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# L postcode area
The **L postcode area**, also known as the **Liverpool postcode area**, is a group of postcode districts in North West England. Together they cover central and southern Merseyside, southern West Lancashire, and a small part of north-west Cheshire. Its four post towns are Bootle, Liverpool, Ormskirk, and Prescot.
In 1999 the L postcodes on the Wirral Peninsula (L41 to L49 and L60 to L66) were transferred to the CH postcode area.
Mail for the L postcode area is processed at Warrington Mail Centre, along with mail for the CW, WA and WN postcode areas
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# General Railway Signal
**General Railway Signal Company (GRS)** was an American manufacturing company located in the Rochester, New York area. GRS was focused on railway signaling equipment, systems and services. The company was established in 1904 and became part of Alstom Transport in 1998. GRS was a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1928 to 1930.
## History
GRS was founded in 1904 with the merger of three companies (Pneumatic Signal Company of Rochester, New York; Taylor Signal Co. of Buffalo, New York and Standard Railroad Signal Company of Arlington, New Jersey). In 1923 GRS acquired the Federal Signal Company of Albany, New York.
General Railway Signal was one of the 30 stocks when the Dow Jones Industrial Average was expanded from a 20-stock average on October 1, 1928. It was replaced in the DJIA by Liggett & Myers on July 18, 1930. In 1965,General Signal Corporation (GSX) was created with the intent to diversify into areas other than railway signaling. GRS was a wholly owned subsidiary of GSX.
In 1960, GRS opened the \"General Railway Signal Company de Argentina\" (GRSA) division in Buenos Aires, which provided manufacture, installation and technical support of GRS railroad signalling systems in Argentina. Some local railroad lines that were provided with GRSA products were Belgrano Norte, Belgrano Sur, Urquiza and Sarmiento. Most of the signals remain active. Among their products are railroad crossing signalling parts, branded with the GRSA logo, instead of the usual GRS. This facility was closed in the early 1980s.
In 1986, GRS joined with China National Railway Signal & Communication Group Corporation (CRSC) to form the Chinese-American Signal Company (CASCO) in Shanghai, China, which produces products and systems for railways in the People\'s Republic of China.
In 1989, GRS was acquired by the Italian company Sasib and joined the Sasib Railways group. From its founding until 1993, GRS main office and manufacturing facilities were located at 801 West Avenue in Rochester. In 1993, it moved to two new suburban facilities: administration and engineering to Sawgrass Drive in Brighton, and manufacturing to John Street in West Henrietta. In 1998, it became part of Alstom, when Alstom acquired Sasib Railways. The GRS name is no longer used. All products now use the Alstom brand.
## Products
### Carborne signaling equipment {#carborne_signaling_equipment}
- Automatic Train Control
- Automatic Train Protection
- Automatic train stop
### Wayside signaling {#wayside_signaling}
- DC code systems
- Electronic communication systems
- Electronic interlocking
- Relays
- Signals
- switch machines
- track circuits
- trip stops
- yard retarders
### Central control signaling {#central_control_signaling}
- Computer-based Manual Control Systems
- Computer-based Traffic Management Systems
- Dark territory control systems
- Electro-mechanical centralized traffic control (cTc) machines
- Yard control systems
## Clients
### Railroads
- Amtrak
- BNSF Railway
- CSX Transportation
- Kansas City Southern Railway
- Norfolk Southern Railway
- Union Pacific Railroad
- Ferrocarriles Argentinos
- Transport Asset Holding Entity
- Estrada de Ferro Central (1933--57)
- RFFSA (1957--84)
- CBTU Rio de Janeiro (1984--98)
- Supervia
- Canadian National Railway
- Canadian Pacific Railway
- Korean National Railroad
- Ferromex
- Transportación Ferroviaria
- ProRail
### Transit
- Bay Area
- Chicago
- Massachusetts Bay
- Metro Atlanta
- Niagara Frontier
- NJ Transit
- New York City
- Southeastern Pennsylvania
- Washington
- Toronto
- Amsterdam Municipal Transport
Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation`{{Div col end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Major accomplishments {#major_accomplishments}
- First Centralized traffic control (cTc) machine, 1927.
- \"NX\" (eNtrance-eXit) systems (relay-based cTc), 1937.
- First fully automated freight yard, 1955.
- Computer-based central control office, 1968.
- First fully automatic computer-planned and executed train meet, 1981.
- Microprocessor based Interlocking (\"Vital Processor Interlocking\"), 1986.
- Amtrak Northeast Corridor Improvement Project, 1980s.
- 100th Anniversary, 2004
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# Gregg Andrews
**Gregg Andrews** (born 1950) is a professor of history and labor historian at Texas State University. Additionally, he is assistant director of the Center for Texas Music History and assistant director and co-editor of the *Journal of Texas Music History.* Andrews is also an accomplished folk musician, performing and recording under the pseudonym \"Doctor G\" alongside his band, The Mudcats.
## Early life {#early_life}
Andrews was born in Ilasco, Missouri, to Maurice and Virginia Andrews (now Virginia Sudholt) in 1950. He grew up in Monkey Run, an unincorporated neighborhood of Ilasco literally \"on the wrong side of the tracks\" (the two towns were separated by railroad tracks). A largely immigrant community, Ilasco was a suburb of Hannibal, Missouri, and was also the location of the cave made famous in Mark Twain\'s classic novel, *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.*
Ilasco (which ceased to exist in the 1960s) had a population of about 3,000 in 1900, but economic changes had greatly decreased the town\'s size by mid-century. Andrews\' father and grandfather both worked at the Atlas Portland Cement Co. (now Continental Cement) plant. The economic hardships of the town, along with the rhythm of life near a cement factory, deeply influenced Andrews.
At the age of 14, Andrews\' father taught him to play the guitar and sing. For eight months, Andrews also took guitar lessons from Maceo Wilson, a local musician famous in Hannibal.
Andrews\' father died in 1965.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
Andrews obtained a Ph.D. in 1988 from Northern Illinois University. From 1985 to 1987, Andrews received an Andrew Mellon Predoctoral Teaching Fellowship in the Humanities from the Illinois Institute of Technology.
In 1988, Andrews won appointment as an assistant professor at Texas State. He rose to the rank of full professor, and now is also assistant director of the Center for Texas Music History and assistant director and co-editor of the *Journal of Texas Music History.*
Andrews is married to Victoria Bynum, who is also a professor of history at Texas State.
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# Gregg Andrews
## Research focus {#research_focus}
Andrews\' research work has been varied, but more recently has focused on the social history of work and labor.
Andrews\' first book, *Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910--1924,* published in 1991, was an important re-assessment of the role Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor played in shaping American policy toward revolutionary movements in Latin America. From 1910 to 1924, Andrews found, Gompers and other labor leaders supported Mexican workers in their struggle for social justice, but advocated Mexican economic dependence on the United States. The book was called \"an important key to understanding the ongoing relationship between the labor movement and actions of the United States in Central America\" and \"a skillful blend of labor and diplomatic history.\" The book won the Phi Alpha Theta Best Book Award for the first book by a new author.
Andrews used his personal history as a jumping-off point for his next book, *Insane Sisters: Or, the Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town,* published in 1999. The book illustrated the battle Mary Heinbach and her sister, Euphemia Koller, waged against the Atlas Portland Cement Company in Ilasco. The dispute over property rights spanned 17 years and landed in the Supreme Court of Missouri four times. The dispute ended when Mary was declared incompetent in 1921 and Euphemia pronounced insane in 1929. The company subsequently was able to acquire clear title to their property. The main thrust of the book is an analysis of the changing role of women at the beginning of the 20th century, the development of mental health law, and the collusion of business and governmental interest during the Progressive Era.
Andrews\' most recent work, *City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer* (2002), is his most noted. *City of Dust* made a significant contribution to the social and industrial history of the trans-Mississippi West.
: Andrews\' pioneering social history focuses needed attention on a group of workers and an industry that labor historians and others have previously neglected. The author\'s description of the work process involved in cement manufacture, and the terrible toll on the workers of the industry's accidents and diseases, alone provide little-known, valuable information.
*City of Dust* is primarily a social history of cement workers, but it also sheds light on issues of class, industrialism, immigration, labor, and the working-class.
Andrews has continued to mine his personal past to investigate history. His current research projects include a study of the Texas labor movement during the Great Depression, research into the role played by African Americans in the Galveston longshoremen\'s strike of 1920, and the struggle of black trade unionists to overcome the racially discriminatory practices of the Texas State Federation of Labor.
## Music career {#music_career}
Under the name \"Doctor G,\" Andrews is also an accomplished and published singer, songwriter and musician. He is a regular performer at the Cheatham Street Warehouse, a San Marcos music venue where country-western singer George Strait first found fame. Andrews\' music is a mixture of folk, Southern rock and blues, and his lyrics speak of forbidden love, the need for respect, the search for happiness, and the toll poverty and hard work have on people. In many respects, Andrews\' music reflects his scholarly concerns with the poor, social justice, the working class and the struggle for dignity and respect in the face of economic hardship.
Andrews\' band, \"Doctor G and the Mudcats,\" released their debut CD, *Mudcat,* in September 2005. The record was released on Cheatham Street Records, the independent record label founded by Cheatham Street Warehouse owner Kent Finlay.
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# Gregg Andrews
## Memberships and honors {#memberships_and_honors}
### Honors
Andrews was assistant director of the NEH Summer Environmental History Institute at Texas State in 1991, and in 2001 received a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship.
In 1998, Andrews received the Excellence in Teaching Award from the College of Liberal Arts at Texas State. Four years later, he received a Texas State University Faculty Award for Scholarly and Creative Activity.
In 2002, Andrews was named a Mary M. Hughes Fellow for the Texas State Historical Association.
### Memberships
Andrews has served as a manuscript reviewer at Texas A&M University Press, the University of Missouri Press, and the University of Illinois Press. He has also served as an editor for the journals *Diplomatic History,* the *Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies,* and the *International Review of Social History.*
Andrews is currently a member of the board of directors of the Texas Heritage Songwriters Association. He is also a member of the Texas State Historical Association, Southwest Labor Studies Association, Organization of American Historians, and Southern Historical Association.
From 2000 to 2002, Andrews was Southwest Chapter president of the Texas Faculty Association.
### Writing awards {#writing_awards}
Andrews has also won a number of writing awards. In 1993, his book *Shoulder to Shoulder?* won the Phi Alpha Theta Best Book Award for the first book by a new author. The same year, he was co-recipient of the Harvey L. Johnson Award for the best article in Latin American history. The award, given by Southwest Council of Latin American Studies, honored him for the article \"Robert Haberman, Socialist Ideology, and the Politics of National Reconstruction in Mexico, 1920-25,\" which appeared in the journal *Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos.*
He has twice won the James Neal Primm Award, a prize give by the Missouri Historical Society for the best article in its journal, *Gateway Heritage.* Andrews was first honored in 1995 for his article \"From Robber Caves to Robber Barons: New South Missouri and the Social Construction of Mark Twain, 1910-1935.\" He won again the next year, for his article \"Ilasco Cement Workers and the War on Booze in Ralls County, Missouri, 1903-1914.\"
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# Gregg Andrews
## Publications
### Solely authored books {#solely_authored_books}
- *City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer.* Paperback ed. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 2002. `{{ISBN|0-8262-1424-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Insane Sisters: Or, the Price Paid for Challenging a Company Town.* Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1999. `{{ISBN|0-8262-1240-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Shoulder to Shoulder? The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910--1924.* Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1991. `{{ISBN|0-520-07230-8}}`{=mediawiki}
### Solely authored articles {#solely_authored_articles}
- \"From Robber Caves to Robber Barons: New South Missouri and the Social Construction of Mark Twain, 1910-1935.\" *Gateway Heritage.* 15 (December 1994).
- \"Ilasco Cement Workers and the War on Booze in Ralls County, Missouri, 1903-1914.\" *Gateway Heritage.* 16 (Spring 1996).
- \"Immigrant Cement Workers: The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri.\" *Missouri Historical Review.* 89:2 (January 1995).
- \"It\'s the Music: Kent Finlay\'s Cheatham Street Warehouse in San Marcos, Texas.\" *Journal of Texas Music History.* 5:1 (Spring 2005).
- \"Robert Haberman, Socialist Ideology, and the Politics of National Reconstruction in Mexico, 1920-25.\" *Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos.* 6 (Summer 1990)
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# Avro 652
The **Avro 652** was a 1930s British light airliner, built by A.V. Roe and Company. It was a twin-engine, low-wing monoplane with a retractable undercarriage, and a tailwheel. Although only two were produced, it formed the basis for the successful Avro Anson.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
In 1933, Imperial Airways issued a specification to Avro, for a light airliner to transport four passengers for up to 420 mi (676 km) at a cruising speed of 130 mph (210 km/h). By August 1933, Roy Chadwick\'s team had produced a design study. This had to be revised when Imperial Airways changed the specification, to enable the machine to fly the Karachi-Bombay-Colombo night mail service. The amended design was accepted, and in April 1934 an order for two aircraft was issued. The first aircraft flew on 7 January 1935, and the type was certificated in March 1935.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
On 11 March 1935, the two Avro 652s were delivered to Imperial Airways at Croydon Airport. They served with Imperial Airways, mostly operating the route from Croydon to Brindisi. In 1938, they were sold to Air Service Training Ltd, a civilian company operating under Air Ministry contracts. They served with No.3 E&RFTS (Elementary and Reserve Flying Training School) as navigational trainers, at Hamble airfield. In November 1939, both aircraft were transferred to No. 11 AONS (Air Observers\' Navigation School), remaining at Hamble. In March 1941, they were impressed by the Air Ministry into RAF service with No. 1 School of Photography. In July 1941, both were transferred to the Fleet Air Arm, and served with 811 Squadron at RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus), until struck off charge in March 1942.
## Aircraft
G-ACRM
: Imperial Airways, named *Avalon*, later to Fleet Air Arm with serial DG655.
G-ACRN
: Imperial Airways, named *Avatar*, then *Ava*, later to Fleet Air Arm with serial DG656
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# Grant Rosenberg
**Grant Rosenberg** (born 20th century) is an American novelist, producer, and screenwriter.
## Career
He has worked on television series, including *Bitten*, *Lost Girl*, *XIII-The Series*, *Fear Itself*, *Eureka*, *Masters of Science Fiction*, *Masters Of Horror*, *The Outer Limits*, and *Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman*.
Prior to moving into writing and producing, he was an executive with both Paramount Television and Walt Disney Studios.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Marjorie Monaghan in 2011
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# James Mann (South Carolina politician)
**James Robert Mann** (April 27, 1920 -- December 20, 2010) was a World War II soldier, lawyer and Democratic United States Representative from South Carolina.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Mann was born in Greenville, to Alfred Clio Mann (1889--1956) and Nina Mae (Griffin) Mann. He graduated from Greenville High School in 1937. He then went to Charleston to receive his bachelor\'s degree at The Citadel in 1941. With the outbreak of World War II, Mann enlisted in the U.S. Army and served on active duty until 1946, when he became a reservist with the rank of colonel. After the war, Mann enrolled at the University of South Carolina School of Law where he was editor of the *South Carolina Law Review* and graduated magna cum laude in 1947 as a member of the Euphradian Society. He was admitted to the state bar the same year and established a private practice in Greenville.
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1948, Mann was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives and he served for two terms until Governor James F. Byrnes appointed him as the circuit solicitor for the 13th judicial circuit of South Carolina to succeed Robert T. Ashmore in 1953. He was re-elected twice to that post and served until 1962. Afterwards, he became the secretary for the Greenville County Planning Commission and a trustee of the Greenville Hospital System. In 1968, Mann won election to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat to represent the 4th congressional district. In 1971, Mann was the sole member in the state\'s congressional delegation to vote for the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. While in the House, Mann was a member of the Judiciary Committee that voted to recommend the impeachment of President Nixon, ultimately drafting portions of Articles I and II of the final report. His other committee assignments included the Select Committee on Crime, the Committee for the District of Columbia, and the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Mann did not seek re-election in 1978 and left Congress to resume his law practice in Greenville.
## Accomplishments
Mann was a recipient of the Order of the Palmetto, South Carolina\'s highest civilian award
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# History of Athlone
**Athlone** (`{{lga|Baile Átha Luain|town of Luan's [[Ford (crossing)|ford]]}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town on the River Shannon near the southern shore of Lough Ree in Ireland. Located on the border between County Westmeath and County Roscommon, the development of the Athlone owes much to the location of a strategic ford (river crossing point) on the Shannon.
## Foundation
The ford at this point on the River Shannon has been in use since at least the Bronze Age, and the settlement (including an early Christian site) expanded around this river-crossing. The ford of Athlone was strategically important, as south of Athlone the River Shannon is impassable until Clonmacnoise (where the Esker Riada meets the Shannon), and north is Lough Ree.
## Bridge and defences {#bridge_and_defences}
By the 11th century, Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (King of Connacht) had built a wooden bridge at Athlone, approximately 100 metres south of the current bridge. This was defended by the earliest recorded fort on the site - built on the west bank of the river in 1129.
On a number of occasions both the fort and bridge were subject to attacks, and towards the end of the 12th century the Anglo-Normans constructed a motte-and-bailey fortification here. This was superseded by a stone structure built in 1210 by Justiciar John de Gray. Becoming known as Athlone Castle, this 12-sided donjon dates from the 13th century. Other parts of the castle were largely destroyed during the Siege of Athlone and the external defences were subsequently rebuilt and enlarged.
The currently visible battlements and cannon emplacements were installed to prevent a French fleet from sailing up the River Shannon and establishing a bridgehead in Lough Ree (likewise south of Athlone at Shannonbridge, near Clonmacnoise). The castle was later damaged by a lightning strike on the powder store. The castle was also home to a small garrison, and provided housing for several families until the 1980s. These quarters now house part of the castle museum.
During the wars that took place in Ireland during the seventeenth century, Athlone held a strategic position, holding the main bridge over the Shannon into Connacht. In the Irish Confederate Wars 1641--1653, the town was held by Irish Confederate troops until it was taken late in 1650 by Charles Coote, who attacked the town from the west, having crossed into Connacht at Sligo.
Forty years later, during the Williamite war in Ireland, the town was again of strategic importance, being one of the remaining Jacobite strongholds after they had retreated west following the Battle of the Boyne. At the first battle of Athlone in 1690, the Jacobite forces of Colonel Richard Grace repelled an attack by 10,000 men led by Commander Douglas. The following year the Siege of Athlone saw a further assault in which the troops of King William III eventually prevailed against the outnumbered defenders.
The current bridge was built in the 19th century to replace the old bridge which was becoming dangerous to the increasing volume of traffic. Originally the bridge had a moveable section which was decommissioned in the mid 20th century. Also during the mid-19th century, the Board of Works built a weir wall south of Athlone to improve the navigation of the river.
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# History of Athlone
## Other structures {#other_structures}
### Custume Barracks {#custume_barracks}
The town\'s barracks occupies a large area of the west bank of the River Shannon. Athlone Barracks, named Victoria Barracks in 1837, was re-named Custume Barracks in 1922 by General Sean MacEoin, independence fighter and first GOC Western Command. It is named after a Sergeant Custume who, during the 1691 Siege of Athlone, led a dozen volunteers (of whom 2 survived) out under the Dutch guns to tear down a wooden bridge. The barracks was the headquarters of the Western Command of the Irish Defence Forces until a reorganisation in 2013. It remains the headquarters of several infantry, artillery and engineering regiments of the defence forces. The original entrance to the barracks was where the current Garda station is today.
### Other fortifications {#other_fortifications}
Other fortifications in the area include the ruins of a battery just to the north of Athlone (in an area now a nature reserve) and a large artificial hill called \"The Batteries\" upon which council housing has been built. The Connaught side was defended by a fosse which no longer exists. The noted tenor John McCormack was born in here in 1884 in an area known as \"the Bawn\".
### Oldest pub {#oldest_pub}
Sean\'s Bar is considered by some to be Ireland\'s oldest pub. It was established on the west bank of the River Shannon on Main Street. In 1970, during renovations, the walls of the bar were found to be made of wattle and wicker. Historical surveys, as recorded in the Record of Monuments and Places and the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, date the building to the 17th or 18th century, while \"possibly containing the fabric of earlier buildings\".
### Workhouse
On the east side of town, off North Gate Street, is an intact example of a Famine-era workhouse. The building, renamed St Mary\'s Hall, now hosts several youth groups and includes a large meeting room. Within sight of the workhouse building is a historic abbey
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# List of Nebulous episodes
*Nebulous* is a British comedy-sci-fi broadcast on BBC Radio 4, starring Mark Gatiss as the title character, and also starring and written by Graham Duff. Set in 2099 AD, the series covers the work Professor Nebulous, head of K.E.N.T. (The Key Environmental Non-Judgmental Taskforce), an organisation designed to solve the problems the Earth\'s ruined environment.
Currently, three series of six episodes each have been broadcast. The first series was broadcast between 6 January and 10 February 2005. The second was broadcast between 5 April and 10 May 2006. The third and most recent series was broadcast between 15 May and 19 June 2008. All of the episodes have been written by Duff, have been produced by Ted Dowd and directed by Nicholas Briggs. So far, only the first series has been released on CD, but it has been announced that the BBC plans to release the second and third series at an unknown date.
## First series {#first_series}
\# Title Airdate {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=1 Title=*Holofile 117*: The Night of the Vegetarians OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2005|1|6}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=A series of mysterious deaths around Weston-Hyper-Mare leads the Professor to the last vegetarian colony, run by the notorious Dr Klench. Upon closer investigation, K.E.N.T. discover an insidious plan involving a super-intelligent cactus from space, brainwashing, extreme vegetarianism and cactus pricks. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=2 Title=*Holofile 154*: The Loverly Invasion OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2005|1|13}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=In a parody of the *Doctor Who* episode \"The Claws of Axos\", A trio of beautiful, naked men land in the withered Midlands of England, and only Professor Nebulous suspects that all may not be as it seems, claiming that they are in fact \"giant electric worms, who drool acid and bark\". Taking matters into his own hands, Nebulous attempts to kill the Lovely before a potentially terrible meeting with the world leaders. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=3 Title=*Holofile 722*: The Dust Has Landed OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2005|1|20}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=A nationwide attack of dust leads K.E.N.T. to Edgware, where they discover a speck of sentient dust so powerful, it necessitates the reinvention of the vacuum cleaner and a team-up of the resources of K.E.N.T. and L.O.U.G.H.B.O.R.O.U.G.H., where Nebulous meets his ex-fiancée, Erica Flazenby, and Rory discovers the joys of black helicopters and applies for a transfer. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=4 Title=*Holofile 333*: Madness Is a Strange Colour OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2005|1|27}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=After Sir Ronald Rowlands suffers a nervous breakdown in his newly redecorated office. K.E.N.T. investigates, and discovers that the Vartox Paint Company\'s new colour, Garrow, is sending people insane. With Sir Ronald and Rory driven mad, and Nebulous\' leg having been broken, it is up to Paula and Harry to whiten the paint before the entire government is driven mad by their new wallpaper. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=5 Title=*Holofile 969*: The Coincidence Machine OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2005|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=An invention of Nebulous\' mentor`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} a machine that observes and records coincidences`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} threatens the world with \"Coinci-clasm\" in which reality will become one massive coincidence; if not stopped, it will cause mankind to pass into the Weirderness, where they shall simply die out. To solve the case, the Professor must contact a terrible alternate universe: A world where everything is spelled different (*literally*; everything is spelled \"different\") and the curtains are a terrible pattern. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=6 Title=*Holofile 237*: The Man Who Polished the Sun OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2005|2|10}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=The effort to rid the world of the cold and drizzly season of Hamble is hijacked and the Earth is now endangered by a dwarf star. Klench escapes prison at this point and, aided by a treacherous Harry Hayes, attempts to use the energy of the star to hold the world to ransom. Meanwhile, Paula attempts to take Rory\'s advice to attract the Professor by ignoring him (she barely lasts twenty seconds). LineColor=39AC39 }}
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# List of Nebulous episodes
## Second series {#second_series}
\# Title Airdate {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=1 Title=*Holofile 023*: The Deptford Wives OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2006|4|5}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary= In a parody of *The Stepford Wives* and *Jurassic Park*, several men are found dead and the only link is the fact that all had recently married a cloned \"Deptford Wife\" from the Deptford Islands, who have been programmed to pamper with extreme prejudice \... one of whom has just been purchased by Harry. Guest stars Peter Davison. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=2 Title=*Holofile 993*: The Buzzing OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2006|4|12}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=Investigating mysterious deaths where the victims have sneezed themselves to death, Nebulous and Rory find themselves pitted against a race of bee/wasp hybrids known as the Bosps, capable of controlling the world\'s supply of pollen, while Paula falls under the control of the evil hive mind. Guest stars Steve Coogan. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=3 Title=*Holofile 316*: I, Nebulous OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2006|4|19}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=Dr. Klench reappears with a plan to murder all the delegates of a galactic peace conference, aided by the deadly fire-based aliens known as the Infernons, with his mind in the body of Professor Nebulous, purely to embarrass Nebulous, who is in charge of security for the conference. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=4 Title=*Holofile 767*: Destiny of the Destinoyd OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2006|4|26}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=On a trip to the decommissioned Moon base, Nebulous falls in love with a beautiful female ghost known as Franabelle, while Paula and Rory find that a \"Destinoyd\" has escaped, and may be responsible for the deaths of several men. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=5 Title=*Holofile 840*: Tempus Fugitive OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2006|5|3}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=Called in to investigate the groundbreaking work of scientist Doctor Linda Adnil, who has developed time travel, the K.E.N.T. team find themselves in three different years to find aspects of her that were fractured across time: Rory meets a hippie Lindavidual in 1969 at Woodstock; Harry travels to the year 7001, following the \"UltraWithering\", where everyone was reduced to single body parts, leaving Harry the most complete human in existence; and the Professor and Paula are sent to 2066 where they meet the Professor\'s childhood self. Guest stars Kate O\'Mara. LineColor=39AC39 }} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=6 Title=*Holofile 644*: Last of the Present Sirius OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2006|5|10}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary=Professor Nebulous is finds himself trapped in a time loop, on the weekend omnibus of a reality television series endlessly repeating like \"an insane merry-go-round, each elliptical revolution taking it further from reality, the children on the merry-go-round clinging to the brightly painted wooden horses for security, but the horses are starting to mutate, turning into Shetland Ponies\". Escaping from the show, the Professor finds himself on Sirius, the Dog Star (a.k.a. Poodle Sphere Six), coming to the end of his tenth season. LineColor=39AC39 }}
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# List of Nebulous episodes
## Third series {#third_series}
\# Title Airdate {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=1 Title=*Holofile 001*: Genesis of the Aftermath OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2008|5|15}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary= Nebulous meets up with Doctor Klench, who claims to have met the Byborg who have persuaded him to no longer being evil. The Byborg allow people to go back in time and correct their greatest mistakes. In Nebulous\'s case, this was the destruction of the Isle of Wight. He travels back to Janril 57, 2069, in order to correct his error, but it turns out to be another of Klench\'s traps. Meanwhile, there is something unusual about Sir Ronald\'s stock deals. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=2 Title=*Holofile 551*: The Past Must Be Destroyed! OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2008|5|22}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary= Nebulous returns to his old university, Bridgeoxton, in order to solve the mystery of the disappearance of several lecturers. K.E.N.T. goes undercover, with Nebulous being a history lecturer. Rory, doing a course in Media Studies, discovers that the disappearances have been caused by the Infernons, working alongside a history lecturer who is trying to destroy the past, so there is less of it to teach. Guest stars Julia Davis. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=3 Title=*Holofile 013*: The Girl With the Liquid Face OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2008|5|29}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary= Following the murder of the delegates at an eco-troubleshooting conference on Pancake Day Island, Nebulous, Paula, and Harry travel to Atlantis while Rory attempts to clean up for the new delegates. While the Professor battles the legendary Kraken, Paula is shocked to learn that she is actually the hybrid human/Atlantean daughter of Atlantis\' queen, and Doctor Klench tries to destroy the eco summit using Atlantis\' defence system. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=4 Title=*Holofile 959*: We, Nebulous OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2008|6|5}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary= Returning to K.E.N.T. after a trip away, Paula and Rory are contacted by Nebulous, who informs them that he has been incarcerated in Biros Optimum Security Prison alongside the galaxy\'s most evil masterminds \... only to learn too late that they have actually rescued Nebulous\' long lost evil twin brother, Professor \"Spiffo\" Nebulous, forcing K.E.N.T.\'s Nebulous (whose first name is Boffo) to confront his evil twin at last. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=5 Title=*Holofile 011*: Rebel Without a Cortex OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2008|6|12}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary= Nebulous and his team have to transport a dangerous criminal to Venus: a shapeshifting alien known as a Yarwood. It morphs into a female Loverley in front of Rory, Nebulous\' father in front of the Professor, and as Nebulous himself in front of Paula. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=6 Title=*Holofile 703*: Us and Phlegm OriginalAirDate=`{{Start date|df=y|2008|6|19}}`{=mediawiki} ShortSummary= When 99 percent of the nation\'s workforce phone in sick, Nebulous`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} the only K.E.N.T. member still in perfect health`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} comes face to face with a very unpleasant alien life form in the form of the Phlegmbions (A phlegm/mucus hybrid) \... allied with none other than his childhood doctor, Doctor Beep. Special Guest Star David Tennant. LineColor=39AC39}}
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# List of Nebulous episodes
## \"Missing\" Episodes {#missing_episodes}
In the sleeve notes of the Series One audiobook, written in 2006, series writer Graham Duff asks for assistance in finding episodes \"currently missing from the BBC archive\". The article is a parody of when television and radio stations such as the BBC used to \"wipe\" episodes of TV and radio programmes, and record over them, especially the loss of many early *Doctor Who* and *Dad\'s Army* episodes. In the notes, Duff claims that as a result of wiping, \"many classic *Nebulous* episodes were destroyed, along with editions of iconic Radio 4 shows such as *Gardeners\' Question Time* and *Money Box Live*.\"
According to Duff, even after the discovery of two episodes from Season 6`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Man Who Kissed His Own Brain\" and \"Tomorrow is a Tunnel\"`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} which were apparently found in the basement of a LDS Church near Chorley in September 2005, there are still a further 23 episodes officially missing from the BBC archive, including the entirety of Season 10.
