CRC used by cksum.
The default algorithm on FreeBSD and GNU implementations is the BSD checksum. Switching between the two algorithms is done via command line options.
The two commonly used algorithms are as follows.
The BSD sum, -r in GNU sum and -o1 in FreeBSD cksum:
- Initialize checksum to 0
- For each byte of the input stream
- Perform 16-bit bitwise right rotation by 1 bit on the checksum
- Add the byte to the checksum, and apply modulo 2 \^ 16 to the result, thereby keeping it within 16 bits
- The result is a 16-bit checksum
The above algorithm appeared in Seventh Edition Unix.
The System V sum, -s in GNU sum and -o2 in FreeBSD cksum:
- checksum0 = sum of all bytes of the input stream modulo 2 \^ 32
- checksum1 = checksum0 modulo 2 \^ 16 + checksum0 / 2 \^ 16
- checksum = checksum1 modulo 2 \^16 + checksum1 / 2 \^ 16
- The result is a 16-bit checksum calculated from the initial 32-bit plain byte sum
## Syntax
The `{{mono|sum}}`{=mediawiki} utility is invoked from the command line according to the following syntax:
`sum [OPTION]... [FILE]...`
with the possible option parameters being:
- - use BSD checksum algorithm, use 1K blocks (defeats `{{mono|-s}}`{=mediawiki})
- , `{{mono|--sysv}}`{=mediawiki}
- use SYSV checksum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks
- - display the help screen and exit
- - output version information and exit
When no file parameter is given, or when FILE is `{{mono|-}}`{=mediawiki}, the standard input is used as input file
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# Virginia Creeper (album)
***Virginia Creeper*** is the third album by American singer-songwriter Grant-Lee Phillips, released on February 24, 2004.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Virginia Creeper* was met with \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 77, based on 14 reviews.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
**Musicians**
- Grant-Lee Phillips -- primary artist, piano, producer
- Richard Dodd -- cello
- Danny Frankel -- percussion
- Eric Gorfain -- violin
- Sheldon Gomberg -- bass
- Sebastian Steinberg -- bass
- Jon Brion -- ukulele
- Bill \"Luigi\" Bonk -- accordion
- Greg Leisz -- dobro, mandolin
- Leah Katz -- viola
- Cindy Wasserman -- vocals
- Zac Rae -- keyboard
**Production**
- Gavin Lurssen -- mastering
- S
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# Louis Plack Hammett
**Louis Plack Hammett** (April 7, 1894 -- February 9, 1987) was an American physical chemist. He is known for the Hammett equation, which relates reaction rates to equilibrium constants for certain classes of organic reactions involving substituted aromatic compounds. He is also known for his research into superacids and his development of a scheme for comparing their acidities based on what is now known as the Hammett acidity function. The Curtin--Hammett principle bears his name.
The awards he obtained included the Priestley Medal in 1961, the Willard Gibbs Award in 1961, the National Medal of Science in 1967, and in 1975 the Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science.
Hammett grew up in Portland, Maine, and studied in Harvard and Switzerland. He earned his Ph.D. at Columbia University. He authored an influential textbook on physical organic chemistry, and is credited with coining the term
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# IBM JX
The **IBM JX** (or **JXPC**) was a personal computer released in 1984 into the Japanese, Australian and New Zealand markets. Designed in Japan, it was based on the technology of the IBM PCjr and was designated the IBM 5511. It was targeted in the Australasian market towards the public education sector rather than at consumers, and was sold in three levels: JX (64 KiB), JX2 (128 KiB) and JX3 (256 KiB). Upgrades were available to both 384 KiB and 512 KiB. The JX was the first IBM PC to use 3.5\" floppy drives.
IBM Japan expected to sell 200,000 units of JX, but only 40,000 units were produced. The JX was discontinued in 1987, and IBM Japan gave 15,000 units of JX to its employees in honor of the company\'s 50th anniversary.
## General
The IBM JX\'s main difference from the PCjr was a professional keyboard (rather than the PCjr\'s disparaged chiclet keyboard), dual 3.5\" floppy drives, as well as options for a 5.25\" floppy drive and a hard drive, both of which sat atop the main unit. The JX did not support PCjr-like \"sidecar\" add-ons for hardware expansion. In common with the PCjr, however, it had no DMA controller. It also supported the otherwise unique-in-the-IBM-PC-world ECGA (Enhanced Color Graphics Adapter---16 simultaneous colors, but only at 320×200 resolution) and the PCjr\'s 4-channel sound. Support for these two features was utilised by only a handful of software developers---Sierra On-line being the most well-known.
## Configuration
It had several innovative features:
- Single or twin 3.5\" 720 KB (initially only 360 KB) diskette drives
- Wireless infra-red keyboard`{{r|raike198503}}`{=mediawiki}
- 16-color video output
- Stackable expansion
- Joystick ports`{{r|raike198503}}`{=mediawiki}
- Cartridge slots`{{r|raike198503}}`{=mediawiki}
In Japan, both white and dark gray units were available,`{{r|raike198503}}`{=mediawiki} but elsewhere all IBM JXs were dark gray---very unusual in the days of the standard color of IBM \"beige boxes\". All models sold in Japan have a Japanese font stored on 128 KB of ROM, but the basic system only has the capability to display 40×11 Japanese text. The Extended Display Cartridge provides 40×25 Japanese text mode, and its display resolution is 720×512 pixels like a 16 pixel font model of the IBM 5550. This cartridge contains a BASIC interpreter compatible with 5550\'s.
However, one disadvantage it shared with the PCjr was that it could not use the standard ISA bus cards of the IBM PC.`{{r|raike198503}}`{=mediawiki}
The system operated PC DOS 2.11 as well as Microsoft Disk BASIC and Microsoft Advanced BASIC. Like the PC, if the system was left to boot without inserting a diskette into one of the drives the Microsoft Cassette BASIC interpreter would be loaded, which was compatible with IBM PCjr BASIC, including Cartridge BASIC. PC DOS 2.11 could only use half of the tracks of a 3.5\" drive, however, since it didn\'t really understand what a 3.5\" drive even was. The PCjx\'s BIOS could only address the first 40 tracks, like a 5.25\" drive.
The PCjx later had a BIOS upgrade chip, sold together with PC DOS 3.21, which could use the full 720 KB capacity of the diskette drives. Some popular options for the PCjx were a 5.25\" 360 KB capacity diskette drive, a 10 MB external hard disk (both of these as stackable units the same size as the JX itself) and a joystick. IBM never released a 3270 emulation adapter for the PCjx, in order to steer enterprise customers to more-expensive IBM PCs and XTs.
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# IBM JX
## Reception
*BYTE* in 1985 called the JX \"a Japanese product for the Japanese; its price and capabilities reflect its target market\". The magazine stated that its compatibility with PCjr peripherals rather than the PC\'s, and joystick ports and audio, \"suggests that IBM Japan is hedging its bets by pursuing a share of the easily saturated video-game sector\". *BYTE* concluded that \"the JX will enjoy, at best, a modest and short-lived success---it\'s too little, too late\" against more-sophisticated rival computers.
IBM Japan advertised the JX as a home computer, but its sales didn\'t grow even in 1986. According to the Nikkei Personal Computing journal, a distributor revealed the number of units sold was \"around 2,000 units in Japan alone\", and an industry insider expected \"Sales to retail stores, overseas stores, IBM\'s employees, their family, and direct sales to large customers. Including all of these, about 10,000 units\". One computer store declared that customers wouldn\'t buy it even at one quarter list price. The Japanese home computer market was much smaller than its video game console market compared with Western countries, yet NEC sold 75,000 units of PC-88 in the four months since November 1985.
Many people pointed out the matter was adopting the 8088 processor. In Japan, the mainstream of Intel microprocessors was moving from the 8086 to the 80286, and computer enthusiasts considered the 8088 as a *branch* of them. Also, a novice personal computer user generally chose his new machine with the advice of his closest acquaintance familiar with personal computers. Such advices spread, and damaged buyer\'s reputations for the JX. A developer of the JX insisted it was designed to run western PCjr softwares without modification, but few Japanese users wanted them. In another point, there were not enough software titles for the JX. An independent software company said IBM Japan was uncooperative for developing JX software. Another company complained \"Some software for the JX have a brand called IBM, don\'t they? Even if another company creates better software, it can never beat them\". The JX was the first IBM PC compatible computer sold by IBM Japan, but they started selling the PC/XT and PC/AT in November 1985.
The IBM 5550 sold well for Japanese companies who used IBM\'s mainframe computer. The JX providing the Japanese text mode and word processor had the potential to expand into the small-business sector. However, in February 1985, IBM Japan released the IBM 5540 as the entry-level line of the IBM 5550. The IBM 5540 offered a fully compatibility with the 5550 at the price between the 5550 and JX. A sales manager of IBM Japan expected it expanded their lineup of computers, but the announcement confused IBM users. A businessman who used the 5550 in his office and the JX at his home complained \"If I knew the 5540 would release four months later, I wouldn\'t have purchased the JX\". Both JX and 5540 took a long time to develop. The product manager explained that they spent 70% of their efforts on compatibility with older machines every time they developed new machines. The Nikkei Personal Computing journal pointed out both were developed at the same time at the Fujisawa Development Laboratory, and suspected that IBM Japan was imposed to release the JX first by its parent company, IBM.
Masahiko Hatori`{{Nihongo|2=羽鳥 正彦}}`{=mediawiki}, who developed the BIOS and DOS for the JX, recalled the development staff were anxious that it would be too late to compete with other Japanese machines although the management thought it went well whatever IBM made. They were using NEC and other companies\' computers at their home. He also revealed the reason why the JX used the 8088 processor was both the development and sales teams thought a consumer-class JX mustn\'t surpass a business-class 5550. The JX was dedicated to be inexpensive for personal use, but it didn\'t suit consumers who preferred the fast response time for gaming.
IBM Japan didn\'t disclose its unit sales, but the Nikkei Computer journal reported in 1987 that only 40,000 units were produced according to the insider. The company planned a 100% PC/AT compatible machine \"JX II\" which could handle Japanese text like the JX did, but was cancelled in 1986. They never developed a consumer product until they entered the education sector with the PS/55Z in 1988
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# Rauli Virtanen
**Rauli Virtanen** (born 28 June 1948) is a Finnish writer, freelance journalist, lecturer and television producer. He has covered wars and conflicts since the days of Vietnam, and may be the first person to have visited all the countries in the world (170 in 1988). He has been a foreign correspondent based in New York and London and a roving correspondent based in Finland.
Virtanen has worked for all the major Finnish print and electronic media, and his articles have also been published in the foreign media.
He has written eight non-fiction books.
In 2015-2016 Rauli Virtanen was the visiting professor of journalism at the University of Tampere.
Virtanen has been putting together various photo exhibitions in Finland and overseas (Thailand, USA, Abu Dhabi, Malaysia) from his travels.
## Awards
Virtanen is the recipient of many recognitions and top journalism awards in Finland:
- Valtion tiedonjulkistamispalkinto
- Suomen Kuvalehden journalistipalkinto.
- SPR:n Inhimillinen kädenojennus-tunnustus
- Urho Kekkosen 70-vuotisjuhlasäätiön palkinto
- Sotilasansiomitali
- Alfred Kordelin-palkinto
+Kultainen Venla, Lifetime Achievement Award
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# Leopold Lewin
**Leopold Lewin** (28 July 1910 in Piotrków Trybunalski -- 7 December 1995 in Warsaw) was a Polish poet, journalist and translator. He graduated the Warsaw University in 1931. In the years 1939-1944 on emigration in USSR. Arrested by NKVD in June 1942, he later became a Polish communist, joining the Union of Polish Patriots there, and was an author of many socrealistic poems (like \'Song of United Parties\' - \'Pieśń Partii Zjednoczonych\'). After the war he was an editor of several Polish newspapers and the Secretary General of the Polish Literary Society
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# Madras College FP RFC
**Madras College Former Pupils Rugby Football Club** is a rugby union side based in St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. They play in Caledonia Regional League Division 2. They play at Station Park, St Andrews and field two men\'s fifteens each weekend, as well as a women\'s team (AKA The Saints).
The club has close ties with Madras College, a secondary school in St Andrews. Although not all players are former pupils of the school, many are and sixth year pupils often train and play with the club during holidays and weeks in which school rugby is not on.
The good facilities of the rugby club and St Andrews in general attract many bigger teams such as the Scottish national side and Heriot\'s Rugby Club to train there during pre-season.
## History
St Andrews has been instrumental in the development of rugby in Scotland. Rugby was introduced to St Andrews University in 1858 as a means of interesting the Scottish gentry away from the great English universities and to study in Scotland. Scotland\'s oldest club is Edinburgh Academicals, established in 1857, which shows that rugby in St Andrews was not far behind. In 1871, JH Oatts, a former pupil of Madras College, amongst colleagues, issued an invite to the English to come to Edinburgh and play the first international fixture of the \'carrying game\' on 27 March . This invite came after a 10-year run of defeats at football at the hands of the English. 2 players from St Andrews featured in this 20-a-side game, which the Scots won.
Representatives from the four great clubs, Glasgow Academicals, Edinburgh Academical Football Club, West of Scotland and University of St Andrews RFC, then formed the Scottish Rugby Union in 1873, and the game was reduced to 15-a-side soon after. St Andrews built up a strong reputation for its backs-play, which was very different from the typical forwards-led style of the day.
Madras play the St. Andrews University side in a derby match annually for the Drummond Cup.
