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# Thung Fon district
**Thung Fon** (*ทุ่งฝน*, `{{IPA|th|tʰûŋ fǒn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *ท่งฝน*, `{{IPA|lo|tʰōŋ fǒn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the eastern part of Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Nong Han, Phibun Rak, Ban Dung of Udon Thani Province, Phon Phisai and Sawang Daen Din of Sakon Nakhon province.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) Thung Fon was created on 1 July 1976, when the *tambons* Thung Fon and Thung Yai were split off from Nong Han district. It was upgraded to a full district on 21 May 1990.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 36 villages (*mubans*). Thung Fon is a township (*thesaban tambon*) which covers parts of *tambon* Thung Fon. There are a further four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- --------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Thung Fon ทุ่งฝน 12 12,509
2\. Thung Yai ทุ่งใหญ่ 10 9,225
3\. Na Chum Saeng นาชุมแสง 8 5,989
4\
| 168 |
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| 0 |
10,138,604 |
# Kraig Paulsen
**Kraig Paulsen** (born September 9, 1964) is an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 2003 to 2017 and as speaker of the Iowa House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Paulsen was born in Monticello, Iowa. His father, Dr. Kenneth Paulsen, is a veterinarian. His mother, Marilyn Felker, is a retired hospital transcription manager. Paulsen has one brother and two sisters. He graduated from John F. Kennedy High School. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration from Iowa State University 1987, an MBA from Embry--Riddle Aeronautical University in 1994, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Iowa College of Law in 2003.
## Career
Paulsen served United States Air Force, where he served as an operations group senior weapons instructor, maintenance flight commander, and squadron director of operations.
Paulsen was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster, the USAF Commendation Medal, and the USAF Achievement Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster. He was twice recognized as the Best Operations Crew in the USAF in his assigned weapon system, Air Force Space Command Maintenance Junior Officer Manager of the Year, and the Missile Wing Instructor of the Year. Paulsen was first elected to the Iowa House in 2002 and serves House District 67, which includes: Hiawatha, Robins and portions of both Marion and Cedar Rapids. He served as speaker of the House from 2011 to 2015.
Paulsen was an attorney for CRST International, Inc. in Cedar Rapids.
In August 2015, Paulsen announced that he would step down as speaker of the House in January 2016 and would not seek re-election to the Iowa House in 2016. Paulsen then took an unadvertised position with Iowa State University in January 2016; leading a new supply chain initiative aimed at improving corporate engagement in research, experiential learning for students, and educational outreach for faculty and staff. The job Paulsen accepted was not advertised, as is required in most cases.
In 2019, Paulsen was appointed director of the Iowa Department of Revenue. In September 2021, he was appointed interim director of the Iowa Department of Management. Later, it was announced that Paulsen would continue in the role permanently and remain in the position as revenue director.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Paulsen married his high school sweetheart, Cathy, in Cedar Rapids in 1985. They have four children, a daughter and three sons. The Paulsen family is members of the New Covenant Bible Church in Cedar Rapids
| 423 |
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10,138,649 |
# Stones Corner, Queensland
**Stones Corner** is an inner southern suburb of City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the `{{CensusAU|2021}}`{=mediawiki}, Stones Corner had a population of 2,336 people.
## Geography
Stones Corner is centred on the junction of Logan Road and Old Cleveland Road. One of Brisbane's oldest open concrete drain was transformed into a 5.2 hectare urban parkland called Hanlon Park in 2022.
## History
The area was originally known as Burnett\'s Swamp, being low-lying land around the flood-prone Norman Creek. The triangle of land (the \"corner\") at the south-east of the junction of Logan Road and Old Cleveland Road was purchased by James Stone in 1875. He tried to get a licence to operate a hotel at the location but was unsuccessful so he brewed and sold ginger beer instead. The area took the name *Stone\'s Corner* as a result and later became a suburb with that name. In March 1885, the Tram Terminus real estate subdivision was auctioned.In July 1887, Bayne\'s Paddock was advertised for sale.
The present Stones Corner Hotel was opened on the site in 1888 as the Junction Hotel by Denis O\'Connor.
On Sunday 10 August 1913, a new Catholic church at Stones Corner was dedicated by Archbishop James Duhig.
In 1931, the Annerley Church of Christ commenced outreach into Stones Corner, but the initiative was not successful and it ceased after a few years.
Stones Corner Library opened on 25 January 1950. It had a major refurbishment in 1996.
In 1975, the suburb of Stones Corner was absorbed into the neighbouring suburb of Greenslopes before officially returning to a suburb of its own in November 2017.
On 27 August 2024, in Hanlon Park, a nine-month-old baby was the victim of an attack in which an unknown man poured hot coffee over the baby, causing damage to 60 per cent of the baby\'s body.
## Demographics
In the `{{CensusAU|2021}}`{=mediawiki}, Stones Corner had a population of 2,336 people.
## Education
There are no schools in Stones Corner. The nearest government primary schools are Buranda State School in neighbouring Woolloongabba to the west and Greenslopes State School in neighbouring Greenslopes to the south. The nearest government secondary schools are Coorparoo Secondary College in neighbouring Coorparoo to the north-east and Brisbane South State Secondary College in Dutton Park to the west.
## Amenities
The Brisbane City Council operates the Stones Corner Library at 280 Logan Road (-27.49792 153.04369 type:landmark_region:AU-QLD name=Stones Corner Library).
## Heritage sites {#heritage_sites}
- Stones Corner Air Raid Shelter, 286 Logan Road (-27.4981 153
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10,138,656 |
# Sacro Monte di Belmonte
thumb\|350px\|View of the sanctuary. The **Sacred Mountain of Belmonte** (Italian: *Sacro Monte di Belmonte*) is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the *comune* of Valperga, in the Metropolitan City of Turin (Piedmont, northern Italy). It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage list.
## Description
It was built in 1712 at the initiative of the Friar Minor Michelangelo da Montiglio. After interruptions, building work on the chapel was resumed in 1759 and in 1825.
The complex is located in Canavese and is dedicated to the Mysteries of the Rosary; it comprises a church (Sanctuary) and several chapels. The chapels are built at set intervals: the details of their construction, the shapes and the embellishment used are often identical, which suggest that they are the work of a single anonymous architect
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# Chai Wan district
**Chai Wan** (*ไชยวาน*, `{{IPA|th|t͡ɕʰāj wāːn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the southeastern part of Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## History
Chai Wan district was a part of Nong Han district. It was created as a minor district (*king amphoe*) on 3 January 1977, when the two sub-districts Chai Wan and Nong Lak were detached from Nong Han District. In 1979 the third sub-district, Kham Lo, was created and the fourth sub-district Phon Sung transferred from Nong Han. The minor district was upgraded to a full district on 1 February 1988.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Wang Sam Mo, Si That, Ku Kaeo, Nong Han of Udon Thani Province, Sawang Daen Din and Song Dao of Sakon Nakhon province.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 51 villages (*mubans*). Chai Wan is a sub-district municipality (*thesaban tambon*) which covers parts of *tambon* Chai Wan. There are four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
----- ----------- --------- ---------- --------
1\. Chai Wan ไชยวาน 17 13,121
2\. Nong Lak หนองหลัก 12 10,011
3\. Kham Lo คำเลาะ 11 7,980
4\
| 196 |
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| 0 |
10,138,674 |
# Ron Robertson-Swann
**Ronald Charles Robertson-Swann** `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|OAM}}`{=mediawiki} (born 20 February 1941) is an Australian sculptor, best known for his controversial abstract public sculpture *Vault* (1980), located in Melbourne. He is also known for the sculpture *Leviathan Play* (1985), located in Brisbane.
## Art career {#art_career}
*Vault* has been described as being in the Anthony Caro style, which he adopted after studying at Saint Martin\'s School of Art, London, in the 1960s. He studied under Lyndon Dadswell and was an assistant to Henry Moore. He is Head of Sculpture at the National Art School and is the artistic adviser to the popular annual exhibition Sculpture by the Sea. He was a founding member of the Visual Arts Board of the Australia Council and has won numerous awards including the Comalco Invitational Sculpture Award, the Transfeld Prize and the Alice Prize.
Graeme Sturgeon, the pre-eminent Australian sculpture historian and critic, described Robertson-Swann in 1980 as \"the most consistent of the Classic Formalist, that is, the one most concerned to produce a sculpture which, while obviously of its era, transcends considerations of style in search of a timeless sense of rightness.\"
## Notable artworks {#notable_artworks}
- *Vault* -- Melbourne (1980)
- *Leviathan Play* -- Brisbane (1985)
## Artwork gallery {#artwork_gallery}
<File:Vault> by Ron Robertson-Swann (Four corner view).jpg\|*Vault --* Melbourne (1980) <File:Leviathan> Play by Ron Robertson-Swann 01
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| 0 |
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# Sang Khom district
**Sang Khom** (*สร้างคอม*, `{{IPA|th|sâːŋ kʰɔ̄m|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in northern Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Etymology
The district\'s original name was \"Ban Sang Khom\" (*บ้านส่างคอม*), only slightly different from the modern variation. The word *sang* (*ส้าง*) or (*สร้าง*) is (*ส่าง*) in the Lao-Isan dialect and means \'pond\' or \'minor body of water\', while *khom* (*คอม*) is a species of tree native to the area. A story is told that when the village was first established, around the year 1898, there was some digging going on in a local pond and after some time, khom trees grew around the pond\'s shore. Therefore, the villagers called the place \"Sang Khom.\"
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (clockwise from the southeast) Ban Dung and Phen of Udon Thani Province and Phon Phisai of Nong Khai province.
Sang Khom district is home to Nam Pan Lake, a sizable body of freshwater in the northern part of the district.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was established on 15 May 1975, when three *tambons*, Sang Khom, Ban Yuat, and Chiang Da, split from Phen district. On 21 May 1990 it was upgraded to a full district.
## Administration
The district is divided into six sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 52 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas, and six tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- -------------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Sang Khom สร้างคอม 13 7,512
2\. Chiang Da เชียงดา 8 3,397
3\. Ban Yuat บ้านยวด 6 4,090
4\. Ban Khok บ้านโคก 10 7,263
5\. Na Sa-at นาสะอาด 8 2,247
6\
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| 0 |
10,138,802 |
# Okolona Municipal Separate School District
The **Okolona Municipal Separate School District** is a public school district based in Okolona, Mississippi (USA).
In addition to Okolona, the district serves rural areas in eastern Chickasaw County and extends into a small portion of neighboring Monroe County.
## Schools
- Okolona High School (Grades 5--12)
- Okolona Elementary School (Grades K-4)
## Demographics
### 2006--07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 777 students enrolled in the Okolona Municipal Separate School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 52% female and 48% male. The racial makeup of the district was 96.01% African American, 3.86% White, and 0.13% Asian. 82.9% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
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| 0 |
10,138,849 |
# Angels Costumes
**Angels Costumes** (previously Angels and Bermans) is a supplier of costumes based in London, England to the film, theatre and television industries, as well as to the general public. The company, founded in 1840, is the longest-established costume supplier in the world, and has supplied costumes to 37 films that have received the Academy Award for Best Costume Design, including the 2010 film *Alice in Wonderland* and, most recently, *The Grand Budapest Hotel*.
Since its founding the company has stayed in family ownership for six consecutive generations, and is currently run by Chairman Tim Angel, CBE (former chairman, BAFTA; former governor, BFI) and his three children, Emma (director of fancy dress), Daniel (head of costume) and Jeremy (creative director).
## Early years {#early_years}
Morris Angel started his business in 1840 in the Seven Dials area of London, near Covent Garden, selling second-hand clothing and tailors\' samples from Savile Row. Morris Angel\'s shop became popular with theatrical actors, who at that time had to purchase their own clothes and costumes for auditions and performances. It was a request from actors to hire rather than buy outfits for the duration of a performance that began the business model that remains in use by the company today.
Morris Angel brought his son Daniel into the business in 1870, and seven years later, the family opened a shop at 119 Shaftesbury Avenue which still houses Angels Fancy Dress nearly 150 years later.
## Cinema and the Oscars {#cinema_and_the_oscars}
With the advent of cinema, the Angel family made its second major diversification by supplying costumes to the new movie industry. Angels supplied its first Academy Award-winning costumes to Laurence Olivier\'s *Hamlet* in 1948. To date, 37 Best Costume Oscars have followed for work that the company has undertaken on major international films, including *Star Wars*, *Titanic*, *Lawrence Of Arabia*, *The Great Gatsby*, *The Aviator*, *Memoirs of a Geisha* and *Marie Antoinette*.
Angels acquired Bermans & Nathans in 1992, moving the professional hire for film, TV and theatre to Camden.
In 2015, Angels provided costumes to four of the five films nominated in this category: *Mr. Turner*, *Into the Woods*, *Maleficent* and *The Grand Budapest Hotel*, which won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design that year.
## Twenty-first century {#twenty_first_century}
The business currently has two divisions: Angels The Costumiers, based in North London, which supplies costumes to the entertainment industry, and Angels Fancy Dress, suppliers of fancy dress to the general public.
The Angels warehouse in Hendon, north London, where the majority of their costume collection is stored, houses an estimated five million items on approximately eight miles of rails. Angels now runs public tours twice a month.
In 2015 Angels celebrated its 175-year anniversary, and to mark the milestone decided to hold an exhibition showing some of the company\'s most famous costume creations. Dressed by Angels, held at the Old Truman Brewery in London from October to November 2015, allowed the public to view more than 100 iconic costumes from the worlds of film, TV, and theatre. As a companion to the exhibition, Angels also brought out a book, *Behind the Seams*, which offers readers further insight into the workings of the company.
In 2016, Angels won the BAFTA for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema.
In 2020 Angel\'s fancy dress shop on Shaftesbury Avenue closed due to rent rises.
## Trivia
In September 2005, the original cloak worn by Alec Guinness as Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas\'s *Star Wars* film was rediscovered hanging on the rails at Angels. Having been unwittingly available to the general public for some time as a monk\'s robe as well as being used as a crowd-scene costume in films including *The Mummy*, the provenance of the piece was confirmed by John Mollo, who created the item for the film in 1977, and received an Oscar for his efforts.
The Obi-Wan Kenobi cloak was auctioned by Bonhams in London on 6 March 2007 for £55,000. It formed part of a sale of 400 lots from the Angels archive -- alongside costumes from *James Bond*, *Doctor Who*, and *Highlander*, as well as items worn onscreen by Ava Gardner, Errol Flynn and David Niven.
In the late 1980s, fashion designer Alexander McQueen worked at Angels as a costumier, and Daniella Helayel of London fashion company uses costumes held at Angels for inspiration.
Until 1966 Angels was also the tailor to the military and diplomatic services, and now houses a collection of military and civilian uniforms
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# M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le . . .
`{{italic title}}`{=mediawiki} ***M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le\...*** (*Mr. Cauliflower will be at home on\...*) is an opéra bouffe, or operetta, in one act by Jacques Offenbach and the Duc de Morny (under the pseudonym \"M. de St Rémy\"). The French libretto is also credited to Morny, though Ludovic Halévy, Hector-Jonathan Crémieux, and Morny\'s secretary Ernest L\'Épine probably contributed to the text as well.
The plot provided many opportunities for Offenbach to indulge in his lighthearted musical parodies of well-known opera melodies and formulas, especially a grand trio in which Italian belcanto is imitated and a comic solo for the manservant. Also, the young lovers secretly communicate using musical quotes.
## Performance history {#performance_history}
*M. Choufleuri* was first performed privately as part of a musical and theatrical evening from the Bouffes Parisiens company at the parliamentary Présidence du Corps Législatif, Palais Bourbon, Paris on 31 May 1861, which also included the overture to *Mari sans le savoir* by Morny, and a scene played by Madeleine Brohan, Bressant and Barré from the Comédie-Française, in the presence of Napoleon III. The first public performance was given at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens, Paris on 14 September 1861.
The Duc de Morny was the monarch\'s illegitimate brother and a senior government official, which may explain some of the laudatory reviews of his work. In *Le Figaro*, however, Henri Rochefort wrote:
: How fortunate is this author whose participation in a frightful *coup d\'etat* has saved him from the necessity of living by the pen! If one of us dared bring such an inept production to a theatrical director, he would forthwith have been seized and thrown into the den of the theater\'s old hag ushers, whose instructions would have been to beat him to death with footstools.
The one-hour work is still performed, especially by amateur companies, since it is not particularly challenging vocally. *M. Choufleuri restera chez lui* was performed as part of a triple bill entitled 'Vive Offenbach' with *Pomme d\'api* and *Mesdames de la Halle* at the Paris Opéra-Comique in December 1979, revived the following year and in 1983, with a recording in 1982. There was a production at La Monnaie, Brussels under Patrick Davin in February 2007.
## Roles
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, May 31, 1861\ |
| | | (Conductor: Jacques Offenbach) |
+===============================================+============+================================+
| Choufleuri | baritone | Désiré |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Ernestine, *his daughter* | soprano | Lise Tautin |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Chrysodule Babylas, *Ernestine\'s admirer* | tenor | Pierre-Armand Potel |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Petermann, *Choufleuri\'s Flemish manservant* | tenor | Georges Dejon-Marchand |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Balandard, *a henpecked husband* | tenor | Debruille-Bache |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Madame Balandard, *a dominating wife* | tenor | Léonce |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| *Small chorus of guests* | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
## Synopsis
: Place: Paris
: Time: January 24, 1833
The newly-rich but culturally ignorant M. Choufleuri invites the upper crust of Paris to a private party and \"musical soiree\" (at his bourgeois drawing-room, furnished in vulgar taste) by celebrated real life Italian opera singers: soprano Henriette Sontag, tenor Giovanni Battista Rubini, and baritone Antonio Tamburini. All three become indisposed at the last minute.
In the meantime, Choufleuri\'s daughter, Ernestine, has been secretly seeing a young bassoonist, composer and singer, Chrysodule Babylas. When she asked her father to invite the young man to the soiree, Choufleuri had refused, saying that a poor musician is not a worthy suitor for her. Now, Ernestine saves the day by impersonating Sontag and insisting that Babylas impersonate Rubini, and that Choufleuri himself masquerade as Tamburini (after all, the young couple explain, baritones don\'t need to speak much, they just oom-pah-pah -- but Choufleuri should try to stay on key).
Despite Choufleuri\'s lazy and incompetent Flemish servant, Petermann, the deception works -- the guests are impressed by the great \"Italian\" singers (who all speak in Italian accents and sing in pig-Italian), and Choufleuri rewards Babylas with his daughter\'s hand in marriage (especially since Babylas has demanded this, plus 50,000 Francs dowry, in order to keep quiet about the fraud).
## Recordings
- [Recordings may be found on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk](http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLOFMONS
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# Jageshwar
**Jageshwar** is a Hindu pilgrimage town near Almora in Almora district of the Himalayan Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is one of the Dhams (pilgrimage region) in the Shaivism tradition. The site is protected under Indian laws, and managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It includes Dandeshwar Temple, Chandi-ka-Temple, Jageshwar Temple, Kuber Temple, Mritunjaya Temple, Nanda Devi or Nau Durga, Nava-grah temple, a Pyramidal shrine, and Surya Temple. The site celebrates the Jageshwar Monsoon Festival during the Hindu calendar month of *Shravan* (overlaps with July--August) and the annual Maha Shivratri Mela (Shivratri festival), which takes place in early spring.
**Jageshwar Temples**, also referred to as **Jageswar Temples** or **Jageshwar Valley Temples**, are a group of 125 ancient Hindu temples dated between 7th and 14th century, The valley has a number of temple clusters such as the Dandeshwar and Jageshwar sites. Some locations have attracted construction of new temples through the 20th-century. Together these clusters over the valley consist of over 200 structural temples built from cut stone. Many are small, while a few are substantial. They predominantly illustrate North Indian Nagara style of architecture with a few exceptions that show South and Central Indian style designs, many are dedicated to god Shiva, while others in immediate vicinity are dedicated to god Vishnu, Shakti goddesses and Surya traditions of Hinduism.
There are other Hindu temples in the Himalayan region that are called Jageshwar Temple such as one in Dalash, Himachal Pradesh.
## Location
Jageshwar is located 36 km northeast of Almora, in the Kumaun region. The temples site is on the south of the road, across which is an eponymous village at an altitude of 1,870 m, in the Jataganga river valley near a Deodar forest (*Cedrus deodara*). The temple clusters begin starting from satellite road branching off east from the Artola village on the Almora--Pithoragarh highway, at the confluence (*sangam*) of two streams Nandini and Surabhi after they flow down the hills in the narrow valley. The site is about 3.5 km long along the Jataganga rivulet, is a narrow forested valley of oaks, deodara, rhododendrons and pines. Around the valley is human habitation which provide services to the pilgrims and travelers visiting these temples or passing through to other sacred sites in the Uttarkhand region. The resident villages are Mokshadham, Dandeshwar, Jageshwar and Koteshwar.
Jageshwar is about 100 km southeast of the historic Baijnath Temple and about 100 km northeast from the resort town of Nainital. It is mentioned in Hindu texts dated prior to the 10th-century as a *tirtha* (pilgrimage) site.`{{refn|group=note|According to ''Dwadasa Jyotirlinga Stotra'', Jageshwar is a sacred geography along with [[Somnath]] Gujarat, [[Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga]] Andhra Pradesh, [[Mahakaleshwar]] Madhya Pradesh, [[Omkareshwar]] Madhya Pradesh, [[Baidyanath Temple]] Jharkhand, [[Bhimashankar]] Maharashtra, [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] Tamil Nadu, [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] Uttar Pradesh, [[Trimbakeshwar Jyotirlinga]] Maharashtra, [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedareswar]] Uttarakhand and [[Grishneshwar]]-Ellora Caves Maharashtra.<br>
<poem>सौराष्ट्रे सोमनाथं च श्रीशैले मल्लिकार्जुनम् । उज्जयिन्यां महाकालमोकांरममलेश्वरम् ।
परल्यां वैद्यनाथं च डाकिन्यां भीमशंकरम् । सेतुबंधे तु रामेशं '''नागेशं''' दारूकावने ।।
वाराणस्यां तु विश्वेशं त्रयंम्बकं गौतमीतटे । हिमालये तु केदारं घुश्मेशं च शिवालये ।
ऐतानि ज्योतिर्लिंगानि सायं प्रातः पठेन्नरः । सप्तजन्मकृतं पापं स्मरणेन विनश्यति ।।</poem>}}`{=mediawiki}
The nearest rail head is Kathgodam 125 km. Jageshwar has direct road links with Almora (35 km), Haldwani (131 km.), Pithoragarh (88 km) and Kathgodam. State transport, and private jeeps and taxis ply from these place for Jageshwar regularly.
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# Jageshwar
## History
The origins of the Jageshwar temples site are unclear. Its remote location has limited its studies and scholarly attention. The site shows evidence of different architectural styles and building periods for both temples and stone steles, which range from the 7th to the 12th century, and then in the modern times. Estimates for the same temple or stele varies widely, sometimes 1,400 years. According to the ASI, some belong to the post-Gupta or the second half of 1st millennium while others belong to the 2nd millennium. Some colonial-era guesses attribute them to the Katyuri or Chand hill dynasties but there is no textual or epigraphical evidence to support or refute these proposals. Another prevailing theory is that Adi Shankara built some of these temples, but once again there is no textual or epigraphical evidence to support this claim, however it now proved that these temples including the Lakulisha temple were patronized and maintained by Pashupata Shaivism ascetics. This is proved by the fact that the architectural features and style of some of these Hindu temples is from early 7th century, which is about 50 to 100 years before Adi Shankara lived (c. 788-820 CE).
The lack of systematic studies of Indian temples and ruins in many parts of the remote Himalayan regions limits what can be said about the chronological sequence of monuments in the Jageshwar valley. According to Chanchani, it is likely that the valley had reached a prominent position in Indian architecture by the 10th century, with the earliest monuments from the 7th-century.
