id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
10,140,014 |
# 1710 in Ireland
The following is a list of events which took place in **Ireland in 1710**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Anne
## Events
- John Smithwick begins brewing Smithwick\'s ale at Kilkenny.
## Births
- William Annesley, 1st Viscount Glerawly, politician (d. 1770)
## Deaths
- April 7 -- Sir Richard Bulkeley, 2nd Baronet, politician (b. 1660)
- August 28 -- Thomas Bligh, politician (b. 1654)
- Richard Freeman, judge (b
| 73 |
1710 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,140,020 |
# Hell Ride, Melbourne
The **Hell Ride** , also known as the Hell Dog, is an informal group bicycle training ride that follows the coastline of Port Phillip Bay through the south--eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It meets at 7am on Saturdays at the Black Rock clock tower, Black Rock and heads south towards Mount Eliza along Beach Road.
The record for the fastest Hell Ride is currently held by Thomas Lombardi (DUDA) and Jimmy Whelan (Q36.5 Pro Cycling Team), according to Strava, with a time of 1 hour, 20 minutes, and 43 seconds, set on December 23, 2023.
The ride has been widely criticised, particularly after the death of pedestrian James Gould in August, 2006.
A continuing police presence is now`{{when|date=May 2016}}`{=mediawiki} monitoring the weekly ride and has improved the behavior of cyclists and motorists alike.
Following the Victorian State Coroner\'s investigation into the death of Gould, after a cyclist from the Hellride bunch failed to stop at a pedestrian crossing when the traffic light was red and collided with him, a review of the literature on cyclists who ride in large groups or bunches on public roads was commissioned. The research was released by Monash University Accident Research Centre in January 2009.
The 2006 fatality, along with other incidents involving cyclists, has led to the introduction of new \"culpable cycling\" laws by the Victorian State Government. The **Road Legislation Amendment Bill 2009** introduces new penalties for cyclists who cause death or injury in a collision, for failing to stop and render assistance and for \"dangerous and careless riding\"
| 261 |
Hell Ride, Melbourne
| 0 |
10,140,023 |
# Rodriguez at His Best
***At His Best*** is a compilation album by American singer/song writer, Rodriguez. It was originally released exclusively in Australia by the Australian record label Blue Goose Music in 1977. Unbeknownst at the time even to Rodriguez himself, bootleg copies of the album subsequently went platinum in South Africa in the late 1970s.
The tracks \"Can\'t Get Away\", \"I\'ll Slip Away\", and \"Street Boy\" were originally recorded for his unfinished third studio album; these three were later included as bonus tracks on the 2009 U.S. re-issue of his second studio album, *Coming from Reality*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Crucify Your Mind\" -- 2:28 (from *Cold Fact*)
2. \"Sugar Man\" -- 3:45 (from *Cold Fact*)
3. \"Sandrevan Lullaby\" -- 6:35 (from *Coming from Reality*)
4. \"Inner City Blues\" -- 3:23 (from *Cold Fact*)
5. \"Can\'t Get Away\" -- 3:53 (previously unreleased)
6. \"I Wonder\" -- 2:30 (from *Cold Fact*)
7. \"I\'ll Slip Away\" -- 2:50 (re-recording of his 1967 single)
8. \"Street Boy\" -- 3:43 (previously unreleased)
9. \"Cause\" -- 5:24 (from *Coming from Reality*)
10. \"Jane S Piddy\" -- 2:51 (from *Cold Fact*)
11
| 189 |
Rodriguez at His Best
| 0 |
10,140,029 |
# High Country Cycle Challenge
The **High Country Cycle Challenge** is a non competitive ride held near `{{VICcity|Mansfield}}`{=mediawiki}, Victoria, Australia.
The 2007 event consisted of a three-stage 230 km challenge including the ascent of Mount Buller.
The Scody High Country Challenge is a single day, non competitive road cycling event. In 2013 the event consisted of four rides of various length and difficulty, ranging between 65 km and 165 km. The rides all originate in Mansfield
| 76 |
High Country Cycle Challenge
| 0 |
10,140,034 |
# Flitch Green
**Flitch Green** is a civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. It consists of a housing development built outside the village of Little Dunmow. Flitch Green is near the A120 dual carriageway, the village of Felsted and the town of Great Dunmow, the last of which is about 5 mi away. Flitch Green is on the site of an old sugar beet factory.
The development, originally named \'Oakwood Park\', is next to the Flitch Way, a public right of way between Bishop\'s Stortford and Braintree where the old railway line used to run. The name \'Flitch\' refers to the local Flitch of bacon custom. Building of Flitch Green began in 2001. The population (in December 2008) was 1,200, increasing to 2,190 at the 2011 Census.
Flitch Green was granted parish status in November 2008 in an order made by the district council; the order became effective on 1 April 2009. It had previously been in the parish of Little Dunmow.
Flitch Green Primary School, which serves the estate, was opened in September 2008. The primary school converted to The Flitch Green Academy in 2011.
Flitch United Youth Football Club are based on Flitch Green. They currently comprise youth teams from under 8's to under 12's and a ladies and men's adult teams
| 217 |
Flitch Green
| 0 |
10,140,035 |
# Wyville
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ **Wyville** is a village in the civil parish of Wyville cum Hungerton, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England, and situated approximately 5 mi south-west from Grantham The whole parish covers about 1670 acre. The population is included in the civil parish of Little Ponton and Stroxton.
The village is an ecclesiastical parish of the Harlaxton Group of the Grantham Deanery in the Diocese of Lincoln. The incumbent is Rev Keith Hanson.
## Wyville
\
Wyville is a small hamlet consisting mainly of a collection of farm buildings and a 19th-century church.
A small spring runs to the south of the hamlet, toward the Cringle Stream at Stoke Rochford, an early tributary of the River Witham.
## Hungerton
thumb\|upright=1.3\|left\|Hungerton Hall 52.859 -0.699 format=dms display=inline name=Hungerton, Lincolnshire\
Hungerton is a small hamlet set about a half mile northwest of Wyville. Hungerton has been the population centre of the parish in recent centuries.
## History
Both villages are listed in the Domesday Book of 1086, and at the time of the survey were larger than today.\
St Catherine has long been associated with Wyville. Ancient stone coffins have been found on what may have been the site of the original church. The present church was built in 1858.
In 1848 Samuel Lewis described the parish as:
: \"WYVILL, a parish, in the union of Grantham, wapentake of Loveden, parts of Kesteven, county of Lincoln, 6 miles (N. W.) from Colsterworth; containing, with Hungerton, 137 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, with that of Hungerton united; net income, £35; patron, the Bishop of Lincoln. The church is in ruins, and the inhabitants attend that at Harlaxton.\"
A few years later John Marius Wilson said of the parish:
: \"WYVILLE-WITH-HUNGERTON, a parish in Grantham district, Lincoln; 3½ miles W by S of Great Ponton r. station, and 5 SSW of Grantham. Post town, Colsterworth, under Grantham. Acres, 1,670. Real property, £1,840. Pop., 155. Houses, 28. The living is a double rectory in the diocese of Lincoln. Value, £35. Patron, the Bishop of L. The church was built in 1858
| 350 |
Wyville
| 0 |
10,140,042 |
# Melbourne Critical Mass
**Critical Mass Melbourne** is an informal grass roots collection of people who gather to take part in the month\'s Critical Mass event, which is a cycling event typically held in various cities throughout the world on the last Friday of every month, for traveling as a group through city or town streets on bikes. The rides in Melbourne began in November 1995, and have occurred every month since, with between 100 and 1000 riders involved. Like most Critical Mass events in other cities, the Melbourne rides have fostered the development of a coherent urban cycling community, the focus of which is the temporary intentional community of the rides themselves.
The biggest rides of the year are always held each November to celebrate the birthday of the first ride in Melbourne. These rides are typically five to ten times larger than a normal Critical Mass in Melbourne. This is also a suitable time of year to encourage cycling as the warmer weather arrives.
Rides occur at 6:00pm on the last Friday of every month, with people congregating on the steps of the State Library of Victoria from around 5pm: 37.810031 S 144.964116 E.
## Critical Mass and CityLink 1999--2004 {#critical_mass_and_citylink_19992004}
Following its opening in 1999, Critical Mass rode onto CityLink eight times. A policy of facilitated tolerance was adopted by Victoria Police based on history of no previous problems with the Critical Mass rides. This section summarises media reports that occurred after CityLink highlighted the rides in the media, ultimately causing the police to change their policy in 2004.
Critical Mass first crossed the Bolte Bridge in May 1999 before it was opened to traffic a few weeks later.
In June 2003 Critical Mass Melbourne rode through the Burnley Tunnel for the second time. Police Minister Andre Haermeyer said it was up to police to decide how to deal with the protest, \"I think everyone has the right to protest and I think most of us accept some modest amount of inconvenience as a trade-off against that democratic right,\" and added \"But this is just an outrageous impediment upon most people wanting to go home on a Friday night, the busiest night of the week. I think they\'re quite clearly a fringe element. I think they\'re irresponsible and reckless by taking the protest through the CityLink Tunnel.\" The Age described the event as a parade moving \"peacefully amid a party atmosphere, with blaring music and much cheering\". According to their report \"Some riders wore silly hats, dressed as clowns and animals and decorated their bikes with stuffed toys and teddy bears.\" While State Opposition Leader Robert Doyle denounced the tunnel\'s closure as \"political correctness gone mad\", a Victoria Police spokeswoman was pleased the action was over quickly.
Cyclists rode over the Bolte Bridge in February 2004 as part of their Critical Mass ride. One of the complaints of Critical Mass is that the Bolte Bridge makes no provision for cycle access, whilst more broadly it further entrenches car and oil dependency. According to a police spokeswoman about 300 cyclists took part in the ride, forcing the closure of northbound lanes on the Bolte Bridge for about 25 minutes shortly after 7 pm. It was reported by the ABC that the protest minimally disrupted traffic.
Transport Minister Peter Batchelor denounced the event, \"I think it\'s counterproductive; I think it works against the best interests of the cycling community,\" he told the ABC. Acting Police Superintendent Brett Guerin told the Herald Sun \"Facilitating protests is always the best option and has proved to work in the past,\"
In November 2004 Superintendent Mick Williams bypassed the previous policy of negotiation and facilitation and threatened a crackdown on cyclists using CityLink which prevented Critical Mass from entering the CityLink system. Brian, an environment professional who attended the ride, told the Jon Faine program on ABC radio that the Burnley Tunnel was an appropriate target for such a protest, but routes are decided on the night by the riders \"It (the route) is decided on the night by the people who are there. The Burnley Tunnel represents car-only infrastructure development by a private company to serve a public function.\" He explained further that congestion on Citylink proved the infrastructure was failing and alternative means of transportation needed to gain greater prominence. \"It (the ride) has raised the profile of the issue of the under-provision of infrastructure for bicycles and the failings of CityLink.\" he said.
## Recent history {#recent_history}
Critical Mass continued to gather each month between 2005 and 2014, with a focus on safer cycling and becoming a party on wheels/example of the freedom and enjoyment of cycling. Large infrastructure and major arteries were avoided in the interests of public safety and promoting cycling (and the event) as inclusive and enjoyable for everyone.
After numbers of attendees dropped off during 2015, Critical Mass Melbourne was reduced to a small hardcore group of die-hards. Attempts were made to have a closing ride to celebrate the death of Critical Mass but sufficient attendees could not be mustered. Attendance continued to decline until it reach zero in mid 2015.
Since 2016 new ride was promoted via social networking links and was touted to reappear on 29 January 2016
| 874 |
Melbourne Critical Mass
| 0 |
10,140,050 |
# Melbourne Summer Cycle
The **MS Melbourne Summer Cycle** is a social ride held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The ride is a benefit for those living with multiple sclerosis.
There are two course options - the 30 km and 50 km routes both taking in the sights of Melbourne city centre as well as crossing over the West Gate Bridge, starting and finishing at Princes Park, Carlton. The first event was held in 2007; since then thousands of people have participated.
Cyclists can enter as a team or individual. The start is staggered and participants can select to start at 7:00am, 7:20am, 7:40am or 8:00am. Depending on how quickly you cycle and how many stops you make along the way it will take between 1.5 and 4 hours to complete. There are three official rest stops on the course and all participants must adhere to Victorian road rules at all times.
In 2015, the MS Melbourne Cycle raised almost \$500,000 for people living with multiple sclerosis.
2023 saw the last edition of the event. It was announced, via their website, that there were no current plans for the MS Melbourne Run+ Ride Festival to return
| 195 |
Melbourne Summer Cycle
| 0 |
10,140,053 |
# Rotary River Ride
The **Rotary River Ride** is a non-competitive bicycle ride held next to the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Money raised helps finance the efforts of the Rotary in Australia
| 34 |
Rotary River Ride
| 0 |
10,140,055 |
# Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass
**Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass** (*Paso Cardenal Antonio Samoré*) is one of the main mountain passes through the southern Andes along the border between Argentina and Chile.
Together with Paso Libertadores, it is one of the easiest of the Argentina-Chile passes, and one of the few with asphalted roads in the region. The main towns and cities respectively on both sides of the pass are Entre Lagos and Osorno in Chile and Villa La Angostura and San Carlos de Bariloche in Argentina. From the Chilean side the pass is accessed through Route 215-CH, branch line which begins at the Panamerican Highway in Osorno. On the Argentine side the pass is reached by Ruta Nacional 231.
Since 1974 there is a treaty that guarantee the transport of Chilean goods from the Chilean X Los Lagos Region to the XII Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region over the Paso Samoré through the Argentine Patagonia. thumb\|upright=2.5\|none\|Samoré Pass on the map `{{clr|left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Climate
## History
It is named after Cardinal Antonio Samorè, who mediated in the Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina from 1978 to 1983. Operation Soberanía, the Argentine invasion plan, considered an offensive of the Third Army Corps under command of Luciano Benjamín Menéndez through Samoré Pass to seize Los Lagos Region.
Before it was renamed, it was known as *Paso Puyehue* after Puyehue Lake
| 227 |
Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass
| 0 |
10,140,056 |
# Shepparton Fruit Loop Ride
The **Shepparton Fruit Loop Ride** is non-competitive charitable cycle ride held in the area around Shepparton, Victoria, Australia. Money raised helps finance the efforts of the Goulburn Valley Hospice. The ride is so named due to the large amount of stone fruit grown in the Goulburn Valley and Shepparton region
| 55 |
Shepparton Fruit Loop Ride
| 0 |
10,140,063 |
# Hinduism in Sweden
**Hinduism** is a minority religion in Sweden practised by 0.13% of the population or 13,000 people out of a population of 10.5 million. Hinduism is practised mainly by persons of Indian origin and non-resident Indians together. A majority of them are Tamils, Punjabis, Bengalis, Gujaratis, Telugu\'s,Marathi people and Kannadigas.
## History
Some Indian students who went to Sweden in the 1950s settled down there. Another stream of Indians came from Uganda in the 1970s. Some Indians sought and obtained political asylum after 1984. The Indian community is culturally very active. Different associations hold cultural functions and observe national days.
There were also Tamil Hindu refugees from Sri Lanka and Hindu refugees from Bangladesh. After Sweden\'s immigration policy reform in 2008, India has become a leading country of labor supply, mostly of computer specialists.
## Demographics
In 2005, there were between 7,000 and 10,000 Hindus. Of the 10,000 Hindus, 2,000 were of Tamil origin and 1,500 were of Bengali origin.
Hinduism is growing in Sweden due to the labour migration of Indian IT and other engineers. According to official Swedish government statistics, the number of inhabitants born in India was approximately 48,000 persons in 2021. In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated that there were approximately 13,000 Hindus in Sweden (0.13% of the population).
## Hindu Organisations in Sweden {#hindu_organisations_in_sweden}
Hindu Forum Sweden (HFS) is the major Hindu association in Sweden. HFS is an umbrella organization of Hindu Forum Europe (HFE). In 2018, this organization also celebrates Hindu festival Diwali with Hindus of Sweden, Swedish politicians and representatives of inter-religious groups. Other associations include:
- Bengali Hindu Association
- Hindu Mandir Stockholm (Stockholm Hindu Temple)
- [Hindu Union](http://www.hinduunion.com) Jönköping
- [Stockholm Kannada Koota](http://www.kannadakoota.org)
- The International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation has a temple in Mariestad
## International Society for Krishna Consciousness in Sweden {#international_society_for_krishna_consciousness_in_sweden}
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, the Krishna movement or Hare Krishna has its roots in the Hindu religion.
The Krishna movement in Sweden functions from a few places in Sweden.
- **Korsnäs Gård**, in Botkyrka municipal in the Stockholm county, is an establishment on the countryside with a Hare Krishna temple. Korsnäs has as its main function to work with the publishing company BBT (Bhaktivedanta Book Trust) who translates the Hare Krishna books to various languages for the entire world. The original books in English was translated by Srila Prabhupada who started the movement. Srila Prabhupada visited Sweden in 1973.
- **The Hare Krishna center** in Stockholm runs a restaurant, a shop and a small temple.
- **The Almviks gård** in the south of Stockholm County is also a country side establishment with a temple. Originally this was an agricultural cooperative but has later changed into a village project combining agriculture with families living there but working elsewhere
| 466 |
Hinduism in Sweden
| 0 |
10,140,077 |
# Amy's Ride
**Amy\'s Ride** is a series of non competitive bicycle rides held in various states of Australia, by the Amy Gillett Foundation, in the memory of Amy Gillett who died in a road accident in Germany. Money raised is spent on efforts to reduce the incidence of motorist/cyclist road accidents
| 52 |
Amy's Ride
| 0 |
10,140,080 |
# Oppy Family Fun Ride
The **Oppy Family Fun Ride** is a non competitive cycling event held in City of Knox, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, by the Knox City Council, in the memory of Hubert Opperman, who resided in Knox just before his death in 1996.
The event is part of The Knox Festival, held each year in summer. The route loops round the Knox area, past the many pieces of art dedicated to Hubert Opperman that can be found in the city environs
| 83 |
Oppy Family Fun Ride
| 0 |
10,140,092 |
# Philippe Cataldo
**Philippe Cataldo** (born August 24, 1954 in Bône in French Algeria) is a French singer and composer. He is best known for his 1986 hit single \"Les Divas du dancing\", which deals with the suave swingers of tropical nights and which reached number 8 in the French charts that year. Cataldo himself composed the music for the song, but the lyrics were by musician and translator Jean Schultheis.
Cataldo returned to the stage briefly for a concert tour called RFM Party 80, which celebrated the hits and artists of the eighties.
## Singles
- 1983: \"J\'aurai l\'air de quoi\"
- 1984: \"Laisse-là\"
- 1986: \"Les Divas du dancing\" -- No
| 113 |
Philippe Cataldo
| 0 |
10,140,114 |
# 1974 in Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during **1974 in Rhodesia**
| 14 |
1974 in Rhodesia
| 0 |
10,140,123 |
# Ennio Filonardi
**Ennio Filonardi** (1466--1549) was an Italian bishop and Cardinal. He was born in Bauco, present-day Boville Ernica.
As bishop of Veroli, from 1503 to 1538, he left an architectural mark on the cathedral. In 1538 he was bishop of Montefeltro; on 25 April 1549 he resigned as Bishop of Montefeltro in favor of his nephew Ennio Massari Filonardi.