## Notable players {#notable_players}
### Scotland
The following former Madras College F.P. players have represented Scotland at international level.
+---------------+-------------------+-----------------+---+---+
| - Rob Dewey | - Jamie Ritchie | - Alex Samuel | | |
+---------------+-------------------+-----------------+---+---+
### North and Midlands {#north_and_midlands}
The following former Madras College F.P. players have represented North and Midlands at provincial level.
+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+-----------------+
| - J. B. Dobie | - R. A. M. Scott | - L. F. Hunter | - Ally Fraser |
+-----------------+--------------------+------------------+-----------------+
### North of Scotland {#north_of_scotland}
The following former Madras College F.P. players have represented North of Scotland at provincial level.
+-----------------+---+---+---+
| - Jock Steven | | | |
+-----------------+---+---+---+
### Glasgow Warriors {#glasgow_warriors}
The following former Madras College F.P. players have represented Glasgow Warriors at professional level.
+---------------+-----------------+---+---+
| - Rob Dewey | - Alex Samuel | | |
+---------------+-----------------+---+---+
## Honours
- Waid Academy F.P
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# Unrar
**UnRAR** is the name of two different command-line applications for extracting RAR file archives.
## RARLAB UnRAR {#rarlab_unrar}
This source-available freeware is a command-line version of UnRAR, released by RARLAB, the same company that released the proprietary WinRAR software. This software can extract newer RAR v5.0 file archives that has limited support in free extractors.
The source-available license stipulates that users may not use the UnRAR code to create a RAR compressor.
## UnRAR-free {#unrar_free}
This is a free software version of UnRAR that uses a library that is based on an old version of RARLAB\'s UnRAR with permission from author Eugene Roshal. It is probably licensed under the GPLv2-only and unrarlib is available under the GPLv2-or-later or a proprietary license. Work ended in 2007. Unrarlib only supports the RAR2 format
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# Arthur Lelyveld
**Rabbi Arthur J. Lelyveld** (February 6, 1913 -- April 15, 1996) was a rabbi within the movement of Reform Judaism and activist.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Lelyveld was born in Manhattan on Feb. 6, 1913. He graduated from Columbia College in 1933. At Columbia, he was the first Jewish editor of the *Columbia Daily Spectator*, leader of the glee club, and competed on the wrestling team. In 1939, he graduated from the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio.
## Career
After marrying Toby Bookholtz, an actress and scholar of Shakespeare, Lelyveld moved to Omaha, Nebraska in 1941, where he led Temple Israel. In 1944, he then moved to New York, where he took on organizational rabbinic roles, including heading up the national Hillel organization. He served as a rabbi in Cincinnati for a time. He also served as president of the Zionist Organization of America from 1944.
From 1958 until 1986, Lelyveld served as rabbi of Fairmount Temple in the Cleveland suburb of Beachwood, Ohio. From 1966 to 1972, he was president of the American Jewish Congress, a 50,000-member organization. He served as president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, and of the Synagogue Council of America.
Lelyveld retired from the rabbinate in 1986. As senior rabbi emeritus, he served as a lecturer in Jewish thought at John Carroll University.
Rabbi Lelyveld was diagnosed with a brain tumor, and died at the Montefiore Home in Beachwood, Ohio, on April 15, 1996. His funeral at Fairmount Temple was attende by more than 1,200 people. Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton sent condolences. He was interred at Mayfield Cemetery in Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
## Activism
During the Second World War Lelyveld was a pacifist and conscientious objector, though he did propose sending a Jewish relief force to Europe. He headed the Jewish Peace Fellowship, a coalition, formed in 1941, of a number of groups of Jewish antiwar activists.
Lelyveld voiced his support for the recognition of the State of Israel and was the executive director for the Committee on Unity for Palestine. in 1946, lobbying Harry S Truman to that end. He was also active in attempts to create harmonious relations between Jews and blacks in the United States. While he was in Omaha, he was a member of the local Urban League. He was also active in the registration of black voters in the South during the 1960s. During the Freedom Summer of 1964 he suffered a concussion after he was beaten with a tire iron by segregationists in Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
## Family
Lelyveld had five children. His son Joseph Lelyveld was the executive editor of *The New York Times*, and won a Pulitzer Prize for journalism. His son David Lelyveld was a professor of history at William Paterson University; he retired in 2012. Another son, Michael S. Lelyveld consults on `{{Clarify span|Russian and Caspian energy|seems like a very vague and mystical term|date=January 2024}}`{=mediawiki}. His daughter, Robin Lelyveld, is a psychologist. Lelyveld\'s youngest son, Benjamin, died in 1988 at the age of 30.
His second marriage, to Teela Stovsky, lasted 35 years
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# Krasnaya Gorka
**Krasnaya Gorka** (*Красная Горка*; lit. *red / beautiful hill*) is a noun phrase that refers to:
- a traditional Krasnaya Gorka (traditional festival) falling on the next Sunday after East Orthodox Easter (Second Sunday of Easter dedicated to Saint Thomas the Apostle);
- the name of multiple rural localities in Russia and other lands of East Slavs.
- Krasnaya Gorka fort west of Saint Petersburg, Russia
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# Rodrigo Bernal
**Rodrigo Bernal González** (born June 6, 1959 in Medellín) is a Colombian botanist who specialises in the palm family. Bernal was a faculty member at the Institute of Natural Sciences, National University of Colombia until 2007. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Aarhus, Denmark, in 1996. He was general curator of the National Colombian Herbarium (1986-1987), and editor of the scientific journal *Caldasia* (1989-1991, 1997-1999).
Bernal has published five books and 105 scientific papers and book chapters, most on them on palm systematics, ecology, uses and conservation. He has described one new genus (*Sabinaria*) and 25 new species of palms in the genera *Aiphanes*, *Astrocaryum*, *Bactris*, *Chamaedorea*, *Geonoma*, *Oenocarpus*, *Sabinaria*, *Socratea*, and *Wettinia*. He has described also new species in the plant families Cyclanthaceae, Sapindaceae, and Caprifoliaceae.
Bernal coauthored a *Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas* and a field guide to the palms of Colombia (2010). Bernal is also coauthor of [Common Names of Plants in Colombia](http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/index.php?lang=en), an online dictionary of over 18,000 common names applied to plants in Colombia, which provides information on the distribution of each name, and its corresponding scientific name. Since 2001 he has coordinated the production of the Catalogue of the Plants of Colombia [1](https://sites.google.com/site/rgbernalg/home2), a checklist of the ca. 30,000 plant species occurring in Colombia. The production of this work involves 171 botanists in 19 countries. Since 2007 Bernal has been involved in building up the National Collection of Colombian Palms, an initiative to gather living specimens of all native Colombian palms at the [Quindío Botanic Garden](http://jardinbotanicoquindio.org/es/), in Calarcá. In 1996 he received the Sciences Award of the Fundación Alejandro Angel Escobar [2](http://www.faae.org.co/html/ganadoresanoc.htm) for In 1996 for the *Field guide to American palms* (co-authored by Andrew Henderson & Gloria Galeano Garcés).
## Books
- Aprovechamiento sostenible de palmas colombianas. Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. 244 pp. `{{ISBN|978-958-761-611-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- Galeano, G. & R. Bernal. 2010. Palmas de Colombia. Guía de Campo. Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. 688 pp. `{{ISBN|978-958-719-501-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- Henderson, A., G. Galeano and R. Bernal. 1995. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 352 pp., 256 photos, 553 maps. `{{ISBN|0-691-01600-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- Galeano, G. y R. Bernal. 1987. Las Palmas del Departamento de Antioquia. Región Occidental. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial, Bogotá. `{{ISBN|958-170005-6}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Rodrigo Bernal
## New species of plants discovered {#new_species_of_plants_discovered}
### Arecaceae
- *Aiphanes acaulis* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Principes 29(1): 20. 1985
- *Aiphanes argos* `{{small|R.Bernal, Borchs. & Hoyos-Gómez}}`{=mediawiki} -- Phytotaxa 298(1): 66. 2017
- *Aiphanes bicornis* `{{small|Cerón & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 26(2): 433 (-437; fig. 1). 2004
- *Aïphanes buenaventurae* `{{small|R.Bernal & Borchs.}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 32(1): 117 (-119; fig. 1a-b). 2010
- *Aiphanes graminifolia* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 24(2): 277 (-280; fig. 1). 2002
- *Aïphanes multiplex* `{{small|R.Bernal & Borchs.}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 32(1): 119 (-121; fig. 2). 2010
- *Aiphanes pilaris* `{{small|R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 23(1): 163 (2001)
- *Aiphanes spicata* `{{small|Borchs. & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 70: 78. 1996
- *Aiphanes tricuspidata* `{{small|Borchs., R.Bernal & Ruiz}}`{=mediawiki} -- Brittonia 41: 156, fig. 1989
- *Astrocaryum triandrum* `{{small|Galeano, R.Bernal & F.Kahn}}`{=mediawiki} -- Candollea 43(1): 279 (1988)
- *Bactris rostrata* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 24(2): 280 (-283; fig. 2). 2002
- *Chamaedorea ricardoi* `{{small|R.Bernal, Galeano & Hodel}}`{=mediawiki} -- Palms 48(1): 27 (-29; fig. 1). 2004
- *Geonoma santanderensis* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 24(2): 282 (-284; fig. 3). 2002
- *Geonoma wilsonii* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 24(2):284 (-290; figs. 4-5). 2002
- *Oenocarpus makeru* `{{small|R.Bernal, Galeano & A.J.Hend.}}`{=mediawiki} -- Brittonia 43(3): 158 (1991)
- *Oenocarpus simplex* `{{small|R.Bernal, Galeano & A.J.Hend.}}`{=mediawiki} -- Brittonia 43(3): 154 (1991)
- *Sabinaria* `{{small|R.Bernal & Galeano}}`{=mediawiki} -- Phytotaxa 144: 28. 2013
- *Sabinaria magnifica* `{{small|Galeano & R. Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Phytotaxa 144: 34
- *Socratea montana* `{{small|R.Bernal & A.J.Hend.}}`{=mediawiki} -- Brittonia 38(1): 55 (1986)
- *Wettinia aequatorialis* `{{small|R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 17(82--85): 369 (1995)
- *Wettinia disticha* `{{small|(R.Bernal) R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 17(82--85): 368 (1995)
- *Wettinia lanata* `{{small|R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 17(82--85): 371 (1995)
- *Wettinia minima* `{{small|R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 17(82--85): 373 (1995)
- *Wettinia oxycarpa* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 13(65): 695 (1983)
### Cyclanthaceae
- *Asplundia harlingiana* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 14: 27 (-28). 1984.[3](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-275729)
- *Asplundia sanctae-ritae* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 14: 28 (-29). 1984. [4](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-275773)
- *Asplundia sarmentosa* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 14: 29 (-30). 1984. [5](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-275774)
- *Dicranopygium fissile* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 14: 31, figs. 1984.[6](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-304222)
- *Dicranopygium scoparum* `{{small|Galeano & R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 14: 32, figs. 1984. [7](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-304254)
### Sapindaceae
- *Paullinia trifoliolata* `{{small|Obando, R.Bernal & Acev.-Rodr.}}`{=mediawiki} -- Caldasia 26(1): 61-64; fig. 1. 2004
### Caprifoliaceae
- *Valeriana neglecta* `{{small|R.Bernal}}`{=mediawiki} -- Kew Bull. 64(4): 723 (-725; fig. 1).2010
## Plants named after Bernal {#plants_named_after_bernal}
- *Dichapetalum bernalii* `{{small|Prance}}`{=mediawiki} -- Brittonia 40(4): 441, f. 1. 1988. (Dichapetalaceae)
- *Chigua bernalii* `{{small|Stevenson}}`{=mediawiki} -- Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 57: 170, f. 1I. 1990. (Zamiaceae)
- *Orphanodendron bernalii* `{{small|Barneby & Grimes}}`{=mediawiki} -- Brittonia 42(4): 249-253, f. 1-2. 1990. (Fabaceae)
- *Anthurium bernalii* `{{small|Croat}}`{=mediawiki} -- Aroideana 32: 45--48, 5a--d. 2009. (Araceae)
- *Geonoma bernalii* `{{small|A.J.Hend.}}`{=mediawiki} -- Phytotaxa 17: 38. 2011. (Arecaceae)
- *Cyperus bernalii* `{{small|G.C.Tucker & F.Verloove}}`{=mediawiki} -- Phytotaxa 362 (3): 287--291. 2018
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# Arcade Party Pak
***Arcade Party Pak*** is a PlayStation compilation of six Atari and Midway games: *720°*, *Klax*, *Rampage*, *Smash TV*, *Super Sprint*, and *Toobin\'*. All games are presented in their original arcade formats as individually launchable games from the main menu.
## Gameplay
The player is presented with a main menu where they can select from the 6 arcade titles. For each game they can select various settings such as skill level, number of lives and if they want high scores automatically saved to the memory card. In addition to the games themselves, there are also behind the scenes interviews on the making of the games presented as an FMV. The compilation features the following games:
### *720°* (1986)
A skateboarding game where the player must complete tricks to increase their score.
### *Klax* (1989) {#klax_1989}
A puzzle video game where blocks roll towards the player who can catch them on a panel and drop them into the playing area below to get color matches to score points.
### *Rampage* (1986) {#rampage_1986}
The player takes control of gigantic creatures with the main goal being to destroy the city and the military forces trying to stop you.
### *Smash TV* (1990) {#smash_tv_1990}
The setting is a futuristic ultra violent game show where the player must defeat hordes of oncoming enemies in each room to progress.