The valley has two major clusters of Hindu temples and a number of roadside shrines. Of these some 151 temples have been numbered by ASI as protected pre-12th century monuments. The two largest groups are locally called as the Dandeshwar group temples (*Dandeshwar samuh mandir*, 15 temples) and the Jageshwar group temples (*Jageshwar samuh mandir*, 124 temples). Of these, temple number 37, 76 and 146 are the largest, all dated to the late centuries of the 1st millennium. In the historic text, Jageshwar is also referred to as Yageshvara.
Jageshwar was once the centre of Lakulish Shaivism, likely by monks and migrants who left the plains of the Indian subcontinent from places such as Gujarat and settled in the high mountains. The temple site, over time, was positioned as and grew as sacred geography in the form of northern (*Uttara*) Kashi (Varanasi).
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# Jageshwar
## Jageshwar Temples {#jageshwar_temples}
The Jageshwar group of temples are similar to some large historic cluster of Hindu temples found on the Indian subcontinent. For example, a similar cluster is seen near Bhubhaneswar, Odisha at the Lingaraja group of temples. Another large group of stone temples is illustrated at the Batesvar complex in Chambal valley of Madhya Pradesh. Almost all the small and large temples in the Jageshwar valley, states Chanchani, have a \"simple square plan sanctums bounded by plain walls and tiered superstructures\".
The temples are atypical than other Hindu temples build after the 6th-century. The Jageshwar temples have a design that deliberately does not anticipate their use as house of worship. The sanctum space in most temples is generally too small (\~ 3 square feet) that a priest cannot sit inside, leave alone move around to complete a ritual. Further, most of the lingas do not provide for a drain from *abhisheka*, a feature that Hindu temples from Gupta and post-Gupta period include. There is no record of their being used for worship, nor traces at the site that would suggest unrecorded use. According to Chanchani, most of these temples may have been memorials to Hindu monks or saints, or part of dedication or grant to the monasteries.
The site is additionally notable for rock steles featuring Hindu theological themes. Included in these are all four major traditions of Hinduism: Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Sauraism. Example steles include those of Ksemankari, Narayana, Revanta and Surya. Other significant reliefs include those of dancing Ganesha, seated and smiling Uma-Parvati and Saptamatrikas.
Some significant monuments in the Jageshwar valley include:
- Temple 47, found at the Jageshwar site, is a Valabhi Nagara style superstructure with a wagon vault from the 7th or 8th century. Its western wall was capped with a Vinadhara Shiva stele (lute bearing Shiva legend, Shaivism), the northern wall with Ganesha stele (pan-Hindu), and the eastern wall with yoga performing Saptamatrikas (seven mothers, Shaktism tradition).
- Temple 2, found at the Jageshwar site, is another early temple with a tiered tower in the curvilinear *latina* Nagara style. Its square sanctum is preceded by a short vestibule (*antarala*). The platform and base moulding resembles Temple 47. The tower is capped with a cogged disc (*amalaka*) and above it is a hypethral *linga*. The walls of this temple feature niches, while above the sanctum doorway is a dormer windom with three-face Shiva carved into it. The temple also has a 7th or 8th century relief carving showing Lakulisa seated on lotus in water, in a yoga asana doing meditation where gods approach him from the skies and yogis surround him.
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- Temple 145, found at the Dandeshwar site, is also a 7th to 8th-century temple but that exhibits yet a third distinct style suggesting an acceptance and proliferation of artist diversity. Its tower consists of stacked series of *amalaka* in the form of cogged discs of shrinking diameter. Below is the square sanctum (*garbha griya*) whose doorframe and mandapa are formed by square pillars. Inside the sanctum is a *chaturmukha* Shiva linga, each face looking at a cardinal direction.
- Temple 76, found at the Jageshwar site, is another 1st-millennium temple at the site, but one that is substantial. It is dedicated to Mrityunjaya form of Shiva, or the one who conquered death. The temple is in the middle of lingas and smaller shrines, suggesting its importance when they were built. Temple 76, also called the Mrityunjaya Mahadeva temple, is a large temple with the *latina* Nagara style architecture. It has a four-pillared entry mandapa, then the *mukha-mandapa* (main hall) which leads to an *antarala* (vestibule) then on to the square sanctum. The tower is curvilinear. Its wall is covered with frieze and niches in a format that belongs to the 850-950 CE. The temple tower is a multistorey structure, but in the modern era is covered with a wooden canopy. Inside the canopy is the original cogged disc-shaped *amalaka* which is then topped with hyperthral linga finial. The Mrityunjaya temple follows the *vastupurusha-mandala* plan and elevation found in Hindu temple architecture texts. It has 16 central squares like the Mahua Hindu temple, the sanctum length equals the central offset, and the wall thickness equals the corner unit\'s length, proportions taught in the symmetric 16-grid plan. The temple was the first that included a pillared hall (mandapa) in front, and this hall was used for communal rituals and as shelter for pilgrims to rest in. This temple is also notable for its short inscriptions found on its mouldings, walls, pilasters, and pillars. D.C. Sircar dated these to be from the 8th to 10th century period.
- Temple 37 is eponymously named as the Jageshwar temple. It is also large, has a mandapa, a vestibule, and a sanctum. However, it was likely built in 12th or maybe the 13th century, and the site evidence suggests it has been rebuilt a few times over its history. The temple integrated four entrances, included intricate carvings on its tower, and the superstructure is pyramidal with progressively receding stone blocks. The sanctum has two unusual *dvarapalas* added in the 14th-century or later. One four-armed *dvarapala* holds a skull in the tradition of the Pashupata-Kapalikas in one of his hands, a rosary in other, a fruit in yet another and the fourth hand cradles an object. At his pedestal is a bull, both on a lotus. The left *dvarapala* is similar, but differs in holding a serpent in his hand instead of the skull and other items. The symbolism of these *dvarapala* is to remind the pilgrim of the certainty of death for everyone and that when they pass through them they are entering the spiritual sanctum and the symbolism for liberation which exists eternally. Temple 37 remains an active house of Hindu worship.
### Vinayak Kshetra {#vinayak_kshetra}
This place is 200 m from Artola village from where temples of Jageshwar starts. From this place Vinayak Kshetra or sacred area begins. This place lies between *Jhanker Saim* temple, Vrudhh Jageshwar and Koteshwar temples.
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# Jageshwar
## Jageshwar Temples {#jageshwar_temples}
### Sri Vriddha or Bud Jageshwar {#sri_vriddha_or_bud_jageshwar}
This temple is situated Seven km north to Jageshwar. This temple is situated at the top of the hill and comes after an uphill trek. It is contemporary to Jageshwar group of temples. This temple is located at higher altitude
### Pushti Devi or Pushti Bhagawati Maa {#pushti_devi_or_pushti_bhagawati_maa}
It is the temple of Goddess Devi. The temple enshrines the full *murti* of Goddesses. This temple is situated in the Jageshwar main premises.
### Inscriptions
Over 25 inscriptions of different periods are inscribed on the walls and pillars of the Jageshwar temples. Most of these belong to the period between the 7th century AD to 10th century AD. The dialect of inscriptions is Sanskrit and Brahmi. These are studied by D.C. Sarkar in *Epigraphica Indica*.
## Significance
The Jageshwar temple site attracts a few hundred pilgrims and visitors every day. It remains a part of the Hindu sacred geography, particularly for the central Himalayan region. Many complete a part of the post-cremation last rites after the death of a loved one at the Jageshwar temple site. The temples are particularly popular in the late monsoon season. In other months, pilgrims typically combine their pilgrimage to Jageshwar Temples with those at Lake Mansarovar or Badrinath and Kedarnath, or other places in the Himalayas such as Gangotri. The site remains popular with Hindu monks and they continue to protect the site\'s sacrality.
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# Jageshwar
## Related nearby monuments {#related_nearby_monuments}
The Archaeological Museum run by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), houses more than 150 sculptures found in the Jageshwar valley. These date from 9th to 13th century AD. The display includes a statue of Uma-Maheshwar, Surya, Navagraha, panels narrating the legend of Vishapaharanamurti (Shiva drinking poison), Kevalamurti, and four armed Chamunda Devi.
- The river that flows through the town, *Jata Ganga*
- The River \"Sam Ganga\" that originates from Jhanker Saim temple and merges with River Jata Ganga Near Kot Linga Temple Ruins.
- A cave, *Airavat Gufa*
- Brahma Kund
- Other temples such as *Sri Kuber Temple* and the *Batuk Bhairav Temple*.
- The temple of Golu Devata at Chitai
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# Chr. Hansen
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**Chr. Hansen A/S** is a bioscience company based in Hørsholm, Denmark. Since January 2024 together with Novozymes a part of Novonesis. The company is a supplier of bacteria cultures, probiotics, enzymes and human milk oligosaccharides. Its products are used in the production of fresh dairy, cheese, meat, seafood, fermented beverages, dairy and meat alternatives, dietary supplements, infant formula, pharmaceuticals and agricultural products. In 2021, Chr. Hansen A/S was ranked 1st on FoodTalks\' Top 30 Global Probiotic Food Ingredient Companies list. Chr. Hansen owns one of the world\'s largest commercial bacteria collections.
Chr. Hansen A/S has development centers in Denmark, the United States, France and Germany including research facilities in Denmark and France. A large percentage of the employees engage in research and development for the international food and pharmaceuticals industries.
Chr. Hansen A/S has five main production sites: two in Denmark and Germany (Nienburg and Pohlheim) and one each in France (Arpajon) and the US (West Allis, Milwaukee, WI) and an international presence in 30 countries. It has been listed on Nasdaq OMX Copenhagen since June 3, 2010, under the symbol \"CHR\".
## History
The company is named for its founder, Christian D. A. Hansen, a pioneering Danish chemist whose work focused on enzymes. Hansen began the company in 1874 as a joint venture with pharmacist H.P. Madsen.
Initial products included animal rennet for cheese-making as well as annatto-based coloring agents for butter and cheese. Operations in the United States were begun in 1878. Their lines soon expanded to include starter cultures for cheese, yogurt and sour cream. In 1890 Hansen purchased Lock Island in the Mohawk River in Little Falls, New York, for a manufacturing facility, renaming the island \"Hansen Island\". Hansen\'s son Johannes took over the company in 1916 upon his father\'s death. That same year, the company began production in England to bypass the German blockade of exports to Great Britain and beyond during World War I. Facilities in Italy and Germany followed in 1936 during the inter-war period. By 1951, Hansen began production in Australia. Further international expansion in places such as South America followed, and from the 1970s to the 1990s saw a period of acquisition of other firms. The company released its first probiotic in 1987. In 1991, the Lundbeck Foundation obtained majority control of the company and initiated a major restructuring into a holding company format. Additional growth and consolidation followed, and Chr. Hansen Group was spun off into a separate, independent company in May 2005 which allowed the company to focus on long-term growth strategies rather than quarterly goals.
In December 2022, Chr. Hansen started the merger with Novozymes. It is planned to be implemented at the end of 2023. The proposed merger between Novozymes A/S ('Novozymes\') and Christian Hansen A/S ('Chr. Hansen\') is regarded by the European Commission as conditional with the commitments offered by the parties.
The company in June 2023 succumbed to pressure from right-wing religious groups in the US and dropped support to their LGBT+ staff. This caused widespread staff protest. Meanwhile, the merger partner Novozymes has maintained its stance as full LGBT+ allies.
## Sustainability
Chr. Hansen began looking for healthier meat alternatives in the mid-1970s due to rising problems within the chicken and meat industry. In 2019 Chr. Hansen was ranked as the most sustainable company in the world. The ranking was given by the Canadian business and society magazine *Corporate Knights* and was announced at the World Economics Forum in Davos, Switzerland.
In November 2021, Chr. Hansen launched climate targets for 2030 and began to reduce its carbon footprint in an effort to meet those targets
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# Kfar Mordechai
**Kfar Mordechai** (*כְּפַר מָרְדְּכַי*) is a moshav in central Israel. Located about 30 kilometers south of Tel Aviv, between Ashdod, Gedera and Yavne, it falls under the jurisdiction of Gederot Regional Council. In `{{Israel populations|Year}}`{=mediawiki} it had a population of `{{Israel populations|Kefar Mordekhay}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{Israel populations|reference}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
The village was established in 1950 by British and South African Jews and by some ex-kibbutz members, on the lands of the depopulated Palestinian village of Bashshit. It was named after Mordechai Eliash (1892-1950), who was born in Ukraine, educated at universities in Berlin and Oxford, immigrated to Palestine in 1919, was a lawyer and the first Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom.
When the first residents arrived, they discovered that the houses had not yet been built and they were housed in semi-detached huts (tzrifim) consisting of one large room, one kitchen and one toilet located about a kilometer from their allocated farms. After waiting for a year for Rassco to build their new homes, an agreement was reached with Rassco to supply the materials for residents to build their own homes.
In the 1950s the members of the village engaged in agriculture and field crops. In the sixties, many orchards and plantations were planted and a small part of the residents found their livelihood outside the village.
In 1959, the first swimming pool in the Shfella region was established in Kfar Mordechai. This pool was an attraction for all surrounding towns and cities. In order to increase the sources of income, the members of the village opened a camp for learning English in the summer months. The summer camp children were hosted in the residents\' homes in the evenings.
Today the village has about 56 farms and about 150 private houses. A small part of the villagers are still engaged in agriculture, which mainly includes orchards and chicken coops. Most of the residents find their livelihood outside the village
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# Electoral district of Sturt (New South Wales)
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# Merchant Shipping Act 1995
The **Merchant Shipping Act 1995** (c. 21) is an act of Parliament passed in the United Kingdom in 1995. It consolidated much of the UK\'s maritime legislation, repealing several acts in their entirety and provisions in many more, some dating back to the mid-nineteenth century. It appoints several officers of Admiralty Jurisdiction such as the Receiver of Wreck. The act of 1995 updates the prior Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 60). The lead part on **British ships** was impacted by the outcome of the Factortame case, as the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 was impugned by the Common Fisheries Policy.
## Content of act {#content_of_act}
The act comprises 316 sections divided into 13 Parts:
- Part I: British ships
- Part II: Registration
- Part III: Masters and Seamen
- Part IV: Safety
- Part V: Fishing Vessels
- Part VI: Prevention of Pollution
- Part VII: Liability of Shipowners and Others
- Part VIII: Lighthouses
- Part IX: Salvage and Wreck
- Part X: Enforcement Officers and Powers
- Part XI: Accident Investigations and Inquiries
- Part XII: Legal Proceeding
- Part XIII: Supplemental
### Part II: Registration {#part_ii_registration}
The Act details British law on entitlement for Ship registration, including qualifications, pre-conditions and the machinery for registration.
### Part VIII: Lighthouses {#part_viii_lighthouses}
Part VIII of the Act provides the powers and duties of the general lighthouse authorities and **local lighthouse authorities**.
### Part IX: Salvage and Wreck {#part_ix_salvage_and_wreck}
Receiver of Wreck is a post defined in Part IX of the Act. It is an official of the British government whose main task is to process incoming reports of shipwrecks in order to give legitimate owners the opportunity to retrieve their property and ensure that law-abiding finders of wreck receive an appropriate reward. According to the Act, a wreck falls into one of four categories:
Flotsam : goods lost from a ship which has sunk or otherwise perished which are recoverable because they have floated.\
Jetsam : goods cast overboard (jettisoned) in order to lighten a vessel which is in danger of sinking, even if they ultimately perish.\
Derelict : property which has been abandoned and deserted at sea by those who were in charge without any hope of recovering it. This includes vessels and cargo.\
Lagan (or ligan) : goods cast overboard from a ship, which afterwards perish, buoyed so that they can be recovered later.
### Part XI: Accident Investigations and Inquiries {#part_xi_accident_investigations_and_inquiries}
Part XI of the Act provides the powers and duties of the Marine Accident Investigation Branch.
## Subsequent amendments {#subsequent_amendments}
The Merchant Shipping (Pollution) Act 2006 amended section 178(1) of the Act. It restricts claims to being enforced within three years of the damage occurring, whereas previously it had been restricted to within three years after \"the claim against the Fund arose\", and within six years of the damage occurring.
The Marine Navigation Act 2013 made four changes to the Act:
- Section 47 was amended so that regulations relating to manning requirements on ships may refer to information contained in other documents.
- Section 193 was amended to specify the area of sea in which each Authority may operate.
- Section 197 was amended and section 197A added to enable the general lighthouse authorities to enter into a broader range of commercial agreements. The income from these agreements will supplement revenue from light dues, used to fund the work of the Authorities.
- Section 252 was amended to enable lighthouse authorities to mark wrecks by electronic methods as well as physical aids to navigation
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# Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec
**Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec**, also known as **Hieronymus Bolsec** (? probably at Paris -- c. 1584 at Lyons) was a French Carmelite theologian and physician, who became a Protestant and controversialist, later returning to the Catholic Church.
## Life
A sermon which he preached at Paris aroused misgivings in Catholic circles regarding the soundness of his ideas, and Bolsec left Paris. Having separated from the Catholic Church around 1545, he took refuge at the Court of Renée, duchess of Ferrara, who was favourably disposed towards persons holding Protestant views. Here he married, and began the study of medicine around 1550, settling as a physician at Veigy, near Geneva.
The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia describes a 1551 confrontation between Bolsec and John Calvin. Bolsec, attending a regular Friday lecture series in Geneva, interrupted Jean de Saint André\'s discussion of predestination to argue with him on the topic. Calvin, who also happened to be in attendance, joined in the dispute. The Catholic Encyclopedia attributes Bolsec\'s later arrest and exile from Geneva to Calvin\'s influence.
In 1555 he was also driven from Thonon, in the Bernese territory, where he had retired. He went to Paris and sought admission into the ministry of the Reformed Church. However, his opinions were not deemed sufficiently orthodox from a reformed perspective. He was asked for a declaration of faith, but refused.
He went to Lausanne (c. 1563), but as the signing of the Confession of Bern was made a condition of his residence there, he preferred to return to France. Shortly after this, he recanted his Protestant beliefs, and was reconciled with the Catholic Church.
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# Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec
## Works
He published biographies of the two Genevan reformers, Calvin and Theodore Beza (1519--1605). These works are violent in tone, and their historical statements cannot always be relied on. They are \"Histoire de la vie, des moeurs . . . de Jean Calvin\" (Lyons and Paris, 1577; published in Latin at Cologne in 1580; German tr. 1581); \"Histoire de la vie et des mœurs de Th. de Bèze\" (Paris, 1582). The life of Calvin was edited by L. F. Chastel in 1875 with extracts from the life of Beza.
In Alister McGrath\'s biography of Calvin, he states,
: \"\... Jerome Bolsec, with whom Calvin crossed swords in 1551\... published his *Vie de Calvin* at Lyons in June 1577. Calvin, according to Bolsec, was irredeemably tedious and malicious, bloodthirsty and frustrated. He treated his own words as if they were the word of God, and allowed himself to be worshipped as God. In addition to frequently falling victim to his homosexual tendencies, he had a habit of indulging himself sexually with any female within walking distance. According to Bolsec, Calvin resigned his benefices at Noyon on account of the public exposure of his homosexual activities. Bolsec\'s biography makes much more interesting reading than those of Theodore Beza and Nicolas Colladon; nevertheless, his work rests largely upon unsubstantiated anonymous oral reports deriving from \'trustworthy individuals\' (*personnes digne de foy*), which modern scholarship has found of questionable merit.\"
Thomas Henry Dyer\'s biography of Calvin offers the following context,
: Bolsec ..affirms that the real cause of M. dc Fallals\' leaving Geneva was, that Calvin had solicited the chastity of his wife \... Calvin appeared before the council of that city (Berne) on the 17th of February, 1552, for the purpose of clearing himself from certain calumnies.
: No provocation can excuse Bolsec for bringing these infamous charges; yet he was probably incited by Beza\'s \"Life of Calvin\" to insert them in his own biography of Calvin. In the work alluded to, Beza charges Bolsec, after he had returned to the Roman Catholic communion, with prostituting his wife to the canons of Autun ; an imputation, the truth of which is liable to considerable suspicion, from the virulence displayed by Beza in persecuting Bolsec, and from the fact that that writer, and even Calvin himself, were not always very scrupulous in ascertaining the truth of what they alleged against their adversaries. It is certain that Beza\'s \"Life of Calvin\" appeared before Bolsec\'s, which was not published till many years after Calvin\'s death
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# Thủ Thiêm Bridge
**Thủ Thiêm Bridge** is a 6-lane bridge in Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city of Vietnam, opened in 2008. The bridge links District 2 with Bình Thạnh District, near downtown District 1. This bridge is an important link between existing downtown of Ho Chi Minh City with Thu Thiem New Urban Area. The cost estimate for construction of the bridge was US\$60 million, implemented by a consortium of Vietnamese contractors. The progress was delayed due to delay in land compensation -- a big problem in project management faced by many investors in Vietnam
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# Strategic and Defence Studies Centre
The **Strategic and Defence Studies Centre** (SDSC) is a university-based institute that is situated in the Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs at the Australian National University. It is Australia\'s oldest-established centre for the study of strategic, defence and wider security issues and a leading regional think tank on these topics. The centre was established in 1966 by Professor T.B. Millar, then a senior fellow at the ANU\'s Department of International Relations, in order to \"advance the study of Australian, regional, and global strategic and defence issues\". The current head of SDSC is Brendan Taylor. Previous Heads include Emeritus Professor Paul Dibb and Professor Hugh White, who both also served as the Deputy Secretary for Strategy and Intelligence of the Department of Defence.
## Focus
The key priorities of the SDSC are to contribute to the national public debate on strategic, defence and wider security issues \[\...\], foster regional dialogue and interactions on security questions \[\...\], publish top quality scholarly research \[and\] deliver high-quality undergraduate and graduate teaching
## Work
To do so, the SDSC publishes the peer-reviewed **Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence** as well as the **SDSC Working Papers**. Additionally, it attracts highly regarded speakers (both from academia and the defence community) in its seminar and conference program. It awards high-performing PhD students with the *Sir Arthur Tange PhD Scholarships in Strategic & Defence Policy* (named in honour of the former Australian Secretary of Defence) and outstanding postgraduate students with the T.B. Millar Scholarship.
The SDSC staff gives frequent lectures and seminars for other departments within the ANU and other universities, as well as to various government departments. The centre has also assisted Australia\'s major defence training institution, the Australian Defence College, with the strategic studies sections of its courses. Members of the Centre provide advice and training courses in strategic affairs to the Australian Department of Defence and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The SDSC, furthermore, delivers the *Graduate Studies in Strategy and Defence Program* and is host of the Boeing Library.
The staff of the SDSC has established professional links with other Australian and overseas universities and centres specialising in strategic and security issues as the Centre aims to foster an enhanced pattern of liaison through the exchange of ideas, personal contacts and, where appropriate, joint projects. The scholars at the SDSC do also provide expert commentary on important defence issues to the Australian and overseas media.
## Notable faculty {#notable_faculty}
Current staff include Hugh White, Paul Dibb, Joan Beaumont, Chris Barrie (former Chief of the Defence Force), Daniel Marston, David Horner, and Garth Pratten.
The SDSC is part of the Council for security cooperation in the asia pacific, a nongovernmental process for second track dialogue on security and defence issues in Asia Pacific.
## Boeing Library {#boeing_library}
The Boeing Library is a library based at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. The library started in the 1960s and served as a small reading room for the staff of the SDSC, which was then a research centre only. With the assistance of an annual grant by Boeing Australia the library expanded in the late 1980s to include an extensive range of books and journals on defence policy and planning, military studies and regional security issues.
The Boeing Library is important to the academic and research staff at the centre as well as at the ANU. Its holdings cover the following fields: Australian defence policy and planning, military studies, classical theorists on the causes and conduct of war, the laws of armed conflict, ethics and nuclear issues (like proliferation and arms control). The library keeps important collections on the United Nations and peacekeeping, and the politics, society and foreign and defence policies of the countries in the Asia-Pacific. It continues to subscribe to major strategic and defence journals which are not part of the main University library collection.