From the time of his status as close advisor to Pope Innocent VIII, he became one of the salient figures`{{vague|date=November 2016}}`{=mediawiki} of the papal court. He acted as papal nuncio to Switzerland. He became Bishop of Albano in 1546.
He died during the conclave that elected Pope Julius III, having himself been considered *papabile*. This is quite unlikely, since Filonardi was already eighty-three years old; he was not on any list of *papabili* provided by any of the Crowns; and he received not a single vote from the first ballot on 4 December to the day of his death on 19 December 1549
| 164 |
Ennio Filonardi
| 0 |
10,140,148 |
# 3SH
**3SH** is a commercial radio station in Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia broadcasting on the medium wave band on a frequency of 1332kHz. It was opened on 27 August 1931.
It is owned by Ace Radio
| 37 |
3SH
| 0 |
10,140,177 |
# Malmömässan
**MalmöMässan** is an exhibition and convention centre in Malmö, Sweden. The facility is located in the Hyllie area, close to Malmö Arena and has an area of 20,000 m², divided into exhibition hall, a conference centre and two restaurants.
One of the major annual events held there is Skånemässan (\"The Scania fair\") held in September and with about 25,000 visitors.
## History
The former Malmömässan Convention Centre (55 36 44 N 12 58 50 E) in the west harbour area of Malmö closed on 31 March 2010. The old building had an area of 20,000 m² and was originally built as a manufacturing hall by the Kockums shipyard, it was turned into a SAAB factory following the Swedish shipyard crisis of the late 1970s and 1980s.
In the early 1990s MalmöMässan AB, earlier based in Stadionområdet, Malmö (\"The stadium area\", where Malmö Stadion and Malmö Isstadion are located), relocated there.
A new exhibition hall was built in Hyllie, opened in February 2012 by architect Erik Giudice
| 168 |
Malmömässan
| 0 |
10,140,183 |
# Dimitrije Tucović
**Dimitrije** \"**Mita**\" **Tucović** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Димитрије Туцовић}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|sr|dimǐtrije tûːtsoʋitɕ}}`{=mediawiki}; 13 May 1881 -- November 1914) was a Serbian theorist of the socialist movement, politician, writer and publisher. He was founder of the Serbian Social Democratic Party.
Tucović devoted his entire life to fighting for workers\' and human rights, gender equality, universal suffrage, social justice and civil liberties in the Kingdom of Serbia. Some of the ideas that he advocated as a pioneer, today are widely accepted values in contemporary Republic of Serbia.
## Life
Tucović was born 13 May 1881 in the Gostilje village on Mount Zlatibor, near Čajetina.
He was already an adherent to socialist ideas when he came to Belgrade in 1899 to finish high school after previously spending six years in Užice. In 1901, the Belgrade Workers\' Society was renewed and Tucović recreated a socialist group of gymnasium students and became one of the leaders of the Society. He attempted to create modern unions.
In 1902 he organised student demonstrations in the Senate against Nikola Pašić. With Tucović\'s and colleague Radovan Dragović\'s help, the \"Panel for Movement Leadership\" was created again and they made the \"Central Committee\", with a goal of setting the grounds for creating a party. Tucović led the March demonstrations against King Aleksandar Obrenović on 5 March 1903. He was forced to emigrate to Zemun in the neighbouring Austria-Hungary and later to Vienna.
On 2 August 1903, the Social-Democratic Party was formed, with Tucović and Dragiša Lapčević as one of the leaders. The editor of their newspaper, \"Worker\'s Newspaper\" was Tucović. During the Second Congress of a workers union SSDP (1904), Tucović gave a lecture on union organisations. Tucović confronted Dragiša Lapčević, who adopted centralist and right-wing opportunist positions.
In 1906, he graduated from the University of Belgrade\'s Law School. After coming back from Berlin, he gave up on his doctorate and started spending his time in socialist and labour movement, as a secretary of the SSDP. The SSDP was modeled upon German Social Democracy.
Tucović was the organizer and leader of the first Balkan Socialist Conference, held in Belgrade from 7-9. January 1910, aimed at creating a Balkan federation.
In 1910, the party established a theory magazine *Borba* -- Tucović was the editor. He participated at the International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen the same year and gave an important speech criticizing the position that Austrian social-democrats took on the national issue, especially the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In a debate with Karl Renner he pointed out the colonial-enslaving politics of Austro-Hungary and the fact that social-democrats were supporting the government on the issue.
After the outbreak of the Balkan wars 1912, he was mobilized in the Serbian army and participated in the Serbian military campaign in Albania. He sent letters from the front about war crimes against civil population which were regularly published in the Worker\'s Newspaper. Writing of the massacres of Albanians during the Serbian takeover of Kosovo from Turkey (1912), he stated:
After returning from the Balkan war, he published his influential book *Serbia and Albania: A Contribution to the Critique of the Conqueror Policy of the Serbian Bourgeoisie*, which analyzes the roots of Serbian-Albanian conflict and consider \"among the most important Marxist contributions on the national question in the Balkans\".
He died on the frontlines in World War I at Vrače brdo. He died as a member of Morava division in November 1914 in a Battle of Kolubara against Austro-Hungarian army at Ljig\'s bank. In 1915, Leon Trotsky wrote about the political impact of his death:
The Slavija Square in Belgrade was renamed in Tucović\'s honor in 1947 until the early 2000s, when it was changed back to Slavija. He has streets named after him in Skopje, Užice, Belgrade, Kragujevac, and many other cities and towns of former Yugoslavia.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- Union Organization (*Sindikalne organizacije*) 1904.
- Unions and Party (*Sindikati i partija*) 1904.
- Austria-Hungary in the Balkans (*Austro-Ugarska na Balkanu*) 1908.
- Labor Law and Social Democracy (*Zakon o radnjama i socijalna demokratija*) 1908.
- The labor movement in Serbia (*Radnički pokret u Srbiji*) 1909.
- Balkan Conference (*Balkanska konferencija*) 1910.
- First Balkan Social Democratic Conference (*Prva balkanska socijaldemokratska konferencija*) 1910.
- The Albanian question (*Albansko pitanje*) 1910.
- War and Peace (*Rat i mir*) 1910.
- Women\'s liberation (*Oslobođenje žene*) 1910.
- Tactics and action (*Taktika i akcija*) 1910.
- Bourgeois and proletarian Serbia (*Buržoaska i proleterska Srbija*) 1911.
- Marx and Slavs (*Marks i Sloveni*) 1911.
- Serbia and Albania (Srbija i Arbanija) 1914
| 755 |
Dimitrije Tucović
| 0 |
10,140,248 |
# Salviati (glassmakers)
Salviati}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}`{=mediawiki} A family called **Salviati** were glass makers and mosaicists in Murano, Venice and also in London, working as the firm Salviati, Jesurum & Co. of 213 Regent Street, London; also as Salviati and Co. and later (after 1866) as the Venice and Murano Glass and Mosaic Company (Today Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano).
## History
In World War II, the Palazzo Salviati on the Grand Canal of Venice was occupied by the Nazis and used as a Nazi Headquarters. The Camerino family fled the Holocaust to various locations throughout the world including the UK, USA, Israel, and South Africa. In 1898, the company\'s new London premises at 235 Regent Street (now the Apple Store) incorporated a set of mosaic armorials along the façade, which are still visible today and were restored in 1999.
The company was founded by Antonio Salviati, a lawyer from Vicenza in Northern Italy.
In 1971, the House of Salviati collaborated with the Laurel Lamp Company to produce original Murano art glass sculptures employed in table lamps which were featured at the Los Angeles Furnishings Mart.
The company was later acquired in 1999 by the French glassmaker that would later be known as Arc International.
## Mosaics
Many famous mosaics were made by Salviati, and the company\'s various historical name changes are well documented
### London
- the Central Lobby of the Palace of Westminster
- the Albert Memorial
- Westminster Abbey\'s Altar Screen
- Westminster Cathedral
- St Paul\'s Cathedral
### Birmingham
- the Council House, Birmingham
- the Chamberlain Memorial, Birmingham.
### Other
- St David\'s Cathedral in Wales.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- the Paris Opera House
- Ajuda National Palace, Lisbon
| 288 |
Salviati (glassmakers)
| 0 |
10,140,256 |
# Gawler Chain Trail
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox cycling path
| name =Gawler Chain Trail
| photo =[[Image:Gawler Chain Trail1.JPG|300px]]
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| caption =Near Eastern End of the Trail
| length =2km
| location = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| difficulty =Easy
| hills =Some near western end
| hazards =None
| water =None
| surface =Bitumen, compacted gravel and dirt
| train = [[Surrey Hills railway station|Surrey Hills station]]
| tram = 109
| bus =
| parking =
}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Gawler Chain Trail** is a shared use path for cyclists and pedestrians in the inner eastern suburb of Mont Albert in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
The trail has some short road sections and the western section is fairly rough.
## Following the Path {#following_the_path}
The trail starts at the corner of Arnott and Costello Streets. This section consists of a concrete path following an easement. It crosses several quiet streets. The concrete section ends at Strabane Avenue. Head to the right up Strabane Avenue and turn left into Kerry Parade then right into Madang Avenue. At the end, head through the laneway between the houses to Union Road. Turn right and after 100m, turn left into the easement. This part is fairly rough, with only a walking track and some fairly steep, short sections. Continue to the end at the intersection of Greythorn and Belmore Roads.
## Connections
Connects via a road section to the Bushy Creek Trail. At the eastern end, proceed down Arnott Street and turn left into Box Hill Crescent. Head past the rear of Koonung Secondary College to the end of the street. Cross Belmore Road and join the Bushy Creek Trail at the children\'s playground. The Koonung Creek Trail can also be accessed by crossing Belmore Road, and continuing north up Elgar Road, and into Elgar Park.
West end at 37.803961 S 145.096889 E East end at 37.802461 S 145.113628 E
| 320 |
Gawler Chain Trail
| 0 |
10,140,267 |
# Ikhwan (Kashmir)
**Ikhwan force**, popularly referred to as the **Ikhwan** and locally known as *naabedh*, was a pro-government militia in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, composed of surrendered Kashmiri militants active in the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir.
## Incorporation
By 1994, a section of militants who felt marginalized by the Inter-Services Intelligence\'s favoring of the Hizbul Mujahideen over other groups sought alternate avenues. The Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen was formed by Mohammad Yusuf Parray, better known as Kuka Parray and by early 1994, the group sided with the Indian forces to fight the militants backed by the Pakistani government. Besides Ikhwan, other groups operated by Javed Ahmad Shah (who had the backing of the state police\'s Special Operations Group) and Liaqat Khan (who operated in Kashmir\'s Anantnag district). By the end of 1994, all three groups had merged into one entity known as **Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen**.
## Activities
Many prominent fighters for the Ikhwan contested the 1996 elections. Kuka Parray founded the Jammu and Kashmir Awami League and won. Javed Ahmad Shah joined the National Conference.
## Disbandment
After the 1996 assembly elections, due to the public\'s detestation of their ruthless tactics and several publicity campaigns by pro-secession organisations, the Ikhwan quickly found themselves ostracised by the political establishment. The official cover for the armed group was stripped soon after by the Indian government which led to a huge spike in casualties. Ikhwan is expected to have lost over 150 members. According to a 2003 report by The Hindu, nearly 350 to 500 members of Ikhwan remained on active duty with the Jammu and Kashmir Police and the Indian Army and were paid a regular stipend.
Kuka Parray was killed by Kashmiri militants in 2003 while he was on his way to inaugurate a cricket match in Sonawari, Bandipore district. Javed Ahmad Shah was also killed a month earlier by Kashmiri militants at the Greenway Hotel in Srinagar. Liaqat Khan continues to live in Kashmir
| 324 |
Ikhwan (Kashmir)
| 0 |
10,140,312 |
# Hinds River
The **Hinds River** (Māori: Hekeao) is a river in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. Its north and south branches drain the eastern flank of the Moorhouse Range, part of the Southern Alps, and their confluence is near Anama and Mayfield. The river then flows across the Canterbury Plains towards the Pacific Ocean, passing through the small town of Hinds along the way. In Hinds, State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway cross the river. The river\'s mouth is located between the localities of Longbeach and Lowcliffe.
In its upper reaches, the southern arm flows near the Rangitata River and the northern arm flows near the Ashburton River / Hakatere.
The river was named after the Reverend Samuel Hinds, a member of the Canterbury Association that organised the settlement of Canterbury. Hinds was considered an expert in colonisation
| 143 |
Hinds River
| 0 |
10,140,316 |
# Colin Mair
**Colin James Robertson Mair** (21 December 1919, Edinburgh -- 11 December 2006, Wishaw) was a Scottish educator, and rector of the Glasgow private school Kelvinside Academy.
Educated at the Edinburgh Academy, Mair studied classics at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated with honours in 1946. His studies were interrupted by World War II, during which he served as an instructor with the East Lancashire Regiment. After this, he returned to teach at the Edinburgh Academy, before taking up the position of rector at Kelvinside in 1958, a post he held until 1980. During his tenure he greatly improved the Academy\'s performance, in the academic field as well as in sports. After his retirement he worked as a chairman of The Frank Buttle Trust, a charity for deprived children.
Mair was married twice, first to Catherine Finlay and later to Susanne Clark. He had a son and a daughter from his first marriage; his son Colin was rector of The High School of Glasgow and his daughter, Anne, was headmistress of Kelvinside Academy Junior School
| 178 |
Colin Mair
| 0 |
10,140,318 |
# Finsing
**Finsing** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Finsing
| 0 |
10,140,336 |
# Forstern
**Forstern** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Forstern
| 0 |
10,140,366 |
# Hua Hum Pass
**Hua Hum Pass** (*Paso Hua Hum* `{{IPA|es|waˈum|}}`{=mediawiki}) is an international mountain pass in the Andes between Chile and Argentina. The pass takes its name from the Hua Hum River that flows from Argentina into Chile at the site of the border crossing. Even though the pass does not go through the continental divide, it crosses the highest peaks of the cordillera.
## Geography
The Hua Hum Pass is one of the lowest passes of the southern Andes at 685 meters above sea level, which means that unlike other nearby Chile-Argentina passes it never closes due to snow fall and is open year-round. The pass is used primarily for tourism as the Chilean 203-CH road is interrupted by Pirihueico Lake. A ferry equipped to transport vehicles as well as people may be taken to Puerto Fuy, on the other side of Pirihueico Lake. The ferry ride lasts approximately 2 hours.
It is the main pass of the Chilean Los Ríos Region to Neuquén Province in Argentina. The main cities on both sides of the pass are Panguipulli in Chile and San Martín de los Andes (45 km from the pass in Argentina)
| 195 |
Hua Hum Pass
| 0 |
10,140,390 |
# Tom Gracie
**Thomas Gracie** (12 June 1889 -- 23 October 1915) was a Scottish professional footballer and, latterly, a corporal in the 16th Battalion of The Royal Scots. He was the joint-leading scorer in the Scottish Football League in the 1914--15 season.
## Career
He was born at 40 Edmund Street in Dennistoun, Glasgow, the son of Robert Gracie (1848-1911), flesher, and his wife, Harriet Bell (1854-1921).
Gracie studied bookkeeping upon leaving school before finding work as a meat salesman. He played Junior football for Shawfield, then Strathclyde, but in 1907 he was offered the chance to move into League football when approached by Airdrieonians, third-placed finishers the previous season. After short spells with Hamilton Academical and Arthurlie, he joined Morton in 1910.
In 1911, Gracie was selected as a reserve for Scotland\'s game against England at Goodison Park. Although he was not required to play, and would never gain an international cap, the journey proved profitable for him as he was signed by Everton at the game\'s conclusion. A season later he switched to the red half of Merseyside, signing for Liverpool in an exchange deal which saw Harold Uren move to Everton in exchange for Gracie and Bill Lacey. Unlike Lacey, however, Gracie was unable to establish himself in the Liverpool first team, making only sporadic appearances in his two and a half seasons at Anfield. When the opportunity arose to return to Scotland in 1914, he was glad to take it, admitting to feeling \"unappreciated\" in the south.
Gracie\'s destination was Hearts, manager John McCartney paying £400 for him as a replacement for the recently sold Percy Dawson. The *Maroons* were a rapidly emerging side and started the 1914--15 season with eight straight victories, including a 2--0 defeat of reigning champions Celtic in which Gracie scored, to become early league-leaders and title-favourites. Gracie was selected for the Scottish League XI in November 1914.
### First World War {#first_world_war}
However, this streak coincided with the start of the First World War and the beginnings of a public debate upon the morality of continuing professional football while young soldiers were dying on the front-line. A motion was placed before the Scottish Football Association to postpone the season, with one of its backers, Airdrieonians chairman Thomas Forsyth declaring that *\"playing football while our men are fighting is repugnant\"*. While this motion was defeated at the ballot box, with the SFA opting to wait for War Office advice, the noted East London philanthropist Frederick Charringtonn was orchestrating a public campaign to have professional football in Britain suspended, and achieving great popular support for his cause. The prime tactic of Charrington\'s campaign was to shame footballing players and officials into action through public and private denouncement, and as Gracie was then the leading scorer in the side leading the top division in Scotland, he was an obvious target for the anti-football crusade, much to his distress.
Gracie\'s response, and that of 10 of his team-mates, was to enlist in Sir George McCrae\'s new volunteer battalion, joining en masse on 25 November 1914. The battalion was Edinburgh\'s second pals battalion and was to become the 16th Royal Scots and was the first to earn the \"footballer\'s battalion\" sobriquet. Military training was thus added to the Hearts players football training regime, although this did not initially stop the side\'s progress, as they compiled a 20-game unbeaten run between October and February.
However, exhaustion from their army exertions, twice including 10-hour nocturnal-marches the night before a league game, eventually led to a drop in form, as several enlisted players, including Gracie, missed key games. Defeats to St Mirren and Morton allowed Celtic to usurp the *Maroons* and eventually claim the league title by 4 points. For Gracie, finishing as the league\'s joint top-scorer, tied on 29 goals with Ayr United\'s James Richardson was scant consolation.
### Illness and death {#illness_and_death}
Gracie however faced a far more serious problem -- in March 1915 he was diagnosed with leukemia, a prognosis he had shared only with manager McCartney. Despite his illness and against medical recommendation he decided to continue to play with Hearts and train with his battalion, and indeed scored 4 times during that month. He was still with the battalion when they were sent south to Ripon in June for further training but within weeks he had succumbed to fatigue and was committed to hospital in Leeds for treatment, before being transferred back to Scotland.
Gracie died on 23 October 1915 in Stobhill Hospital in his hometown Glasgow and was buried at Craigton Cemetery (plot P 107). His death concluded a dark year for the Gracie family, who had also lost Tom\'s brother John and brother-in-law Tommy during 1915\'s hostilities
| 786 |
Tom Gracie
| 0 |
10,140,399 |
# Fred Worden
**Fred Worden**, filmmaker, has been involved in experimental cinema since the 1970s. His work has been screened at The Museum of Modern Art, in the 2002 Whitney Biennial, The Centre Pompidou, in Paris, The Pacific Film Archive, The New York Film Festival, The London Film Festival, The Rotterdam International Film Festival, The Toronto Film Festival, and The Hong Kong International Film Festival. He was an editor for Criss-Cross Art Communications from the \'70s through the \'80s and his writings have appeared in Cinematograph. His work is included in the Stan Brakhage Collection, the Austrian Museum, The Centre Pompidou and others. Worden\'s work develops out of his interest in intermittent projection as the source of cinema\'s primordial powers: how a stream of still pictures passing through a projector at a speed meant to overwhelm the eyes might be harnessed to purposes other than representation or naturalism.