### *Super Sprint* (1986) {#super_sprint_1986}
A quick paced overhead 3 player car racing game.
### *Toobin*{{\'}} (1988) {#toobin_1988}
A river race in an inflatable tube while avoiding obstacles and crashing into competitors.
## Faithfulness to the original games {#faithfulness_to_the_original_games}
Skill levels and number of lives can be set before starting the game, making it less harsh in terms of difficulty. On the negative side there are frame rate drops in *Rampage*, and a darker colour palette in *720°* and *Toobin*\'.
## Peripherals
Most games are either compatible with a certain peripheral or they\'re not, but due to *Arcade Party Pak\'s* multiple game set-up, compatibility is on a game by game basis. Rampage is compatible with the multitap, allowing up to 3 players, *720°* can take advantage of the PlayStation Mouse but for player 2 only and *Super Sprint* is compatible with the mouse for any player. Although not mentioned in the game\'s manual, *Super Sprint* can be played with the PlayStation steering wheel. *Smash TV* benefits from analog stick compatibility, effectively turning it into a true twin-stick shooter.
## Compatibility
Whereas most PS1 games are compatible with the PlayStation 2, *Arcade Party Pak* is a PlayStation game partially incompatible with PlayStation 2.
## Reception
Digital Press magazine gave the game a 33/40,PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK gave the game a 5/10 and Gamers\' Republic gave the game a B rating
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# Bernart Marti
**Bernart Marti** was a troubadour, composing poems and satires in Occitan, in the mid-twelfth century. They show that he was influenced by his contemporaries Marcabru and knew Peire d\'Alvernha, who, in one poem, he accused of abandoning holy orders. Along with Peire, Gavaudan and Bernart de Venzac he is sometimes placed in a hypothetical Marcabrunian school. His work is \"enigmatic, ironic, and satiric\", but has no following among later troubadours, according to Gaunt and Kay
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# Logname
In computer software, **logname** (stands for **Login Name**) is a program in Unix and Unix-like operating systems that prints the name of the user who is currently logged in on the terminal. It usually corresponds to the LOGNAME variable in the system-state environment (but this variable could have been modified).
## History
The **logname** system call and command appeared for the first time in UNIX System III. The author of the version of `logname` bundled in GNU coreutils is unknown. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.
## Usage
``` console
$ logname --help
Usage: logname [OPTION]
Print the name of the current user
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# 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-propylamphetamine
**3,4-Methylenedioxy-*N*-propylamphetamine** (**MDPR**, \"Phantom\") is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. MDPR was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book *PiHKAL*, the minimum dosage is listed as 200 mg, and the duration unknown. MDPR is a promoter; by itself it has almost no effects on the mind, but it promotes the effects of hallucinogens, similarly to the closely related MDPH.
Shulgin reported that 160 mg of MDPR strongly enhanced the effects of a small (60 μg) dose of LSD, and that similar enhancement of hallucinogenic effect was noted when mixing MDPR with other drugs such as psilocybin, mescaline, 2C-B, and 2C-T-7. The reason for this synergistic action of MDPR has not been elucidated. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDPR other than what is written in *PiHKAL*
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# Delos Symposium
The **Delos Symposion** was a forum for discussion and debate over issues of Ekistics, or the study of human settlements, in its widest sense.
The Symposium was organized by the Greek architect-planner, Constantinos A. Doxiadis in the Aegean Sea, on board, and was held each July from 1963 through 1975, lasting about ten days. The proceedings were published in Ekistics Journal. Each year, prior to the Symposium, the Athens Ekistic Week was held, involving the Symposium participants in a larger meeting.
## Idea development {#idea_development}
Ideas incubated and mooted at the Symposium, such as the **Habitat Forum** were subsequently transformed into institutions, and United Nations programs. Each senior expert was asked to invite a young protégé, bringing youthful ideas and variety into the gathering.
## Notable attendees {#notable_attendees}
- Barbara Ward (economist)
- Margaret Mead (anthropologist)
- Buckminster Fuller (technologist)
- Arnold Toynbee (historian)
- Edmund Bacon (urban designer)
- Vikram Sarabhai (scientist)
- Marshall McLuhan (philosopher and public intellectual)
- Conrad Waddington (geneticist)
- Richard L. Meier (urban planner)
- Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (architect)
- Kenzō Tange (architect)
- Sigfried Giedion (historian)
- Fumihiko Maki (architect)
- Walter Christaller (geographer)
- Grady Clay (journalist)
- W.W
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# Gōshō-ji (Takarazuka)
is a Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist temple in Takarazuka, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The other name of this temple is `{{Nihongo|2=小浜御坊|3=Kohama-gobō}}`{=mediawiki}. Kohama is the name of the area around the temple and along the Arima Kaidō, which connected Osaka and Kyoto to Arima Onsen during the Edo period.
## History
thumb\|250px\|Gōshō-ji Gōshō-ji is said to have been established during the Meiō era (1492 to 1501). During the Sengoku period of the 16th century, the town of Kohama developed into a typical temple town (寺内町 *jinai-machi*) around Gōshō-ji. However, the town and the temple were burned down by General Fukushima Masanori (福島正則) in 1595, by order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, because it was the hometown of one of the wives of Toyotomi Hidetsugu, called either Kohama-hime (小浜姫) or Kame-hime (亀姫). Hideyoshi had already killed both Hidetsugu and his Kame-hime. Even though Hidetsugu was a nephew of Hideyoshi, his loyalty came into doubt and Hideyoshi suspected he might try to usurp power from either him or Toyotomi Hideyori, the only son of Hideyoshi.
During the Meiji Period, Gōshō-ji was given the title of `{{Nihongo3|special|別格|bekkaku}}`{=mediawiki} by the sect
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# The Picnic (1976 film)
***The Picnic**\'\' (full title***The Two Ronnies Present - The Picnic**\'\'), is a 1976 BBC television film starring The Two Ronnies, and written by Ronnie Barker under the pseudonyms \"Dave Huggett and Larry Keith\".
## Introduction
The film followed the extended family of \"The General\", played by Barker, as they went on an eventful picnic in the Devon countryside. The film is notable for being completely free of speech, with the score by Ronnie Hazlehurst and various sound effects in their place. The humour is instead entirely visual, and relies on comic stereotypes (the old randy general, the busty girl, etc.) It had a sequel, *By the Sea*, featuring some of the same characters made in 1982. The 28-minute film was shown on BBC 2 on 1 January 1976, but has rarely been repeated, although in recent times it has been shown several times by ITV3, who currently hold the rights to the Two Ronnies library. A limited VHS release of *By The Sea* and *The Picnic* was available in 1990 and deleted in 1994. *The Picnic* and *By The Sea*, were both released on DVD on 24 September 2012 as part of *The Two Ronnies: Complete Collection*. . A standalone Australian individual release of both silent shorts was released on Region 4 DVD on 10 June 2015, titled: The Two Ronnies: The Picnic and By the Sea
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# Edward James (martyr)
**Edward James** (c.1557 -- 1 October 1588) was an English Catholic priest and martyr.
## Education
James was born at Barton, Breaston, near Long Eaton, Derbyshire. He was educated at Derby School, St John\'s College, Oxford, the English college at Rheims and the Venerable English College at Rome. In early October 1579, he and William Filby sailed from Dover for Calais. Arriving in Rheims, he took up rooms with Edward Stransham. The following August, James and ten others travelled to the English College, Rome. In October 1583, James was ordained as a priest in Rome by Bishop Thomas Goldwell, the last survivor of the English bishops who had refused to accept the Protestant Reformation.
## Martyrdom
In early February 1586, James left Rheims for the mission, accompanied by Stephen Rowsham who had been banished from England the year before. They met up with Ralph Crockett in Dieppe. He was captured on board a ship at Littlehampton, Sussex, on 19 April 1586, with three other priests, Thomas Bramston, George Potter, and his fellow martyr, Ralph Crockett, and they were charged with being Catholic priests and coming into the realm of England contrary to an Act of Parliament of 1584. All four were sent to London and put in prison there on 27 April 1586, where they remained for more than two years without trial.
After the failure of the Spanish Armada, an attempt to invade England which was defeated in July and August 1588, the government of Queen Elizabeth I wanted revenge, and the priests in its custody became a target. Four of these, Ralph Crockett, Edward James, John Oven and Francis Edwardes, were sent for trial at Chichester on 30 September 1588. All four were condemned to death for being priests and entering England, but Oven then took the Oath of Supremacy, in accordance with the Act of Supremacy 1559, and was reprieved. On 1 October 1588, the other three were drawn on a hurdle to Broyle Heath, near Chichester, where Edwardes recanted and was also reprieved. Crockett and James continued to refuse to recant and to take the oath and were executed at Chichester, after absolving each other.
Both Ralph Crockett and Edward James were later declared venerable by the Catholic Church. In 1929 the two were beatified by Pope Pius XI. His feast day is 1 October
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# Old Main (Minot State University)
**Old Main** is a historic building on the campus of Minot State University in Minot, North Dakota. It was designed by Fargo architects Haxby & Gillespie in 1912.
Old Main houses the College of Business, Division of Music, and the Social Science Department. Old Main was recently renovated. The building also houses the Ann Nicole Nelson Hall, an auditorium named in honor of Ann Nicole Nelson, a victim of the September 11, 2001 attacks
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# Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
The **Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 *Marsupiale*** is an Italian bomber and transport aircraft of World War II. It was a cantilever, mid-wing monoplane trimotor with a retractable, tailwheel undercarriage. There were 875 (plus one prototype) built, the first entering service in 1940. Although able to operate as a bomber with a maximum bombload of up to 8,818 lb (4000 kg), the SM.82 saw very limited use in this role. The SM.82 was the foreign aircraft used in largest number by the Luftwaffe, which operated several hundreds of this aircraft, as a transport. Post-war about 30 SM.82s continued in service with the *Aeronautica Militare Italiana*, many remaining in service until the early 1960s.
## Development
The SM.82 was developed from the earlier SM.75 *Marsupiale* civil transport as a heavy bomber and military transport. Although having the same configuration of the SM.75, the SM.82 was larger. The aircraft was quickly developed and the prototype first flew in 1939. Although underpowered and slow, it was capable of carrying heavy loads, including the L3 light tank and a complete disassembled CR.42 fighter (these loads demanded special modifications). It had both cargo and troop transport capability, with room for up to 40 men and their equipment.
Deliveries to the *Regia Aeronautica* began in 1940. However, production rates were slow, with only 100 aircraft delivered in 1940, and another 100 in 1941, so that there were never enough of these aircraft in service. By 1942 production doubled to 200 a year, while in 1944 almost 300 were produced, by which time the factory was under the control of the Germans.
In 1939 it set a world\'s closed circuit distance record when it covered 10,000 km at an average speed of 239.67 km/h, remaining in the air for 56.5 hours. The aircraft saw extensive service throughout all the various African campaigns.
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# Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
## Design
The SM.82\'s fuselage was of mixed-construction, with welded-steel tube framework, with 22 frames and four longerons, skinned with metal forward, and plywood and fabric elsewhere. The wings were constructed almost entirely of wood, having three T-section spars, and 42 ribs in each. The flaps were made from a single piece of wood, while the ribs were of light and flexible poplar. The skin was of fabric-covered plywood, doped to be water-resistant. The ailerons (+13/-28°) occupied about half of the wing\'s trailing edge while Handley Page slats occupied the leading-edge. The tail had a conventional spruce structure and a plywood skin, while the rudder and elevators were a fabric-covered metal framework.
Inside, there were two levels. The upper level held seats for 32. The lower level was used for freight or to carry bombs when used in the bombing role, with two large duralumin bomb bay doors. The floor was made of wood, with nine detachable panels, that helped with the accommodation (through the bomb bay doors) of heavy loads. The cockpit held four: two pilots, with the first (on the left) with an armoured seat, a mechanic and an engineer/gunner.
Internal equipment comprised a radio-transmitter (AR8 and AR350), a fire extinguisher system, and an electrical generator. The instruments included altimeters, thermometers, compass, clock, and a Telefunken P63N radio goniometer.
The SM.82 was fitted with three 641 kW (860 hp) Alfa Romeo 128 RC.18 radial engines with aluminium and steel three-blade constant speed propellers 3.6 m (11 ft 9 in) in diameter. These engines were the ultimate evolution of the license-built Bristol Pegasus.
The aircraft had six self-sealing fuel tanks in each wing, three between the second and third spar, with a total of 1,276 L (337 US gal). Between the first and second spar there were another three fuel tanks with 653 L (173 US gal). Another tank in the nose, with 167 L (44 US gal) of 100 octane fuel (rather than 87) for the electric generator. The total weight of fuel amounted to 4,403 kg (9,707 lb), plus 136 L (36 US gal) of oil.
The SM.82 had both defensive and offensive armament. For offensive purposes it could carry a very wide range of ordnance, up to 4,000 kg (8,820 lb).
- 4 × 800 kg (1,760 lb)
- 8 × 500 kg (1,100 lb)
- 8 × 250 kg (550 lb)
- 27 × 50 kg (110 lb) or 100 kg (220 lb) bombs
- 25 × 100 kg (220 lb) cluster bombs, each containing 56 bomblets, though these were rarely used.
Control over bomb release was in the retractable ventral bombardier\'s gondola, equipped with a *Jozza* bombsight and also fitted with a rear-facing 7.7 mm (.303 in) Breda machine gun. Accommodation for the bombardier was far from ideal, being cramped, unheated, unpressurized, and not connected to the oxygen system. The 1 mm steel structure was also highly vulnerable to enemy fire.