So far, the Boeing Library is not a borrowing library, but is open to the public for \'in-house\' use during weekdays
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# John E. Anderson
**John Edward Anderson** (September 12, 1917 -- July 29, 2011) was an American billionaire businessman who was the president and owner of Topa Equities, Ltd. Anderson oversaw more than 40 wholly owned subsidiaries in agriculture, automotive dealerships, insurance, real estate, oil, and wholesale beverage distribution. In 2006, he was ranked #189 on the *Forbes* magazine list of the 400 richest Americans, with a net worth of \$1.9 billion. He made charitable donations to the University of California, Los Angeles, Children\'s Hospital Los Angeles, and other Southern California educational institutions during his lifetime. Anderson died from pneumonia at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Anderson was born on September 12, 1917, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was the son of a barber. Anderson was the valedictorian of his high school class. Anderson also earned the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America in 1931. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles from 1936 to 1940, playing on the ice hockey team, and graduating Phi Beta Kappa with a bachelor\'s degree in business administration. While at UCLA, he was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He then attended Harvard Business School on a scholarship, graduating with an M.B.A. after World War II had broken out. While at Harvard, he was a George Fisher Baker Scholar. Anderson entered the military on the staff of an admiral, and passed his CPA exam while in the Navy. Anderson continued his education after the war, earning his J.D. from Loyola Law School in 1950. He graduated first in his class at Loyola, and was offered a full-time teaching position. For the next 25 years, Anderson taught at the law school in mornings and evenings while he worked at his law firm.
## Career
Anderson was the founding partner of Kindel & Anderson law firm in 1953. On April 1, 1956, Anderson founded Ace Beverage Co. with exclusive rights to distribute Budweiser in Los Angeles, California. In 1980, he founded Topa Properties, Ltd., which owns high-rise office buildings in Los Angeles, Ventura County, California, and Honolulu, as well as a sizeable amount of property in the US Virgin Islands. His portfolio included 4000000 sqft of commercial property and 4,500 residential units. He created the Silver Star new car dealership group in Thousand Oaks, California, including Mercedes-Benz, Cadillac, Jaguar and Range Rover. He was a chairman of the YMCA of Metropolitan Los Angeles, a trustee and former president of Saint John\'s Hospital and Health Center Foundation and trustee of Claremont McKenna College. Anderson was on the Board of Visitors at the Anderson School of Management, which is named after him. Anderson also taught several business courses at UCLA.
Anderson received the Southern California Entrepreneur of the Year award in 1987 and the Master Entrepreneur of the Year in 2002. He was honored as the Business Person of the year by the U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2002.
## Philanthropy
Among his charitable endeavors, Anderson and his wife Marion donated more than \$50 million for the construction of a new building for Children\'s Hospital Los Angeles, where Marion Anderson was a board member. Beginning in 1987, the Andersons donated \$42 million to the University of California, Los Angeles.
Anderson received the Distinguished Service Award, Loyola Law School in 1985. Two years later, in 1987, the UCLA Graduate School of Management was renamed the John E. Anderson School of Management after he donated \$15 million He received the Outstanding Individual Philanthropist on National Philanthropy Day award in 1989 He also received the UCLA Alumnus of the Year award and the UCLA Medal in 1995. In 2002, he received the John E. Anderson Distinguished Alumnus Award from the UCLA John E. Anderson School of Management He received the Humanitarian Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice in 2004.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1942, Anderson married his UCLA sweetheart, Margaret Stewart, and they had five children. Margaret died of cancer in 1965, and he married Marion in 1967. His daughter Debbie died at the age of seventeen in a car accident in 1969. Anderson\'s son John Jr. is an executive vice president of Topa Equities, Ltd., his daughter Judith manages the agricultural ranch in Ojai, California. His sons also manage the family\'s beverage distribution and automotive businesses. He resided in the East Gate Bel Air section of Los Angeles, California.
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# John E. Anderson
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Anderson died on July 29, 2011. He had 15 grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. His widow Marion ran the Marion & John E. Anderson Foundation charity. On May 14, 2015, she donated \$100 million to the UCLA Anderson School. She died on May 14, 2017
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# Franklin O-335
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# Intramuros Consortium
The **Intramuros Consortium**, established in 2002, is a non-profit, academic cooperation consisting of four prominent institutions of higher education located in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. The colleges\' libraries participate in an interlibrary loan program, allowing students, staff, and faculty to take advantage of all four campuses\' collections. In addition, several academic projects and research programs are run by the Consortium jointly for the benefit of all four institutions
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# Protestantism in India
**Protestants in India** are a minority and a sub-section of Christians in India and also to a certain extent the Christians in Pakistan before the Partition of India, that adhere to some or all of the doctrines of Protestantism. Protestants in India are a small minority in a predominantly Hindu majority country, but form majorities in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. They are also significant minorities in Punjab region, Konkan region, Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, with various communities in east coast and northern states. Protestants can trace their origins back to the Protestant Revolution of the 16th century. There are an estimated 20 million Protestants and 16 million Pentecostals in India.
## History
### Colonial India {#colonial_india}
As the Anglican Church was the established church of England, \"it had an impact on India with the arrival of the British\". Citing the Great Commission, Joseph White, a Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford, \"preached before the university in 1784 on the duty of promoting the universal and progressive message of Christianity \'among our Mahometan and Gentoo Subjects in India\'.\" In 1889, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury expressed similar sentiments, stating that \"It is not only our duty but is in our interest to promote the diffusion of Christianity as far as possible throughout the length and breadth of India.\"
The growth of the British Indian Army led to the arrival of many Anglican chaplains in India. Following the arrival of the Church of England\'s Church Mission Society in 1814, the Diocese of Calcutta of the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon (CIBC) was erected, with its St. Paul\'s Cathedral being built in 1847. By 1930, the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon had fourteen dioceses across the Indian Empire.
Missionaries from other Christian denominations came to British India as well; Lutheran missionaries, for example, arrived in Calcutta in 1836 and by \"the year 1880 there were over 31,200 Lutheran Christians spread out in 1,052 villages\". Methodists began arriving in India in 1783 and established missions with a focus on \"education, health ministry, and evangelism\". In the 1790s, Christians from the London Missionary Society and Baptist Missionary Society, began doing missionary work in the Indian Empire. In Neyoor, the London Missionary Society Hospital \"pioneered improvements in the public health system for the treatment of diseases even before organized attempts were made by the colonial Madras Presidency, reducing the death rate substantially\".
After 1857, the establishment of schools and hospitals by British Christian missionaries became the \"a pivotal feature of missionary work and the principal vehicles for conversion\". Christ Church College (1866) and St. Stephen\'s College (1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the colonial period India. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj in India, Christian texts, especially the Bible, were a part of the curricula. During the colonial era in India, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting against prostitution, championing the right of widowed women to remarry, and trying to stop early marriages for women. Among British women, zenana missions became a popular method to win converts to Christianity.
In colonial India, the All India Conference of Indian Christians (AICIC) played an important role in the Indian independence movement, advocating for swaraj and opposing the partition of India. The AICIC also was opposed to separate electorates for Christians, believing that the faithful \"should participate as common citizens in one common, national political system\". The All India Conference of Indian Christians and the All India Catholic Union formed a working committee with M. Rahnasamy of Andhra University serving as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of Lahore serving as General Secretary; in its meeting on 16 April 1947 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the Constituent Assembly of India, which asked for religious freedom for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the Constitution of India.
### Independent India {#independent_india}
Many Protestant denominations are represented in India, the result of missionary activities throughout the country especially under British rule in India. The largest Protestant denomination in the country is the Church of South India, since 1947 a union of Presbyterian, Reformed, Congregational, Methodist, and Anglican congregations with approximately 4 million members as of 2014. The broadly similar Church of North India had 1 million members. (Both churches are in full communion with the Anglican Communion.) There were about 1.3 million Lutherans, 473,000 Methodists, and 425,000 Baptists as of 1995.
Pentecostalism, one of the largest Protestant denominations worldwide, is also a rapidly growing denomination in India. It is spreading greatly in northern India and the southwestern areas, such as Kerala. The largest indigenous Pentecostal denominations in India are The Pentecostal Mission (TPM) and the India Pentecostal Church of God (IPC).
As for the smaller denominations, another prominent group is the Brethren. They include Plymouth Brethren, Indian Brethren, Kerala Brethren etc. The Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Churches in India has more than 100,000 members.
One of the oldest denominations meanwhile is the Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church.
## Notable missionaries {#notable_missionaries}
Protestant missionaries began to work throughout India, leading to the growth of different Christian communities. In 1793, William Carey, an English Baptist Minister, came to India as a missionary. He worked in Serampore, Calcutta and other cities founding churches. On the educational front, in addition to starting the Serampore College, he also translated the Bible into Bengali and Sanskrit, continuing with these labours until his death in 1834.Anthony Norris Groves, Plymouth Brethren missionary came to India in 1833. He worked in the Godavari delta area of then Madras Presidency, until his death in 1852.
Missionaries such as Amy Carmichael, Ida S. Scudder and Joyce M. Woollard continued the work in the 20th century.
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# Protestantism in India
## 21st century {#st_century}
According to the 2015 India Demographic and Health Survey, 2.6% of the population is Christian. Other reports stated that Catholics make up 1.71% of the population, suggesting that less than 0.9% of the country has a Protestant background.
A report in 2021 noted that many Indian Christians share Hindu beliefs, in particular in karma (54%), and reincarnation (29%); it also noted that three-quarters of Indian Christians come from a lower-caste background.
## Protestant Churches in India {#protestant_churches_in_india}
- Assemblies of God in India
- Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang (Ao Baptist Churches Convention)
- Apatani Christian Fellowship
- Assam Baptist Convention
- Baptist Christian Association
- Baptist Church of Mizoram
- Baptist Union of North India
- Basel Mission
- Bengal Baptist Fellowship
- Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention.
- Congregational Church in India
- Church of North India
- Church of South India
- Evangelical Baptist Convention of India
- Evangelical Church of Maraland.
- Garo Baptist Convention
- Gospel Association of India
- Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam
- India Association of General Baptists
- India Evangelical Lutheran Church IELC
- Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church
- Evangelical Church of India
- Karbi Anglong Baptist Convention
- Karnataka Baptist Convention
- Lower Assam Baptist Union
- Maharashtra Baptist Society
- Manipur Baptist Convention
- Mao Baptist Church
- Mennonite Brethren Church India
- Nagaland Baptist Church Council
- North Bank Baptist Christian Association
- North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church
- Orissa Baptist Evangelical Crusade
- Poumai Baptist Church
- Presbyterian Church in India
- Presbyterian Church in India (Reformed)
- Presbyterian Free Church of Central India
- Rabha Baptist Church Union
- Reformed Presbyterian Church of India
- Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India
- Presbyterian Church of South India
- Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches
- Separate Baptists in Christ
- Sumi Baptist Church
- Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists
- Seventh Day Baptist Church
- The Pentecostal Mission (formerly Ceylon Pentecostal Mission)
- Mar Thoma Church
- Tamil Baptist Churches
- Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church
- Tirunelveli C.M.S. Evangelical Church
- Tripura Baptist Christian Union
- United Church of Northern India - Presbyterian Synod
- Indian Pentecostal Church of God
Source of the list: World Christian Encyclopedia
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# Toppy
**Toppy** is the name given to seven cloned Labrador Retriever dogs, born in late 2007 to three surrogate mothers. They were the world\'s first cloned working dogs, and were used by the Korea Customs Service.
Each Toppy is a clone of a successful sniffer dog in Canada. The Toppy dogs needed 16 months of training to qualify to work for the South Korean Customs Service. Only 10-15% of dogs are genetically predisposed to being effective detection dogs.
The project cost ₩300 million (about US\$240,000), and was funded by the Government of South Korea; it was led by Lee Byeong-chun, a former aide to Hwang Woo-suk, who fell from grace after his stem cell research turned out to be fabricated
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# Sam Dodwell
**Samuel William Dodwell RI** (1909 in Wandsworth, London -- 1990 in Truro) was an English painter.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Sam Dodwell discovered painting at an early age and at the age of 18, while visiting Cornwall on holiday, decided that the county would be his future home. He was initially prevented from this ambition by family pressure and by the Depression, and took up a career in banking. He rose to the top of a US bank in London and also served through World War II as an RAF Squadron Leader.
In his late fifties, he suffered three major heart attacks. After then experimental open-heart surgery, predicted to give him four more years of life, he lived 23 years, during which he achieved his ambition. moving to Cornwall to take up a career as prolific painter.
He painted daily, his works inspired by regional subjects, in various media: oils, charcoal, gouache or watercolour. His style was inspired by Impressionism, especially Cézanne, and later Cubism.
During his career he exhibited at the Royal Academy, Royal Society of British Artists, Royal Society of Portrait Painters and the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (of which he was an elected member). His commissions included large sunflower paintings for the Imperial Hotel, Torquay, and a mural for the American Chamber of Commerce in London. He also taught at schools, art societies, studio groups, via television and also to Prince Charles.
He was closely associated with the Mid-Cornwall Galleries at St Blazey Gate from their creation in 1980; he is commemorated at this venue by a Sam Dodwell Gallery. A major retrospective exhibition, including some 50 of his works, was staged there in February 2007
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# Mitterrand doctrine
`{{Communism in Italy|expanded=History}}`{=mediawiki} The **Mitterrand doctrine** (French: *Doctrine Mitterrand*) is a policy established in 1985 by French President François Mitterrand, of the Socialist Party, concerning Italian far-left terrorists who fled to France: those convicted for violent acts in Italy, excluding \"active, actual, bloody terrorism\" during the \"Years of Lead\", would not be extradited to Italy.
The Mitterrand Doctrine was softened in 2002, under the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin during the presidency of Jacques Chirac, when Paolo Persichetti was extradited from France. However, it continued to remain in effect, with the extradition of 10 far-left terrorists from France to Italy blocked by the French Court of Cassation in 2023.
## Establishment
Mitterrand defined his doctrine during a speech at the *Palais des sports* in Rennes on February 1, 1985. Mitterrand excluded active terrorists from the protection. On 21 April 1985, at the 65th Congress of the Human Rights League (LDH), he declared that Italian criminals who had broken with their violent past and had fled to France would be protected from extradition to Italy:
> *\"Italian refugees (\...) who took part in terrorist action before 1981 (\...) have broken links with the infernal machine in which they participated, have begun a second phase of their lives, have integrated into French society (\...) I told the Italian government that they were safe from any sanction by the means of extradition\"*.
The policy statement was followed by French justice when it came to the extradition of far-left Italian terrorists or activists. According to a 2007 article by the *Corriere della Sera*, Mitterrand was convinced by Abbé Pierre to protect those persons. According to Cesare Battisti\'s lawyers, Mitterrand had given his word in consultation with the Italian prime minister, the fellow socialist Bettino Craxi.
## In practice {#in_practice}
The commitment long took the place of general policy of extradition of activists and Italian terrorists until it ceased to be in force after the extradition of Paolo Persichetti in 2002, a former member of the Red Brigades, which was approved by the Raffarin government. The Cesare Battisti case, in particular, has provoked debate about the interpretation of the doctrine.
Opponents of the doctrine point out that what a president can say during his tenure is not a source of law and so the doctrine has no legal value. Proponents point out that it was nevertheless consistently applied until 2002 and consider that the former president had committed the country by his words.
Its supporters (intellectuals like Fred Vargas or Bernard-Henri Lévy, organizations such as the Greens, the Human Rights League, France Libertés, Attac-France etc.), along with some personalities of the Socialist Party (PS), are opposed to noncompliance by the right in power with the Mitterrand doctrine.
The doctrine has been strongly criticized by the Italian Association of Victims of Terrorism (*Associazione italiana vittime del terrorismo* or *AIVITER*), which in 2008 expressed particular `{{blockquote|pain for the consequences of the Mitterrand doctrine and the attitude of French leftist intellectuals.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/iniziative/caso_petrella3.htm Iniziative dell'Associazione Italiana Vittime del Terrorismo ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121233447/http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/iniziative/caso_petrella3.htm |date=2011-01-21 }}, Paris, October 22, 2008</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
French President Jacques Chirac said that he would not oppose the extradition of persons wanted by the Italian courts.
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# Mitterrand doctrine
## Continuation
The Mitterrand doctrine was based on a supposed superiority of French law and its alleged greater adherence to European standards and principles concerning the protection of human rights. That vision entered in crisis, from a legal viewpoint, when the European Court of Human Rights (EHCR) finally ruled against the French procedure *in absentia*, which is often used as a touchstone to consider the Italian procedure as being in fault. In its ruling, which breaks down to the root of French institutions, the ECHR decided that the so-called process of *purgation in the absence*, the new trial after the arrest of the fugitive, is only a procedural device. The new process may therefore not be comparable to a guarantee for the prisoner that is given in France under Article 630 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the first trial in absentia is held without the presence of lawyers in explicit violation of the right to defence enshrined in Article 6, paragraph 3 letter c) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECtHR: Krombach v. France, application no. 29731/96). Following this ruling, France partly amended its default procedure by the 9 March 2004 \"Perben II\" Act, untenable for European standards on human rights. The current procedure in the absence is defined as *par défaut* and allows for the defence by a lawyer.
In 2002, France extradited Paolo Persichetti, an ex-member of the communist terrorist group Red Brigades (BR) who was teaching sociology at the university, in breach of the Mitterrand doctrine. However, in 1998, Bordeaux\'s appeal court had judged that Sergio Tornaghi could not be extradited to Italy on the grounds that Italian procedure would not organise a second trial after the first trial *in absentia*. The extraditions in the 2000s decade involved not only members of the Red Brigades but also other leftist activists who had fled to France and were being sought by Italian justice. They included Antonio Negri, who eventually chose to return to Italy and surrender to Italian authorities.
In 2004, French judicial officials authorised the extradition of Cesare Battisti. In 2005 the Conseil d\'État confirmed the extradition and softening the Mitterrand doctrine. Nonetheless Battisti had already fled to Mexico and subsequently to Brazil, where he lived as fugitive for the following 14 years. In 2018, when Brazil revoked his protection, he fled again to Bolivia and unsuccessfully sought asylum. He was arrested and extradited to Italy to expiate his sentence of life imprisonment for four murders.
In 2005, Gilles Martinet, an old socialist intellectual and former ambassador to Italy, wrote in the preface to a book that was dedicated to the Battisti case, \"Not being able to make a revolution in our country, we continue to dream of it elsewhere. It continues to exist the need to prove ourselves that we are always on the left and that we have not departed from the ideal\".
In 2021, 10 far-left Italian terrorists in France were arrested, with plans made to extradite them to Italy. The terrorists facing extradition were convicted of acts including murders and kidnappings. French authorities stated that their extradition would fall in line with the Mitterrand doctrine, as it did not necessarily apply to violent criminals. However, France\'s Court of Cassation rejected the extradition attempt in 2023, allowing the 10 terrorists to remain within France.
As of 2021, Italy continued to seek the extradition of roughly 200 people residing in France.
The list of Italians who benefited from the Mitterrand doctrine include:
- Toni Negri;
- Cesare Battisti, sentenced to life imprisonment for four murders;
- ;
- Sergio Tornaghi;
- Oreste Scalzone;
- Marina Petrella;
- Franco Piperno;
- Lanfranco Pace;
- Enrico Villimburgo and Roberta Cappelli, sentenced to life imprisonment for murder;
- Giovanni Alimonti and Maurizio di Marzio, sentenced respectively to 22 and 15 years for a series of attacks;
- Enzo Calvitti, sentenced to 21 years for attempted murder;
- Vincenzo Spano, considered one of the leaders of the Organized Committees for the Liberation of the Proletariat;
- Massimo Carfora, who was sentenced to life imprisonment;
- Giovanni Vegliacasa, member of Prima Linea;
- Walter Grecchi, sentenced to 14 years for the murder of a police officer;
- Giorgio Pietrostefani, sentenced to 22 years in prison along with Sofri and Bompressi for the murder of prosecutor Calabresi;
- Simonetta Giorgieri and Carla Vendetti, suspected of contacts with the new Red Brigades, may also still be in France.
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# Mitterrand doctrine
## Reasons
The Mitterrand doctrine was supported by French intellectuals on the alleged nonconformity of Italian legislation with European standards and, in the 21st century, the age of the fugitives.
The French President opposed aspects of the anti-terrorist laws passed in Italy during the 1970s and the 1980s that created the status of *collaboratore di giustizia\"* (\"collaborators with justice\" known commonly as *pentito*), similar to the crown witness legislation in the United Kingdom and the Witness Protection Program in the United States in which people charged with crimes may become witnesses for the state and possibly receive reduced sentences and protection.
Italian legislation also provided that if a defendant can conduct his defence via his lawyers, trials held *in absentia* did not need to be repeated if he was eventually apprehended. The Italian *in absentia* procedure was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)
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# John Cascaden
**Dr. John Harold Cascaden** (December 3, 1840 -- August 31, 1904) was an Ontario physician and political figure. He represented Elgin West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1879 to 1886 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Ballintra, County Donegal, Ireland on December 3, 1840, and emigrated to Bruce County, Canada West with his family in 1850. He studied at the University of Toronto, receiving an M.D. in 1863, and at the Royal College of Physicians in London, England. After his first wife, Catherine Cascaden nee Ferguson, died in 1871, John Cascaden married Hannah Katherine Decou in 1872. John and Hannah had five children: David Arthur (b: 1874), Annie May (b:1875), John Harold (b:1879), Douglas Jerald (b:1881), and Gordon L. (b:1884). He served as coroner for Elgin County. John died August 31, 1904, and is buried in the cemetery of St. Stephen\'s Anglican Church in Dunwich, Elgin County, Ontario
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# Art Staed
**Art Staed** (born 1949) is a current Iowa State Senator from the 40th District. A Democrat, he was in the Iowa House of Representatives for one term, from 2007 to 2009 and again from 2013 to 2025. Staed holds a B.A. in Philosophy from Rockhurst University in Kansas City, a Master\'s degree in Secondary Education from the University of Missouri at Kansas City and another master\'s degree in Secondary Administration from East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma.
Staed served on several committees in the Iowa House -- Education, Labor, and Veterans Affairs. He also served as vice chair of the Economic Growth Committee and of the Economic Development Appropriations Subcommittee.
As of the 2013 Legislative Session, Staed is serving on the Education, Local Government and Veterans Affairs committees and the Administration and Regulation Appropriations Subcommittee.
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
Staed ran for the Iowa House in 2004, losing to the incumbent, Republican Jeff Elgin. He was elected in 2006, defeating Republican opponent Andy Anderson. Republican Renee Schulte narrowly defeated him in 2008, 8628 (49.95%) to 8615 (49.88%). A recount resulted in a net gain of one vote for Staed, leaving the election with a 13-vote margin of victory.`{{Compact election box no change begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
| election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2004
| election_note =District 37
| election_ref =<ref name="2004 election" />
| turnout_votes =17,085
| result =hold
| loser_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner =Jeff Elgin*
| winner_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| winner_votes =9,579
| winner_percent =56.1
| candidate2 =Art Staed
| candidate2_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| candidate2_votes =7,493
| candidate2_percent =43.9
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
| election_title =[[Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2006]]
| election_note =District 37
| election_ref =<ref name="2006 election" />
| turnout_votes =12,569
| result =gain
| loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| winner =Art Staed
| winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner_votes =6,462
| winner_percent =51.4
| candidate2 =Andy Anderson <!-- no incumbent -->
| candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| candidate2_votes =6,097
| candidate2_percent =48.5
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
| election_title =[[Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2008]]
| election_note =District 37
| election_ref =<ref name="2008 election" />
| turnout_votes =17,272
| result =gain
| loser_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner =[[Renee Schulte]]
| winner_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| winner_votes =8,628
| winner_percent =50.0
| candidate2 =Art Staed*
| candidate2_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| candidate2_votes =8,615
| candidate2_percent =49
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# Friedrich Staphylus
`{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} **Friedrich Staphylus** (Lat. **Fridericus**) (27 August 1512 -- 5 March 1564) was a German theologian, at first a Lutheran Protestant and then a Catholic convert.
## Biography
Staphylus was born at Osnabrück. His father, Ludeke Stapellage, was an official of the Bishop of Osnabrück. Left an orphan at an early age, he came under the care of an uncle at Danzig, then went to Lithuania and studied at Kraków, after which he studied theology and philosophy at Padua.
