id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
10,137,217 |
# 1978 in Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during **1978 in Rhodesia**.
## Incumbents
- President:
- until 31 August: John Wrathall
- 31 August-1 November: Henry Everard
- starting 1 November: Jack William Pithey[*Report of the Commission Appointed to Divide Rhodesia into Twenty-three Constituencies, 1978*](https://books.google.com/books?id=01ANAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Jack+William+Pithey%22+acting+president), Hector Norman Macdonald
Govt. printer, 1978, page 1
- Prime Minister: Ian Smith
## Events
### January
- 3 January - Leopard Rock Hotel in the Vumba Mountains is damaged after a guerilla rocket attack.
### March
- 3 March - The Salisbury Agreement what later became known as the Internal Settlement, aimed at leading to black majority rule signed by Prime Minister Ian Smith, UANC president Bishop Abel Muzorewa, ZUPO president Senator Chief Jeremiah Chirau, and ANC (Sithole) president the Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole.
- 14 March - United Nations Security Council Resolution 423 condemned the Rhodesian Internal Settlement
- 21 March - Transitional Government aimed at leading to black majority rule formally established as part of the Salisbury Agreement, Internal Settlement.
### April
- 14 April - Nine black ministers are sworn in to serve on the Ministerial Council of the Transitional Government.
### May
- 19 May - Two Swiss Red Cross workers and their African assistant are killed by fighters near the Mozambique border.
### June
- 23 June - In the Vumba massacre, 12 whites were murdered. 8 British missionaries (3 men and 5 women) and 4 of their children were bayonetted to death at Emmanuel Mission School at Vumba by guerillas. The dead belonged to the Elim Pentecostal Church.
- 24 June - Rhodesia beat Western Transvaal 41-9 in a Currie Cup match played at Hartsfield Rugby Ground, Bulawayo.
- 28 June - Three Zimbabwe African People\'s Union fighters kill two German missionaries.
### August
- 15 August - The Rhodesia Herald was renamed The Herald.
### September
- 3 September - Air Rhodesia Flight 825 was shot down by guerillas and the survivors were shot on the ground, killing 48.
## Births
## Deaths
- 17 June - Archie Dunaway, an American Baptist evangelist, is stabbed to death by ZAPU fighters at the Sanyati Mission Hospital, 217 km west of Salisbury
- 28 June - Clifford Dupont, 1st President of Rhodesia dies aged 72
| 378 |
1978 in Rhodesia
| 0 |
10,137,245 |
# Tail of the Moon
is a Japanese *shōjo* manga series written and illustrated by Rinko Ueda. The series began serialization in *Margaret* magazine in 2002 and ran until 2007. The individual chapters have been collected into fifteen *tankōbon* volumes by Shueisha; the first on March 25, 2003 and the last on August 24, 2007. The series has been licensed by Viz Media for an English-language North American release as part of their Shojo Beat imprint.
## Plot
The story takes place in the Tenshō Era of Japan. Usagi is a bumbling ninja-in-training in her village in southern Iga. Though she is already fifteen, she is a terrible ninja and has made no progress whatsoever. As a result, her grandfather gives her a special mission: to go to Segachi, marry Hanzō Hattori, the leader of the main branch ninja family, and bear his child. She is accompanied by Mamezo, her longtime friend, companion, and foster child. Once they arrive it becomes apparent that Hanzō has no intention of marrying anyone, and worse yet, it seems Usagi has a much more refined rival. It is clear that as Usagi spends more time with Hanzō, she is growing on him, though the fact that he is constantly bombarded with new potential brides makes Usagi self-conscious.
## Characters
**Usagi Momochi**
: She is a young ninja-in-training who seeks to marry Hanzō Hattori in order to bear his child for the sake of her family. Her one skill is the making of medicinal herbs because she suffers from constant stomach aches and sought to find a medicine that would cure them. She is rather inept as a ninja and widely considered a \"ninja failure\", though she steadily improves over time and eventually becomes a competent ninja. She\'s in love with Shim-no-Hanzō. Usagi is very kind-hearted, such as when she tries to get Kami no Hanzō and Princess Sara together because she hopes it would make Hanzō happy, and innocent, having learned how babies are made when her friend Kame only after she instructs Usagi on how to seduce Ranmaru in order for them to escape his prison alive. She becomes a better ninja after an attack on Iga. In the end, she and Shimo-no-Hanzo have a family together with three girls and a son named Hanzo (including Mamezo) Usagi is an orphan; her father was apparently killed by a bear on the \"Mountain of Death\" and her mother died in childbirth along with the baby.
`{{nihongo|'''Hanzō Hattori'''|服部 半蔵|Hattori Hanzō}}`{=mediawiki}, or `{{nihongo|'''Shimo-no-Hanzō'''|下の半蔵|Shimo-no-Hanzō}}`{=mediawiki}
: A dedicated and talented young ninja who is head of the Hattori clan of Segachi. He is also called `{{nihongo|'''Shimo-no-Hanzō'''|下の半蔵|Shimo-no-Hanzō}}`{=mediawiki} to distinguish him from the two other people named \"Hanzō Hattori\" (including the historical Hanzō Hattori). Since Hanzō was eleven, he held the difficult position of leading the weakening Hattori clan. He at first he opposed getting married because of his love for Sara but as he spends more time with Usagi he helps her do better in ninjutsu and falls in love with her. In the end, he and Usagi have a family together with three girls and a son named Hanzo (including Mamezo).
**Mamezo**
: Usagi\'s constant companion and foster child. He is a young boy who looks to be between six and eight years old, although he seems somewhat more skilled in everyday tasks than Usagi, even helping her to get dressed. When Mamezo was a baby, he was found by Usagi\'s dog, Shiro, and it is believed by Hanzō that Mamezo\'s fear of dogs stems from this incident. Later on, it seems that Mamezo\'s deepest wish is to have Usagi as his mother and to have Hanzō as his father. Eventually, Mamezo encounters his real parents who reject him, as his father tries to force him to forget his past and his mother states that she cannot love him as much as she loves his baby brother, thus making Mamezo permanently cut ties with them. Mamezo\'s grandfather entrusts him to Usagi\'s care after knowing that Mamezo can never become a court noble. Mamezo later becomes engaged to his childhood friend, Watari and becomes a skillful shinobi ninja.
`{{nihongo|'''Yuri Fujibayashi'''|藤林 百合|Fujibayashi Yuri}}`{=mediawiki}
: Usagi\'s rival. Yuri is more talented than Usagi at ninjutsu, but seems to be threatened by the way Usagi\'s good-natured and straightforward behavior seems to affect Hanzō. Shortly after she arrives, she attempts to poison Usagi but fails due to Usagi\'s immunity. Later, she develops a girlish crush (which later develops to full-on romantic feelings) on Goemon, mentioning to Usagi how \"lucky\" she is to have Goemon so devoted to her. She claimed to have been qualified as a ninja at the age of seven, though Hanzō finds out that it had actually been Yuri\'s twin sister, Yuna, who achieved the feat. Yuri\'s desperation and ruthless determination to become a ninja had been to escape the shadow of her sister. She sees her grandfather and friend die during the attack on Iga, becomes a qualified ninja, and forms a relationship with Goemon.
`{{nihongo|'''Hanzou Hattori'''|服部 半蔵|Hattori Hanzou}}`{=mediawiki}, or `{{nihongo|'''Kami-no-Hanzou'''|上の半蔵|Kami-no-Hanzou}}`{=mediawiki}
: A relative of Shimo-no-Hanzō Hattori, this Hanzou is the historical (Hattori Hanzō) and is from the Hattori clan of Okazaki in Upper Iga, hence his being referred to as *Kami-no-Hanzō* (上の半蔵 \"Upper-(Iga)-Hanzō\") to distinguish him from the other ninja also named \"Hanzō Hattori\" (including his father Yasunaga). While he is a notorious playboy, he is in a relationship with Sara, the daughter of Oda Nobunaga. Their relationship is one that his father reservedly accepts, not only because (as the manservant of Tokugawa Ieyasu) the Hattori clan is current warring against her father, but also her father\'s aim to obliterate all ninja in Japan. He is devoted to and protective of Sara, refusing to allow her to go on an assignment because she is pregnant with their child. They eventually have a daughter named Kaguya. Hanzō compares him to Hikaru Genji from *The Tale of Genji*.