For protection, only the first pilot\'s seat was armoured, while the self-sealing fuel tanks were proofed, theoretically, against 12.7 mm (.50 in) rounds, but did not have Carbon dioxide pressurization to prevent explosions if they were hit by tracer, incendiary or explosive rounds. No other armour was fitted. All this made it extremely vulnerable to enemy fire.
The main defensive weapon was a Caproni-Lanciani rotating dorsal turret, armed with a Scotti 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine gun with 350 rounds. This weapon was theoretically more powerful and lighter than the Breda-SAFAT, but reliability was a concern, and projectile dispersion was so wide as to reduce the theoretical range of 400 m (1,310 ft) to around 200 m (660 ft) in practice. Additional 7.7 mm (.303 in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns were mounted in each side and in the bombardier\'s gondola, with four 215-round magazines each. The gondola\'s machine gun was of little use given the cramped accommodation, and was often not fitted, even in the SM.82 equipped for the bombing role. German machine-guns were used in the *Luftwaffe* versions, with the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 in the turret. 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17s were used in some aircraft.
The SM.82\'s performance was modest, with a cruising speed only 250 km/h (160 mph) at 3,000 m (9,840 ft), even without the bombardier\'s gondola under the nose (which added more drag) it was slow, while its silhouette was large and easy to spot. The ceiling was seldom over 5,000 m (16,400 ft). This left the SM.82 well inside the operational altitude of most fighters of the time, as well as the effective range of heavy and medium anti-aircraft guns. In comparison, the B-17 had a typical ceiling of 6,000--8,000 m (19,690--26,260 ft),(note that the B-17 and B-24 Liberator both had unusually high operating ceilings for the time, as compared to other bomber and transport aircraft).
In operation, when faced with a fighter opposition, the SM.82 suffered a devastating loss rate. On 24 November 1942, three Beaufighters downed seven SM.82s, a 100% loss. Later on 10 April 1943, 10 out of 20 in formation were downed by a single pass of a P-38 Lightning squadron. At altitude, the SM.82 was almost a fixed target for both flak and fighter opposition.
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# Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
## Operational history {#operational_history}
### Early missions {#early_missions}
The first missions were to transport Italian troops to Libya, together with their heavy equipment, but the first two squadrons had only three SM.82s each. The first flights were made the beginning of June 1940, transporting 360 men of 61° Infantry Regiment.
Initially, the aircraft were organized in 149° *Gruppo*, with a SM.73 and SM.75. On the 17 June 1940 the first mission for all five aircraft of the *Gruppo*, transported ten anti-tank guns and 17 radio-communication units.
By 24 June, there were 11 aircraft employed in transporting men and equipment to Africa. Within a few weeks a further 25 were delivered. On 24 June, the first SM.82 was lost during a resupply mission in the desert.
In July 1940, a series of bombing missions to Gibraltar was organized, with 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of bombs in each aircraft. The first bombing mission was on 17 July 1940 with three SM.82s taking off from Guidonia at 1940, and flying 1,600 km (995 mi) to arrive over Gibraltar eight hours later at 0340. Another mission was launched from Sardinia to shorten the journey, then another on 20 August, this time by 32° Wing. However one of the two aircraft, carrying a 1,000 kg (2,210 lb) bombload, was shot down. The other two aircraft in 32° Wing were reassigned to transport squadrons.
In mid-1940, 41° Group was sent to Rhodes with three SM.82s, and other four in October, for the special mission to the British-controlled oil refineries at Manama in the Persian Gulf. This meant a flight of 4,200 km (2,610 mi), lasting 15 hours at 270 km/h (170 mph), that was for the time arguably a record for a bombing mission. Four SM.82s took off from Rhodes, under the command of Ettore Muti. Each aircraft carried a load of 1,500 kg (3,310 lb). This long-range action was successful, taking the target totally by surprise, and the SM.82s landed without problems at Zula. This raid caused the Allies some concern, forcing them to upgrade their defences. This, more than the limited amount of damage caused, further stretched Allied military resources.
The scarcity of SM.82s hampered further long-range missions, though some actions were carried out. Six single aircraft night bombing missions were mounted, mainly against Alexandria, in October and November 1940. All these missions were performed by SM.82s of 114° *Gruppo*, but all of their aircraft were destroyed or damaged by the time of Operation Compass in December 1940.
### East African Campaign {#east_african_campaign}
The need for transport aircraft meant that, apart from occasional special operations, like dropping paratroops, the SM.82s were used solely in this role; especially to maintain contact with Eastern Africa which was more and more isolated from the rest of the Italian forces.
Italy at that time had control of part of East Africa (AOI, *Africa Orientale Italiana*), and needed a long-range supply aircraft to support its troops fighting the East African Campaign.
149° *Gruppo* flew many missions over the Adriatic, and to Ethiopia, despite the fact that the pilots were convinced that given the strong, contrary winds, the slow SM.82s would be unable to return to Libya.
The missions to eastern Africa were carried out with a 1,300 L (340 US gal) auxiliary tank fitted, and the first mission was successfully performed on 27 July 1940, between Benghazi (Libya) and Asmara (Eritrea). However, on the fourth mission aircraft *MM.60277* overran the airstrip and was largely destroyed by fire. 149° *Gruppo* flew 330 missions with its S.82s, S.75s and S.83s. By the end of 1940, the SM.82s had logged 5,187 hours flight time, with 16,267 passengers and 2,247 tonnes of materials.
On 24 August 1940, the first delivery of a Fiat CR.42 fighter was made to Eastern Africa. By April 1941, 51 CR.42s and 51 reserve engines had been delivered, but despite this effort the AOI fell to the Allies in May 1941.
In March 1941, 32° Wing received some new SM.82s, and organized five bombing missions over Gibraltar in June and July, always with only one aircraft. On 1 April 1942, another attack was made by three aircraft that dropped 18 160 kg (353 lb) bombs. All this accounted for just eight attacks in almost two years on this key British position, with around twenty aircraft (between one and three each time), and a little more than a tonne of bombs delivered by each aircraft.
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# Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
## Operational history {#operational_history}
### North Africa {#north_africa}
The Special Bombing Section was constituted, with only two SM.82s, on 10 April 1941, and another five aircraft were delivered later. They performed only a few missions as bombers, including two over Alexandria in May and June, before being used as transports.
On 1 March 1941, 146° *Gruppo* was formed with 17 SM.82s, one SM.79 and one Ca.164. 146° *Gruppo*, along with 145° and 149° *Gruppo*, were mainly involved in transport missions to North Africa. In May 1941 during the Anglo-Iraqi War the Iraqis requested help from Axis air forces, and SM.82s flew several missions via Syria carrying a total of 18 tonnes of equipment and 25 persons.
In July 1941 37° *Gruppo* was equipped with SM.82s. In 1942, 18° Wing, and then 44°, 45°, and 48° Wing were equipped with the aircraft. From the end of 1942, these aircraft flew many supply missions across the Mediterranean, until Operation Flax in April 1943 ended the air bridge to Axis forces in Tunisia.
The SM.82 suffered many losses. In December 1941, six were destroyed by Bristol Blenheims at Castelvetrano airfield in a single night. In the last months of the North African campaign, SM.82s were used to send troops and materials, even though it was clear that this campaign was lost after El Alamein. Around 100 SM.82 were shot down or destroyed on the ground between November 1942 and April 1943.
Among other episodes, on 2 November 1942, seven (or six depending on source) SM.82s were forced to land (or crashed) by only three Beaufighters. On 12 November 1942, six Beaufighters downed an entire formation of five SM.82s. On 22 November, ten SM.82s were attacked by three Beaufighters, causing much damage and killing or wounding many of the troops inside the unarmoured aircraft. On 10 April 1943, another seven were downed, four more on 16 April, and finally on 19 April 1943 twelve SM.82, one SM.75, and three Fiat G.12s were downed or forced to land.
Attacks on airfields destroyed five SM.82s at Benina airfield (19 km/12 mi east of Benghazi), three at Tunis on 22 January 1943, and three on 24 March. At Castelvetrano, 11 SM.82s were destroyed on 13 April. During the attacks on Rome on 19 July 1943, eight S.82s were destroyed and seven damaged at Urbe airfield, and four SM.82s were destroyed, and 14 damaged over Ciampino. Both in the air or on the ground, SM.82s were easy targets.
145° Group, usually a transport unit, was also equipped with some bomber versions and attacked enemy targets in Marmarica and Egypt in four night raids in June 1942. On 3 July a single aircraft bombed the El Haman airfield in Libya.
Another four aircraft flew from Rodi airfield to bomb Alexandria, but after only four missions, all four aircraft were taken out of service. In July 1943 there were bombing missions over Sicily, to interdict enemy landings, like the one that dropped 20 cluster bombs (100 kg/220 lb and 28 bomblets each) over Comiso.
These missions were only a nuisance to the Allies, even if they forced them to assign first line air defences and interceptors to counter the threat. This was the main reason for the Italians to mount these missions, although only a total of 100 sorties were flown in three years of war, with an average of 1,000--1,500 kg (2,200--3,310 lb) bombload, and the use of some of the best aviators of the Regia Aereonautica. The most successful missions for the SM-82 were in the paratrooper transport role. Several special paratrooper models were made, but all were used by simply putting wooden planks in the bomb bay to stand on. Over 15 combat air drops were made successfully with few losses in Italy, Africa, Greece and Russia.
| 633 |
Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
| 3 |
10,106,304 |
# Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
## Operational history {#operational_history}
### Luftwaffe
Between 1942 and Spring 1943, *FliegerTransportGruppe* \"Savoia\" operated 100 Savoia-Marchettis. After September 1943, SIAI kept on producing SM.82 for Luftwaffe, delivering 299 planes. Other *Marsupiali* were captured after the 8 September armistice. These aircraft had better capabilities as transports than the Junkers Ju 52, the standard transport aircraft of the Luftwaffe, that was, however, much more robust, compared to the SM.82, being all metal. Under German insignia, the Savoia-Marchettis were operated mostly by 6th Luftflotte and *ReichLuftflotte* on Eastern front and in Northern Germany, up to the end of war, but little is recorded of the activities of these aircraft in the last 18 months of the war as most were ad-hoc units. Records were either not kept or were destroyed.
### After the armistice {#after_the_armistice}
After the Armistice of 8 September 1943, only 29 planes were operated by the Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force in Southern Italy. The *Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana* of the Italian Social Republic, the fascist puppet state installed by Germany in northern Italy, operated about 60 aircraft, 40 of which assigned to 2° *Gruppo A.T.* \"M.O. Trabucchi\" that flew on Eastern front. After the war, about 30 SM.82s continued in service with the *Aeronautica Militare* until the early 1960s.
### Civil transport {#civil_transport}
Even with the outbreak of the war long-range civilian routes did not end. The civil aircraft had 14 seats, 1,306 L (345 US gal) of additional fuel, and 350 kg (770 lb) of military equipment removed. They flew to Brazil via Spain and West Africa. Between 11 September 1940 and the entry of Brazil into the war in 1941, 68 flights were made. Two aircraft, *I-BAIA* and *I-BRAZ*, were lost in December 1940. Some S.82s were used in militarized service, with Special Air Services and the task of personnel transport, including the civilian evacuations in 1941.
| 311 |
Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
| 4 |
10,106,304 |
# Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
## Variants
Although the basic design of the SM.82 remained the same there were many configurations and modifications in the 10 series manufactured from 1940 to 1945.
SM.82: This was the standard version, a transport aircraft with 32 seats, or room for up to 50 men, produced in the following series:
- I, 50 aircraft (*MM.60260-60319*) (December 1939 -- December 1940)
- II, 20 aircraft (*MM.60320-60339*) (December 1940 -- February 1941)
- III, 30 aircraft (*MM.60483-60512*) (March 1941 -- June 1941)
- IV, 50 aircraft (*MM.60586-60635*) ( July 1941 -- December 1941)
- V, 62 aircraft (*MM.60721-60782*) (January 1942 -- August 1942)
- VI, 102 aircraft (*MM.60783-60884*) (July 1942 -- December 1942)
- VII, 102 aircraft (*MM.61175-61276*) (March 1942 -- July 1943)
- VIII, 10 aircraft (*MM.61314-61323*) (July 1943 -- December 1943)
- VIII, 80 aircraft (*MM.61398-61477*) (July 1943 -- November 1943)
- IX, 120 aircraft (*MM.61513-61632*) ( November 1943 -- April 1944)
- X, 100 aircraft ordered, but only 87 built (*MM.61782-61881*) (April 1944 -- September 1944)
SM.82 (Bomber): With a bombardier\'s gondola and bomb racks. 68 aircraft were ordered, and others were modified to this standard, at least partially.\
SM.82 *Carro armato*: Four aircraft were modified to carry the L3/35 light tank.\
SM.82 *Trasporto caccia*: With modified ventral doors to accommodate a disassembled FIAT CR.32, then adapted for a FIAT CR.42. Only two aircraft (*MM.60293* and *MM.60294*) were so ordered, and when used to deliver the aircraft to East Africa (a total of 51 aircraft) were fitted with two auxiliary fuel tanks (1,300 L/340 US gal each), and one additional oil tank (200 L/50 US gal).\
SM.82 *Trasporto motori*: Two aircraft used to transport aircraft engines (*MM.60290* and *MM.60292*) to Africa.\
SM.82P: 21 aircraft of the VIII series, modified for the use of paratroops.\
SM.82 *tanker*: Two aircraft to transport up to 3,000 L (790 US gal) of fuel. Weight: 11,300--18,700 kg (24,910--41,230 lb).\
SM.82bis: 80 aircraft of series VIII, for night bombing, with 887 kW (1,190 hp) Piaggio P.XI engines. They were also fitted with the AR.128 engine, some in the S.82P and the S.82T versions.\
SM.82 LATI: For international airlines. With ten seats, automatic pilot, toilet, enhanced radios, two additional fuel tanks of 653 L (173 US gal) each increased the range to 4,800 km (2,983 mi) at 250 km/h (155 mph). Maximum weight: 19,000 kg (41,888 lb). Only a few were built.\
SM.82LW: Version for the *Luftwaffe*, with turrets and radios. 231 were in service in early 1944 in the \"*Savoia Gruppen*\", and were widely used in long range or heavy bombing missions.\
S.82PD: An SM.75 modified for distance records, with 333 km/h (207 mph) over 1,000 km (620 mi) and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), and 12,937 km (8,039 mi) in 57 h 32 min on 30 July-1 August 1939.\
S.82PW: 20 S.82s modified postwar with Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engines. Weight 12,100/18,700 kg (26,680/41,230 lb), max speed 381 km/h (237 mph), ceiling 6,000 m (19,690 ft). They served until 3 August 1960, and *MM.61187* is preserved in its silver postwar colour scheme, in the Italian Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle.