About 1536 he went to Wittenberg, obtained the Degree of *magister artium* in 1541 and at Melanchthon\'s recommendation became a tutor in the family of the Count of Eberstein. In 1546 Duke Albert of Prussia appointed Staphylus professor of theology at the new University of Königsberg, which the duke had founded in 1544.
At this time Staphylus was still under the influence of Martin Luther\'s opinions, as is shown by his academic disputation upon the doctrine of justification, *De justificationis articulo*. However, at his installation as professor he obtained the assurance that he need not remain if the duke tolerated errors which \"might be contrary to the Holy Scriptures and the primitivæ apostolicæ et catholicæ ecclesiæ consensum\". This shows that even then he regarded with suspicion the development of Protestantism.
At Königsberg he had a violent theological dispute with Wilhelm Gnapheus. In 1547--48 he was the first rector elected by the university, but in 1548 he resigned his professorship, because he met with enmity, and was dissatisfied with religious conditions in Prussia. Still he continued to be one of the councillors of the duke. In 1549 he married at Breslau the daughter of John Hess, a reformer of that place.
Returning to Königsberg, a new dispute broke out between him and Osiander. The dogmatic dissension, which seemed to him to make everything uncertain, drove him continually more and more to the Catholic idea of Tradition and to the demand for the authoritative exposition of the Scriptures by the Church. He expressed these views in the treatise *Synodus sanctorum patrum antiquorum contra nova dogmata Andreæ Osiandri*, which he wrote at Danzig in 1552. A severe illness hastened his conversion, which took place at Breslau at the end of 1552.
After this he first entered the service of the Bishop of Breslau, for whom he established a school at Neisse. In 1555 the Emperor Ferdinand I appointed him a member of the imperial council. At the Disputation of Worms in 1557 he opposed, as one of the Catholic collocutors, the once venerated Melanchthon. In his *Theologiæ Martini Lutheri trimembris epitome* (1558) he severely attacked the lack of union in Protestantism, the worship of Luther, and religious subjectivism. The treatise called forth a number of answers.
In 1560 Duke Albert of Bavaria, at the request of Canisius, appointed Staphylus professor of theology at the Bavarian University of Ingolstadt after Staphylus had received the Degree of Doctor of Theology and Canon Law in virtue of a papal dispensation, as he was married. As superintendent (curator) he reformed the university.
After this he took an active part in the Catholic restoration in Bavaria and Austria. He drew up several opinions on reform for the Council of Trent, as the \"Counsel to Pius IV\", while he declined to go to the council personally. In 1562 Pope Pius IV sent him a gift of one hundred gulden, and the emperor raised him to the nobility. He died at Ingolstadt, aged 51.
His learning and eloquence are frankly acknowledged by his Lutheran fellow-countryman Hermann Hamelmann.
## Works
-
- (Vienna, 1558)
- (Worms, 1558)
- (Augsburg, 1559)
- (Dillingen, 1561)
- *Christian to report to the godly gemainen laity* (Ingolstadt, 1561)
- (Latine redditus by F. Laurentium Surium Carthusianum (Cologne, 1562))
-
-
- \(1550\)
- \(1553\)
- *The Apologie of Fridericvs Staphylvs covnseller to the late emperovr Ferdinandvs, &c.* (translated by Thomas Stapleton; Antwerp: John Latius, 1565). Available on [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=5NtCAQAAMAAJ), and reprinted in facsimile in the *English Recusant Literature* series edited by D. M. Rogers.
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# Friedrich Staphylus
## Literature
- Staphylus, Frederick or season. In: *Zedler\'s Universal-Lexicon*. Vol. 39, Leipzig, 1744, columns 1228--1230.
- Paul Tschackert: Staphylus, Frederick. In: *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (ADB). Vol. 35, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1893, pp. 457--461.
- Paul Tschackert: Staphylus, Frederick. In: *Realencyklopädie für Protestantische Theologie and Kirche* (RE). 3rd edn. Vol. 18, Hinrichs, Leipzig, 1906, pp. 776--771.
- Ute Mennecke-Haustein: Staphylus, Frederick. In: *Theologische Realenzyklopädie* (TRE). Volume 32, de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 2001, `{{ISBN|3-11-016712-3}}`{=mediawiki}, pp. 113--115
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# 1210 in Ireland
Events from the year **1210 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Lord: John
## Events
- King John's second visit to Ireland.
- Earldom of Ulster and Honor of Limerick are confiscated.
- Submission of Irish kings.
- King John sets up a civil government in Ireland.
## Deaths
- Risteárd de Tiúit, Norman invader and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland
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# Sabrina: Friends Forever
***Sabrina: Friends Forever*** (also known as ***Sabrina the Teenage Witch: Friends Forever!***) is a 2002 animated television film produced by DIC Entertainment as part of their *DIC Movie Toons* series of movies. It originally aired on October 6, 2002, on Nickelodeon in the United States and was later released onto VHS and DVD by MGM Home Entertainment, followed on with international airings on Disney Channel and Toon Disney. It is a continuation of the animated television series *Sabrina: The Animated Series* and was followed by another television series, *Sabrina\'s Secret Life*.
## Plot
The film shows Sabrina Spellman turning 13 years old and receiving her first magic wand from Enchantra. As custom for all witchlings, she enrolls in the Witch Academy to learn the three principles of witchdom (to use magic wisely, be true to one\'s friends, and be true to oneself). Feeling inferior because she\'s only a half-witch, Sabrina conceals her mixed heritage and manages to become popular. Sabrina joins her new friends in making fun of Nicole Candler, a \"bookworm\" who doesn\'t fit in. When Sabrina discovers that Nicole is a half-witch like herself, the pair become good friends. Sabrina\'s other friends\' figure something is going on between Sabrina and Nicole and set out to prove that Nicole is a half-witch. They accomplish this by levitating up to a tree outside and find the half star on her hand. Sabrina visits Nicole in her dorm room and together, they begin a journey to the witches\' realm in hopes of becoming full witches.
Entering the witches\' realm, Sabrina and Nicole meet a witch who shows them three doors leading to three fantasy worlds. Both girls enter the first door and become mermaids. Making their way back to the realm, they try the second door and become figure skaters. After skating into a hockey net, a hockey player appears on the ice and shoots pucks into the net where both girls are. The girls throw a few pucks at the hockey player in frustration and a hockey brawl takes place. Sabrina and Nicole escape from the pile-up and exit back into the realm. They go into the third and final door where they become princesses meet two princes and begin to dance. Enchantra finds out from the witch academy the two girls are in the realm and sends two of her minions to get them.
Sabrina and Nicole reach the wish-granting wisdom tree in the witches\' realm. Sabrina steps forward first to make her wish and asks to be a full witch. Her wish is granted; by taking Nicole\'s half-witch powers. This makes Nicole a mortal and consequently turns her to stone since a mortal can\'t be in the witches\' realm. Sabrina asks the tree to change her back, but it is too late. Distraught and enraged, she is about to turn herself into stone when she is stopped by Enchantra, who is touched by her unselfish action and breaks the spell on Nicole, returning both girls to half-witches in the process.
At the graduation ceremony, Sabrina receives the Golden Wand from Enchantra. Afterwards she tells the truth to the students for making fun of Nicole because of her heritage and reveals that she is also a half-witch. Sabrina decides to give half of the Golden Wand to Nicole to prove that they are good friends.
## Voice cast {#voice_cast}
- Britt McKillip - Sabrina Spellman
- Tina Bush - Zelda Spellman
- Moneca Stori - Hilda Spellman
- Louis Chirillo - Salem Saberhagen
- Alexandra Carter - Nicole Candler
- Jay Brazeau - Uncle Eustace
- Garry Chalk - Warlock #1, Cringe
- Marilyn Gann - Miss Hag
- Andrew Kavadas - Flat Ears
- Carly McKillip - Portia
- Vanessa Morley - Bree
- Jane Mortifee - Enchantra
- Teryl Rothery - Miss Fetid
- Samuel Vincent - Craven
- Dale Wilson - Mr
| 650 |
Sabrina: Friends Forever
| 0 |
10,139,374 |
# Zoeth Skinner Eldredge
**Zoeth Skinner Eldredge** (October 13, 1846 -- 1915) was an American banker and amateur historian of California.
Eldredge was born in Buffalo, New York. He appears to have self-published at least two books on the local history of San Francisco, California. His two-volume history of San Francisco was reviewed as containing \"fairly readable essays\" that were \"distributed somewhat capriciously between text and notes\". The reviewer also notes that \"the author has not by any means confined himself to the subject\" described by the book\'s title.
A map printed without attribution in his book *The Beginnings of San Francisco* in 1912 has been the center of significant controversy among San Francisco history researchers. The map, apparently created by Eldredge, shows the \"now vanished freshwater lake\" upon whose shores the city was supposedly founded. Later research showed that the lake was confused with another early San Francisco location, and probably never existed, except as a tidal lagoon called Mission Creek.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
-
-
-
-
- *History of California: The Rise and Progress of an American State* (editor), 5 volumes, New York : The Century History Company, c.1915
| 193 |
Zoeth Skinner Eldredge
| 0 |
10,139,402 |
# 1199 in Ireland
| 4 |
1199 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,139,462 |
# 1130 in Ireland
| 4 |
1130 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,139,463 |
# Electoral district of Corowa
**Corowa** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales, taking its name from town of Corowa on the Murray River.
## History
The district was created in the 1904 re-distribution of electorates following the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which required the number of members of the Legislative Assembly to be reduced from 125 to 90. It consisted of parts of Albury, The Murray and the abolished seat of The Hume. It moved west in 1913, absorbing the eastern part of the abolished district of Deniliquin and losing its eastern part to the districts of Albury and Wagga Wagga.
In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, Corowa, Albury and Wagga Wagga were absorbed into Murray and elected four members. At the end of proportional representation in 1927, Corowa was recreated ran through until 1950 until it was abolished
| 152 |
Electoral district of Corowa
| 0 |
10,139,477 |
# 1176 in Ireland
| 4 |
1176 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,139,486 |
# Thiobarbituric acid
**Thiobarbituric acid** is an organic compound and a heterocycle. It is used as a reagent in assaying malondialdehyde (the TBARS assay of lipid peroxidation).
It is also used in Kodak Fogging Developer FD-70, part of the *Kodak Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit* for making black and white slides (positives)
| 52 |
Thiobarbituric acid
| 0 |
10,139,488 |
# 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix
\|Pole_Team = McLaren-Mercedes \|Pole_Time = 1:19.781 \|Pole_Country = United Kingdom \|Fast_Driver = Kimi Räikkönen \|Fast_Team = Ferrari \|Fast_Time = 1:20.047 \|Fast_Lap = 70 \|Fast_Country = Finland \|First_Driver = Lewis Hamilton \|First_Team = McLaren-Mercedes \|First_Country = UK \|Second_Driver = Kimi Räikkönen \|Second_Team = Ferrari \|Second_Country= Finland \|Third_Driver = Nick Heidfeld \|Third_Team = BMW Sauber \|Third_Country = Germany \|Lapchart = `{{F1Laps2007|HUN}}`{=mediawiki} }} The **2007 Hungarian Grand Prix** (officially the **Formula 1 Magyar Nagydíj 2007**) was the eleventh race of the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship and was held on 5 August 2007 at the Hungaroring racing track in Mogyoród, Pest, Hungary. It was also memorable for an incident in the Saturday qualifying session, between McLaren teammates Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso.
Hamilton went into the race with a 2-point advantage in World Championship points over Alonso and was 11 points ahead of 3rd place man Felipe Massa after a chaotic European Grand Prix, whilst McLaren held a 27-point lead in the Constructors\' Championship over their main rivals Ferrari. Ralf Schumacher scored his last World Championship points at this race.
Japanese former Super Aguri driver Sakon Yamamoto filled the second Spyker car, replacing European GP leader, German Markus Winkelhock. Sebastian Vettel, the youngest Grand Prix point scorer made his second Grand Prix start replacing Scott Speed at Scuderia Toro Rosso.
Controversy hit the qualifying sessions when Hamilton failed to honour an agreement to let Alonso past on track; this denied Alonso a competitive advantage when setting his lap time. Alonso then retaliated by holding Hamilton up in the pit lane, to in turn deny Hamilton a chance to record a final lap time. Stewards later dropped Alonso five places down the starting grid of the race, putting him in sixth while Hamilton started in pole position. McLaren were also told they would not score any Constructor\'s Championship points in the race and wouldn\'t be presented with a winning constructor\'s trophy on the podium if one of their drivers were to win the race. The team stated Hamilton\'s hold-up was not Alonso\'s fault (although Alonso gave the stewards a different explanation, that he was inquiring about his tyres), and that Hamilton had disobeyed team orders to let Alonso pass him, which put the two drivers out of sequence for their pit stops. McLaren had initially expressed their intent to appeal the Constructor\'s points penalty but ultimately withdrew their appeal after subsequently losing all their Constructor\'s points as penalty for the espionage scandal.
| 414 |
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| 0 |
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# 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix
## Report
### Practice
BMW\'s Robert Kubica was the fastest driver in the first of the practice sessions with a time of 1:22.390. He was followed by the two Ferraris of Felipe Massa and Kimi Räikkönen, and the two McLarens of Fernando Alonso and Lewis Hamilton. Friday\'s second session saw the two McLarens of Fernando Alonso and Lewis Hamilton in first and third, respectively, separated by Renault\'s Heikki Kovalainen. Fernando Alonso\'s time was 1:20.919. In Saturday\'s practice session Felipe Massa took first spot with a time of 1:20.183, followed by Fernando Alonso, Lewis Hamilton, Nick Heidfeld and then Kimi Räikkönen.
### Qualifying
In the first qualifying session, Lewis Hamilton posted the fastest time with 1:19:570, which was the quickest time recorded in the weekend so far, being the only lap under 1:20. Hamilton and the rest of the front-runners led the way, and as the session ended Jenson Button, the 2006 winner, had bumped his Honda teammate Rubens Barrichello into the relegation zone. However, Button was soon beaten by Liuzzi. Joining the two Hondas were Takuma Sato, Sebastian Vettel, Adrian Sutil and Sakon Yamamoto.
In the second session, Jarno Trulli of Toyota led the pace early, but Hamilton and his teammate Alonso posted the best times. Massa and Kubica struggled to 11th and 12th places, but, Kubica\'s team put on new tyres and reached the top 10. Massa had worse luck; the Ferrari team weren\'t prepared for him to need a second run in Q2, and he was released into the pit-lane without being refuelled. His pit crew had to run down the pit-lane and pull him back to his pit to be refuelled, by which time his tyres had lost temperature so when he finally made it out, the lack of grip meant he was unable to improve his time. Joining Massa among the eliminated drivers were David Coulthard in 11th, Heikki Kovalainen in 12th, Alexander Wurz of Williams Toyota in 13th, 15th was Anthony Davidson, and 16th was Vitantonio Liuzzi.
Hamilton led out of the pit-lane at the beginning of Q3, followed by teammate Alonso. Hamilton set the quickest lap time the first time around, but was soon beaten by Nick Heidfeld. Around the 9-minute mark, Trulli was the first into the pits to change tyres. Alonso was next into the pits; at the time, he was ninth. All the others followed suit, and meaningful times were soon put in. Hamilton again impressed the crowd with another time below 1:20. Alonso and Kimi Räikkönen, the only remaining Ferrari driver, Nick Heidfeld, Kubica, and Trulli filed in behind. With around 2:30 remaining, Alonso again pitted for fresh tyres, along with almost every other driver. The McLaren crew held Alonso for around 20 seconds after the tyres were fitted, in a stated attempt to give him a clear track (however, this reasoning was later rejected by the stewards as most other cars on the track had also pitted). At the time, Hamilton was \'stacked up\' behind, waiting for Alonso to leave. But when Alonso was released, he remained stationary for a further 10 seconds, even though the pit crew were gesturing for him to leave. Hamilton then pulled in for his final set of tyres, but the delay meant there was insufficient time for him to get back to the start-finish line before the chequered flag and the end of qualifying. Alonso started his flying lap with less than 2 seconds of the session remaining while Hamilton missed out by around 5 seconds.
Alonso\'s final lap was good enough to claim pole and push Hamilton down to second. TV pictures showed Ron Dennis angrily throwing his headphones down as Alonso pulled out of the pits; and after the session was over he was seen having a serious conversation with Alonso\'s trainer. He refused to comment on the pit-lane delay, although he later explained that Hamilton had ignored team orders to let Alonso past at the beginning of the fuel burn phase, which had put the cars out of sequence for their stops.
Behind the McLarens of Alonso and Hamilton, third went to Heidfeld, which surprised many Ferrari and BMW fans. In fourth was Räikkönen, fifth was Rosberg. Sixth place was taken by Ralf Schumacher of Germany, seventh was the second BMW Sauber of Robert Kubica. Giancarlo Fisichella posted the eighth fastest time, with Trulli and Webber rounding out the top ten.
Following the qualifying session, the stewards investigated an incident in Q1, when Fisichella appeared to block Yamamoto into the final corner -- and they also investigated the Alonso/Hamilton incident (subsequently called *Pitlanegate* by the media). Fisichella was handed a five-place penalty, dropping him down to thirteenth. Alonso was also handed a five-place penalty on the grid, meaning he started the race in sixth position and promoted Hamilton to pole position. His McLaren team were told they would not be allowed to score any Constructors\' World Championship points for this race, which McLaren subsequently appealed.
### The race {#the_race}
Lewis Hamilton led every lap of the race (the first time anyone had done so in 2007), but had to withstand near constant pressure from the Ferrari of Kimi Räikkönen, which appeared more competitive than it did in qualifying and practice. Hamilton\'s team-mate Fernando Alonso managed to climb from his 6th place grid-slot to 4th by the end of the race, just behind the BMW Sauber of Nick Heidfeld. Alonso spent much of the race behind the Toyota of Ralf Schumacher, only getting past by the third stint. Schumacher finished in 6th place, after repassing Nico Rosberg (7th) and Heikki Kovalainen (8th) who were on three-stop strategies compared to Schumacher\'s two-stop strategy. This was the last time that Ralf Schumacher scored in Formula One.
Retirements from the race were Sakon Yamamoto, who crashed in the early laps of the race on his Spyker debut. Jenson Button and Vitantonio Liuzzi both suffered mechanical failure while the Super Aguri of Anthony Davidson was taken out after a collision with the Renault of Giancarlo Fisichella. The moment Lewis Hamilton crossed the finish line he was celebrated, becoming the first ever rookie and the only active Formula One driver to have achieved a Grand Chelem at the time. However 0.715 seconds later, Kimi Räikkönen beat Hamilton\'s fastest lap, depriving him of the record.
| 1,053 |
2007 Hungarian Grand Prix
| 1 |
10,139,488 |
# 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix
## Classification
### Qualifying {#qualifying_1}
Driver Constructor Q1 Q2 Q3
---- ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -----------------------------
1 1 Fernando Alonso align=\"center\" nowrap\|McLaren-Mercedes 1:20.425 1:19.661 **1:19.674** 6`{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki}
2 2 Lewis Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes **1:19.570** **1:19.301** 1:19.781 1
3 9 Nick Heidfeld BMW Sauber 1:20.751 1:20.322 1:20.259 2
4 6 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 1:20.435 1:20.107 1:20.410 3
5 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 1:20.547 1:20.188 1:20.632 4
6 11 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 1:20.449 1:20.455 1:20.714 5
7 10 Robert Kubica BMW Sauber 1:20.366 1:20.703 1:20.876 7
8 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\|`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 1:21.645 1:20.590 1:21.079 13`{{ref|2|2}}`{=mediawiki}
9 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 1:20.481 1:19.951 1:21.206 8
10 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 1:20.794 1:20.439 1:21.256 9
11 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Renault 1:21.291 1:20.718 10
12 4 Heikki Kovalainen Renault 1:20.285 1:20.779 11
13 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 1:21.243 1:20.865 12
14 5 Felipe Massa Ferrari 1:20.408 1:21.021 14
15 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 1:21.018 1:21.127 15
16 18 Vitantonio Liuzzi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:21.730 1:21.993 16
17 7 Jenson Button Honda 1:21.737 17
18 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 1:21.877 18
19 22 Takuma Sato Super Aguri-Honda 1:22.143 19
20 19 Sebastian Vettel Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:22.177 20
21 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 1:22.737 21
22 21 Sakon Yamamoto Spyker-Ferrari 1:23.774 22
Notes:
- -- Fernando Alonso was dropped five places for impeding Lewis Hamilton during Q3.
- -- Giancarlo Fisichella was dropped five places due to impeding Sakon Yamamoto during Q1.
### Race
Driver Constructor Laps Time/Retired Grid Points
----- ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------ -------------- ------ --------
1 2 **Lewis Hamilton** align=\"center\" nowrap\| **McLaren-Mercedes** 70 1:35:52.991 1 **10**
2 6 **Kimi Räikkönen** **Ferrari** 70 +0.715 3 **8**
3 9 **Nick Heidfeld** **BMW Sauber** 70 +43.129 2 **6**
4 1 **Fernando Alonso** **McLaren-Mercedes** 70 +44.858 6 **5**
5 10 **Robert Kubica** **BMW Sauber** 70 +47.616 7 **4**
6 11 **Ralf Schumacher** **Toyota** 70 +50.669 5 **3**
7 16 **Nico Rosberg** **Williams-Toyota** 70 +59.139 4 **2**
8 4 **Heikki Kovalainen** **Renault** 70 +1:08.104 11 **1**
9 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 70 +1:16.331 9
10 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 69 +1 lap 8
11 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Renault 69 +1 lap 10
12 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\| `{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 69 +1 lap 13
13 5 Felipe Massa Ferrari 69 +1 lap 14
14 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 69 +1 lap 12
15 22 Takuma Sato Super Aguri-Honda 69 +1 lap 19
16 19 Sebastian Vettel Toro Rosso-Ferrari 69 +1 lap 20
17 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 68 +2 laps 21
18 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 68 +2 laps 18
Ret 18 Vitantonio Liuzzi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 42 Electrical 16
Ret 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 41 Collision 15
Ret 7 Jenson Button Honda 35 Throttle 17
Ret 21 Sakon Yamamoto Spyker-Ferrari 4 Accident 22
| 466 |
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| 2 |
10,139,488 |
# 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix
## Championship standings after the race {#championship_standings_after_the_race}
Drivers\' Championship standings
+/-- Driver Points
--------- --- ----------------------- --------
1 **Lewis Hamilton\*** 80
2 **Fernando Alonso\*** 73
1 3 **Kimi Räikkönen\*** 60
1 4 **Felipe Massa\*** 59
5 **Nick Heidfeld\*** 42
Source:
Constructors\' Championship standings
+/-- Constructor Points
--------- --- ------------------------ --------
1 **McLaren-Mercedes\*** 138
2 **Ferrari\*** 119
3 **BMW Sauber\*** 71
4 **Renault\*** 33
5 Williams-Toyota 20
Source:
- **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
- **Bold text** and an asterisk indicates competitors who still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion
| 104 |
2007 Hungarian Grand Prix
| 3 |
10,139,504 |
# Bönnsch dialect
**Bönnsch** is a Ripuarian dialect of German, which is spoken in Bonn and the bordering municipalities.
Bönnsch is very similar to the more northern Kölsch of Cologne and distinct from the latter only in particular points. One can find a main difference and some other features, which however do not occur among all speakers or are being levelled more and more due to the influence of Standard German and also Kölsch itself (which is more present in culture and broadcasting).
In private life (family, friends, clubs, local pubs etc.), the dialect is still used relatively frequently in the region. However, it has almost vanished as a vernacular in public places. Almost all speakers of Bönnsch use an adapted kind of Standard German when talking to people who do not belong to their private circle of acquaintances (see Rhinelandic regiolect).
## Characteristical *monophthongization* {#characteristical_monophthongization}
The main characteristic of Bönnsch in comparison to Kölsch is the absence of word-internal original diphthongs.
Ancient Germanic *au* and *ai* are realized `{{IPA|[oʊ]}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|[eɪ]}}`{=mediawiki} in Kölsch (similar to the vowels in English *g**o**ld* and *t**a**ke*). In Bönnsch, they merge with the long vowels `{{IPA|[oː]}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|[eː]}}`{=mediawiki}.