Duff describes the \"Missing\" Season 10 episodes as follows:
\# Title {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=1 Title=When Bagpipes Walked The Earth ShortSummary= The K.E.N.T. team travel to Scotland, where they discover that the Loch Ness Monster is in fact a man in a costume being controlled by a race of deep fried aliens. This episode is notable for the Professor\'s famous speech where he declares, \"A man should be judged by his actions, not by the colour and complexity of his tartan.\" \|LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=2 Title=Genesis of the Faceless Ambassadors of Fury ShortSummary= In this, Nebulous\' fifth encounter with the Faceless Ambassadors, he is transported back to the time of their creation so he can wipe them out before they lose their faces, become ambassadors, or begin to feel furious. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=3 Title=The Forever Sandwich ShortSummary= Nebulous is initially unconcerned when he is unable to finish his cheese sandwich. However, he soon discovers he is dealing with an infinite sandwich and immeasurable garnish. Featuring special guest star Brian Blessed as the voice of the Sandwich. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=4 Title=Terror of the Horrornauts ShortSummary= Nebulous encounters an ancient evil. Deliberately wiped by the BBC, because it was originally deemed too scary to ever be repeated, this episode prompted an unprecedented number of complaints. Questions were asked in the House and there was even a suggestion that the Queen may be forced to abdicate. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=5 Title=The Farmers ShortSummary= The K.E.N.T. team accidentally travel back to the time of the inclosure acts and battle the evil land baron Sir Sedgemund De Wolf. A rare historical episode, \"The Farmers\" is now principally remembered for its notorious \"Trial By Seed Drill\" scene. LineColor=39AC39}} {{Episode list EpisodeNumber=6 Title=The Power of the Cushions ShortSummary= When a series of government officials are found partially devoured following an innocent sit down, Nebulous suspects some old enemies might be at the bottom of it. This episode marks the first appearance of the Supreme Scatter Cushion. LineColor=39AC39}}
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Duff also claims that in October 2005, a 49-second segment of the otherwise \"missing\" Season 8 episode \"The Flesh Eating Cushions\" was discovered in a locked BBC cupboard
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# Vallis Bouvard
**Vallis Bouvard** is a 284-km-long valley on the Moon, centered at `{{Lunar coords and quad cat|38.3|S|83.1|W|globe:Moon}}`{=mediawiki}. It begins at the southern rim of the crater Shaler, and winds its way to the south-southeast towards Baade. This is one of several such valleys that radiate away from the southeast edge of the Mare Orientale circular impact basin, the other two being Vallis Inghirami and Vallis Baade. It was formed by a secondary crater chain. The valley was named after Alexis Bouvard
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# Chris Bishay
**Chris Bishay** (born 24 February 1987) is a rugby union footballer who used to play fullback, or wing for Wasps.
Bishay grew up in Feltham in the London Borough of Hounslow, in that time attending Sunbury Manor School until 16, and swifty followed by Spelthorne College in Ashford. He played for Staines Rugby Football Club during his time at Sunbury and the first year of his two at Spelthorne. While in his second year and turning eighteen, he joined Wasps, playing a major role in their academy side.
Bishay became the first London Wasps player to score four tries in a Guinness A league match when he racked up 20 points in a 68--24 win over Gloucester in February 2006, his first match since signing officially to the club. He was a popular player among regular supporters of the Wasps A side, easily recognisable for his bright yellow and sparkling red boots.
Chris made a superb start to his first XV career by scoring a try on his first 2 appearances (both as starts), against NEC Harlequins and London Irish, at the start of 2007. He had previously featured for the Wasps sevens squad as part of the victorious team competing in the 2007 Middlesex 7s. In January 2011 he joined Moseley for the remainder of the 2010/11 season
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# The Law and Jake Wade
***The Law and Jake Wade*** is a 1958 American Western film directed by John Sturges and starring Robert Taylor and Richard Widmark. The picture was based on the 1956 novel by Marvin H. Albert. The film was shot on location in California\'s High Sierra mountain range, Lone Pine, and Death Valley in Metrocolor by MGM and in CinemaScope. This film was Robert Taylor\'s last A-picture as the top-billed lead.
## Plot
Reformed criminal Jake Wade breaks his former partner, Clint Hollister, out of jail in the small western town of Morganville. The men have not seen each other since the bank robbery and murder that resulted in Wade\'s arrest. Wade refuses to tell Hollister where he has hidden the \$20,000 from the robbery and advises him to leave the territory. Wade returns to Cold Stream, where he serves as marshal. Hollister and his men catch up with Wade, kidnap his fiancee, Peggy, and demand that Wade take him to the buried money.
The next morning, they begin a long trek into the desert, during which Peggy learns the full extent of her husband\'s criminal background. After several adventures, the group arrives at a ghost town, where Wade reveals he has hidden the money. When Wade spots Comanche scouts in the area, the group takes shelter in a deserted saloon. Wade is tied to a chair while Hollister goes in search of the natives. As night falls, several calls are heard outside and Wade tells the men they are surrounded by Comanche who will attack soon.
After Hollister returns the next morning, the natives attack and a vicious fight breaks out. During the fight, Peggy frees Jake, and they attempt to escape, but Hollister catches them. After burying the dead, Wade reveals the money is buried three feet deep in the cemetery, inside a saddlebag. Wade digs up the saddlebag, then surprises Hollister by pulling out a pistol from it. The others surrender their guns. Wade then asks Hollister\'s man Ortero to take Peggy away and they ride out of town. Wade and Hollister confront each other in the street and Wade kills Hollister. Hearing the gunshots, Peggy and Ortero return for Wade.
## Cast
- Robert Taylor as Jake Wade
- Richard Widmark as Clint Hollister
- Patricia Owens as Peggy
- Robert Middleton as Ortero
- Henry Silva as Rennie
- DeForest Kelley as Wexler (credited as De Forest Kelley)
- Burt Douglas as Lieutenant
- Eddie Firestone as Burke
- Fred Coby as Deputy (uncredited)
- Gene Coogan as Minor Role (uncredited)
- Richard H. Cutting as Luke, Jake\'s Deputy (uncredited)
- Roy Engel as Avery (uncredited)
- Al Ferguson as Minor Role (uncredited)
- Rory Mallinson as Deputy (uncredited)
- Reginald Simpson as Minor Role (uncredited)
- Henry Wills as Cavalry Sergeant
## Box office {#box_office}
According to MGM records, the film earned \$970,000 in the US and Canada and \$1,825,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of \$87,000
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# WSWO-LP
**WSWO-LP** \"Oldies 97.3\" is a non-commercial low-power FM station at 97.3 MHz licensed to Southwestern Ohio Public Radio Inc. in Huber Heights, Ohio.
## Brief history {#brief_history}
The station originally signed on as WOXR-LP in September 2004, switching to its current calls in January 2005. The WSWO calls were previously used in Wilmington, Ohio, at 102.3 FM (formerly WKFI, now WKLN, the K-LOVE affiliate for Wilmington, south Dayton, Middletown and Hamilton).
From 1968 to 1972, the WSWO calls were used by independent Channel 26 out of Springfield, Ohio (now WBDT, the Dayton affiliate of The CW).
## Oldies 97.3 {#oldies_97.3}
WSWO-LP is a non-commercial radio station relying solely on donations from listeners and local businesses to cover expenses for daily operations and music royalties. Accordingly, all persons involved in the station\'s programming and maintenance are unpaid volunteers. The station\'s format consists of oldies music (1950s through 1970s), but also airs syndicated and locally produced programs devoted to different genres of oldies, including pre-rock and roll era music. The station also prominently features coverage of Wayne High School sports, and occasionally broadcasts locally produced radio dramas, including a dramatized version of *A Christmas Carol*, which features several members of the air staff in the cast and has been an annual holiday presentation since it first aired in 2011.
Though non-commercial, the station broadcasts acknowledgments of local businesses who support the station, added to which community announcements are aired along with PAMS-style jingles for identification purposes.
## Facilities
WSWO-LP operates with a power of 100 watts. Its original transmitter (then at 97.7) was located on Lisa Drive. The station later moved its studios and transmitter to the Huber Centre, a shopping center at the intersection of Brandt Pike (aka SR 201) and Chambersburg Road, with the station\'s transmitter located behind the building.
### Changes in frequency {#changes_in_frequency}
The station originally used translator W268AX at 101.5 MHz from Old Troy Pike (SR 202) in north Dayton with a power of 106 watts which provided a wider coverage area reaching downtown Dayton, Moraine, Troy, and the fringe areas in Piqua to the north and Miamisburg to the south. The transition from 101.5 to 101.1 took place on Monday August 11, 2008. Both FMs served the area of north Dayton, Vandalia, Englewood and surrounding communities.
According to its website, the station\'s translator moved from 101.5 to 101.1 in August 2008 when the former WKSW \"Kiss Country\" (now WCLI) moved from 101.7 to the 101.5 frequency and switched its city of license from Urbana to Enon. The WSWO-LP translator was granted by the FCC earlier in the summer to move to 101.1 under the new callsign W266BG. As of September 2013, the 101.1 translator is no longer in use by the station; it is now being used by WZLR. Also WCWT in Centerville has been granted a construction permit to move to 107.3 MHz to accommodate the WKSW/WCLI move to 101.5 MHz. This move allowed better reception in the southern portion of Dayton as well as the Beavercreek area.`{{Clarify|date=October 2013|reason=Whose move? If WCWT's, what does that have to do with this article?}}`{=mediawiki}
WSWO-LP\'s original frequency was located adjacent to 97.5 (currently used by WTGR licensed in Union City and originating in Greenville.) The 97.5 frequency was previously licensed in the Dayton area and was used in the 1950s for the fledgling but short-lived WLWB-FM, owned by Cincinnati-based Crosley Radio.
#### Move to 97.5 {#move_to_97.5}
A construction permit was granted by the FCC on November 23, 2011 to move WSWO-LP from 97.7 to 97.5. On-air testing began on November 30 from the new transmitter site located at the WSWO office and studio location. The move was meant to help resolve coverage problems, notably interference from WOXY which was formerly located in Oxford and is now in Mason. The official switchover from 97.7 to 97.5 took place on Saturday December 3, 2011. 97.7 is now unused in Dayton.
On January 25, 2013, WSWO-LP began streaming online at their new domain: www.daytonoldies.org
#### Move to 97.3 {#move_to_97.3}
Until October 4, 2013, WSWO-LP operated on the 97.5 frequency. On October 4, 2013, WSWO-LP moved to 97.3 FM, giving the station the ability to upgrade its signal and transmit from a higher tower. With the move, the station no longer needed the W266BG translator at 101.1 FM, which is owned by a separate entity; the translator is now being used by WZLR. The FCC frequency was licensed by the FCC on December 12, 2013.
## Current air staff (partial list) {#current_air_staff_partial_list}
- **Tony Peters** - Mondays 10am-2pm, and host of *Sunday Night Music & Conversation*, Sundays 9:30pm
- **Panama Jack** - Mondays 3-7pm
- **Dr. Rock** - Tuesdays 7-10am
- **Jordan Kelly** - Tuesdays 10am-2pm
- **Blazin\' Brad** - Tuesdays 2-6pm
- **\"Gladgirl\" Shelly**, host of *The Wax Carnival* - Tuesdays 8-11pm
- **Mike Reisz** - Wednesdays 4-7pm
- **Gene Charles**, host of *Blues Corner* - Wednesday 7-10pm, Sports announcer
- **Jerry G. Halasz** - Thursdays 10am-2pm
- **John Bennett** - Thursdays 2-6pm
- **\"The Other\" Chuck Berry** - Thursdays 7-9pm
- **Chris Poole** - Fridays 10pm-1am
- **Gary Quinn** - Saturdays 1-6pm
- **Kel Crum** - Sundays Noon-3pm
- **Steve \"Raddy\" Radcliffe** - Sundays 6-9pm
- **David \"Dave B
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# Pandroseion
The **Pandroseion** (pronounced: panδrosion, Greek: Πανδρόσειον) was a sanctuary dedicated to Pandrosus, one of the daughters of Cecrops I, the first king of Attica Greece, located on the Acropolis of Athens. It occupied the space adjacent to the Erechtheum and the old Temple of Athena Polias.
The sanctuary was a walled trapezoidal courtyard containing the altar of Zeus Herkeios (protector of the hearth, of the courtyard) under the sacred Olive Tree planted by Athena. At the west was an entrance stoa from the Propylea. In the northeast corner was an elaborate entrance into the north porch and the entire Etrechtheion complex. At the east, there was also a small opening through which the Thalassa of Poseidon could be viewed. The south-east corner gave access to what some thought was the tomb of Cecrops. The sanctuary also contained the sacred olive tree which was presented by Athena to the city of Athens, after her victory over Poseidon in the contest for the land of Attica
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# Rusyns of Romania
The **Rusyns** (*translit=Rusynŷ*, *Ruteni*) are an ethnic minority in Romania.
While only 262 people officially identified themselves as \"Rusyns\" in the 2002 Romanian census, 3,890 people identified as **Hutsuls** (*Huțuli*; Rusyn *Hutsuly*). According to the 2021 Romanian census, there were 834 people (0.004% of the population) who identified themselves officially as Rusyns, and 594 who declared that their language was Rusyn. Among the self-declared Rusyns, 179 declared that they spoke Romanian, 90 Ukrainian, 4 Russian, and 545 Rusyn. In the 2011 Romanian census, there were 257 self-identified Rusyns in Romania. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 345 ethnic Ukrainians born in Romania who lived in the United States of America at that time. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2015, there were no ethnic Carpatho-Rusyns born in Romania who lived in the United States of America at that time among the 156 foreign-born Carpatho-Rusyns and the 8,003 Carpatho-Rusyns living in the United States. By contrast, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 345 ethnic Ukrainians born in Romania who lived in the United States of America at that time.
Another 61,091 Romanian citizens identified as Ukrainian (*Ucrainieni*). According to the 2021 Romanian census, 45,835 individuals declared that they were ethnic Ukrainians (0.24%), and 40,861 declared their mother tongue as Ukrainian; among the ethnic Ukrainians, 39,326 stated that their mother tongue was Ukrainian, and 15 said that it was Rusyn. As the archaic exonym Ruthenians was previously applied to both Rusyns and Ukrainians, some Ukrainian-Romanians may also regard themselves as Rusyns (without declaring themselves to, or being identified by, census collectors). Ukrainian-Romanians live primarily in northwestern Romania; the largest populations are found in Satu Mare and Maramureș counties.
As an officially recognised ethnic minority, Rusyns have a reserved seat in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies, which is currently held by a party called the Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania. In 2020, the political group obtained 3,779 votes (0.06%), while the Union of Ukrainians of Romania obtained 5,457 votes (0.09%) in the Chamber of Deputies election
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# Tim Vogler
**Timothy Gene Vogler** (born December 20, 1956, in Troy, Ohio) is a retired American football guard who played in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills. He played college football at Ohio State University.
Vogler was not selected in the 1979 NFL draft, but signed with the Bills later that year. Initially a reserve, he became a full-time starter with the Bills by 1985, when he started 14 games. Although he also filled in at center on occasion, Vogler spent much of the next four seasons as Buffalo\'s starter at right guard. Vogler suffered a knee injury that forced him to miss the Bills\' run to the 1989 AFC Championship. After knee surgery during the off-season, Vogler\'s Buffalo career ended after the 1989 preseason when he was placed on the physically unable to perform list
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# G postcode area
The **G postcode area**, also known as the **Glasgow postcode area**, is a group of postcode districts in central Scotland, within six post towns. These districts are primarily centered on Glasgow itself, and West Dunbartonshire (including Dumbarton, Clydebank and Alexandria), plus parts of the council areas of Argyll and Bute (including Arrochar and Helensburgh), East Dunbartonshire, North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, East Renfrewshire and Stirling.
Mail for the G postcode area is processed at Glasgow Mail Centre, along with mail for the PA, ML, KA and ZE postcode areas.
## Former postal districts and their legacy {#former_postal_districts_and_their_legacy}
From 1923 until the introduction of the national postcode system in the late 1960s, Glasgow was divided into (mostly) numbered postal districts for its central and surrounding parts identified by compass-point letters: C1--C5 (corresponding to current postcode districts G1--G5), W1--W5 (G11--G15), NW (G20), N1--N3 (G21--G23), E1--E4 (G31--G34), SE (G40), S1--S6 (G41--G46) and SW1--SW3 (G51--G53)
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# Jason St Juste
**Jason Valentine St Juste** (born 21 September 1985 in Leeds) is a Kittitian footballer who plays for Selby Town. He previously played in the Football League for Darlington.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
St Juste started his career under the guidance of Simon Clifford at Garforth Town. He became a graduate of the Leeds Brazilian Soccer School\'s program and was spotted by Football League Two side Darlington, joining them early in the 2004--05 season.
He made his Darlington debut in November 2004, playing as a substitute for Adrian Webster in the 2--0 win away to Cheltenham Town. He made his second appearance for Darlington on 3 January 2005 as he played the full 90 minutes and helped the team to a 3--1 win over Macclesfield Town.
On 19 March 2005 St Juste made his seventh appearance for Darlington in an away match against Grimsby Town, scoring his first goal for the club. St Juste hit headlines by scooping a hat-trick of awards. He walked away with the young player of the season and both goal of the season awards for his goals against Grimsby Town and Bristol Rovers.
He was out of contract at the end of the 2004--05 season and was linked with Southampton who initially insisted that they did not want to sign him. However, he eventually signed for Southampton on a short-term contract in September 2005 following Simon Clifford\'s appointment as a coach at the club.
He failed to appear for Southampton and rejoined Garforth Town in November 2006. He left Garforth to join Sandnes Ulf in 2009.
In February 2011 St Juste signed on loan for non-league \'phoenix club\' Chester F.C. until the end of the season but his loan was cancelled at the end of March after he failed to make an impact whilst on loan.
He later joined FC Halifax Town in September 2011. Despite coming on from the bench in most games, Jason was able to score in two games for the Shaymen, at home to Blyth Spartans and away at Corby Town. In the 2012--13 season, St Juste started more games due to a groin injury to Scott McManus, but this meant playing in an unfamiliar left back position. St Juste had a very strong start to the season, including a goal against Chelmsford City in the FA Trophy Third Round, but a hernia meant that he would spend a month on the sidelines.
He joined Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C. on 5 September 2015.
In summer 2016 he joined Boston United. In summer 2017, he joined FC United of Manchester.
In September 2017 he moved to Trafford on dual registration terms.
## International career {#international_career}
In August 2014, St Juste was called up to represent Saint Kitts and Nevis for the first time during 2014 Caribbean Cup qualification
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# Kūkō Line (Fukuoka City Subway)
The `{{nihongo|'''Kūkō Line'''|空港線|Kūkō-sen|"Airport Line"}}`{=mediawiki} is a subway line, part of the Fukuoka City Subway system in Fukuoka, Japan. It connects Meinohama, Nishi Ward to Fukuokakūkō (Fukuoka Airport), Hakata Ward, all within Fukuoka. The line\'s color on maps is orange. Officially, the line is called `{{nihongo|'''Line 1 (Kūkō Line)'''|1号線(空港線)|Ichi-gō-sen (Kūkō-sen)}}`{=mediawiki}. The line has a through service with JR Chikuhi Line. Like other Fukuoka City Subway lines, stations are equipped with automatic platform gates, and trains are automatically operated by ATO system. However, JR train cars (from Chikuhi Line) are operated manually.
This is the only subway line in Japan that directly links to an airport. Although Toei Asakusa Line trains in Tokyo also serve airports (Narita and Haneda), those are not the stations of the Asakusa Line itself. Rather, they are the stations of suburban lines that the Asakusa Line has through services with.
The Kūkō Line goes through many important areas of the city, namely Nishijin, Tenjin, Hakata, and the airport.
## Station list {#station_list}
All stations are in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture.
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| No. | Station name | Japanese | Distance (km) | Transfers | Location |
+=========================================================================================================================================================+===================+==========+===============+===============================================================================================+==========+
| ↑ **Some through services to/from `{{STN|Nishi-Karatsu|x}}`{=mediawiki} via the `{{ric|JR Kyushu|Chikuhi|name=y}}`{=mediawiki} and the Karatsu Line** ↑ | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Meinohama | 姪浜 | 0 | Chikuhi Line (JK01) (through service) | Nishi |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Muromi | 室見 | 1.5 | | Sawara |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Fujisaki | 藤崎 | 2.3 | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Nishijin | 西新 | 3.4 | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Tōjinmachi | 唐人町 | 4.6 | | Chūō |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Ōhorikōen | 大濠公園 | 5.4 | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Akasaka | 赤坂 | 6.5 | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Tenjin | 天神 | 7.3 | (Tenjin-minami (N16))\ | |
| | | | | Tenjin-Ōmuta Line (Nishitetsu Fukuoka (Tenjin) ) | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Nakasu-Kawabata | 中洲川端 | 8.1 | (H01) (through service) | Hakata |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ↓ **Some through services to/from `{{STN|Kaizuka|x|Fukuoka}}`{=mediawiki} via the `{{ric|Fukuoka City Subway|h|name=y}}`{=mediawiki}** ↓ | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Gion | 祇園 | 9.1 | | Hakata |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Hakata | 博多 | 9.8 | Kyushu Shinkansen, Kagoshima Main Line, Sasaguri Line (Fukuhoku Yutaka Line)\ | |
| | | | | Hakata Minami Line, Sanyō Shinkansen `{{ric|Fukuoka City Subway|n|name=n}}`{=mediawiki} (N18) | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | Higashi-Hie | 東比恵 | 11.0 | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| | (Fukuoka Airport) | 福岡空港 | 13.1 | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
Through services to/from the Hakozaki Line do not continue onto the Chikuhi Line (and vice versa); they terminate at Meinohama Station instead.
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
### Fukuoka City Subway {#fukuoka_city_subway}
- 1000 series (since 1981)
- 2000 series (since 1992)
- 4000 series (since 2024)
<File:Fukuoka-Series1000_09.jpg%7CA> 1000 series set in December 2021 <File:Fukuoka-SeriesN2000_22.jpg%7CA> 2000 series set in December 2021 <File:Fukuoka_City_Subway_Series_4000_at_Meinohama_Station_(20241027_Opening_Day).jpg%7CA> 4000 series set in October 2024
### JR Kyushu {#jr_kyushu}
- 103-1500 series (since 1982)
- 303 series (since 2000)
- 305 series (since 2015)
A fleet of six new 305 series 6-car electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter trains was introduced on through services to and from the Chikuhi Line from February 2015.