Experimental versions included *MM.61408* with a central 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) Alfa Romeo 135 engine, while *MM.60591* had three Piaggio P.XI from 31 October-7 November 1941. On 13 February 1942, Piaggio P.XIXs were installed. There were many other non-standard engine modifications; one was fitted with superchargers that gave a ceiling of the aircraft up to 10,000 m (32,810 ft), but the engines were worn out and the superchargers were removed.
## Operators
`{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Luftwaffe*
`{{flag|Independent State of Croatia}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske* operated two aircraft as transports.
`{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Regia Aeronautica*
- Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
`{{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}`{=mediawiki}
operated some surviving aircraft during a period in which Italy was forbidden from owning bomber aircraft post-WW2. They returned the planes in the early 1950s
`{{flag|Italian Social Republic}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana*
`{{flag|Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
- Italian Air Force operated some surviving aircraft until 1960
| 670 |
Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
| 5 |
10,106,304 |
# Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
## Specifications (SM.82) {#specifications_sm
| 7 |
Savoia-Marchetti SM.82
| 6 |
10,106,309 |
# Piptadenia
***Piptadenia*** is a genus of tropical shrubs and trees of the family Fabaceae. It includes 28 species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from central Mexico to southern Brazil and northwestern Argentina.
## Species
28 species are accepted:
- *Piptadenia adiantoides* (Spreng.) Macbr.
- *Piptadenia affinis* Burkart
- *Piptadenia amazonica* `{{small|Ducke}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Piptadenia anolidurus* Barneby
- *Piptadenia boliviana* `{{small|Benth.}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Piptadenia buchtienii* Barneby
- *Piptadenia cuzcoensis* Barneby
- *Piptadenia floribunda* Kleinhoonte
- *Piptadenia gonoacantha* (Mart.) Macbr.
- *Piptadenia imatacae* Barneby
- *Piptadenia irwinii* G.P.Lewis
- var. *irwinii* G.P.Lewis
- var. *unijuga* G.P.Lewis
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *Piptadenia killipii* Macbr.
- var. *cacaophila* G.P.Lewis
- var. *killipii* Macbr.
- *Piptadenia laxipinna* B.M.Barroso
- *Piptadenia leucoxylon* Barneby & Grimes
- *Piptadenia macradenia* `{{small|Benth.}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Piptadenia micracantha* Benth.
- *Piptadenia minutiflora* Ducke
- *Piptadenia paniculata* Benth.
- *Piptadenia peruviana* (J.F.Macbr.) Barneby
- *Piptadenia pteroclada* Benth.
- *Piptadenia ramosissima* (Mart. ex Colla) Benth.
- *Piptadenia retusa* `{{small|(Jacq.) P.G.Ribeiro, Seigler & Ebinger}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Piptadenia robusta* Pittier
- *Piptadenia santosii* Barneby ex G.P.Lewis
- *Piptadenia trisperma* (Vell.) Benth.
- *Piptadenia uaupensis* Spruce ex Benth.
- *Piptadenia uliginosa* Britton & Killip
- *Piptadenia voronoffii* Pittier.
- *Piptadenia weberbaueri* Harms
Several species formerly placed in this genus (such as those used to prepare the psychotomimetic snuffs vilca and yopo/parica) are now considered to be in the genus *Anadenanthera*. Three species have also been placed in genus *Adenopodia*. Others have been moved to the genus *Pityrocarpa*
| 240 |
Piptadenia
| 0 |
10,106,316 |
# Drew Nieporent
**Drew Nieporent** is an American restaurateur based in New York City. He owns Myriad Restaurant Group, Nobu and Nobu London, which have earned him two Michelin stars.
## Career
Nieporent's first restaurant, Montrachet opened in Tribeca in 1985. At the time, it earned three stars from *The New York Times*. In a 2004 *New York Times* review, Amanda Hesser gave Montrachet two stars and commented that \"much of the cooking is textbook-correct, yet you will not be awed\", while praising the wine list. In 2008, Montrachet reopened as Corton, with chef-partner Paul Liebrandt. *The New York Times* awarded Corton three stars, and the restaurant also received two Michelin stars.
In 1994, Nieporent co-founded Nobu with Robert De Niro and Nobu Matsuhisa. Nobu NYC, Next Door Nobu, and Nobu Fifty Seven each received three stars from *The New York Times*. The James Beard Foundation named Nobu NYC *Best New Restaurant*. The Nobu brand has since expanded to open hotels on several continents.
In 2002, Tribeca Grill joined Rubicon and Montrachet in receiving the Wine Spectator Grand Award. In 2005, Nieporent's hospitality group, Myriad Restaurant Group, opened Crush Wine & Spirits.
Bâtard, which opened in 2014, won the James Beard Foundation Award for Best New Restaurant in 2014. The restaurant closed in 2023
| 214 |
Drew Nieporent
| 0 |
10,106,327 |
# NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
An upset is a victory by an underdog team. In the context of the NCAA Division I men\'s basketball tournament, a single-elimination tournament, this generally constitutes a team defeating an opponent with a substantially higher seed. The NCAA defines a tournament upset as a victory by a team seeded five or more lines below the opponent that it defeats.
This is the list of victories by teams seeded 11 or lower in the First and Second Rounds of the tournament, as well as those by teams seeded 8 or 9 against 1 and 7 or 10 against 2 seeds in the Second Round, since it expanded to 64 teams in 1985. Because these low-seeded teams are automatically paired against higher-seeded teams at the start of the tournament, they are almost always underdogs, and their victories are almost always considered upsets. The list also includes victories by teams seeded 8 or lower in the Sweet Sixteen (the four regional semifinals), teams seeded 7 or lower in the Elite Eight (the four regional finals), and teams seeded 6 or lower in the Final Four. All teams are listed by athletic brand names they used at the time of their wins, which do not always match those in use today.
## Most successful low seeds {#most_successful_low_seeds}
The table below lists the best outcomes for low-seeded teams since the tournament\'s expansion in 1985, sorted by the round in which that team was eliminated.
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Seed | Second Round | Sweet Sixteen | Elite Eight | Final Four | Championship Game | National Champion |
+========+=============================+============================+==========================================================================================================================================+============+===================+===================+
| No. 16 | UMBC (2018)\ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| | Fairleigh Dickinson (2023)\ | | | | | |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 15 | Richmond (1991)\ | Florida Gulf Coast (2013)\ | Saint Peter\'s (2022) | -- | -- | -- |
| | Santa Clara (1993)\ | Oral Roberts (2021)\ | | | | |
| | Coppin State (1997)\ | Princeton (2023)\ | | | | |
| | Hampton (2001)\ | | | | | |
| | Lehigh (2012)\ | | | | | |
| | Norfolk State (2012)\ | | | | | |
| | Middle Tennessee (2016)\ | | | | | |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 14 | *numerous (21 teams)* | | -- | -- | -- | -- |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 13 | *numerous (27 teams)* | | -- | -- | -- | -- |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 12 | *numerous (35 teams)* | *numerous (20 teams)* | | -- | -- | -- |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 11 | *numerous (35 teams)* | *numerous (17 teams)* | | | -- | -- |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 10 | | *numerous (16 teams)* | | | -- | -- |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 9 | | | | | -- | -- |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 8 | | | | | | |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 7 | | *numerous (19 teams)* | `{{Plainlist | | | -- | |
| | | | * [[1985–86 Navy Midshipmen men's basketball team|Navy]] ([[1986 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|1986]]) | | | |
| | | | * [[1992–93 Temple Owls men's basketball team|Temple]] ([[1993 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|1993]]) | | | |
| | | | * [[1999–2000 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team|Tulsa]] ([[2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|2000]]) | | | |
| | | | * [[2002–03 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team|Michigan State]] ([[2003 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|2003]]) | | | |
| | | | * [[2003–04 Xavier Musketeers men's basketball team|Xavier]] ([[2004 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|2004]]) | | | |
| | | | * [[2004–05 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team|West Virginia]] ([[2005 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|2005]]) | | | |
| | | | * [[2011–12 Florida Gators men's basketball team|Florida]] ([[2012 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|2012]]) | | | |
| | | | }}`{=mediawiki} | | | |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| No. 6 | | | | | | |
+--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------+-------------------+
### Lowest-seeded pairings by round {#lowest_seeded_pairings_by_round}
- The lowest-seeded combination in the national championship game is the 2014 pairing of No. 7 seed UConn and No. 8 seed Kentucky. UConn won and became the second-lowest-seeded team to win the tournament.
- The pairing of No. 8 seed Butler and No. 11 seed VCU in the 2011 National semifinals game was the lowest seeded combination to play in a National semifinals game.
- The pairing of No. 8 seed North Carolina and No. 15 seed Saint Peter\'s in the 2022 East Regional final was the lowest-seeded combination to play in a regional final.
- The pairing of No. 10 seed Providence and No. 14 seed Chattanooga in the 1997 Southeast Regional semifinal was the lowest-seeded combination to play in a regional semifinal.
- There have been twenty-five Round of 32 matchups between two seeds who had won as the underdogs in the Round of 64: twelve 12-13 matchups, six 11-14 matchups, five 10-15 matchups, and two 9-16 matchups. The seeds add to 25 in each case, which is the lowest possible total for the Second Round.
| 887 |
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
| 0 |
10,106,327 |
# NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
## Most successful low seeds {#most_successful_low_seeds}
### Additional low-seed stats {#additional_low_seed_stats}
- Villanova in 1985, a No. 8 seed, was the lowest seeded team to win the tournament.
- Penn\'s 1979 Final Four appearance as a No. 9 seed---out of 10 teams in their region---made them the lowest seed to make the Final Four in the pre-64-team era.
- Butler is the only team to make consecutive Final Fours (let alone Championship Games) while not being a No. 1 or No. 2 seed either time (No. 5 in 2010, No. 8 in 2011).
- In 1989, the four 11-seeds swept the First Round against their 6-seed opponents. As of 2023 this is the only time that 11-seeds have achieved this feat, and no lower seed ever has. Three out of four 12-seeds have advanced five times, in 2002, 2009, 2013, 2014, and 2019. The 10-seeds also swept the 7-seeds once, in 1999.
- Richmond is the only team to win first-round games ranked as a No. 15, No. 14, No. 13, and No. 12 seed.
- The most Round of 64 upsets over top-3 seeds occurring in a single tournament has been two, which has occurred ten times:
- 1986, 1995, 2015: Two No. 14 seeds over No. 3 seeds
- 1991, 1997, 2013, 2016, 2021: One No. 15 seed over a No. 2 seed and one No. 14 seed over a No. 3 seed
- In 1991, 2013, 2016, and 2021, at least one team of every seed between No. 1 and No. 15 advanced to the Round of 32.
- 2012: Two No. 15 seeds over No. 2 seeds
- 2023: One No. 16 seed over a No. 1 seed and one No. 15 seed over a No. 2 seed
- 2014 produced the highest total seed differential in an NCAA Tournament, with 128 across all the rounds of play. That is, the sum of seed differences among the 19 games won by lower-seeded teams was 128. This surpassed the previous mark of 111 in 2014, in which 22 games were won by lower seeded teams.
- 2013 was the only tournament to have three teams seeded No. 12 or lower in the Sweet Sixteen: No. 12 Oregon, No. 13 La Salle, and No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast.
- The 2018 South Region was the first region since seeding began in 1979 in which no top-4 seed advanced to the Sweet Sixteen (No. 5 Kentucky, No. 7 Nevada, No. 9 Kansas State, No. 11 Loyola--Chicago).
- Georgetown is the only team to lose in five consecutive tournament appearances against a team seeded at least five spots lower:
- 2008 (Round of 32): No. 10 Davidson 74, No. 2 Georgetown 70.
- 2010 (Round of 64): No. 14 Ohio 97, No. 3 Georgetown 83.
- 2011 (Round of 64): No. 11 VCU 74, No. 6 Georgetown 56.
- 2012 (Round of 32): No. 11 NC State 66, No. 3 Georgetown 63.
- 2013 (Round of 64): No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast 78, No. 2 Georgetown 68.
- In 2021, Houston, a 2 seed, was the first team ever to reach the Final Four by defeating only double-digit seeds---in order, Cleveland State (15), Rutgers (10), Syracuse (11), and Oregon State (12).