English Standard German Kölsch Bönnsch
------------------ ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
\"to walk\" laufen `{{IPA|de|ˈlaʊfn̩|}}`{=mediawiki} laufe `{{IPA|ksh|ˈlôʊfə|}}`{=mediawiki} **loofe** `{{IPA|[ˈloːfə]}}`{=mediawiki}
\"eye\" Auge `{{IPA|de|ˈaʊɡə|}}`{=mediawiki} Auch `{{IPA|ksh|oʊx|}}`{=mediawiki} **Ooch** `{{IPA|[oːx]}}`{=mediawiki}
\"to be called\" heißen `{{IPA|de|ˈhaɪsn̩|}}`{=mediawiki} heiße `{{IPA|ksh|ˈhêɪsə|}}`{=mediawiki} **heeße** `{{IPA|[ˈheːsə]}}`{=mediawiki}
\"one\" eins `{{IPA|de|aɪns|}}`{=mediawiki} ein `{{IPA|ksh|eɪn|}}`{=mediawiki} **een** `{{IPA|[eːn]}}`{=mediawiki}
Note that these monophthongs do not occur word-finally. Thus both Bönnsch and Kölsch use *zwei* (\"two\") and *Dau* (\"push\").
In Standard German, ancient Germanic *au* und *ai* have been preserverd. However, Standard German later merged Germanic *ū* and *ī* with these diphthongs, which occurred neither in Bönnsch nor Kölsch. Therefore, some Standard German rhyming couplets do not exist in the Ripuarian dialects. For example, standard *heiß* \~ *weiß* vs. Bönnsch *heeß* \~ *wieß* (English \"hot\" and \"white\"); standard *kaufen* \~ *saufen* vs. Bönnsch *koofe* \~ *suffe* (English \"buy\" and \"drink\").
Contrariwise, Kölsch often contracts the combinations *ir* and *ur* into `{{IPA|[eː]}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|[oː]}}`{=mediawiki}. In this case, Bönnsch preserves two diphthongs which emerged through vocalization of *r*. Thus one says *Vierdel* `{{IPA|[ˈfɪə̯dəl]}}`{=mediawiki} instead of Kölsch *Veedel* (\"quarter\") and *hä wurd* `{{IPA|[ʋʊə̯t]}}`{=mediawiki} instead of Kölsch *hä wood* (\"he became\").
## Other features {#other_features}
Some Bönnsch speakers do not distinguish the grammatical endings *-e* and *-er* and pronounce both of them `{{IPA|[ə]}}`{=mediawiki} (as in English *antenn**a***). This peculiarity is declining in actual usage, but is still well known as a typical feature of Bönnsch.
As many Rhinelandic language varieties, when compare to Standard German, Bönnsch phonetically distinguishes much less between the phonemes `{{IPAslink|ç}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPAslink|ʃ}}`{=mediawiki}. Contrary to Kölsch, both appear like `{{IPA|[ç]}}`{=mediawiki} in Bönnsch, at least to non-Bönnsch listeners. Whether or not there are still two different phonemes in Bönnsch, which are distinguished at least by natives, is an open question.
The auxiliary verb *sinn* (\"to be\") traditionally uses the infinitive form for the 1st person singular of the present tense, thus: *ich sinn* for \"I am\". Kölsch uses *ich ben*, which is closer to Standard German (*bin*) and therefore has become quite common in Bonn as well.
For historical reasons, the Bönnsch vocabulary has a rural imprint and has preserved some Middle High German words, which have long died out in the urban Kölsch. Moreover, the Bönnsch pronunciation is thought to be softer and its intonation is considered to be (even) more rhythmic than that of Kölsch. However, such characteristics are difficult to measure and may vary greatly among speakers.
Finally, there are different forms for individual words, e.g. Bönnsch *att* instead of Kölsch *allt* (\"already\"), *donn* instead of *dunn* (\"to do\"), *ühr doot* instead of *ehr deit* (\"you \[all\] do\"), *du siss* instead of *do sühs* (\"thou seest\").
## Examples
In German studies, the German dialects are characterized and compared to each other by means of the so-called *Wenker sentences*. The first three of these forty sentences are rendered in Bönnsch as follows.
- − In winter, the dry leaves are flying around in the air.
- − It will soon stop snowing, then the weather is getting better again.\'\'
- − Put (pieces of) coal in the oven so that the milk will start boiling soon
| 700 |
Bönnsch dialect
| 0 |
10,139,509 |
# All Around My Hat (song)
The song **\"All Around my Hat\"** (Roud 567 and 22518, Laws P31) is of nineteenth-century English origin. In an early version, dating from the 1820s, a Cockney costermonger vowed to be true to his fiancée, who had been sentenced to seven years\' transportation to Australia for theft and to mourn his loss of her by wearing green willow sprigs in his hatband for \"a twelve-month and a day\", the willow being a traditional symbol of mourning. The song was made famous by Steeleye Span, whose rendition may have been based on a more traditional version sung by John Langstaff, in 1975.
## Synopsis
A young man is forced to leave his lover, usually to go to sea. On his return he finds her on the point of being married to another man. In some versions he goes into mourning, with the green willow as a symbol of his unhappiness (willow is considered to be a weeping tree). In other versions he reminds her of her broken promise, and she dies mysteriously. In some versions he simply contemplates his lover left behind, without actually returning to find her being married. In other versions, the young man is a street hawker who is mourning his separation from his lover who has been transported to Australia for theft.
## Traditional versions {#traditional_versions}
The song is found across most English speaking countries. Dozens of nineteenth century broadside versions of the song have been collected. The famous tune associated with the song is associated with Roud 22518 rather than Roud 567.
A version sung by a Mr. Verrall of Horsham, Sussex, England was notated by composer and folklorist George Butterworth in 1909, and the melody of this version can be heard via the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Ralph Vaughan Williams notated a version sung by a Mr. Harris of Little Burstead, Essex in 1904, and another by Ellen Powell in Herefordshire the same year, the original manuscripts of which are also publicly available.
### Field recordings {#field_recordings}
Several authentic recordings have been made of the song, mostly in North America.
The song seemed to have thrived in traditional communities in Nova Scotia, Canada well into the twentieth century, where several versions were recorded by folklorist Helen Creighton:
- Mrs. R.W. Duncan of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 1943
- Mrs. Nina Bartley Finn of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 1943
- Neil O\'Brien of Pictou, Nova Scotia, 1953, available on YouTube as part of the Helen Creighton collection album.
- Sandy Stoddard of Ship Harbor, Nova Scotia, 1953
- Ned McKay of Little Harbor, Nova Scotia, 1954
A handful of field recordings were also made in the United States.
- Jessie Anthony of Winchester, Massachusetts recorded by Helen Hartness Flanders, 1946
- The Ritchie sisters of Viper, Kentucky recorded by Mary Elizabeth Barnacle, 1946
| 471 |
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| 0 |
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# All Around My Hat (song)
## Commentary
The song has typical archetypal elements of the separated lovers, the interrupted wedding, and the inconsolable rejected lover. In the \"Yellow Ribbon\" variants, the adornment is a reminder of lost love, similar to Ireland\'s \"The Black Velvet Band\".
### A traditional version and variant texts {#a_traditional_version_and_variant_texts}
A traditional version (sometimes known as \"I will wear the Green Willow\") in common use in the 1950s and 1960s was:
My love she was fair and my love she was kind too And many were the happy hours, between my love and me I never could refuse her, whatever she\'d a mind to And now she\'s far away, far o\'er the stormy sea.
All \'round my hat I will wear a \[or: the\] green willow All \'round my hat for a twelve month and a day If anybody asks me the reason why I wear it It\'s all because my true love is far, far away.
Will my love be true and will my love be faithful? Or will she find another swain to court her where she\'s gone? The men will all run after her, so pretty and so graceful And leave me here lamenting, lamenting all alone.
All \'round my hat I will wear a green willow All \'round my hat for a twelve month and a day If anybody asks me the reason why I wear it It\'s all because my true love is far, far away.
A variation of this had the following verse stanza:
My love she was fair, and my love she was kind And cruel the judge and jury that sentenced her away For thieving was a thing that she never was inclined to They sent my love across the sea ten thousand miles away.
A version popularized by Steeleye Span used the traditional chorus (shown above) and these verse stanzas (from [*Farewell He*](http://www.joe-offer.com/folkinfo/songs/152.html)):
Fare thee well cold winter and fare thee well cold frost Nothing have I gained but my own true love I\'ve lost I\'ll sing and I\'ll be merry when occasion I do see He\'s a false deluding young man, let him go, farewell he.
The other night he brought me a fine diamond ring But he thought to have deprived me of a far better thing But I being careful like lovers ought to be He\'s a false deluding young man, let him go, farewell he
Here\'s a half a pound of reason, and a quarter pound of sense A small sprig of thyme and as much of prudence You mix them all together and you will plainly see He\'s a false deluding young man, let him go, farewell he.
### Textual variants {#textual_variants}
Sabine Baring-Gould printed a version in \"A Garland of Country Song\" in 1895. This version is very close to the best-known version, by Steeleye Span. This is probably a more recent variant of the nineteenth-century song.
- cf. \"The Green Willow\" (\"All around my hat\" lyrics)
### Songs that refer to All Around My Hat (song) {#songs_that_refer_to_all_around_my_hat_song}
Jasper Carrott sang a parody, \"It\'s my bloody ribbon and it\'s my bloody hat\", at the Cambridge Folk Festival in 1976. The parody song was later covered by The Bad Shepherds and played regularly in their live concerts.
### Motifs
Motifs of the song include separated lovers, a broken token, and death for love, common themes in tragic love songs.
### Television and stage references {#television_and_stage_references}
In the \'Watching TV\' episode of British television sitcom *Men Behaving Badly*, Gary and Dorothy repeatedly end up singing the Steeleye Span version of the song while trying to remember the theme tune to *Starsky and Hutch*. Paul Whitehouse also sings the first lines of the song in an episode of *The Fast Show*, changing a key word in each line with \"arse\".
It features prominently in the plot of the episode \"The Prisoner\" in \"The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)\". It is claimed to be a favorite song of the 12th century crusading King Richard The Lionheart and is constantly sung by the king\'s courier who has been secretly imprisoned in Prince John\'s dungeon. The tune is so charismatic that a prison guard sings it while drinking at a tavern and is overhead by Robin Hood, thus alerting Robin of the courier\'s fate.
In Episode 6 of the Russian science fiction serial Better than Us, a young woman idly sings this song to herself while waiting for Safronov to appear.
The song is referred to in the 1964 play *Philadelphia, Here I Come!* by Brian Friel.
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# All Around My Hat (song)
## Commercial recordings {#commercial_recordings}
Album/Single Performer Year Variant Notes
-------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------ ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It\'s Shirley! Shirley Abicair 1958 Green Willow
The Voice of the People volume 6 Eddie Butcher 1955 Another Man\'s Wedding
*Sings American and English Folk Songs and Ballads* John Langstaff 1959 All Around My Hat Listed on the label as \"All \'Round My Hat\" and sourced from S. Baring-Gould\'s anthology. (Tradition Records, TLP 1009)
*Now Is the Time for Fishing* Sam Larner 1959--1960 Green Broom In this version, a Cockney costermonger vowed to be true to his fiancée, who had been sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia for theft, and to mourn his loss by wearing green willow sprigs in his hatband for \"a twelve-month and a day\", in a traditional symbol of mourning.
\"Maritime Folk Songs\" (anthology by Helen Creighton) Neil O\'Brien 1962 All Around My Hat American version.
\"Mainly Norfolk\" Peter Bellamy 1968 All Around My Hat.
*From the Beggar\'s Mantle* Barbara Dickson 1972 The Orange and the Blue This is a Scottish version. A couple vow loyalty to each other before the man goes to sea. He returns just as his \"inconstant lover\" is about to be married to someone else. He points out her treachery, and she dies mysteriously before the night of the honeymoon. He goes into mourning, wearing the willow for twelve months, followed by a coat of orange and blue.
*All Around My Hat* Steeleye Span 1975 All Around My Hat/Farewell He This British folk rock group took it to number 5 on the charts, with the original version interpolated with lyrics from another early 19th century song, \"Farewell He\". This turned the song into a conversation, with the original words of constancy alternating with a sermon to young girls on the inconstancy of young men. This is the only Steeleye Span song later covered by a mainstream band (Status Quo, below).
*All Around My Hat* José Hoebee 1986 All Around My Hat José Hoebee (of Dutch girl group Luv\') recorded a cover version of the song inspired by Steeleye Span\'s rendering.
*Don\'t Stop* Status Quo 1996 All Around My Hat Status Quo invited Maddy Prior (of Steeleye Span) to sing harmony.
*Hat Trick (album)* The Mollys 1997 All Around My Hat Songwriter Nancy McCallion and lead vocalist Catherine Zavala of the American group The Mollys revised the song in a humorous vein. The female protagonist pledges to be true to her departed lover \"for a twelve-month and a day\", and then speculates as to which of several men she may choose to replace him, if he does not return in time.
*Three Quarter Ale* Three Quarter Ale 2003 All Around My Hat/Farewell He Three Quarter Ale invited Lindsay Smith to sing the final verse on it
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# 1318 in Ireland
Events from the year **1318 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Lord: Edward II
## Events
- 10 May -- Battle of Dysert O\'Dea: The Hiberno-Norman Richard de Clare is defeated and killed by Conor O\'Dea in alliance with O\'Briens, MacNamaras and Ó hEithirs.
- 29 September -- Alexander de Bicknor arrives in Ireland.
- 14 October -- Battle of Faughart, aka Battle of Dundalk: a Hiberno-Norman force defeats a Scots-Irish army commanded by Edward Bruce (who is killed in the battle), ending the Bruce campaign in Ireland.
- Beginning of the Kildare Supremacy.
- William FitzJohn, Bishop of Ossory appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland
- Cork City was given an English Royal Charter and for many centuries was an outpost of Old English culture.
## Births
## Deaths
- 10 May -- Richard de Clare, Thomas de Lees, Henry de Capella, James de Caunteton, John de Caunteton, all killed at Dysart O\'Dea.
- Gilbert de Roache *\"killed at Ross by the burgesses of Ross.\"*
- Edward Bruce of Scotland killed in battle
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# Florida State Road 537
**State Road 537** was a short 1 mi Florida State Road in Orange County, located entirely in Winter Garden and locally named **Dillard Street**. It was a commuter route of SR 535; the other commuter routes in Winter Garden are Colonial Drive and SR 438. The southern terminus was SR 50, and the northern terminus was SR 438. South of SR 50, it became Daniels Road. Beyond its northern terminus, it became a residential street that extends to the shore of Lake Apopka.
This road was decommissioned by the state in late 2009; all signage indicating the road number has been removed
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# List of geometrid genera: R
The very large moth family Geometridae contains genera beginning with A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, **R**, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z
| 43 |
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| 0 |
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# Sinvest
**Sinvest** (`{{ose|SIN}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Norwegian oil drilling investment company, with headquarters in Kristiansand. The company is a long-term financial and strategic investor in oil resources and offshore companies and has been listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange since 2001.
Major investments include the subsidiary Deep Drilling Invest that has eight drilling rigs under construction and Beta Drilling that operates one rig. In addition Sinvest has a partial ownership of Petrojack (20%), Premium Drilling (with Awilco Offshore) and Venture Drilling (50%)
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# List of didgeridoo players
This is a **list of notable musicians** who play the Australian instrument known as the **didgeridoo**. `{{Dynamic list}}`{=mediawiki} \_\_NOTOC\_\_
## Australia
Aboriginal Australian players from traditional didgeridoo regions (according to A. P. Elkin, in 1938 the instrument was \"only known in eastern Kimberley and the northern third of the Northern Territory\",) belonging to clans that claim the didgeridoo as part of their ancient ancestral heritage:
- David Blanasi
- Ash Dargan
- Djalu Gurruwiwi
Aboriginal players from non-traditional didgeridoo regions:
- Mark Atkins
- William Barton
- Adrian Burragubba
- Alan Dargin
- Ernie Dingo
- David Hudson
- David Williams
- Kiernan Ironfield
Non-Aboriginal Australian didgeridoo players:
- Anthony Field
- Rolf Harris
- Charlie McMahon
- Adam Plack
- Xavier Rudd
- Dwain Phillis
## United States {#united_states}
- Stuart Dempster
- Stephen Kent
- Steve Roach
- Graham Wiggins
- Mandela van Eeden
## Performers who use the didgeridoo as a secondary instrument {#performers_who_use_the_didgeridoo_as_a_secondary_instrument}
A number of didgeridoo players are jazz or classical trombonists (or, alternatively, players of other wind or string instruments) who double on the didgeridoo, using it as a secondary instrument
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# 1226 in Ireland
Events from the year **1226 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Lord: Henry III
## Events
- Castle built at Castleisland, County Kerry, by Geoffrey Maurice (or de Marisco), Lord Justice of Ireland.
## Births
## Deaths
- Walter de Riddlesford, Norman lord with lands in County Wicklow and County Kildare.
- Nuala Ní Conchobair, Queen of Ulaid
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# Java Speech API
The **Java Speech API** (JSAPI) is an application programming interface for cross-platform support of command and control recognizers, dictation systems, and speech synthesizers. Although JSAPI defines an interface only, there are several implementations created by third parties, for example FreeTTS.
## Core technologies {#core_technologies}
Two core speech technologies are supported through the Java Speech API: *speech synthesis* and *speech recognition*.[1](http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~gwilcock/Tartu-2003/L7-Speech/JSAPI/Introduction.html)
### Speech synthesis {#speech_synthesis}
Speech synthesis provides the reverse process of producing synthetic speech from text generated by an application, an applet, or a user. It is often referred to as text-to-speech technology.
The major steps in producing speech from text are as follows:
- Structure analysis: Processes the input text to determine where paragraphs, sentences, and other structures start and end. For most languages, punctuation and formatting data are used in this stage.
- Text pre-processing: Analyzes the input text for special constructs of the language. In English, special treatment is required for abbreviations, acronyms, dates, times, numbers, currency amounts, e-mail addresses, and many other forms. Other languages need special processing for these forms, and most languages have other specialized requirements.
The result of these first two steps is a spoken form of the written text. Here are examples of the differences between written and spoken text:
`St. Matthew's hospital is on Main St.`\
`-> “Saint Matthew's hospital is on Main Street”`\
\
`Add $20 to account 55374.`\
`-> “Add twenty dollars to account five five, three seven four.”`
The remaining steps convert the spoken text to speech:
- Text-to-phoneme conversion: Converts each word to phonemes. A phoneme is a basic unit of sound in a language.
- Prosody analysis: Processes the sentence structure, words, and phonemes to determine the appropriate prosody for the sentence.
- Waveform production: Uses the phonemes and prosody information to produce the audio waveform for each sentence.
Speech synthesizers can make errors in any of the processing steps described above. Human ears are well-tuned to detecting these errors, but careful work by developers can minimize errors and improve the speech output quality.
### Speech recognition {#speech_recognition}
Speech recognition provides computers with the ability to listen to spoken language and determine what has been said. In other words, it processes audio input containing speech by converting it to text.
The major steps of a typical speech recognizer are as follows:
- Grammar design: Defines the words that may be spoken by a user and the patterns in which they may be spoken.
- Signal processing: Analyzes the spectrum (i.e., the frequency) characteristics of the incoming audio.
- Phoneme recognition: Compares the spectrum patterns to the patterns of the phonemes of the language being recognized.
- Word recognition: Compares the sequence of likely phonemes against the words and patterns of words specified by the active grammars.
- Result generation: Provides the application with information about the words the recognizer has detected in the incoming audio.
A *grammar* is an object in the Java Speech API that indicates what words a user is expected to say and in what patterns those words may occur. Grammars are important to speech recognizers because they constrain the recognition process. These constraints make recognition faster and more accurate because the recognizer does not have to check for bizarre sentences.
The Java Speech API 1 supports two basic grammar types: rule grammars and dictation grammars. These types differ in various ways, including how applications set up the grammars; the types of sentences they allow; how results are provided; the amount of computational resources required; and how they are used in application design. Rule grammars are defined in JSAPI 1 by JSGF, the Java Speech Grammar Format.
## The Java Speech API's classes and interfaces {#the_java_speech_apis_classes_and_interfaces}
The different classes and interfaces that form the Java Speech API are grouped into the following three packages:
- **javax.speech**: Contains classes and interfaces for a generic speech engine.
- **javax.speech.synthesis**: Contains classes and interfaces for speech synthesis.
- **javax.speech.recognition**: Contains classes and interfaces for speech recognition.
The EngineManager class is like a factory class used by all Java Speech API applications. It provides static methods to enable access to speech synthesis and speech recognition engines. The Engine interface encapsulates the generic operations that a Java Speech API-compliant speech engine should provide for speech applications.
Speech applications can primarily use methods to perform actions such as retrieving the properties and state of the speech engine and allocating and deallocating resources for a speech engine. In addition, the Engine interface exposes mechanisms to pause and resume the audio stream generated or processed by the speech engine. The AudioManager can manipulate streams. The Engine interface is subclassed by the Synthesizer and Recognizer interfaces, which define additional speech synthesis and speech recognition functionality. The Synthesizer interface encapsulates a Java Speech API-compliant speech synthesis engine\'s operations for speech applications.
The Java Speech API is based on event handling. Events generated by the speech engine can be identified and handled as required. Speech events can be handled through the EngineListener interface, specifically through the RecognizerListener and the SynthesizerListener.
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# Java Speech API
## Related Specifications {#related_specifications}
The Java Speech API was written before the Java Community Process (JCP) and targeted the Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE). Subsequently, the Java Speech API 2 (JSAPI2) was created as [JSR 113](http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=113) under the JCP. This API targets the Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME), but also complies with Java SE
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# 1805 in Ireland
This is a list of events from the year **1805 in Ireland**
## Events
- August -- rebel leader Michael Dwyer, held without sentence in Kilmainham Gaol, is transported to Sydney (Australia), where he lands as a free settler in February 1806.
- 21 October -- Battle of Trafalgar: a British Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. Almost 4,000 of the 18,000 men on the British ships were born in Ireland.
## Publications
- Mary Tighe\'s poem *Psyche, or the Legend of Love*
## Births
- 2 January -- John Hogan, businessman and United States Representative from Missouri (died 1892).
- 5 April -- Samuel Forde, painter from Cork (died 1828).
- 4 August -- William Rowan Hamilton, mathematician, physicist, and astronomer (died 1865).
- 2 December - William Thompson, naturalist (died 1852).
Full date unknown
:\*Jon Riley, deserter from United States Army, a founder of the San Patricios (died 1850).
:\*Anthony Coningham Sterling, British Army officer and historian (died 1871).
## Deaths
- 27 April -- William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty, politician and statesman (born 1741).
- 7 May -- William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, British Whig statesman, Home Secretary in 1782 and Prime Minister 1782--1783 (born 1737).
- 18 June -- Arthur Murphy, editor and writer (born 1727).
- 27 July -- Brian Merriman, Irish language poet and teacher (b. c. 1749).
- August -- John Talbot Dillon, traveller and historical writer (b. c. 1740).
- 8 December -- Rose ffrench, 1st Baroness ffrench
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# Lou Kenton
**Lou Kenton** (1 September 1908 -- 17 September 2012) was an English proofreader who served as a medical courier and ambulance driver with the International Brigade and was its oldest surviving member at the time of his death.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kenton was born in Stepney, east London to a Jewish Ukrainian family who had escaped from Tsarist pogroms. His father died from tuberculosis when he was young.
Kenton left school aged 14 and started work in a paper factory. There he first encountered anti-semitism, which led him to join the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1929. He took part in the CPGB\'s disruption of the British Union of Fascists\' rally at Olympia in June 1934 and resistance to the BUF in the Battle of Cable Street in October 1936.