He received his MFA in film, from the California Institute of the Arts.
The Academy Film Archive preserved *Four Frames* and *Throbs* by Worden.
## Filmography
### 16mm films {#mm_films}
- THROBS (1972, color, sound, 7 min.)
- NOW, YOU CAN DO ANYTHING (with Chris Langdon, 1973, color, sound, 6min.)
- VENUSVILLE (with Chris Langdon, 1973, color, sound, 10min.)
- FOUR FRAMES (1976, color, silent, 10min.)
- BON AMI (1977, color, silent, 6.5min.)
- VUDOO (ca.1977-78, color, silent, 14min.)
- PANOVISION (1979, color, silent, 11min.)
- VENETIAN BLIND (ca.1979, color, sound, 10min.)
- TERRIFIC MEASURES (1980, color, silent, 5.5min.)
- INSOMNIA (1981, b/w, silent, 6min.)
- IN & OUT (1983, color, silent, 4min.)
- HERE, THERE, NOW, LATER (1983, color, silent, 3min.)
- PLOTTING THE GREY SCALE: 2 OR 3 QUICK TRAVERSES (1985, b/w, silent, 7min.)
- LURE (1986, color, sound, 7min.)
- HOW THE HELL I RIPPED JACK GOLDSTEIN'S PAINTING IN THE ELEVATOR (1986, b/w, sound, 23min.)
- BOULEVARD (1989, b/w, sound, 9min.)
- BREAKOUT (1990, color, sound, 10min.)
- INTRODUCTION TO THE SECRET SOCIETY (1992, color & b/w, sound, 9min.)
- THIS OLD HOUSE (1993)
- ONE (1998, b/w, silent, 25min.)
- AUTOMATIC WRITING 2 (2000, b/w, silent, 12min.)
- THE OR CLOUD (2001, b/w, silent, 7min.)
- IF ONLY (2003, b/w, silent, 7min.)
### Digital works {#digital_works}
- AMONGST THE PERSUADED (2004, 23min.)
- BLUE POLE(S) (2005, 20min.)
- HERE (2005, 11min.)
- EVERYDAY BAD DREAM (2006, 6min.)
- TIME\'S ARROW (2007, 11min.)
- NORTH SHORE (2007, 11min.)
- THE AFTER LIFE (VICTORIA\'S SECRET VERSION) (2007, 15min.)
- WHEN WORLDS COLLUDE (2008, 13min.)
- 1859 (2008, 11min.)
- ALL MY LIFE (2009, 20min.)
- POSSESSED (2010, 9min.)
- ALL OR NOTHING (2012, 8.5min
| 434 |
Fred Worden
| 0 |
10,140,400 |
# Hohenpolding
**Hohenpolding** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Hohenpolding
| 0 |
10,140,429 |
# Isen, Bavaria
**Isen** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria, Germany.
Isen was once home to a Benedictine abbey. The abbey was dissolved however during the secularisation in 1802 and only the church of St. Zeno remains today.
In 2022 Isen had a population of 5,769
| 50 |
Isen, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,140,436 |
# Winners of the West (1940 serial)
***Winners of the West*** is a 1940 American Western film serial from Universal Pictures, directed by Ford Beebe and Ray Taylor. It stars Dick Foran and Anne Nagel in a plot about the construction of a railroad and a local ganglord, who opposes it. It was Universal\'s 115th serial release (the 47th with sound).
The studio had used the name for an earlier silent serial, but there are no plot similarities between the two versions. Columbia\'s *Roar of the Iron Horse* is very similar to this serial, however, and the writer George H. Plympton worked on both.
## Plot
The Southwest Central Railroad Company is attempting to build a railroad through \"Hell\'s Gate Pass\". However, King Carter, the self-appointed ruler of the land beyond the pass, does not want this to happen. He sends henchmen, including local Indians, to disrupt the construction anyway they can, from sabotage to kidnapping Claire Hartford, the daughter of the company President. The President\'s assistant, Jeff Ramsay, and his sidekicks stop King Carter\'s schemes at every point and, eventually, defeat him entirely. This opens the area up to new settlers, the first of which is Jeff himself and his new wife, Claire
| 204 |
Winners of the West (1940 serial)
| 0 |
10,140,471 |
# The Big Blockade
***The Big Blockade*** was a 1942 British black-and-white war propaganda film in the style of dramatised documentary. It was directed by Charles Frend and starred Will Hay, Leslie Banks, Michael Redgrave and John Mills. It was produced by Michael Balcon for Ealing Studios, in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Warfare.
At one stage, the film was known as *Siege*.
## Plot
This was a propaganda film in which the British strategy of the economic blockade of Nazi Germany was illustrated through a series of scenes and sketches, combined with documentary footage.
Although released in 1942 it was largely made in 1941 so part of the story is complaint of America\'s non-involvement.
## Main cast {#main_cast}
- Leslie Banks as Taylor, Civil Service
- Michael Redgrave as a Russian on the train
- Will Hay as Skipper, Merchant Navy
- Bernard Miles as Mate, Royal Navy
- Michael Rennie as George, Royal Air Force
- John Mills as Tom, Royal Air Force
- Frank Cellier as Schneider
- Robert Morley as the senior Nazi Official, von Geiselbrecht
- Alfred Drayton as Direktor
- Marius Goring as German propaganda officer
- Austin Trevor as U-boat Captain
- Morland Graham as Civil Servant
- Albert Lieven as Gunter
- John Stuart as Naval officer
- Joss Ambler as Stoltenhoff
- Michael Wilding as Captain
- George Woodbridge as Quisling
- Quentin Reynolds as American journalist
- Elliott Mason as German stationmistress
- Peter De Greef as RAF airman
The film\'s commentary is made by the journalist and former Liberal MP Frank Owen.
## Release
The film premiered at the London Pavilion on 19 January 1942, and the premiere was attended by a group of members of Parliament interested in economic warfare. The film was not well received by *The Times*, whose critic in 1942 found that \"this particular hotch-potch is, as propaganda, woefully unconvincing. It is splendid to give audiences a glimpse of the devoted work done by the Services \[...\] but actors got up as comic Nazi business men distort the lessons the more serious parts of the film are trying to drive home\", and modern film reviewers are not very much kinder to it
| 368 |
The Big Blockade
| 0 |
10,140,482 |
# Able seaman
An **able seaman** (AB) is a seaman and member of the deck department of a merchant ship with more than two years\' experience at sea and considered \"well acquainted with his duty\". An AB may work as a watchstander, a day worker, or a combination of these roles. Once a sufficient amount of sea time is acquired, then the AB can apply to take a series of courses/examinations to become certified as an officer.
## Watchstander
At sea an AB watchstander\'s duties include standing watch as helmsman and lookout. A helmsman is required to maintain a steady course, properly execute all rudder orders and communicate using navigational terms relating to heading and steering. A watchstander may be called upon to stand security-related watches, such as a gangway watch or anchor watch while the ship is not underway.
## Dayworker
An AB dayworker performs general maintenance, repair, sanitation and upkeep of material, equipment, and areas in the deck department. This can include maintenance of the ship\'s metal structures such as chipping, scraping, cleaning, priming, and painting. Areas frequently in need of such maintenance include the hull, decks, superstructure, cargo gear, and smoke stack. Dayworkers also frequently perform maintenance on lifeboats, rescue boats and life rafts, and emergency and damage control gear. For many vessels, being a dayworker is a position granted to senior ABs, since it generally allows more time for rest and relaxation.
## General duties {#general_duties}
An AB may be called on to use emergency, lifesaving, damage control, and safety equipment. Able seamen perform all operations connected with the launching of lifesaving equipment. An AB is expected to be able to operate deck machinery, such as the windlass or winches while mooring or unmooring, and to operate cargo gear.
Able seamen require advanced training, including lifeboatman certification.
The ship\'s boatswain, if carried, is typically a senior AB. The boatswain is in charge of the able seamen and ordinary seaman that comprise the unlicensed deck crew, and reports directly to the chief mate.
| 336 |
Able seaman
| 0 |
10,140,482 |
# Able seaman
## Certification
The Code of Federal Regulations establishes in 46 CFR 12.05 five categories of able seaman for the United States Merchant Marine:
1. *Able Seaman---Any Waters, Unlimited.* Requires three years service on deck on vessels operating on the oceans or the Great Lakes.
2. *Able Seaman---Limited.* Requires 18 months service on deck in vessels of 100 gross tons or more which operate in a service not exclusively confined to the rivers and smaller inland lakes of the United States.
3. *Able Seaman---Special.* Requires 12 months service on deck on vessels operating on the oceans, or the navigable waters of the United States including the Great Lakes.
4. *Able Seaman---Special (OSV).* Requires six months service on deck on vessels operating on the oceans, or the navigable waters of the United States including the Great Lakes.
5. *Able Seaman---Sail.* Requires six months service on deck on sail or auxiliary sail vessels operating on the oceans or the navigable waters of the United States including the Great Lakes.
Time served in certain training programs and school ships may be substituted for the time of service listed above. Special certificates of service are available for *able seaman, Great Lakes---18 months service*; *able seaman, any waters---12 months*; *able seaman, tugs and towboats---any waters*; *able seaman, bays and sounds---12 months, vessels 500 gross tons or less not carrying passengers*; and *able seaman, seagoing barges---12 months*.
### Examination requirements {#examination_requirements}
For the United States Merchant Marine, the Code of Federal Regulations establishes in 46 CFR 12.05 examination requirements for the certification of able seamen, which includes:
- Competence as a lifeboatman, including showing
1. training in all the operations connected with the launching of lifeboats and liferafts, and in the use of oars;
2. acquaintance with the practical handling of boats; including the ability to command the boat\'s crew.
- An examination, conducted only in English, consisting of questions regarding:
1. lifeboats and liferafts, the names of their essential parts, and a description of the required equipment;
2. the clearing away, swinging out, and lowering of lifeboats and liferafts, and handling of lifeboats under oars and sails, including questions relative to the proper handling of a boat in a heavy sea;
3. the operation and functions of commonly used types of davits;
4. knowledge of nautical terms; boxing the compass, either by degrees or points; running lights, passing signals, and fog signals for vessels on the high seas, in inland waters, or on the Great Lakes depending upon the waters on which the applicant has served; and distress signals; and,
5. knowledge of proper response to commands for handling the wheel and knowledge of the use of engine room telegraph or bell-pull signals.
- In the actual demonstration, the applicant shall show ability by taking command of a boat and directing the operation of clearing away, swinging out, lowering the boat into the water, and acting as coxswain in charge of the boat under oars. The AB shall demonstrate ability to row by pulling an oar in the boat. The applicant shall also demonstrate knowledge of the principal knots, bends, splices, and hitches in common use by tying them.
- The applicant must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the officer in charge, marine inspection, knowledge of pollution laws and regulations, procedures for discharge containment and cleanup, and methods for disposal of sludge and waste material from cargo and fueling operations.
In 2004, studies indicate that a typical qualified Able Seaman (AB) sailing without an ITF contract might earn around \$800 in total compensation; with an ITF contract total compensation is \$1,300 per month.
## Notable able seamen {#notable_able_seamen}
Some notable able seamen from the merchant service include:
- Perce Blackborow, stowaway and then AB on Shackleton\'s voyage to Antarctica
- John Brightman, Baron Brightman, an English Chancery barrister and ultimately a judge of the House of Lords
- Sean Connery, Scottish actor
- Joseph Conrad, Polish-British writer
- Joseph Curran, American labor leader
- Charles Lindley, Swedish Social Democrat and trade union activist
- Jack Lord, American actor
- Alan Villiers, Australian author, adventurer, photographer and master mariner
| 685 |
Able seaman
| 1 |
10,140,482 |
# Able seaman
## Able seamen in fiction {#able_seamen_in_fiction}
- Tom Ayrton, fictional AB and quartermaster in Jules Verne novels
- Sailor Steve Costigan, a fictional AB created by Robert E. Howard
- Ben Jackson, fictional AB in sci-fi series *Doctor Who*
- James Jessop, AB and murder suspect in the 2011 video game *L.A. Noire*.
- Long John Silver, from the novel *Treasure Island*.
- Titty Walker, in Arthur Ransome\'s *Swallows and Amazons* series of children\'s novels.
## Able-bodied seaman {#able_bodied_seaman}
Some modern references claim that AB stands for *able-bodied seaman* as well as, or instead of, *able seaman.* *Able seaman* was originally entered using the abbreviation *AB* instead of the more obvious *AS* in ships\' muster books or articles. Such an entry was likely to avoid confusion with ordinary seaman (*OS*). Later the abbreviation began to be written as *A.B.*, leading to the folk-etymological *able-bodied seaman*. The \"correct\" term, *able seaman,* remains in use in legal documents, in seaman\'s papers, and aboard ship
| 165 |
Able seaman
| 2 |
10,140,486 |
# Georges Petit
**Georges Petit** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒɔʁʒ pəti}}`{=mediawiki}; 11 March 1856 -- 12 May 1920) was a French art dealer, a key figure in the Paris art world and an important promoter and cultivator of Impressionist artists.
## Early career {#early_career}
Petit was the son of François Petit, who founded the firm of art dealers at 7, rue Saint-Georges (Paris) in 1846. Within just a few years, the *Galerie François Petit* was among the most powerful firms in the French art market.
According to Robert Jensen in his book *Marketing Modernism in Fin-de-Siecle Europe*, the auction house assumed, \"multiple roles that ran the gamut from certifying the authenticity of the object, to guiding it through the hazards of the marketplace, to establishing its provenance and enlisting critics and historians to situate the artist\'s importance.\"
Georges Petit inherited the firm, as well as a château and 3 million francs in 1877. He constructed a town house on the rue de Sèze. His annual expenses amounted to some 400,000 francs. That\'s what he spent to support his wife, children, mistress\... and shooting expenses.
Jensen quotes Émile Zola as saying that the younger Petit was \"more ambitious than his father... competitive to the point of wanting to ruin his rivals\". Jensen continues, \"\[Petit\] would wait... for the Americans to arrive in Paris every May. And what he bought for 10,000 francs, he sold for 40,000.
### Impressionism
Petit began buying Impressionist works as early as 1878, when he served as an expert in the sales of works from the collections of Jean Victor Louis Faure and bankrupt former Claude Monet patron, Ernest Hoschedé. Petit was just 22 years old at this time --- and it was only a year after he inherited the business --- so his involvement with the Impressionists began with the commencement of his career. However, according to a biography at the National Gallery of Art (USA), this was at the end of the Impressionists\' \"lean years,\" and their works had already begun to find a market.
| 336 |
Georges Petit
| 0 |
10,140,486 |
# Georges Petit
## Rivalries and rise to prominence {#rivalries_and_rise_to_prominence}
Petit had an intense rivalry with art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel (1831--1922). Durand-Ruel took over his business from his father in 1865. The Petit and Durand-Ruel galleries had been the top two firms in Paris dating back to the 1850s. Paul Durand-Ruel was 25 years older than Petit and had become an advocate of the Impressionists as early as 1870.
The gallery which Petit opened at 12, Rue Godot de Mauroy in 1881 was a popular alternative exhibition space to the official Salon. Petit\'s gallery later relocated to 8, rue de Sèze in the heart of Paris.
Petit made his private views into grand social occasions. He devised the series of *Expositions internationales de Peinture*, the first of which was held in 1882. John Singer Sargent sent his portrait of Vernon Lee to the inaugural event, a work which received decidedly mixed reviews. Sargent wrote, \"it has been exhibited ... and has consternated many people.\"
These events attracted the likes of Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Rodin, Alfred Sisley and James McNeill Whistler.
Sisley held large retrospective exhibitions at the *Galerie Georges Petit* in the 1880s and 1890s. This was something of a coup for Petit, as Sisley had been previously associated with Durand-Ruel. In 1897, Petit exhibited 146 Sisley paintings and 5 of his pastels, covering the whole of his career. Two years later, just months after Sisley\'s death, the paintings remaining in Sisley\'s atelier were sold at auction by the *Galerie Georges Petit* to the benefit of his children.
### \"Formidable salesman\" {#formidable_salesman}
The biography posted by the National Gallery of Art notes that, \"Petit also dealt in Salon painters and handled the works of many successful and fashionable artists of the period, rivaling another Parisian dealer, Boussod & Valadon \[successors to Goupil & Cie\]. He enjoyed the reputation of being a \'formidable salesman\', and most important Paris auctions\... were held on his premises because the Hôtel Drouot accommodations were insufficient. This fact only increased his rivalry with Durand-Ruel, as Petit did not care to have his competitor officiate as \'expert\' at public sales held in his gallery\".
Michael C. FitzGerald, writing in his book *The Making of Modernism*, says that, \"by the 1890s \[Petit had\] wrested many of the Impressionists from their first dealer, Durand-Ruel, and presented such important exhibitions as Monet\'s *Morning on the Seine* and Norman coast series. According to Émile Zola, who knew the Parisian art world inside and out, Petit was the \'apotheosis\' of dealers when the Impressionist market soared and competition among marchands\... became intense.\"
Petit held a number of auction sales on his premises, including the Narishkine collection in 1883, the Chocquet and Doria collections in 1889 and Edgar Degas\' studio sale in 1918--19.
In 1919, Petit convinced Louis Dewis, a Sunday painter from Bordeaux, to sell his substantial men\'s clothing business there and move to Paris, where Petit promised \"to make him famous.\" But just months after the Post-Impressionist relocated, Petit died on May 12, 1920.
The biographer at the Whistler Centre writes that Petit\'s *Société internationale de Peinture* was run on similar principles to the Grosvenor Gallery. Like the Grosvenor, it had an advisory body of artists (including Alfred Stevens, Raimundo de Madrazo y Garreta and Giuseppe De Nittis), but in fact was run by Petit alone. Other artists such as Paul Baudry, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Jozef Israëls, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, John Everett Millais, Ludwig Knaus and Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel were also involved.
According to the Whistler Centre, beginning in 1881, \"the gallery was associated with print publishing and specialised in monochrome, very high quality reproductive engravings of paintings by contemporary artists such as Félix Bracquemond and Marcellin Desboutin\".
In 1887, Auguste Rodin exhibited *The Kiss* and three figures from *The Burghers of Calais* at the *Galerie*. In 1889, Rodin and Monet held a joint exposition there, with Rodin showing 36 works. According to the August Rodin Project, the \"Georges Petit exhibition sealed Rodin's position as France's premier sculptor and opened doors to collections and museums around the world.\"
In the late 1880s, Petit turned down Louis-Ambroise Vollard (1866--1939) for an apprenticeship because he knew no foreign languages. Vollard would, himself, become a legendary art dealer\... as well as an avid collector and noted publisher. Vollard played an important role in the careers of Paul Cézanne, Maillol, Picasso, Rouault, Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh.
## The *Galerie* after Petit {#the_galerie_after_petit}
After Petit\'s death, the *Galerie Georges Petit* was acquired by prominent art dealers/brothers Gaston and Josse Bernheim-Jeune and their partner Étienne Bignou. George Keller, who was establishing a relationship with Salvador Dalí at this time, became director in 1929.
Henri Matisse held at large retrospective at the *Galerie* in 1931, the largest exhibition of his works in France to that date.