**Princess Sara**
: The daughter of the feudal warlord Oda Nobunaga, Princess Sara is a talented ninja but is considered an enemy by many ninja clans due to her father\'s actions and assassins are regularly sent after her. She is attended by a loyal retainer, Rikimaru, who is also a ninja. It is revealed that Sara climbs three mountains every day to stay fit. She once faked a marriage to Shimo-no-Hanzō to save Iga from an attack by her father and remains an ally of the ninja of Iga. Though she despises Kami-no-Hanzō\'s flirting, her love for him is so strong that she would rather die than live without him. She becomes pregnant with Kami-no-Hanzō\'s child. Her daughter Kaguya is eventually born after the attack on Iga and was delivered with Usagi\'s help.
`{{nihongo|'''Goemon Ishikawa'''|石川 五右衛門|Ishikawa Goemon}}`{=mediawiki}
: He was once engaged to be married to Usagi, and grew up taking care of her in their ninja village. Goemon canceled the engagement because he so injured on an assignment that he felt he had no choice but to cancel it as he could no longer take of Usagi. However, he appears to still hold feelings for Usagi, and actively interferes with communications between Hanzō and Usagi. He is one of the few ninjas who survived the attack on Iga because he was on an assignment that night. When he breaks the code of the ninja and starts stealing money, Usagi stops him. While he remains protective of Usagi and greatly wishes for her happiness, he eventually marries Yuri.
| 1,246 |
Tail of the Moon
| 0 |
10,137,245 |
# Tail of the Moon
## Characters
`{{nihongo|'''Ieyasu Tokugawa'''|徳川 家康|Tokugawa Ieyasu}}`{=mediawiki}
: Another feudal lord, Ieyasu\'s son and wife were killed by Princess Sara in the manga (although that is not historically true). Usagi first met him in the woods when gathering herbs to tend to a wounded soldier. Later, he stitched up Usagi\'s forehead when she ran into a wall and he hired her as a herbalist to assist his current herbalist, Yukimaru. After much begging on Usagi\'s part, he allows Sara and Kami-no-Hanzō to be together. Kami-no-Hanzō\'s father works for him and this is the reason that he will not allow Kami-no-Hanzō and Sara to be together. Usagi also inspires him to gain control of Japan in order to establish peace and prosperity. He lets Usagi work and lives with him.
`{{nihongo|'''Yukimaru'''|雪丸}}`{=mediawiki}
: Ieyasu Tokugawa\'s chief herbalist, a beautiful young man who has studied western medicine. Originally Usagi believed him to be a woman, due to his good looks, while Yukimaru believed Usagi to be a boy. Yukimaru has a fear of women, and Usagi makes him uncomfortable, though he falls in love with her.
**Ranmaru Mori**
: The most loyal follower underneath Oda Nobunaga. He is in charge of hunting down Iga ninja, but somehow falls deeply in love with Usagi. He even tries to have his way with her and goes so far as to say that as he was having sex with her best friend, Kame, while imagining it was with her. After the attack on Iga, he sets out to look for Usagi, but finds the dead and burned Kame, and later kidnaps Usagi. He is a bitter rival of Mitsuhide, who was granted the Sakamoto Castle, which had been previously held by Ranmaru\'s family. He dies protecting Usagi.
**Kame**
: Usagi\'s best friend since childhood, they are like sisters to one another. She is a beautiful and outstanding ninja, but had once been picked on for being a slow learner and Usagi would have to save her. She graduated second-to-last, in front of only Usagi, as she would constantly give into Usagi\'s demands to play. When she discovers that Usagi is Hanzo\'s bride-elect, Kame is relieved that someone will care for Usagi when she cannot. While she loves Goemon, Kame becomes Ranmaru\'s lover in order to learn about the plans for the attack on Iga; she has no compunction whatsoever to seduce any man and kill him to protect her home and Usagi. Kame dies saving Usagi during the attack on Iga.
**Mitsuhide Akechi**
: A loyal retainer of Nobunaga and the holder of Sakamoto Castle, Mitsuhide is thoughtful man with moderate political views and an open mind. He is a devoted husband and father to his wife, Hiroko, and their daughter, Tama. He suffers from failing eyesight. When Usagi makes medicine to improve his vision, Mitsuhide realizes that not all ninja are bad. He secretly helps the Iga ninja, though is eventually discovered by Ranmaru. Mitsuhide is forced to lead the eventual attack on Iga and Ranmaru\'s machinations force Mitsuhide out of Nobunaga\'s favour, Mitsuhide leads a rebellion against Nobunaga as revenge for Hiroko, who committed suicide in hopes it would atone for Mitsuhide\'s perceived slight on Nobunaga. Though Mitsuhide is believed to have died in the attack after being captured by Toyotomi Hideyoshi\'s forces, he continues to secretly live as a monk named Tenkai with Ieyasu.
**Oda Nobunaga**
: A powerful warlord conquering clans in Japan and on the verge of unifying the entire nation, Nobunaga is temperamental and despises all ninja, but is also known for recognizing a person for their abilities rather than their social status. He is the father of Princess Sara, as well as Sara\'s older sister Toku and her brother Nobukatsu. His constant shifting moods make him unpredictable, forcing many lords like Mitsuhide and Ieyasu to act extremely carefully around him. Usagi\'s talents eventually reach him and he forces her to remain as his herbalist, which she agrees to for the sake of finding Hanzō and dissuading him from taking revenge for the destruction of Iga. During Mitsuhide\'s revolt, Hanzō pretends to kill Nobunaga to appease Mitsuhide\'s desire for revenge, but really doesn\'t, and Nobunaga walks into the flames Mitsuhide had created and is found dead after the fires burn out.
## Manga
Written and drawn by Rinko Ueda, `{{Nihongo|''Tail of the Moon Prequel: The Other Hanzo(u)''|月の吐息 愛の傷|Tsuki no Toiki no Ai no Kizu}}`{=mediawiki} was originally published as a oneshot in *Margaret* magazine in 2001, but was soon followed by another oneshot, `{{Nihongo||月の吐息 夏の夢|Tsuki no Toiki Natsu no Yume}}`{=mediawiki} in 2002, and then the series, *Tail of the Moon*. The *Tail of the Moon* manga was serialized in *Margaret* from 2002 until its completion in 2007. Both the prequel and the series are licensed by Viz Media in North America for an English language release as part of their Shojo Beat line of manga. Viz also previewed the series in their now-defunct *Shojo Beat* magazine. The series is also licensed for release in Taiwan by Sharp Point Press. Beginning in October 2010, the series is being re-released as bunko editions in Japan.
| 856 |
Tail of the Moon
| 1 |
10,137,245 |
# Tail of the Moon
## Reception
*Tail of the Moon* volume 10 was the 20th best-selling graphic novel for the month of April 2008
| 25 |
Tail of the Moon
| 2 |
10,137,269 |
# Dancing for the Death of an Imaginary Enemy
***Mercy (Dancing for the Death of an Imaginary Enemy)*** is the band Ours\' third major label release. The album was recorded with renowned record producer Rick Rubin over several years, and was released on April 15, 2008. Music videos have been made for \"Live Again\", \"God Only Wants You\", and \"The Worst Things Beautiful\". Also, \"Murder\" has been background music for a commercial for CSI.
\"Ran Away to Tell the World\" was featured in the second part of the *NCIS* backdoor pilot episode for *NCIS Los Angeles*.
The album leaked to the internet on March 7, 2008.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Mercy\" - 6:41
2. \"The Worst Things Beautiful\" - 4:21
3. \"Ran Away to Tell the World\" - 5:00
4. \"Black\" - 4:51
5. \"Moth\" - 4:34
6. \"Murder\" - 5:35
7. \"God Only Wants You\" - 4:23
8. \"Live Again\" - 4:27
9. \"Willing\" - 4:41
10. \"Saint\" - 5:06
11. \"Lost\" - 5:18
12
| 167 |
Dancing for the Death of an Imaginary Enemy
| 0 |
10,137,271 |
# Henry XI of Głogów
{{ infobox noble \| name = Henry XI of Głogów \| title = Duke of Głogów \| image = \| image_size = \| caption = \| noble family = Silesian Piasts of Głogów \| father = Henryk IX Starszy \| mother = Hedwig of Oleśnica \| spouse = \| issue = \| birth_date = c. 1435 \| birth_place = \| death_date = 22 February 1476 \| death_place = }} **Henry XI of Głogów** (*Henryk*; ca. 1435 -- 22 February 1476) was a Duke of Głogów (including half of Głogów, Szprotawa, Krosno Odrzańskie, Świebodzin, Kożuchów and Zielona Góra) and Lubin since 1467.
He was the second son of Henryk IX Starszy, Duke of Głogów by his wife Hedwig, daughter of Duke Konrad III the Old duke of Oleśnica.