- 2021 featured 14 upsets, the most upsets in a single tournament. NCAA defines an upset as 5 seed lines or more between teams.
### Point-spread upsets {#point_spread_upsets}
#### Biggest point-spread upsets since 1985 {#biggest_point_spread_upsets_since_1985}
- Fairleigh Dickinson +23.5 over Purdue 63--58 in 2023
- Norfolk State +21.5 over Missouri 86--84 in 2012
- UMBC +20.5 over Virginia 74--54 in 2018
- Santa Clara +20 over Arizona 64--61 in 1993
- Coppin State +18.5 over South Carolina 78--65 in 1997
- Saint Peter\'s +18 over Kentucky 85--79 in 2022
- Arkansas--Little Rock +17.5 over Notre Dame 90--83 in 1986
- Hampton +17.5 over Iowa State 58--57 in 2001
#### Biggest championship game point-spread upsets {#biggest_championship_game_point_spread_upsets}
- Connecticut +9.5 over Duke, 77--74, in 1999
- Villanova +9 over Georgetown, 66--64, in 1985
- Kansas +8 over Oklahoma, 83--79, in 1988
- North Carolina State +7.5 over Houston, 54--52 in 1983
- Texas Western +6.5 over Kentucky, 72--65 in 1966
## Most upset wins {#most_upset_wins}
Team Wins Years
---------- ------ ------------------------------------
Richmond 7 1988(2), 1991, 1998, 2011(2), 2022
VCU 6 2007, 2011(4), 2012
Dayton 6 1990, 2009, 2014(3), 2015
UCLA 6 2015(2), 2021(4)
Oregon 5 2013(2), 2019(2), 2024
Gonzaga 5 2001(2), 2011, 2016(2)
Xavier 5 1987, 1991, 2017(3)
NC State 5 2012, 2024(4)
| 760 |
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
| 1 |
10,106,327 |
# NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
## Most upset losses {#most_upset_losses}
Team Losses Year(s)
--------------- -------- ------------------------------------------------
Arizona 8 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2023
Purdue 7 1985, 1986, 2011, 2016, 2021, 2022, 2023
Wisconsin 7 1999, 2001, 2010, 2013, 2019, 2022, 2024
UCLA 7 1987, 1991, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2013
Georgetown 7 1985, 1987, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
Syracuse 6 1988, 1991, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2014
Oklahoma 6 1986, 1992, 1995, 2001, 2006, 2014
Virginia 6 1986, 1987, 2001, 2018, 2021, 2023
Missouri 6 1987, 1988, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2025
Duke 5 1985, 2007, 2012, 2014, 2024
Indiana 5 1986, 1988, 1996, 2000, 2001
Marquette 5 1996, 2002, 2010, 2019, 2024
Florida State 5 1989, 1998, 2009, 2011, 2017
Alabama 5 1989, 1990, 2005, 2021, 2022
Kansas State 5 1989, 1993, 2013, 2018, 2019
## Round of 64 {#round_of_64}
This round was called the First Round until 2011, when the introduction of the First Four caused it to be renamed the Second Round. Starting with the 2016 tournament, it returned to being called the First Round. There were eight official First Round upsets in 2016, which was the most in tournament history.
Detail between each pair of seeds in this section has been updated as of completion of the 2025 Round of 64, representing 160 games played between each pair.
### 16 defeats 1 {#defeats_1}
There have been two games in which a No. 16 seed has defeated a No. 1 seed (`{{Percentage|2|160|2}}`{=mediawiki}) since 1985:
Year Winner Loser Score
------ --------------------- ---------- --------
2018 UMBC Virginia 74--54
2023 Fairleigh Dickinson Purdue 63--58
### 15 defeats 2 {#defeats_2}
There have been 11 games in which a No. 15 seed has defeated a No. 2 seed (`{{Percentage|11|160|2}}`{=mediawiki}) since 1985:
Year Winner Loser Score
------ -------------------- ---------------- ------------
1991 Richmond Syracuse 73--69
1993 Santa Clara Arizona 64--61
1997 Coppin State South Carolina 78--65
2001 Hampton Iowa State 58--57
2012 Lehigh Duke 75--70
Norfolk State Missouri 86--84
2013 Florida Gulf Coast Georgetown 78--68
2016 Middle Tennessee Michigan State 90--81
2021 Oral Roberts Ohio State 75--72^OT^
2022 Saint Peter\'s Kentucky 85--79^OT^
2023 Princeton Arizona 59--55
### 14 defeats 3 {#defeats_3}
There have been 23 games in which a No. 14 seed has defeated a No. 3 seed (`{{Percentage|23|160|2}}`{=mediawiki}) since 1985:
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ----------------------- ---------------- ---------------
1986 Cleveland State Indiana 83--79
Arkansas--Little Rock Notre Dame 90--83
1987 Austin Peay Illinois 68--67
1988 Murray State NC State 78--75
1989 Siena Stanford 80--78
1990 Northern Iowa Missouri 74--71
1991 Xavier Nebraska 89--84
1992 East Tennessee State Arizona 87--80
1995 Old Dominion Villanova 89--81^3\ OT^
Weber State Michigan State 79--72
1997 Chattanooga Georgia 73--70
1998 Richmond South Carolina 62--61
1999 Weber State North Carolina 76--74
2005 Bucknell Kansas 64--63
2006 Northwestern State Iowa 64--63
2010 Ohio Georgetown 97--83
2013 Harvard New Mexico 68--62
2014 Mercer Duke 78--71
2015 Georgia State Baylor 57--56
UAB Iowa State 60--59
2016 Stephen F. Austin West Virginia 70--56
2021 Abilene Christian Texas 53--52
2024 Oakland Kentucky 80--76
### 13 defeats 4 {#defeats_4}
There have been 33 games in which a No. 13 seed has defeated a No. 4 seed (`{{Percentage|33|160|2}}`{=mediawiki}) since 1985:
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ------------------------ --------------- ------------
1985 Navy LSU 78--55
1987 Xavier Missouri 70--69
SW Missouri State Clemson 65--60
1988 Richmond Indiana 72--69
1989 Middle Tennessee Florida State 97--83
1991 Penn State UCLA 74--69
1992 Southwestern Louisiana Oklahoma 87--83
1993 Southern Georgia Tech 93--78
1995 Manhattan Oklahoma 77--67
1996 Princeton UCLA 43--41
1998 Valparaiso Ole Miss 70--69
1999 Oklahoma Arizona 61--60
2001 Kent State Indiana 77--73
Indiana State Oklahoma 70--68^OT^
2002 UNC Wilmington USC 93--89^OT^
2003 Tulsa Dayton 84--71
2005 Vermont Syracuse 60--57^OT^
2006 Bradley Kansas 77--73
2008 Siena Vanderbilt 83--62
San Diego Connecticut 70--69^OT^
2009 Cleveland State Wake Forest 84--69
2010 Murray State Vanderbilt 66--65
2011 Morehead State Louisville 62--61
2012 Ohio Michigan 65--60
2013 La Salle Kansas State 63--61
2016 Hawaii California 77--66
2018 Marshall Wichita State 81--75
Buffalo Arizona 89--68
2019 UC Irvine Kansas State 70--64
2021 Ohio Virginia 62--58
North Texas Purdue 78--69^OT^
2023 Furman Virginia 68--67
2024 Yale Auburn 78--76
### 12 defeats 5 {#defeats_5}
There have been 57 games in which a No. 12 seed has defeated a No. 5 seed (`{{Percentage|57|160|2}}`{=mediawiki}) since 1985:
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ----------------------- ------------------- ---------------
1985 Kentucky Washington 66--58
1986 DePaul Virginia 72--68
1987 Wyoming Virginia 64--60
1989 DePaul Memphis State 66--63
1990 Dayton Illinois 88--86
Ball State Oregon State 54--53
1991 Eastern Michigan Mississippi State 76--56
1992 New Mexico State DePaul 81--73
1993 George Washington New Mexico 82--68
1994 Wisconsin--Green Bay California 61--57
Tulsa UCLA 112--102
1995 Miami (OH) Arizona 71--62
1996 Drexel Memphis State 75--63
Arkansas 86--80
1997 College of Charleston Maryland 75--66
1998 Florida State TCU 96--87
1999 SW Missouri State Wisconsin 43--32
Detroit UCLA 56--53
2001 Gonzaga Virginia 86--85
Utah State Ohio State 77--68^OT^
2002 Creighton Florida 83--82^2\ OT^
Tulsa Marquette 71--69
Missouri Miami (FL) 93--80
2003 Butler Mississippi State 47--46
2004 Manhattan Florida 75--60
Pacific Providence 66--58
2005 Milwaukee Alabama 83--73
2006 Montana Nevada 87--79
Texas A&M Syracuse 66--58
2008 Villanova Clemson 75--69
Western Kentucky Drake 101--99^OT^
2009 Wisconsin Florida State 61--59^OT^
Arizona Utah 84--71
Western Kentucky Illinois 76--72
2010 Cornell Temple 78--65
2011 Richmond Vanderbilt 69--66
2012 South Florida Temple 58--44
VCU Wichita State 62--59
2013 Ole Miss Wisconsin 57--46
California UNLV 64--61
Oregon Oklahoma State 68--55
2014 Stephen F. Austin VCU 77--75^OT^
North Dakota State Oklahoma 80--75^OT^
Harvard Cincinnati 61--57
2016 Little Rock Purdue 85--83^2\ OT^
Yale Baylor 79--75
2017 Middle Tennessee Minnesota 81--72
2019 Murray State Marquette 83--64
Oregon Wisconsin 72--54
Liberty Mississippi State 80--76
2021 Oregon State Tennessee 70--56
2022 Richmond Iowa 67--63
New Mexico State UConn 70--63
2024 James Madison Wisconsin 72--61
Grand Canyon Saint Mary\'s 75--66
2025 McNeese Clemson 69--67
Colorado State Memphis 78--70
### 11 defeats 6 {#defeats_6}
There have been 62 games in which a No. 11 seed has defeated a No. 6 seed (`{{Percentage|62|160|2}}`{=mediawiki}) since 1985:
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ---------------------- ------------------ ------------
1985 Boston College Texas Tech 55--53
UTEP Tulsa 79--75
Auburn Purdue 59--58
1986 LSU Purdue 94--87^OT^
1988 Rhode Island Missouri 87--80
1989 Minnesota Kansas State 86--75
Evansville Oregon State 94--90^OT^
South Alabama Alabama 86--84
Texas Georgia Tech 76--70
1990 Loyola Marymount New Mexico State 111--92
1991 Creighton New Mexico State 64--56
Connecticut LSU 79--62
1993 Tulane Kansas State 55--53
1994 Penn Nebraska 90--80
1995 Texas Oregon 90--73
1996 Boston College Indiana 64--51
1998 Washington Xavier 69--68
Western Michigan Clemson 75--72
2000 Pepperdine Indiana 77--57
2001 Georgia State Wisconsin 50--49
Temple Texas 79--65
2002 Wyoming Gonzaga 73--68
Southern Illinois Texas Tech 76--68
2003 Central Michigan Creighton 79--73
2005 UAB LSU 82--68
2006 Milwaukee Oklahoma 82--74
George Mason Michigan State 75--65
2007 Winthrop Notre Dame 76--64
VCU Duke 79--77
2008 Kansas State USC 80--67
2009 Dayton West Virginia 68--62
2010 Washington Marquette 80--78
Old Dominion Notre Dame 51--50
2011 Marquette Xavier 66--55
VCU Georgetown 74--56
Gonzaga St. John\'s 86--71
2012 Colorado UNLV 68--64
North Carolina State San Diego State 79--65
2013 Minnesota UCLA 83--63
2014 Tennessee UMass 86--67
Dayton Ohio State 60--59
2015 Dayton Providence 66--53
UCLA SMU 60--59
2016 Northern Iowa Texas 75--72
Gonzaga Seton Hall 68--52
Wichita State Arizona 65--55
2017 Rhode Island Creighton 84--72
USC SMU 66--65
Xavier Maryland 76--65
2018 Loyola Chicago Miami (FL) 64--62
Syracuse TCU 57--52
2019 Ohio State Iowa State 62--59
2021 UCLA BYU 73--62
Syracuse San Diego State 78--62
2022 Michigan Colorado State 75--63
Notre Dame Alabama 78--64
Iowa State LSU 59--54
2023 Pittsburgh Iowa State 59--41
2024 Duquesne BYU 71--67
NC State Texas Tech 80--67
Oregon South Carolina 87--73
2025 Drake Missouri 67--57
| 1,271 |
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
| 2 |
10,106,327 |
# NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
## Round of 32 {#round_of_32}
The Round of 32 is also called the Second Round and, occasionally, the regional quarterfinals.
This shows all Round of 32 upset victories by teams seeded 11 or lower, continuing their upset victories from the Round of 64. This section introduces additional \"meeting criteria of team seeded 5 or more lines below its defeated opponent\", being all Round of 32 upset victories by teams seeded 8 or 9 against 1 seeds and by teams seeded 7 or 10 against 2 seeds.
### 16 seeds
A No. 16 seed has never won a game in the Round of 32. The only No. 16 seeds to ever reach the Second Round are the UMBC Retrievers in 2018, who lost to No. 9 seed Kansas State 50--43, and the Fairleigh Dickinson Knights in 2023, who lost to No. 9 seed Florida Atlantic 78--70.