In 1932, the *Galerie* hosted an important retrospective of the works of Pablo Picasso. Art historian Michael C. FitzGerald writes that, \"displaying 225 paintings, seven sculptures, and six illustrated books, the exhibition was a blockbuster. Apart from sheer size, the show ranged across Picasso\'s career from 1900 to the early months of 1932.\"
FitzGerald opines, \"the *Galerie George Petit* was a paradigm of the new relationships among dealers and collectors that formed in the early thirties.\" He continues, \"although bearing an illustrious name in the history of modern art, the gallery was far from its origins when the Picasso retrospective hung.\"
The *Galerie Georges Petit* closed in 1933 and its assets were sold at auction
| 918 |
Georges Petit
| 1 |
10,140,493 |
# Kirchberg, Upper Bavaria
**Kirchberg** (`{{IPA|de|ˈkɪʁçbɛʁk|-|De-Kirchberg.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany. Its climate type is temperate oceanic climate with the population about 4,279
| 30 |
Kirchberg, Upper Bavaria
| 0 |
10,140,498 |
# Balaklava (album)
***Balaklava*** was the second album recorded and released by psychedelic folk group Pearls Before Swine in 1968.
## Concept
For the album, original group members Tom Rapp, Wayne Harley and Lane Lederer were joined by Jim Bohannon, who replaced Roger Crissinger. Like the group\'s previous LP recorded on ESP-Disk, entitled *One Nation Underground*, it was recorded at Richard Alderson\'s Impact Sound studio in New York City. Recordings took place sometime in early 1968, but no complete records of the sessions have been published. Some CD reissues have stated that it was recorded in 1965, but this is an error. Lederer left the group during or shortly after the recordings, and the basic group was augmented by studio musicians.
Rapp stated that he wanted to produce a themed anti-war album, and chose the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava in 1854 as an example of the futility of war. The album was dedicated to Private Edward Slovik, the only United States soldier executed for desertion during the Second World War.
Producer Richard Alderson said: \"I had made great progress in building up my studio on West 65th Street in NYC where *Balaklava* was recorded. I had added many microphones, outboard gear, and a very early Ampex 8 track 1" master recorder. We also had a collection of many exotic musical instruments and a great selection of sound effects available. This enabled a full studio production palette\.... *Balaklava* was primarily an anti-war statement, and secondarily an aural essay on the history of sound and recording. Often these premises are conjoined\".
## The album cover {#the_album_cover}
The front cover is a detail of *The Triumph of Death* by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, showing a grotesque allegorical depiction of the horrors of war, while the back cover showed a photograph of a young girl at an anti-war protest taken by Mel Zimmer. The cover also included the quote \"Only the dead have seen the end of war\" by George Santayana, together with surreal and horrific drawings by avant-garde artist Jean Cocteau. The cover contributed to the mystique surrounding the group: few if any photographs of its members were published, and Pearls Before Swine did not perform in concert until 1971.
| 370 |
Balaklava (album)
| 0 |
10,140,498 |
# Balaklava (album)
## The songs {#the_songs}
The album starts with the track \"Trumpeter Landfrey\", taken from an archived 1890 cylinder recording that had been reissued on 78rpm records in the 1930s. His real name was Martin Lanfried; he was one of the original buglers from the 1854 Battle of Balaclava. The recording segues into \"Translucent Carriages\", one of the band\'s most enduring songs which Rapp subsequently performed, both with the band and as a soloist, including at the Terrastock 6 Festival in 2006. Simply performed with acoustic guitar, it contains breathing noises and whispered lines of commentary, including a quote from the ancient Greek historian Herodotus: \"In peace, sons bury their fathers/ in war, fathers bury their sons.\"
\"Images of April\", in contrast, is an evocation of nature, featuring dubbed bird songs throughout. After \"There Was A Man\", a simpler story-based folk song, \"I Saw The World\" has become another highlight in the band\'s career. Its heartfelt lyrics were written by a 21-year-old Rapp, with such examples such as \"I saw the world spinning like a toy, hate seems so small compared to it all, so why don't you do joy?\" The sound is supplemented by overdubs of natural sound recordings, including waves as well as wind chimes, and by a lush string arrangement by Warren Smith. \"Guardian Angels\" is a ballad that was recorded with the intention to sound as if it was a scratchy 1920s 78rpm record, and the illusion was taken further by a date attached to the title (\"recorded in Guadelope, Mexico, in 1929...\") on the sleeve.
The second side of the LP starts with a version of Leonard Cohen\'s \"Suzanne\", featuring a unique double bass marimba played by Warren Smith. This is followed by \"Lepers and Roses\", a complex ballad full of allegorical classical references, which was arranged by Al Schackman, best known as accompanist to Nina Simone, and also featured Joe Farrell on flute. After an archived recording of Florence Nightingale\'s voice, the final track, entitled \"Ring Thing\", is a dramatic musical evocation of Tolkien\'s *The Lord of the Rings*, complete with crashing gongs and a bagpipe chanter. According to Alderson: \"The bagpipe player was told to play anything he wished and just walk around the studio playing. He was wearing his NYPD uniform pants during the overdub and was understandably confused. His performance was perfect.\" At the end, the sound of a tape spooling backwards through the album takes the listener back to \"Trumpeter Landfrey\", perhaps trying to convey a message that the cycle of war and confusion is destined to continue. Some of the reissues of *Balaklava* on CD have that section edited out; the 2018 CD on the Drag City label has it separately indexed under the title \"Rewind\".
## Release
The album repeated the band\'s critical success in the underground college scene of the late 1960s, and has subsequently been regularly rated the highest of all albums by either Rapp or the band. Following the album\'s release, Rapp backed out of his ESP contract and signed with Reprise Records. After seven further albums he retired from music in the mid-1970s, went back to school and became a successful civil rights lawyer for over three decades. He returned to perform and occasionally record in the mid-1990s.
## Reissues and cover versions {#reissues_and_cover_versions}
The original album has been reissued several times on compact disc since the 1980s. A restored version was issued on CD by Drag City Records in 2018.
The band Psychic TV covered \"Translucent Carriages\" on their 1984 album *Pagan Day*.
| 592 |
Balaklava (album)
| 1 |
10,140,498 |
# Balaklava (album)
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Trumpeter Landfrey\" -- 0:35
2. \"Translucent Carriages\" -- 4:00 (Wayne Harley/Tom Rapp)
3. \"Images of April\" -- 2:44 (Rapp)
4. \"There Was a Man\" -- 2:59 (Rapp)
5. \"I Saw the World\" -- 3:28 (Rapp)
6. \"Guardian Angels\" -- 3:02 (Rapp)
7. \"Suzanne\" -- 5:01 (Leonard Cohen)
8. \"Lepers and Roses\" -- 5:23 (Rapp)
9. \"Florence Nightingale\" -- 0:17
10. \"Ring Thing\" -- 2:20 *\[3:31 for the version including the tape effects at the end\]* (J.R.R. Tolkien/Rapp)
## Credits
- Tom Rapp -- guitar, vocals, breathing
- Jim Bohannon -- organ, piano, clavinette, marimba
- Wayne Harley -- banjo, harmony
- Lane Lederer -- bass, guitar, swinehorn
- Guest artists:-
- Joe Farrell -- flute, English horn (tracks 3, 7)
- Lee Crabtree -- piano, organ, flute (tracks 5, 8)
- Bill Salter -- bass (tracks 5, 7, 8, 10)
- Al Schackman -- guitar (track 8)
- Warren Smith -- string arrangements (track 5), percussion
- Selwart Clarke -- string arrangements (track 6)
- *Arielvaced out of Onlyville by Richard L. Alderson, Impact Sound, N.Y.C.*
- *We wish to dedicate this album to Pvt. Edward D. Slovik, U.S
| 197 |
Balaklava (album)
| 2 |
10,140,499 |
# Algorithm engineering
**Algorithm engineering** focuses on the design, analysis, implementation, optimization, profiling and experimental evaluation of computer algorithms, bridging the gap between algorithmics theory and practical applications of algorithms in software engineering. It is a general methodology for algorithmic research.
## Origins
In 1995, a report from an NSF-sponsored workshop \"with the purpose of assessing the current goals and directions of the Theory of Computing (TOC) community\" identified the slow speed of adoption of theoretical insights by practitioners as an important issue and suggested measures to
- reduce the uncertainty by practitioners whether a certain theoretical breakthrough will translate into practical gains in their field of work, and
- tackle the lack of ready-to-use algorithm libraries, which provide stable, bug-free and well-tested implementations for algorithmic problems and expose an easy-to-use interface for library consumers.
But also, promising algorithmic approaches have been neglected due to difficulties in mathematical analysis.
The term \"algorithm engineering\" was first used with specificity in 1997, with the first Workshop on Algorithm Engineering (WAE97), organized by Giuseppe F. Italiano.
## Difference from algorithm theory {#difference_from_algorithm_theory}
Algorithm engineering does not intend to replace or compete with algorithm theory, but tries to enrich, refine and reinforce its formal approaches with experimental algorithmics (also called empirical algorithmics).
This way it can provide new insights into the efficiency and performance of algorithms in cases where
- the algorithm at hand is less amenable to algorithm theoretic analysis,
- formal analysis pessimistically suggests bounds which are unlikely to appear on inputs of practical interest,
- the algorithm relies on the intricacies of modern hardware architectures like data locality, branch prediction, instruction stalls, instruction latencies which the machine model used in Algorithm Theory is unable to capture in the required detail,
- the crossover between competing algorithms with different constant costs and asymptotic behaviors needs to be determined.
| 306 |
Algorithm engineering
| 0 |
10,140,499 |
# Algorithm engineering
## Methodology
Some researchers describe algorithm engineering\'s methodology as a cycle consisting of algorithm design, analysis, implementation and experimental evaluation, joined by further aspects like machine models or realistic inputs. They argue that equating algorithm engineering with experimental algorithmics is too limited, because viewing design and analysis, implementation and experimentation as separate activities ignores the crucial feedback loop between those elements of algorithm engineering.
### Realistic models and real inputs {#realistic_models_and_real_inputs}
While specific applications are outside the methodology of algorithm engineering, they play an important role in shaping realistic models of the problem and the underlying machine, and supply real inputs and other design parameters for experiments.
### Design
Compared to algorithm theory, which usually focuses on the asymptotic behavior of algorithms, algorithm engineers need to keep further requirements in mind: Simplicity of the algorithm, implementability in programming languages on real hardware, and allowing code reuse. Additionally, constant factors of algorithms have such a considerable impact on real-world inputs that sometimes an algorithm with worse asymptotic behavior performs better in practice due to lower constant factors.
### Analysis
Some problems can be solved with heuristics and randomized algorithms in a simpler and more efficient fashion than with deterministic algorithms. Unfortunately, this makes even simple randomized algorithms *difficult to analyze because there are subtle dependencies to be taken into account*.
### Implementation
Huge semantic gaps between theoretical insights, formulated algorithms, programming languages and hardware pose a challenge to efficient implementations of even simple algorithms, because small implementation details can have rippling effects on execution behavior. The only reliable way to compare several implementations of an algorithm is to spend an considerable amount of time on tuning and profiling, running those algorithms on multiple architectures, and looking at the generated machine code.
### Experiments
See: Experimental algorithmics
### Application engineering {#application_engineering}
Implementations of algorithms used for experiments differ in significant ways from code usable in applications. While the former prioritizes fast prototyping, performance and instrumentation for measurements during experiments, the latter requires *thorough testing, maintainability, simplicity, and tuning for particular classes of inputs*.
### Algorithm libraries {#algorithm_libraries}
Stable, well-tested algorithm libraries like LEDA play an important role in technology transfer by speeding up the adoption of new algorithms in applications. Such libraries reduce the required investment and risk for practitioners, because it removes the burden of understanding and implementing the results of academic research.
## Conferences
Two main conferences on Algorithm Engineering are organized annually, namely:
- Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA), established in 1997 (formerly known as WEA).
- SIAM Meeting on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments (ALENEX), established in 1999.
The 1997 Workshop on Algorithm Engineering (WAE\'97) was held in Venice (Italy) on September 11--13, 1997. The Third International Workshop on Algorithm Engineering (WAE\'99) was held in London, UK in July 1999. The first Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experimentation (ALENEX99) was held in Baltimore, Maryland on January 15--16, 1999. It was sponsored by DIMACS, the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (at Rutgers University), with additional support from SIGACT, the ACM Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory, and SIAM, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
| 523 |
Algorithm engineering
| 1 |
10,140,503 |
# Longbeach, New Zealand
**Longbeach** is a lowly populated locality in the Canterbury region of New Zealand\'s South Island. It is located in a rural area of the Canterbury Plains on the shore of the Pacific Ocean on the northern side of the Hinds River\'s mouth.
Nearby settlements include Waterton and Eiffelton to the north, and on the other side of the Hinds River, Lowcliffe to the west. The small township of Hinds is to the northwest, while the nearest significantly sized town is Ashburton, further north.
There is a Longbeach School, though it is actually located in nearby Willowby rather than Longbeach. It was formed when three local schools amalgamated in 2000 and caters for students in grades 1 to 8.
In the 1860s, there was a proposal to build the Main South Line railway between Christchurch and Dunedin on a coastal route that would have passed through Longbeach, but this was abandoned in favour of a more inland route through Ashburton that had easier river crossings. However, Longbeach continued to lobby for a railway. In 1878, a proposal was made to extend the Southbridge Branch from Southbridge across the Rakaia River to Longbeach and Waterton. It was primarily intended to serve agricultural interests in the area. Although an appropriate location for a bridge was found, the government never acted on the proposal and it lapsed.
## Historic buildings {#historic_buildings}
Several buildings on the Longbeach station are classified as Heritage New Zealand historic places: the two storied brick cookshop, waterwheel, homestead, stables, chapel and cob cottage. The brick buildings were built of bricks manufactured at a steam-powered brickworks at Eiffelton. The original wooden and corrugated iron woolshed was built in the 1880s.
## Demographics
Longbeach is part of the Eiffelton statistical area
| 293 |
Longbeach, New Zealand
| 0 |
10,140,510 |
# Kardamyli
**Kardamyli** (*Καρδαμύλη*, variously transliterated as *Kardamyle*, *Cardamyle*, *Kardhamili*, and *Kardamili*, and sometimes called \"Skardamoula\", especially on old maps) is a town by the sea thirty-five kilometers southeast of Kalamata, Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of West Mani in the regional unit of Messenia on the Mani Peninsula.
In the *Iliad* (Book 9), Homer cites Kardamyli as one of the seven cities offered by Agamemnon to Achilles as a condition to rejoin the fight during the Trojan War. The village preserves its ancient name.
The area has several beaches: Ritsa, Belogianni, Salio, Tikla, Megalo Amoni, Mikro Amoni, Masklimitsa. The older town includes a mediaeval castle and outworks, and the imposing church of Saint Spyridon. Many of the buildings of Old Kardamyli, also known as *Pano Kardamyli*, or \"Upper Kardamyli\" were built by the Venetians and feature a mix of traditional Greek and Venetian design. The skyline of Kardamyli, like many other Maniot towns and villages, is dominated by the distinctive regional architectural of the various towers built by scions of the Nikliani clans, the mediaeval aristocracy of the Mani.
Kardamyli is the departure point of many mountain trails, some of which lead to the peak of Mount Taygetus. Kardamyli is known in the area for having an especially good view of Mount Taygetus, known locally as *Profitis Ilias*, literally translating to \"Prophet Elias\". Nearby is the Viros Gorge, with a total length of 20 km. The Viros Gorge remains bone dry in summer, however it is known to flood heavily in winter, when snow melts on the mountains and rain falls in heavy downpours. Further afield, one may visit Oitylo, Areopoli and the Diros caverns.
The village of Kalamitsi, just outside Kardamyli was, in his later years, the principal home of Patrick Leigh Fermor and his wife Joan. Leigh Fermor was an English writer who was made an honorary citizen of the village for his participation in the Greek Resistance during World War II, especially in Crete. He died in hospital in 2011 the day after returning to his other home in Dumbleton in England.
The ashes of the writer Bruce Chatwin were scattered near a Byzantine chapel above the village in 1989.
| 367 |
Kardamyli
| 0 |
10,140,510 |
# Kardamyli
## Climate
Kardamyli, like much of Greece, experiences a very mild, subtropical Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Snow is almost unknown in the town itself, only falling a few times per century. Snow is, however, common in the mountains above Kardamyli, with the Profitis Ilias typically remaining snow capped until early June. Winter rainfall in the area is often heavy, with spectacular flooding in the Viros gorge occurring every few years. In summer, by contrast, rain is scarce. Summer thunderstorms are exceptionally rare, bringing short, heavy downpours. Summertime temperatures usually range around 90--95°F (32--35°C), but heat waves with temperatures above 100°F (38°C) are common. The cooling Meltemi wind which blows across much of Greece is largely blocked by the mountains of the area, resulting in unusually calm seas which are often lake-like in the morning, before the sea breeze kicks up. Spring and Fall are warm to cool with changeable weather. Heavy hailstorms are known to strike the area in early spring and mid fall, sometimes causing damage to the local olive crop, as the olives or flowers are knocked out of their trees by falling hailstones.
Global warming and climate change are especially felt in the area, with summers becoming more tropical -- featuring higher humidity with occasional afternoon thunderstorms and warmer nights. Winters are becoming warmer and drier. Due to these climatic changes, tropical plants such as mango, avocado, lychee, and plumeria are becoming a more common sight in the area, giving the town an exotic and lush feel. At night, the town often smells of these new tropical flowers and jasmine, as well as eucalyptus, as light mountain breezes blow the smells through the town.
The following is climate data for nearby Kalamata. It is important to note that winter low temperatures tend to be a bit higher than those of Kalamata as the Taygetos block much of the northerly winds which bring cold air down from the rest of Europe.
## Geography
Kardamyli sits at the foot of the Taygetus mountains on the coast of the Messenian Bay. Much of the town sits on the remnants of a prehistoric lava flow, the remains of which can be seen as the lava rock outcrops which separate many of the local beaches from one another. The local beaches stand out from those in other areas of the world for the remarkably round stones of which they are made up. Nowhere else in the world is it possible to find smooth, often spherical stones on a beach, and the phenomenon has been subject to multiple studies done to find the cause of such a unique occurrence. The nearest places are Kampos to the North and Proastio to the southeast.
## History
Kardamyli is one of the oldest settlements in the Peloponnese, with its current name being mentioned in the *Iliad*, the epic poem by ancient Greek writer Homer. Many of the townspeople can trace their lineage back to either famed clans of the area (as in the Mourtzinos and Troupakis clans), or the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Palaiologos, one of whose descendants (Dimitri Palaiologos) settled in the region. The descendants of Dimitris Palaiologos typically have the last name \"Dimitreas\", meaning \"son of Dimitri\'.
### Historical sites {#historical_sites}
- The buildings of Pano Kardamyli, dating back to Venetian times.
- The church of St. Spyridon.
- The tombs of the Dioskouri, Castor and Pollux (the Gemini twins) are believed to be near a hiking trail just above the old town.
- The ruins of the old soap factory, the smokestack of which still dominates the town\'s skyline.
- The old customs house, in St. John\'s harbor (now privately-owned and converted into a house).