## Life
The death of his older brother Sigismund on 24 December 1458 made him the sole heir of his father (another brother, whose name is unknown, died young). In 1462, Henry XI participated in the meeting between King Casimir IV of Poland and King George of Bohemia. With his father, he was excommunicated by the Pope Pius II for not to support the eventual inheritance of Casimir IV\'s son over the Bohemia throne. After Henry IX\'s death in 1467, his son assumed the government over Głogów.
Henry XI was very indolent and sickly person since his childhood. He settled his main residence in Kożuchów, which was the capital of his Duchy. After assumed the government, he didn\'t show greater political ambitions, because he lived all his adult life under the shadow of his father. Following the advice of the City Council of Wrocław he sent a message to Kraków, where he encouraged King Casimir IV or one of his sons to take the throne of Bohemia.
In 1468, Henry XI decided to support King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and participated in his unsuccessful trip to Silesia and Lusatia against King George of Bohemia.
Since the beginning of his reign, Henry XI continued his father\'s politics, for example, when he successfully supported his cousin Balthasar in his attempt to recover the Duchy of Żagań after being deposed by his brother Jan II the Mad in 1468. One year later, during King Matthias\'s coronation as King of Bohemia at Olomouc, he received the formal restoration of the lands belonged to the Duchy of Głogów who were annexed by the Kingdom of Bohemia since 1360 (including the other half of Głogów), but he only could take formal possession after the death of Margareta of Celje (widow of Duke Władysław, from the Cieszyn branch), who held the cities as her dower.
Henryk XI remained unmarried for a long time. At the end of his life, and under the pressures of his advisers, who acting on behalf of the Elector Albert III Achilles of Brandenburg, was arranged his marriage with one of the Elector\'s daughter, the twelve-years-old Barbara. In the marriage contract was stipulated that, in case of the Duke\'s death without issue, all his lands were passed to his wife, with reversion to her family. The wedding took place in Berlin on 11 October 1472.
Henry XI died suddenly on 22 February 1476, probably poisoned by Brandenburg agents. He was buried in the Church of the Mother\'s Day in Kożuchów.
After his death, broke a long succession war for the Duchy of Głogów. The next legitimate male heir of Henry XI was his cousin Jan II the Mad, former Duke of Żagań, who had to face the pretensions of the Elector of Brandenburg, Matthias Corvinus and the King of Poland. Only in 1482 was finally made an arrangement in Kamieniec Ząbkowicki, under which the towns of Krosno Odrzańskie, Sulechów, Lubsko, Bobrowice passed to Brandenburg.
Henryk XI is negatively evaluated by both Polish and German historians. They accuse him of incompetence and weakness. Nevertheless, he was a true prince of his time: he much enjoyed eating, drinking and sleeping
| 657 |
Henry XI of Głogów
| 0 |
10,137,274 |
# Tanjung Tualang
**Tanjung Tualang** is a mukim in Kinta District, Perak, Malaysia.
## History
It was originally one of the major tin-mining towns in Malaysia around early 1900s. Tanjung Tualang obtained its name from a type of tree called tualang and later a major tin mining company its namesake Toh Allang Chinese Tin Ltd. In 1939 Tanjung Tualang became a major host for the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). A well known CPM Malay leader, Rashid Maidin, was recruited here by Tu Lung Shan.
## Government
The mukim is under the administration of Batu Gajah District Council.
## Economy
A number of multinational amalgamated and tin mining companies operated and controlled the mining area in Tanjung Tualang in the mid 1900s such as -- Lower Perak Tin Dredging -- Southern Kinta Consolidated -- Southern Malayan Tin Dredging -- Austral Amalgamated Tin -- Osborne & Chapple -- Pernas Chartered Management -- Malaysian Mining Corporation.
In 1970 there were around 5 (type 1) very large tin dredging machines (kapal korek in Malay). The type 1s are among the biggest tin dredgers in the world. There were also many smaller type of dredgers scattered in Tanjung Tualang. The dredgers were usually owned by European companies whilst local mining companies would opt to use a \"Palong\" type of mining technology.
Today these old mining areas have either been converted to freshwater ponds (lombong in Malay) breeding freshwater prawn/fish or turned into palm oil estates. Tanjung Tualang also has a large number of rubber estates (owned individually or by local and multinational corporations).
It is believed that Tanjung Tualang has an \"Underground Armament Testing Complex\" for the Malaysian government under the purview of the Ministry of Defense. The actual site for this facility is undisclosed but available clues suggest a nearby area known as Changkat Tin. Access to this area is restricted.
Tanjung Tualang is also known for its freshwater prawns hence giving Tanjung Tualang its nickname (Freshwater Prawn Town). Together with nearby Sungai Durian the famous freshwater prawns (in Malay - udang galah) of Tanjung Tualang are much sought after by prawn lovers
| 350 |
Tanjung Tualang
| 0 |
10,137,277 |
# Umerkote
**Umerkote**, also known as **Umarkot** and **Amarkot**, is a town of Nabarangpur district, Odisha, in eastern India. Umerkote is an urban area and the name of a Municipality declared on 3 March 2014 (earlier Notified Area Council) and a Subdivision declared by State Cabinet on 3 November 2015. The town is a prominent business place of the Nabarangpur District.
Umerkote is situated in the northern corner of Nabarangpur District and administratively borders Chhattisgarh in the west. It is 62 km (39 miles) away from district headquarters. A left diversion from National Highway 201 at Papadahandi, towards Raipur, connects to Umerkote. A popular local deity is Maa Pendrani or Pendrahandiani. The word \"Maa\" means the \"mother\". She is believed to be the saviour of people living in the area and a provider of health, wealth and protection.
## Demographics
India census, Umerkote had a population of 27,864. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Umarkote had an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 65%, and female literacy is 47%. In Umerkote, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
## Geography
A plateau of the Kondan Range, a terrain of Eastern Ghats holds Umerkote at its centre. The average elevation of Umerkote is approximately 2020 ft above sea level. Small hills and mounts cover the place, providing a number of perennial sources of water as streams and ponds. Bhaskel Medium Irrigation Project, a site 9 km (6 miles) away from Umerkote town, is the source of irrigation. Its out-stream, namely Bhaskel, flows by the town, giving a production of vegetables and pulses throughout the year.
Branches of the main canals of the Bhaskel Medium Irrigation Project surround the outskirts of Umerkote to give up a fertile land for double crops and other seasonal productions.
## Climate
The average annual rainfall experienced is 888.2 mm. Usually summers are hot with a maximum of 45 C, and winters are mild with an average minimum of 6 C. For the first time in the recent history of Umerkote, snow flake crystal deposition found on paddy straw heaps near DNK and Shanti Nagar area with temperature as low as 3.2 C on 15 January 2012. Earlier on the previous day it was found for a short period with minimum temperature 3.8 C.
Year Maximum Minimum
------ ---------------- --------------------------------------
2008 on 22 May 2008 on 28 Dec 2008
2009 on 1 May 2009 on 17 Dec 2009, 9.4 C on 18 Dec
2010 on 24 May 2010 on 27 Dec 2010, 5.5 C on 4 Dec
2011 on 19 May 2011 on 4 Jan 2011
2012 on 23 May 2012 on 15 Jan 2012 (Ice Flake Formation)
2013 on 25 May 2013 on 15 Jan 2013
2014 on 23 May 2014 on 18 Dec 2014
2015 on 23 May 2015 on 18 Jan 2015
## People
Umerkote was initially a tribal-dominated place, and the post-independent period added migrants to its population. With growth, township people from other parts of Odisha and neighbouring states showed their interest to live at Umerkote. People there mostly do business, and a considerable number are government employees. Now the place has a majority of Hindus. However, Muslims are more in number than the Christians. People of other religions are very few in number. The major language spoken in this region is Odia. The Odisha Government sheltered large numbers of Bangladeshi refugees in this region. They came to India as refugees during the 1960s. Umerkote was included in the D.N.K. project under the Government of India.
## Economy
The main economical factor over which Umerkote stands is production of maize and paddy. Outskirts yield maize, and this town is the hub for the transportation of tonnes of maize in post-rain seasons.