<File:JR-Series103-1500-E12.jpg%7CA> 103-1500 series set in January 2019 <File:Series303-Chikuhi-Line.jpg%7CA> 303 series set in August 2017 <File:JR-Series305-W5
| 565 |
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| 0 |
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# Tayy
The **Tayy** (*طيء*/ALA-LC: *Ṭayyi'*; Musnad: 𐩷𐩺), also known as **Ṭayyi**, **Tayyaye**, or **Taiyaye**, are a large and ancient Arab tribe, among whose descendants today are the tribes of Bani Sakher and Shammar. The *nisba* (patronymic) of Tayy is *aṭ-Ṭāʾī* (*ٱلطَّائِي*). In the second century CE, they migrated to the northern Arabian ranges of the Shammar and Salma Mountains, which then collectively became known as the *Jabal Tayy*, and later *Jabal Shammar*. The latter continues to be the traditional homeland of the tribe until the present day. They later established relations with the Sasanian and Byzantine empires.
Though traditionally allied with the Sasanian client state of the Lakhmids, the Tayy supplanted them as the rulers of al-Hirah in the 610s. In the late sixth century, the Fasad War split the Tayy, with members of its Jadila branch converting to Christianity and migrating to Syria where they became allied with the Ghassanids, and the Ghawth branch remaining in Jabal Tayy. A chieftain and poet of the Al Ghawth, Hatim al-Ta\'i, is widely known among Arabs until today.
Adi ibn Hatim and another Tayy chieftain, Zayd al-Khayr, converted to Islam together with much of their tribe in 629--630, and became companions of the Prophet. The Tayy participated in several Muslim military campaigns after Muhammad\'s death, including in the Ridda Wars and the Muslim conquest of Persia. Al-Jadila in northern Syria remained Christian until the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 638.
The Tayy were split during the First Fitna, with those based in Arabia and Iraq supporting Ali as caliph and those in Syria supporting Mu\'awiya. The latter and his Umayyad kinsmen ultimately triumphed and members of the Tayy participated in the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in the early eighth century. Nonetheless, a branch of the Tayy under Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta\'i were among the leaders of the Abbasid Revolution which toppled the Umayyads in the mid-eighth century. The Tayy fared well under the Abbasid Caliphate, producing military officials and renowned poets such as Buhturi and Abu Tammam.
By the mid-9th century, Abbasid authority had eroded and the Tayy were left dominant in the southern Syrian Desert and Jabal Tayy. Under the Jarrahids, they established themselves in Palestine under Fatimid rule. As the virtually independent rulers of the area between Ramla and Jabal Tayy, they controlled the key routes between Egypt, Syria, Arabia and Iraq. They vacillated between the Fatimids and the Byzantines and then between the Seljuks and Crusaders until the late 12th and early 13th centuries, when the Tayy\'s various subbranches, chief among them the Al Fadl, were left as the last politically influential Arab tribe in the region extending from Najd northward to Upper Mesopotamia.
| 447 |
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# Tayy
## Genealogy
The Tayy\'s progenitor, according to early Arab genealogists, was Julhumah ibn Udad, who was known as \"Tayy\" or \"Tayyi\". The theory in some Arab tradition, as cited by 9th-century Muslim historian al-Tabari, holds that Julhumah\'s *laqab* (surname) of *Ṭayyiʾ* derived from the word *ṭawā*, which in Arabic means \"to plaster\". He received the name because he was said to have been \"the first to have plastered the walls of a well\", according to al-Tabari. Julhumah\'s ancestry was traced to Kahlan ibn Saba ibn Ya\'rub, great-grandson of Qahtan, the semi-legendary, common ancestor of the Arab tribes of southern Arabia. Julhumah was a direct descendant of Kahlan via Julhumah\'s father Zayd ibn Yashjub, who in turn was a direct descendant of \'Arib ibn Zayd ibn Kahlan.
### Branches
The two main branches of Tayy were Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadilah. The former was named after al-Ghawth, a son of Julhumah. The immediate offspring of al-Ghawth\'s son, \'Amr, were Thu\'al, Aswadan (commonly known as Nabhan), Hani, Bawlan and Salaman. The offspring of Thu\'al (Banu Thu\'al) and Aswadan (Banu Nabhan) became leading sub-branches of the Tayy in northern Arabia, while the offspring of Hani (Banu Hani) became a major sub-branch in southern Mesopotamia. According to traditional Arab genealogists, the Banu Thu\'al were the ancestors of the Banu Rabi\'ah of Syria, and in turn of the Al Fadl emirs.
The Al Jadilah\'s namesake was a woman of the Tayy named Jadilah, whose sons Hur and Jundub became the progenitors of Banu Hur and Banu Jundub, respectively. The latter produced the numerous Al al-Tha\'alib (Tha\'laba) subbranch, which itself produced the Banu La\'m, which became a leading sub-branch of Al Jadilah in northern Arabia. The Jarm (or Jurum) may have also been a branch of the Al al-Tha\'alib.
According to the 14th-century Arab historian and sociologist, Ibn Khaldun, the Tayy were among those Qahtanite tribes who lived in the hills and plains of Syria and Mesopotamia and intermarried with non-Arabs. Ibn Khaldun further stated that Tayyid tribesmen did \"not pay any attention to preserving the (purity of) lineage of their families and groups\". Thus the lineage of the Tayy\'s many subbranches was difficult for genealogists to accurately ascertain.
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# Tayy
## Pre-Islamic era {#pre_islamic_era}
### Migration to Jabal Tayy {#migration_to_jabal_tayy}
The Banu Tayy were originally based in Yemen, but migrated to northern Arabia in the late 2nd century CE, in the years following the dispersion of the Banu Azd from Yemen.
They largely lived among the north Arabian mountain ranges of Aja and Salma with Khaybar north of Medina as their most important oasis, and from there they would make incursions into Syria and Iraq during times of drought. Their concentration in Jabal Aja and Jabal Salma lent the mountain ranges their ancient, collective name \"Jabal Tayy\". Prior to the Tayy migration, the mountains had been the home of the Banu Assad, who lost some territory with the arrival of Tayyid tribesmen. However, the two tribes ultimately became allies in later centuries and intermarried. In ancient times, the two main branches of the Tayy were the Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadila. The tribesmen lived in different parts of the region, with those living among the mountains known as the \"al-Jabaliyyun\" (the Mountaineers), those on the plain (mostly from Al Jadila) known as \"as-Sahiliyyun\" (the Plainsmen) and those on the desert sands known as \"al-Ramliyyun\".
### Relations with Sassanids and Byzantines {#relations_with_sassanids_and_byzantines}
#### Fifth century {#fifth_century}
The Tayy were so widespread and influential throughout the Syrian Desert that Syriac authors from Mesopotamia used their name, *Taienos*, *Tayenoi*, *Taiyaya* or *Tayyaye* (*ܛܝܝܐ\]\]*), to describe Arab tribesmen in general in much the same way \"Saracenos\" was often used by authors from Byzantine Syria and Egypt as a generic term for Arabs. The Syriac word also entered into the language of the Sasanid Persians as *Tāzīg* (*tʾcy\'\]\]*)and later *Tâzī* (*تازی\]\]*), also meaning \"Arab\". For the Tayy specifically, the Syriac authors would use the word \"Tu\'aye\".
The Tayy were subjects of the Sassanid Persians. However, they were also counted as allies by the Byzantines\' chief Arab *foederati* in the early to mid-5th century, the Salihids. The Tayy are mentioned in the late 5th century as having raided numerous villages in the plains and mountains of the Syrian Desert, including parts of Byzantine territory. This prompted the Byzantine army to mobilize its Arab clients at the desert frontiers with Sassanid-held Mesopotamia to confront the Tayy. The Byzantines demanded restitution from the Tayy, but the Sassanid general Qardag Nakoragan instead opened negotiations that called for the Byzantines\' Arab clients to restore livestock and captives taken from Sassanid territory in previous years in return for compensation from the Tayy. The negotiations succeeded, and moreover, the Sassanids and Byzantines delineated their borders to prevent future raiding between their respective Arab clients. However, to the embarrassment of the Sassanids and the outrage of the Byzantines, four hundred Tayyid tribesmen raided several minor villages in Byzantine territory while representatives of the two sides were meeting in Nisibis. Despite this violation of the bilateral agreement, the Sassanid-Byzantine peace held.
#### Sixth century {#sixth_century}
Throughout the 6th century, the Tayy continued their relations with the Sassanids and their chief Arab clients, the Lakhmids of Mesopotamia. Towards the end of the 6th century, a Tayyid chief named Hassan assisted the Sassanid king Khosrow II when the latter fled from his usurper, Bahram Chobin, by giving Khosrow a horse. A few years later, the Lakhmid governor of al-Hirah, al-Nu\'man III fell out with Khosrow II, who had been restored to the Sassanid throne, and sought safety with the Tayy. The tribe refused to grant refuge to al-Nu\'man, who was married to two Tayyid women, and he was ultimately killed by the Sassanids in 602. A Tayyid chief, Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta\'i, subsequently migrated to al-Hirah with some of his tribesmen and became its governor, ruling from 602 to 611 CE. The Banu Bakr ibn Wa\'il tribe opposed the rule of Iyas and began raiding Sassanid territory in southern Mesopotamia. In response, Iyas commanded pro-Sassanid Arab and Persian troops against the Banu Bakr at the Battle of Dhi Qar in 609, in which the Sassanids were defeated.
According to historian Irfan Shahid, evidence suggests clans of the Tayy moved into Byzantine-held Syria beginning in the 6th century. By then, the Ghassanids had largely supplanted the Salihids as the Byzantines\' main foederati, and the Salihids began living alongside the Tayy in the region of Kufa. In the late 6th century, the Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadila fought against each other in the 25-year-long Fasad War (*harb al-Fasad*) in northern Arabia. Numerous atrocities were committed by both factions and the war resulted in the migration of several Jadila clans from the north Arabian plains to Syria, while the Al Al-Ghawth remained in Jabal Aja and Jabal Salma. The Jadila tribesmen founded a *hadir* (military encampment) near Qinnasrin (Chalcis) called \"Hadir Tayyi\" after the tribe. The Ghassanid king al-Harith ibn Jabalah brokered a peace between the Tayy factions, ending the Fasad War. Afterward, the Tayy\'s relations with the Ghassanids, which had previously been checkered, were much improved. The Al Jadila converted to Christianity, the religion adopted decades earlier by the Ghassanids. Some other clans of the Banu Tayy remained pagan, worshiping the deities of Ruda and al-Fils. Those who converted to Christianity apparently embraced their new faith zealously and produced two well-known priests, named in Syriac sources as Abraham and Daniel.
Sometime during the 6th century, the Tayy and the Asad formed a confederation, which was later joined by the Banu Ghatafan as well. The alliance collapsed when Asad and Ghatafan assaulted both the Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadilah and drove them out of their territories in Jabal Tayy. However, one of the leaders of the Asad, Dhu al-Khimarayn Awf al-Jadhami defected from the Ghatafan soon after and reestablished the alliance with the Tayy. Together, they campaigned against Ghatafan and restored their territories in Jabal Tayy.
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# Tayy
## Islamic era {#islamic_era}
### Prophet Muhammad\'s days {#prophet_muhammads_days}
The Tayy\'s initial reaction to the emergence of Islam in Arabia was varied, with some embracing the new faith and others resistant. The Tayyid clans of Jabal Tayy, all of whom lived within close proximity of each other, had maintained close relationships with the inhabitants and tribes of Mecca and Medina, the setting of Islam\'s birth. Among their contacts in Mecca were tribesmen from the Quraysh, the tribe of the Islamic prophet and leader, Muhammad. There was a degree of intermarriage between the Tayy and Quraysh. The Tayy also had a level of interaction with the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir, with the father of one of its leading members and enemy of the early Muslims, Ka\'b ibn al-Ashraf (died 624), being from Tayy. In the first years of Muhammad\'s mission, individual members of certain Tayyid clans converted to Islam. Among these early converts were Suwayd ibn Makhshi who fought against the pagan Arabs of Mecca, including two of his kinsmen, in the Battle of Badr in 624 CE; Walid ibn Zuhayr who served as a guide for the Muslims in their expedition against the Banu Asad in Qatan in 625; and Rafi\' ibn Abi Rafi\' who fought under Muslim commander Amr ibn al-As in the Battle of Chains in October 629.
In 630, Muhammad dispatched his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib on an expedition to destroy the Tayy\'s principal idol, al-Fils, in Jabal Aja. As a result of the expedition, the Tayy\'s Kufa-based Christian chieftain, Adi ibn Hatim, who belonged to the Banu Thu\'ayl branch of Al al-Ghawth, fled to Syria with some of his tribesmen to join other Tayyid clans, but his sister was captured. The Tayyid clans that remained in Jabal Tayy, including Banu Ma\'n, Banu Aja, Banu Juwayn and Banu Mu\'awiya, converted to Islam. Meanwhile, Adi\'s sister beckoned Muhammad to release her, which he did after learning that her father was Hatim ibn Abdullah. Out of respect for the latter\'s honorable reputation, Muhammad gave her good clothes and money and had her escorted to her family in Syria. Impressed by Muhammad\'s treatment of his sister, Adi met Muhammad and converted to Islam, along with most of his kinsmen. In 630--31, a delegation of fifteen Tayyid chiefs led by Zayd al-Khayl, who belonged to the Banu Nabhan clan of the Al al-Ghawth, converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to Muhammad. The latter was uniquely impressed by Zayd, who died a year later. Thus by the time of Muhammad\'s death, the Arabia-based clans of the Al Jadilah and Al al-Ghawth had become Muslims. In doing so, they firmly broke away from their long-time alliance with the Banu Assad and Banu Ghatafan.
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# Tayy
## Islamic era {#islamic_era}
### Ridda Wars {#ridda_wars}
Following Muhammad\'s death in 632, several Arab tribes rebelled against his Rashidun successor, Caliph Abu Bakr, switching their allegiance to Tulayha of the Banu Asad. The Tayy\'s allegiance during the ensuing Ridda Wars is a \"widely disputed matter\", according to historian Ella Landau-Tasseron. Some Muslim traditions claim all of the Tayy remained committed to Islam, while Sayf ibn Umar\'s tradition holds they all defected. Landau-Tasseron asserts that neither extreme is correct, with some Tayy leaders, foremost among them Adi ibn Hatim, fighting on the Muslim side and others joining the rebels. However, Tayyid rebels did not engage in direct conflict with the Muslims.
Muhammad had appointed Adi to collect *sadaqa* (tribute) from the Tayy and Banu Asad. After Muhammad\'s death and the resulting chaos among the Muslims and the belief that Islam would imminently collapse, those among the Tayy who had paid their *sadaqa* (in this case, 300 camels) to Adi demanded the return of their camels or they would rebel. Adi either advised them to abandon this demand because Islam would survive Muhammad\'s death and they would be viewed as traitors or threatened to fight against them if they revolted. After this encounter, the accounts of contemporary and early Muslim historians vary. It is clear, that Adi played an integral role in preventing much of the rebellious clans of Tayy from actually fighting the Muslims and preventing the Muslims from attacking the Tayy. When he heard news of Abu Bakr\'s dispatch of a Muslim army against the Tayy in Syria, he sought to stop their march by smuggling the contested 300 camels to Abu Bakr, making the Tayy the first tribe to pay the *sadaqa*, an action that was widely lauded by Muhammad\'s companions.
It is apparent that Adi\'s traditional rivals within the Tayy from the Banu Nabhan (led by Zayd\'s son Muhalhil) and Banu La\'m (led by Thumama ibn Aws), or at least some of their members, joined Tulayha in Buzakha (in northern Najd), while their other members also defected but remained in Jabal Tayy. Adi persuaded the latter to return to Islam, which they agreed to. However, they refused to abandon their tribesmen in Buzakha, fearing Tulayha would hold them hostage if he discovered they joined the Muslims. Thus, Adi and the Muslim Tayyids devised a strategy to lure the Tayy in Tulayha\'s camp to return to Jabal Tayy by issuing a false claim that the Muslims were attacking them. When the apostate Tayyids reached their tribesmen in Jabal Tayy, far from Tulayha\'s reach, they discovered the false alarm and were persuaded to rejoin Islam. With this, the entirety of the Al al-Ghawth had returned to the Muslim side. However, the Al Jadila remained in revolt and the Muslim commander Khalid ibn al-Walid was set to move against them. He was stopped by the intercession of Adi, who was able secure the Al Jadila\'s allegiance through diplomacy.
The consensus in all Muslim traditions is that the Tayy of Arabia was firmly on the Muslims\' side by the time of the Battle of Buzakha in September 632. The Tayy supposedly were given their own banner in the Muslim army, per their request, which was a testament to their influence since only the Ansar (core of the Muslim force) had their own banner. At the Battle of Buzakha against Tulayha, Adi and Muknif ibn Zayd, who unlike Zayd\'s other son Muhalhil had fought alongside the Muslims from the start, commanded the right and left wings of the Muslim army. The \"Tayyaye d-Mhmt\" were reported by Thomas the Presbyter as fighting with Romans 12 miles east of Gaza in 634.
### Rashidun conquests {#rashidun_conquests}
During the Battle of the Bridge against the Sassanids in 634, another of Zayd\'s sons, Urwah, participated and was said by al-Baladhuri to have \"fought so fiercely that his action was estimated to be equivalent to be that of a whole group of men\". During the battle, Christian Tayy tribesmen on the Sassanid side defected to the Muslim army, preventing an imminent Muslim rout. Among those who defected were the poet Abu Zubayd at-Ta\'i. Urwah later fought at the Battle of al-Qadisiyah and died fighting the Daylamites. The Al Jadila tribesmen based in Qinnasrin did not join their Arabian counterparts and fought alongside the Byzantines during the Muslim conquest of Syria. The Muslim general Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah encountered them in their *hadir* in 638, after which many agreed to convert to Islam, though a large section remained Christian and agreed to pay *jizya* (poll tax). Most of the Christian tribesmen became Muslims in the few years after, with few exceptions.
### Umayyad period {#umayyad_period}
In the first Muslim civil war, the Tayy under Adi were strong supporters of Ali against the Umayyads. They fought alongside him at the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffin in 656 and 657, respectively. During the latter battle, a chief of the tribe, Sa\'id ibn Ubayd at-Ta\'i, was slain. Unlike the Tayy of Arabia, the Tayy in Syria led by Habis ibn Sa\'d at-Ta\'i aligned with the Umayyads, who assigned Habis as the commander of Jund Hims. In a confrontation between the two sides in Iraq, Habis was killed. Habis was the maternal uncle of Adi\'s son, Zayd, and the latter was angered by his slaying, prompting him to seek out and kill the Ali loyalist, a member of the Banu Bakr, responsible for Habis\'s death. Zayd\'s act was sharply condemned by Adi who threatened to hand him over to Ali, prompting Zayd to defect to the Umayyads. Afterward, Adi smoothed over the consequent tension with Ali\'s camp by reaffirming his loyalty. The Umayyads ultimately triumphed and established a caliphate that had reached the Indian Subcontinent by the early 8th century. A Tayyid commander named al-Qasim ibn Tha\'laba ibn Abdullah ibn Hasn played an instrumental role in the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 by killing the country\'s Hindu king Raja Dahir in battle.
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# Tayy
## Islamic era {#islamic_era}
### Abbasid period {#abbasid_period}
The Abbasids contested leadership of the caliphate and overtook the Umayyads in what became known as the Abbasid Revolution in the mid-8th century. The leader of the Abbasid movement in Khurasan in northeastern Persia was a member of the Tayy, Qahtaba ibn Shabib. The tribe fared well during Abbasid rule. A prominent *akhbari* (transmitter of hadith) in the early 9th century was a Tayyid named al-Haytham ibn Adi (died 822). Two major poets from the Tayy also emerged in the 9th century: Abu Tammam and al-Buhturi. The former, who authored the *Hamasah* anthology, may not have been an actual member of the tribe, but had adopted the tribe as his own.
Abbasid authority in Syria and Iraq eroded considerably after the beginning of the \"Anarchy at Samarra\" in 861, which left the vast expanse of the Syrian and Arabian deserts without governmental oversight. During this period, the Tayy dominated the southern part of the Syrian Desert, the Banu Kilab dominated the northern part and the Banu Kalb dominated central Syria. The latter tribe, whose presence in the region had preceded the Muslim conquest and the migration of the Tayy and Kilab, was largely sedentarized, while the Tayy and Kilab, being relative newcomers to the region, were still highly mobile nomadic groups. According to Kamal Salibi, the Tayy\'s \"chief military asset, in fact, was their Bedouin swiftness of movement\". Moreover, the durable connections the Tayy of Syria maintained with their north Arabian counterparts in Jabal Tayy made them virtually independent and prone to revolt against the various Muslim states in Syria and Iraq.
The Tayy made their abode in Transjordan and the Bilad al-Sharat mountains between Transjordan and the Hejaz. Here they first received attention in 883 when they launched a revolt that spanned southern Syria and the northern Hejaz. The Tayy\'s revolt prevented the passage of the annual Hajj caravan from Damascus to Mecca until it was quashed by the Tulunid ruler Khumarawayh (884--896) in 885. For the remainder of Khumarawayh\'s reign, the Tayy remained suppressed, possibly due to the help of older-established Arab tribes like the Judham and Lakhm. However, law and order once again broke down during the reigns of Khumarawayh\'s successors Jaysh and Harun between 896 and 904. This coincided with the rising strength of the anarchist Qarmatian movement in eastern Arabia and southern Iraq. The Tayy associated themselves with the Qarmatians to establish their dominance of southern Syria; with likely Qarmatian encouragement, the Tayy launched a revolt between Syria and the Hejaz in 898, during which they plundered caravans and disrupted lines of communication.
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# Tayy
## Islamic era {#islamic_era}
### Fatimid period {#fatimid_period}
When the Qarmatians attacked Ikhshidid-controlled Palestine in 968, the leading Tayyid clan of Jarrah came with them and firmly established themselves in the country. However, under the Jarrahid chieftains, the Tayy assisted the Fatimids, who conquered the Ikhshidids, against the Qarmatians in 971 and 977. During the latter occasion, the Jarrahid chieftain Mufarrij ibn Daghfal captured the pro-Qarmatian rebel, Alptakin, and handed him over to the Fatimids in exchange for a large reward. In return for his support, Mufarrij was appointed by the Fatimids as the governor of Ramla, the traditional Muslim capital of Palestine. Mufarrij was also the preeminent chieftain of the Banu Tayy tribe as a whole, giving him authority over his Bedouin and peasant kinsmen in an area extending from the coast of Palestine eastward through Balqa and to the Tayy\'s traditional homeland in northern Arabia. While his Fatimid assignment gave him prestige, Mufarrij\'s tribal authority was the source of his independent power. The Tayyid-dominated region was the location of the overland routes connecting Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Arabia. This gave Mufarrij significant leverage with the Fatimids, who thus could not afford alienating him and risk him switching allegiance to the Fatimids\' rivals in Iraq, the Buwayhids.
In 981--82, relations between the Jarrahids and the Fatimids collapsed and the former were driven out of Palestine. They sacked a Hajj pilgrim caravan later in 982, then annihilated a Fatimid army at Ayla, before being defeated and forced to flee north toward Homs. Between then and Mufarrij\'s death in 1013, the Tayy switched allegiance between the various regional powers, including the Fatimids, Byzantines, and the Hamdanids\' Turkish governor of Homs, Bakjur. By the time of Mufarrij\'s death, the Jarrahids had restored their dominant position in Palestine. Mufarrij\'s son, Hassan, maintained relations with the Fatimids under Caliph al-Hakim, but when the latter disappeared, Hassan\'s relations with his successor deteriorated.
In 1021, the Banu Nabhan led by Hamad ibn Uday besieged the Khurasani pilgrim caravan in Fayd near Jabal Tayy despite being paid off by the Khurasani sultan, Mahmud of Ghazni. During this period, in 1025, the Tayy made an agreement with the Kilab and the Kalb, whereby Hassan ibn Mufarrij of Tayy ruled Palestine, Sinan ibn Sulayman of the Kalb ruled Damascus and Salih ibn Mirdas of the Kilab ruled Aleppo. Together, they defeated a Fatimid punitive expedition sent by Caliph az-Zahir at Ascalon, and Hassan conquered al-Ramla. The alliance fell apart when the Kalb defected to the Fatimids, who decisively defeated the Tayy and Kilab near Lake Tiberias in 1029, prompting Hassan and his tribesmen to flee northward.
The Tayy established an alliance with the Byzantines and upon the latter\'s invitation, the 20,000-strong Tayy of Syria relocated their encampments from the vicinity of Palmyra to the al-Ruj plain, near Byzantine-held Antioch, in 1031. The Tayy continued to fight alongside the Byzantines under Hassan and his son Allaf, protecting Edessa from Numayrid and Marwanid advances in 1036. In 1041, the Jarrahids regained control of Palestine, but the Fatimids continued to go to war against them. The Jarrahids continued to disrupt Fatimid rule until the Fatimids were driven out of Syria and Palestine in 1071.
| 534 |
Tayy
| 6 |
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# Tayy
## Islamic era {#islamic_era}
### Later Islamic era {#later_islamic_era}
With the end of the Fatimid era in Syria and Palestine, descendants of Mufarrij entered the service of the Muslim states of the region, first with the cadet branches of the Seljuk Empire, beginning with the Burids of Damascus, then their Zengid successors, who came to rule all of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. At times, the Tayy fought alongside the Crusaders, who had conquered the Syrian coastal regions, including Palestine, in 1098--1100. By the end of the 11th century, the Banu Rabi\'ah branch of the Tayy (direct descendants of Mufarrij) and the Mazyadid branch of the Banu Assad were the last influential Arab tribes in Syria and Iraq, with the rest having \"disappeared from the political map\", according to historian Mustafa A. Hiyari.
The tribal distribution in the Syrian and north Arabian deserts had significantly changed by the late 12th century as a result of the decline of several major tribes, the expansion of others, namely the Tayy, and the gradual assimilation of substantial Bedouin population with the settled inhabitants. The Tayy were left as the predominant tribe of the entire Syrian steppe, Upper Mesopotamia, Najd and the northern Hejaz. The Tayy divisions and their respective territories at the time were as follows: The Al Fadl of Banu Rabi\'ah controlled the regions of Homs and Hama eastward to Qal\'at Ja\'bar at the Euphrates Valley and southward along the valley through Basra and ultimately to the al-Washm region of central Najd; the Al Mira of Banu Rabi\'ah controlled the Golan Heights and the area southward to the al-Harrah field north of Mecca; the Al Ali branch of the Al Fadl controlled the Ghouta region around Damascus and southeastward to Tayma and al-Jawf in northern Najd; the Shammar and Banu Lam controlled Jabal Aja and Jabal Salma; the Ghuzayya held territories within parts of Syria, the Hejaz and Iraq that were controlled by the Banu Rabi\'ah. In Lower Egypt, the Sunbis branch of the Tayy lived in the Buhayrah district, while the Tha\'laba branch inhabited the area stretching from Egypt\'s Mediterranean coast northeastward to al-Kharruba in the western Galilee. The Tha\'laba were particularly influential in the al-Sharqiyah district in the Nile Delta. The Banu Jarm, who inhabited the area stretching from Gaza to the northern coastline of Palestine, were also a Tayyid tribe according to some sources, while others consider them to be from the Quda\'a tribe.