## Gallery
<File:Kardamyli.JPG%7CView> of Kardamyli <File:Skardamula> (Kardamyle) - Schweiger Lerchenfeld Amand (freiherr Von) - 1887.jpg\|Kardamyli in the 1880s <File:Desk> in the P. M. L. Fermor garden near Kardamyli, August 2007.jpg\|Desk in the P.M.L. Fermor garden near Kardamyli <File:Kardamyli> 04.jpg\|View of houses <File:Eisodia> church in Kardamili
| 664 |
Kardamyli
| 1 |
10,140,538 |
# Langenpreising
**Langenpreising** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Langenpreising
| 0 |
10,140,564 |
# Lengdorf
**Lengdorf** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Lengdorf
| 0 |
10,140,566 |
# The Next Fifty Years
***The Next Fifty Years: Science in the First Half of the Twenty-First Century*** is a 2002 collection of essays by twenty-five well-known scientists, edited by Edge Foundation founder John Brockman, who wrote the introduction.
The essays contain speculation by the authors about the scientific and technological advances that are likely to occur in their various fields in the first half of the 21st century.
The collection is divided into two parts; the twelve essays in Part One are devoted to more theoretical speculation, whereas the thirteen essays in Part Two discuss the possible practical applications of scientific and technological advance.
The contributing scientists are:
- Lee Smolin, *The Future of the Nature of the Universe*
- Martin Rees, *Cosmological Challenges: Are We Alone, and Where?*
- Ian Stewart, *The Mathematics of 2050*
- Brian Goodwin, *In the Shadow of Culture*
- Marc D. Hauser, *Swappable Minds*
- Alison Gopnik, *What Children Will Teach Scientists*
- Paul Bloom, *Toward a Theory of Moral Development*
- Geoffrey Miller, *The Science of Subtlety*
- Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, *The Future of Happiness*
- Robert M. Sapolsky, *Will We Still Be Sad Fifty Years from Now?*
- Steven Strogatz, *Fermi\'s \"Little Discovery\" and the Future of Chaos and Complexity Theory*
- Stuart Kauffman, *What Is Life?*
- Richard Dawkins, *Son of Moore\'s Law*
- Paul Davies, *Was There a Second Genesis?*
- John H. Holland, *What Is to Come and How to Predict It?*
- Rodney Brooks, *The Merger of Flesh and Machines*
- Peter Atkins, *The Future of Matter*
- Roger C. Schank, *Are We Going to Get Smarter?*
- Jaron Lanier, *The Complexity Ceiling*
- David Gelernter, *Tapping Into the Beam*
- Joseph E. LeDoux, *Mind, Brain, and Self*
- Judith Rich Harris, *What Makes Us the Way We Are: The View from 2050*
- Samuel Barondes, *Drugs, DNA, and the Analyst\'s Couch*
- Nancy Etcoff, *Brain Scans, Wearables, and Brief Encounters*
- Paul W
| 326 |
The Next Fifty Years
| 0 |
10,140,581 |
# Moosinning
**Moosinning** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Moosinning
| 0 |
10,140,599 |
# Neuching
**Neuching** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Neuching
| 0 |
10,140,603 |
# Vukašin Poleksić
**Vukašin Poleksić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Bукaшин Пoлeкcић, born 30 August 1982) is a Montenegrin retired football goalkeeper.
## Club career {#club_career}
Poleksić started his career at FK Sutjeska Nikšić, breaking into the first team in 2000. During this time he also spent time on loan at U.S. Lecce, and eventually joined them on a free transfer. After a brief second spell with FK Sutjeska Nikšić, he joined Hungarian Championship side FC Tatabánya. In 2007/08 he joined Debreceni VSC, and became their first-choice goalkeeper for the next 3 seasons.
On 24 June 2010 Poleksić was banned from all football activities until 30 June 2012 for failing to report an attempted match fixing. Investigations showed these attempts failed, and the offers had been rejected by Poleksić, however UEFA rules state all players and officials must report any match fixing attempt. On 5 May 2011 the Court of Arbitration for Sport rejected the appeal and upheld UEFA decision.
In 2014, he joined Kecskeméti TE on loan. After one season at Pécsi Mecsek FC, he returned to his hometown club FK Sutjeska Nikšić.
## International career {#international_career}
In 2002, he made his debut for FR Yugoslavia against Ecuador. He continued his international career for the newly formed Montenegro making his debut in his country\'s first ever competitive match on 24 March 2007, a friendly against Hungary in Podgorica. He has earned a total of 38 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a May 2016 friendly match against Turkey
| 248 |
Vukašin Poleksić
| 0 |
10,140,632 |
# Pastoralis praeeminentiae
***Pastoralis praeeminentiae*** was a papal bull issued by Pope Clement V on 22 November 1307 to all Christian monarchs. It ordered the arrest of all Knights Templar and to seize their properties on behalf of the church. Clement was forced to support the campaign against the Templars by Philip IV of France, who owed them a great deal of money and had initiated the first arrests against the Templars on 13 October 1307.
Despite the papal request, not all the monarchs complied immediately, most notably, Edward II of England who at first refused to believe the allegations, but later carried out the order.
Following the arrests, a period of trials was sanctioned against the Templars, enforced by torture and pain-induced confessions
| 124 |
Pastoralis praeeminentiae
| 0 |
10,140,644 |
# Pół Orła coat of arms
**Pół Orła** is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several noble families in the times of the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth
| 28 |
Pół Orła coat of arms
| 0 |
10,140,657 |
# Eugene Grebenik
**Eugene Grebenik** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}}`{=mediawiki} (*Євген Гребеник*; 20 July 1919 -- 14 October 2001), known as \"Grebby\", was a British civil servant who was a central figure in the development of demography in Britain. He was the first director of the UK\'s Civil Service College.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Grebenik was born in Kyiv a few months after the establishment of the Ukrainian SSR. He was the only son and elder child of Jewish parents Schulim Grebenik (1887--1972), estate agent, and his wife, Lea Helene (*née* Lopatizkaya; 1894--1985), a qualified lawyer. His birth was not registered with the Soviet government because his mother did not want him to be naturalised and thought that this was mandatory. He had a sister, Renata Rosalie. The family moved to Danzig in 1920, then to Berlin, and finally, after the rise of Adolf Hitler, to England in 1933. Grebenik could speak several European languages but none like a native. All his life he was known as Grebby, because he never liked the association with eugenics born by the name \'Eugene\'.
He attended the Xaverian College Catholic high school in Brighton.
Grebenik went to the London School of Economics in 1935 aged sixteen, and graduated with a first-class degree in economics (with statistics and demography as his special subject) at eighteen. He earned the Farr medal and prize.
## Career
After a brief spell working in the City of London, he returned to the LSE as research assistant to Arthur Bowley, and then moved to Bristol to work with H. A. Shannon. Their book, *The Population of Bristol*, was published in 1943. Rejected by the army due to his foreign birth, Grebenik returned to the LSE in 1940 and graduated MSc in 1941.
Promoted to lecturer in statistics in 1944, Grebenik was seconded to the Admiralty for the final year of World War II as a statistical officer, where he worked with William Brass. He was then seconded for a year to the secretariat of the Royal Commission on Population. He was naturalised on 23 November 1946 and shortly afterwards married Virginia Barker.
Grebenik worked with David Glass, editor of Population Studies, from its inception in 1947---and continued to be associated with the journal as joint and then sole editor for fifty years. He was promoted to reader in demography at the LSE in 1949. His work with Glass on the 1946 family census, published in two volumes as The Trend and Pattern of Fertility in Great Britain (1954), was a landmark in cohort analysis. In 1954 Grebenik was appointed professor of social studies at the University of Leeds.
In 1970 Grebenik was appointed the first principal of the Civil Service College at Sunningdale. He left the college in 1976 to conduct research at the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, working with Abraham Manie Adelstein and John Fox, where he remained until he retired in 1984.
Grebenik was secretary-general of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population from 1963 to 1973. He organised three of the IUSSP\'s four-yearly general population conferences, including the one held in Belgrade in 1965 in conjunction with the second United Nations world population conference. He was also president of the British Society for Population Studies from 1979 to 1981. Among other honours, In 1997, he was the first recipient of the Olivia Schieffelin Nordberg award from the Population Council in New York.
He and Virginia had three children: Michael, Peter and Catherine
| 578 |
Eugene Grebenik
| 0 |
10,140,660 |
# Monocle (brand)
***Monocle*** is a global affairs and lifestyle magazine published by Winkreative Ltd. It also operates a 24-hour internet radio station, a retail business, and an associated website. The magazine was founded in London in 2007 by Tyler Brûlé, a Canadian entrepreneur and former founder of *Wallpaper\** magazine.
In 2014, Brûlé sold a minority stake in *Monocle* to Japanese publisher Nikkei Inc., valuing the company at approximately US\$115 million. The size of the investment was not disclosed. In December of the same year, the magazine introduced *The Forecast*, a seasonal publication. A travel-focused title, *The Escapist*, followed in 2015.
## Operations
### Print and publishing {#print_and_publishing}
#### Magazine
Brûlé launched *Monocle* in February 2007 as a print magazine, financed by a group of private investors. It is published 10 times a year and is printed entirely in English. The publication has been described by journalists as a lifestyle magazine aimed at globally mobile professionals.
In 2010, the magazine introduced seasonal print newspapers: *Monocle Mediterraneo* during the summer, and *Monocle Alpino* in winter. Both were discontinued in 2014 and replaced by annual publications *The Forecast* and *The Escapist*. As of that time, *Monocle* did not maintain official accounts on major social media platforms.
The magazine contains both traditional advertising and sponsored content, including in-house reports and surveys.
#### Books
In 2013, *Monocle* collaborated with the Berlin-based publisher Gestalten to release its first book, *The Monocle Guide to Better Living*. Several other titles followed, including *The Monocle Guide to Good Business*, *The Monocle Guide to Cosy Homes*, *How to Make a Nation: A Monocle Guide*, and *The Monocle Guide to Drinking and Dining*. The magazine also co-publishes a series of travel guides covering various international cities.
#### Radio
Monocle Radio is an English-language internet radio station broadcasting from Midori House in London. Launched as Monocle 24 in October 2011, it features weekday news programmes and weekly shows covering business, culture, design, food, media, and urban affairs. The schedule includes both live and on-demand content, with much of its audience engagement occurring via downloads.
The station originated from *The Monocle Weekly*, a podcast launched in December 2008 by Andrew Tuck and Robert Bound, which became a one-hour weekend radio programme. Early weekday shows included *The Globalist*, *The Briefing*, *Midori House*, and *The Monocle Daily*. Other themed segments have included *Culture with Robert Bound*, *Section D*, *The Entrepreneurs*, and *The Urbanist*. Programmes initially ran for 50 minutes, shortened to 30 minutes in 2015, when new shows such as *The Big Interview* and *The Monocle Arts Review* were introduced.
Programming changes over time included the addition of *The Stack* in 2012 and *The Globalist Asia* in 2013. The station also broadcasts content from international events. A monthly podcast, *Konfekt Korner*, is produced in association with its sister publication *Konfekt*.
Monocle 24\'s editorial approach has drawn comparisons to public broadcasters such as the BBC World Service, ABC (Australia), and CBC (Canada). Brûlé has described the station as reflecting a Commonwealth-style public service model. Content is presented by Monocle staff and contributing broadcasters from bureaux in New York, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Toronto, and Zürich.
Sponsorship has included support from UBS, Novartis, and Allianz, with past branded segments produced in partnership with firms such as BMW, Rolex, Chanel, Lufthansa, and Turkish Airlines. Monocle 24 has aired over 60 programmes since 2011, though early hourly newscasts, weather reports, and overnight bulletins from ABC Radio were phased out by 2015.
#### Monocle TV {#monocle_tv}
In early 2011, six episodes of a Monocle television programme were broadcast internationally on Bloomberg.
### Website
Monocle\'s website offers digital access to its magazine archive, with full content available to subscribers and a limited number of free articles per issue. It also hosts over 500 publicly accessible films, slideshows, and documentaries, which are additionally distributed via iTunes and YouTube.
Retail products, including in-house designs and selected collaborations, are available through the website and in Monocle retail locations worldwide. The website also streams Monocle 24, the company's radio station, and provides access to its archive of speech-based programmes.
The site launched alongside the magazine in 2007 and underwent a redesign in November 2012. In 2013, it received several Lovie Awards, including Gold for Best Writing -- Editorial, Silver for Lifestyle, and Bronze for Best Practices.
### Retail and hospitality {#retail_and_hospitality}
#### Retail
Monocle opened its first retail store in London in November 2008, later expanding to cities including Hong Kong, Toronto, Tokyo, Singapore, New York, Culver City, and Meran. The stores sell Monocle-branded items and collaborative products, and the company also operates seasonal pop-up locations.
#### Café
In April 2013, Monocle opened a café on Chiltern Street in Marylebone, London. Additional cafés were later opened in Tokyo and in the Seefeld district of Zurich, sometimes integrated with retail spaces.
In 2015, the company launched Kioskafé, a newsstand and coffee bar near London Paddington station, modelled on European kiosks. It stocked a range of print publications but closed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
## Projects
| 829 |
Monocle (brand)
| 0 |
10,140,660 |
# Monocle (brand)
## Projects
### Monocle surveys {#monocle_surveys}
Monocle publishes an annual Quality of Life issue that ranks 25 cities worldwide based on perceived liveability metrics. In 2016, Tokyo topped the ranking.
Since 2010, the magazine has also compiled an annual Soft Power survey, assessing countries by their global influence through culture, diplomacy, and trade. In 2016, the United States led the ranking.
### Conferences
In 2015, Monocle introduced the Quality of Life Conference, first held in Lisbon and later in Vienna in 2016. The event brings together speakers from fields including design, urbanism, and culture. The host city varies from year to year.
| 105 |
Monocle (brand)
| 1 |
10,140,660 |
# Monocle (brand)
## Reception
### Accolades
In 2011, *Monocle* was named one of the top ten magazines of the year by *AdAge* as part of its \"A List\". Editor Tyler Brûlé received the title of Editor of the Year in the same feature. In 2015, the magazine received a D&AD Wood Pencil award for its annual publication, *The Forecast*.
### Criticisms
In 2018, former intern Amalia Illgner published an article in *The Guardian* describing her experience at Monocle\'s London office, where she reported being paid £30 per day. The matter was resolved following an employment tribunal, which resulted in Monocle admitting liability and reaching a settlement
| 107 |
Monocle (brand)
| 2 |
10,140,662 |
# Kato Drys
**Kato Drys** (*Kάτω Δρυς*) is a small village in Cyprus, southwest of Larnaca. It is near the villages of Pano Lefkara (4 km), Kato Lefkara (4 km), and Vavla (6 km).
Its average altitude is 520 meters above sea level. The village is set in hilly terrain with narrow, deep valleys, through which flows the Agios Minas river.
Kato Drys is pictured on the Cyprus one pound note.
A significant figure from the village is Saint Neophytos, born in Kato Drys in 1134. The house in which he was born still stands today. Sir Reo Stakis (1913--2001) was also born in the village.
There is a small church dedicated to the saint located on a hill near the village
| 122 |
Kato Drys
| 0 |
10,140,669 |
# Electoral district of Cobar
**Cobar** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales which was named after the town of Cobar. It was first created in 1894 and abolished in 1920. Cobar was recreated in 1930 and abolished in 1968.
## History
Prior to 1894 the town of Cobar was part of the district of Bourke which returned three members. Multi-member constituencies were abolished in the 1893 redistribution, resulting in the creation of 76 new districts, including Cobar. Bourke was reduced in size and parts were given to the new districts of Cobar and The Barwon. Cobar also absorbed parts of the abolished districts of The Bogan and Forbes. The electoral district included all of the counties of Canbelego, Robinson and Yanda as well as parts of the surrounding counties of Booroondarra, Cowper, Flinders, Gregory, Oxley, Rankin, Werunda and Woore. Cobar\'s economy was centered around copper mining, and the district also included Nyngan which was established in 1883 as a stop on the Main Western railway line on its way to Bourke.
At its establishment in 1894 Cobar had 1,646 enrolled voters, slightly less than the average of 2,046. In 1904 the number of enrolled voters nearly doubled as women were given the right to vote while the number of members of the Legislative Assembly was reduced from 125 to 90 as a result of the 1903 New South Wales referendum. Cobar absorbed parts of The Lachlan and parts of the abolished seats of The Barwon, Condoublin and Wilcannia. The combined effect of the changes meant that the number of enrolled voters in Cobar went from 3,501, to 6,488, an increase of 185%. The district was significantly expanded in 1913, absorbing most of The Darling, including the town of Bourke.
Cobar was abolished in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, and was absorbed by the expanded district of Sturt, along with Willyama to create a three-member electorate covering most of the Western Division of New South Wales. Proportional representation was abolished in 1927, with Bourke going to the re-created district of Namoi, while Cobar and Nyngan were in the re-created district of Lachlan.
Cobar was re-created in 1930, and comprised part of the districts of Sturt, Lachlan and Namoi, including the towns of Cobar, Bourke, Brewarrina, Byrock, Wilcannia, White Cliffs and part of Broken Hill.
The 1949 redistribution saw Cobar absorb the entire district of Sturt, but lost Bourke and Nyngan to Castlereagh and South Broken Hill and Menindee to the re-constituted Sturt.
Cobar, along with Sturt were abolished as a result of the 1966 redistribution, replaced by the new district of Broken Hill, which included all of the town, and the district extended from the border with Victoria on the Murray River to the Queensland border in the north, including the towns of Wentworth and Wilcannia. The town of Cobar was absorbed by Castlereagh, which moved west, while south western part of the district was absorbed by the district of Temora
| 502 |
Electoral district of Cobar
| 0 |
10,140,671 |
# Dawn of Dreams
***Dawn of Dreams*** is the debut studio album by avant-garde/progressive/death metal band Pan.Thy.Monium released in 1992. Contrary to popular belief, the tracks do have intended titles, but Swanö instructed Osmose Productions not to release these titles (or any information about the band whatsoever) in the original pressing of the album, so for many years it was believed that the tracks were intended to be untitled. The official titles were not revealed until The Crypt\'s 2014 vinyl reissue of the album.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"RAAGOONSHINNAAH\" -- 21:49
2. \"EEPITAFFPH\" -- 5:51
3. \"SIEEGEH\" -- 4:03
4. \"IV\" -- 3:06
5. \"ZENOTAFFPH\" -- 2:42
6. \"AMARAAH\" -- 4:26
7
| 113 |
Dawn of Dreams
| 0 |
10,140,675 |
# Dream II
***Dream II*** is the first EP by avant-garde/progressive/death metal band Pan.Thy.Monium released in 1991.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"I\" -- 4:26
2. \"II\" -- 3:31
3. \"III\" -- 3:46
4. \"Vvoiiccheeces\" -- 1:29
5
| 38 |
Dream II
| 0 |
10,140,684 |
# Zealand Notch
**Zealand Notch** (el. 2457 ft./749 m.) is a mountain pass in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, United States. It is located in the towns of Bethlehem and Lincoln, near the northeastern corner of the Pemigewasset Wilderness. The center of the notch is traversed by hiking trails and is approximately 2 mi from the nearest road. Zealand Pond, Zealand Falls, and the Zealand Falls hut are located near the height of land.