## Spain
Early in 1937 Kenton left Stepney and rode his Douglas motorcycle to Albacete, where he join the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. His first wife Lillian, an Austrian nurse who fled Nazi Germany in 1933, shortly followed him. When he arrived at the International Brigades headquarters in Albacete, he applied to join the International Brigade\'s Medical Unit. It was from there that he spent nearly two years in action as medical courier on his motorcycle distributing medical supplies to hospitals across the country, and as an ambulance driver on the front lines. He returned to Britain late in 1938 on an \'Aid for Spain\' mission to raise money for a new ambulance. By the time he had completed his tour, the International Brigades had been disbanded.
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# Lou Kenton
## Later life {#later_life}
After the International Brigades were withdrawn from Spain, Kenton was hugely depressed. One of his missions was to repatriate to the Spanish authorities the Basque refugees given asylum in the United Kingdom. It was \"the first time I saw the fascist police in their three-cornered hats. All the children were in tears and all of them were hanging on to me as we checked each one and handed them over.\"
Kenton then joined the Merchant Navy and in the first part of the Second World War served on an Antarctic whaler, the *Southern Princess*. He and Lillian were divorced and in 1941 Kenton married his second wife Raffa Ephgrave. He was wounded in The Blitz, spent two years in hospital and then took a factory job. After the Lidice massacre in Czechoslovakia in 1942, Kenton joined the British \"Lidice Shall Live\" organisation. He was an active member for many years and in the 1990s served as its Chairman.
After the Second World War, Kenton joined the Homes for Heroes campaign, which helped homeless ex-servicemen and their families to squat in unoccupied properties. He joined the *Financial Times* as a proofreader, and continued to work there until he was in his 70s.
Kenton remained a devout communist, working tirelessly on trade union organisation, unemployed marches and party activities until 1968 when the Prague Spring was suppressed by the Soviet Union. He then joined the Labour Party and remained a member for the rest of his life.
### Commemorative potter {#commemorative_potter}
From 1980 Kenton produced commemorative pottery for the trade union movement and for radical causes. His work was commissioned by Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, Tobacco Workers\' Union, Society of Graphical and Allied Trades, Trades Union Congress, areas of the National Union of Mineworkers, the People\'s March for Jobs, the International Brigade, Greater London Council Peace Year, National Council for Civil Liberties, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and the Greenham Common women\'s campaign.
Kenton had two children and two granddaughters.
### Spanish passport {#spanish_passport}
On 26 May 2009 it was announced that seven British pensioners were to be awarded Spanish passports at the Spanish Embassy in London on 9 June 2009. Kenton, then aged 101, was the eldest of them
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# Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings
**Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings** are the various responses and actions from the Spanish government, the Spanish population and from international leaders in the wake of the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 March 2004. The bombings caused massive demonstrations in Spain, with 11.4 million demonstrators expressing solidarity for the victims and demanding answers about the attacks. Initial attribution to ETA by the Spanish gouvernent was soon followed by suspicions of al-Qaeda involvement. The bombings had a global impact, with most world leaders condemning the attacks and expressing solidarity and support to Spain. Spain and other European countries subsequently took security measures and raised terror alerts.
## Social
On 12 March 2004, Spaniards took to the streets protesting against the Madrid train bombings in a government-organized demonstration to condemn ETA, which at the time was being blamed for the attacks. Vigo, which has a population of 300,000 inhabitants, saw 400,000 demonstrators on its streets. The protests were peaceful, including members of the leading political parties marching together down Madrid\'s Paseo de Castellana in solidarity against terrorism. More than two million people convened on Madrid\'s streets screaming: \"Not everyone is here, 191 are missing, we will never forget you.\" There were also people wondering \"Who did it?\" in reference to the \"lack of information provided by the government.\"
+----------------------------------+
| Demonstrations\ |
| \ |
| Total: 11,400,000 demonstrators\ |
| (28% of Spanish population) |
+==================================+
| Madrid |
+----------------------------------+
| Barcelona |
+----------------------------------+
| Valencia |
+----------------------------------+
| Sevilla |
+----------------------------------+
| Málaga |
+----------------------------------+
| Vigo |
+----------------------------------+
| Zaragoza |
+----------------------------------+
| Murcia |
+----------------------------------+
| Oviedo |
+----------------------------------+
| Cádiz |
+----------------------------------+
| Bilbao |
+----------------------------------+
| Granada |
+----------------------------------+
| Alicante |
+----------------------------------+
| Santa Cruz de Tenerife |
+----------------------------------+
| Valladolid |
+----------------------------------+
| Las Palmas de Gran Canaria |
+----------------------------------+
| Córdoba |
+----------------------------------+
| A Coruña |
+----------------------------------+
| Palma de Mallorca |
+----------------------------------+
| Pamplona |
+----------------------------------+
| Guadalajara |
+----------------------------------+
| Huelva |
+----------------------------------+
| Jaén |
+----------------------------------+
| Almería |
+----------------------------------+
| Salamanca |
+----------------------------------+
| Santiago de Compostela |
+----------------------------------+
| Castellón |
+----------------------------------+
| Albacete |
+----------------------------------+
| Logroño |
+----------------------------------+
| León |
+----------------------------------+
| Burgos |
+----------------------------------+
| Vitoria |
+----------------------------------+
| Santander |
+----------------------------------+
| Badajoz |
+----------------------------------+
| Ferrol |
+----------------------------------+
| Ourense |
+----------------------------------+
| Pontevedra |
+----------------------------------+
| Ciudad Real |
+----------------------------------+
| Girona |
+----------------------------------+
| Cáceres |
+----------------------------------+
| Cartagena |
+----------------------------------+
| Lugo |
+----------------------------------+
| Alcalá de Henares |
+----------------------------------+
| Ibiza |
+----------------------------------+
| Tarragona |
+----------------------------------+
| Lleida |
+----------------------------------+
| Segovia |
+----------------------------------+
| Zamora |
+----------------------------------+
| Ceuta |
+----------------------------------+
| Melilla |
+----------------------------------+
| Cuenca |
+----------------------------------+
| Lorca |
+----------------------------------+
| Toledo |
+----------------------------------+
| Talavera de la Reina |
+----------------------------------+
| Palencia |
+----------------------------------+
| Mérida |
+----------------------------------+
| Medina del Campo |
+----------------------------------+
| |
+----------------------------------+
The following day, three Moroccans and two Indians were arrested and a videotape from a purported al Qaeda official claiming responsibility was also discovered.
Again the people of Madrid took to the streets, mainly congregating in the Puerta del Sol plaza, where there are a number of government buildings. This time the mood was not so peaceful. The crowd on Puerta del Sol chanted and bashed bottles and dustbin lids in a demonstration of anger towards Aznar. Meanwhile, people gathered in unofficial demonstrations in front of PP (Partido Popular) offices in all the major cities in Spain.
The demonstrations of 13 March were allegedly invoked via spontaneous cell phone messages ending in the phrase \"*pásalo*\" (\"pass it on\"). The candidate of the governing conservative party, Mariano Rajoy, complained on television about the demonstrations and demanded that the opposition parties condemn them. On behalf of the Socialist party, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba gave a message saying that *\"the Spanish people do not deserve a government that lies to them\"* and that they had neither organized nor supported the demonstrations. According to Spanish electoral law, party-political demonstrations are illegal the day leading up to the election.
On 13th in Pamplona, a woman demanded baker Ángel Berrueta to put a poster on his bakery attributing the attacks to ETA. Minutes after he refused, the woman\'s husband (a policeman) and their 19-years-old son stabbed and shot Berrueta dead. It was later sentenced as a \"murder with ideological motivation\" since the baker was a founder of an association helping Basque nationalist rioters. On 14th, a woman died of a heart attack during police charge against a demonstration in Hernani condemning the Pamplona murder.
Rumours circulated afterwards, and were propagated by film director Pedro Almodóvar, that the government had approached King Juan Carlos and asked him to postpone voting, which the King responded would constitute a coup d\'état. Days later, the PP threatened to sue Almodóvar for his comments.
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# Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings
## Political
The attacks came three days before the Sunday elections.
A decree declaring three days of official mourning was issued by the government, and five minutes of silence were observed on Friday. Demonstrations were called for Friday evening in cities across the country, under the motto *\"With the victims, with the constitution and for the defeat of terrorism\"*. The Catalan government led by Pasqual Maragall also declared official mourning in Catalonia. The government\'s chosen motto was very criticized by all the opposition because the *\"with the Constitution\"* inclusion in the motto implied that the bombs were set by the ETA, while many in the opposition believed that it was made by an Islamic group in retaliation for having Spanish troops in Iraq.
The first government official to make an open public statement was Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu, head of government in the Basque Country, two hours after the attacks. He unequivocally blamed ETA and said, *\"When ETA attacks, the Basque heart breaks into a thousand pieces\"*.
In another early public appearance, Interior Minister Acebes pointed in unambiguous terms to ETA, although by the end of the day he said that no line of investigation would be ignored.
The head of the Catalan government Maragall said, *\"We are all*Madrileños*today\"*, and continued: *\"if terrorists intended to divide us, they will have achieved the exact opposite, and the best way to reject terror is to vote on Sunday\"*. Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira of the Catalan nationalist party, the ERC, who had recently come under fire for secretly meeting with ETA and advocating dialogue, said he would not communicate with ETA again but someone else should do so to prevent them from committing any more bloodshed. *\"We thought we had already seen everything, but unfortunately that was not the case\"*, he lamented.
By the time Aznar and the King had made their public statements in the afternoon, doubts over ETA\'s involvement were substantial enough that both of them avoided naming a culprit, and they referred just to *\"terrorists\"*. Aznar insisted on the need to stay the course, echoing his Interior Minister\'s earlier remarks.
Later that week, Queen Sofía along with her son Felipe de Borbón (at the time Prince of Asturias), and his fiancee, Letizia Ortiz arrived at Gregorio Marañón Hospital in Madrid to visit and comfort both victims and doctors.
Many people suspected that ETA was being blamed in order to hide any al-Qaeda influence, since that could mean the massacre was in response to the Iraq War. According to the Real Instituto Elcano, this could have resulted in the Aznar government losing the Sunday elections.
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# Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings
## National
Most TV stations reported the attack during their regular morning news programmes, starting around 08:00. The programme on Antena 3 lasted until 14:00. Madrid newspapers issued special midday editions, and TV stations rearranged their regular programming schedules. The public stations TVE (national) and Telemadrid (regional) did not break for commercials during the day. All TV stations replaced their logos with black ribbons overlaid on the Spanish flag at 18:00, visible in the upper-right corner of the television screen. That week, the satirical magazine El Jueves, known for its mordacious, highly provocative front pages, published a black front page for the first time in 25 years.
People across Spain flocked to hospitals and mobile blood donation units in such numbers that the need for blood for transfusions was more than satisfied by 10:30, although continued donations were requested for the coming days. The deceased were moved to IFEMA, the largest convention centre in Madrid, for identification by their relatives.
Riay Tatary Bakry, president of the Union of Muslim Communities in Spain, stated on 1 April 2004 that his organization had no plan to publicly urge mosques to step up their battle against terrorism. He said the union will continue to work privately with government officials.
## International
Sympathy poured in from governments worldwide immediately following the bombings, led by Spain\'s partners in the European Union. France raised its terror alert level, and Athens\' security was tightened at train stations and the Spanish Embassy. Similar measures were adopted in Italy.
World leaders were united in their condemnation of the attacks. The United States, United Kingdom, and Russia said the attacks demonstrated the need for a toughened resolve against terrorists. Queen Elizabeth II sent a message of condolence to the Spanish King on behalf of the British people. A PLO/Palestinian National Authority official also condemned the attacks targeting civilians.
U.S. President George W. Bush called Prime Minister Aznar and King Juan Carlos to offer his condolences to the Spanish people and condemn the vicious attack of terrorism. He expressed \"Our country\'s deepest sympathies toward those who lost their life\...I told them we weep with the families. We stand strong with the people of Spain\" The U.S. Senate observed a moment of silence and unanimously passed a resolution expressing outrage and urging President Bush to provide all possible assistance to Spain in pursuing those responsible for the attacks. President Bush led a memorial service at the Spanish ambassador\'s residence in Washington and gave an interview with a Spanish television network the following day. The US government created the Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response team (VIPR) programme in response to these attacks.
European Commission President Romano Prodi called the attack ferocious and senseless The European Parliament observed a minute of silence; its president Pat Cox expressed the parliament\'s condolences, and a resolution was introduced proposing 11 March as a European Day of Remembrance of Victims of Terrorism. Pope John Paul II condemned the bombings in a message to Catholic leaders in Spain. Many nations extended offers of material support to the Spanish government. By 17 March, governments around Europe had voiced their concerns that the Spanish government had jeopardized their security by feeding them false information about ETA\'s involvement. On 17 March 2004, German interior minister Otto Schily called for a special European summit to handle the Madrid bombings. The summit was held on 25--26 March 2004.
The UN Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1530 condemning the bombings. This happened early in the day and, at the request of the Spanish government, the resolution accused ETA unambiguously of being responsible. The resolution condemns in the strongest terms the bomb attack in Madrid, Spain, perpetrated by the terrorist group ETA. After al-Qaeda involvement became clear, Germany and Russia voiced their concern over Spain\'s hasty assurances and suggested adding the word \"allegedly\" to the statement. On 15 March, Spain\'s ambassador to the UN Inocencio Arias submitted an unapologetic letter updating the Security Council on the progress of the investigation, repeating that the Spanish government had the strong conviction that ETA was involved. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said that:*\"I think there is a lesson here for everybody, including the council members\"*.
The human rights group Amnesty International condemned the attack, saying attacks targeting civilians could never be justified. The organization also pointed out that killing of civilians on such a scale may constitute a crime against humanity
UEFA and the Spanish Government and Football Federation decided that Spanish football teams due to play matches on 11 March and 12 should do so, lest they give the impression that the militants had disrupted normal life, and the teams complied with this decision. Out of respect for the victims, members of Spanish football teams wore black armbands. The Spanish Government and Football Federation asked that all games involving Spanish teams begin with a moment of silence for the victims.
Leaders across the world sent letters of mourning to King Juan Carlos and Prime Minister José María Aznar. Most EU countries declared 12 March a day of national mourning as a sign of solidarity. There were demonstrations in cities across Europe and the Spanish-speaking world on 12 March, including Brussels, Paris, Lisbon, Helsinki, Geneva, Berlin, Stockholm, Buenos Aires, Mexico City and Bogotá.
Cuban President Fidel Castro was more critical, however. Speaking during a television interview on 13 March 2004 in Havana, Castro accused Spain\'s government of deceiving its citizens over the Madrid train bombings for electoral gain. He went on to assert that Prime Minister José María Aznar had known an Islamic group was behind the explosions on 11 March, but preferred to blame ETA ahead of the general elections just three days away. Germany also condemned Aznar, who had not been told the explosives used were not of the type used by ETA. Otto Schily accused Aznar of not acting responsibly by claiming that the perpetrators were ETA -- therefore a national problem -- rather than al-Qaeda, which ought to have heightened the threat to other countries.
Germany hastily arranged an urgent meeting of European Union security chiefs on 14 March 2004 as possible al-Qaeda involvement in the Madrid bombings set alarm bells ringing across the world. On the same day, Queen Elizabeth II ordered that the Spanish national anthem be played during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace.
The attacks also reawakened fears of terrorism amongst investors, with most European stock markets falling between two and three percent on 11 March. Stocks dropped in London and in New York, with the U.S. Dow Jones Industrial Average diving after speculation of involvement by al-Qaeda. Airline and tourism-related stocks were particularly affected by sharp declines in share prices. In Tokyo, stocks opened sharply lower the next day.
On 15 March, at the request of Irish leader Bertie Ahern, then President of the European Council, all of Europe observed three minutes of silence at noon Central European Time (CET).
## Psychological
Using the Emotional Climate Scale, the dominant personal emotions in response to 11 March were sadness, disgust, anger, and contempt. The most intense reaction was sadness rather than fear. These negative emotions declined after two months. According to a study with 167 participants, some people experienced post-traumatic growth. Mostly women experienced post-traumatic growth, especially if they were indirectly exposed to the attack. The emotional state of fear of those days in Madrid was the basis for a scientific work which showed the association between emotional states of fear and premature rupture of membranes at term.
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# Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings
## Popular culture {#popular_culture}
In October 2004, the Spanish pop singer Luz Casal released her album \"Sencilla Alegría\", which included a song dedicated to the victims of the terrorist attack. Four years later, the popular music group La Oreja de Van Gogh released their album *A las cinco en el Astoria* with a song titled \"Jueves\", that served as a remembrance to this incident.
Also in 2004, Antonio Soto-Mesa commissioned composer Francisco Estévez to write *Canto de Vida y Esperanza, homenaje las víctimas 11-M* which was premiered by Quinteto Soto-Mesa, a prestigious student group
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# Agnès Clancier
**Agnès Clancier** (born 8 June 1963) is a French writer.
She was born at Bellac, Haute-Vienne, France, and has lived in Australia and Burkina Faso. She has published five novels. Her novel *Port Jackson*, published by Éditions Gallimard in 2007, retraces the early history of British settlement of Australia
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# Electoral district of Wilcannia
**Wilcannia** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1889 to 1904. The district was named after and included the town of Wilcannia. Prior to 1889 Wilcannia was part of the district of Wentworth. The population in Wentworth had grown significantly since the 1880 redistribution, especially as a result of the growth of mining at Broken Hill. Under the formula for seats, Wentworth was due to return 3 members. Because of the large area covered by the district, in 1889 it was split into 3, Wentworth, Sturt and Wilcannia. Its first member was the son of Charles Dickens. It was abolished in 1904 due to the re-distribution of electorates following the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which required the number of members of the Legislative Assembly to be reduced from 125 to 90. The district was divided between Cobar and the new district of The Darling. The member for Wilcannia was Richard Sleath (`{{Australian politics/name|Independent Labour NSW}}`{=mediawiki}) who unsuccessfully contested the 1904 election for The Darling
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# Nigel Greenwood (footballer)
**Nigel Greenwood** (born 27 November 1966) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League.
## Preston North End {#preston_north_end}
A striker and a product of the Preston North End youth system Nigel made his debut as a seventeen-year-old in a league game away at Lincoln City a game they lost 4--0. With Preston enduring difficulties both on and off the pitch Greenwood found himself being used no less than 17 times that season scoring 5 goals as the Deepdale club were relegated to the league\'s basement division for the first time in their history. The following 1985--86 season PNE were installed as favourites for promotion but they endured the worst season in the club\'s history with Preston finishing 91st in the football league and having to endure the stigma of applying for re-election. For Greenwood however the season was a personal triumph with him scoring 10 goals from 36 games indeed as an attacking side Preston were not too bad with duo John Thomas and Gary Brazil both scoring goals regularly. In fact between the three of them almost 50 goals were scored in defence however it was a different matter with the club conceding over 100 goals in all games for the second season running.
## Transfer
In August 1986 though Greenwood was shocked to learn that Preston were prepared to sell him. Preston didn\'t want to sell him and Greenwood didn\'t want to leave but now that John McGrath was at the helm it was decided that funds needed to be made available to pay the signing on fees of the free transfer players he had lined up. Greenwood was considered to be worth £20k the most saleable asset PNE had so with the promise from McGrath that once Preston were in a viable financial position they would bring him back to Deepdale Greenwood signed for third division Bury. Greenwood enjoyed three and a half seasons at Gigg Lane scoring 28 goals in 136 games for The Shakers several of these against Preston who on at least 3 occasions tried to bring him back to Deepdale. On each occasion however the Bury board and management rejected Preston\'s offer much to Greenwood\'s frustration. It was only in February 1990 when Bury wanted to sign Mark Patterson that Bury allowed him to return to Deepdale in a deal that was worth £100k plus Greenwood to Preston. This deal turned out to be John McGrath\'s last as Preston boss as he resigned not two weeks later.
## Back at Deepdale {#back_at_deepdale}
Greenwood\'s second spell at Preston was a disappointment. With the club after three successful seasons again struggling both on and off the pitch. With Nigel struggling with injury and with the return of former favourite John Thomas to the club he found opportunities few and far between. Indeed, in his two and a half years back at Preston he managed to play just 35 games scoring 5 goals before he was released in July 1992.
Nigel immediately signed for Halifax Town for the start of the 1992--93 season but in 28 games he scored just 5 goals as The Shaymen were relegated from The Football League. In Nigel\'s senior career he had played 252 first team games and scored 53 goals but he was now looking to take his career to another stage in Non-League football.
## Bamber Bridge and beyond {#bamber_bridge_and_beyond}
Nigel first signed for Bamber Bridge of the Northern Premier League where his brother and non-League legend Tony was manager becoming his assistant. Since then he has held a similar position at Accrington Stanley when Tony became manager there at the beginning of the 1996--97 season but they returned to Bamber Bridge two years later before in 2003 taking up the vacant job at Fleetwood Town where they guided the club to three promotions before leaving midway through 2008--09
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# Ray Beckett (journalist)
**Raymond Harry Beckett** (1903--1983) was an Australian journalist, newspaper editor and author.
Before becoming a journalist he worked as a rouseabout in South Australia. His first position as a journalist was working for the *Adelaide Advertiser* where he was paid one penny per line of copy. Other positions he has held include: chief sub-editor at the *Sydney Telegraph*, Assistant Editor of the *Sunday Telegraph* and the *Sun-Herald* and editor of the *Sunday Mirror*
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# Xanthochromism
**Xanthochromism** (also called **xanthochroism** or **xanthism**), from the Greek *xanthos* (ξανθός) \"yellow\" and *chroma* (χρώμα) \"color\", is an unusually yellow pigmentation in an animal. It is often associated with the lack of usual red pigmentation and its replacement with yellow. The cause is usually genetic but may also be related to the animal\'s diet. A Cornell University survey of unusual-looking birds visiting feeders reported that 4% of such birds were described as xanthochromistic (compared with 76% albinistic). The opposite of xanthochromism, a deficiency in or complete absence of yellow pigment, is known as *axanthism*.
Birds exhibiting genetic xanthochromism, especially deliberately bred mutations of several species of parrot in aviculture, are termed \"lutinos\". Wild birds in which xanthochromism has been recorded include yellow wagtail, wood warbler, Cape May warbler, rose-breasted grosbeak, evening grosbeak, red-bellied woodpecker, scarlet tanager, northern cardinal, great spotted woodpecker, common tailorbird, crimson-breasted shrike, kākāriki and kea
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# Richard Beckett (author)
**Richard Beckett** (1936 -- 1987) was an Australian author and journalist.
Beckett was a founding staffer (Assistant Editor) of *Nation Review*, an irreverent and ground-breaking Sunday newspaper, nicknamed \'The Ferret\', launched in 1970 by Gordon Barton. Beckett was its irascible and entertaining food columnist for eight years, using the pseudonym **Sam Orr**. He wrote several books on food and wine, alternative life-style, and Australian history.
Beckett left his home in Molong, New South Wales, in early 1987, moving to Daylesford, Victoria. Single again and in poor health, he initially stayed at the Royal Hotel. Daylesford friends, concerned about his welfare, arranged for him to rent a miner\'s cottage high on Wombat Hill, near the Convent Gallery, where he lived for eight months. His trusted typewriter, usually with a wine glass on one side and a range of reference books on the other, remained in action as he wrote articles for *The Age*, Australian \"Epicure\", and other publications. Beckett\'s great friend John Hepworth kept in constant touch.
When friends visited, Beckett took the opportunity to dine out, a meal at \"Lake House\" being particularly memorable. He became particularly fond of his neighbours\' grey cat, Orson - indeed, a piece about Orson was one of Beckett\'s final articles for *The Age*. He described enjoying a walk in the snow in the Wombat Hill Gardens not long before he collapsed and died, alone, in August 1987. He was cremated at Fawkner Cemetery. Friends, including Dinny O\'Hearn, John Hepworth, John Hindle and Brendan Giffney, met at a favourite Carlton hotel, \"Stewarts\", to remember his life. His obituary, \"The Press Loses A Fiery Spirit\", written by his friend Kevin Childs, was published in *The Age*. In late 1987, a small group of friends, led by John Hepworth, farewelled Beckett on a thundery day in Melbourne when, according to his wishes, his ashes were strewn in the Yarra River
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# ABC Wimmera
**ABC Wimmera** (call sign: **3WV**) is an ABC Local Radio station in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia. Its primary transmitter is located in Horsham which broadcasts on 594 kHz AM. The station is clearly receivable over most of western Victoria, well beyond the Wimmera. In the past, it was designed to serve this broader region.