During Mamluk rule, the Bedouin of Syria were used as auxiliaries in the Mamluks\' wars with the Mongols based in Iraq and Anatolia. In central and northern Syria, the Bedouin came under the authority of the Al Fadl emirs in their capacity as the hereditary officeholders of the *amir al-ʿarab* (commander of the Bedouin) post, beginning with Emir Isa ibn Muhanna (r. 1260--1284). The Al Mira emirs held a similar, but lower-ranking office, in southern Syria, and its preeminent emir was known as *malik al-ʿarab* (king of the Bedouin). In al-Sharqiyah, the Tha\'laba, whose encampments were close to the Mamluk seat of government, were tasked with maintaining and protecting the *barid* (postal route) in their district and were occasionally appointed to government posts. The Tayy in Syria and Egypt were both required to supply Arabian horses to the Mamluks for use in the army and *barid*. Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad had a special affinity for the Bedouin and maintained strong relations with the tribes of Syria and Egypt. However, following his death, the state\'s relations with the Bedouin deteriorated. The Tha\'laba left their semi-permanent camp in al-Sharqiya to maraud across the country and joined the revolt of the al-A\'id tribe in the mid-14th century
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| 7 |
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# Secondary crater
**Secondary craters** are impact craters formed by the ejecta that was thrown out of a larger crater. They sometimes form radial crater chains. In addition, secondary craters are often seen as clusters or rays surrounding primary craters. The study of secondary craters exploded around the mid-twentieth century when researchers studying surface craters to predict the age of planetary bodies realized that secondary craters contaminated the crater statistics of a body\'s crater count.
## Formation
When a velocity-driven extraterrestrial object impacts a relatively stationary body, an impact crater forms. Initial crater(s) to form from the collision are known as primary craters or impact craters. Material expelled from primary craters may form secondary craters (secondaries) under a few conditions:
1. Primary craters must already be present.
2. The gravitational acceleration of the extraterrestrial body must be great enough to drive the ejected material back toward the surface.
3. The velocity by which the ejected material returns toward the body\'s surface must be large enough to form a crater.
If ejected material is within an atmosphere, such as on Earth, Venus, or Titan, then it is more difficult to retain high enough velocity to create secondary impacts. Likewise, bodies with higher resurfacing rates, such as Io, also do not record surface cratering.
### Self-secondary crater {#self_secondary_crater}
Self-secondary craters are a those that form from ejected material of a primary crater but that are ejected at such an angle that the ejected material makes an impact within the primary crater itself. Self-secondary craters have caused much controversy with scientists who excavate cratered surfaces with the intent to identify its age based on the composition and melt material. An observed feature on Tycho has been interpreted to be a self-secondary crater morphology known as palimpsests.
## Appearance
Secondary craters are formed around primary craters. When a primary crater forms following a surface impact, the shock waves from the impact will cause the surface area around the impact circle to stress, forming a circular outer ridge around the impact circle. Ejecta from this initial impact is thrust upward out of the impact circle at an angle toward the surrounding area of the impact ridge. This ejecta blanket, or broad area of impacts from the ejected material, surrounds the crater.
### Chains and clusters {#chains_and_clusters}
Secondary craters may appear as small-scaled singular craters similar to a primary crater with a smaller radius, or as chains and clusters. A secondary crater chain is simply a row or chain of secondary craters lined adjacent to one another. Likewise, a cluster is a population of secondaries near to one another.
ESP 017244 2050secondarycraters.jpg\|Group of secondary craters on Mars, as seen by HiRISE
| 445 |
Secondary crater
| 0 |
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# Secondary crater
## Distinguishing factors of primary and secondary craters {#distinguishing_factors_of_primary_and_secondary_craters}
### Impact energy {#impact_energy}
Primary craters form from high-velocity impacts whose foundational shock waves must exceed the speed of sound in the target material. Secondary craters occur at lower impact velocities. However, they must still occur at high enough speeds to deliver stress to the target body and produce strain results that exceed the limits of elasticity, that is, secondary projectiles must break the surface.
It can be increasing difficult to distinguish primary craters from secondaries craters when the projectile fractures and breaks apart prior to impact. This depends on conditions in the atmosphere, coupled with projectile velocity and composition. For instance, a projectile that strikes the moon will probably hit intact; whereas if it strikes the earth, it will be slowed and heated by atmospheric entry, possibly breaking up. In that case, the smaller chunks, now separated from the large impacting body, may impact the surface of the planet in the region outside the primary crater, which is where many secondary craters appear following primary surface impact.
### Impact angle {#impact_angle}
For primary impacts, based on geometry, the most probable impact angle is 45° between two objects, and the distribution falls off rapidly outside of the range 30° -- 60°. It is observed that impact angle has little effect on the shape of primary craters, except in the case of low angle impacts, where the resulting crater shape becomes less circular and more elliptical. The primary impact angle is much more influential on the morphology (shape) of secondary impacts. Experiments conducted from lunar craters suggests that the ejection angle is at its highest for the early-stage ejecta, that which is ejected from the primary impact at its earliest moments, and that the ejection angle decreases with time for the late-stage ejecta. For example, a primary impact that is vertical to the body surface may produce early-stage ejection angles of 60°-70°, and late-stage ejection angles that have decreases to nearly 30°.
### Target type {#target_type}
Mechanical properties of a target\'s regolith (existing loose rocks) will influence the angle and velocity of ejecta from primary impacts. Research using simulations has been conducted that suggest that a target body\'s regolith decreases the velocity of ejecta. Secondary crater sizes and morphology also are affected by the distribution of rock sizes in the regolith of the target body.
### Projectile type {#projectile_type}
The calculation of depth of secondary crater can be formulated based on the target body\'s density. Studies of the Nördlinger Ries in Germany and of ejecta blocks circling lunar and martian crater rims suggest that ejecta fragments having a similar density would likely express the same depth of penetration, as opposed to ejecta of differing densities creating impacts of varying depths, such as primary impactors, i.e. comets and asteroids.
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| 1 |
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# Secondary crater
## Distinguishing factors of primary and secondary craters {#distinguishing_factors_of_primary_and_secondary_craters}
### Size and Morphology {#size_and_morphology}
Secondary crater size is dictated by the size of its parent primary crater. Primary craters can vary from microscopic to thousands of kilometers wide. The morphology of primary craters ranges from bowl-shaped to large, wide basins, where multi-ringed structures are observed. Two factors dominate the morphologies of these craters: material strength and gravity. The bowl-shaped morphology suggests that the topography is supported by the strength of the material, while the topography of the basin-shaped craters is overcome by gravitational forces and collapses toward flatness. The morphology, and size, of secondary craters is limited. Secondary craters exhibit a maximum diameter of \< 5% of its parent primary crater. The size of a secondary crater is also dependent on its distance from its primary. The morphology of secondaries is simple but distinctive. Secondaries that form closer to their primaries appear more elliptical with shallower depths. These may form rays or crater chains. The more distant secondaries appear similar in circularity to their parent primaries, but these are often seen in an array of clusters.
## Age constraints due to secondary craters {#age_constraints_due_to_secondary_craters}
Scientists have long been collecting data surrounding impact craters from the observation that craters are present all throughout the span of the Solar System.
Most notably, impact craters are studied for the purposes of estimating ages, both relative and absolute, of planetary surfaces. Dating terrains on planets from the according to density of craters has developed into a thorough technique, however 3 key assumptions control it:
1. craters exist as independently, contingent occurrences.
2. size frequency distribution (SFD) of primary craters is known.
3. cratering rate relative to time is known.
Photographs taken from notable lunar and martian missions have provided scientists the ability to count and log the number of observed craters on each body. These crater count databases are further sorted according to each craters size, depth, morphology, and location. The observations and characteristics of both primaries and secondaries are used in distinguishing impact craters within small crater cluster, which are characterized as clusters of craters with a diameter ≤1 km. Unfortunately, age research stemming from these crater databases is restrained due to the pollution of secondary craters. Scientists are finding it difficult to sort out all the secondary craters from the count, as they present false assurance of statistical vigor. Contamination by secondaries is often misused to calculate age constraints due to the erroneous attempts of using small craters to date small surface areas.
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# Secondary crater
## Occurrence
Secondary craters are common on rocky bodies in the Solar System with no or thin atmospheres, such as the Moon and Mars, but rare on objects with thick atmospheres such as Earth or Venus. However, in a study published in the Geological Society of America Bulletin the authors describe a field of secondary impact craters they believe was formed by the material ejected from a larger, primary meteor impact around 280 million years ago. The location of the primary crater is believed to be somewhere between Goshen and Laramie counties in Wyoming and Banner, Cheyenne, and Kimball counties in Nebraska
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# King Faisal Foundation
The **King Faisal Foundation** (*مؤسسة الملك فيصل الخيرية*; ***KFF***), is an international philanthropic organization established in 1976 with the intent of preserving and perpetuating King Faisal bin Abdulaziz\'s legacy. The foundation was set up by the sons of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. It is one of the largest charities in the world.
## Programs and centers {#programs_and_centers}
### King Faisal International Prize {#king_faisal_international_prize}
The foundation presents an annual prize, King Faisal International Prize, to \"dedicated men and women whose contributions make a positive difference\" in several fields. Each of the five annual prizes consist of a certificate hand-written in Diwani calligraphy summarizing the laureate\'s work; a 24 carat 200 gram gold medal---uniquely cast for each winner; and a cash prize of SR 750,000 (US\$200,000). The prizes are awarded at a ceremony in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by the king of Saudi Arabia. The first King Faisal International Prize was awarded to the Pakistani scholar Abul A\'la Maududi in the year 1979 for his service to Islam.
### King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies {#king_faisal_center_for_research_and_islamic_studies}
The King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (KFCRIS) was established in 1983. The center is dedicated to serving Islamic civilization, supporting academic research, and encouraging cultural and scientific activities in a number of fields. The center\'s library holds more than 200,000 titles in Arabic and European languages, in addition to 5,000 periodicals and approximately 30,000 university theses. The center hosts one of the most significant collections of Islamic manuscripts in the world, with no fewer than 28,500 manuscripts and some 180,000 microfilms. The majority of microfilms have been obtained through agreements with the Bibliothèque nationale of Paris, the Library of Congress, the British Library and other major manuscript-holding institutions.
### Other programs {#other_programs}
KFF established the King Faisal International School (KFS), an elementary school, in 1991 that operates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In 2008, the KFF founded Alfaisal University, a university located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The KFF founded Effat University, a university for women located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Effat University is considered the first private woman college in Saudi Arabia.
The KFF has run a Painting and Patronage initiative since 1999
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# Surtningssue
**Surtningssue** or **Surtningssui** is a mountain on the border of Vågå Municipality and Lom Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2368 m tall mountain is the seventh-highest mountain in Norway. It is located in the Jotunheimen mountains within Jotunheimen National Park. The mountain sits about 11 km southeast of the village of Fossbergom and about 14 km southwest of the village of Vågåmo. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Veotinden, Styggehøbretindan, and Blåbreahøe to the north; Surtningssuoksle to the northeast; Besshø and Gloptinden to the southeast; Reinstinden, Raudhamran, and Hinnotefjellet to the southwest; Store Hellstugutinden, Nestsøre Hellstugutinden, and Søre Hellstugutinden to the west; and Austre Memurutinden and Store Memurutinden to the northwest.
Surtningssue has several distinct peaks, of which Store Surtningssue is the highest. The river Muru runs through the valley on the southwestern side of the mountain. Surtningssue is most easily reached from the cabin Memurubu, along the northern shore of the lake Gjendin.
## Name
The first element is the genitive of a word *\*surtning* which means \'the black one\'. The last element is the finite form of *su* which means \'sow\' - thus \'the black sow\'. (It is common in Norway to compare the shape of mountains with animals
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| 0 |
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# First Blood Last Cuts
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{{album chart|UK2|69|date=19931031|rowheader=true|access-date=October 1, 2023}}
^
``
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# Pikes Peak Center for the Performing Arts
The **Pikes Peak Center for the Performing Arts** (known commonly as **Pikes Peak Center**) is a concert auditorium in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It serves as an entertainment, cultural, educational, and assembly center for the citizens of El Paso County, the Pikes Peak region, and the surrounding area.
## History
Built by the citizens of El Paso County in 1982 to serve as a regional entertainment and cultural center, the Pikes Peak Center\'s downtown Colorado Springs location was a piece of the economic rejuvenation action plan for the innercity business quarter.
It opened October 15, 1982 with the Colorado Springs Symphony Orchestra, now known as the Colorado Springs Philharmonic Orchestra. The Pikes Peak Center has since achieved international approval for its design and acoustical attributes, and artists and critics have spoken highly in their compliments of the Center. More than 200 concerts are hosted by The Center each year. The proprietor of the Center is El Paso County, and it is operated alongside the Broadmoor World Arena.
## Seating
The concert hall features seating throughout the orchestra, loge, mezzanine and balcony sections. There are side box seats at the mezzanine and balcony levels, seat towers can be positioned on stage, and additional seats can be placed on the lift. At maximum, there are 1,171 seats on the main floor (Orchestra & Loge), 290 seats on the mezzanine level, and 528 seats on the balcony level.
## Acoustics
The Pikes Peak Center\'s El Pomar Great Hall was designed by Russell Johnson\'s firm, Artec Consultants Inc, a theatre consulting and acoustics firm (also responsible for the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center\'s Eugene McDermott Concert Hall), and has several different acoustic control features. In addition to on-stage curtains, there are retractable banners along the side walls of the hall that can be lowered to absorb sound and curtains on the rear wall of each seating level. The banners are lowered for events utilizing the sound system, and retracted for symphonic and choral events. The loudspeaker bridge above the proscenium can be set at one level for events using the sound system and be retracted when its use is not required. The acoustic canopy above the Orchestra platform can be lifted from a position where it can be maintained from the floor to a position immediately below the room\'s ceiling. The canopy is positioned to reflect sound to the Orchestra and Loge seats when a smaller audience is anticipated, or raised for full sound dispersion when a large audience is anticipated. The on stage sound reflecting towers containing audience seating are positioned around the stage for symphony and choral performances. The seating towers and the stair towers for audience access/egress are moved on airbearings. The upper part of the stage house is separated from the performance space during symphony and choral performances by four ceiling panels over the stage that can be raised, lowered, or tilted vertically to change the acoustics of the hall.
## Equipment loading and transport {#equipment_loading_and_transport}
Next to stage left are the loading docks which can accept two tractor-trailers simultaneously. Loading is done through two detached 12-foot-wide 10-foot-high (3.7 m × 3.0 m) overhead doors. Cargo then turns 90 degrees to the right to go to the stage. An 8-foot-wide, 8-foot-high, 12-foot-deep (2.4 m × 2.4 m × 3.7 m) freight elevator is positioned in the delivery area. The elevator provides access to the basement levels for transportation of equipment into the orchestra pit area and the choir dressing rooms.
## Stage
The proscenium has a maximum opening of 81 by 40 feet (25 m × 12 m), but can be reduced to 34 by 16 feet (10 m × 5 m) with black velour masking. There is a 6-foot-deep (1.8 m) apron. And the working depth of the stage is 52 ft from the plaster line. The stage is 116 ft wide. The floor of the stage is maple over plywood, over two layers of sleepers, over neoprene blocks. The floor has wonderful resiliency for ballet and other dance mediums. Any kind of nailing or screwing into the floor is forbidden. The frontmost part of the stage consists of two screw jack lifts that can be raised to the level of the stage, arranged as a part of a two-tier stage setup, positioned at audience floor level, or lowered to create an orchestra pit. These orchestra pit/fore-stage lifts can also be lowered to the basement where audience seating can be positioned on the lifts. The audience seating is located on seating wagons, two of which travel on fixed rubber tire wheels from their storage level onto one of the lifts. The other four seating wagons travel on air bearings which float the wagons like a hovercraft onto downstage most orchestra pit/fore-stage lift. Orchestra player chairs and stands can also be transported to stage level via these lifts. The stage\'s maximum load is 160 pounds per square foot (780 kg/m^2^).
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# Pikes Peak Center for the Performing Arts
## Dressing rooms {#dressing_rooms}
Directly behind the stage are six individual dressing rooms, each with its own make up station, toilet, sink and shower. The basement level contains two choir dressing rooms. Dressing room \"A\", with 2000 sqft, is equipped with 24 makeup stations, and dressing room \"B\", with 1800 sqft, is equipped with 31 makeup stations. Both rooms contain showers, sinks, and toilets. The greenroom is located between the choir dressing rooms and the northern staircase, and is 490 sqft
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# Mavreli
**Mavreli** is a mountain village in the municipality of Meteora, Trikala regional unit, Greece
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# 2003 in machinima
The following is a list of notable **machinima**-related events in the year **2003**.
## Notable releases {#notable_releases}
- April 1---Rooster Teeth Productions\' *Red vs. Blue* began with the premiere of the `{{rvbep|1|first episode}}`{=mediawiki}.
- June 22---Fire Team Charlie Productions\' *Fire Team Charlie* began with the premiere of the first episode.
- September 28---`{{rvbep|Season 1}}`{=mediawiki} of *Red vs. Blue* ended with `{{rvbep|19|episode 19}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Active series {#active_series}
- *Fire Team Charlie* (2003--2005)
- *Red vs
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# Thomas Peter Lee
**Thomas Peter Lee** was born on March 19, 1871, in Petroleum, West Virginia to Alexander and Martha Jane Mount Lee, **Thomas Peter Lee** left school at the age of sixteen and went to work in the oil fields, first in his native state and then in Ohio. In 1903 he moved to Saratoga, Texas, where he gained employment with the newly formed Texas Company, which eventually became Texaco, and when he left that organization ten years later, he had attained the rank of general superintendent of production. While there, however, he became friends with J.S. Cullinan, and the two, along with Emerson Francis Woodward, Will C. Hogg, and James L. Autry, joined in 1914 to form the Farmers Petroleum Company, of which Lee became president
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# Enrico Zuccalli
**Enrico Zuccalli** (*Johann Heinrich Zuccalli*; c. 1642 -- 8 March 1724) was a Swiss architect who worked for the Wittelsbach regents of Bavaria and Cologne.
## Biography
Zuccalli was born in Roveredo, then part of the Republic of the Three Leagues (today Canton Grisons, Switzerland). From 1669 he lived in Munich and became a major representative of the introduction of Italian Baroque architecture to Germany. He was a bitter rival of another Swiss architect, Giovanni Antonio Viscardi. In 1672 Zuccalli became chief architect of the Bavarian court as successor of Agostino Barelli and remained in office until the Austrian invasion of Bavaria in 1706. He died in Munich.
He was the uncle of (Giovanni) Gaspare Zuccalli who built two churches at Salzburg
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Enrico Zuccalli
| 0 |
10,109,361 |
# Harvard Interactive Media Group
The ***Harvard College Interactive Media Group*** is a student club at Harvard dedicated to the promotion of interactive media studies, the academic analysis of video games and other new media. The group, founded in 2006, acts as an umbrella group for various projects around the Harvard campus and in the greater Boston area.
## Projects
HCIMG\'s most visible on-campus events have been the Multiplay gatherings, an ongoing series of gaming tournaments at Harvard. The first tournament, hosted at Lamont Library in March 2007, attracted over 175 students from all over Boston and Cambridge, including MIT, Boston University and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, as well as, of course, many Harvard students.
The group has also published the Harvard Interactive Media Review. The first issue featured content from media studies professors, game designers, students, and others. It was released in print and online in 2007, but there has not been a second issue.
Other projects include a group specifically devoted to student game design and development, as well as the establishment of a permanent gaming space at Harvard
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| 0 |
10,109,395 |
# List of Social Distortion band members
Social Distortion is an American punk rock band from Fullerton, California. The band has been through a number of lineup changes, and currently includes founding member Mike Ness on guitar and vocals, rhythm guitarist Jonny \"2 Bags\" Wickersham (since 2000), bassist Brent Harding (since 2005) and drummer David Hidalgo Jr. (since 2010).
## History
Social Distortion was formed in 1978 by guitarist Mike Ness, bassist Mark Garrett, drummer Casey Royer and vocalist Tom Corvin. Garrett was eventually replaced by Rikk Agnew later that year. After roughly a year in the band, Corvin left and Ness assumed vocal duties while Agnew and Royer also left to play in a separate band named Social Distortion, which also included Garrett, before joining the Adolescents, when Ness brought in Dennis Danell to take over on guitar. When Social Distortion released its first single, Mainliner/Playpen in 1981, the group consisted of Ness on vocals and guitar, Dannell on bass, and John \"Carrot\" Stevenson ond drums. Partway through 1981, Danell switched to rhythm guitar as Brent Liles took over on bass, joining alongside new drummer Derek O\'Brien. The group released its debut album *Mommy\'s Little Monster* in 1983. During a show on New Year\'s Eve, both Liles and O\'Brien left abruptly in response to Ness\' heroin use. Early the next year, the departed members were replaced by John Maurer (bass) and Christopher Reece (drums). Bob Stubbs briefly served as drummer before Reece.
The band\'s lineup remained stable for ten years, producing three studio albums, before Reece left in October 1994 on amicable terms. He was initially replaced by Randy Carr, who lasted only until the following spring when he was fired on the recommendation of the band\'s producer Michael Beinhorn. Session drummer Deen Castronovo performed on the album, after which Chuck Biscuits joined the band as Carr\'s replacement. The band released *Live at the Roxy* in 1998, before taking a hiatus the following year as Ness released two solo albums and embarked on a promotional tour. On February 29, 2000, Danell died of a brain aneurysm. In June, Social Distortion returned with a new lineup including rhythm guitarist Jonny \"2 Bags\" Wickersham and drummer Charlie Quintana.
Shortly after recording the band\'s sixth studio album *Sex, Love and Rock \'n\' Roll*, Maurer left Social Distortion to spend more time with his family. He was initially replaced by Rancid\'s Matt Freeman, although by January he had been replaced by Brent Harding, who had previously performed with Ness on his second solo album. In April 2009, Quintana announced his departure from Social Distortion, with Adam \"Atom\" Willard of Angels & Airwaves taking his place. Willard left again in March 2010, with Fu Manchu drummer Scott Reeder filling in for a South American tour. The group enlisted the services of Josh Freese for the 2011 album *Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes*, before David Hidalgo Jr. joined as the full-time replacement for Willard a few months later.
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# List of Social Distortion band members
## Members
### Current
Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions
------- ----------------------------- --------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mike Ness 1978--present all Social Distortion releases
Jonny \"2 Bags\" Wickersham 2000--present all Social Distortion releases from *Sex, Love and Rock \'n\' Roll* (2004) onwards
Brent Harding 2005--present all Social Distortion releases from \"Far Behind\" (2007) onwards
David Hidalgo Jr. 2010--present
### Former
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Image | Name | Years active | Instruments | Release contributions |
+=======+========================================================+============================================================+=============+=====================================================================================================+
| | Casey Royer | 1978--1979 | | none |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Tom Corvin | | vocals | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Mark Garrett | 1978 `{{small|(died; year of death unknown)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Rikk Agnew | 1978--1979 | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Dennis Danell | 1979--2000\ | | all Social Distortion releases from \"Mainliner/Playpen\" (1981) to *Live at the Roxy* (1998) |
| | | `{{small|(until his death)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | John \"Carrot\" Stevenson | 1979--1981 | drums | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Brent Liles | 1981--1983\ | bass | |
| | | `{{small|(died 2007)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Derek O\'Brien | 1981--1983 | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | John Maurer | 1984--2004 | | all Social Distortion releases from *Prison Bound* (1988) to *Live in Orange County* (2004) |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Bob Stubbs | 1984 | drums | none |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Christopher Reece | 1984--1994 | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Randy Carr | 1994--1995\ | | none |
| | | `{{small|(died 2002)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Chuck Biscuits\ | 1996--2000 | | *Live at the Roxy* (1998) |
| | `{{small|(real name Charles Montgomery)}}`{=mediawiki} | | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Charlie \"Chalo\" Quintana | 2000--2009\ | | all Social Distortion releases from *Sex, Love and Rock \'n\' Roll* (2004) to \"Far Behind\" (2007) |
| | | `{{small|(died 2018)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Matt Freeman | 2004--2005 | | none |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Adam \"Atom\" Willard | 2009--2010 | drums | |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Touring musicians {#touring_musicians}
Image Name Years active Instruments Details
------- -------------- --------------- ------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ron Emory 2006 lead guitar Emory took over on lead guitar from Ness when the frontman broke his wrist in early 2006.
Scott Reeder 2010 drums Reeder filled in for a South American tour after the departure of Atom Willard in March 2010.
David Kalish 2011--present Kalish has toured with Social Distortion since 2011, performing keyboards and Hammond organ.