Similarly to Crawford Notch to the east, the main body of Zealand Notch comprises a steep-walled, U-shaped valley running southwards from the height of land. Whitewall Brook flows through the bottom of the notch, reaching the North Fork of the Pemigewasset River at the south end of the notch. Water from Whitewall Brook flows via branches and the main stem of the Pemigewasset to the Merrimack River and ultimately the Gulf of Maine. North of the notch\'s height of land, the Zealand River flows north to the Ammonoosuc River near the village of Twin Mountain, with the streamflow eventually reaching the Connecticut River and turning south again to ultimately reach Long Island Sound.
The notch lies between Whitewall Mountain (3,405 ft./1,038 m.) to the east and Zeacliff (approx. 3,600 ft./1,097 m.), an eastern arm of Zealand Mountain, to the west. The Appalachian Trail traverses Zealand Notch. From the west, the trail (paired with the Twinway trail) descends from Zeacliff past Zealand Falls (a long series of smooth granite ledges ending in a 50 ft drop over vertical granite) and Zealand Falls Hut to the center of the notch. Here the Twinway ends, and the Appalachian Trail turns south and follows the Ethan Pond Trail along an old railroad grade through the notch, along the side of Whitewall Mountain, exiting the south end of the notch and continuing east towards Crawford Notch. Other trails in Zealand Notch include the Zealand Trail approaching along the Zealand River from the north, the Lend-a-Hand Trail which reaches Zealand Falls Hut from Mount Hale to the northwest, and the Zeacliff Trail, which descends from the top of Zeacliff straight down the notch wall to Whitewall Brook and the Ethan Pond Trail. The A--Z Trail leaves the Zealand Trail just north of the height of land of the notch and leads east to Crawford Notch at its height of land
| 389 |
Zealand Notch
| 0 |
10,140,685 |
# Ottenhofen
**Ottenhofen** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Ottenhofen
| 0 |
10,140,691 |
# Boli Khela
**Boli Khela** or **Bali Khela** (*বলীখেলা*) is a traditional form of wrestling in Bangladesh, particularly popular in the Chittagong area considered as a national game of the district. It is a form of combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds. It is one of the oldest traditions of the Chittagong. The sporting event, held in the first month of the Bengali year date of 7th, always takes place at Madarsha Union as Mokkaro boli khela & same month date of 12th, always takes place at Laldighi Maidan as Jabbarer Boli khela.
## Etymology
**Boli** means wrestler or a powerful person in Chittagonian, while **Khela** denotes a game. So, Boli Khela means game of the powerful person.
## History
Boli Khela was introduced in the last 19th century by Kader Boxo. He was a landlord and resident of Satkania Upazila under Madarsha Union in Chittagong district. Reportedly, beginning in 1879, during the first month of each year, he collected dues from his renters and arranged a boli khela match. After his death, the 7th of Boishakh, the first month of the Bengali calendar year, started being called \"Mokkaro Boli Khela\".
A 20th century merchant, Abdul Jabbar Saodagor from Chittagong, arranged a boli khela in 1907 match to cultivate a sport that would prepare the youth to fight against British rule. Broad appeal for the sport began at the end of the First World War but subsided at the end of the Second World War.
In the year 2020 and 2021, the event was not held due to Covid pandemic situation. After two years on 24 April 2022 the 113th edition and then the 114th edition of the historic Jobbarer Boli Khela, a traditional form of wrestling, took place in Chattogram on 25 April 2023.
## Participation
The arena is either a circular or square shape, measuring at least fourteen to twenty feet across. Rather than using modern mats, Boli wrestlers train and compete on dirt floors. Match started in a sandy wrestling ground. Each year, Boli Khela attracts new participates and fans because the sheer enjoyment of the sport is not only contagious for local enthusiasts but inspires tourists to Bangladesh an opportunity to get a glimpse of an exciting and unique event.
## Rules
The event starts at afternoon in a festive mood with the music of \'Dabor\' (one kind of folk drum)and \'Sanai\' (folk flute). Each match lasts about 25--30 minutes but if both competitors agree, the length of the final match may be extended up to 10--15 minutes.
## Competitions
• Mokkar Boli Khela
• jobbarer Boli khela
## Great practitioners {#great_practitioners}
- Didar Boli, a trader from Omkhali under Ramu upazila in Cox\'s Bazar district.
- Oli Hossain of Brahmanbaria district.
- Marma Singh, a sub inspector of Gulshan Police Station in Dhaka
| 482 |
Boli Khela
| 0 |
10,140,692 |
# Château d'Orcher
The **Château d\'Orcher** is a castle in the *commune* of Gonfreville-l\'Orcher in the Seine-Maritime *département* of France.
Built to protect the mouth of the River Seine, it includes an imposing square crenellated tower. In the 18th century it was transformed into a residence.
## History
The Auricher fiefdom was created by the Duke of Normandy for a family who got the name *Aurichier* from a place down in the Seine Valley and built the castle with a chapel (Sainte-Honorine) on top of a cliff overlooking the Seine. The square keep was surrounded by a trapezoidal *enceinte*, defended in the 13th century by three square towers. In 1360 it was partly destroyed on the orders of officials from Harfleur. Rebuilt later, it was taken by the English in 1415 at the same time as Harfleur.
The Crespin family was dispossessed by Henry V. Some French sources state that Henry gave the castle to John Falstaff, the fictional Shakespearean character, but this is almost certainly meant to be Sir John Fastolf. In 1434, the castle and its associated possessions and privileges were given to the Duke of Bedford. In 1449, the estates reverted to the Crespins and later, by legacy, went to the Brézé family in 1488 and finally to the O family in 1539. In 1604, the Orcher land was decreed to be the property of Georges Laillet seigneur of Auricher, and consisted of castle, fortress and house covered with slate. In 1632 the estates became the property of the Potier family.
Thomas Planterose took possession in 1735 and over the next ten years set about transforming the castle. He employed master masons François de la Motte and Jacques Lesueur, both from Picardy, and a master plasterer from Caudebec-en-Caux, Courtel\]. The elegant woodwork was created by a carpenter from Le Havre, Le Roux. The two north towers and the ruins of the great keep in the north-west were demolished, along with the curtain walls.
In 1795, following the division of the estate with the death of Madame de Melmont, the property was described as a \"dwelling house castle and accessories and a farm of 145 acres\". In the 19th century, the estate became the property of the Rochechouart family, who had the castle, notably the tower, restored in 1857 by the architect P. Philippon.
The castle grounds are open to the public all year. The Château d\'Orcher is listed as a *monument historique* by the French Ministry of Culture
| 411 |
Château d'Orcher
| 0 |
10,140,694 |
# Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
The controversy regarding the handling and representation of the Madrid train bombings by the government arose with Spain\'s two main political parties, Spanish Socialist Workers\' Party (PSOE) and Partido Popular (PP), accusing each other of concealing or distorting evidence for electoral reasons.
## Events
The bombings occurred three days before general elections, in which incumbent José María Aznar\'s PP was defeated. Immediately after the bombing, leaders of the PP claimed evidence indicated that the Basque separatist organization ETA was responsible for the bombings. Such accusation led to a result which favours to the PP\'s chances of being re-elected. The PP government involved Spain in the Iraq War, a policy very unpopular with many Spaniards. Therefore, if a link between the bombings and the Iraq War involvement were established, it could have reduced the popularity of the PP.
Nationwide demonstrations and protests followed the attacks. A view amongst several political commentators is that the PP lost the election as a result of the handling and presentation of the terrorist attacks, rather than specifically due to the Madrid train bombings. A 2011 study by Jose Montalvo published in the Review of Economics and Statistics reached the conclusion that terrorist attack had important electoral consequences (turning the electoral outcome against the incumbent People\'s Party and handing government over to the Socialist Party (PSOE)).
After 21 months of investigation, judge Juan del Olmo ruled Moroccan national Jamal Zougam guilty of physically carrying out the attack. The September 2007 sentence established no known mastermind nor direct al-Qaeda link.
## Accuracy of government statements {#accuracy_of_government_statements}
The conservative PP government was accused of falsely blaming ETA for the attacks. The day of the attacks, police officials informed the Government that explosives usually used by ETA were found at the blast sites. This, along with other suspicious circumstances, led the PP to suspect ETA involvement. Although there was no direct or indirect evidence from the investigation of the bombing pointing to ETA involvement, the group had been caught with a large amount of explosives some months previously, which looked like preparations for a big strike. According to a report of the European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center (ESISC), the same morning of the bombings the Spanish Intelligence Services and Policy had concluded that the author of the massacre was an Islamist terrorist group, but they had been ordered by the government to deny this Islamist attribution and insist that the ETA were the only suspects, although this same source also states that there is no precedent of collaboration of international Islamists with non-Muslims, and there were two non-Muslims (and police informers) involved in the Madrid attacks.
The government sent messages to all Spanish embassies abroad ordering that they uphold the version that ETA was responsible. Prime Minister José María Aznar even called a number of newspaper editors and publishers personally to ask for their support for this version.
The tense political atmosphere in Spain in the period running up to the elections brought the PP to the edge of a political catastrophe. On one hand, José María Aznar was aggressively opposed to any dialogue with ETA, and based most of his campaign on the threat of terrorism (the September 11 attacks in New York reinforced his view of the war against the terrorists). On the other hand, Aznar\'s friendship with U.S. president George W. Bush led him to support the 2003 invasion of Iraq against the views of the overwhelming majority of the population (resulting in the biggest demonstrations ever seen in Spain since the restoration of democracy in the late 1970s). This left Aznar in a complicated situation: if Basque terrorists were proven to be responsible for the massacre, it would favour the PP\'s campaign, but if an Islamic group appeared to cause the blast, people might blame him for earning himself (and Spain) enemies.
The Summary of the Judicial Enquiry concluded that the decision to attack Madrid was taken after, and as a result of, the invasion of Iraq. Nevertheless, *The New Yorker* claimed the decision was taken before 9/11 according to an Italian police report.
| 688 |
Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
| 0 |
10,140,694 |
# Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
## Explosives used in the attacks {#explosives_used_in_the_attacks}
In the immediate aftermath of the train bombings it was suspected that the explosive used in the bombs may have been Titadine, as initial suspicions on responsibility for the bombings focused on ETA and this explosive had been used by them on occasions in the past. As evidence emerged from the investigation attention on the explosive used switched to a brand of dynamite known as Goma-2.
Analysis of samples from the explosion sites carried out by a member of the bomb disposal squad (TEDAX) following the bombings did not produce a definitive result. The analyst concerned later testified in the trial of those accused of committing the bombings. She stated that the only thing she could identify in these tests were generic components of dynamite.
Later in 2004, in his appearance before the parliamentary committee of inquiry, Juan Jesus Sánchez Manzano (the head of the TEDAX) stated that traces of nitroglycerine had been detected in the samples recovered after the bombings. He would later retract this statement before the investigating magistrate in charge of the case and emphasised that he was not an expert in explosives. The statement by Sánchez Manzano led supporters of the idea that ETA was involved in the bombings to question whether the explosive used in the bombs had been Goma 2 ECO. Nitroglycerine is not a component of Goma 2 ECO.
In the run up to the trial of those accused, the court ordered that fresh tests be carried out on the samples recovered from the trains and on remains of explosive recovered from different sites connected to the bombings. These tests were carried out by specialists appointed from the security services, the defence and other parties to the accusation. The judges ordered that video and audio recordings be made of these tests. The results of these tests were also inconclusive concerning the samples taken from the explosion sites. Nitroglycerine was detected in one of these samples, and the presence of dinitrotoluene (DNT) was also detected. This has led to claims that the explosive used could have been Titadine. However, also detected in the same sample was dibutyl phthalate (DBP), which is a component of Goma 2 ECO but not of titadine. Several other samples from the explosion sites also revealed the joint presence of DNT and DBP. Tests were carried out on a sample of Titadine. In addition the presence of nitroglycerine and DNT was also detected in samples of Goma 2 ECO that had been recovered from sites associated with the bombings.
The discovery of these different components led to suggestions that there could have been some accidental contamination of the samples and explosive remains, although a definitive cause of such contamination has not been established. Entire cartridges, or partial remains of cartridges, of Goma 2 ECO were recovered from the apartment in Leganés where 7 suspects of the bombings died following an explosion, the only unexploded bomb, a Renault Kangoo van found near Alcalá de Henares station on the day of the bombings, and the device that was left by the high speed railway line connecting Madrid and Seville.
The only explosive positively identified in any site connected to the bombings has been Goma 2 ECO and the sentence in the trial concluded that it was likely that the bombs contained this explosive or a mixture of it with its predecessor product Goma 2 EC.
| 578 |
Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
| 1 |
10,140,694 |
# Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
## Potential prevention of the bombings {#potential_prevention_of_the_bombings}
Some of the alleged Islamist perpetrators had reportedly been under surveillance by the Spanish police since January 2003. According to the Spanish newspaper *El Mundo*, 24 of the 29 alleged perpetrators were informers and/or controlled by the Cuerpo Nacional de Policía, Civil Guard and Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (\"National Centre for Intelligence\") from the time before the attacks. Two alleged perpetrators were Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants. Cell phones used in the bombings were unlocked in a shop owned by a former Spanish policeman who is not one of those accused in connection with the bombings.
Two of those accused of supplying explosives for the bombings have a conviction for a previous 2001 offence of trafficking with Goma-2 ECO, an offence that did not prevent Trashorras, described as \"necessarily involved co-operator\" from later getting a job in a mine, thus gaining access to explosives and blast equipment.
## Controversy regarding responsibility {#controversy_regarding_responsibility}
Thirteen improvised explosive devices were reported to have been used by the Islamic militant group that was responsible for the bombing, all but three of which detonated. This group seems to have had very tenuous connection with al-Qaeda but with the aim of acting on its behalf. Shortly after the bombings, the group was completely dismantled by the Spanish police and the core members died in an apparent suicide explosion when they were surrounded in the nearby town of Leganés.
The Madrid bombings have led to the sharp political and social differences between the parties in Spain being accentuated. This stands in sharp contrast to other large-scale terrorist attacks such as those in New York and London, which galvanized society and political forces towards unity.
Spain\'s political division is exemplified by the accusation of members of the *Partido Popular* and several conservative media outlets regarding who was responsible for the bombings and whether the attacks were for political gain. Some of these sources initially supported the hypothesis that ETA was behind the attacks. These groups have focused their investigation on unexplained details and inconsistencies in the Summary Report and have expressed skepticism about the truthfulness and neutrality of the evidence presented.
Since the bombings, the chief opposition party, PP (which lost power in the election in the immediate aftermath of the bombings), together with conservative media in Spain, have overtly argued the possibility that the Socialist party, the police, the Spanish, French, and Moroccan secret services, and, of course, ETA, had a role in organisation of the outrage. Not all conservative media outlets were involved in this campaign. There is a distinct difference between those who believe that the Spanish Socialist Workers\' Party (PSOE) used it for political gain (as it had access to information, either from France or through links to the Police, used to criticise the government in the aftermath of the bombings), and those who believe a consortium of the ETA, some groups in the State Security Forces (possibly related to the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL)), the Moroccan secret services, and the PSOE may have had a role either in organising the bombings or blocking official investigation. The first group includes the Newspaper *ABC*, while the second group includes the Radio Station *COPE* and newspapers *La Razón* and *El Mundo*. This second group claims the official version is more than questionable and that the truth is still unknown. They have coupled such claims with doubts about the legitimacy of the current government, which they oppose ideologically.
An attempt to link ETA to the bombings occurred in May 2006, when *El Mundo* published on its front page that a business card of the Basque firm Mondragón Cooperative Corporation (MCC) had been found in the van used by the terrorists. This piece of evidence, discovered by the policemen who found the van, was not found in the numerous police reports. *El Mundo*\'s rationale was that Mondragón had no connection with ETA but could point to ETA, just as the Qur\'anic cassette pointed to Islamic extremists.
The Spanish police later asserted that it was not a business card, but the cover of a music CD of the popular Spanish 1980s rock group Orquesta Mondragón. The CD with its case was found in a pile of various other music CDs. The rear of the cover had apparently been used by the legitimate proprietor to warn people when he parked in the middle of the street, since it had a handwritten message that read \"I am coming back immediately\". Nevertheless, *El Mundo* continued to insist on the existence of an MCC card in the van.
The Spanish police also asserted that a card from \"*Gráficas Bilbaínas*\" (\"*Bilbao* *printing*\", a print shop located in Madrid) found in the van was the source of the alleged confusion.
## Alleged destruction of evidence {#alleged_destruction_of_evidence}
The passenger cars damaged by the explosions were supposedly destroyed to hide evidence 4 days after the explosion and the corpses found in the Leganés flat were also supposedly buried without autopsy. Additionally, in December 2004, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero claimed that the PP government erased all of the computer files related to the Madrid bombings, leaving only the documents on paper.
| 870 |
Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
| 2 |
10,140,694 |
# Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
## Maussili Kalaji {#maussili_kalaji}
Mobile phones used in the bombings were unlocked in a shop owned by a Spanish policeman (who retired after the attacks) of Syrian descent and former al Fatah militant, Maussili Kalaji. Kalaji was not one of those accused in connection with the bombings, though the police proposed to take him into custody.
## The thirteenth bomb {#the_thirteenth_bomb}
Clues from the thirteenth bomb allowed the police to arrest the first alleged perpetrators, three Moroccans (Jamal Zougam, Mohamed Chaoui and Mohamed Bekkaliand) and two Indian citizens, on Saturday, 13 March. The bomb has been called *\"the bomb that dismounted the PP version of ETA\"*, and was known to Spanish sources as *\"Mochila de Vallecas\"*, \"Backpack from Vallecas\", because its discovery was announced in the Vallecas Police Station on the morning of 12 March. The thirteenth bomb\'s validity as an exhibit is disputed.
### Presence of the bomb on the train {#presence_of_the_bomb_on_the_train}
On the morning of the bombings, the trains were double-checked by the EOD police to be sure that no unexploded devices were present. The thirteenth bomb was not found at this time. The only EOD policeman who remembered handling a heavy bag (the thirteenth bomb weighed around 11 kilograms (24 lbs)) that morning in *El Pozo* station asserted positively that the heavy bag he handled in the train station did not contain the bomb.
### Correct handling of the evidence {#correct_handling_of_the_evidence}
A Spanish police report concluded that the bomb *could have been manipulated by unidentified persons in Ifema* (in Spanish, *\"pudo ser manipulada por personas no identificadas en el Ifema\"*), which was the Madrid exhibition center where objects found in the trains were temporarily stored. While DNA from an unidentified male was found on or in the bag, Spanish police asserted that the \'chain of custody\' was unbroken and the PP leader, Mariano Rajoy, asserted in March 2006 that he had no doubts about the validity of this police exhibit.
In December 2006 *El Mundo* claimed that one of the policeman in the Vallecas Police Station during the alleged discovery of the thirteenth bomb was under investigation for his alleged participation in a plot to sell illegal Goma 2-ECO, and in the assassination of a petty thief
| 378 |
Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
| 3 |
10,140,708 |
# Pastetten
**Pastetten** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany. It is a rural municipality in the south of the district. The town was founded about one thousand years ago along the road from Swabia to Erding.
## History
Pastetten is documented for the first time in 957 as \"Poustetin\" (late Povsteti), when Bishop Abraham of Vasallen and Earl Altuom exchanged real estate near Pastetten and Matzling. About 1483 the Count of Preysing received the castle and its judicial seat. The document refers to a tavern, and a smithy in the town. A tax description of 1671 names Hans Poegl as a market officer and states that the monasteries owned properties in Pastetten. The monastic properties were secularised in 1682.