### 15 seeds {#seeds_1}
Four of the eleven No. 15 seeds (`{{Percentage|4|11|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ -------------------- ----------------------- --------
2013 Florida Gulf Coast \(7\) San Diego State 81--71
2021 Oral Roberts \(7\) Florida 81--78
2022 Saint Peter\'s \(7\) Murray State 70--60
2023 Princeton \(7\) Missouri 78--63
### 14 seeds {#seeds_2}
Two of the twenty-three No. 14 seeds (`{{Percentage|2|23|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ----------------- ----------------------- --------
1986 Cleveland State \(6\) Saint Joseph\'s 75--69
1997 Chattanooga \(6\) Illinois 75--63
### 13 seeds {#seeds_3}
Six of the thirty-three No. 13 seeds (`{{Percentage|6|33|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
-------------------------
**Second Round upsets**
Year
1988
1999
2006
-------------------------
----------------------------------
**Other Second Round victories**
Year
1998
2012
2013
----------------------------------
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 12 seeds {#seeds_4}
Twenty-two of the fifty-seven No. 12 seeds (`{{Percentage|22|57|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
-------------------------
**Second Round upsets**
Year
1985
1986
1987
1990
1994
1996
1999
2002
2003
2005
2010
2013
2021
-------------------------
----------------------------------
**Other Second Round victories**
Year
1991
1992
1993
2001
2008
2009
2011
2019
----------------------------------
### 11 seeds {#seeds_5}
Twenty-seven of the sixty-two No. 11 seeds (`{{Percentage|27|62|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
-------------------------
**Second Round upsets**
Year
1985
1986
1988
1990
2001
2002
2006
2010
2011
2012
2014
2016
2017
2018
2021
2022
-------------------------
----------------------------------
**Other Second Round victories**
Year
1989
1991
1998
2014
2015
2021
2024
----------------------------------
### 10 seeds {#seeds_6}
Twenty-five of the sixty-two No. 10 seeds (`{{Percentage|25|62|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
-------------------------
**Second Round upsets**
Year
1987
1990
1994
1997
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2008
2010
2011
2014
2022
2025
-------------------------
----------------------------------
**Other Second Round victories**
Year
1991
1997
2001
2012
2016
----------------------------------
### 9 seeds {#seeds_7}
Eight of the eighty-three No. 9 seeds (`{{Percentage|8|83|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
-------------------------
**Second Round upsets**
Year
1992
1994
2004
2010
2013
2018
-------------------------
----------------------------------
**Other Second Round victories**
Year
2018
2023
----------------------------------
### 8 seeds {#seeds_8}
Sixteen of the seventy-seven No. 8 seeds (`{{Percentage|16|77|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ---------------- --------------------- ---------------
1985 Villanova \(1\) Michigan 59--55
1986 Auburn \(1\) St. John\'s 81--65
1990 North Carolina \(1\) Oklahoma 79--77
1996 Georgia \(1\) Purdue 76--69
1998 Rhode Island \(1\) Kansas 80--75
2000 North Carolina \(1\) Stanford 60--53
Wisconsin \(1\) Arizona 66--59
2002 UCLA \(1\) Cincinnati 105--101^2OT^
2004 Alabama \(1\) Stanford 70--67
2011 Butler \(1\) Pittsburgh 71--70
2014 Kentucky \(1\) Wichita State 78--76
2015 NC State \(1\) Villanova 71--68
2017 Wisconsin \(1\) Villanova 65--62
2021 Loyola Chicago \(1\) Illinois 71--58
2022 North Carolina \(1\) Baylor 93--86^OT^
2023 Arkansas \(1\) Kansas 72--71
### 7 seeds {#seeds_9}
Twenty-nine of the ninety-eight No. 7 seeds (`{{Percentage|29|98|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 64 also won in the Round of 32. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
-------------------------
**Second Round upsets**
Year
1985
1986
1988
1990
1992
1993
2000
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2021
2023
-------------------------
----------------------------------
**Other Second Round victories**
Year
1993
2012
----------------------------------
| 815 |
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
| 3 |
10,106,327 |
# NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
## Sweet Sixteen {#sweet_sixteen}
The Sweet Sixteen are the eight pairs of teams that meet in the regional semifinals.
### 15 seeds {#seeds_10}
One of the four No. 15 seeds (`{{Percentage|1|4|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 32 also won in the Sweet Sixteen. The seed of the team they defeated is in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ---------------- -------------- --------
2022 Saint Peter\'s \(3\) Purdue 67--64
### 14 seeds {#seeds_11}
A No. 14 seed has never won a game in the Sweet Sixteen. The closest margin of defeat happened in 1986, when Cleveland State lost to No. 7 seed Navy by one point.
### 13 seeds {#seeds_12}
A No. 13 seed has never won a game in the Sweet Sixteen. The closest margin of defeat happened in 1998, when Valparaiso lost to No. 8 seed Rhode Island by six points.
### 12 seeds {#seeds_13}
Two of the twenty-two No. 12 seeds (`{{Percentage|2|22|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 32 also won in the Sweet Sixteen. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ --------------- ---------------------- --------
2002 Missouri‡ \(8\) UCLA 82--73
2021 Oregon State‡ \(8\) Loyola Chicago 65--58
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 11 seeds {#seeds_14}
Ten of the twenty-seven No. 11 seeds (`{{Percentage|10|27|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 32 also won in the Sweet Sixteen. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
--------------------------
**Sweet Sixteen upsets**
Year
1986
2017
2021
2024
--------------------------
-----------------------------------
**Other Sweet Sixteen victories**
Year
1990
2001
2006
2011
2014
2018
-----------------------------------
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 10 seeds {#seeds_15}
Nine of the twenty-five No. 10 seeds (`{{Percentage|9|25|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 32 also won in the Sweet Sixteen. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
--------------------------
**Sweet Sixteen upsets**
Year
1987
1991
2002
2008
--------------------------
-----------------------------------
**Other Sweet Sixteen victories**
Year
1990
1997
1999
2016
2022
-----------------------------------
^†^ Not an upset, as the No. 10 seed defeated a lower seed.\
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 9 seeds {#seeds_16}
Five of the eight No. 9 seeds (`{{Percentage|5|8|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 32 also won in the Sweet Sixteen. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
--------------------------
**Sweet Sixteen upsets**
Year
2018
2023
--------------------------
-----------------------------------
**Other Sweet Sixteen victories**
Year
1994
2013
2018
-----------------------------------
^†^ Not an upset, as the No. 9 seed defeated a lower seed.\
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 8 seeds {#seeds_17}
Nine of the sixteen No. 8 seeds (`{{Percentage|9|16|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 32 also won in the Sweet Sixteen. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ------------------- ------------------- --------
1985 Villanova^‡^ \(5\) Maryland 46--43
1986 Auburn^‡^ \(4\) UNLV 70--63
1998 Rhode Island^†^ \(13\) Valparaiso 74--68
2000 North Carolina^‡^ \(4\) Tennessee 74--69
Wisconsin^‡^ \(4\) LSU 61--48
2004 Alabama^‡^ \(5\) Syracuse 80--71
2011 Butler^‡^ \(4\) Wisconsin 61--54
2014 Kentucky^‡^ \(4\) Louisville 74--69
2022 North Carolina^‡^ \(4\) UCLA 73--66
^†^ Not an upset, as the No. 8 seed defeated a lower seed.\
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 7 seeds {#seeds_18}
Ten of the twenty-nine No. 7 seeds (`{{Percentage|10|29|2}}`{=mediawiki}) who advanced from the Round of 32 also won in the Sweet Sixteen. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ------------------- ------------------------ --------
1986 Navy^†^ \(14\) Cleveland State 71--70
1993 Temple^‡^ \(3\) Vanderbilt 67--59
2000 Tulsa^‡^ \(6\) Miami (FL) 80--71
2003 Michigan State^‡^ \(6\) Maryland 60--58
2004 Xavier^‡^ \(3\) Texas 79--71
2005 West Virginia^‡^ \(6\) Texas Tech 65--60
2012 Florida^‡^ \(3\) Marquette 68--58
2014 UConn^‡^ \(3\) Iowa State 81--76
2015 Michigan State^‡^ \(3\) Oklahoma 62--58
2017 South Carolina^‡^ \(3\) Baylor 70--50
^†^ Not an upset, as the No. 7 seed defeated a lower seed.\
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
| 706 |
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
| 4 |
10,106,327 |
# NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
## Elite Eight {#elite_eight}
The Elite Eight are the four pairs of teams that meet in the regional finals.
### 15 seeds {#seeds_19}
The only 15 seed who advanced from the Sweet Sixteen, Saint Peter\'s in 2022, was defeated in the Elite Eight by eight-seed North Carolina, 69-49.
### 12 seeds {#seeds_20}
Although two 12 seeds have advanced from the Sweet Sixteen, both were defeated in the Elite Eight: Missouri to second-seeded Oklahoma, 81-75 in 2002, and Oregon State to second-seeded Houston, 67-61 in 2021.
### 11 seeds {#seeds_21}
Six of the ten 11 seeds who advanced from the Sweet Sixteen also won in the Elite Eight. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses, showing that five of these were upset victories (separated by more than 4 seed lines). None of those teams would go on to win in the Final Four.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ------------------- -------------------- ------------
1986 LSU \(1\) Kentucky 59--57
2006 George Mason \(1\) Connecticut 86--84^OT^
2011 VCU \(1\) Kansas 71--61
2018 Loyola Chicago^‡^ \(9\) Kansas State 78--62
2021 UCLA \(1\) Michigan 51--49
2024 NC State \(4\) Duke 76--64
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 10 seeds {#seeds_22}
One of the nine 10 seeds who advanced from the Sweet Sixteen also won in the Elite Eight. Seed of the team they defeated is in parentheses, showing that this was an upset victory (separated by more than 4 seed lines). The team did not win in the Final Four.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ---------- ---------------- --------
2016 Syracuse \(1\) Virginia 68--62
### 9 seeds {#seeds_23}
Two of the five 9 seeds who advanced from the Sweet Sixteen also won in the Elite Eight. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses, showing that these were upset victories (separated by more than 4 seed lines). Neither team won in the Final Four.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ------------------ -------------------- --------
2013 Wichita State \(2\) Ohio State 70--66
2023 Florida Atlantic \(3\) Kansas State 79--76
### 8 seeds {#seeds_24}
Six of the nine 8 seeds who advanced from the Sweet Sixteen also won in the Elite Eight. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses, showing that three of these were upset victories (separated by more than 4 seed lines).
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ------------------- ----------------------- ------------
1985 Villanova \(2\) North Carolina 56--44
2000 Wisconsin^‡^ \(6\) Purdue 64--60
North Carolina^‡^ \(7\) Tulsa 59--55
2011 Butler \(2\) Florida 74--71^OT^
2014 Kentucky \(2\) Michigan 75--72
2022 North Carolina^†^ \(15\) Saint Peter\'s 69--49
^†^ Not an upset, as the No. 8 seed defeated a lower seed.\
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 7 seeds {#seeds_25}
Three 7 seeds have advanced to the Final Four. Seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ----------------- ---------------------- --------
2014 UConn‡ \(4\) Michigan State 60--54
2015 Michigan State‡ \(4\) Louisville 76--70
2017 South Carolina‡ \(4\) Florida 77--70
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
### 6 seeds {#seeds_26}
Three 6 seeds have advanced to the Final Four. Seed of the team they defeated are in parentheses, showing that two of these were upset victories (separated by more than 4 seed lines).
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ------------ -------------------- ------------
1987 Providence \(1\) Georgetown 88--73
1988 Kansas‡ \(4\) Kansas State 71--58
1992 Michigan \(1\) Ohio State 75--71^OT^
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
| 608 |
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
| 5 |
10,106,327 |
# NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
## Final Four {#final_four}
The Final Four are the winners of the four regional finals.
### 9 seeds or lower {#seeds_or_lower}
No team seeded 9 or lower has ever won a game in the Final Four. Notable close losses include a four-point loss by (9) Wichita State in 2013 to top-seed and eventual champions Louisville, while two other teams lost on buzzer-beating shots: (11) UCLA to (1) Gonzaga, 93--90 in overtime in 2021; and (9) Florida Atlantic to (5) San Diego State, 72--71 in 2023.
### 8 seeds {#seeds_27}
Four of the six 8 seeds who advanced from the Elite Eight also won in the Final Four. The seeds of the teams they defeated are in parentheses, showing that three were upset victories (separated by more than 4 seed lines).
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ---------------- --------------------- --------
1985 Villanova \(2\) Memphis State 52--45
2011 Butler^†^ \(11\) VCU 70--62
2014 Kentucky \(2\) Wisconsin 74--73
2022 North Carolina \(2\) Duke 81--77
^†^ Not an upset, as the No. 8 seed defeated a lower seed.
### 7 seeds {#seeds_28}
One of the three 7 seeds who advanced from the Elite Eight also won in the Final Four. Seed of the team they defeated is in parentheses, showing that this was an upset victory (separated by more than 4 seed lines).
Year Winner Loser Score
------ -------- --------------- --------
2014 UConn \(1\) Florida 63--53
### 6 seeds {#seeds_29}
Two 6 seeds have advanced to the national championship game. Seeds of the Final Four team they defeated are in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ----------- ------------------ --------
1988 Kansas‡ \(2\) Duke 66--59
1992 Michigan‡ \(4\) Cincinnati 76--72
^‡^ Not officially an upset because the teams were separated by fewer than five seed lines.
## National championship {#national_championship}
### 8 seeds {#seeds_30}
Only one of the four 8 seeds who advanced from the Final Four won the national championship, the lowest seed ever to do so. Seed of the team they defeated is in parentheses, showing that this was an upset victory (separated by more than 4 seed lines).