Other than maize, some forest products like Kendu Leaf, Sal Seed, and vegetables are being exported to outside. Being based mainly on agriculture, business relating to fertilizer, pesticides, garments and retail are conducted. Weekly markets *(Hato)* are organized in a nearby location on fixed weekdays, to share products within the area. Umerkote is one of the highest producer of maize crop in whole Odisha.
| 698 |
Umerkote
| 0 |
10,137,277 |
# Umerkote
## Festivals
The Odia Hindu festivals Dussera, Rath Yatra, Ganesh Pooja and Kalisi Yatra are some distinguishable festivals observed in Umerkote. Apart from other occasions, traditional festivals like Holi, Biswakarma Pooja, Gajalaxmi Pooja and Deepawali are being celebrated with immense contrast. furthermore there are a number of churches in the urban area of umerkote. Christmas is also celebrated Including general celebrations, tribals retain their identity through several typical festivals like Mondei, Chaiti Parab and Kalashi yatra. Mondei, an annual tribal festival, has its uniqueness which has been predominantly celebrated by tribals in order to share the happiness of their fruitful harvest. Later it had been declared a state-level festival and is celebrated officially, each year, in the first week of November.
## Public places {#public_places}
Umerkote has many public places like Pendrani Temple, Jagannath temple, Sri Ramakrishna Temple, Maa Kali Mandir (UV 03 Dongriguda) and Sri Ram Temple and a Church. It has also a major mosque, and a Madrasa has been set up with help of the local people. Including several other viewable places, nearby to Umerkote, it has Hanuman Vatika at 4 km (2 miles) distance near Nuagaon, adding small places of local interest also visited by many people.
It has two hospitals, one of the government situated at the mid of the town and another is DNK Hospital (Later named as Zonal Hospital). Specialists in different branches provide health service to the people. Pendrani College, established in 1984, has been set up with local help giving education to collegiates students up to graduation. Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya, Sadasiv Sukumar Government High School, Government Girl\'s High School, and Saheed Laxman Nayak Public School and Swami Vivekananda Vidyamandir here are the centre for higher secondary education. A number of primary schools and upper primary schools have been set up at different locations in the Umerkote town. RRTTSS with OUAT has set up a crop research centre near the town. A newly established women\'s college, namely Biju Patnaik ST Women\'s College, Umerkote, has started functioning recently.
| 337 |
Umerkote
| 1 |
10,137,277 |
# Umerkote
## Service
The town has been expanded with fully functional government services, including Panchayat Samiti, a police station, post office, tahasil office, four filling stations, Indane gas filling station, three cashew factories, one cattle feed industry, four to five rice mills, Government Secondary Training School, BSNL telephone exchange, Industrial Training Centre for Women, a water supply, SOUTHCO, Circuit House, Lic office, office of Chartered accountants and other different offices along with it.
Umerkote has two courts. A J.M.F.C. Court which is established in the year 1962 which has jurisdiction over Umerkot, Raighar, Dabugaon, Chandahandi, Jharigam and Kundei Police Station areas in Criminal and Civil matters. Recently in the year 2013 a Sub-Judge court has been established in Umerkote.
Among non-government institutions like Saraswati Sishu Mandir, Sri Aurobindo Purnanga Sikhya Kendra are owned by locals, and among government school Odisha Adarsha VidyalayaSwami Vivekananda Vidya Mandir Up Graded Project High School in Nabarangpur District.
Cellular mobile service by BSNL and Airtel have been set up earlier. Internet Connectivity by BSNL Broadband has been launched since March 2008 and also BSNL 3G service has started in September 2014. Airtel has started its 4G Data Service at Umerkote.
State Bank of India (SBI), Utkal Gramya Bank, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank have been established with a large volume of business. SBI, ICICI, PNB, Axis Bank provide ATM service to the people of Umerkote. Recently Another SBI ATM has been installed in front of Umerkote Municipality Office.
At Medical road, recently one soil testing centre has been established by Govt of India.
## Transportation
Umerkote is connected to almost all major cities of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh by road. No railway line connects the town directly, but Umerkote has been provided with several buses to Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Brahampur, Jagdalpur, Raipur. Both private and OSRTC buses run in numbers for passenger transportation. Among private buses Raghunath, Rajdhani, Kingfisher non A/C buses connects to Bhubaneswar, DilkhusA/C bus connects to Bhubaneswar and two Naresh travels connects to Raipur, Naresh A/C coach connects to Visakhapatnam, Khambeswari non A/C connects to Brahampur. Among Govt. buses one non A/C bus connects to Bhubaneswar, one non A/C Bus And One A/C Bus connects to Brahampur, two non A/C buses connects to Visakhapatnam, one non A/C bus connects to Vizianagaram, one non A/C bus connects to Bolangir and one bus to kesinga.
**Nearest railway stations:** Jeypore 106 km, Koraput 130 km, Kesinga 180 km, Raipur 285 km, Nagpur 315 km, Jagdalpur 85 km.
**Nearest airports:** Visakhapatnam 320 km, Raipur Mana Airport 272 km Bhubaneswar 576 km\].
## Tourist spots {#tourist_spots}
### Podagad
Podagad, a hill range in the west of the town preserves some historic evidences of ancient dynasties ruling over the area. Rock scriptures, caves and remains of usables have been found. It has a rich ruin of the Nala and Bhakataka dynasty during the invasion of the Mughals. Later it has been occupied by some Buddhists, and then by the Nanda Dynasty of Jeypore region. It is roughly 22 km towards the west of Umerkote, near Dhodra, a small village which is 9 km ahead of Umerkote. The span of Podagad hill ranges 11 km lengthwise and 3.5 km in width (11 x). It was 17 small hills meshed up with each other. It has a natural habitat covering many species, and formerly there were many carnivores living in the area. Deforestation for firewood and timber has been devastating the climate of Podagad. Picnic occasions are held at this place in a massive manner during New Years and other winter days.
### Chandan Dhara {#chandan_dhara}
Chandan Dhara is a nature area in the deep forests 48 km north of Umerkote, through the village Jharigam. There is a waterfall nearby to the small village Dongriguda. Administrative efforts have been initiated to make it a place of attraction for tourists.
### Burja
Burja is about 8 km from Umerkote, famous for the Siva Mandir. A Siva Linga was discovered by a small girl while she was digging in the field circa 2004. A big temple is now under construction.
## Politics
Current MLA from 73-Umarkote (ST) Assembly Constituency is Shri Nityananda Gond from Bharatiya Janata Party. Previous MLA from 73-Umarkote (ST) Assembly Constituency was Sri Subash Gond from Biju Janta Dal (BJD) who was elected for the second term in the Simultaneous General Election 2014 and was first time elected to the house in the By-Election during November 2011. Prior to him late Sri Jagabandhu Majhi of Biju Janata Dal (BJP), who was shot dead on 24 September 2011, in a public meeting at Gona; won the seat in State Elections in 2009 was the MLA from Umerkote. The By-election poll held on 30 November 2011 in which Sri Subash Gond of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) won with a margin of 21061 votes to his contender Sri Dharmu Gond of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Previous MLAs from this seat were Sri Dharmu Gond Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Smt Parama Pujari who won this seat representing Indian National Congress (INC) in 2000, 1995 and 1985 and representing INC(I) in 1980, Sri Gurubaru Majhi of JD in 1990, and Late Rabisingh Majhi of Janata Party (JNP) in 1977.
Umerkote is part of Nowrangpur (Lok Sabha constituency).
Sri Balabhadra Majhi (BJD) is the Member of Parliament from the 12-Nowarangpur Parliamentary Constituency elected in the Simultaneous General Elections 2014 preceded by Sri Pradeep Kumar Majhi (INC)
| 911 |
Umerkote
| 2 |
10,137,298 |
# Chikus
**Chikus** is a small town in Mukim Sungai Manik, Hilir Perak District, Perak, Malaysia. This town located in district capital of Teluk Intan and along Sungai Batang Padang and Sungai Manik. The nearest train station is Tapah Road. It is a major area for the Trans Perak - Sungai Manik rice plantation scheme. Other industries include oil palm plantation and fruit (especially durian) orchards. Major roads include Jalan Chikus (link to Langkap) and Jalan Din Mydin
| 78 |
Chikus
| 0 |
10,137,303 |
# Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)
Capital Market Authority}} `{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Capital Market Authority (CMA)
| nativename_r = هيئة السوق المالية
| logo = Saudi Capital Markets Authority Logo.svg
| logo_width =
| formed = {{start date and age |2003|7|df=yes}}
| jurisdiction = The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| headquarters = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| chief1_name = Mohammed A. El-Kuwaiz
| chief1_position = Chairman
| website = [https://cma.org.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx www.cma.org.sa ]
| footnotes =
| seal =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}`{=mediawiki} The **Capital Market Authority** (**CMA**; *هيئة السوق المالية*) is the Saudi governments financial regulatory authority responsible for capital markets in Saudi Arabia. The CMA is a government organization applying full financial, legal, and administrative independence, and has direct links with the Prime Minister. Its responsibilities include setting and policing financial rules and regulations and developing the capital markets, this includes regulating the Tadawul, Saudi Arabia\'s stock exchange. CMA is the first government authority to receive accreditation in institutional structure maturity from the National Enterprises Architecture (NEA) of the e-Government Program Yesser.