## History
3WV -- both the station\'s callsign and original name -- was conceived in the mid-1930s, and officially opened on 25 February 1937. It was ABC\'s second regional radio station; ABC Wimmera was later joined by four other ABC radio stations in the Western part of Victoria. 3WV was intended as a back-up to Melbourne\'s 3LO during World War II. Japanese bombs never struck Victoria, however 3WV did play a role broadcasting coded messages at times.
The station\'s south-west coverage area split from ABC Western Victoria in 2004 to become ABC South West Victoria. The station\'s studios in Baillie Street, Horsham were upgraded in 2006 to digital broadcasting facilities, making them one of the ABC\'s most advanced studios in Australia.
From 8 April 2019, the name of the station was changed from ABC Western Victoria to ABC Wimmera to better identify the intended coverage area
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# Otto Truchsess von Waldburg
**Otto Truchsess von Waldburg** (25 February 1514 -- 2 April 1573) was Prince-Bishop of Augsburg from 1543 until his death and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church.
## Childhood and Education {#childhood_and_education}
Otto was born at Scheer Castle to the Swabian noble House of Waldburg, which, for their support in the German Peasants\' War was vested with the title of a hereditary Imperial Seneschal (*Truchsess*) by Emperor Charles V in 1526. Designated for an ecclesiastical career, he studied at the Universities of Tübingen, Dole, Padua, Bologna, where he received his degree of Doctor of Theology in 1534, and Pavia. He was a fellow student of Cristoforo Madruzzo, Stanislaus Hosius and Viglius van Zwichem.
At an early age he had received canonries at Trent, Speyer, and Augsburg. In 1541 he was appointed Imperial councillor and acted as a strong advocate of the Catholic faith against the Protestant Reformation at the 1542 Reichstag of Speyer. Thereafter, while on an embassy to Rome, was made a papal chamberlain and nuncio for the scheduled Council of Trent.
## Career
On 10 May 1543, the skilled and ambitious man backed by Emperor Charles V was elected Prince-Bishop of Augsburg; on 19 December 1544 he was appointed Cardinal of the *titulus* of Santa Balbina by Pope Paul III for settling the dispute with the Emperor upon the concessions he had made to several Lutheran princes of the Schmalkaldic League at the Fourth Diet of Speyer. Otto however urged on a military expedition against the revolting nobles, which the Emperor prepared by forging an alliance with the (Lutheran) Duke Maurice of Saxony, when the Protestants in 1546 sparked the Schmalkaldic War by a preventive strike against the town of Füssen, a possession of the Augsburg bishop.
Though a loyal supporter of victorious Emperor Charles V, he was dissatisfied with the terms of the Augsburg Interim. His opposition to the religious peace made him unpopular with Protestants.
He found the population of the Imperial City of Augsburg unruly, and Protestantism widespread. Through education, diocesan synods, visitations, edicts and improved religious instruction, he sought to educate the local clergy and spread Catholicism. At his residence, he founded the University of Dillingen under Pedro de Soto, now a lyceum, and the ecclesiastical seminary at Dillingen (1549--1555). In 1564 he transferred the management of these institutions to the Jesuits.
In 1549--1550 and again in 1555, he took part in the papal elections at Rome. The situation of the bishopric worsened in 1552 when it was devastated by the troops of the former ally Maurice, meanwhile Saxon Elector. The emperor\'s younger brother King Ferdinand I, now in charge and prepared to compromise, concluded the Peace of Passau with Maurice, which led to the 1555 Peace of Augsburg with the Lutheran princes. Otto\'s advice was no longer in demand and with the abdication of Charles V the next year, his powerful position finally was lost. He once more went to Rome in 1559 and was there made the head of the Inquisition and, in 1562, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano. In 1567 he held a diocesan synod at Dillingen.
From 1568 he lived full-time at Rome, where he died
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# Joseph Matthew Sebastian
`{{Sources|date=September 2022}}`{=mediawiki} **Joseph Matthew Sebastian** (7 July 1891 -- 25 June 1944) was a Caribbean trade union leader and politician.
## Early life {#early_life}
Joseph Matthew Sebastian was born in 1891 in Johnson\'s Point, in the Parish of St. Mary, Antigua. Following this, he studied to be a teacher. Upon completion of this part of his education, he attended the Mico College in Jamaica from which he graduated first in the class, and with first class honours at the age of 15. He pursued a long career as an educator before he left that profession to pursue the cause of the workers in St. Kitts.
## Family
On January 8, 1913, Sebastian married Miss Inez Veronica Hodge, with whom he had 12 children.
In 1995, the only surviving son of Joseph Sebastian, Cuthbert Sebastian, was appointed Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis, being sworn in on January 1, 1996. In 1996, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.
## Universal Benevolent Association {#universal_benevolent_association}
In 1917, Frederick Solomon and George Wilkes returned to St. Kitts from the United States. They were joined by Joseph Alexander Nathan, who had left New York some years earlier. All three had been inspired by Marcus Garvey and started spreading his message of new hope for poor Blacks. Nathan was already established in St. Kitts as a merchant, and he decided to help establish and pioneer a movement whose goal was to eradicate hunger and poverty of the working class, and establish an acceptable standard of living. The three formed the Universal Benevolent Association, which was also responsible for teaching reading, writing, and the rudiments of arithmetic. In addition, the Association encouraged saving and banking, as well as a death benefit plan.
In 1918, Sebastian became the President of the Universal Benevolent Association.
Together, Solomon, Wilkes, and Nathan founded an organization called the Union, which aimed to help the poor, disenfranchised, marginalized, and underprivileged---in particular, those working in the sugar cane fields and at the sugar factory. Solomon was the president, Nathan was the secretary, and Wilkes was the treasurer.
### *The Union Messenger* {#the_union_messenger}
In 1921, the Union acquired its own newspaper, *The Union Messenger*, which became the mouthpiece for its message of social reform and reconstruction. It was at this point that Sebastian resigned his teaching position to become the newspaper\'s managing editor, and president of the Union. Before his death, Sebastian bought the rights to the newspaper, and he owned the printing press that was used at *The Union Messenger*. Upon Sebastian\'s death, ownership was passed to his widow, Inez Veronica Sebastian, who then allowed the newspaper to continue to use the printing press (in perpetuity) and appointed Joseph Nathaniel France to be editor of *The Union Messenger*.
Sebastian always put at the top of *The Union Messenger*, the famous lines from Abraham Lincoln\'s second Inaugural Address, \"With malice towards none, with Charity for all, with firmness in the right.\" In addition, the following dedication also appeared on every issue of *The Union Messenger*: \"Dedicated to the service of the people, that no good cause shall lack a champion, and that wrong shall not thrive unopposed.\"
Through *The Union Messenger*, Sebastian placed special emphasis on the problems faced by the disenfranchised population of St. Kitts and Nevis---housing, health and sanitation, education, and exploitation of children. Sebastian was its editor, and the newspaper exists today as *The Labour Spokesman*. While some copies exist in private collections, most of Sebastian\'s editorials were destroyed when the courthouse at East Square Street burned down. *The Union Messenger* was widely read in the West Indies, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1932, Sebastian was a founding member of the center-left political party the St Kitts Workers\' League (now known as the Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party), with Thomas Manchester as president. Sebastian served as a member of its Executive Council.
In 1940, Sebastian was elected to the Legislative Council of Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla and for a second time in 1943. He was also appointed member of the Executive Council of the Leeward Island Colony, which sat in Antigua, which was the headquarters of the Leeward Islands. In addition, Sebastian was elected to the Federal Executive Council of the colony in that same year.
In addition, Sebastian was among those who launched the Trade Union in 1940. That April, the Sugar Factory workers went on strike. Sebastian, seeing the difficulties they were going to have to face, appealed to them to return to work. The response of the workers was very antagonistic; the workers sought out Sebastian with machetes and knives. However, they did not hurt him.
In 1942, Sebastian succeeded Manchester as president of the Workers\' League. In 1943, with an impending general strike and following Challenger\'s resignation from the Union, Sebastian once again found himself at the forefront of the Union leadership. However, Sebastian suddenly died on June 25, 1944
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# Thomas Ehrlich
**Thomas Ehrlich** (born March 4, 1934) is an American legal scholar. From 2000 to 2010 he was a Senior Scholar at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He has previously served as president of Indiana University, provost of the University of Pennsylvania, and Dean of Stanford Law School. He was also the first president of the Legal Services Corporation in Washington, D.C., and the first director of the International Development Cooperation Agency, reporting to President Carter.
After his tenure at Indiana University, he was a Distinguished University Scholar at California State University and taught regularly at San Francisco State University. He is author, co-author, or editor of 14 books. He has been a trustee of Bennett College, Mills College, and the University of Pennsylvania.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Ehrlich was born on March 4, 1934, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He went to Phillips Exeter Academy for high school. He graduated *magna cum laude* from Harvard College in 1956 and *magna cum laude* from Harvard Law School in 1959. While at Harvard, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and served as Article Editor for the *Harvard Law Review*. He was a law clerk to Judge Learned Hand of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
## President of Indiana University {#president_of_indiana_university}
Ehrlich became the fifteenth president of Indiana University on August 1, 1987, and retired from the position on July 31, 1994. While at IU, Ehrlich served as chair of the Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities. During his time at IU, Ehrlich helped to increased overall retention rates, especially among minority students. The student population also grew, with 96,000 students attending one of the eight IU campuses as of 1994. Ehrlich was known for wearing a bowtie (usually red).
In 2000, Indiana University established the local Thomas Ehrlich Service Learning Award and the national Thomas Ehrlich Civically Engaged Faculty Award, an annual award given to faculty members who display outstanding achievements in the field of community service. IU President Myles Brand said that, \"Tom Ehrlich\'s leadership raised the level of visibility and enhanced the success of service learning programs on all our campuses. This award will honor his legacy and recognize faculty who continue to show leadership in this area.
Ehrlich was succeed as IU president by Myles Brand, who served from 1994 to 2000.
## Honors and awards {#honors_and_awards}
Erhlich was appointed by President Bill Clinton as a member of the Board of Directors of the Corporation for National and Community Service, serving from 1994 to 1997 and 1998 to 2002.
Ehrlich has received five honorary degrees. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He has been married to Ellen R. Ehrlich since 1957. They have three children David, Elizabeth, and Paul, and nine grandchildren. They live in Palo Alto, California.
## Publications
Ehrlich has served as author, co-author, or editor of fourteen books during his academic career
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# Wes McKnight
**James Wesley McKnight** (March 22, 1909 -- June 6, 1968) was a Canadian television and radio personality who did play-by-play for many sports broadcasts, including serving as one of the original hosts for *Hockey Night in Canada* telecasts and covering the CFL Toronto Argonauts for about thirty years. He also broadcast the King\'s Plate and the Canadian Open golf tournament.
He was born in Tottenham, Ontario. He joined CFRB-AM in Toronto in 1928 as sports director and hosted Canada\'s first regular sports program starting in 1932. He also became the station\'s program director and news and sports director in the 1940s as well as continuing as a sports commentator and host. He left the position of program director and sports director when he was appointed CFRB\'s station manager in 1959 until 1965 when he became vice-president and director of public relations for the station before retiring the next year.
He was elected to both the Hockey Hall of Fame (1986) and the Canadian Football Hall of Fame. He graduated from the University of Toronto. In 1968, he died of a heart attack at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto at the age of 59
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# 1634 in Ireland
Events from the year **1634 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Charles I
## Events
- 11 November -- the Irish House of Commons passes an Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery.
- The Parliament of Ireland accepts the *Thirty-Nine Articles* under pressure from King Charles and Archbishop Laud.
- *Foras Feasa ar Éirinn* (literally \"Foundation of Knowledge on Ireland\", more usually translated \"History of Ireland\") is completed by Geoffrey Keating in Early Modern Irish. This history of Ireland from ancient times is circulated in manuscript as the English rulers of the country suppress the printing of Irish history.
- Landowner Sir Vincent Gookin publishes and circulates in Munster (under the form of a letter addressed to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Thomas Wentworth) a bitter attack on everyone in Ireland and is forced to return in haste to England to escape prosecution.
## Births
- July -- Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory, soldier and politician (d. 1680)
- Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick, member of Irish Parliament, Royalist military officer during the English Civil War and governor of the Province of New York (d. 1715)
## Deaths
- Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormonde (b. c
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# Pham Thi Hoai
**Phạm Thị Hoài** (born 1960 in Gia Lộc, Hải Dương, Vietnam) is an influential contemporary Vietnamese writer, editor and translator, living in Germany.
## Biography
Born in Hải Dương province, Phạm Thị Hoài grew up in North Vietnam. In 1977, she went to former East Berlin to study at Humboldt University, where she earned a degree in Archival Studies. Returning to Vietnam in 1983, she lived in Hanoi where she worked as an archivist and began to write seriously.
Her first novel, *Thiên sứ* (*The Heavenly Messenger* and *The Crystal Messenger*, `{{ISBN|1875657711}}`{=mediawiki}), was published in Hanoi in 1988, and was subsequently banned by the Vietnamese government. *Thiên sứ* has since been translated into English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, and Finnish. In 1993, the German translation was awarded the annual Frankfurt LiBeraturpreis, awarded for the best foreign novel published in Germany and the English the Dinny O\'Hearn Prize for Literary Translation in 2000. In the same year, Phạm Thị Hoài left Vietnam for Berlin, where she currently lives and works. From Berlin, Phạm Thị Hoài founded and continues to curate the influential internet journal Talawas, which was firewalled by the Vietnamese government since 2004. Her latest blog is called Pro&Contra.
In the Afterword to his translation of *The Crystal Messenger* Ton-That Quynh-Du writes of Phạm Thị Hoài:
: In Vietnam her writing drew enthusiastic acclaim from readers and literary critics. Her detractors were just as vocal. Vietnam's cultural bureaucrats objected to her critical views of contemporary Vietnam, and were offended by her lack of respect for traditions and disregard of social taboos \[...\] Despite having been attacked in a public forum, Pham Thi Hoai has never been accused of political dissent. Instead, her detractors have charged her with holding an 'excessively pessimistic view' of Vietnam, of abusing the 'sacred mission of a writer,' and even of 'salacious' writing. But even her strongest critics acknowledge that she is a writer with a keen eye for detail, a humorous, acerbic wit, and a fine ear for the rhythms of the Vietnamese language.
In addition to the internationally acclaimed *Thiên sứ*, Phạm Thị Hoài has also published essays, two collections of short stories, *Mê Lộ* (1989) and *Man Nương* (1995), and another novel *Marie Sến* (1996). She is a noted translator of German literature and has translated works by Kafka, Bert Brecht, Thomas Bernhard, and Friedrich Dürrenmatt into Vietnamese. She is also the editor of *Trần Dần -- Ghi: 1954-1960* (Paris: TD Mémoire, 2001), a collection of Trần Dần\'s journal entries. Her short stories and essays have appeared in literary journals in the United States, Australia, Switzerland, and Germany, and in several anthologies of contemporary Vietnamese fiction, including *Night, Again* and *Vietnam: A Traveler\'s Literary Companion*. *Sunday Menu*, a selection of her short stories, was translated into English by Ton-That Quynh-Du. Originally published in French in 1997 as *Menu de dimanche*, *Sunday Menu* was published in Australia by Pandarus Books in 2006 and is distributed in North America by University of Hawaii Press
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# Wray Castle
**Wray Castle** is a Victorian neo-gothic building at Claife in Cumbria within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire. The house and grounds have belonged to the National Trust since 1929, with the house open to the public on a regular basis until 2024. The Castle is now closed for refurbishment until 2027. The grounds, which include part of the shoreline of Windermere, are open all year round and are renowned for their selection of specimen trees -- Wellingtonia, redwood, *Ginkgo biloba*, weeping lime and varieties of beech.
Between March and October, Windermere Lake Cruises operate a passenger boat service on Windermere from Ambleside and the Brockhole National Park Visitor Centre to Wray Castle.
## History
The house was built in 1840 for a retired Liverpudlian surgeon, James Dawson, who built it along with the neighbouring Wray Church using his wife\'s fortune. After Dawson\'s death in 1875 the estate was inherited by his fifteen year old nephew, Edward Preston Rawnsley. In 1877 Edward\'s cousin, Hardwicke Rawnsley, took up the appointment of vicar of Wray Church. To protect the countryside from damaging development, Hardwicke Rawnsley, building on an idea propounded by John Ruskin, conceived of a National Trust that could buy and preserve places of natural beauty and historic interest for the nation. The house has an association with another key player in the National Trust, Beatrix Potter, who spent a summer holiday there when she was 16 in 1882. She bought a small farm in the Claife area, Hill Top, in 1905 with royalties from her first book *The Tale of Peter Rabbit*. She went on to buy considerable tracts of land nearby, though she never owned the castle itself. When Potter died in 1943, she left 4,000 acres of land and fourteen farms to the care of the National Trust. In 1929 Wray Castle and 64 acre of land were given to the National Trust by Sir Noton and Lady Barclay, the owners at that time.
Since the National Trust acquired the castle it has been used for a variety of purposes, for short time from 1929 being a youth hostel For twenty years from 1931 the castle housed the offices of the Freshwater Biological Association.
From 1958 to 1998 it became a training college for Merchant Navy radio officers (RMS Wray Castle), with up to 150 cadets living in the castle while studying the procedures and regulations regarding the use of radio for the \"Safety of Life at Sea\". The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System or GMDSS was introduced in 1988 and all ships had to be fitted by 1999, thus bringing to an end the position of radio officer. In 1995 the last \'Radio Officer\' left and the college diversified into ROV and general telecoms training, continuing to use the name Wray Castle Limited. Wray Castle Limited continues to issue GMDSS licenses as part of its role operating the national administration centre on behalf of AMERC (Association of Marine Electronic and Radio Colleges), relocating away from the Castle in 2004.
In 2011 the National Trust proposed to lease the property, which had been denuded of its furnishings, for use as a hotel. However, they decided to open it to the public during the visitor season that year. High visitor numbers meant that the property, which in its empty state was particularly child-friendly, had clear potential to be developed as a visitor attraction. In 2014 the Trust applied for retrospective planning permission to change the use of the listed building to visitor attraction.
## Legacy
Two ships were named after Wray Castle, both built for the Lancashire Shipping Company (also known as The Castle Line) of James Chalmers & Co. The first was one of five large sailing vessels built at the Williamson shipyard at Workington, the others being *Greystoke Castle*, *Lancaster Castle*, *Lowther Castle* and *Pendragon Castle*. The *Wray Castle* was the fourth to be built, a steel ocean-going three-masted ship of 1,937 GRT, launched in March 1889. She had a long career, surviving a serious fire in her hold in 1906 and was eventually wrecked in islands off Coronel, Chile, in 1924. The second *Wray Castle* was a steam ship of 4.253 GRT built by William Hamilton of Glasgow in 1938. She was torpedoed and sunk off Freetown, West Africa in May 3 1941
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# 1610 in Ireland
Events from the year **1610 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: James I
## Events
- Plantations of Ireland in the north of County Wexford, on lands confiscated from the MacMurrough-Kavanagh clan; and in County Cavan by William Bailie, who begins construction of Bailieborough Castle, and Stephen Butler, who begins establishment of an urban centre at Belturbet.
- Construction of Antrim Castle is begun.
- Poet and historian Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn) is appointed by the Catholic Church to the cure of souls at Uachtar Achaidh in the parish of Knockgraffon, near Cahir, County Tipperary.
- Barnabe Rich publishes *A New Description of Ireland*.
## Births
- 19 October -- James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier (d. 1688)
- Bonaventure Baron, Franciscan theologian (d. 1696)
- John Bathe, Jesuit (d. 1649)
- Guildford Slingsby, politician (d. 1643)
## Deaths
- Approximate date -- Patrick Walsh, merchant, ambassador and friar (b
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# Melanie Balcomb
**Melanie Balcomb** (born September 24, 1962) is an American basketball coach who is the head coach of the Ohio Dominican Panthers women\'s basketball team. She was previously the head coach for the Vanderbilt women\'s basketball team from 2002--2016.
## Career
Balcomb attended Hightstown High School, in Hightstown, New Jersey, where she starred as a point guard for the girls\' varsity basketball team from 1976 to 1980. She attended Trenton State College (now The College of New Jersey), where she set school records for career assists and steals, and she scored over 1,000 points in her collegiate basketball career.
Before arriving at Vanderbilt, Balcomb was head coach at Xavier for seven years, leading the Lady Musketeers to a school-record 31 wins and an Elite Eight appearance in 2001.
Balcomb resigned from Vanderbilt at the end of 2016 season and was subsequently hired by the South Carolina women\'s basketball team to direct offensive analytics
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# 1688 in Ireland
Events from the year **1688 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: James II (until 23 December), deposed
## Events
- Dame Mary Joseph Butler establishes a Benedictine house in Dublin.
- November 16 -- exiled Irish Catholic widow \"Goody\" Ann Glover becomes the last person hanged in Boston, Massachusetts, as a witch.
- December 7 -- start of the siege of Derry. The city gates are locked against the forces of King James II by apprentice boys.
## Births
- Approximate date -- Esther Vanhomrigh, Jonathan Swift\'s \"Vanessa\" (d. 1723)
## Deaths
- March 15 -- Peter Valesius Walsh, politician (b. c. 1618)
- July 21 -- James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier (b
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# Haseena Maan Jaayegi
***Haseena Maan Jaayegi*** (`{{translation|The beauty will agree}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1999 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by David Dhawan. It stars Govinda, Sanjay Dutt, Karisma Kapoor and Pooja Batra, with Anupam Kher, Kader Khan, Aruna Irani, and Paresh Rawal in supporting. The film is thematically inspired by the 1966 film *Pyar Kiye Jaa*. It was released on Karisma Kapoor\'s 25th birthday on the 25th of June in 1999 with positive critical reception and went on to become the fifth-highest-grossing Hindi film of 1999. It is often regarded amongst Govinda\'s greatest performances and he won many awards for his role as *Monu* and *Chachaji*.
*Pyar Kiye Ja* itself is a remake of the 1964 Tamil classic film *Kadhalikka Neramillai* which had been remade as the Telugu film *Preminchi Choodu* (1965) and the Kannada film *Preethi Madu Thamashe Nodu* (1979).
## Plot
Amirchand is the ill-fated father of two mischievous sons---Sonu and Monu. Both of them are always up to one prank or another, most of them aimed at stealing money from Amirchand.
In the opening scene, they call up their father, acting like gangsters, and ask for a huge sum if he wants to live. The plan fails as Amirchand turns out to be the driver of the taxi in which they were escaping. Later, they fix up the marriage of their father with Shakuntala and take one lakh rupees as advance dowry from her brother Jamnadas. This plan also fails as Amirchand refuses to entertain Jamnadas and his sister.
Amirchand warns their sons to become serious towards life if they want to live in his home. He asks Monu to join office and Sonu to go to Goa for claiming some money he had lent to someone. Whereas Monu plays another prank by calling up a girls\' hostel and flirting with Ritu, Sonu mistakenly goes to one Gulzarilal Verma for claiming the money, where he meets Pooja. Both Ritu and Pooja are Gulzarilal\'s daughters.
Sonu and Monu fall in love with Pooja and Ritu, respectively. Sonu calls up Monu to come to Goa, disguised as his Uncle for fixing up his and Pooja\'s marriage. This leads to a series of confusions as Gulzarilal\'s sister Santho also falls in love with Monu (disguised as Uncle).
To get rid of the problem, Sonu and Monu throw a dummy of the Uncle from top of a cliff, only to land up getting arrested for killing the non-existent uncle. Amirchand learns of this and reaches Goa with his assistant Kunj Bihari. In favour of the story\'s and Sonu and Monu\'s fate, Amirchand and Gulzarilal turn out to be long lost friends. Together they set out towards the nearest police station when they get kidnapped by a Bhai. Sonu and Monu escape from the lockup with Bhootnath\'s help and rescue their father and father-in-law-to-be, thus proving to be worthy sons
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# Joint Service Publication
A **Joint Service Publication** (**JSP**) is a United Kingdom MoD related document.