Year Winner Loser Score
------ ----------- ------------------ --------
1985 Villanova \(1\) Georgetown 66--64
### 7 seeds {#seeds_31}
The only 7 seed to advance from the Final Four went on to win the national championship. Seed of the team they defeated is in parentheses.
Year Winner Loser Score
------ -------- ---------------- --------
2014 UConn† \(8\) Kentucky 60--54
^†^ Not an upset, as the No. 7 seed defeated a lower seed.
### 6 seeds {#seeds_32}
One of the two 6 seeds who advanced from the Final Four won the national championship
| 442 |
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament upsets
| 6 |
10,106,329 |
# Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 2
***Arcade\'s Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 2*** is a 1998 compilation of six arcade games for the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Windows. *Crystal Castles* and *Millipede* were licensed from Atari Corporation while the others were owned by the Midway-owned Atari Games. The compilation contains artwork and info on each game, and all games are presented in their original format.
The PlayStation version is only compatible with the original PlayStation, as it has compatibility issues with all models of the PlayStation 2.
## Games included {#games_included}
The collection of games differs slightly between the PlayStation and Windows versions. `{{notelist}}`{=mediawiki}
## Reception
The compilation was well received, with the Official UK PlayStation Magazine saying that it was \"the best retro collection to date\", but that most of the games failed to hold their own in the 1990s. They noted that *Marble Madness* played better with a joypad than with the original trackball, and that *Paperboy* was the highlight
| 164 |
Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 2
| 0 |
10,106,365 |
# Dimitrios Pandermalis
**Dimitrios Pandermalis** (*Δημήτριος Παντερμαλής*; 1940 -- 14 September 2022) was a Greek archaeologist. He was professor of archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, supervisor of the Archaeological site of Dion, Pieria and curator of the new Acropolis Museum.
His death was announced on 14 September 2022, at the age of 82
| 55 |
Dimitrios Pandermalis
| 0 |
10,106,380 |
# The Master Butchers Singing Club
***The Master Butchers Singing Club*** is a 2003 novel by American author Louise Erdrich. It follows the lives of German immigrants Fidelis Waldvogel and his family, as well as Delphine Watzka and her partner Cyprian, as they adjust in their separate lives in the small town of Argus, North Dakota. Bookended by World War I, which Fidelis and Cyprian fought in, and World War II, which Fidelis\' children fight in, the title contains several overarching themes including family, tradition, loss, betrayal, and memory, to name a few.
Much of *The Master Butchers Singing Club* revolves around the German American cultural tradition, which is part of Erdrich\'s personal heritage, though she is best known as a Native American novelist.
The novel has been developed into a stage play by Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Marsha Norman, and premiered as part of the Guthrie Theater\'s 2010/11 season in September 2010 under the direction of Francesca Zambello. In 2019, the novel was adapted in Germany for TV by ARD, one of Germany\'s main public TV stations.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The novel begins at the end of World War I with Fidelis Waldvogel, a German sniper, returning to his hometown in defeated Germany from the battle lines. Fidelis seeks out Eva Kalb, the pregnant fiancée of his dear friend, Johannes, and informs her that her fiancé has died in the war. He tells Eva of his promise to Johannes, which is that he would marry and take care of her. She agrees, and soon the two are wed.
Fidelis, a butcher by trade, leaves Germany by himself to emigrate to the United States in order to escape the immense poverty brought on by the war. He plans to travel to Seattle to set up a new life for his family, paying his way by selling German sausages. However his funds and sausages run out in Argus, North Dakota. Fidelis first works for the local butcher and then sets up his own butcher shop in Argus. He works hard until he can finally send for his wife, Eva, and her child, Franz.
Delphine Watzka is the daughter of Roy Watzka, the town drunk, who grew up in Argus, North Dakota. Delphine never met her mother and leaves the town to become a vaudeville performer. Delphine meets and becomes attached to Cyprian, a World War I veteran. The two make money from an act where Delphine performs as a table upon which Cyprian balances. One day, after a performance, Delphine discovers Cyprian engaging in a sexual act with a man. This discovery changes their relationship, but the two remain together, posing as a married couple.
The two return to Argus, where they stop to see Delphine\'s severely alcoholic father. There is an overpowering stench in Roy\'s house, and in the process of cleaning the dwelling, Delphine and Cyprian discover the corpses of three people -- two adults and one child -- rotting in her father\'s cellar. The three corpses are later revealed as the remains of the Chavers family.
While attempting to unravel the mystery of the bodies in the cellar, as well as to eradicate the odor from the house, Delphine meets Eva. The two quickly become friends; Eva takes Delphine under her wing, allowing Delphine to work in the butcher shop, and mentoring her in many of the domestic skills Delphine had never learned.
Eva learns that she has cancer, and despite medical treatments and Delphine\'s nursing, her health deteriorates. Eva\'s sister-in-law Tante (\"aunt\" in German) Maria Theresa arrives to assist the family with the various means of daily life. Tante and Delphine take an instant dislike to each other. During Eva\'s painful final days, Tante destroys prescribed narcotic medication to assist her out of shame towards Eva\'s dependency on the drug. In one of the most gripping sections of the novel, Delphine tries to find a doctor and pharmacist while Eva\'s pain becomes uncontrollable. Finally, Roy breaks into the pharmacy and obtains the morphine that Eva desperately needs.
Soon after, Eva dies. Her death leads to the sobering of Roy, as she was one of the few people that was actually nice to him. Additionally, Delphine vows to raise Eva\'s four boys and to assist Fidelis.
Meanwhile, Albert Hock, town sheriff, has been investigating the Chavers case. Beads from mortician Clarisse\'s dress that were embedded in the floor over the cellar becomes the means by which Hock attempts to blackmail Clarisse into becoming involved with him. She stabs the sheriff to death and flees to the Twin Cities.
Tante and Cyprian both leave Argus. Tante returns to Germany with Erich and Emil. Cyprian returns to the life of the traveling performer. Both departures pave the way for a romance between Delphine and Fidelis, which eventually results in marriage.
Roy Watzka dies, but not before revealing the truth behind the deaths of the Chavers family. They were left in the cellar as retribution towards Porky Chavers, the father, singing over Roy in Fidelis\' singing club. Roy did not intend for them to die, but due to the after-effect of an alcohol-induced binge, he forgot they were in the basement.
At the outbreak of World War II, Fidelis finds his family once again ravaged by war. His sons Franz and Markus both enlist in the United States Army, whereas his twin sons, Erich and Emil, enlist in the German military. Emil is quickly killed in the war, and his twin Erich is eventually captured by U.S. soldiers. He is transferred to a POW camp in the U.S. After Markus finds this out, he takes Fidelis there but Erich refuses to speak to either of them. Franz as well, on the American side, is gravely injured in an airplane accident, which eventually results in his death.
On a post-war trip to Germany, at which Delphine and Fidelis attend an unveiling of a memorial to the bombing of Fidelis\' home town, Fidelis falls ill. He dies on their return trip to Argus.
The novel concludes with the revelation of Delphine\'s true heritage, as told by the town scrap collector, Step-and-a-Half. Delphine was the biological daughter of Mrs. Shimek (Mazarine\'s mother). She had been abandoned when she was born and found in an outhouse by Step-and-a-Half. Step-and-a-Half gave her to Roy to raise.
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# The Master Butchers Singing Club
## Significant characters {#significant_characters}
- **Fidelis Waldvogel:** A German American immigrant and former sniper in World War I who works as a butcher in North Dakota. As his name suggests, Fidelis is a stable man who remains faithful to his personal convictions and also to anyone with whom he builds a relationship. He possesses a beautiful singing voice which stands in stark contrast to his rather brutal profession.
- **Delphine Watzka:** Partner to Cyprian Lazarre and daughter to Roy Watzka, she returns to Argus, North Dakota. Although she\'s never known her real mother, Delphine is forced to play the role as caregiver for not only her father but also to various other people of the town.
- **Eva Waldvogel:** Former fiancé to Johannes, wife of Fidelis who helps run many of the operations of his butcher shop; mother of Franz, Markus, Emil and Erich. Eva becomes a role model, much needed mother figure and dearest friend to Delphine.
- **Johannes:** Close friend of Fidelis who dies in World War I fighting for the Germans, leaving Eva alone and pregnant. He is Franz\'s biological father.
- **Franz Waldvogel:** Biological son of Johannes and Eva, Franz is raised to see Fidelis as his father. He is a strong intelligent athlete and develops a relationship with Mazarine. He also becomes increasingly interested in aviation, leading to his position as a World War II pilot.
- **Markus Waldvogel:** Son of Eva and Fidelis. Named after Eva\'s father, he is the more sensitive of the brothers. He is also rather introverted and philosophical, and becomes deeply attached to the women in his family. Delphine becomes especially fond of him.
- **Emil and Erich Waldvogel:** Twins born to Eva and Fidelis, they are the youngest in the family. Strong and simple-minded, the boys share a special interest in war games as children, which leads to their future position as World War II soldiers in the German Army (1935-1945).
- **Tante Maria Theresa Waldvogel:** Fidelis\' jealous sister, controlling aunt to Fidelis\' sons who prides herself on her strong German heritage and is one of Delphine\'s greatest rivals. Tante comes to Argus, North Dakota for an American life that her brother has found and finds nothing similar.
- **Cyprian Lazarre:** Former U.S. Marine in World War I, traveling performer and balancing expert, who struggles with his own sexual identity, and even though he loves Delphine dearly, his relationship with her only makes his struggle more intense.
- **Roy Watzka:** Delphine\'s father, town alcoholic, who never stops grieving over the loss of the love of his life. Although Roy is not a pillar of the community, he exhibits moments of integrity. However, Roy carries deep and dark secrets that will shake the whole town.
- **Step-and-a-Half:** She hoards not only the town\'s junk but a great secret as well. Her past, which she doesn\'t reveal until the novel\'s end, causes her to wander in and out of peoples lives much as she wanders about town.
- **Mazarine Shimek:** Franz\'s girlfriend; becomes a close friend of Delphine\'s.
- **Clarisse Strub:** Intimidating town mortician, and childhood friend to Delphine, who is constantly forced to fight off Sheriff Hock\'s sexual advances.
- **Albert Hock:** Sheriff of Argus who uses his power of intimidation in an attempt to entice the Clarisse Strub and also in solving the death of the Chavers family.
- **The Chavers Family:** Doris, Portland \"Porky\" and their young daughter Ruthie. In search of a bottle in the cellar, the family becomes the fatal victims of what started out as a practical joke.
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# The Master Butchers Singing Club
## Themes
**Identity**: Erdrich plays with modern notions of identity by not ascribing an inherent essential self to the characters of *Master Butchers Singing Club*, and not reducing them to one single experience or factor. Instead, identity comes from a mix of things, and many characters experience a kind of blurred identity, in which they exhibit or hold dear two traits that would seemingly appear to not go together. Fidelis\' butchering profession suggests a potential for brutality, but he also has a beautiful voice that he uses to unite the men of the town in the singing club. Eridrich reminds us that this is a world \"where butchers sing like angels\" (p. 388). Delphine likewise exhibits a blurred identity---she feels the loss of her mother deeply and wants to know her mother\'s story, but is not distraught when she is unable to receive concrete answers from Roy. Instead, she is able to cultivate meaningful relationships with women that mirror a mother-daughter relationship. Cyprian feels sexually drawn to men but attempts to live a heterosexual life with Delphine; he must constantly balance these two opposing aspects of his personality. Roy also exhibits traits that would seem to not go together in the same person---he is both the bad guy (neglectful father and alcoholic) and the good guy (Eva\'s savior from pain in her darkest hour). The characters are not defined by one single event or one single heritage; instead, they draw their identities based on a complex set of experiences, relationships, heritage, and emotions.
**Loyalty**: In the novel some of the characters experience divisions in loyalty causing personal dissonance. Fidelis, the German native, experiences this most clearly when WWII begins. This is best illustrated when the singing club decides to quit singing Germans songs---instead they sing American songs. However, when alone Fidelis sings old German songs that \"fill him with shame.\" Fidelis also has the awful knowledge that he has sons fighting for both sides. Delphine feels divided loyalty in regards to her father. She feels very protective of him and cares for him throughout her life. However, he was a raging alcoholic that forced her to be self-sustaining from a young age, and she suspects throughout the novel that he may be guilty of murdering the Chavers family.
**Family**: Erdrich examines the true meaning of family in *The Master Butchers Singing Club*. Biological relationships are often hidden or deceiving complications of traditional notions of family. Through Fidelis\' honor of marrying Eva and raising Franz after Johannes\' death, the relationship between Cyprian and Delphine, Delphine\'s relationship with Roy and Step-and-a-Half, as well as the relationships between Delphine and the Waldvogels, Erdrich illustrates that family is not limited by blood. The characters are free to move in and out of their immediate biological family circles to create and sustain meaningful relationships that come to resemble familial relations, such as Delphine\'s motherly love and affection for Markus. Characters choose how to feel about one another and are not limited by their genetics.
**Tradition**: The defining theme of tradition stems from the traditions brought to the United States by Fidelis. Examples of this include the precision Fidelis takes in caring for his butcher knives, the perfection he achieves in his profession as a butcher, as well as the singing club itself. However, the singing club that is created in Argus is radically different from those in Germany. In Germany the singing club includes only master butchers as tradition dictates. However, in Argus there are only two butchers so it is necessary for Fidelis to extend the tradition to the rest of the town males.
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