## History
Unofficially started in the early fifties and operated under its own rules until the government set its basic regulations in the eighties. The current Capital Market Law is promulgated and pursuant to Royal Decree No. (M/30) dated 2/6/1424H, (16 June 2003) which formally brought it into existence.
## Functions
The CMA's functions are to regulate and develop the Saudi Arabian Capital Market by issuing required rules and regulations for implementing the provisions of Capital Market Law. The basic objectives are to create an appropriate investment environment, boost confidence, and reinforce transparency and disclosure standards in all listed companies, and moreover to protect the investors and dealers from illegal acts in the market.
| 343 |
Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)
| 0 |
10,137,303 |
# Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)
## Duties
The CMA is entrusted with the following duties:
- Regulate and develop the capital market and promote appropriate standards and techniques for all sections and entities involved in Securities Trade Operations.
- Protect investors and the public from unfair and unsound practices involving fraud, deceit, cheating, manipulation, and inside information trading.
- Maintain fairness, efficiency, and transparency in transactions of securities.
- Develop appropriate measures to reduce risks pertaining to transactions of securities.
- Develop, regulate, and monitor the issuance of securities and under-trading transactions.
- Regulate and monitor the activities of entities working under CMA.
- Regulate and monitor full disclosure of information related to securities and issuers.
### CMA's Board {#cmas_board}
The CMA is governed by a Board of five (5) full-time Commissioners appointed by the Royal Decree:
- Mr. Mohammed Bin Abdullah Elkuwaiz (Chairman)
- Mr. Youssef Hamad Al-Bilihid, Vice Chairman
- Mr. Ahmed Rajeh Al-Rajeh, Member
- Mr. Khalid Abdulaziz Al-Homoud, Member
- Mr. Khalid Mohammed Al-Sulea, Member
### Stock Exchange {#stock_exchange}
The Saudi Capital Market Law provides for the establishment of the "Saudi Stock Exchange" as a Joint Stock Company that operates as the only authorized entity to carry out the trading of securities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .
The exchange operations are currently conducted through Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul).
### Securities Depository Center {#securities_depository_center}
The Capital Market Law provides for the establishment of the Securities Depository Center solely entrusted to execute the transactions of deposit, transfer, settlement, clearing and registering ownership of securities traded on the Exchange.
The functions of the Securities Depository Center are currently operated by The Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul).
## Capital Market Law {#capital_market_law}
The Saudi Capital Market Authority was established to achieve a set of objectives, of which the most important are developing an organized, fair, transparent financial market, and ensuring the protection of investors from irregular practices, which involving deceit, cheat, fraudulence, or manipulation. To achieve these objectives and others, the market system has given the Authority financial, regulatory and supervisory frameworks to facilitate the completion of the tasks entrusted to the Authority
| 355 |
Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)
| 1 |
10,137,327 |
# Temoh Station
**Temoh Station** is a small town in Tapah, Batang Padang District, Perak, Malaysia. Formerly there was a major railway station located here, which Temoh Station got its name. The railway station was closed in 1980. One can go here via the Jalan Temoh (Perak state route `{{JKR|A116}}`{=mediawiki}) from Temoh, 3 km from here
| 56 |
Temoh Station
| 0 |
10,137,340 |
# Langkap
**Langkap** (Jawi: لڠكڤ; `{{lang-zh|c=冷甲}}`{=mediawiki}) is a small town in Hilir Perak District, Perak, Malaysia. The town includes the Chui Chak village
| 23 |
Langkap
| 0 |
10,137,419 |
# LGBTQ rights in Nicaragua
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Nicaragua face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. `{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Both male and female types of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Nicaragua. Discrimination based on sexual orientation is banned in certain areas, including in employment and access to health services.
According to Nicaraguan LGBT group *Movimiento de la Diversidad Sexual* (Movement of Sexual Diversity), there are approximately 600,000 gay people living in Nicaragua.
## Legality of same-sex sexual activity {#legality_of_same_sex_sexual_activity}
Both male and female same-sex sexual activity have been legal in Nicaragua since March 2008. The age of consent is 16, regardless of sexual orientation or gender, and all sexual offenses are gender-neutral, according to articles 168, 170, 172 and 175 of the Criminal Code of Nicaragua.
## Recognition of same-sex relationships {#recognition_of_same_sex_relationships}
Same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal benefits and protections available to opposite-sex married couples.
In June 2014, the Nicaraguan Congress approved a revised family code that would limit marriage, partnerships and adoption to heterosexual couples. On 8 April 2015, the new Family Code went into effect. Several organizations filed an action of unconstitutionality against the Code.
Article 72 of the Constitution of Nicaragua states that:
On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) issued an advisory opinion that parties to the American Convention on Human Rights should grant same-sex couples \"accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage\". The advisory opinion states that:
## Discrimination protections {#discrimination_protections}
Article 315 of the Penal Code on \"offenses against labor rights\", states that discrimination based on \"sexual option\", is punishable with up to one year in prison.
Article 3(l) of *Law N° 820 for the Promotion, Protection and Defense of Human Rights in the face of HIV and AIDS, for its Prevention and Attention* (*Ley núm. 820 de promoción, protección y defensa de los derechos humanos ante el VIH y SIDA para su prevención y atención*) prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation (among other grounds).
Article 1 of *Ministerial Resolution 671-2014* prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression in access to health services.
### Hate crime law {#hate_crime_law}
According to Article 36(5) of the Penal Code, an aggravating circumstance exists when a person is motivated by discrimination based on sexual orientation while committing a criminal offense.
A 2012 survey by the Center for Justice and International Law found that 53 aggressions against LGBT people had occurred between 1999 and 2011. Of these, 15 involved murders (10 gay men, 4 transgender people and 1 lesbian). The actual number of homicides and violent attacks is expected to be higher, as many victims choose not to denounce the attacks to the police.
| 473 |
LGBTQ rights in Nicaragua
| 0 |
10,137,419 |
# LGBTQ rights in Nicaragua
## Violence
Violence against the LGBTQ community in Nicaragua is generally culturally accepted and legally unenforced. Instances of violence are largely unreported out of fear of retaliation and dismal legal results. Reporting in the media is largely suppressed as much of the Nicaraguan media is since the 2018 protests.
### Statistics
Reliable statistics on instances of violence are limited and inconsistent. Programa Feminista La Corriente is a Nicaraguan based NGO that releases quarterly and annual reports of violence. The reports include both raw statistics and short descriptions of cases. The nature of cases including the relationship of the perpetrator and location of the violence show the scale of the issue and the openness with which perpetrators act.
For the 2021 annual release, La Corriente reported 67 assaults, 1 hate crime/murder, and 2 suicides with the majority of aggressions happening to trans women. The aggressors were for the most part either family members or strangers with the aggressions being located in the street or in houses. Acquaintances and state police both committed 10 documented aggressions.
In 2022, La Corriente reported 39 assaults, 3 hate crimes, and 1 suicide. Trans women continued to be the most targeted group with gay men being the second most targeted group. The street and at home were again the most common places but this year, state police tied family members in number of assaults.
In 2023 more categories were added including sexual assault and Extortion. The organization reported 35 assaults, 2 hate crimes, 1 murder, 1 suicide, 2 sexual assaults, and 1 case of extortion. Many of the demographic statistics were consistent with previous years.
For 2024, there are only 2 quarters that have been released as of April 2025. Based on previous years, the rest of the year and the annual report should have been released by now. The data that has been released is 13 assaults, 5 hate crimes, and 1 person missing. These results are fairly similar to the first 2 quarters of 2023.
## Social conditions {#social_conditions}
Gay men are generally more visible in public than lesbians are. When lesbians socialize with each other, it often happens in private residences or other private places.
| 367 |
LGBTQ rights in Nicaragua
| 1 |
10,137,419 |
# LGBTQ rights in Nicaragua
## LGBT history in Nicaragua {#lgbt_history_in_nicaragua}
Many LGBT Nicaraguans held prominent roles during the Sandinista Revolution; however, LGBT rights were not a priority to the Sandinista Government because the majority of the population were Roman Catholic. Protecting those rights was also considered politically risky and bound to be met with hostility from the Roman Catholic Church, which already had bad relations with the government. On the tenth anniversary of the Sandinista Revolution (1989), many community centers were launched for LGBT people. The centers began to form after a march by activists that took place in Managua.