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# List of Social Distortion band members
## Timeline
{{#tag:timeline\| ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:100 top:10 right:20 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:10/01/1978 till:{{#time:m/d/Y}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:4 ScaleMajor = increment:4 start:1979 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1979
Colors =
` id:lvocals value:red legend:Lead_vocals`\
` id:bvocals value:pink legend:Backing_vocals`\
` id:lguitar value:teal legend:Lead_guitar`\
` id:rguitar value:brightgreen legend:Rhythm_guitar`\
` id:bass value:blue legend:Bass`\
` id:drums value:orange legend:Drums`\
` id:studio value:black legend:Studio_album`\
` id:other value:gray(0.6) legend:Other_release`\
` id:bars value:gray(0.95)`
BackgroundColors = bars:bars
LineData =
` layer:back color:other`\
` at:04/07/1998`\
` at:01/05/2003`\
` at:06/26/2007`\
` color:studio`\
` at:06/10/1983`\
` at:01/18/1988`\
` at:03/27/1990`\
` at:02/11/1992`\
` at:09/17/1996`\
` at:09/28/2004`\
` at:01/18/2011`
BarData =
` bar:Tom text:"Tom Corvin"`\
` bar:Mike text:"Mike Ness"`\
` bar:Jonny text:"Jonny Wickersham"`\
` bar:Mark text:"Mark Garrett"`\
` bar:Rikk text:"Rikk Agnew"`\
` bar:Dennis text:"Dennis Danell"`\
` bar:BrentL text:"Brent Liles"`\
` bar:John text:"John Maurer"`\
` bar:Matt text:"Matt Freeman"`\
` bar:BrentH text:"Brent Harding"`\
` bar:Casey text:"Casey Royer"`\
` bar:Carrot text:"John Carrot"`\
` bar:Derek text:"Derek O'Brien"`\
` bar:Bob text:"Bob Stubbs"`\
` bar:Chris text:"Christopher Reece"`\
` bar:Randy text:"Randy Carr"`\
` bar:Chuck text:"Chuck Biscuits"`\
` bar:Charlie text:"Charlie Quintana"`\
` bar:Atom text:"Atom Willard"`\
` bar:DavidH text:"David Hildago Jr."`
PlotData =
`width:11`\
` color:lvocals`\
` bar:Tom from:start till:10/31/1979`\
` bar:Mike from:10/31/1979 till:end`
` color:lguitar`\
` bar:Mike from:start till:10/31/1979 `\
` bar:Mike from:10/31/1979 till:end width:3`
` color:rguitar`\
` bar:Mike from:start till:07/01/1981 width:7`\
` bar:Mike from:02/28/2000 till:06/01/2000 width:7`\
` bar:Dennis from:07/01/1981 till:02/28/2000`\
` bar:Jonny from:06/01/2000 till:end`
` color:bass`\
` bar:Mark from:start till:01/01/1979`\
` bar:Rikk from:01/01/1979 till:10/31/1979`\
` bar:Dennis from:11/01/1979 till:07/01/1981`\
` bar:BrentL from:07/01/1981 till:12/31/1983`\
` bar:John from:01/15/1984 till:08/05/2004`\
` bar:Matt from:08/05/2004 till:01/27/2005`\
` bar:BrentH from:01/28/2005 till:end`
` color:drums`\
` bar:Casey from:start till:10/31/1979`\
` bar:Carrot from:11/01/1979 till:06/30/1981`\
` bar:Derek from:07/01/1981 till:12/31/1983`\
` bar:Bob from:01/15/1984 till:06/30/1984`\
` bar:Chris from:07/01/1984 till:10/15/1994`\
` bar:Randy from:11/01/1994 till:04/30/1995`\
` bar:Chuck from:01/01/1996 till:05/31/2000`\
` bar:Charlie from:06/01/2000 till:04/23/2009`\
` bar:Atom from:04/24/2009 till:03/08/2010`\
` bar:DavidH from:07/15/2010 till:end`
` color:bvocals`\
` bar:Mike from:start till:10/31/1979 width:3`\
` bar:Mark from:start till:01/01/1979 width:3`\
` bar:Jonny from:06/01/2000 till:end width:3`\
` bar:Rikk from:01/01/1979 till:10/31/1979 width:3`\
` bar:John from:01/15/1984 till:08/05/2004 width:3`\
` bar:Matt from:08/05/2004 till:01/27/2005 width:3`\
` bar:BrentH from:01/28/2005 till:end width:3`\
` bar:Casey from:start till:10/31/1979 width:3`\
` bar:Derek from:07/01/1981 till:12/31/1983 width:3`
}}
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# List of Social Distortion band members
## Lineups
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Period | Members | Releases |
+==============================+============================================================================+===================================================+
| 1978 | - Mike Ness -- guitars, backing vocals | none |
| | - Casey Royer -- drums, backing vocals | |
| | - Tom Corvin -- lead vocals | |
| | - Mark Garrett -- bass, backing vocals | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Late 1978 -- late 1979 | - Mike Ness -- guitars, backing vocals | |
| | - Casey Royer -- drums, backing vocals | |
| | - Tom Corvin - lead vocals | |
| | - **Rikk Agnew -- bass, backing vocals** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Late 1979 -- summer 1981 | - Mike Ness -- guitars, vocals | - \"Mainliner/Playpen\" (1981) |
| | - **Dennis Danell -- bass** | - \"1945\" (1982) |
| | - **John Carrot -- drums** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Summer 1981 -- December 1983 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - *Mommy\'s Little Monster* (1983) |
| | - Dennis Danell -- rhythm guitar | |
| | - **Brent Liles -- bass** | |
| | - **Derek O\'Brien -- drums, backing vocals** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Early -- mid-1984 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | none |
| | - Dennis Danell -- rhythm guitar | |
| | - **John Maurer -- bass, backing vocals** | |
| | - **Bob Stubbs -- drums** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Mid-1984 -- October 1994 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - *Prison Bound* (1988) |
| | - Dennis Danell -- rhythm guitar | - *Social Distortion* (1990) |
| | - John Maurer -- bass, backing vocals | - *Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell* (1992) |
| | - **Christopher Reece -- drums** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Late 1994 -- spring 1995 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | none |
| | - Dennis Danell -- rhythm guitar | |
| | - John Maurer -- bass, backing vocals | |
| | - **Randy Carr -- drums** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| August 1995 -- June 1996 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - *White Light, White Heat, White Trash* (1996) |
| | - Dennis Danell -- rhythm guitar | |
| | - John Maurer -- bass, backing vocals | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| July 1996 -- February 2000 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - *Live at the Roxy* (1998) |
| | - Dennis Danell -- rhythm guitar | |
| | - John Maurer -- bass, backing vocals | |
| | - **Chuck Biscuits -- drums** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| June 2000 -- August 2004 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - *Sex, Love and Rock \'n\' Roll* (2004) |
| | - John Maurer -- bass, backing vocals | - *Live in Orange County* (2004) |
| | - **Jonny Wickersham -- rhythm guitar, backing vocals** | |
| | - **Charlie Quintana -- drums** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| August 2004 -- January 2005 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | none |
| | - Jonny Wickersham -- rhythm guitar, backing vocals | |
| | - Charlie Quintana -- drums | |
| | - **Matt Freeman -- bass, backing vocals** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| January 2005 -- April 2009 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - \"Far Behind\" (2007) |
| | - Jonny Wickersham -- rhythm guitar, backing vocals | |
| | - Charlie Quintana -- drums | |
| | - **Brent Harding -- bass, backing vocals** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| April 2009 -- March 2010 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | none |
| | - Jonny Wickersham -- rhythm guitar, backing vocals | |
| | - Brent Harding -- bass, backing vocals | |
| | - **Atom Willard -- drums** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| March -- July 2010 | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - *Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes* (2011) |
| | - Jonny Wickersham -- rhythm guitar, backing vocals | |
| | - Brent Harding -- bass, backing vocals | |
| | - **Scott Reeder -- drums `{{Small|(touring)}}`{=mediawiki}** | |
| | - **Josh Freese -- drums, percussion `{{Small|(session)}}`{=mediawiki}** | |
+------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| July 2010 -- present | - Mike Ness -- lead guitar, lead vocals | - \"Up Around the Bend\" (2013) |
| | - Jonny Wickersham -- rhythm guitar, backing vocals | - *Machine Gun Melodies* (2017) |
| | - Brent Harding -- bass, backing vocals | |
| | - **David Hidalgo Jr
| 809 |
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# List of highways numbered 137
| 6 |
List of highways numbered 137
| 0 |
10,109,407 |
# Cleeve Toot
**Cleeve Toot** is an Iron Age univallate hillfort above Goblin Combe, Cleeve, Somerset, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
It is a roughly oval settlement which is approximately 125 m in length by 90 m in breadth. Approximately 150 m to the north is another, smaller settlement. They are thought to have been a satellite community of nearby Cadbury Hill
Pits have been found at the site indicating the presence of round houses. There is a single stone rampart with a broad shallow outer ditch. There is also a prehistoric or Roman field system.
## Background
Further information: Hill fort Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated \"\[the forts\] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress \[of an increasing population\] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn\'t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction\"
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# Reynolds analogy
The **Reynolds Analogy** is popularly known to relate turbulent momentum and heat transfer. That is because in a turbulent flow (in a pipe or in a boundary layer) the transport of momentum and the transport of heat largely depends on the same turbulent eddies: the velocity and the temperature profiles have the same shape.
The main assumption is that heat flux q/A in a turbulent system is analogous to momentum flux τ, which suggests that the ratio τ/(q/A) must be constant for all radial positions.
The complete Reynolds analogy\* is:
$\frac{f}{2} = \frac{h}{C_p\times G} = \frac{k'_c}{V_{av}}$
Experimental data for gas streams agree approximately with above equation if the Schmidt and Prandtl numbers are near 1.0 and only skin friction is present in flow past a flat plate or inside a pipe. When liquids are present and/or form drag is present, the analogy is conventionally known to be invalid.
In 2008, the qualitative form of validity of Reynolds\' analogy was re-visited for laminar flow of incompressible fluid with variable dynamic viscosity (μ). It was shown that the inverse dependence of Reynolds number (*Re*) and skin friction coefficient(*c*~f~) is the basis for validity of the Reynolds' analogy, in laminar convective flows with constant & variable μ. For μ = const. it reduces to the popular form of Stanton number (*St*) increasing with increasing *Re*, whereas for variable μ it reduces to *St* increasing with decreasing *Re*. Consequently, the Chilton-Colburn analogy of *St*•*Pr*^2/3^ increasing with increasing *c*~f~ is qualitatively valid whenever the Reynolds' analogy is valid. Further, the validity of the Reynolds' analogy is linked to the applicability of Prigogine\'s Theorem of Minimum Entropy Production. Thus, Reynolds\' analogy is valid for flows that are close to developed, for whom, changes in the gradients of field variables (velocity & temperature) along the flow are small
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# Old Temple of Athena
The **Old Temple of Athena** or the **Archaios Neos** (*Ἀρχαῖος Νεώς*) was an archaic Greek limestone Doric temple on the Acropolis of Athens probably built in the second half of the sixth-century BCE, and which housed the xoanon of Athena Polias. The existence of an archaic temple to Athena had long been conjectured from literary references until the discovery of substantial building foundations under the raised terrace between the Erechtheion and Parthenon in 1886 confirmed it. While it is uncontroversial that a temple stood on the central acropolis terrace in the late archaic period and was burnt down in the Persian invasion of 480 BC, nevertheless questions of its nature, name, reconstruction and duration remain unresolved.
## Evidence
Prior to the archaeological discoveries of the late 19th century, the existence of the archaic temple on the acropolis was known only from literary testimonia, and the few remains from the archaic buildings which have been visible continuously from antiquity to the present day---namely, the unfinished marble column drums and the poros entablature with marble metopes built into the north wall of the Acropolis overlooking the lower city. The earliest of these are Homer's references to Athena's temple and the "strong house of Erechtheus". Both Herodotus and Thucydides in recounting the attempted coup of Kylon make reference to a shrine of Athena Polias on the Acropolis. These are nonspecific but we are to understand that there existed then at least one statue of the goddess and an altar, within a sanctuary. Herodotus further mentions a hieron and adyton, and his description of the Persian siege refers to a megaron and a naos. These scant and vague descriptions of the Acropolis were, along with some archaic epigraphy, the sum of knowledge of the pre-classical citadel up to the late nineteenth century.
Full-scale excavations on the acropolis were opened in 1885. In the first year of excavation the foundations south of the Erechtheion were laid bare. Wilhelm Dörpfeld recognized the remains as foundations of a peripteral temple. Excavation of the inside of the north wall of the Acropolis then revealed a series of poros column drums and capitals. These were in addition to the pieces of the entablature of the archaic temple of Athena Polias which were built high up into the north wall of the Acropolis, not randomly but in correspondence with the location of the temple. Dörpfeld perceived that all this material belonged to the structure whose foundations were newly exposed. There were several striking features to this temple: there is room on the foundations for only two steps below the peristyle instead of the canonical three, a very shallow pronaos, a short eastern cella with two rows of interior columns, a tripartite division in the western portion of the building and very shallow opisthodomos. It was noted early that while there is considerable material that has plausibly been assigned to the peristyle, roof, and pediments of the building, not one fragment has been attributed with certainty to the cella building. Moreover, there is a definite difference between the foundations to the cella and the peristyle; the inner foundations are of blue acropolis limestone, and the outer courses are larger, in a pinkish \"kara\" limestone from Mt Hymettos and are partially worked over with a claw chisel. The claw marks are of particular significance since the introduction of the claw chisel was relatively late and prompted speculation that the inner and outer foundations had different dates. By the time he published his conclusions in 1887 Dorpfeld was of the opinion that the Archaios Neos had been restored at some time in antiquity and had, rather than been swept away in the 5th century, existed down to the time of Pausanias.
Subsequent excavation of the terrace south of the Parthenon exposed the so-called \"poros layer\" of archaic debris including fragments of the Hekatompedon decree. This inscription, cut into two slabs of what were metopes from a sixth-century temple and datable to 485 BCE is, along with the passages in Homer, the only contemporary description of the archaic acropolis. Of particular topographical interest are lines 8-11 and 17-19: \[the worshippers are prohibited from some activity (the four-letter verb is missing)\] \"between the temple and the great altar to the east, and outside the temple within the Kekropion, and all along the Hekatompedon.\"; further down, the Hekatompedon is mentioned again: \"the treasurers are to open the oikemata in the Hekatompedon to be viewed not less than three times per month.\" This distinction between neos, altar, hekatompedon and oikemata was construed by Dorpfeld to mean that the cella of the temple was the hekatompedon and the oikemata were the three rooms in the western half of the building otherwise identified as the opisthodomos in the Kallias decrees of the 430s. This was the dominant view for a number of years until W.H Schuchhardt published the incised and painted marble sima find from the Parthenon terrace backfill in 1936. He showed that there was too much sima to fit on any temple that sat on the inner part of the Dorpfeld foundations. Dinsmoor later argued that the Schuchhardt fragments, that constituted a distinct building from the neos called the H-Architecture, allowed for a different reading of the Hekatompedon decree; that the hekatompedon, neos and oikemata were all different buildings, that the H-Architecture and Hekatompedon were one and the same and that this was the Ur-Parthenon on the foundations of the present classical building.
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# Old Temple of Athena
## Location
There are two distinct theories of the location of the Temple of the Polias. The first is that a modest seventh century temple (perhaps the second temple on the site, this is conjectured from the two column bases found within the Dörpfeld foundation) stood on the north side of the Acropolis only until the second quarter of the sixth century, when a new larger temple -- the so-called Bluebeard Temple -- replaced it on or near the site of the Dörpfeld foundations, the third temple of Athena Polias on the Acropolis. This, then, would have been the only significant temple on the plateau at the time and its cult statue the only one to the goddess. The south side of the Acropolis, the site of the later Parthenon, was throughout the sixth century an open terrace that was by some measurement one hundred feet long (hence the name), though this space could have been occupied by a number of small buildings or shrines. The Bluebeard Temple would have been dismantled in the last quarter of the sixth century and replaced with the Archaios Neos, the fourth Temple of Athena Polias, and the spare material from the previous temple would then be employed by the inscriber of the Hekatompedon decree.
The second theory is that the modest seventh century shrine to Athena Polias was in use down to the last quarter of the sixth century, when it was replaced by the Archaios Neos on the newly laid Dorpfeld foundations. The Archaios Neos would then have been the third temple of Athena Polias. By the second quarter of the 6th century this would have been accompanied by the grand Bluebeard Temple on the south Acropolis site. This second temple was dedicated not to Athena Polias but to Athena Parthenos -- it was in a famous metaphor the grandfather of the Parthenon and it was in some dimension 100 feet long so the epithet \"hekatompedon\" was passed down from one architectural generation to another even though the dimensions of the later structures on the same spot no longer exactly fit the adjective. That is if the Bluebeard Temple stood on the Parthenon site it was popularly known as the Hekatompedon and it stood there until the end of the archaic period when it was dismantled in favour of another project, the Older Parthenon.
| 397 |
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# Old Temple of Athena
## History
As stated, the date of the Temple of the Polias is almost certainly the second half of the sixth century and probably the last quarter. This would make it either one of the last buildings of the Peisistratid era, or the first architectural statement of the new democracy. The date of the poros Doric temple is largely based on the style of the pediment sculptures attributed to it: these are a Gigantomachy featuring Athena and on the opposite façade two lions attacking a bull. More securely attested is the fact that it was burnt down by the Persians in the attack on Athens in 480/79 BCE. What happened subsequently is the subject of controversy. The Oath of Plataea required of the victors that they preserve their destroyed temples as a memorial, if this was indeed the case then the ruins must have stood on the Acropolis until the Periclean Building Programme (perhaps) cleared it away. Alternatively, it was Dörpfeld's contention, recently argued by Gloria Ferrari, that the blackened shell of the Temple of the Polias remained at the centre of the Acropolis and served both as monument and treasury. Ferrari makes the analogy with the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche, where the ruins were incorporated into the fabric of a new building as relic and symbol. Ferrari cites the testimony given by the decree of the Praxiergidae of 460/50, containing the provision that a stele be set up \"behind the ancient temple\" implying that the ruined building continued to function as a home for the cult image before the construction of the Erechtheion. Ferrari argues, the Periclean reconstruction of the Acropolis must have made the scarred building its core and framed it with reconstructions of buildings damaged in the sack
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| 2 |
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# Sans Arc
The **Sans Arc** or **Itázipčho** are one of the seven subdivision of the Lakota people. They primarily live in the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota.
## Name
*Itázipčho* is also written *Itazipcola* or *Hazipco* and is a Lakota term translating as \"those who hunt without bows.\" *Sans Arc* is the French translation, meaning \"without bows\".
The translator of *Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer* renders the name as **Arrows all Gone**.
One of the many etymologies of the Lakota name tells the following story: The true meaning of *Itazipacola* is \"no markings\". This referred to the fact that the *Itazipco* were so generous they did not mark their arrows (they were usually marked so that braves could claim the bison they killed, etc.), that way everyone could share the meat of the hunt. This is why when the Creator wanted to give the pipe to the *Lakota*, the White Buffalo Woman *Wopi* brought it to the *Itazipco*, because they would always be willing to share it.
## Historic Itázipčho thiyóšpaye or bands {#historic_itázipčho_thiyóšpaye_or_bands}
Together with the Minneconjou (*Mnikȟówožu*, *Hokwoju* - 'Plants by the Water') and Two Kettles (*Oóhe Núŋpa*, *Oóhenuŋpa*, *Oohenonpa* - 'Two Boiling' or 'Two Kettles') they were often referred to as Central Lakota and divided into several bands or *thiyóšpaye*:
- Itazipco-hca ('Real Itazipco')
- Mini sala or Minishala ('Red Water')
- Sina luta oin or Shinalutaoin ('Red Cloth Earring')
- Woluta yuta ('Eat dried venison from the hindquarter', 'Ham Eaters')
- Maza pegnaka ('Wear Metal Hair Ornament')
- Tatanka Cesli or Tatankachesli ('Dung of a buffalo bull')
- Siksicela or Shikshichela ('Bad Ones', 'Bad ones of different kinds')
- Tiyopa Canupa or Tiyopaoshanunpa ('Smokes at the Entrance')
## Notable Sans Arcs {#notable_sans_arcs}
- Black Hawk
- Hump Nose, a chief present at the Custer fight
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# Eleven Kinds of Loneliness
***Eleven Kinds of Loneliness*** is a collection of short stories written by Richard Yates from 1951 to 1961. All of the stories also appeared in the posthumously released *Richard Yates, The Collected Stories* (2004), which includes other stories.
## Contents
- \"Doctor Jack-o\'-lantern\"
- \"The Best of Everything\"
- \"Jody Rolled The Bones\"
- \"No Pain Whatsoever\"
- \"A Glutton for Punishment\"
- \"A Wrestler with Sharks\"
- \"Fun with a Stranger\"
- \"The B.A.R
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# Erwin Payr
**Erwin Payr** (17 February 1871 -- 6 April 1946) was an Austrian-German surgeon born in Innsbruck.
Following graduation in 1894 at Innsbruck, he worked as an assistant at the first pathological anatomy institute in Vienna. Afterwards he became an assistant to Carl Nicoladoni (1847-1902) at the University of Graz, where in 1899 he became habilitated for surgery.
In 1907 he became chief surgeon at the University of Greifswald, and in 1910 was appointed professor of surgery at the University of Königsberg. The following year he relocated to Leipzig, where he remained until his retirement in 1937.
Payr was regarded as an excellent physician known for his expertise in all facets of surgery. He was the first surgeon to use ozone treatments in order to control and kill bacteria, a practice he learned from Swiss therapist E.A. Fisch. In 1935 he published *Über Ozonbehandlung in der Chirurgie* (Ozone Treatment in Surgery). Also he introduced the use of absorbable magnesium sutures in vascular and nerve surgery. He first reported animal experiments with readsorbable magnesium tubular device for vascular anastomosis elegantly realizing intima-to-intima facing, however just identifying in that first report its implicit mechanical limits. He used elderberry stems for capillary drainage of brain abscesses. Splenic-flexure syndrome or \"Payr\'s disease\" is named after a condition he described. Payr\'s disease is constipation due to kinking of an adhesion between the transverse and descending colon. Also a tool used in abdominal surgery called a \"Payr pylorus clamp\" is named after him, as is \"Payr\'s sign\", an indication of thrombophlebitis in which pain occurs when pressure is applied to the sole of the foot
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Erwin Payr
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# Manuel Ocampo
**Manuel Ocampo** (born 1965) is a Filipino artist. His work fuses sacred Baroque religious iconography with secular political narrative. His works draw upon a wide range of art historical references, contain cartoonish elements, and draw inspiration from punk subculture.
## Background
Manuel Ocampo was born in the Philippines. He studied fine arts at the University of the Philippines, then moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1980s, where he studied at the California State University. Ocampo has since moved to back to Manila living with his wife and children.
## Art career {#art_career}
Ocampo frequently revisits and makes reference to the art historical canon of political allegorists including Leon Golub, Géricault, Goya, Daumier with allusions to contemporary figures including political satirist R. Crumb Modernist painter Philip Guston. Ocampo\'s dark, often disturbing Gothic paintings are attributed with transforming horror into exquisite beauty, history into art history, purgatory into salvation. One of his pieces featuring several swastikas was censored at the Dokumenta art show in Kassel, Germany.
Manuel Ocampo has exhibited extensively throughout the 1990s, with solo exhibitions at galleries and institutions through Europe, Asia, and the Americas. In 2005, his work was the subject of a large-scale survey at Casa Asia in Barcelona, and Lieu d'Art Contemporain, Sigean, France.
Ocampo\'s work has been included in a number of international surveys, including the 2004 *Seville Biennale*, 2001 *Venice Biennale*, the 2001 *Berlin Biennale*, the 2000 *Biennale d'art Contemporain de Lyon*, the 1997 *Kwangju Biennial*, the 1993 Corcoran Biennial, and 1992\'s controversial *Documenta IX.* His work was featured in many group shows in the 1990s, including *Helter Skelter: LA Art of the 1990s*, at Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles in 1992; *Asia/America: Identities in Contemporary Asian American Art* at the Asia Society, New York in 1994; *American Stories: Amidst Displacement and Transformation* at Setagaya Art Museum, Tokyo in 1997; *Pop Surrealism* at the Aldrich Museum of Artin 1998; and *Made in California: Art, Image, and Identity, 1900-2000* at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 2000. He has received a number of prestigious grants and awards, including the Giverny Residency (1998), the Rome Prize at the American Academy (1995--96), National Endowment for the Arts (1996), Pollock-Krasner Foundation (1995) and Art Matters Inc. (1991).
It is important to note that Manuel Ocampo used to make art that criticized western colonialism through allegory and metaphor. Today, his work displays simple imagery; the artist has said of his 1990s work, \"I was bored with that shit\".
Phillip Rodriguez directed a one-hour documentary of Ocampo\'s life and art career, *Manuel Ocampo, God Is My Copilot*.
Ocampo\'s 1992 painting \"Why I Hate Europeans\" was used as the cover art to the music album \"Mythmaker\" by Skinny Puppy. Ocampo\'s art was also used for the album artwork for \"Red Hot + Latin\" - from the Red Hot series of benefit albums
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# The Loves
**The Loves** were a heavily 1960s influenced pop band, formed in 2000 in Cardiff, Wales. Their debut album *Love* was released on Track and Field Records in 2004, but attracted generally hostile press coverage, and was commercially unsuccessful. Recorded mostly by Simon Love alone, their second album *Technicolour* was released in 2007 on Fortuna Pop. The band recorded four Peel sessions between 2001 and 2002: three in Maida Vale and one at Peel Acres (on Valentine\'s Day 2002).
Their third album, *Three*, (also released on Fortuna Pop) featured guest appearances from Rob Jones aka The Voluntary Butler Scheme, Delia Sparrow, Hefner\'s Darren Hayman and Harry Hill\'s *TV Burp* writer Daniel Maier. The Loves fourth and final album, *\...Love You*, was released on Fortuna Pop in 2010. It features The Velvet Underground\'s Doug Yule as the voice of Jesus. \"Bubblegum\" and \"December Boy\" were the double A sided single taken from the album in July 2010.
## Discography
### Singles
All are 7\" vinyl unless otherwise indicated.
- \"Little Girl Blues\" / \"She\'ll Break Your Heart\" CD (Boobytrap, 2001)
- \"Boom-a-Bang-Bang-Bang\" (Track and Field, 2001)
- \"Just Like Bobby D\" (Track and Field, 2002)
- \"Shake Your Bones\" (Track and Field, 2003)
- \"Xs and Os\" / \"She\'ll Break Your Heart\...Again\" (Fortuna Pop!, 2006)
- \"One-Two-Three\" (Fortuna Pop!, 2007)
- \"The Ex-Gurlfriend\" (Fortuna Pop!, 2009)
- \"December Boy\" / \"Bubblegum\" (Fortuna Pop!, 2010)
### Albums
- *Love* (Track and Field, 2004)
- *Technicolour* (Fortuna Pop!, 2007)
- *Three* (Fortuna Pop!, 2009)
- *\..
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# Baphumelele Children's Home
**Baphumelele Children\'s Home** was founded in 2001 as a refuge and place of safety for orphaned and other vulnerable children from the Cape Flats. The home is one of the first in the township of Khayelitsha, one of the largest in South Africa.
The founder of Baphumelele, Rosie Mashale, is a trained primary school teacher. She has been selected as a Mama Afrika by Clover. She has also been selected as a finalist in the Cape Times V&A Waterfront Woman of Worth Awards.