The church dedicated to Saint Martin is a late Gothic brick building, established around 1400 in place of a far older and smaller church
| 149 |
Pastetten
| 0 |
10,140,735 |
# Sankt Wolfgang
**Sankt Wolfgang** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 17 |
Sankt Wolfgang
| 0 |
10,140,749 |
# Bromus bromoideus
***Bromus bromoideus***, the **brome of the Ardennes**, is a species of grass in the genus *Bromus*. Genetic studies suggest that it rather should be regarded as a variant of *Bromus secalinus*.
It was found in the calcareous meadows of the provinces of Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, notably around the towns of Rochefort, Beauraing and Comblain-au-Pont, where it was first discovered in 1821. It was thought to be extinct since the 1930s until preserved seeds were rediscovered in collections of the Belgian National Botanic Garden by the English botanist David Aplin and as a result of the publicity, seeds in other locations came to light in 2005.
In 2009 the National Botanic Garden of Belgium announced that some hundred thousand seeds have been germinated.
## Habitat and distribution {#habitat_and_distribution}
*Bromus bromoideus* was endemic to a limited geographical area spanning southern Belgium and northern France. Unlike many plant species, *B. bromoideus* had no known natural habitat outside of agricultural settings. It was exclusively found in cultivated fields, primarily those used for growing spelt (*Triticum spelta*), a hulled wheat variety that was once widely cultivated in the region.
The species\' natural range was confined to the Meuse district, with an extent of occurrence approximately 90 km in length and 10--15 km in width. Within this limited area, the plant showed a distinct preference for specific soil conditions, growing predominantly on poor dry calcareous soils, particularly clay-limestone or clay-schistose soils located on hills and hilltops.
Historical records indicate that *B. bromoideus* was commonly found in spelt fields until 1882, after which its populations began to decline. This close association with spelt cultivation is believed to have been reinforced by a synchronization between the vegetative requirements of the grass and the conditions offered by spelt agriculture. The grass was frequently observed growing in the seed line of spelt crops, suggesting it was inadvertently sown alongside the cereal.
A distinctive feature of *B. bromoideus*{{\'}} distribution pattern was its nearly exclusive association with spelt fields. With only one documented exception, the species was never observed growing in wheat or rye fields. This specificity likely relates to differences in seed characteristics between these crops; spelt has hulled grains that remain in thick glumes after threshing, producing diaspores similar in size to those of *B. bromoideus*, allowing the grass seeds to remain mixed with spelt during traditional harvesting and sowing processes.
At its peak distribution in the 19th century, the species was recorded in 49 locations across southeastern Belgium and one location in northern France. By the 1930s, agricultural modernization had severely reduced its range, with the last wild specimen documented in 1935.
| 438 |
Bromus bromoideus
| 0 |
10,140,749 |
# Bromus bromoideus
## Taxonomy
*Bromus bromoideus* has a complex taxonomic history with its status being subject to debate among botanists. The species shows clear genetic affinities with closely related brome grasses, particularly *Bromus grossus* and *Bromus secalinus*, leading to different interpretations of its taxonomic rank. Tournay (1968) proposed that *B. bromoideus* should be classified as a subspecies of *B. grossus* rather than a distinct species. This view was partially supported by Scholz (1970), who went further and suggested that *B. bromoideus* represents merely a mutant form of *B. grossus*. In contrast, Smith (1973) argued for maintaining its species status, emphasizing that its unique marginal lemma tooth serves as a distinctive identifying characteristic that clearly separates it from other members of the genus.
Molecular studies have provided additional insights into these relationships. Research by Ainouche and Bayer (1997) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing revealed that *B. bromoideus*, *B. grossus*, and *B. secalinus* share identical ITS sequences, supporting their close evolutionary relationship. These findings align with Jauzein\'s (1995) assessment that *B. bromoideus* likely originated as a variant of *B. grossus* through an accidental mutation.
More recent genetic analysis using AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers has further clarified these relationships. Koch and colleagues (2016) confirmed that *B. bromoideus* evolved from within the *B. grossus* gene pool, suggesting a relatively recent divergence. Despite this close genetic relationship, experimental hybridization work by de Cugnac demonstrated that when *B. bromoideus* and *B. grossus* were crossed, they produced *B. bromoideus* var. *villosa* (characterized by pubescent spikelets), but the defining morphological characteristics of *B. bromoideus* remained stable through generations of cultivation.
The most likely wild relatives of the species are considered to be *B. commutatus* and/or *B. racemosus*, which occur in less artificial habitats such as fallow land and wet meadows, respectively
| 297 |
Bromus bromoideus
| 1 |
10,140,750 |
# Vox in excelso
***Vox in excelso*** (\"A voice on high\") is a bull issued by Pope Clement V on 22 March 1312. The directives given within the bull were to formally dissolve the Order of the Knights Templar, effectively removing papal support for them and revoking the mandates given to them by previous popes in the 12th and 13th centuries.
The issue of this bull followed a five-year period of suppression and trials of the Templars during which time they were accused of a variety of blasphemous and heretical crimes. However, the confessions were extracted with the use of torture and other methods developed by the Inquisition.
Other bulls involving Templars include *Pastoralis Praeeminentiae* and *Ad providam*
| 118 |
Vox in excelso
| 0 |
10,140,759 |
# Khaooohs
***Khaooohs*** is the second album by band Pan.Thy.Monium. It was released in 1993.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"I Månens Sken Dog En Skugga\" -- 1:50
2. \"Under Ytan\" -- 3:56
3. \"Jag & Vem\" -- 5:54
4. \"Lava\" -- 7:37
5. \"Lömska Försåt\" - 6:55
6. \"I Vindens Våld\" - 0:50
7. \"Klieveage\" - 2:48
8. \"Ekkhoeece III\" - 0:44
9. \"Khaooohs I\" - 4:47
10. \"Utsikt\" - 8:12
11. \"Khaooohs II\" - 0:40
## Personnel
- Robert Karlsson (credited as \"Derelict\") - vocals
- Benny Larsson (credited as \"Winter\") - drums, percussion, violin
- Dan Swanö (credited as \"Day DiSyraah\") - bass guitar, keyboards, sound effects
- Robert Ivarsson (credited as \"Mourning\") - rhythm guitar
- Dag Swanö (credited as \"Äag\") - lead guitar, organ, baritone saxophone
### Production
- All tracks written by Day DiSyraah, Winter and Mourning
- Vocal parts written by Derelict
- Lead guitar and saxophone parts written by Äag
- Lyrics by Dr
| 162 |
Khaooohs
| 0 |
10,140,760 |
# Motortec
**Motortec** is an international trade fair of automotive components and accessories originally only held biennially (on odd years) in Madrid, at the IFEMA exhibition centre. The 2007 edition, held in May, boasted 804 exhibitors from 24 countries. The 2009 edition took place in March.
Until 2020, it was known as *Motortec Automechanika Madrid*. The collaboration with Messe Frankfurt was not renewed.
The 16th Motortec Madrid took place from 20 to 23 April 2022. 500 exhibitors presented their products and services. Over 52,000 visitors came to the show.
It has now been exported to Chile starting in 2022. The first Motortec Chile took place from 6 to 8 October 2022. Over 35 exhibitors and 80 brands presented their products and services. Over 3,000 visitors came to the show
| 129 |
Motortec
| 0 |
10,140,780 |
# Steinkirchen
**Steinkirchen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈʃtaɪnˌkɪʁçn̩|-|De-Steinkirchen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
Steinkirchen
| 0 |
10,140,793 |
# The Green Hornet Strikes Again!
***The Green Hornet Strikes Again!*** is a 1941 Universal black-and-white 15 chapter movie serial based on *The Green Hornet* radio series by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker. It is a superhero-themed story about the eponymous superhero, the Green Hornet. It is a sequel to Universal\'s earlier serial *The Green Hornet* (1940). This was the 117th serial (the 49th with sound) of the 137 that Universal produced. The plot involves racketeering and is unusual for a movie serial by having mostly stand-alone chapters instead of each running into the next; this was also the case for Universal\'s first *Green Hornet* serial.
## Plot
Wealthy publisher Britt Reid and his trusted Korean valet and sidekick disguise themselves as the crime fighting vigilantes, The Green Hornet and Kato. Over the course of 15 chapters, they battle the growing power of ruthless crime lord \"Boss\" Crogan and his varied rackets and henchmen across the city. Unknown to them, Crogan also has strong ties to foreign powers unfriendly to the United States.
## Cast
- Warren Hull as Britt Reid and his alter ego The Green Hornet. Hull replaced Gordon Jones in this role and also provided the voice of the Hornet (instead of radio voice Al Hodge in the original serial).
- Wade Boteler as Michael Axford, Britt Reid\'s bodyguard
- Anne Nagel as Lenore \"Casey\" Case, Britt Reid\'s secretary
- Keye Luke as Kato, the Green Hornet\'s sidekick
- Eddie Acuff as Ed Lowery, a reporter
- Pierre Watkin (listed in the credits as \"Pierre Watkins\") as Boss Crogan, racketeer
- James Seay as Bordine, one of Boss Crogan\'s henchmen
- Arthur Loft as Tauer, Boss Crogan\'s chief henchman
- Joe Devlin as Dolan, one of Boss Crogan\'s henchmen
- William Hall as DeLuca, one of Boss Crogan\'s henchmen
- Dorothy Lovett as Frances Grayson, an aluminum heiress, and Stella Merja, an actress hired to replace her
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
Source:
1. Flaming Havoc
2. The Plunge of Peril
3. The Avenging Heavens
4. A Night of Terror
5. Shattering Doom
6. The Fatal Flash
7. Death in the Clouds
8. Human Targets
9. The Tragic Crash
10. Blazing Fury
11. Thieves of the Night
12. Crashing Barriers
13. The Flaming Inferno
14. Racketeering Vultures
15
| 381 |
The Green Hornet Strikes Again!
| 0 |
10,140,811 |
# Khaooohs and Kon-Fus-Ion
***Khaooohs and Kon-Fus-Ion*** is the third and final album by avant-garde progressive death metal band Pan.Thy.Monium released in 1996.
The album\'s final track, \"In Remembrance\", is a literal minute of silence. Writing credit for the track is given to \"Raagoonshinnaah\", the fictional \"mythological god\" the band\'s music is based around.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Pan.Thy
| 61 |
Khaooohs and Kon-Fus-Ion
| 0 |
10,140,817 |
# Latin Playboys
**Latin Playboys** was a musical group formed by David Hidalgo, Louie Pérez, Mitchell Froom and Tchad Blake, active in the 1990s.
## History
The band began with a series of demo recordings made by Hidalgo on a home cassette tape four-track machine. The demos were intended for Hidalgo\'s main group, Los Lobos, but producer/keyboardist Mitchell Froom thought the demos were interesting enough on their own to justify a new side-project. With Los Lobos member Louie Pérez, and Froom\'s frequent production partner Tchad Blake, Latin Playboys was officially formed.
The group released two albums, *Latin Playboys*, in 1994, and *Dose*, in 1999. The songs \"Manifold de Amour\" and \"Forever Night Shade Mary,\" both from the 1994 self-titled debut album, are featured on the soundtrack album for the 1995 film *Desperado*.
In 1999 the band performed in Toronto at Lee\'s Palace.
Critic Richie Unterberger described their music as \"a twisted and avant-garde take on roots music.\"
An acoustic version of \"Crayon Sun\" was recorded by Pérez and Hidalgo for the 2020 Netflix documentary *The Trials of Gabriel Fernandez*.
## Discography
### *Latin Playboys* (Self Titled), 1994 {#latin_playboys_self_titled_1994}
Track listing
1. \"Viva la raza\" 2:48
2. \"Ten Believers\" 3:17
3. \"Chinese Surprize\" 3:07
4. \"Mira!\" 1:25
5. \"Manifold de Amour\" 2:02
6. \"New Zandu\" 3:13
7. \"Rudy\'s Party\" 2:31
8. \"If\" 1:41
9. \"Same Brown Earth\" 3:45
10. \"Lagoon\" 2:28
11. \"Gone\" 2:52
12. \"Crayon Sun\" 3:09
13. \"Pink Steps\" 2:06
14. \"Forever Night Shade Mary\" 3:04
### *Dose*, 1999 {#dose_1999}
Track listing
1. \"Fiesta Erotica\" 3:09
2. \"Cuca\'s Blues\" 3:14
3. \"Ironsides\" 1:46
4. \"Mustard\" 3:28
5. \"Nubian Priestess\" 1:59
6. \"Dose\" 2:33
7. \"Latin Trip\" 2:58
8. \"Tormenta Blvd.\" 2:08
9. \"Lemon \'n Ice\" 3:50
10. \"Locoman\" (LP version) 2:48
11. \"Toro\" (LP version) 0:38
12. \"Paletero\" (LP version) 3:13
13
| 303 |
Latin Playboys
| 0 |
10,140,827 |
# Anton Collin
**Anton Johannes Collin** (12 October 1891 -- 31 May 1973) was a Finnish cross country skier and road cyclist. He won the 50 km event at the 1922 Holmenkollen ski festival, becoming the first non-Norwegian to win at Holmenkollen. At the 1924 Winter Olympics he placed 16th over 18 km, and failed to finish his 50 km race. He also abandoned his 188 km cycling race at the 1924 Summer Olympics
| 74 |
Anton Collin
| 0 |
10,140,832 |
# 1703 in Ireland
Events from the year **1703 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Anne
## Events
- June 11 -- Charles Hickman is consecrated as Church of Ireland Bishop of Derry.
- September 11 -- a privateering expedition comprising the ships *St George* and *Cinque Ports* commanded by William Dampier leaves Kinsale for South America.
- Parliament of Ireland assembles, the first under Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and the first for five years.
- Popery Act (An Act to prevent the further Growth of Popery), enacted by the Parliament of Ireland, reintroduces gavelkind: when a Roman Catholic dies, his estate is to be divided equally among his sons (legitimate or otherwise) if they retain their Catholic faith.
- Treason Act (Ireland) 1703, enacted by the Parliament of Ireland, enforces the Protestant line of succession to the British throne.
- Sir Robert Doyne is appointed as Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas.
- The Parliament of Ireland investigates the possibility of improving navigation on the rivers Shannon and Barrow and constructing a Newry Canal.
## Births
- January 22 (in France) -- Antoine Walsh, slave trader and Jacobite (d. 1763 in San Domingo)
- February 5 -- Gilbert Tennent, Presbyterian pastor in Colonial America (d. 1764)
- March 1 -- Philip Tisdall, lawyer and politician (d. 1777)
- September 29 -- Philip Syng, silversmith (d. 1789 in the United States)
- Arthur Gore, 1st Earl of Arran, politician (d. 1773)
- John Ussher, politician (d. 1749)
- Approximate date
- John Blakeney, politician (d. 1747)
- Samuel Boyse, poet (d. 1749)
- Henry Brooke, novelist and dramatist (d. 1783)
- George Faulkner, publisher and bookseller (d
| 279 |
1703 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,140,842 |
# Walpertskirchen
**Walpertskirchen** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Walpertskirchen
| 0 |
10,140,847 |
# Sky Raiders
***Sky Raiders*** is a 12-episode 1941 Universal film serial. The serial was directed by Ford Beebe and Ray Taylor. *Sky Raiders* stars Donald Woods, Billy Halop, Robert Armstrong and Eduardo Ciannelli. *Sky Raiders* has little in common with Universal\'s other early-1940s espionage outings like *Sea Raiders* or *Junior G-Men*, although the serial is often lumped in together as if it is part of a series.`{{TOC limit|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Plot
Former World War I ace pilot Captain Bob Dayton, (Donald Woods) is the owner of Sky Raiders, Inc., an aircraft company. Dayton has designed a bombsight and a new high speed fighter aircraft, the \"Sky Raider\". Dayton recruits young Tim Bryant (Billy Halop), a member of Air Youth of America, to help him.
Nazi agent Felix Lynx (Eduardo Ciannelli) attempts to steal these designs for his own country. Lynx is determined to seize this valuable new aircraft, with the help of his female accomplice Innis Clair (Jacqueline Dalya) and of a criminal named John KAne who happens to be a perfect double for Dayton. All attempts, however, to steal the fighter aircraft prototype, fail.
Dayton\'s new bombsight is being tested in Hawaii, and Lynx intercepts a Sikorsky S-45 flying boat on the way to Honolulu. After it is shot down, Dayton and his secretary Mary Blake (Kathryn Adams) who were on board, were rescued by a government cutter.
Lieutenant Carry (Robert Armstrong) and Tim meet the survivors but find that Lynx has sent his henchmen to finish the job. The foreign agents are killed when they hit an oncoming truck. Mary announces that she has become Mrs. Dayton.
### Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
1. Wings of Disaster!
2. Death Rides the Storm
3. The Toll of Treachery
4. Battle in the Clouds
5. The Fatal Blast
6. Stark Terror!
7. Flaming Doom
8. The Plunge of Peril
9. Torturing Trials
10. Flash of Fate
11. Terror of the Storm
12. Winning Warriors!
~Source:~
## Cast
- Donald Woods as Captain Bob Dayton / John Kane, World War I ace and co-owner of Sky Raiders, Inc.
- Billy Halop as Tim Bryant, member of the Air Youth of America
- Robert Armstrong as Lieutenant Ed Carey, co-owner of Sky Raiders, Inc.
- Eduardo Ciannelli as Felix Lynx, Nazi agent
- Kathryn Adams as Mary Blake, Sky Raiders, Inc.\'s secretary
- Jacqueline Dalya as Innis Clair
- Jean Fenwick as The Countess Irene
- Reed Hadley as Caddens, one of Lynx\'s henchmen
- Irving Mitchell as R.S. Hinchfield
- Edgar Edwards as Teal, one of Lynx\'s henchmen
- John Holland as Hess, one of Lynx\'s henchmen
- Roy Gordon as Major General Fletcher
- Alex Callam as Captain Long
- Phil Warren as Bakeman, the crackpot with gun
- Bill Cody, Jr. as Jack Hurd, a young boy
## Production
Many exterior shots for *Sky Raiders* were made at the Grand Central Air Terminal, Glendale, California. A rare Phillips 1-B Aeroneer appears in the serial. Bob Dayton\'s personal aircraft is a Fairchild 24W-9 (c/n W-101, NC18688).