After the United States lifted the economic embargo against Nicaragua, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) promoting LGBT rights began to operate in the country. As a result, Nicaragua hosted its first public gay pride festival in 1991. The annual Gay Pride celebration in Managua, held around 28 June, still occurs and is used to commemorate the uprising of the Stonewall riots in New York City.
After gaining support, the LGBT community suffered a setback when a bill formerly written to protect women from rape and sexual abuse was changed by social Christians in the National Assembly. The change imposed a sentence of up to three years in prison for \"anyone who induces, promotes, propagandizes, or practices sex among persons of the same sex in a scandalous manner.\" It also included any unmarried sex acts. Activists and their allies protested in Nicaragua and at embassies abroad; however, President Violeta Chamorro signed the bill into a law in July 1992 as Article 204 of the Nicaragua Criminal Code.
In November 1992, a coalition known as the Campaign for Sexuality without Prejudices (*Campaña por una Sexualidad sin Prejuicios*), composed of lawyers, lesbians, and gay activists, among others, presented an appeal to the Supreme Court of Justice challenging the law as unconstitutional. The Supreme Court rejected the appeal in March 1994. On 1 March 2008, a new Penal Code took effect. It omitted the language in the now-repealed Article 204 and, by doing so, decriminalized sex out of wedlock and gay sex between consenting adults.
### United Nations {#united_nations}
Since legalizing homosexuality in 2008, Nicaragua has been active on the international level in supporting LGBT rights. In 2011, Nicaragua signed the \"joint statement on ending acts of violence and related human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity\" at the United Nations, condemning violence and discrimination against LGBT people.
The Nicaraguan Government has also urged countries to repeal their sodomy bans, including Antigua and Barbuda.
## Public opinion {#public_opinion}
According to a Pew Research Center survey, conducted between 9 November and 13 December 2013, 77% of Nicaraguans opposed same-sex marriage, 16% were in favor and 7% did not know.
The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 24.5% of Nicaraguans supported same-sex marriage
| 468 |
LGBTQ rights in Nicaragua
| 2 |
10,137,430 |
# John Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby
**Edward John Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby** (21 April 1918 -- 28 November 1994), styled **Lord Stanley** from 1938 to 1948, was a British hereditary peer, landowner and businessman.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
The eldest son of Edward, Lord Stanley, and his wife, the Hon. Sibyl Cadogan, daughter of Viscount Chelsea, his grandfather was Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, a British Ambassador to Paris.
He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. His father having died in 1938, he succeeded his grandfather in the earldom and other family titles.
## Military service {#military_service}
John Stanley served with the Grenadier Guards in the Second World War, being promoted to Major, and was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry during the Italian Campaign. After the war, he was appointed, in 1947, Lieutenant-Colonel of the King\'s Regiment (Liverpool) in the Territorial Army (TA), and then as Honorary Colonel of the 5th Battalion, King\'s Regiment (Liverpool), the fifth Earl of Derby to hold that appointment. He continued in that position with its successors in the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) (5th/8th (Volunteer) Battalion, King\'s Regiment; 4th (Volunteer) Battalion, Queen\'s Lancashire Regiment; Lancastrian Volunteers) until 1975, and as Colonel of the 1st Battalion, Liverpool Scottish (TA) from 1964.
He was also honorary Captain of the Mersey Division of the Royal Naval Reserve.
## Civilian career {#civilian_career}
A Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire between 1946 and 1951, Lord Derby was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire in 1951 in which capacity he served until 1968.
Knowsley Village benefited from his gift of St Mary\'s Church of England school, playing fields and cottage to the Church Commissioners in 1949, followed by the transfer of the parish benefice to the diocese of Liverpool.
Stanley High School, Southport, which he opened in 1952, was named after him.
He held the honorary titles of Constable of Lancaster Castle between 1972 and 1994, and Pro-Chancellor of Lancaster University between 1964 and 1971.
A director of Martins Bank and of Granada Television, Lord Derby created Knowsley Safari Park in 1971 on his ancestral estate.
The Earl of Derby Scout Troop planted a tree and erected a stone plaque in the grounds of Knowsley Hall in celebration of the quincentenary (1985) of the earldom\'s creation. Stanley was an active freemason.
He is named as someone who lost a significant amount of money gambling in fast-paced Chemie games at John Aspinall\'s gambling clubs.
## Family
Lord Derby married Isabel Milles-Lade, daughter of the Hon. Henry Milles-Lade, in 1948. Their marriage was childless.
Lady Derby, who survived a deliberate attempt on her life in 1952, died in 1990; Lord Derby survived her by four years and died in 1994, aged 76, being succeeded in the family titles by his nephew, Edward Stanley as the 19th Earl.
## Thoroughbred horse racing {#thoroughbred_horse_racing}
Following family tradition, Lord Derby was an owner of thoroughbred racehorses: his gelding *Teleprompter* won the 1984 Arlington Million at Arlington Park, Illinois
| 498 |
John Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby
| 0 |
10,137,434 |
# Pat Morley (footballer)
**Pat Morley** (born 18 May 1965) is an Irish former footballer who played as a forward for Cork City, Shelbourne, Limerick and Waterford United. He also works for Irish broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann as a commentator and analyst on Monday Night Soccer.
## Career
A former Celtic trialist Morley made his League of Ireland debut for Waterford United away to Finn Harps on 25 November 1984 scoring a hat trick in a 4--1 win. He scored in the final of the 1985 FAI League Cup for the Blues.
Morley also scored a hat-trick on his Limerick City debut in a Munster Senior Cup clash.
He scored four goals in European competition: 1993--94 European Cup clash with Cwmbran Town A.F.C., an infamous 1998--99 UEFA Cup game for Shelbourne against Rangers F.C., a 1999--2000 UEFA Cup winner against IFK Goteborg and an away goal against FK Liepājas Metalurgs in a 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup tie after missing an injury time penalty in the first leg.
He is the third highest goalscorer in the history of the League of Ireland and was top scorer in the League of Ireland Premier Division in 1992--93 and 1999--2000.
As of 2008, he remained one of Cork City\'s all-time record goalscorers.
Morley represented the Republic of Ireland national team at youth level.
His father, Jackie Morley, played for Waterford United where he won four League of Ireland titles in the 1970s.
## Later life {#later_life}
In January 2009 Morley opened a menswear showroom in his native Cork.
## Feferences
Category:Living people Category:1965 births Category:Republic of Ireland men\'s association footballers Category:Association footballers from Cork (city) Category:Men\'s association football forwards Category:Republic of Ireland men\'s youth international footballers Category:League of Ireland XI players Category:League of Ireland players Category:National Soccer League (Australia) players Category:Waterford F.C. players Category:Limerick F.C. players Category:Cork City F.C. players Category:Shelbourne F.C
| 308 |
Pat Morley (footballer)
| 0 |
10,137,437 |
# Mel Morris
**Melville Arthur Leslie Morris** (8 June 1895 -- 3 May 1956) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL between 1921 and 1926 for the Richmond Football Club.
## Football
He was captain/coach of Richmond for the 1926 season.
## Broadcaster ans commentator {#broadcaster_ans_commentator}
Morris was also a pioneer football commentator with the Australian Broadcasting Company and later the Australian Broadcasting Commission.
## Death
He died at Sassafras, Victoria on 3 May 1956
| 78 |
Mel Morris
| 0 |
10,137,465 |
# Roshana
**Roshana Taquise Palmer** (born March 8, 1989) is a Canadian Positive/Inspirational R&B singer-songwriter managed by S4 Entertainment.
## Biography
Roshana began in her shy pre-teen years, as part of a local youth choir. Headlining at many local events, Roshana has successfully started her musical career. When speaking to her ultimate motivation, she writes. \"So many days I sat and prayed to see this dream come true, it\'s coming to pass and it\'s coming so fast and it\'s all because I listened to You."
Influenced and inspired by the works of Lauryn Hill, Fred Hammond, Boyz II Men, Tamia, Beyoncé, and Alicia Keys; it is Roshana\'s heartfelt riffs and soul searching approach that makes her style unmistakably her own. With her distinguished trademark sound, Roshana is diligently recording songs for her second album. After the tremendous success of her debut, award-winning solo album, (produced mostly by Chozen Williams and also included the hit single \"Steady\", produced by Dan \"DFS\" Johnson, the demand for this hot new young talent to bring forth new material is quickly rising. Roshana continues to flourish to new heights as she continues to set her life to music.
Roshana was the noted Opening Act for Brian Littrell of the Backstreet Boys, Cross Movement and Israel Houghton while on their Toronto tour dates.
Roshana is currently working on her new album which is said to feature Canadian Idol Finalist Gary Beals.