## History
Set in the crime ridden township of Khayelitsha, inhabited by around one million people and located 30 km southeast of downtown Cape Town, Baphumelele grew out of one of the most destitute shack settlements in South Africa.
In 1989 Rosalie Mashale moved from the Eastern Cape to Khayelitsha. She was extremely disturbed to see young children going through garbage dumps and looking for food without any supervision while their parents were away at work. One day, when an abandoned baby was left on her doorstep, Rosie took him in and tried to find him a new home. Soon, her reputation in the community grew as someone who had too much heart to turn a needy child away. As more and more children were dropped at her doorstep, she took this as a sign from God that forming a Children\'s Home was to be her work on Earth. Through hard work, determination and the help of the community, Baphumelele has rapidly grown into a Children\'s Home, a daycare centre for over 230 children, a Respite Centre of adults with HIV/AIDS and TB, a children\'s Respite Centre, outreach projects helping child headed homes and people needing home-based care, as well as a new residential project called the Fountain of Hope for youth transitioning from children\'s homes.
The Baphumelele community provides food, healthcare, education and a refuge from the surrounding violence to orphaned and vulnerable children from all over Cape Town. Employing more than 150 permanent staff, it has part-time medical team including doctor and two nurses, and provides services to over 250 preschool-aged children.
## Fountain of Hope {#fountain_of_hope}
The Fountain of Hope program is intended for young people aged 18--21 who have been raised in residential care, or who have recently been orphaned or are in a vulnerable situation. The program provides a platform for the youth to learn the necessary skills to contribute to society economically and socially and to allow those still in high school to finish their education.
Located on around a hectare of farmland on Schaapkraal Road in the Philippi Horticultural area, on the Cape Flats, the farm can accommodate up to 18 youth, both males and females. The small-scale operational farm acts as a training ground for the youth, as well as providing employment to the local community and providing a small return through the sale of the produce. The program lasts for 12 months
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# Anane
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# Biatec
`{{for|the journal|National Bank of Slovakia}}`{=mediawiki} **Biatec** was the name of a person, presumably a king, who appeared on the Celtic coins minted by the Boii in Bratislava (the capital of Slovakia) in the 1st century BC. The word Biatec (or Biatex) is also used as the name of those coins. In the literature, they are also sometimes referred to as \"hexadrachms of the Bratislava type\". Biatecs, in fact hexadrachms and tetradrachms made of high-quality silver and gold, bear inscriptions in capital Latin letters. Among 14 different inscriptions (for example NONNOS, DEVIL, BUSU, BUSSUMARUS, TITTO), BIATEC appears most frequently. The inscriptions represent the oldest-known use of writing in Slovakia and the neighboring territories. The coins have a diameter of 25 millimeters and a weight of 16.5--17 grams. The obverse usually shows various depictions of a head or a pair of heads. The reverse usually shows a horseman, but various mythological and real animals also feature
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# Winifred Waddell
**Winifred Waddell, MBE,** (8 October 1884, Cumberland, England -- 1972) was an English-born Australian botanist. She formed the Native Plants Preservation Society of Victoria, a society which was based on community dedicated to the preservation of Australian native plants. A Wildflower Sanctuary, named Winifred Waddell Wildflower Sanctuary.
## Early life {#early_life}
Waddell was the eldest of four children, born in an area called Head\'s Nook. She attended Carlisle High School for Girls, and won many prizes, including for mathematics and botany.
## Career
Waddell has hand coloured a number of water coloured engravings in a book called *Illustrations of the British Flora: a series of wood engravings with dissection of British Plants.*
Waddell noticed the disappearance of native flora and destruction of bushland in Victoria, and formed a Wildflower Preservation Group of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria in 1952.
Waddell taught mathematics in Melbourne before she retired. She worked with native-plant preservation groups during the 1950s. \"In all weathers you will find Miss Waddell peering round In odd places, on a disused railway line, in the middle of a racecourse, on the edge of an old gold mine in a lovely valley or in a creek bank for \'survivals\'\", noted one newspaper profile in 1954. She was responsible for securing the first wildflower sanctuary, at Tallarook, Victoria, in 1949.
## Awards
She was appointed MBE on 1 January 1964 for her work in preservation of natural flora. She was awarded the Australian Natural History Medallion of the Field Naturalist Club of Victoria
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# Addiscombe Recreation Ground
**Addiscombe Recreation Ground**, commonly known as Bingham Park, is a park situated in Addiscombe, London. The park is managed by London Borough of Croydon. Addiscombe tram stop is located just next to the recreation ground and is served by Tramlink. The area covers 8 acre.
## Facilities
- Children\'s playground
- Toilets
- Football pitches
- Tennis courts
- Basketball court
- Grass areas and flower beds.
- The ground is locked at night.
## History
The park is within a residential area and can only be reached by foot. The area was acquired in 1905 and laid out in 1911. It had previously been farmland but expansion of Croydon in the early 20th-century meant that it was needed for residential purposes. The land was once part of the Ashburton Estate owned by the Baring family
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# Pemigewasset Wilderness
The **Pemigewasset Wilderness** is a 45000 acre federally designated Wilderness Area in the heart of New Hampshire\'s White Mountains. It is a part of the White Mountain National Forest. It is New Hampshire\'s largest wilderness area.
The Wilderness Area consists of the upper watershed of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, and includes the Franconia, Twin, Zealand, and Hancock mountain ranges, but excludes the summits of the ranges and the trail along them. As a result of the region\'s rugged character, the Pemigewasset Wilderness is a popular recreation area; its large trail network receives heavy use, in the form of hiking, cross-country skiing, and others, throughout the year.
The area is also noted for its ecological recovery from the logging era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After years of unchecked clear-cutting, during which the zone had the largest logging railroad system in the White Mountains, the area\'s inclusion in the White Mountain National Forest and later designation as a Wilderness Area has led to a substantial rebound in the forest ecosystem.
## Geography
The Pemigewasset Wilderness consists of two horseshoe-shaped \"lobes\" characterized by relatively low, wet river valleys surrounded by high mountain ridges. The East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, for which the wilderness is named, flows from northeast to southwest through the valley.
### Western lobe {#western_lobe}
The western lobe is enclosed by the Franconia, Twin, and Bond ranges, though the top of the ridge defining the ranges is outside the Wilderness boundary. Moving clockwise from the south near the Lincoln Woods trailhead, the ridge ascends Potash Knob (2684 ft), an unnamed peak (3060 ft), and Whaleback Mountain (2586 ft) before reaching Franconia Ridge itself at the ledgy summit of Mount Flume (4328 ft). From Mount Flume, the ridge dips and rises between peaks in a parabolic manner, flirting with treeline in the cols and running open and exposed at the summits. Peaks crossed at this point of the ridge after Flume include Mount Liberty (4459 ft), and Little Haystack Mountain (4780 ft), where the ridge rises out of the scrub for good. As it heads north, the ridge assumes a \"knife-edge\" character, dropping off dramatically on both sides as it crosses Mount Lincoln (5089 ft) before reaching its high point at the summit of Mount Lafayette (5249 ft).
From the summit of Lafayette, the ridge, thence known as Garfield Ridge, makes its way toward the Twin Range. It passes over a small subsidiary peak of Lafayette before descending abruptly into the scrub below timberline; after several small knobs, the summits of Garfield (4500 ft) and Galehead (4024 ft) mountains are crossed, and the ridge breaks into the open and begins a steep climb to the summit of South Twin Mountain (4902 ft). As a spur ridge extends north to North Twin Mountain (4761 ft), the main ridge makes a southward turn and runs in the open to the summit of Mount Guyot (4580 ft). Enclosing the western lobe, the Bond Range extends south from Guyot, passing over Mount Bond (4698 ft) and Bondcliff (4265 ft) before descending sharply into the woods to the East Branch of the Pemigewasset.
In the center of the western lobe is the long, broad ridge of Owl\'s Head (4025 ft), which rises abruptly from the valley of Lincoln Brook and extends north for roughly 3 mi to a low saddle connecting it to Garfield Ridge. Almost completely encircling Owl\'s Head are two tributaries of the East Branch, Lincoln Brook and Franconia Branch; Lincoln Brook drains the east face of Franconia Ridge, while Franconia Branch drains the southern and western faces of the Twin and Bond Ranges through Twin, Redrock, and Hellgate Brooks.
### Eastern lobe {#eastern_lobe}
The eastern lobe of the Pemigewasset Wilderness follows fewer well-defined topographic features than the western lobe. The \"boundary wall\" formed in the west by the Franconia, Twin, and Bond Range is present in the eastern lobe to a degree, but is less obvious.
From Mount Guyot, the eastern lobe\'s main ridge continues east rather than following the Bond Range to the south. Passing over Zealand Mountain (4260 ft) and a small knob known as Zeacliff Pond Peak (4060 ft), the ridge reaches an abrupt end at Zeacliff, a dramatic overlook into Zealand Notch. From Zeacliff, the Wilderness Boundary plunges into the notch following the Twinway trail, and follows the Ethan Pond Trail into the flatter sections of the lobe. After a few miles, the boundary picks up the ridge of Mount Lowell, and runs over Mount Nancy (3926 ft), Mount Anderson (3740 ft), and near the summit of Lowell itself (3740 ft) before crossing Carrigain Notch and rising to Vose Spur (3862 ft) and the summit of Mount Carrigain (4700 ft). Confined to a more obvious ridge at this point, the boundary passes over The Captain (3540 ft) and the main summit of Mount Hancock (4420 ft) before descending to the East Branch across from Bondcliff via Mount Hitchcock (3620 ft) and its several small knobs. Note that the boundary as implemented excludes the Appalachian Trail and the summits it passes over as well as Mount Carrigain.
The East Branch of the Pemigewasset drains the eastern lobe through a number of small streams. Mounts Hancock and Carrigain are drained by Crystal, Carrigain, and Notch Brooks, while the center drains to the North Fork of the Pemigewasset and Shoal Pond Brook.
### Geology
While most of the White Mountains consist of highly metamorphicized schists and gneisses formed during the Acadian Orogeny, the Pemigewasset Wilderness is part of the White Mountain Batholith and is therefore composed primarily of the igneous White Mountain plutonic-volcanic rock series.
The Franconia and Twin Ranges form a massive ring dike in the western half of the White Mountain Batholith made up of a granite porphyry backbone that emerged roughly 170 million years ago. This rock appears pink, red, green or grey, with medium-sized phenocrysts. Such phenocrysts, usually quartz or feldspar, make up 20%-40% of the rock, and are embedded in a groundmass of similar composition. Enclosed by the ring dike and extending in to the flat floor of the wilderness is a large area of biotite and amphibole granite
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# Ronnie Lee (American football)
**Ronnie** \"**Bo**\" **Lee** (December 24, 1956 -- March 26, 2023) was an American professional football player who was an offensive tackle for 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), spending 10 seasons with the Miami Dolphins. He started his career as a tight end.
## Biography
Lee attended John Tyler High School (class of 1975; now known as Tyler High School) in Tyler, Texas. In high school he participated in football, basketball, track. In 2004, he was inducted into the Texas High School Hall of Fame.
He played college football for the Baylor Bears; and received a B.A. degree from Baylor University.
Lee died on March 26, 2023, in Fort Worth, Texas, at the age of 66
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# Contemporary Arts Center
The **Contemporary Arts Center** (abbreviated **CAC**) is a contemporary art museum in Cincinnati, Ohio and one of the first contemporary art institutions in the United States. The CAC is a non-collecting museum that focuses on new developments in painting, sculpture, photography, architecture, performance art and new media. Focusing on programming that reflects \"the art of the last five minutes\", the CAC has displayed the works of many now-famous artists early in their careers, including Andy Warhol. In 2003, the CAC moved to a new building designed by Zaha Hadid.
## History
The Contemporary Arts Center was founded as the Modern Art Society in 1939 by Betty Pollak Rauh, Peggy Frank Crawford and Rita Rentschler Cushman. These three women were able to raise enough money through donations to display modern art at the Cincinnati Art Museum. Early advice and encouragement was offered by both Edward M.M. Warburg, a friend of the Pollak family, as well as Alfred H. Barr. The society\'s very first exhibit, Modern Painting from Cincinnati Collections, opened in December of the same year. In 1954 the Modern Art Society adopted its current name, the Contemporary Arts Center. The name change coincided with the creation of two permanent galleries that were remodeled from part of the museum\'s lower level. These two spaces, designed by Carl Strauss and Ray Roush, consisted of about 900 sqft each and featured movable wooden wall covers. Many local Cincinnati collections were shown in this space, including works now kept at the Cincinnati Art Museum from the Mary E. Johnston collection.
Construction on the Emery Wing at the Cincinnati Art Museum replaced the original space of the CAC. As a result of the museum's need to expand, the center moved out in 1962 and temporarily inhabited various locations at the Taft Museum of Art, space at 608 Main Street, and the Carew Tower. In 1964 the center occupied the fourth floor of the Women's Exchange building at 113 West Fourth street where it remained for six years. After two years on Fourth street the center announced that it had plans to move to the Mercantile Center on Fifth street, which opened in 1970. The new building cost \$400,000 and was designed by Harry Weese. The CAC's space covered about 12000 sqft and overlooked the new bus terminal in downtown Cincinnati. Despite early financial troubles in 1971, the CAC was able to put on over 400 exhibitions during its 30-year stay on Government Square. A permanent lease for the location was acquired in 1982 through a city bond.
Early proposals for a new home began at the end of the 1980s and included possible locations at the Ohio Mechanics Institute (currently the Emery Center) and the Aronoff Center. Later, as the idea of constructing an entirely new building became possible, the CAC focused on the site at Sixth and Walnut. By 1997 the center's Architectural Selection Committee was publicly seeking architects to design the CAC\'s first-free standing building. The search narrowed 97 statements of qualification to twelve semi finalists: Coop Himmelblau, Diller & Scofidio, Herzog & de Meuron, Steven Holl, Rem Koolhaas, Eric Owen Moss, Jean Nouvel, Toyo Ito, Antoine Predock, Zaha Hadid, Daniel Liebeskind and Bernard Tschumi. One year later the board granted the commission to Zaha Hadid. Construction began in 2001 and the new building opened on May 31, 2003.
## Projects and exhibitions {#projects_and_exhibitions}
In 1988, the CAC put *Metrobot* by Nam June Paik on permanent exhibition in front of its Mercantile Center location on Fifth Street. It remained there after the CAC moved to Walnut Street, until it went into storage in 2009. In 2014, it was reinstalled in front of the Walnut Street location.
In March 2008, the Contemporary Arts Center announced the exhibition and auction \"FORM: Contemporary Architects at Play\".
Participating architects included:
- Peter Eisenman, Eisenman Architects
- Michael Graves, Graves Design
- Zaha Hadid, Zaha Hadid Architects
- Thom Mayne, Morphosis
- Bill Pedersen, Kohn Pedersen Fox
- Laurinda Spear, Arquitectonica
- Bernard Tschumi, Bernard Tschumi Architects
- Jaime Velez, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, LLP
- Massimo Vignelli, Vignelli Designs, Inc.
- Buzz Yudell, Moore Ruble Yudell Architects and Planners
Christie\'s Fine Arts Division sold eight pieces and one concept at auction raising \$425,000.
In March 2011 the Laminex Group brought the collection to New Zealand for the Auckland Arts Festival and invited New Zealand architects and design professionals to submit entries for a New Zealand collection. The domestic competition was entitled \"Formica Formations\". Queenstown designer Graham Roebeck of Structural Integrity Ltd won the Professional category and Auckland Unitec student Norman Lin, the emerging designer category.
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# Contemporary Arts Center
## Controversies
In 1990, a Cincinnati jury acquitted the Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, of obscenity charges stemming from an exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe. In the first criminal trial of an art museum over the contents of an exhibition, the case centered on seven out of 175 photographs in an exhibition (*The Perfect Moment*) that traveled from Berkeley to Boston; five of the seven photographs depicted men in sadomasochistic poses and were the basis of charges that the museum and its director had pandered obscenity. Much of the dispute over the Mapplethorpe photographs centered on whether federal money should be used to finance them, through the National Endowment for the Arts. If convicted, the center would have faced fines of up to \$10,000; Barrie could have faced a year in jail and fines up to \$2,000. The trial was chronicled in the 2000 television movie *Dirty Pictures*.
## Location
44 East 6th Street (Corner of 6th & Walnut), Cincinnati, OH 45202 Across Walnut Street from the Aronoff Center for the Arts in downtown Cincinnati\'s cultural and entertainment area known as the Backstage District.
## Architecture
In 2003, the CAC moved to its first free-standing home which was designed by Zaha Hadid. The CAC chose to honor two of its major donors by naming the building the **Lois and Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art**. The Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art was Zaha Hadid\'s first American project. Hailed by *The New York Times*{{\'}} architecture critic Herbert Muschamp as \"the most important American building to be completed since the cold war,\" the project was the brainchild of Director Charles Desmarais. (Desmarais left the CAC for the Brooklyn Museum in early 2005.)
The building\'s footprint is 11000 sqft, with a total area of 80000 sqft on seven floors. The project cost \$34 million, with design features including \"Urban Carpet\", \"Jigsaw Puzzle\", and \"Skin/Sculpture\"
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# Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba candidates in the 2003 Manitoba provincial election
The **Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba** fielded a full slate of 57 candidates in the **2003 provincial election**, and won 20 seats to remain as the Official Opposition party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. Many of the party\'s candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here.
## Larry Maguire (Arthur-Virden) {#larry_maguire_arthur_virden}
Larry Maguire, the incumbent MLA, was re-elected in a field of three candidates with 4,135 votes (53.81%).
## Dennis Wishanski (Assiniboia) {#dennis_wishanski_assiniboia}
Wishanski was a banker for twenty-five years before starting a graphics design firm with his wife. He supported standardized tests for provincial schools during the 1990s, and was elected to the St. James-Assiniboia School Board in 1998. In 2001, he supported a theatre construction project at Sturgeon Creek Collegiate.
Wishanski did not seek re-election in 2002, choosing to campaign for a provincial seat. He defeated Grant Nordman, son of former MLA Ric Nordman, to win the 2003 Progressive Conservative nomination for Assiniboia. In the general election, he received 2,257 votes (27.65%) for a second-place finish against New Democratic Party incumbent Jim Rondeau. Wishanski was 55 years old.
+-------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------------------------------+
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | \% | Place | Winner |
+:========================+:===================================+:=========================+======:+======:+:=====:+:=================================:+
| 1998 Winnipeg municipal | St. James-Assiniboia School Board\ | n/a | 3,476 | 18.82 | 3/6 | Ron Marshall,\ |
| | Silver Heights-Booth Ward | | | | | Sandra Paterson-Greene,\ |
| | | | | | | and himself |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------------------------------+
| 2003 provincial | Assiniboia | Progressive Conservative | 2,257 | 27.65 | 2/4 | Jim Rondeau, New Democratic Party |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------------------------------+
: **Electoral record**
## Greg Dinsdale (Brandon East) {#greg_dinsdale_brandon_east}
Dinsdale comes from a prominent political family in Brandon. His father Walter Dinsdale was a Progressive Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1951 to 1982, and his grandfather George Dinsdale was a Member of the Legislative Assembly and Mayor of Brandon. Dinsdale is a teacher, and is active with the Manitoba Teachers\' Society and the Salvation Army.
Dinsdale first campaigned for the Manitoba legislature in 1995 at age 43, and finished second against veteran legislator Leonard Evans. He served on the Brandon University board during the 1990s, and was vice-chair for a time. He considered running for the Conservative Party nomination in Brandon---Souris for the 2004 federal election, but declined.
Election Division Party Votes \% Place Winner
----------------- -------------- -------------------------- ------- ------- ------- -------------------------------------
1995 provincial Brandon East Progressive Conservative 2,608 31.91 2/3 Leonard Evans, New Democratic Party
2003 provincial Brandon East Progressive Conservative 2,036 32.64 2/4 Drew Caldwell, New Democratic Party
: **Electoral record**
## Reg Atkinson (Brandon West) {#reg_atkinson_brandon_west}
Reg Atkinson, a former Mayor of Brandon, received 2,982 votes (34.93%) for a second-place finish against New Democratic Party incumbent Scott Smith.
## Derek Lambert (Burrows) {#derek_lambert_burrows}
Lambert was a youth delegate to the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba\'s 2001 convention. He voted against the party\'s \"one member, one vote\" system for deciding a leader, expressing concern that the party could be hijacked by unrepresentative groups. He received 423 votes (7.29%) in 2003, finishing third against New Democratic Party of Manitoba incumbent Doug Martindale.
## Conor Lloyd (Concordia) {#conor_lloyd_concordia}
Lloyd was raised in Selkirk. He campaigned for a seat on the Selkirk City Council in the 2002 municipal campaign, but was unsuccessful. He then challenged Manitoba Premier Gary Doer in the 2003 provincial election, and finished a distant second in the north Winnipeg division of Concordia. In 2004, he was the provincial youth chair of Belinda Stronach\'s bid to lead the Conservative Party of Canada.
Lloyd later became a spokesperson for the Manitoba Métis Federation, and in 2005 announced that the MMF would rescind an honour they had planned to give Premier Doer due to disagreements over harvester rights. In 2006, he supported Ron Schuler\'s bid to lead the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba.
+------------------------+--------------+--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+---------------------------------+
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | \% | Place | Winner |
+:=======================+:=============+:=========================+======:+======:+:=====:+:===============================:+
| 2002 Selkirk municipal | City Council | n/a | 1,112 | 7.38 | 9/13 | Pat Pruden,\ |
| | | | | | | Chris Pawley,\ |
| | | | | | | John Buffie,\ |
| | | | | | | Darlene Swiderski,\ |
| | | | | | | Duane Nicol\ |
| | | | | | | and Marlene Cook |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+---------------------------------+
| 2003 provincial | Concordia | Progressive Conservative | 935 | 16.11 | 2/3 | Gary Doer, New Democratic Party |
+------------------------+--------------+--------------------------+-------+-------+-------+---------------------------------+
: **Electoral record**
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# Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba candidates in the 2003 Manitoba provincial election
## Virginia Larsson (Rossmere) {#virginia_larsson_rossmere}
A social conservative, Larsson was an advocate for children to have the choice of having one mother and one father in cases of adoption and a member of REAL Women. She finished second with 2,296 votes, against 5,057 for Harry Schellenberg of the New Democratic Party.
## E. Ray Garnett (St. Johns) {#e._ray_garnett_st._johns}
In 2002, the *Winnipeg Free Press* newspaper published a story about a Winnipeg resident named Ray Garnett, who was pressuring the province of Manitoba to change its laws to allow him to sue a doctor he believed had ruined his life through a misdiagnosis. Garnett was diagnosed in 1989 with kidney failure, which he believed was the result of having taken the drug lithium for twenty years. The Minister of Justice at the time was Gord Mackintosh, who expressed reluctance to intervene until existing legal avenues had been tried (*Winnipeg Free Press*, 7 December 2002). It may be reasonable to assume this was the same person as the candidate.
Garnett received 612 votes (10.49%), finishing third against Mackintosh, the incumbent candidate for the New Democratic Party.
## Jason Shaw (Swan River) {#jason_shaw_swan_river}
Shaw lists himself as an investment advisor, and has campaigned for public office on two occasions. He sought the Canadian Alliance nomination for Brandon---Souris in the 2000 federal election, but lost to Gary Nestibo (*Winnipeg Free Press*, 22 October 2000). He subsequently won the party\'s nomination for the northern riding of Churchill, and finished third.
Election Division Party Votes \% Place Winner
----------------- ------------ -------------------------- ------- ------- ------- --------------------------------------
2000 federal Churchill Canadian Alliance 4,126 17.70 3/4 Bev Desjarlais, New Democratic Party
2003 provincial Swan River Progressive Conservative 2,223 29.79 2/3 Rosann Wowchuk, New Democratic Party
: **Electoral record**
## Nansy Marsiglia (Transcona) {#nansy_marsiglia_transcona}
Marsiglia has a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Manitoba, majoring in Foreign Language and minoring in Psychology. She operated a family business called Torino Tile at the time of the election, and has also worked at an upmarket clothing store for children. She received 915 votes (14.40%), finishing third against New Democratic Party incumbent Daryl Reid.
## Ashley Burner (Wolseley) {#ashley_burner_wolseley}
Burner received 679 votes (11.09%), finishing fourth against New Democratic Party candidate Rob Altemeyer.
## Wyatt McIntyre (Point Douglas) {#wyatt_mcintyre_point_douglas}
**Wyatt T. McIntyre** (born 16 July 1980 in Valleyview, Alberta) is a Canadian political strategist, author and political activist.
McIntyre ran as a candidate of the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party in the 2003 Manitoba election, and finished third in the north-end Winnipeg constituency of Point Douglas with 337 votes (8.37%). The winner was George Hickes of the New Democratic Party.
McIntyre also ran as a candidate under the Alberta First Party banner in the 2001 Alberta general election as a candidate in Calgary-Fort
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# Bar Mitzvah Boy (musical)
***Bar Mitzvah Boy*** is a musical with a book by Jack Rosenthal, lyrics by Don Black, and music by Jule Styne.
Based on Rosenthal\'s award-winning 1976 BBC1 teleplay of the same name, it focuses on young Eliot Green who, filled with apprehension, escapes from the synagogue where he is about to make his bar mitzvah, much to the dismay of his middle class parents, who have invested their savings in a lavish party to celebrate their son\'s coming of age.
The West End production opened on 31 October 1978 at Her Majesty\'s Theatre, where it ran for 78 performances. The cast included Barry Angel, Joyce Blair, Zelah Clarke, Leonie Cosman, Ray C. Davis, Gordon Faith, Ashley Knight, Benny Lee, Barry Martin, Vivienne Martin, Harry Towb, Kerry Shale and Peter Whitman. CBS released an original cast recording. It was choreographed by Peter Gennaro and directed by Martin Charnin.
The Americanized adaptation by Martin Gottfried changed the setting from 1970s Britain to 1946 Brooklyn, but its central story remained the same.
The off-Broadway production, directed by Robert Kalfin, opened on June 10, 1987 at the American Jewish Theater of the 92nd Street Y. The cast included Peter Smith as Eliot, with Larry Keith, Mary Gutzi, Mary Stout, Michael Cone, Michael Callan, Eleanor Reissa, Daniel Marcus, Kimberly Stern, and Reuben Schafer.