A JSP is an authoritative set of rules or guidelines with defence-wide applicability or interest. Many are connected with safety or engineering and, as such, are considered important documents for those working in those areas.
## Responsible Authority {#responsible_authority}
As a library of publications, JSPs are not the responsibility of any one person or organisation and over the years this has resulted in an unstructured group of publications many of which have become out of date.
## Future Development {#future_development}
Reviews have been carried out into the way that JSPs are published and managed with a view to streamlining and improving the current system which may lead to the following implementations under the banner of the JSP 600 series:
- Ownership for the various subject groups of JSPs
- A process whereby the need and content of new JSPs will be vetted and agreed by the relevant Owner and Sponsor
- A process for the regular review of JSPs to ensure their content remains current, and that obsolete JSPs are cancelled
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# Armed Proletarians for Communism
**Armed Proletarians for Communism** (Italian ***Proletari Armati per il Comunismo*** or **PAC**) was an Italian far-left terrorist group founded in 1976 and disbanded three years later, during the \"Years of Lead\".
## History
Armed Proletarians for Communism was founded in 1976, as one of the numerous armed groups spun out of Italian Autonomism (*Autonomia Operaia*). As opposed to the Red Brigades, the PAC was structured \"horizontally\", with independently constituted cells with their own actions.
Most of the early members were young workers, unemployed people and teachers. An estimate 60 people were involved in the group in Lombardy and Veneto.
The leaders of the PAC were Sebastiano Masala and Arrigo Cavallina who was considered to be the ideologue of the group.
The group was dissolved in 1979.
## Doctrine
Italian Autonomism held that the working class was a social group politically not represented, and exploited by ruling classes. A counter-power was to be organised by direct democracy and self-organisation. The movement drew upon theories of illegalism and propaganda of the deed formulated by the anarchist movement at the turn of the 20th century.
## Actions
The first actions of the PAC were, allegedly, in support of workers\' revendications. They notably attacked and wounded physician Diego Fava, and committed around 60 armed robberies, ranging from store attacks to bank robberies (what they called \"expropriations\"). The PAC also organised attacks against companies which used illegal workers, people whom they accused of brutalising detainees, or self-defence groups.
Most of the \"actions\" did not cause victims, although the PAC did claim four murders:
- Antonio Santoro, prison guard, was assassinated on 6 June 1978 in Udine, for allegedly mistreating a detainee and member of the PAC. Cesare Battisti was sentenced for this murder.
- Pierluigi Torregiani, jeweller, assassinated in his shop on 16 February 1979 in Milan. One month before, Torregiani had shot and killed a robber in an act of self-defense, during a robbery at a restaurant where Torregiani (who was carrying some of his most valuable jewels) was dining. Another client, Vincenzo Consoli, was killed in the gunfight, and another was wounded. During Torregiani\'s assassination, his 13-year-old son, Alberto, was wounded and was left paraplegic. The four militants responsible for the assassination, Gabriele Grimaldi, Giuseppe Memeo, Sebastiano Masala and Sante Fatone, were identified and convicted in 1981.
- Lino Sabbadin, butcher and member of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement, assassinated on 16 February 1979 in Caltana Santa Maria de Sala, in Veneto. Sabbadin was killed by Pietro Mutti and Diego Giacomin.
- Andrea Campagna, DIGOS member, was killed on 19 April 1979 in Milan, allegedly by Cesare Battisti and an accomplice. He was involved in the investigations regarding Torregiani\'s assassination, and accused by the PAC of torturing prisoners.
Torregiani and Sabbadin had defended themselves during hold-ups. They were assassinated on the same day, so as to teach people to \"allow the deeds of the Proletarians forced to steal to survive\".
From 1982, following Pietro Mutti\'s arrest, Cesare Battisti was accused of taking part in Santoro\'s and Campagna\'s murders, as well as being an accomplice in Torregiani\'s and Sabbadin\'s assassinations. He was judged and sentenced *in absentia* in 1988 and in 1993. Battisti has always denied being involved in the assassinations. In October 2017 he was arrested in Corumba, Brazil, near the Bolivian border
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# 1665 in Ireland
Events from the year **1665 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Charles II
## Events
- The Act of Explanation states that Cromwellian settlers (with some named exceptions) have to give up one third of the lands they received after 1652 in order to compensate innocent Catholic landowners.
- King Charles II of England and Ireland grants letters patent to Sir Robert Reading to erect six lighthouses on the coast of Ireland, at Hook Head, Old Head of Kinsale, Barry Oge\'s castle, the Isle of Magee (near Carrickfergus) and Howth (two).
- King Charles II elevates the office of Mayor of Dublin to Lord Mayor of Dublin, the first holder being The Right Honourable Sir Daniel Bellingham.
- Michael Boyle (archbishop of Armagh) is appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland, an office he will hold for more than twenty years.
## Births
- 29 April -- James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, soldier and statesman (d
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# Cedric Prakash
**Cedric Prakash** (born 3 November 1951) is a Catholic priest and a member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) of Gujarat in India. He is currently based in the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat in Western India. He is well known for his work on human rights, reconciliation, and peace activism, with a focus on advocacy. He is also a prolific writer on subjects related to social justice, peace, communal harmony, environment, contextual spirituality, and the Constitution of India. His articles are regularly published in newspapers, magazines, and journals in India and abroad. He is also a visiting faculty in some colleges, universities, and seminaries in India, Europe, and the USA. Fr. Prakash speaks four languages - English, Gujarati, Hindi and French.
## Life
Prakash was born on 3 November 1951, to Cynthia Lobo and Conrad Lobo in Mumbai, India. He was the youngest of four children. His father was an Engineer in a sister company of Siemens and his mother was a teacher at St. Joseph\'s Convent, Umerkhadi, Mumbai. Prakash is a direct descendant of the well-known Mascarenhas family of Kankanady, Mangalore. His great-grandfather Dr. Simon Mascarenhas was a reputed physician of the town. His great-granduncle Msgr. Raymond Francis Camillus Mascarenhas ( today a Servant of God) was the Vicar General of the Diocese of Mangalore and also the founder of the Congregation of the \'Sisters of the Little Flower of Bethany' (Bethany Sisters).
Prakash received his early education from Antonio D\'souza High School (ANZA), Mumbai, and completed his B.A. (Hons.) in Economics and Political Science from St. Xavier\'s College, Mumbai in 1972.
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# Cedric Prakash
## Work
After graduation, Prakash worked full-time as the National Programme Secretary of the All India Catholic University Federation (AICUF) in Madras for one year. During that period he traveled the length and breadth of the country encouraging youth to serve the poor and marginalized through \'Project Know India\'.
For a year after that he was based in TAIZE, ( the Ecumenical Christian community)France, as part of a 14-member intercontinental team (equipe) to help prepare the 'World Council of Youth' of 1974. He traveled to several European Countries for this preparatory process interacting and encouraging youth towards a more meaningful life in the service of others.
On 16 July 1974, Prakash entered in Ahmedabad, the Jesuit Novitiate of the Gujarat province of the Society of Jesus. Two years later, on 31 July 1976, he pronounced his First Vows (of poverty, chastity and obedience) in the Society of Jesus. From April 1977 to May 1979, Prakash as a Jesuit scholastic, did his regency in the tribal area of Bhiloda, North Gujarat. Here he worked extensively in helping to improve literacy levels, health facilities, and the cultural upliftment of the Adivasis who lived in the area. In June 1979, he began his Studies in Philosophy at the Sacred Heart College in Shembaganur (Kodaikanal). The following year (1980) this College was shifted to its current location at Satya Nilayam in Chennai, from where Prakash obtained his degree in Philosophy. For one year, Prakash then served as a warden of a residential technical school for boys run by Jesuits in Sevasi, Baroda. From 1982 to 85, Prakash did his studies in Theology.; part of these studies was also held at Vidya Jyoti (VJ), a Jesuit Theology Institute in Delhi. In the aftermath of the targeted violence against the Sikh community in November 1984, Prakash was one of the coordinators from VJ for relief and rehabilitation work for the affected/displaced Sikhs; he was also involved in reconciliation and peace work at that time.
On 27 April 1985, Fr. Prakash was ordained a priest in St. Peter's Church, Bandra, Mumbai by Bishop Ferdinand Fonseca, the Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Bombay.
In May 1985, Prakash was appointed to work in the remote areas of Umarpada, South Gujarat among the Vasava and Chaudhary Adivasi communities. He worked here for the rights of the tribals and their socio-cultural empowerment. In April 1987, Fr. Prakash was appointed the Director of St. Xavier's Social Service Society (SXSSS). In this capacity, together with a dedicated team he was involved in the inter-related areas of Innovative Education, Community Health, the Organization of people and on environmental issues. He also initiated the Centre for Orientation, Documentation and Research (CORD) and SHANTI, an initiative for inter-religious dialogue, communal harmony and peace. The activities of SXSSS were in the slums of Ahmedabad and in the rural areas of North and Central Gujarat. Prakash was for several years a Counterpart of the US-based Catholic Relief Services (CRS) for North and Central Gujarat.
In June 1992, Fr. Prakash was one of the NGO delegates from India, at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the 'Earth Summit' in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In September 1994, he participated in the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, Egypt. In June 1997, Fr. Prakash participated in the European Ecumenical Assembly at Graz, Austria. In the wake of the devastating earthquake that hit several parts of Gujarat on 26 January 2001 (and later) Fr. Prakash coordinated an Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation Service (EARRS). The platform that brought together several concerned organizations and individuals worked towards the immediate relief and rehabilitation of those affected by the earthquake. Distribution of food and other materials were also undertaken. Fr Prakash was also responsible for receiving directly from the US Government and distributing a huge consignment of relief materials to the affected persons.
## Activism and organisational leadership {#activism_and_organisational_leadership}
On 2 October 2001, Fr. Prakash founded Prashant, the Ahmedabad-based Jesuit Centre for Human Rights, Justice and Peace and was the Director of this Centre till January 2016. Prashant was also the Province Office for Integral Social Development (POISD)of the Gujarat Jesuits- dedicated to coordinate developmental, justice and peace works of the province. Fr. Prakash also served as the Secretary of Social Communications -- C.B.C.I. (Western Region), National Vice-President -- Peoples\' Union for Human Rights (PUHR).
For three years (2016-2018), Fr. Prakash was based in Beirut, Lebanon in the Regional Office of the Jesuit Refugee Service (Middle East and North Africa Region) as the Regional Advocacy and Communications Officer/Advisor, working with refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. In collaboration with St Joseph\'s University, Beirut he headed and in September 2018 completed a path-breaking research study, 'Journeying Together' on the situation of the Syrian refugees in Lebanon.
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# Cedric Prakash
## Awards
In 1996, Fr. Prakash was awarded The Anubhai Chimanlal Nagarika Puraskar by the Mayor of Ahmedabad for his contribution to the city of Ahmedabad, India. He was also conferred the Kabir Puraskar by the President of India for his work in the promotion of Communal Harmony and Peace in 1995. In 2006, Fr. Prakash was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, one of the highest French civilian awards, acknowledging his commitment to the defense and the promotion of human rights in India.
Fr. Prakash has also been awarded the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award presented for Humanitarian Work by the Indian Muslim Council, US, in 2003. He also received the Fr. Parmananda Divarkar Award for Communication for Peace in January 2004 for promoting dialogue for peace and inter-community harmony. In 2006, he received the Minorities Rights Award by the National Commission for Minorities of the Government of India.
The Marquette University in Wisconsin, US, honored him as the Wade Chair Scholar for the academic year 2009 -- 2010. Fr. Prakash was one of the recipients of Mother Teresa Awards for Social Justice in 2013. On 1 December 2021, Fr. Prakash was conferred the Fr. Louis Careno Award by the Indian Catholic Press Association (ICPA) in Mumbai for his courageous contribution to journalism and bold writings on socio-cultural and political issues, especially relating to communalism and fundamentalism.
Fr. Prakash received the Lifetime Achievement Award from The Federation of Konkani Catholic Associations (FKCA - a premier umbrella organization representing 33 Konkani Catholic Associations in India and overseas) on 5 June 2022 for his work as a human rights and peace activist and his service to the marginalized communities in India.
## Publications
In October 2018, the Loyola Press Chicago published a brilliant coffee-table-style book 'Sharing the Wisdom of Time' by Pope Francis and Friends. One of Fr. Prakash\'s real-life stories is featured in it. Pope Francis has written a warm personal response in the book to Fr. Prakash\'s testimony.
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# Cedric Prakash
## Gallery
<File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash on the day of his ordination by by Bishop Ferdinand Fonseca of Bombay on 27th April 1985 at St. Peter\'s Church, Bandra, Mumbai.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash on the day of his ordination by Bishop Ferdinand Fonseca of Bombay on 27 April 1985 at St. Peter\'s Church, Bandra, Mumbai. <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash with immediate family relatives and friends on his on \'FIRST VOWS DAY\' 31st July 1976 in Ahmedabad.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash with immediate family relatives and friends on his on \'First Vows Day\' 31 July 1976 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash with Fr. Pedro Arrupe, the then Superior General of the Jesuits in Chennai June 1980.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash with Fr. Pedro Arrupe, the then Superior General of the Jesuits in Chennai (June 1980). <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash being detained whilst protesting against the bulldozing of slum tenements in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in May 2000.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash being detained whilst protesting against the bulldozing of slum tenements in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in May 2000. <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash with Swami Agnivesh in Ahmedabad on 2 October 2007.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash with Swami Agnivesh in Ahmedabad on 2 October 2007 <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash with Fr. Peter Hans Kolvenbach, the former Superior General of the Jesuits in Beirut on July 11th 2016.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash with Fr. Peter Hans Kolvenbach, the former Superior General of the Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon on July 11, 2016. <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash receiving the \'Kabir Puraskar\' from President Shankar Dayal Sharma in November 1995.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash receiving the \'Kabir Puraskar\' from President Shankar Dayal Sharma in November 1995. <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash briefing Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee about the attacks on the Christians in the Dangs (January 1999).jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash briefing Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee about the attacks on the Christians in the Dangs (January 1999) <File:Fr>. Cedric Prakash with Pope Francis in Vatican on 7th December 2019.jpg\|Fr. Cedric Prakash with Pope Francis in Vatican on 7 December 2019. <File:Fr>. Prakash receiving the \'Lifetime Achievement Award\' by FKCA in Bangalore on 5th June 2022.jpg\|Fr. Prakash receiving the \'Lifetime Achievement Award\' by FKCA in Bangalore on 5 June 2022. <File:Felicitation> memento presented to Fr. Prakash by the \'Bangalore Jesuit Educational Society\' on 8th June 2022.jpg\|alt=\|Felicitation memento presented to Fr. Prakash by the \'Bangalore Jesuit Educational Society\' on 8 June 2022
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# Taillevent (restaurant)
**Taillevent** is a restaurant in Paris, founded in 1946 by André Vrinat, and now owned by the Gardinier family.
## Origin
The restaurant was named in a tribute to Guillaume Tirel, called Taillevent, a cook in the 14th century known to have written the first cuisine book in French, *Le Viandier*, ordered by Charles V of France.
## History
In 1946 Taillevent restaurant was founded by André Vrinat in a dining room of the Worms, located at Saint-Georges street, 9th arrondissement of Paris; the chef was then Paul Cosnier.
In 1948, it won its first star given by the French restaurant guide Guide Michelin. In 1950, the restaurant moved to the mansion of the Duc de Morny, built in 1852, which was a family house before becoming the embassy of Paraguay. Today the restaurant is located at 15, Lamennais Street, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.
In 1954 Taillevent restaurant received its second star under the chef Lucien Leheu. Jean-Claude Vrinat, son of the founder and a graduate of HEC Paris, began working there in 1962. In 1973, Guide Michelin awarded three stars to Taillevent restaurant, under the direction of the chef Claude Deligne.
The restaurant pastry chefs have included Philippe Feret from Brasserie Julien.
The chef Philippe Legendre began working at Taillevent in 1991.
Since 1984, Taillevent has been a recipient of the *Wine Spectator* Grand Award.
## Diversification
In 1987, Taillevent opened a wine shop, *Les Caves Taillevent*, at 199 Faubourg Saint-Honoré in Paris. This wine shop was under the direction of Valérine Vrinat, who began to work for Taillevent the same year. It has since been moved to n° 228 in the same street.
In 2001, Taillevent\'s owners opened another restaurant, *L\'Angle du Faubourg*, located at 195 Faubourg Saint-Honoré. Michel del Burgo left Taillevent\'s kitchens to lead *L\'Angle du Faubourg*, and was replaced by head chef Alain Solivérès. Alain Lecomte became head pastry cook. This restaurant has since been renamed *Les 110 de Taillevent*.
In 2004, Jean-Claude Vrinat decorated the restaurant with contemporary art, and in 2005 Les Caves Taillevent opened a second wine shop at Marunouchi, Tokyo in Japan.
In June 2006 Jean-Claude Vrinat launched a blog in order to share his art-of-cooking experiences. The same year, a third wine shop, *Les Caves Taillevent*, opened in Printemps Haussmann, Paris.
In 2013, Les Caves de Taillevent opened its first Middle Eastern branch in Beirut, Lebanon, in Les Jardins de Tabaris.
After Alain Lecomte left Taillevent, Arnaud Vodounou became the new head pastry cook.
## Troubles
On 21 February 2007, Jean-Claude Vrinat announced on his blog the loss of the third star, which was also referred to in the International Herald Tribune newspaper. Vrinat died of lung cancer on 7 January 2008. He was 71 years old
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# 1745 in Ireland
Events from the year **1745 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George II
## Events
- 19 October -- Jonathan Swift, satirist and Dean of St. Patrick\'s Cathedral, Dublin, dies aged 78. His body is laid out in public for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects, and he is buried, in accordance with his wishes, in his cathedral by Esther Johnson\'s side with his own epitaph: *Ubi sæva Indignatio / Ulterius / Cor lacerare nequit* (\"where savage indignation can no longer lacerate the heart\").
- Bartholomew Mosse establishes the Dublin Lying-In Hospital.
- The town walls of Youghal are repaired.
## Births
- 14 April -- Richard Annesley, 2nd Earl Annesley, politician (died 1824).
- 24 December -- William Paterson, jurist in the United States (died 1806).
## Deaths
- 13 May -- Charles Coffey, playwright and composer.
- 19 October -- Jonathan Swift, cleric, satirist, essayist and poet (born 1667).
- 16 November -- James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, soldier and statesman (born 1665)
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# When Love & Hate Collide
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{{single chart|Australia|22|artist=Def Leppard|song=When Love & Hate Collide|rowheader=true}}
^
``
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# Reg Wright
**Sir Reginald Charles Wright** (10 July 1905 -- 10 March 1990) was an Australian barrister and politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party and served as a Senator for Tasmania from 1950 to 1978. He held ministerial office in the Gorton and McMahon governments, although he was known for crossing the floor.
## Early life {#early_life}
Wright was born in Central Castra, Tasmania in 1905. He was educated at Devonport High School and the University of Tasmania, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws.
## Career
Wright was admitted to the bar in 1928 and lectured in law at the University of Tasmania. In 1941, he enlisted in the second Australian Imperial Force and was promoted to captain in 1943.
Wright was elected as a Liberal member for the Tasmanian House of Assembly seat of Franklin in November 1946 and was the first State president of the Liberal Party in Tasmania. In November 1949, he resigned to enter federal politics. He was elected to the Senate at the 1949 election, taking his seat in February 1950. He was appointed to the ministry in February 1968 in the John Gorton government as Minister for Works and Minister in charge of Tourist Activities. He held these positions in the McMahon government, which was defeated at the 1972 election.
Wright holds the record in the Australian Parliament for \"crossing the floor\" to vote against his own party, which he did 150 times. He did not contest the 1977 election. He was knighted on 3 June 1978, for his services to the Tasmanian Parliament. He left the Liberal Party in June 1978 and sat as an independent until his retirement on 30 June.
## Later life {#later_life}
An accomplished barrister and orator, Wright returned to practising law on retiring from the Senate in 1978. In retirement he returned to a farm near the farmhouse in Castra where he had been born and died there; he was accorded a State Funeral in Ulverstone, Tasmania. His younger brother, Emeritus Professor Sir Douglas Wright AK was Chancellor of the University of Melbourne. He predeceased Reg by only ten days. His older brother, John Forsyth Wright was a Member of the House of Assembly in the Parliament of Tasmania. His younger brother, emeritus Professor Sir Douglas Wright AK was Chancellor of the University of Melbourne. He predeceased Reg by only ten days. His older brother, John Forsyth Wright was a Member of the House of Assembly in the Parliament of Tasmania.
Two of Sir Reginald\'s sons achieved distinction in the law. His youngest son, Philip Wright (1945--2021) was a magistrate in Hobart, while eldest son Christopher Wright AO is a King\'s Counsel, former Solicitor-General of Tasmania, former judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania, former deputy president of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and former head of Tasmania\'s Police Review Board
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# Syndal Heatherdale Pipe Reserve Trail
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox cycling path
| name =Syndal Heatherdale Pipe Reserve Trail
| photo =[[Image:SyndalHeathertonPipeReserve Nth-HighburyRd.jpg|250px]]
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| caption =The trail near Highbury Road
| length =About 10.3 km
| location = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| difficulty =Difficult in poorly maintained gravel sections
| hills =Hilly in the north end
| hazards =
| water =
| surface = Lined concrete path from Highubury Road to Ballantyne Street, Goat track or Gravel for remainder{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}
| train = [[Heatherdale railway station|Heatherdale]], [[Syndal railway station|Syndal]]
| tram = Sevenoaks Rd/Burwood Hwy, Route 75
| bus =
| parking =
}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Syndal Heatherdale Pipe Reserve Trail** is a shared use path for cyclists and pedestrians, which follows the Syndal to Heatherdale pipe reserve in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
The trail is navigable from one end to the other but most of the path is a poorly maintained gravel surface, with the only paved surface being between Highbury Road and Ballantyne Street. Monash Council has released a tender for construction of the section from Highbury Road to High Street Road, while Whitehorse Council is currently planning for construction of the path from Mahoneys Road to Norma Road. Bicycle Victoria sees this as an important route, linking the Syndal railway station with the Tally Ho business park on Burwood highway, as part of an ongoing demand for a fully integrated transport strategy in Victoria and is campaigning for improvements to the trail.
## Following the path {#following_the_path}
The southern end of the path starts on the north side of Syndal Station, in Shirley Ave. The path is clear cut except for three short road sections:
- Mahoneys Rd between Panorama Drv and Hawthorn Rd
- Springvale Rd between Husband Rd and Canterbury Rd
- A section along Lucknow Rd and Mitcham Rd
The path terminates in the north at Brunswick Rd in Mitcham, where it meets the Box Hill to Ringwood Rail Trail.
## Connections
- Meets the Box Hill to Ringwood Rail Trail at the northern end of the trail on Brunswick Rd in Mitcham.
- Meets the Waverley Rail Trail at Syndal Station. Connects to Scotchmans Creek Trail in the south via a short road section (Blackburn Rd, Falconer St & Flander Ave) that leads to Syndal Station.
- Roughly halfway along the trail, it intersects with the Wurundjeri Walk Trail at Mahoneys Rd. North of and beside \"Brand Receptions\", go along Parkland Place and cross Mahoneys Rd to the trail.
North end at 37.818525 S 145.205081 E. South end at 37.883955 S 145.146516 E
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# Toolern Creek Trail
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox cycling path
| name =Toolern Creek Trail
| photo =
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| caption =No image available yet
| length =About 6.5km
| location = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| difficulty =
| hills =None
| hazards =
| water =
| surface =
| train = [[Melton railway station, Melbourne|Melton]]
| tram = None
| bus =
| parking =
}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Toolern Creek Trail** is a shared use path for cyclists and pedestrians, which follows the Toolern Creek in the outer western suburb of Melton in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
## Connections
- North end at 37.668864 S 144.595360 E
- South end at 37.710734 S 144
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