## Discography
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Information | Singles |
+:============================+:=========================================+
| ***Roshana*** | - **Main single:** |
| | - \"Steady\" ft
| 256 |
Roshana
| 0 |
10,137,468 |
# Isa Guha
**Isa Tara Guha** (born 21 May 1985) is an English sports television commentator and radio cricket broadcaster, and former England cricketer who played in the 2005 South Africa World Cup and the 2009 Australia World Cup.
As a right-arm medium bowler and right-handed batter, she represented England in 8 Test matches, 83 One Day Internationals and 22 Twenty20 Internationals between 2001 and 2011.
## Early years and education {#early_years_and_education}
Born at High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, her parents (Barun Guha and Roma *née* Deb) emigrated from Calcutta in West Bengal, India to the United Kingdom in the 1970s. Guha started playing cricket with her older brother when she was about eight and was selected for the Development England side aged 13.
Guha attended Wycombe High School, a grammar school for girls, before going up to University College London where she read biochemistry and molecular biology (graduating BSc), then neuroscience (MPhil).
## Cricket career {#cricket_career}
A right arm fast-medium bowler, Guha played minor counties cricket for Berkshire CCC and for Thames Valley CC.
Guha made her Test cricket debut at 17 against India during their tour of England in 2002. During that tour, Guha played in the 2002 Women\'s Tri-Series and performed well, taking three wickets in England\'s loss against New Zealand in the final. She became the first woman of Indian heritage to represent England at cricket and was subsequently named the 2002 BBC Asian Network Sports Personality of the Year.
Guha\'s career best Test bowling figures were 5 for 40 in her penultimate Test match against Australia at the Bradman Oval in February 2008, where she took 9 wickets in the match and received the Player of the Match Award as England retained The Ashes. Her best bowling in 83 ODIs was 5 for 14 against the West Indies later in 2008. In the same year, Guha rose to become the number one bowler in the ICC Women\'s One-Day International rankings.
Guha was an integral part of the England team which won the 2009 World Cup, later citing this as her playing career highlight.
Guha announced her retirement from international cricket on 9 March 2012, stating she would continue to play county cricket for Berkshire.
Guha with Lynsey Askew shared the world record batting partnership for the ninth wicket in WODIs of 73 runs from 2007 until 2024.
## Media work {#media_work}
Guha writes a column for the BBC Sport website and is a Test Match Special commentator. She joined ITV Sport in April 2012 as a co-presenter of ITV4\'s coverage of the Indian Premier League.
In 2016, Guha was a member of the inaugural Triple M radio Test cricket commentary team in Australia. In 2018, she was a commentator for Sky Sports for the England/Pakistan Test matches, and was named as a commentator for Fox Cricket for their Australian cricket coverage. She was also a member of the commentary team at the 2019 Cricket World Cup. In 2020 she was the lead presenter of a new BBC TV Test and ODI cricket highlights show.
For the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games, Guha presented a nightly highlights show for the BBC alongside JJ Chalmers. In 2023, Guha joined the tennis presenting team for the BBC\'s coverage of the Wimbledon Championships. She presented a nightly highlights show with Mark Chapman for the BBC during the Paris Olympics in 2024.
## Charity interests and philanthropy {#charity_interests_and_philanthropy}
Isa Guha is an Ambassador (or \"Supporter\") for Sporting Equals and the British Asian Trust. In 2023, she launched the Got Your Back initiative in order to support female cricket players.
| 596 |
Isa Guha
| 0 |
10,137,468 |
# Isa Guha
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On 16 September 2018, Guha married her long-time boyfriend, British musician Richard Thomas, a member of the band Brother & Bones.
In 2024, Guha found herself in the middle of a controversy after referring to Indian player Jasprit Bumrah on commentary as the \"most valuable primate\". She later issued an apology to Bumrah
| 60 |
Isa Guha
| 1 |
10,137,476 |
# Immigrant generations
In sociology, people who permanently resettle to a new country are considered immigrants, regardless of the legal status of their citizenship or residency. The United States Census Bureau (USCB) uses the term \"**generational status**\" to refer to the place of birth of an individual or an individual\'s parents. First-generation immigrants are the first foreign-born family members to gain citizenship or permanent residency in the country. People beyond the first generation are not \"immigrants\" in the strictest sense of the word and, depending on local laws, may have received citizenship from birth. The categorization of immigrants into generations helps sociologists and demographers track how the children and subsequent generations of immigrant forebears compare to sections of the population that do not have immigrant background or to equivalent generations of prior eras.
## First generation {#first_generation}
According to USCB, the **first generation** of immigrants is composed of individuals who are foreign-born, which includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents, protracted temporary residents (such as long-staying foreign students and migrant workers, but not tourists and family visitors), humanitarian migrants (such as refugees and asylees), and even unauthorized migrants.
In some definitions, however, those born to at least one immigrant parent are considered \"first generation\" -- or rather, first generation of an immigrant\'s *descendants* (i.e., *second generation* from the USCB definition).
### 1.5 generation
The term **1.5 generation** or ***1.5G***, although not widely used, refers to first-generation immigrants who immigrated to the new country before or during their early teens, ages 6--12. They earn the label the \"1.5 generation\" because while they spend their formative years engaging in assimilation and socialization in the new country, they often still maintain native language, cultural traits and even national identities from their country of origin. Oftentimes, in the case of small children, a battle of linguistic comprehension occurs between their academic language and the language spoken at home. Their identity is, thus, a combination of new and old culture and tradition. Sociologist Rubén Rumbaut was among the first to use the term to examine outcomes among those arriving in the United States before adolescence, but since then the term has expanded to include foreign students, as well as other unique individuals.
Identity is an essential defining characteristic of a person, and can affect how they interact with society. Identity formation commonly takes place during adolescence, and the ages of 4 and 8 are described as important for developing a sense of ethnic identity. As such, depending on the age of immigration, the community where they settle, the amount of time they spent in the education system in their native country, and other factors, 1.5 generation individuals identify with their countries of origin to varying degrees. The extent of which this cultural diffusion remains variable is further due to acculturation, the process that occurs when groups of individuals of different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, which changes the original culture patterns of either or both groups. However, their identification is affected by their experiences growing up in the new country. 1.5G feels stronger and more curious about their heritage culture than later generations. 1.5G individuals are often bilingual and may find it easier to assimilate into local culture and society than people who immigrate as adults. Many 1.5 generation individuals also feel bi-cultural, combining both cultures - culture from the country of origin with the culture of the new country.
Because 1.5 generation individuals immigrate during their adolescence at a time of identity formation, this may contribute to their curiosity about other groups that are different from their own. Andray Domsey reports that this curiosity makes them more open to accepting and adopting a culture foreign to them. Although the curiosity of foreign cultures could easily destabilize their recently-developed ethnic identity, 1.5 generation adolescents may be more inclined to integrate into their new country\'s culture as a means of survival. After all, in the example of immigrants to the United States, classroom instructions are given in English, and, especially for adolescents attending public schools, their peers will only speak English. However, the ease of acculturation is dependent on age; the older an individual is when they immigrated to the United States, the harder it will be for them to assimilate into American society. As such, even if a Generation 1.5 individual wanted to fully assimilate into American society---which might result in a greater earning potential---their age would make the process difficult. Gindelsky\'s findings also further prove that acculturation is more often sought after due to the associated increase in earning potential and for survival, and less so simply due to curiosity.
### 1.75 and 1.25 generations {#and_1.25_generations}
Rubén G. Rumbaut has coined the term \"1.75 generation\" and \"1.25 generation\" immigrants, for children who are closer to birth or full adulthood when they immigrate. Children who arrive in their early childhood (ages 0--5) are referred to as 1.75 generation immigrants since their experiences are closer to a true 2nd-generation immigrant who was born in the country they live in: they retain virtually no memory of their country of birth, were too young to go to school to learn to read or write in the parental language or dialect in the home country, typically learn the language or dialect of the country they immigrate to without an accent and are almost entirely socialized there. Children who arrive in their adolescent years (ages 13--17) are referred to as 1.25 generation immigrants because their experiences are closer to the first generation of adult immigrants than to the native born second generation.
| 922 |
Immigrant generations
| 0 |
10,137,476 |
# Immigrant generations
## Second generation {#second_generation}
The term \"**second-generation**\" extends the concept of *first-generation* by one generation. As such, the term exhibits the same type of ambiguity as \"first-generation,\" as well as additional ones. Like \"first-generation immigrant\", the term \"second-generation\" can refer to a member of either:
- The second generation of a family to inhabit, but the first natively born in, a country, *or*
- The second generation born in a country (i.e. \"third generation\" in the above definition)
In the United States, among demographers and other social scientists, \"second generation\" refers to the U.S.-born children of foreign-born parents.