Aerial photography was a mixture of \"fairly effective combinations of process-screen shots, (obvious) model work, stock footage and actual flying work by stunt pilot Jerry Jerome.\"
The aircraft used in *Sky Raiders* are: `{{Div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- Bell YFM-1 Airacuda
- Fairchild 24W-9, c/n W-101, NC18688, c/n 2689, NC15346
- Fairchild Super 71 c/n 646, NC9174
- Kellett KD-1
- Monocoupe 90 c/n 526, NC192K (archive images)
- Pitcairn PCA-2 Autogiro AC-35 c/n J-91, NX70 {{#tag:ref\|Stock footage of the Pitcairn PCA-2 Autogiro, piloted by Amelia Earhart in 1931, was shown.\|group=N}}
- Phillips 1-B Aeroneer, c/n 1, NX16075
- Sikorsky S-45
- Spartan Executive 7W, c/n 7-W12, NC17613
### Stunts
- Dave O\'Brien
- Tom Steele
- Ken Terrell
## Reception
Reviewer Hans J. Wollstein, wrote in his review of *Sky Raiders* for *Allmovie*, \"Universal catered to the young fans of aviation with this airborne serial, which featured a plucky kid --\'Bowery Boy\' Billy Halop -- and plenty of \'sky riders\'. Famous aviator Bob Dayton (Donald Woods) hires a bright member of the Air Youth of America, Tim (Halop), to help him finalize a hush-hush project: a new type of fighter plane and bombsight. This being 1941, plenty of enemy agents are after the invention, including the nefarious Felix Lynx (Eduardo Cianelli). It takes Dayton, Tim, and the co-owner of Sky Raiders, Inc., Lieutenant Ed Carey (Robert Armstrong) 12 breathless chapters before they are able to defeat the enemy. The final installment was quite appropriately entitled \'Winning Warriors\'
| 750 |
Sky Raiders
| 0 |
10,140,880 |
# Wartenberg, Bavaria
**Wartenberg** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
Wartenberg, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,140,884 |
# Canton Fair Complex
The **Canton Fair Complex** (`{{zh|c=|j=gwong<sup>2</sup>gaau<sup>1</sup>wui<sup>2</sup> zin<sup>2</sup>gun<sup>2</sup>|s=广交会展馆}}`{=mediawiki}), formerly known as **Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center** (`{{zh|t=|c=|s=广州国际会议展览中心|j=gwong<sup>2</sup>zau<sup>1</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup>zai<sup>3</sup> wui<sup>6</sup>ji<sup>5</sup> zin<sup>2</sup>laam<sup>5</sup> zung<sup>1</sup>sam<sup>1</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}), is located on Pazhou Island in the Guangzhou (Canton City) in the People\'s Republic of China. It is possibly the largest convention center in the world at 12174000 sqft, and also contains the world\'s largest exhibition hall at 1700000.5 sqft.
Interwine is held here.
## Transport
Canton Fair Complex is served by three Haizhu Tram stations, Canton Fair Complex West, Middle, and East, as well as the nearby Xingangdong station and Pazhou station on Guangzhou Metro Line 8
| 102 |
Canton Fair Complex
| 0 |
10,140,887 |
# Radoslav Batak
**Radoslav Batak** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Радослав Батак}}`{=mediawiki}; born 15 August 1977) is a professional football manager and a former player who played as a defender.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Novi Sad, Batak started out at Metalac Futog in 1989, before joining the youth system of Vojvodina in 1993. He was loaned to ČSK Čelarevo, Mladost Apatin and Vrbas. After moving abroad in 2003, Batak went on to play for Dynamo Moscow, Ankaraspor, Antalyaspor and Tobol.
## International career {#international_career}
Batak made his debut for Montenegro in his country\'s first ever competitive match on 24 March 2007, a friendly against Hungary in Podgorica and made 25 appearances, scoring one goal. His final international was an October 2011 European Championship qualification match away against Switzerland.
### International goals {#international_goals}
\# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
-------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- --------------------------------
1 10 October 2009 Podgorica City Stadium, Podgorica 1--0 2--1 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
*Correct as of 7 October 2015*
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
In early 2015, Batak was appointed assistant manager to Alexandre Gama at Thai club Buriram United. He switched to fellow Thai club Sisaket the following year.
In April 2017, Batak was appointed manager of Vojvodina. He parted ways with the club on 30 June following a 2--1 home win over Ružomberok in the first leg of the 2017--18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round.
After two seasons spent in Thailand, Batak returned to Serbian football on 25 February 2020, as a manager of Serbian SuperLiga club Radnički Niš. He works with another UEFA Pro licensed coach Davor Berber who joined from AFC Champions League club Tai Po.
Batak\'s first game was against Vojvodina, the club where he started his career, played for six years, and had managed back in 2017.
In November 2020, Batak was appointed coach of Serbian SuperLiga club Novi Pazar, alongside Davor Berber
| 314 |
Radoslav Batak
| 0 |
10,140,924 |
# Wörth, Upper Bavaria
**Wörth** (`{{IPA|de|vœʁt|-|De-Wörth.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
| 18 |
Wörth, Upper Bavaria
| 0 |
10,140,947 |
# South Mountain High School
**South Mountain High School (The Academies at South Mountain)** is a high school located in Phoenix, Arizona. The school is part of the Phoenix Union High School District.
## Overview
The school was founded in 1954. The school shares its name with South Mountain, which is located south of the campus.
The campus was designed by a group of noted local architects consisting of Mel Ensign as supervising architect, and H. H. Green, Lescher & Mahoney, John Sing Tang, Edward L. Varney and Weaver & Drover. The construction contract to build the school was awarded to The Wes Meyer Construction Co. The campus was heavily renovated in 2019 with ADM Group serving as architect.
The school partner\'s elementary district is Roosevelt.
## School boundary {#school_boundary}
Like all Phoenix Union High School District schools, students who live within a specific geographic area of Phoenix are automatically enrolled at South Mountain High School. `{{asof|2017|11}}`{=mediawiki}, the school serves students in an area south of the Salt River, north of the South Mountain, east of Central Avenue, and west of 40th Street. However, open enrollment is allowed.
## Student population {#student_population}
Phoenix Union lists its overall ethnic breakdown as 81.7% Hispanic, 8.3% African American, 4.4% Caucasian, 2.4% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 1.6% Other.
## Magnet programs {#magnet_programs}
South Mountain High School teaches five of the eleven Magnet programs in the Phoenix Union High School District.
- **Aviation and Aerospace Education:** The program provides students with the opportunity to attain a Private Pilot\'s Certificate without cost, as part of the curriculum. Since its inception, the program has produced over 400 pilots. The program also provides students with academic and hands-on training in such areas as air traffic control, airframe and power plant maintenance and pre-engineering. Students can earn college credit in the Air Traffic Control courses and build time towards their Airframe and Power Plant License. The pre-engineering courses offer students the opportunity to learn aerodynamics, power plant operation and theory, aerospace systems, and stability and control. A course in Aircraft Design is also provided. All of the courses provide students with the academic rigor necessary in the areas of mathematics and science associated with the field of aerospace.
- **Law-Related Studies:** The Center for Law Related Studies at South Mountain High School. This program offers the student a chance to explore career opportunities in law and law-related fields and occupations through course work and involvement with the various legal professions in the community.
- **Performing Arts (Dance, Music, and Theater):** The Center for Performing Arts is located at South Mountain High School. Learning situations are provided through the use of equipment, nationally and internationally recognized artists as guest teachers, field trips and community performances.
- **Visual Arts:** The Center for Visual Arts offers students a four-year sequenced program of study in art disciplines. Students develop their style in ceramics, computer art, drawing/painting, jewelry and fiber arts, photography or sculpture. Students exhibit their work, participate in field trips and interact with local and national professional artists.
- **Communication Arts:** South Mountain is one of a small number of schools in Arizona with a magnet program featuring its own radio station: KJAG 1640AM, Jaguar News. This program teaches students to operate the devises used behind the scenes in T.V.
## Athletic and competitive achievements {#athletic_and_competitive_achievements}
- Football -- State co-champions 1958 & 1959, 1976--1977, 1993--1994.
- Girls Track and Field -- First big school in Arizona to win the State Title 4 consecutive years. State Champions 2005, 2006, 2007 & 2008, 2014--2015.
- Boys Basketball State Champions 1956, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1992, 2006.
- Girls Basketball State Champions 1985, 1995, 2008, 2015--2016.
- Step Team State Champions (2007, 2008); Stepping in the Right Direction Champions, CA (2011, 2012); Stomp Wars Champions, Dallas, TX (2013); Break the Stage Champions, Atlanta, GA (2014).
- Academic Decathlon -- Regional title 2008, 2012, 2013. Overall highest-scoring competitor in regional competition: Stanford Prescott (2007), Rachel Riley (2008), and Connor Wade (2012 and 2013).
- Metro Region Champions:
- 1982 -- Boys Basketball
- 1983 -- Boys Basketball
- 1987 -- Boys Basketball
- 1990 -- Boys Basketball
- 1991 -- Boys Basketball
- 1992 -- Boys Basketball
- 2001 -- Wrestling (Gabriel Willford)
- 2001 -- Wrestling (Seth Willford)
- 2006 -- Boys Basketball
- 2005 -- Girls Basketball, Girls Track and Field
- 2006 -- Girls Basketball, Boys Basketball, Girls Track & Field, Boys Track & Field
- 2007 -- Girls Basketball, Girls Softball, Girls Track & Field, Boys Track & Field, Wrestling, Football
- 2008 -- Football, Volleyball, Girls Cross Country, Girls Basketball, Girls Track & Field, Boys Track & Field
- Soccer Division II State Champions 2015--2016
| 784 |
South Mountain High School
| 0 |
10,140,947 |
# South Mountain High School
## Incidents
The school has seen incidents of violence over the years.
### 1970s
A riot brought on by racial tensions happened at the school at some point during the 1970s.
### 1994
In October 1994, racial tensions between the school\'s African American and Hispanic population erupted into a riot. A report by Phoenix newspaper Arizona Republic indicated the fight involved 1,000 students, and the incident reportedly spilled into neighborhoods surrounding the school.
The incident reportedly happened in the aftermath of a shooting that injured a Hispanic senior student was a member of a Bloods gang. The suspect in the shooting was reportedly an African American Crips gang member.
No guns or knives were used during the riot, but it involved other weapons such as metal pipes and tree branches. Dozens were reportedly injured, and the incident resulted in the arrest of 18 people. School security, along with Phoenix Police Department and Arizona Department of Public Safety officers, joined forces to separate the African American and Hispanic students, and stop the riot at the school.
Overcrowding at the school was seen, at least by school officials at the time, as a cause for the incident.
### 2009 {#section_1}
In February 2009, a riot involving up to 300 people either fighting or cheering took place, as school was letting out. A school resource officer, as well as a Phoenix Police officer, were assaulted, and in the end, 40 officers were called to subdue the riot. 12 people, including 10 juveniles and 2 adults, were arrested
| 259 |
South Mountain High School
| 1 |
10,140,955 |
# Giovanni Salviati
**Giovanni Salviati** (24 March 1490 -- 28 October 1553) was a Florentine diplomat and cardinal. He was papal legate in France, and conducted negotiations with the Emperor Charles V.
## Biography
Salviati was born in Florence to Jacopo Salviati, son of Giovanni Salviati and Maddalena Gondi, and Lucrezia di Lorenzo de\' Medici, elder daughter of Lorenzo de\' Medici. In Rome, he was educated in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew by Marcello Virgilio Adriani and Fra Zanobi Acciajuoli. Pope Leo X, who raised him to the cardinalate in 1517, was Lorenzo\'s son, and therefore Giovanni\'s uncle. His brother Bernardo Salviati and nephew Anton Maria Salviati also became cardinals. He was also Cousin of Catherine de\' Medici from whom he derived patronage.
He held many posts. He was protonotary apostolic, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. In 1525, he was sent as a legate to Madrid to negotiate the withdrawal of Imperial troops from the papal states and to help negotiate the release of the captured French King Francis I. In 1526, Salviati signed for his cousin, Pope Clement VII, the treaty formulating the League of Cognac which allied against Charles V. He became Bishop of Albano in 1543. He was appointed Administrator of Oloron Diocese in 1520. and attended the Papal conclave of 1549--50 as a cardinal.
He was on friendly terms with Machiavelli, writing to him. The Mannerist painter Cecchino (Francesco) Salviati (Francesco de\' Rossi) took the name Salviati from Giovanni, who was his patron. He employed the composer Jacques du Pont.
Salviati died in Ravenna on 28 October 1553
| 270 |
Giovanni Salviati
| 0 |
10,140,972 |
# Ad providam
`{{Knights Templar}}`{=mediawiki} ***Ad providam*** was the name of a Papal Bull issued by Pope Clement V in 1312. It built on a previous bull, *Vox in excelso*, which had disbanded the order of the Knights Templar. *Ad providam* essentially handed over all Templar assets to the Hospitallers (modern-day Sovereign Military Order of Malta), with the exception of some resources which were left to provide pensions to some Templars who had escaped execution and converted to a monastic life
| 81 |
Ad providam
| 0 |
10,140,983 |
# Windward Express
**Windward Express Airways** is an airline based at Princess Juliana International Airport in the island of Sint Maarten. It provides air charter and cargo services throughout the Eastern Caribbean.
## Services and fleet {#services_and_fleet}
Windward Express operates chartered and cargo flights to 27 destinations throughout the Caribbean. The airline flies routes primarily to the Islands of St Barthélemy and Saba from Sint Maarten. It also offers day trips to Anguilla and Sint Eustatius.
As of summer 2024, Windward Express operates a single Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander (registered PJ-WED). Thanks to its STOL (short take-off and landing) capabilities, the type is ideal for operations at airports with short runways in the Caribbean such as Saint-Barthélemy, Baillif, Les Saints, and Saba.
Windward Express is one of only three airlines certified to land at Saba\'s short runway.
### Former fleet {#former_fleet}
Windward Express\'s fleet has contracted in recent years. The airline used to operate the following additional aircraft:
Aircraft No. of passengers Regristration Notes
---------------------------------- ------------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------------
Britten-Norman BN-2A-26 Islander 9 PJ-WEA Destroyed in Hurricane Irma 2017
Britten-Norman BN-2B-20 Islander 9 PJ-WEB Under possible rebuild after crash in Feb. 2023.
Piper PA-23 Aztec 4-5 PJ-WEC Last confirmed flight: Jan. 2020
## Accidents
On 13 February 2023, a Windward Express BN-2B-20 Islander (registered PJ-WEB) sustained substantial damage while landing at the Saba-Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport (SAB / TNCS). The aircraft struck the ground to the left and approximately one meter before the threshold of runway 12. With the main landing gear severely bent, the aircraft subsequently made a hard landing on the runway. The pilot, two passengers, and a dog exited the aircraft unharmed.
Weather was ruled as the main factor in the accident. Rain showers were reported in the area at the time of the accident, and a heavy downdraft likely forced the aircraft into the terrain.
The airframe of PJ-WEB was subsequently dismantled on the apron of the airport, suggesting an attempt to transport and/or rebuild the aircraft. Satellite data from March 2024 shows the pieces of the airframe still at Saba airport
| 344 |
Windward Express
| 0 |
10,140,990 |
# Adelsdorf, Bavaria
**Adelsdorf** is a municipality in the district of Erlangen-Höchstadt, in Bavaria, Germany.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The key refers to the Lords of Schlüsselberg who were prominent in the area before they died out in the Middle Ages. The beaver refers to the Bibra family which had the castle of Adelsdorf from 1687 until 1993
| 59 |
Adelsdorf, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,141,007 |
# Alan Smithers
**Alan George Smithers** (born 20 May 1938) is an English academic psychologist and public policy advisor best known for his research and publications in the field of education.
## Early life {#early_life}
Smithers was born in the East End of London, the son of a Billingsgate fish porter. His mother worked in a sweet factory, and he claims he lived on fish and Turkish delight during the war. He was educated at Barking Abbey Grammar School then King\'s College London, gaining a first class honours degree BSc and a PhD in plant physiology in 1966. He later gained an MSc in the psychology and sociology of education and a PhD in education in 1974 from the University of Bradford. Since all professors at the University of Manchester, where Smithers taught, are required to be graduates of the university, an MEd was conferred on him in 1981. He became a Chartered Psychologist in 1988.
## Career
### Plant physiology {#plant_physiology}
He was originally a research scientist in plant physiology. From 1962 to 1964 he lectured in biology at the College of St Mark and St John in Chelsea, then botany at Birkbeck College from 1964 to 1967.
### Education
He became involved in education as a subject when, in the 1960s, the University of London, where he lectured, began introducing modular degrees. This led to a secondment at the newly elevated University of Bradford. There he re-qualified as a psychologist before becoming Senior Lecturer in Education in 1969. He became a professor at the University of Manchester at the age of 37. He has successively occupied four chairs: Professor of Education at the University of Manchester (1976--96); Professor of Policy Research at Brunel University (1996-8); Sydney Jones Professor of Education at the University of Liverpool (1998--2004); and currently as Director of the Centre for Education and Employment Research at the University of Buckingham (2004 to present). He was elected as one of the first three fellows of the Society for Research in Higher Education in 1986. He was seconded to BP from September 1991 to August 1992 to help it think more systematically about the value of its education programmes.
## Educational research {#educational_research}
Areas with which Smithers has been associated include choice and selection in education, social variation between schools, qualifications and assessment, physics education, international comparisons of educational achievement, headship, teacher training, recruitment and retention, technical and further education, the independent/state divide, single-sex and coeducation, and higher education.
| 412 |
Alan Smithers
| 0 |
10,141,007 |
# Alan Smithers
## Publications
Selected publications, in addition to *The Good Teacher Training Guide* which has been published annually since 1998 include:
- *GCSE Prospects: Restoring the Value?* (2023)
- *A-Level Prospects: Return to Normal?* (2023)
- *Where Next for Apprenticeships 2016* (2016)
- *Social Disadvantage and Widening Access to Universities* (2015)
- *HEFCEs Blunder* (2015)
- *The Science and Mathematics Teaching Workforce* (2014)
- *Confusion in the Ranks* (2013)
- *14-18 A New Vision for Secondary Education* (2013)
- *Educating the Highly Able* (2012)
- *Choice and Selection in Education: the experience of other countries* (2010)
- *Worlds Apart: social variation among schools* (2010)
- *Physics Participation and Policies: lessons from abroad* (2009)
- *Specialist Science Schools* (2009)
- *The Diploma: a disaster waiting to happen?* (2008)
- *Blair\'s Education: an international perspective* (2007)
- *Physics in Schools and Colleges* (2007)
- *School Headship* (2007)
- *The Paradox of Single Sex and Coeducational Schooling* (2006)
- *England's Education* (2004)
- *Attracting Teachers* (2000)
- *Further Education Reformed* (2000)
- *The Impact of Double Science* (1994)
- *General Studies* (1993)
- *Graduates in the Police Service* (1990)
- *Increasing Participation in Higher Education* (1989)
- *The Growth of Mixed A-Levels* (1988)
- *The Progress of Mature Students* (1986)
- *Sandwich Courses: an Integrated Education?* (1976).
Two of his reports were featured as *Dispatches* programmes on *Channel 4*, *Every Child in Britain* (1991) and *All Our Futures: Britain's Education Revolution* (1993). He has been a frequent commentator on the policies of successive governments. His analyses of Blair\'s education have appeared in Anthony Seldon\'s books, *The Blair Effect: The Blair Government 1997-2001* (2001), *The Blair Effect 2001-2005* (2005) and *Blair\'s Britain 1997-2007* (2007). He has also reviewed in Seldon\'s books the impact of the Coalition and Conservative administrations: *The Coalition Effect 2010-2015* (2015) and *The Conservative Effect 2010-2024: 14 Wasted Years?* (2024).
## Educational advisor at a national level {#educational_advisor_at_a_national_level}
Smithers has served as an adviser, latterly standing adviser, to the Commons Education Select Committee since 1997. He claims to be apolitical, believing that close association with any one party compromises the objectivity of the research. He has served on national committees including the *National Curriculum Council*, the *Beaumont Review of National Vocational Qualifications* and the *Royal Society Committee on Teacher Supply*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Angela Wykes in 1962, with whom he had two daughters; they divorced in 2003
| 401 |
Alan Smithers
| 1 |
10,141,021 |
# Aurachtal
**Aurachtal** is a municipality in the district of Erlangen-Höchstadt, in Bavaria, Germany
| 14 |
Aurachtal
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.