A reading was held on January 26, 2007 at the Chelsea Studios, New York City, directed by Stafford Arima and featuring Faith Prince, Daniel Reichard and Peter Friedman.
In March 2016, a revival of the musical was staged Upstairs at the Gatehouse in Highgate, London
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# The Crucible of Man: Something Wicked Part 2
***The Crucible of Man: Something Wicked Part 2*** is the ninth studio album by American heavy metal band Iced Earth. Released in September 2008, it was the first Iced Earth album since 2001\'s *Horror Show* to feature singer Matt Barlow. *The Crucible of Man* is the second concept album based on guitarist-songwriter Jon Schaffer\'s Something Wicked Saga. It also the third album overall to feature the subject.
Originally titled *Revelation Abomination: Something Wicked Part 2*, the majority of *The Crucible of Man* had been written and recorded at the same time as the group\'s previous album, *Framing Armageddon*. *Crucible* had been intended for an early 2008 release; however, Matt Barlow rejoined Iced Earth in late 2007, and work on the album had to be put-off due to Barlow\'s prior commitments to the band Pyramaze.
*The Crucible of Man: Something Wicked Part 2* was released on September 5, 2008, in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, on September 8 in rest of Europe, and on September 9 in North America. The album ended-up being the last Iced Earth studio album to feature bassist Dennis Hayes, as well as vocalist Matt Barlow, who once again left the band in August 2011.
## Story
The album\'s story picks-up where the previous album, *Framing Armageddon: Something Wicked Part 1*, left off. In an interview with Jon Schaffer, he detailed the story of *Part 2*:
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Iced Earth
- Matt Barlow -- lead vocals
- Jon Schaffer -- guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals, lead vocals (on track 5)
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# Courant algebroid
In differential geometry, a field of mathematics, a **Courant algebroid** is a vector bundle together with an inner product and a compatible bracket more general than that of a Lie algebroid.
It is named after Theodore Courant, who had implicitly devised in 1990 the standard prototype of Courant algebroid through his discovery of a skew-symmetric bracket on $TM\oplus T^*M$, called Courant bracket today, which fails to satisfy the Jacobi identity. The general notion of Courant algebroid was introduced by Zhang-Ju Liu, Alan Weinstein and Ping Xu in their investigation of doubles of Lie bialgebroids in 1997.
## Definition
A **Courant algebroid** consists of the data a vector bundle $E\to M$ with a bracket $[\cdot,\cdot]:\Gamma E \times \Gamma E \to \Gamma E$, a non degenerate fiber-wise inner product $\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle: E\times E\to M\times\R$, and a bundle map $\rho:E\to TM$ (called anchor) subject to the following axioms:
1. Jacobi identity: $[\phi, [\chi, \psi]] = [[\phi, \chi], \psi] + [\chi, [\phi, \psi]]$
2. Leibniz rule: $[\phi, f\psi] = \rho(\phi)f\psi +f[\phi, \psi]$
3. Obstruction to skew-symmetry: $[\phi,\psi] + [\psi,\phi] = \tfrac12 D\langle \phi,\psi \rangle$
4. Invariance of the inner product under the bracket: $\rho(\phi)\langle \psi,\chi \rangle= \langle [\phi,\psi],\chi \rangle + \langle \psi, [\phi,\chi] \rangle$
where $\phi, \chi, \psi$ are sections of *$E$* and *$f$* is a smooth function on the base manifold *$M$*. The map *$D: \mathcal{C}^\infty(M) \to \Gamma E$* is the composition $\kappa^{-1}\rho^T d: \mathcal{C}^\infty(M) \to \Gamma E$, with *$d: \mathcal{C}^\infty(M) \to \Omega^1 (M)$* the de Rham differential, $\rho^T$ the dual map of $\rho$, and *$\kappa$* the isomorphism $E \to E^*$ induced by the inner product.
### Skew-symmetric definition {#skew_symmetric_definition}
An alternative definition can be given to make the bracket skew-symmetric as
: $[[\phi,\psi]]= \tfrac12\big([\phi,\psi]-[\psi,\phi]\big.)$
This no longer satisfies the Jacobi identity axiom above. It instead fulfills a homotopic Jacobi identity.
$$[[\phi,[[\psi,\chi]]\,]] +\text{cycl.} = DT(\phi,\psi,\chi)$$
where *$T$* is
: $T(\phi,\psi,\chi)=\frac13\langle [\phi,\psi],\chi\rangle +\text{cycl.}$
The Leibniz rule and the invariance of the scalar product become modified by the relation $[[\phi,\psi]] = [\phi,\psi] -\tfrac12 D\langle \phi,\psi\rangle$ and the violation of skew-symmetry gets replaced by the axiom
$$\rho\circ D = 0$$
The skew-symmetric bracket *$[[\cdot,\cdot]]$* together with the derivation *$D$* and the Jacobiator *$T$* form a strongly homotopic Lie algebra.
## Properties
The bracket *$[\cdot,\cdot]$* is not skew-symmetric as one can see from the third axiom. Instead it fulfills a certain Jacobi identity (first axiom) and a Leibniz rule (second axiom). From these two axioms one can derive that the anchor map *$\rho$* is a morphism of brackets:
$$\rho[\phi,\psi] = [\rho(\phi),\rho(\psi)] .$$
The fourth rule is an invariance of the inner product under the bracket. Polarization leads to
$$\rho(\phi)\langle \chi,\psi\rangle= \langle [\phi,\chi],\psi\rangle +\langle \chi,[\phi,\psi]\rangle .$$
## Examples
An example of the Courant algebroid is given by the Dorfman bracket on the direct sum $TM\oplus T^*M$ with a twist introduced by Ševera in 1988, defined as:
$$[X+\xi, Y+\eta] := [X,Y]+(\mathcal{L}_X\,\eta -\iota_Y d\xi +\iota_X \iota_Y H)$$ where *$X,Y$* are vector fields, $\xi, \eta$ are 1-forms and *$H$* is a closed 3-form twisting the bracket. This bracket is used to describe the integrability of generalized complex structures.
A more general example arises from a Lie algebroid *$A$* whose induced differential on $A^*$ will be written as *$d$* again. Then use the same formula as for the Dorfman bracket with *$H$* an *A*-3-form closed under *$d$*.
Another example of a Courant algebroid is a quadratic Lie algebra, i.e. a Lie algebra with an invariant scalar product. Here the base manifold is just a point and thus the anchor map (and *$D$*) are trivial.
The example described in the paper by Weinstein et al. comes from a Lie bialgebroid: if *$A$* is a Lie algebroid (with anchor $\rho_A$ and bracket $[.,.]_A$), also its dual $A^*$ is a Lie algebroid (inducing the differential $d_{A^*}$ on $\wedge^* A$) and $d_{A^*}[X,Y]_A=[d_{A^*}X,Y]_A+[X,d_{A^*}Y]_A$ (where on the right-hand side you extend the *$A$*-bracket to $\wedge^*A$ using graded Leibniz rule). This notion is symmetric in *$A$* and $A^*$ (see Roytenberg). Here $E=A\oplus A^*$ with anchor $\rho(X+\alpha)=\rho_A(X)+\rho_{A^*}(\alpha)$ and the bracket is the skew-symmetrization of the above in $X$ and *$\alpha$* (equivalently in *$Y$* and $\beta$):
$$[X+\alpha,Y+\beta]= ([X,Y]_A +\mathcal{L}^{A^*}_{\alpha}Y-\iota_\beta d_{A^*}X) +([\alpha,\beta]_{A^*} +\mathcal{L}^A_X\beta-\iota_Yd_{A}\alpha)$$.
## Dirac structures {#dirac_structures}
Given a Courant algebroid with the inner product $\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$ of split signature (e.g. the standard one $TM\oplus T^*M$), a Dirac structure is a maximally isotropic integrable vector subbundle *$L \to M$*, i.e.
$$\langle L,L\rangle \equiv 0$$,
$$\mathrm{rk}\,L=\tfrac12\mathrm{rk}\,E$$,
$$[\Gamma L,\Gamma L]\subset \Gamma L$$.
### Examples {#examples_1}
As discovered by Courant and parallel by Dorfman, the graph of a 2-form $\omega \in \Omega^2(M)$ is maximally isotropic and moreover integrable if and only if $d \omega = 0$, i.e. the 2-form is closed under the de Rham differential, i.e. is a presymplectic structure.
A second class of examples arises from bivectors $\Pi\in\Gamma(\wedge^2 TM)$ whose graph is maximally isotropic and integrable if and only if $[\Pi,\Pi] = 0$, i.e. $\rho$ is a Poisson bivector on *$M$*.
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# Courant algebroid
## Generalized complex structures {#generalized_complex_structures}
Given a Courant algebroid with inner product of split signature, a generalized complex structure *$L \to M$* is a Dirac structure in the complexified Courant algebroid with the additional property
$$L \cap \bar{L} = 0$$
where $\bar{\ }$ means complex conjugation with respect to the standard complex structure on the complexification.
As studied in detail by Gualtieri, the generalized complex structures permit the study of geometry analogous to complex geometry.
### Examples {#examples_2}
Examples are, besides presymplectic and Poisson structures, also the graph of a complex structure $J: TM \to TM$
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# Jagoda Pike
**Jagoda Pike** is a former publisher of the *Toronto Star* and former president of the Star Media Group. Effective October 4, 2008, she stepped down as publisher of the *Toronto Star* and assumed the role of heading Ontario\'s bid for the 2015 Pan American Games. `{{As of|2016}}`{=mediawiki}, she is president and CEO of the Homewood Health Inc (2013) in Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
A native of Croatia, Pike\'s family immigrated to Canada when she was a child. She is an alumnus of Trinity College in the University of Toronto and the Osgoode Hall Law School.
## Career
Pike joined Torstar Corporation in 1986, where she worked in the corporate legal department. She joined the *Toronto Star* soon after. Over the next decade, she held roles in industrial relations, human resources and operations. She also worked in the positions of executive director of labour and employee relations and vice-president, operations and human resources. In 1999, Pike was named executive vice-president of the Torstar Daily Newspaper Group. In 2000, she was promoted to the position of general manager of the *Toronto Star*.
In 2001, Pike was named publisher of *The Hamilton Spectator* and the senior vice-president of Regional Daily Newspapers for Torstar Media Group. In addition to her role as publisher, she was subsequently appointed president of the newly formed CityMedia Group, which encompassed three daily newspapers -- *The Hamilton Spectator*, *The Record of Waterloo Region* and *The Guelph Mercury* -- as well as numerous community newspapers published under the Brabant and Fairway mastheads, three magazines, and commercial printing operations.
During her tenure as publisher of *The Hamilton Spectator*, the paper received the following journalistic honours:
- The Canadian Journalism Foundation\'s Award of Excellence (2005)
- Three National Newspaper Awards - Investigative Reporting (2004 and 2005), Project of the Year (2003), and Beat Reporting (2005)
Also during her tenure, in 2005, *The Spectator* was designated a 'Learning Newsroom' by the American Society of Newspaper Editors and the American Press Institute -- the only Canadian newspaper to receive such a designation.
Pike left CityMedia in February 2006 when she was appointed Executive Vice-president of Newspapers for Torstar, a role that gave her responsibility over all of Torstar\'s newspapers.
Pike\'s community and volunteer activity has included:
- Chair of the Canadian Newspaper Association
- Director of Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation
- Trustee of Brock University
- Member of McMaster University\'s DeGroote School of Business Dean\'s Advisory Committee
- Chair and President of the Hamilton 2010, 2014, and 2015 Commonwealth Games Bids
In 2004, she was honoured for her volunteer efforts in Hamilton when she received the Safe Communities' Spirit of the Community Award.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Pike has extended family in Croatia, and regularly visits Europe. She has lived for the entirety of her adult life in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). She is married, and has two children
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# Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary
**Phu Wua** (*ภูวัว*; *ภูงัว*) is a wildlife sanctuary in northeastern Thailand, in Bueng Kan Province. It covers an area of 186.5 km^2^ of the districts Seka and Bung Khla.
## Features
The wildlife preserve covers forested hills along the Mekong River, ranging between 160 and 448 m elevation. The highest hill is Phu Wua Lang Tham Sung. *Shorea obtusa* is the most common tree. The dry and wet virgin forests are interspersed with bamboo forests and grasslands. Wildlife of the sanctuary includes elephants, tigers, leopards, bears, pheasants, monkeys, and gibbons.
The area was first surveyed in 1964, but the survey was halted due to the growing communist insurgency in the area. It took till 1974 for the forestry department to complete the survey and report the results to the government. On 2 May 1975 it was established as a wildlife sanctuary by royal decree
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# Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy
**Chilton--Colburn J-factor analogy** (also known as the *modified Reynolds analogy*) is a successful and widely used analogy between heat, momentum, and mass transfer. The basic mechanisms and mathematics of heat, mass, and momentum transport are essentially the same. Among many analogies (like Reynolds analogy, Prandtl--Taylor analogy) developed to directly relate heat transfer coefficients, mass transfer coefficients and friction factors, Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy proved to be the most accurate. The factors are named after Thomas H. Chilton and Allan Philip Colburn (1904--1955).
It is written as follows,
$J_M=\frac{f}{2} = J_H = \frac{h}{c_p\, G}\,{Pr}^{\frac{2}{3}}= J_D = \frac{k'_c}{\overline{v}} \cdot {Sc}^{\frac{2}{3}}$
This equation permits the prediction of an unknown transfer coefficient when one of the other coefficients is known. The analogy is valid for fully developed turbulent flow in conduits with *Re* \> 10000, 0.7 \< *Pr* \< 160, and tubes where *L*/*d* \> 60 (the same constraints as the Sieder--Tate correlation). The wider range of data can be correlated by Friend--Metzner analogy
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# Alabama Commission on Higher Education
The **Alabama Commission on Higher Education**, a statewide 12-member lay board appointed by the Governor of Alabama, Lieutenant Governor, and Speaker of the House and confirmed by the Senate, is the state agency responsible for the overall statewide planning and coordination of higher education in Alabama, the administration of various student aid programs, and the performance of designated regulatory functions. The Commission seeks to provide reasonable access to quality collegiate and university education for the citizens of Alabama. In meeting this commitment, the Commission facilitates informed decision making and policy formulation regarding wise stewardship of resources in response to the needs of students and the goals of institutions. The agency also provides a state-level framework for institutions to respond cooperatively and individually to the needs of the citizens of the State.
The planning/coordination/designated regulatory functions of the Commission are limited to public sector institutions.
## Alabama Mosaic {#alabama_mosaic}
Under the umbrella of the commission is the Network of Alabama Academic Libraries, an academic consortium. It administers Alabama Mosaic, a publicly accessible \"repository of digital materials on Alabama\'s history, culture, places, and people
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# Giacomo Parolini
**Giacomo Parolini** (May 1, 1663 -- 1733) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, mainly active in Ferrara.
He initially traveled with Giovanni Francesco Viterbi to Turin to study law, but then went to study painting in Turin with Peruzzini Anconitano, who had trained with Simone Cantarini. He travels with Viterbi to Bologna in 1679, where he apprentices with Carlo Cignani in Bologna, till the latter leaves for Forlì. In Bologna he worked with Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole and Giuseppe Maria Crespi. He then traveled to Turin, Venice and Rome. In about 1699, he returns to Ferrara where he marries.
He painted the ceiling of Carmine in San Paolo. In the Certosa he painted a *Crucifixion*. He painted numerous other altarpieces in Ferrara, including a *Last supper* in cathedral and a *St. Sebastian* for the church of San Sebastiano of Verona. Among his pupils were Girolamo Gregori and Giovanni Francesco Braccioli
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# Tom Burridge
**Tom Eustace Burridge** (30 April 1881 in Pimlico -- 16 September 1965 in Chatham, Kent) was a British footballer who won a gold medal at the 1900 Summer Olympics as part of the Upton Park club side. He played centre half.
His name is sometimes spelled *Barridge* and his initials given as *J. E.* by some sources, but he is listed as *T. E. Burridge*, both by the IOC on their website, and by other statistical sources such as RSSSF
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# Cleveland Green
**Cleveland Carl Green** (born September 11, 1957) is a former offensive tackle. He played eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Miami Dolphins from 1979 to 1986. He started in Super Bowl XIX
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# Asbeel
**Asbeel** (Heb. עזב *azab* \"to abandon\" + אל *el* \"God\", meaning \"God has forsaken\" or \"deserter of God\") is a fallen angel that appears in the first book of Enoch, chapter 69, verse 5:
*\"And the second was named Asbeel: he imparted to the holy sons of God evil counsel, and led them astray so that they defiled their bodies with the daughters of men.\"*
Asbeel was listed as the second of five \"satans\" who led astray the Grigori by falling in love with humans. There were also Yeqon (or Yaqum, \"he shall rise\"), Gadreel (\"wall of God\"), Penemue (\"the inside\"), and Kasdaye (\"Chaldean\", \"covered hand\").
He is also referred to in the film *The Devil Inside*, as a woman possessed shouts she is \'Asbeel\'
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# Miss Jerry
***Miss Jerry*** is an 1894 American feature-length black-and-white silent pre-film \"Picture Play\" written and produced by Alexander Black and starring Blanche Bayliss. *Miss Jerry* was not a film, but a series of posed magic lantern slides projected onto a screen with a dissolving stereopticon, accompanied by narration and music, making it the first example of a feature-length dramatic fiction on screen.
*Miss Jerry* debuted on October 9, 1894 at the Carbon Studio in New York City. It has been described as \"the first picture play\" and while other early film and peep-show animations produced at this time were short documentaries, *Miss Jerry* sought to develop what is arguably the first feature of moving pictures. This [photoplay](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photoplay) attempts to create an impression of movement with the slides changing once every 15 seconds.
## The Picture Play {#the_picture_play}
\"In *Miss Jerry* my purpose has been to test experimentally, in a quiet story, certain possibilities of illusion, with this aim always before me, that the illusion should not, because it need not and could not safely, be that of photographs from an acted play, nor of artistic illustration, but the illusion of reality\'.\"
Aware of the progress made by Eadweard Muybridge and other photographers towards the illusion of motion, Black instead set out to present a convincing narrative story in front of an audience, using still photography to present fiction in a convincing way, rather than a perfect illusion of motion.
In his 1926 history of the movies, *A Million and One Nights* the author Terry Ramsaye says:
: While the motion picture was progressing with mincing steps in the peep show Edison Kinetoscope the sheer force of the evolution of expression presented the world with an interesting paradox -- the birth of the photoplay upon the screen. . . Black arrived at a rate of four slides a minute for his presentation. The plan was to make the pictures successively blend into one another in the dissolving stereopticon, avoiding an optical 'jar' as much as possible. Each picture represented a step forward in the action. The pictures were carefully registered always to present every still object in the view in precisely the same position, while only the moving actors were shown in altered attitudes. There could, of course, be no hope of depicting rapid motion. Black chose, in such instances, to picture the moments before and after the swift action involved. For example, the villain might stand menacing the hero with an upraised dagger, while the next slide would show the victim of the stab in a heap on the floor. The spoken obligation from the stage had to carry across the imagined stroke of the stabbing.
No intact set of slides for *Miss Jerry* is known to exist.
## Plot
After finding out that her father is suffering financial problems, Jerry Holbrook decides to start a career in journalism in the heart of New York City. While working she falls in love with the editor of her paper, Walter Hamilton. After being offered a job in London, the couple initially have problems but Jerry accepts Walter\'s marriage proposal and they leave for London together
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# Giuseppe Zola
**Giuseppe Zola** (5 March 1672 -- 27 March 1743) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, mainly active in Ferrara.
He mainly painted landscapes with small figures. Born in Brescia, where he studied with Giuseppe Tortelli. His sister was also a painter.
Other sources indicate his style was developed working under Giulio Giacinto Avellino, a painter from Messina active in Ferrara. Two of his works are displayed in the Pinacoteca of Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara
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# Blue-winged macaw
\| genus = Primolius \| species = maracana \| authority = (Vieillot, 1816) \| range_map = Primolius maracana map.svg }}
The **blue-winged macaw** (***Primolius maracana***), in aviculture more commonly known as **Illiger\'s macaw**, is a species of small macaw (sometimes called a mini-macaw) found in central and eastern South America. The second name is in honor of the German ornithologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger. It was previously placed in the genera *Ara* or *Propyrrhura*. Blue-winged macaws have been known to reach an age of 50--60 years.
## Description
It has a total length of approximately 36--43 cm (14--17 in). It has a moderately sized black bill, a long tail and a mainly green plumage. The upperside of the remiges and primary coverts are blue, as indicated by its common name. The underside of the wings is yellowish, the tail-tip, crown and cheeks are bluish, and the tail-base and small belly-patch are red. The iris is amber. It and the red-bellied macaw are the only macaws where the bare facial-skin is yellowish, but this often fades to white in captivity. Unlike the red-bellied macaw, the blue-winged has a red lower abdomen and a red lower back. In the wild, its flight pattern is said to be a distinctive \'jerky, rearing motion.\'
## Habitat and food {#habitat_and_food}
The blue-winged macaw occurs in eastern and southern Brazil (with a remnant population north-east), eastern Paraguay and, at least formerly, in far north-eastern Argentina and east of Bolivia. It occurs in evergreen and deciduous forests, with a preference for gallery forest. They mainly feed on seeds of *Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus*, *Jatropha*, *Guazuma ulmifolia*, and the non-native *Melia azedarach*. However, the birds also feed on fruits and nuts.
## Breeding
The blue-winged macaw attain sexual maturity between 2 and 4 years after they are born. Adult females usually produce two eggs which take approximately 29 days to hatch. Young blue-winged macaws learn to fly about 11 weeks after they have hatched. They stay with their parents for about a year after learning to fly. Relatively little information exists on its reproduction in the wild, but the breeding season in north-eastern Brazil is apparently from December to February. However, in 1990, a female blue-winged macaw was discovered with a male Spix\'s macaw in a site.
## Threats
These birds are affected mostly by deforestation. They were also captured for the cagebird trade - from 1977 to 1979, 183 birds arrived at the United States from Paraguay. It has declined in the southern part of its range, and there are no recent records from Misiones Province in Argentina where many were killed by farmers who considered them pests. Therefore, it was previously considered vulnerable. Information from Brazil suggests it remains widespread and has even re-colonised areas in its historical range in southern Rio de Janeiro. This has led to it being downlisted to near threatened.
## Aviculture
The blue-winged macaw is sometimes kept by humans as an aviary bird or companion parrot. An intensely social bird and a strong flier, this macaw does best when housed with other birds (whether other blue-winged macaws or member of a different parrot species) and given plenty of space in which to fly. It is also an avid chewer and may damage its keeper\'s property unless provided with wooden destructible objects to occupy its time. Captive breeding of this species is encouraged, due to conservation concerns. If kept as a pet, the blue-winged macaw can bond strongly with humans and some individuals may even begin to mirror their owner\'s emotional state
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# John Gesek
**John Christian Gesek Jr.** (born February 18, 1963) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Los Angeles Raiders, Dallas Cowboys, and Washington Redskins. He played college football for the Sacramento State Hornets and was selected in the 10th round of the 1987 NFL draft. Gesek won two Super Bowls with the Cowboys over the Buffalo Bills as a starting offensive lineman.
## Early life {#early_life}
Gesek attended San Ramon Valley High School, as a freshman and senior, transferring to Bellflower High School for his sophomore and junior seasons. He was a two-way player on the offensive and defensive line.
After graduation he moved on to Diablo Valley College where he did not participate in sports. As a sophomore, he transferred to Sacramento State University during its non-scholarship Division II years. He played defensive end, tallying 34 tackles and 4 sacks.
As a junior, he moved to offensive tackle and found a starting spot at right tackle. As a senior, he was the only returning starter on an offensive line that helped post 400.5 yards per game and won the Western Football Conference title.
In 1996, he was inducted into the Sacramento State Football Hall of Fame. The school also created the annual \"John Gesek Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award\" in his honor.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Los Angeles Raiders {#los_angeles_raiders}
Gesek was selected by the Los Angeles Raiders in the 10th round (265th overall) of the 1987 NFL draft. As a rookie, he appeared in 3 games (one start), before being placed on the injured reserve list on September 7 with a knee injury.
The next season after Charley Hannah suffered a season ending knee injury, he started 6 games between left guard and center, but was placed on the injured reserve list with a knee injury on November 30, missing the last 3 contests.
In 1989, he was the full-time starter at right guard where he started all 16 games. After the Raiders signed Max Montoya in Plan B free agency, Gesek became expendable and was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a fifth round draft choice (#124-Ben Coates) on September 3, 1990.
### Dallas Cowboys {#dallas_cowboys}
In 1990, he passed Kevin Gogan on the depth chart and became the starter at right guard in the fifth game of the season. Gesek was the starter at right guard during his first three seasons with the Dallas Cowboys, including Super Bowl XXVII.
In 1991, he started the first 14 games at right guard until suffering a left ankle sprain against the New Orleans Saints. The next game against the Philadelphia Eagles, he was limited to only short yardage situations, but was able to recover for the rest of the season and the playoffs. The offensive line helped Emmit Smith lead the league with 365 carries for 1,563 rushing yards.
In 1992, he started all 16 games at right guard. The offensive line helped the offense rank fourth in the league in total offense, fifth in rushing and passing. It also contributed to Smith winning his second consecutive NFL rushing title with 1,713 yards. He was a part of the XXVII winning team.
In 1993, he was injured in a pre-season game against the Raiders and was replaced by Kevin Gogan and remained in a reserve role, until Mark Stepnoski suffered a knee injury against the Minnesota Vikings in the 13th game of the season. After trying Frank Cornish as the replacement at center, the team settled on Gesek for the playoffs run and Super Bowl XXVIII.
His role in one of the greatest offensive lines in NFL history was detailed in NFL Network\'s 2013 A Football Life: \"The Great Wall of Dallas\". Before the start of the 1994 season, with four Cowboys offensive linemen declared as free agents, the Cowboys focused on re-signing guard Nate Newton, and Gesek became a sought after free agent and opted to change teams.
### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
After fielding offers from several teams, including the Los Angeles Raiders and San Francisco 49ers, he signed a contract on March 16, 1994 as a free agent with the Washington Redskins, reuniting him with head coach Norv Turner, who was his offensive coordinator with the Cowboys. Although he had played most of his career at guard, the Washington Redskins signed him as a free agent to play center and allow the move of Raleigh McKenzie to right guard.
Gesek was the starting center during his 2 seasons with the team. In 1995, he started 12 games at center and four at right guard, despite being limited with pain in his neck and arm, caused by a bulging disk in his neck, which eventually forced him to retire. On August 20, 1996, he was waived injured and was replaced with a platoon of Jeff Uhlenhake and Cory Raymer. Gesek was ultimately granted his tenth year through arbitration when it was found the Redskins released him while injured.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
After retiring from the NFL, Gesek became an entrepreneur, real estate developer, and founder of Optimus Capital Advisors, where he continues in his role as a financial advisor and firm principal. He is married to Gina and has four grown children, daughters Presley, Audra, Payton and son Tanner, as well as granddaughter Evaliah
| 894 |
John Gesek
| 0 |
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# Colin Johnson (bishop)
**Colin Robert Johnson** `{{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Catholic Priests|SCP]]}}`{=mediawiki} (born 1952) is the former Anglican archbishop of Toronto and Moosonee, and he served as Metropolitan of the Ecclesiastical Province of Ontario from 2009 to 2018. He was the 11th Bishop of Toronto, the largest diocese in the Anglican Church of Canada.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in 1952, Johnson was educated at the University of Western Ontario and then received his Master of Divinity degree in 1977 from Trinity College in the University of Toronto.
He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity (*honoris causa*) by Wycliffe College and Trinity College, both in 2005, and by Huron College in 2015. Johnson was made an Honorary Senior Fellow of Renison University College in 2017. He was elected an honorary Fellow of Trinity College by its Corporation in 2019.
## Ordained ministry {#ordained_ministry}
He was made a deacon in 1977, ordained to the priesthood in 1978, and served a number of parishes in the Diocese of Toronto before becoming executive assistant to the diocesan bishop in 1992 and archdeacon of York in 1994.
### Episcopal ministry {#episcopal_ministry}
Johnson was elected suffragan bishop by the diocesan synod on April 23, 2003, at the Cathedral Church of St. James (Toronto) and was consecrated on June 21, 2003, to serve as the area bishop of Trent-Durham, the eastern region of the diocese. He was elected diocesan bishop on June 12, 2004, and installed as the 11th bishop of Toronto on September 12, 2004. He succeeded Terence Finlay, who retired on June 4, 2004, after serving *ex officio* as diocesan bishop for over 15 years. John Strachan was the first bishop of Toronto when the diocese was created in 1839.
On October 15, 2009, Johnson was elected the 18th metropolitan of the Ecclesiastical Province of Ontario. The Ecclesiastical Province of Ontario includes the dioceses of Moosonee, Algoma, Ontario, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara and Huron. It extends from the Great Lakes in the south to the shores of James Bay in the north and from Martin Falls (Ogoki Post) in western Ontario to Val D\'Or in northern Quebec and Cornwall, Ontario in the east. Collectively, Anglicans in the province represent more than half of the Anglican population in all of Canada. Johnson succeeded Caleb Lawrence of the Diocese of Moosonee, who had been the metropolitan since 2004.
When the 9th Bishop of Moosonee, Tom Corston, retired on December 31, 2013, the Diocese of Moosonee was reorganized as a mission area of the Province of Ontario, with Johnson, as metropolitan, serving as bishop of Moosonee in addition to his jurisdiction in the Diocese of Toronto. He was formally installed as the 10th Bishop of Moosonee on April 1, 2014 at Bishop Anderson Memorial Church,`{{clarify|date=March 2016}}`{=mediawiki} Cochrane and enthroned at St. Matthew\'s Cathedral, Timmins the next day.
He was elected episcopal visitor of the Sisterhood of St. John the Divine in 2005 and re-elected in 2010, serving until 2015. In 2009, he was named episcopal visitor to the Ontario chapter of the newly constituted North American branch of the Society of Catholic Priests (SCP).
Johnson chaired the Theological Education for the Anglican Communion (TEAC2) Working Group and was a member of the Council of General Synod (2008--2013), the executive body of the Anglican Church of Canada. He is a member of the board of directors of the College for Bishops\], of the Episcopal Church, a member of its faculty and a coach for new bishops. He represented the Anglican Church on the National Church Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada and is honorary patron of a number of not-for-profit or social service organisations. For several years (1996--2003) he was a member of the Ontario Press Council. He is a founding member of the Bishops in Dialogue consultation to build understanding and respect among diverse leaders within the Anglican Communion.
In October 2018, Johnson stepped down as Metropolitan of Ontario and as Bishop of Moosonee. He retired as Bishop of Toronto on December 31, 2018.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Johnson is married to Ellen (*née* Smith). They have three children (Andrea, Rachel and Timothy) and three granddaughters
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# Giovanni Francesco Braccioli
**Giovanni Francesco Braccioli** (1697 -- 16 July 1762) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, mainly active in Ferrara.
Born in Ferrara, he first trained with Giacomo Parolini, and then with Giuseppe Maria Crespi in Bologna. He painted mainly religious altarpieces in Ferrara. On his return to Ferrara he painted for churches and convents. For the Oratory of the Theatines, he painted an *Annunciation* and in the church of St Catherine there are two pictures, one *Flagellation* and the other *Christ crowned with Thorns*. He died at Ferrara. Laderchi stated that his melancholy diverged into madness
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Giovanni Francesco Braccioli
| 0 |
10,109,880 |
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Damaged (TLC song)
| 0 |
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# Nicholas Kehoe
**Nicholas Bernard Kehoe III** (May 28, 1943 -- December 18, 2022) was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force (USAF) who served as a fighter pilot during the Vietnam War. His last active duty assignment was as the Inspector General of the Air Force, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. After over 34 years of military service, Kehoe continued in public service as the Assistant Inspector General in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). As of March 1, 2003, he became the President and CEO of the Medal of Honor Society.
## Air Force career {#air_force_career}
Raised in Rochester, New York, Kehoe graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1966 with a Bachelor of Science degree. He was commissioned a second lieutenant on June 8, 1966.
Kehoe was a command pilot with over 3,600 hours of flight hours in the T-37 Tweet, T-38 Talon, F-4 Phantom II, F-15 Eagle and other aircraft. During the Vietnam War, he served two combat tours, earning the Distinguished Flying Cross and 28 Air Medals.
In September 1998, Kehoe became the inspector general, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C. --- overseeing USAF inspection policy; criminal investigations; counterintelligence operations; the complaints and fraud, waste and abuse programs; intelligence oversight; and two field operating agencies, the Air Force Inspection Agency and the Air Force Office of Special Investigations.
General Kehoe retired from the United States Air Force on October 1, 2000, after over 34 years of service. He died at the age of 79 on December 18, 2022.
### Summary of assignments {#summary_of_assignments}
1. September 1966 - September 1967, student, undergraduate pilot training, Williams Air Force Base, Arizona
2. September 1967 - June 1968, student, F-4 combat crew training, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, and George Air Force Base, California
3. June 1968 - June 1969, F-4 pilot, 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Udon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
4. June 1969 - February 1970, F-4 upgrade training, George Air Force Base, California
5. February 1970 - March 1971, F-4 pilot, 390th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Da Nang Air Base, Republic of Vietnam
6. March 1971 - December 1973, T-38 instructor pilot and assistant chief, Wing Operations Division, Williams Air Force Base, Arizona
7. December 1973 - December 1976, staff officer and chief, Airspace and Air Traffic Control Division, Directorate of Training, Headquarters Air Training Command, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas
8. December 1976 - December 1978, chief of training, 86th Tactical Fighter Group, and operations officer, 512th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Ramstein Air Base, West Germany
9. December 1978 - June 1979, student, Royal Air Force Air War College, RAF Cranwell, England
10. June 1979 - August 1981, senior USAF adviser to British Joint Warfare Wing, National Defense College, Latimer House, Latimer, England
11. August 1981 - September 1983, director of social actions, Headquarters Tactical Air Command (TAC), Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
12. September 1983 - January 1986, deputy commander for operations and vice commander, 1st Tactical Fighter Wing, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
13. January 1986 - October 1986, director of inspection, Office of the Inspector General, Headquarters TAC, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
14. October 1986 - August 1988, vice commander and commander, 12th Flying Training Wing, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas
15. August 1988 - May 1990, assistant deputy chief of staff for plans and requirements, Headquarters Air Training Command, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas
16. May 1990 - July 1992, deputy director for regional plans and policy, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters USAF, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
17. July 1992 - October 1994, assistant chief of staff for operations and logistics, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Mons, Belgium
18. October 1994 - November 1995, commander, 19th Air Force, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas
19. November 1995 - September 1998, deputy chairman, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military Committee, Headquarters NATO, Brussels, Belgium
20. September 1998 - October 2000, Inspector General, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C
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# Derek Kennard
**Derek Craig Kennard** (born September 9, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a guard and center in the National Football League (NFL) for the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals, New Orleans Saints, and Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Los Angeles Express in the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football for the Nevada Wolf Pack.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kennard attended Edison High School, where he was an offensive tackle and his No. 73 jersey was retired in 1996. He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Nevada, Reno, where he was a second-team All-Big Sky as a sophomore, and All-Big Sky as a junior and senior. He was named to the Division I-AA All-American as an offensive tackle in 1983.
In 1996, he was inducted into Nevada Athletics Hall of Fame and he also is part of the Big Sky Conference Silver Anniversary team.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Los Angeles Express {#los_angeles_express}
Kennard was selected by the Los Angeles Express in the third round (53rd overall) of the 1984 USFL Draft. He was converted into a guard and played in 20 games during 2 seasons.
### St. Louis / Phoenix Cardinals {#st._louis_phoenix_cardinals}
Kennard was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the second round (45th overall) of the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players. He joined them after the USFL folded in August 1986, starting 10 out of 15 games at left guard.
In 1987, he started the final 11 games at center. In 1988, he was the regular starter at center and was an alternate selection to the Pro Bowl.
In 1989, he was suspended 2 games after crashing his car while driving under the influence and started 14 games at center. In 1990, he was moved to left guard to make room for Bill Lewis at center. He played in 73 games and had a streak of 40 consecutive starts.
### New Orleans Saints {#new_orleans_saints}
On August 19, 1991, he was traded along with a fifth round draft choice (#118-Rogerick Green) to the New Orleans Saints, in exchange for holdout cornerback Robert Massey. He opened the season as the starter at right guard, but suffered a torn pectoral muscle in a weight room accident, and was lost for the year after the third game.
In 1991, he regained his starting position at right guard. He missed the season finale with a sprained ankle. In 1992, he started the first 14 games at right guard before moving to center in place of an injured Joel Hilgenberg in the fifteenth game, and returned to guard for the season finale.
Kennard played 3 seasons and had 32 consecutive starts at guard and center.
### Dallas Cowboys {#dallas_cowboys}
On April 18, 1994, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys as an unrestricted free agent, primarily to be the starting right guard, replacing Kevin Gogan who signed with the Los Angeles Raiders in free agency.
In 1995 after injuring his hip in training camp, he told the team that he was retiring because of health reasons, but Jerry Jones eventually convinced him to return. When Larry Allen moved from left tackle back to right guard, he became a backup offensive lineman. After Ray Donaldson suffered a broken right ankle and was placed on the injured reserve list, he started the last 4 games at center and all of the playoffs. In Super Bowl XXX he started at center and played with a severe separated shoulder.
Although he was not a part of the team at the start of the 1996 season, the Cowboys signed him to help in one game. He retired at the end of the year.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His sons Derek Kennard Jr. played defensive tackle for the University of Nevada, and Devon Kennard played linebacker for the New York Giants, Detroit Lions and Arizona Cardinals from 2014-2022, and USC from 2009-2013.
After retiring from the NFL, he promoted sleep apnea awareness with a company called Pro Player Health Alliance. In the summer of 1986, he shot several episodes of the HBO series 1st & Ten
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# King's College London RFC
The **King\'s College London Rugby Football Club** (also referred to as **KCLRFC** and **King\'s Rugby**) is an English rugby union club based in London.
The club represents King\'s College London in competitions organised by the British Universities and Colleges Sport. The team plays its home games at the New Malden Sports Ground in Berrylands.
## Background
KCLRFC runs two competitive sides each entered into the BUCS leagues. The 1st XV compete in the second tier of the South East Region. The 2nd XV upholds a competitive nature in the fourth tier of the South East region. `{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Both teams used to enter the University of London Union (ULU) cup competitions before the ULU was dissolved: the 1st XV competed for the Gutteridge Cup which was open to all University of London 1st XVs (including Imperial College who affiliated to ULU despite the college leaving the federal university in 2007); the 2nd XV competed in the Reserves Plate -- open to all 2nd and lower XVs.`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The London Varsity is an annual match against their closest rivals UCL played in March, and has recently`{{when|date=March 2023}}`{=mediawiki} been played at the Barnet Copthall stadium, the home of Premiership Rugby side Saracens F.C.. It is considered`{{by who|date=March 2023}}`{=mediawiki} one of the highlights of the University of London\'s sporting calendar and takes place in front of a crowd of several thousand supporters from both colleges. The winner takes home the George-Bentham Cup, named after King George IV and Jeremy Bentham, associated with the founding of King\'s College and University College respectively.`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The club caters for all standards of players, with players new to the game especially welcome.`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
At the end of each season an annual general meeting is held where club members vote for a new committee who will be responsible for the club the following season.`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Former head coach John Graves (previously Backs coach for Esher RFC) started coaching at the club from midseason 2007/08. He coached the 1st XV team to progress up two leagues, won the Gutteridge Cup and won the varsity match three times.`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Club colours {#club_colours}
The 1st XV play in red and navy shirts, navy shorts and red and blue socks. The emblem on the shirts is the university crest and features Reggie the Lion. Below the crest is the club motto which reads \'Sancte et Sapienter\' (With Holiness and Wisdom)
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10,109,952 |
# Casper Helling
**Casper Helling** (born 14 April 1972) is a Dutch speedskater, specialising in marathon skating and the longer distances. On 15 March 2007 at the Utah Olympic Oval in Salt Lake City, Helling skated 41.969 km in one hour, which was the current world record in this event. Helling\'s result was 300 m better than the previous world record, set by Henk Angenent in March 2004. It was bested by Douwe de Vries who covered 42.252 km in one hour on March 14, 2015. Among his other achievements is a gold medal on the 10,000-m in the Dutch single distances championship for the 2001--2002 season. In recent years Casper Helling has won 3 races of 200 km distance on natural ice: Kuopio, Finland, in 2004, Kuopio, Finland in 2008 and Weissensee, Austria in 2009.
As of March 2007, Helling\'s personal records are 40.37 (500 m), 1:58.00 (1500 m), 6:50.10 (5000 m) and 13:56.31 (10000 m)
| 157 |
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10,109,959 |
# Giuseppe Ghedini
**Giuseppe Antonio Ghedini** (1707 -- 5 June 1791) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, mainly active in Ferrara.
## Biography
Born in Ficarolo in the province of Rovigo. He trained with Giacomo Parolini. He became professor of painting at the Academy of Fine Arts of Ferrara. He painted for the main church in Mirandola and the church in Vallalta. He painted a cycle of paintings about the Mysteries of the Rosary, once were around the altar dedicated to the Madonna del Rosario in the church of San Materno Vescovo in Melara. These are now found in Rovigo. He also painted two altarpieces destroyed in an 1851 fire at the church. Giuseppe\'s brother was a prelate in the town. He painted two altarpieces for Santa Maria in Vado: a *Il mendico cacciato dal convitto di nozze* and a *Sacrifice of Melchisedec*
He painted many portraits, including Girolamo Baruffaldi (Cento, 1736), Ferrante Borsetti, Pope Benedict XIV, and Bishop B. Barberini. Francesco Zucchi engraved many of his portraits. Ghedini helped illustrated the front page of an edition of *Gerusalemme Liberata* by Ricciardetto di N. Fortiguerri, also engraved by Zucchi
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10,109,965 |
# Božidar Kalmeta
**Božidar Kalmeta** (`{{IPA|sh|bǒʒidar kâlmeta|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; born 15 January 1958) is a Croatian politician and member of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party. From 2003 to 2011 he served in the Croatian Government as Croatia\'s Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure under HDZ prime ministers Ivo Sanader and Jadranka Kosor.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kalmeta graduated in 1982 from the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agronomy.
From 1982 to 1993 he worked in his hometown of Zadar as a technologist and manager at the *Maraska* distilling company (which produces the world-famous Maraschino liqueur).
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1989 he joined the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and in 1993 his full-time political career started after he was elected to the Zadar City Council. In 1994 he became Zadar\'s deputy mayor, and from 1994 to 2003 he served as mayor of the city.
From 1995 to 2003 he was also a member of the Croatian Parliament, serving as one of representatives from Zadar County. At the 7th HDZ Convention he was elected party\'s vice-president, beating Ivić Pašalić, and is currently a member of the party\'s presidency.
After HDZ won the Croatian parliamentary elections of 2003, Kalmeta was appointed to the newly created post of Minister of the Sea, Tourism, Transport and Development (which was created by merging three separate ministries) under Prime Minister Ivo Sanader. One of the chief accomplishments credited to his ministry was the completion of the A1 Highway linking the country\'s two largest cities, Zagreb and Split. In the next elections of 2007 HDZ won again and Kalmeta kept his post under Ivo Sanader\'s second term in office.
In February 2009, Kalmeta fired Davorin Kobak, the general manager of Croatian Railways, the national railway operator overseen by Kalmeta\'s Ministry, allegedly after a police wiretap operation uncovered a conspiracy to embezzle three million euros. In June, USKOK arrested Kobak and two others and charged them with embezzlement. In July and August, after the 2009 Rudine train derailment, Kalmeta intervened to replace several managers, and soon after, HŽ managers Ivan Medak, Drago Rogulj, Drago Ivanković were arrested for their role in causing the fatal Rudine accident, with several others.
In November 2009, Kalmeta\'s long-time associate the State Secretary Zdravko Livaković unexpectedly resigned and after that the Government fired much of the management of the public company Hrvatske autoceste, the largest recipient of Kalmeta\'s Ministry budget money. Soon afterwards, three former managers of *Hrvatske autoceste*, Jurica Prskalo, Mario Lovrinčević and Goran Legac, were arrested for embezzling over 21 million kuna on a public tender, together with a chief engineer Željko Kandžija and owner of a private construction company Slaven Žužul.
Kalmeta has consistently stated he never knew about those affairs and has refused to take any kind of responsibility. President Stjepan Mesić was one of many who suggested Kalmeta needed to resign. After another railway accident on 21 November near Rijeka, the railway workers union sent an open letter of complaint to the minister. On 11 December 2009 Kalmeta underwent an interpellation and survived a vote of no confidence.
In December 2010, Kalmeta dismissed the last remaining member of the Board of Directors of Hrvatske autoceste, Josip Sapunar, after he was indicted for participating in a large-scale embezzlement scheme. The latter subsequently testified in USKOK and accused the minister of complicity. In June 2015 Kalmeta and 12 others were indicted by USKOK for corruption.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kalmeta is married with three children. He speaks English and Italian and his hobbies include spearfishing, jogging and reading
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10,109,977 |
# Sabbatsberg Hospital
**Sabbatsberg Hospital** (*Sabbatsbergs sjukhus*) is a former hospital in central Stockholm, Sweden. Its located on Sabbatsberg, situated between Torsgatan, Vasaparken, Tegnérgatan by Barnhusbron, and Dalagatan in Vasastan. It was opened in 1879.
## History
Based on the proposal of a committee appointed by the Governor of Stockholm in 1858, it was decided in 1869 to erect a new municipal hospital on the Sabbatsberg site. After the plans were approved by the city council on 2 December 1872, the work began, and in January 1879, the so-called Sabbatsberg Hospital was opened for the admission of patients.
The area allocated for the hospital on the eastern part of the Sabbatsberg site amounted to approximately 85,000 square meters. Initially, the hospital consisted of eight interconnected buildings through low, covered walkways, namely six uniform two-story pavilions, an administration building, and an economic building, along with a detached mortuary and necessary outbuildings, ice cellar, and laundry facility. Significant expansions were later undertaken. In 1890, a separate operating building was added with a direct entrance from the northern connecting walkway, entirely detached otherwise; the same year, a new entrance building with a connecting walkway was added, located at the eastern boundary of the site; in 1895, a standalone isolation building with four sickrooms was constructed, intended for patients with contagious diseases such as erysipelas, and for others who were disturbing to other patients due to violent dizziness or otherwise; and in 1899, a tuberculosis pavilion was built, situated in the southernmost part of the hospital\'s area. A few years later, a convalescent home was erected in the northernmost part of the site, funded with a donation of 140,000 kronor from an estate in Stockholm, along with a \"reception facility for rapidly deteriorating patients\" (1901). Finally, from 1908 to 1912, a significant expansion of the hospital took place, including both new constructions and extensions or thorough alterations of older premises. The new constructions consisted of four sick pavilions (three for patients in general wards and one for patients in private rooms), a new entrance building, a radiology department, a new surgical department, and a new economic department, all interconnected by a connecting walkway with the older complex. Additionally, a standalone building was constructed with departments for patients suffering from diseases of the eyes, ears, nose, throat, and pharynx, new autopsy facilities with a burial chapel, and ventilation sheds, among others. The old entrance building was merged with the expanded surgical department, the administration building received a new interior, and the old economic building was transformed into a bath department. In the mid-1910s, Sabbatsberg Hospital provided space for 679 patients in the actual medical departments, including 312 in the medical, 259 in the surgical, 60 in the gynecological, and 24 each in the departments for eye patients and ear patients. Additionally, the hospital had 12 places in the isolation department, 2 in two cells, 48 in two so-called summer pavilions, 18 in the \"reception facility,\" and 60 in the convalescent home. In total, there were 819 patient beds available for the hospital\'s needs. The costs for the original establishment amounted to slightly over 918,000 kronor, including the costs for subsequent alterations and extensions. The final cost for the current healthcare facility was estimated to be around 3.3 million kronor.
In 1913, Sabbatsberg Hospital cared for 7,948 patients. The expenses amounted to approximately 650,000 kronor, or 321.84 kronor per day of care. The average cost per patient per day was 3 kronor. These costs were covered by patient fees totaling around 123,000 kronor, and primarily through allocations from the City of Stockholm, slightly over 500,000 kronor. Patients paid daily rates of 4.50 kronor for private rooms, 3 kronor for semi-private rooms, and 1 kronor for general wards if they were residents of Stockholm Municipality, but 6 kronor, 4.50 kronor, and 2.25 kronor respectively if they were from other municipalities. Additionally, free care and assistance are provided to poor patients at the hospital\'s outpatient clinic; the surgical outpatient clinic alone was visited by approximately 7,000 individuals. The gynecological department provides training to students of the Karolinska Institute by one of its teachers, in addition to offering general courses for the training of nurses. The medical staff consists of 7 senior physicians, one of whom also serves as director, along with 4 junior physicians and 8 assistants. Furthermore, the hospital employs 1 pathologist and 1 head of the radiology department. The nursing staff comprises 4 operating room nurses, 28 registered nurses, and 33 nurse assistants (nursing students). The administration was overseen by a separate board of 5 members, including the hospital director.
The emergency clinic at Sabbatsberg closed in 1994. It is no longer operated as a hospital, although some healthcare-related activities are still located on the grounds, which partially have been rebuilt as housing.
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# Sabbatsberg Hospital
## Design
The buildings intended for general healthcare consisted of 10 pavilions, arranged along two parallel, interconnected walkways. Nine of these medical pavilions had their longitudinal axis almost north and south, so that the long sides faced east and west, allowing for the most uniform sunlight exposure and providing optimal lighting for the large hospital wards. The tenth medical pavilion, containing so-called private rooms, was constructed as an extension of one of the connecting walkways; at the opposite end of the same connecting walkway, the entrance building was situated along Dalagatan. The larger pavilions had either 2 or 3 stories, depending on the terrain, with each floor containing a large ward (for 24 beds) measuring 23 meters in length, 8 meters in width, and 3.85 meters in height, a day room for recovering patients, 1 to 2 isolation rooms, nurses\' rooms, a pantry, and a combined bathing and toilet room. The pavilion for individual patients had 3 floors, each containing 6 patient rooms, nurses\' rooms, bathing facilities, pantry, toilets, and more. The connecting walkways, running from east to west, were constructed to a height of 1 story, 3--3.7 meters wide.
The entrance building had 2 main floors, in addition to a basement and an attic with a mansard roof. The ground floor contained a reception hall and waiting room, 4 examination rooms, a outpatient surgical department, as well as offices for administrative staff, a porter\'s room, and more. The upper floors were intended for living quarters for administrative staff, nurses, and caretakers. In addition to the outpatient surgical department, there were now two operating rooms, directly connected to the older connecting walkway. Between the old and new pavilions were two buildings (the former administrative and economic buildings), connected on both sides to the walkways of the medical pavilions, containing both a assembly hall and a chapel along with the board\'s meeting room, rooms for senior physicians, etc., as well as laboratory space, a pharmacy, sewing and mending rooms, as well as residences for assistant physicians, and in a separate building, a very complete bathing department. Adjacent to these buildings was a newly constructed radiology department with an equipment room, darkroom, treatment rooms, etc. Additionally, a separate radium inhalation room was installed in the isolation pavilion. The economic building was located in the westernmost part of the area with a separate driveway from Torsgatan and housed, besides kitchens, laundry facilities, and steam boilers, also dining halls for doctors, nurses, and nurse trainees, assembly rooms for the nurses, as well as residential apartments for the economic staff.
The tuberculosis pavilion, located in the southernmost part of the hospital grounds and constructed over 3 floors, included on the lower level a dining hall (also intended for use as a day room and assembly hall), as well as a pantry, serving room, storage rooms, nurses\' rooms, restroom facilities, and more. On each of the upper floors, there were one ward with 6 beds, two rooms each with 3 beds, and two rooms each with 2 beds, totaling 32 beds. The convalescent home was situated north of the medical pavilions and accommodated 60 patients, spread across two floors in addition to a basement and an attic. The pavilion for patients suffering from conditions affecting the eyes, ears, nose, throat, and pharynx was located in the southeastern part of the hospital grounds, consisting of two medical floors and an attic with a mansard roof, each medical floor containing 8 patient rooms of varying sizes, along with operating rooms and other necessary facilities, while the attic housed living quarters for assistant physicians, an operating room nurse, and others.
The heating of the various premises was done partly through warm air and partly with steam. The lighting was electric. For telecommunications, there was a separate switchboard and 82 telephones. Flush toilets were installed in all buildings, and gas was piped into all pantries, sterilization rooms at the surgical departments, all kitchens belonging to residential apartments, the serving room of the nurses\' dining hall, the main kitchen, and the ironing room of the laundry facility for heating irons.
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Sabbatsberg Hospital
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