The term *second-generation immigrant* attracts criticism due to it being an oxymoron. Namely, critics say, a \"second-generation immigrant\" is not an immigrant, since being \"second-generation\" means that the person is born in the country and the person\'s *parents* are the immigrants in question. Generation labeling immigrants is further complicated by the fact that immigrant generations may not correspond to the genealogical generations of a family. For instance, if a family of two parents and their two adult children immigrate to a new country, members in both generations of this family may be considered \"first generation\" by the former definition, as both parents and children were foreign-born, adult, immigrants. Likewise, if the two parents had a third child later on, this child would be of a different immigrant generation from that of its siblings. For every generation, the factor of mixed-generation marriages further convolutes the issue, as a person may have immigrants at several different levels of his or her ancestry.
These ambiguities notwithstanding, generation labeling is frequently used in parlance, news articles[1](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070918.OECD18/TPStory/National), and reference articles without deliberate clarification of birthplace or naturalization. It may or may not be possible to determine, from context, which meaning is intended.
### 2.5 generation {#generation_1}
When demographers and other social scientists in the United States use the term \"second generation\", they usually refer to people with one foreign-born parent. Likewise, Statistics Canada defines second generation persons as those individuals who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. Some researchers have begun to question whether those with one native-born parent and those with no native-born parents should be lumped together, with evidence suggesting that there are significant differences in identities and various outcomes between the two groups. For instance, patterns of ethnic identification with the majority ethnic group and the heritage ethnic group differ between the 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 generations, such that there is greater polarization between the two identities in the 1.0 generation (i.e., identifying as Canadian implies dis-identifying as a member of the heritage ethnic community and vice versa), a lack of a relation between the two identities in the 2.0 generation, and a positive association between the two identities for the 2.5 generation (i.e., implying that the two identities are compatible and possibly hybridized).
| 480 |
Immigrant generations
| 1 |
10,137,476 |
# Immigrant generations
## Factors leading to immigrant generations\' accomplishments {#factors_leading_to_immigrant_generations_accomplishments}
Most immigrant youth tend to have higher academic accomplishment at all levels, at times even having greater levels of post-secondary education than their parents and grandparents. To explain that phenomenon, called the immigrant paradox, there are several factors that are noticeable:
1. Immigrant children usually have more in the way of family obligation than children not born of immigrants and so they are more likely to feel pressure to study seriously at school and gain the ability to provide for their relatives. That can also be explained by a stronger emphasis of higher education from their immigrant parents, who may invest in tutoring and private schooling to increase the human capital of their children.
2. Optimism, the idea that if they put in the work, they will achieve social mobility in the host nation, is also an important factor that motivates immigrant generations to work hard and succeed.
3. Most immigrant generations learn their mother tongue alongside the local national language(s) of their host country. As bilinguals, they have \"advantages on all tasks especially involving conflicting attention\".
Many of those factors are reinforced and supported by the parents of immigrant youth who may have immigrated in the first place only to provide their children with a brighter future
| 219 |
Immigrant generations
| 2 |
10,137,478 |
# Family Stadium
also known as ***Pro Yakyū: Family Stadium*** and ***Famista***, is a series of baseball sports video games initially developed and released by Namco in Japan, and later developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The first entry in the series, *Pro Baseball: Family Stadium*, was released for the Nintendo Family Computer in 1986 and later in North America as *R.B.I. Baseball* (subsequent games in this series would see various names used when exported to North America but none after 1992), with the series being released on numerous home consoles, the latest being *Pro Yakyuu Famista 2020* in 2020 for the Nintendo Switch. The series is considered a precursor to Namco\'s own *World Stadium* series of baseball games, released for arcades, PlayStation, and GameCube. The series has been a commercial success since, with over 15 million copies being sold as of 2016.
In April 1993, *Famicom Tsūshin* (*Famitsu*) magazine awarded *Family Stadium* a world record for being the video game franchise with the most published video game releases, with fourteen video games published for the series up until then
| 181 |
Family Stadium
| 0 |
10,137,513 |
# Drag-divergence Mach number
The **drag-divergence Mach number** (not to be confused with critical Mach number) is the Mach number at which the aerodynamic drag on an airfoil or airframe begins to increase rapidly as the Mach number continues to increase. This increase can cause the drag coefficient to rise to more than ten times its low-speed value.
The value of the drag-divergence Mach number is typically greater than 0.6; therefore it is a transonic effect. The drag-divergence Mach number is usually close to, and always greater than, the critical Mach number. Generally, the drag coefficient peaks at Mach 1.0 and begins to decrease again after the transition into the supersonic regime above approximately Mach 1.2.
The large increase in drag is caused by the formation of a shock wave on the upper surface of the airfoil, which can induce flow separation and adverse pressure gradients on the aft portion of the wing. This effect requires that aircraft intended to fly at supersonic speeds have a large amount of thrust. In early development of transonic and supersonic aircraft, a steep dive was often used to provide extra acceleration through the high-drag region around Mach 1.0. This steep increase in drag gave rise to the popular false notion of an unbreakable sound barrier, because it seemed that no aircraft technology in the foreseeable future would have enough propulsive force or control authority to overcome it. Indeed, one of the popular analytical methods for calculating drag at high speeds, the Prandtl--Glauert rule, predicts an infinite amount of drag at Mach 1.0.
Two of the important technological advancements that arose out of attempts to conquer the sound barrier were the Whitcomb area rule and the supercritical airfoil. A supercritical airfoil is shaped specifically to make the drag-divergence Mach number as high as possible, allowing aircraft to fly with relatively lower drag at high subsonic and low transonic speeds. These, along with other advancements including computational fluid dynamics, have been able to reduce the factor of increase in drag to two or three for modern aircraft designs.
Drag-divergence Mach numbers *M*~dd~ for a given family of propeller airfoils can be approximated by Korn\'s relation:
: $M_\text{dd} + \frac{1}{10}c_{l,\text{design}} + \frac{t}{c} = K,$
where
: $M_\text{dd}$ is the drag-divergence Mach number,
: $c_{l,\text{design}}$ is the coefficient of lift of a specific section of the airfoil,
: *t* is the airfoil thickness at a given section,
: *c* is the chord length at a given section,
: $K$ is a factor established through CFD analysis:
: *K* = 0.87 for conventional airfoils (6 series),
: *K* = 0.95 for supercritical airfoils
| 435 |
Drag-divergence Mach number
| 0 |
10,137,516 |
# Electoral district of Clarence and Darling Downs
**Clarence and Darling Downs** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian colony of New South Wales from 1856 to 1859. It included the Clarence Valley and the Darling Downs region. For the 1859 New South Wales colonial election The New South Wales part of the electorate was replaced by The Clarence while the Darling Downs was briefly a separate electorate prior to the separation of Queensland in December 1859
| 81 |
Electoral district of Clarence and Darling Downs
| 0 |
10,137,536 |
# St. Matthew High School (Ottawa)
**St. Matthew Catholic High School** is located at 6550 Bilberry Drive in the Orléans district of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The current principal is Dana Power.
The school broke the Guinness world record for largest unbroken human chain, called the Bear Hug. The event was in support of Cancer research.
## Bear Hug {#bear_hug}
### Bear Hug 1 {#bear_hug_1}
This event was documented in the 2005 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records. On 23 April 2004, St. Matthew Catholic High School made it into the Guinness Book of World Records with the world\'s largest bear hug, an endeavour led by school Principal André Potvin, and an achievement which resulted on 9 June 2004 being officially declared \"St. Matthew High School Day\" by Ottawa Mayor, Bob Chiarelli. The world\'s largest bear hug involved 5,117 students hugging for ten seconds. This world record was tied in with the school\'s fundraising for cancer, as students and staff, with the support of local businesses and residents, raised more than \$108,000 in April of that year, surpassing the previous provincial record of \$40,000 and setting a Canadian record for cancer fundraising by a high school.
### Bear Hug 2 {#bear_hug_2}
Bear Hug 2 in 2008 unsuccessfully attempted to break the Guinness Record (then held by the citizens of New Mexico at 6,553). Funds were again raised in support of cancer research.
### Bear Hug 3 {#bear_hug_3}
Bear Hug 3 in May 2010 raised over \$500,000 for cancer patient care and research and set a new Guinness World Record of 10,554 participants, which was still standing in 2023.
## Sports
There are 19 teams for high school students and 15 teams for grade 7 and 8 students.
- The senior boys\' basketball team won the Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations (OFSAA) AAA provincial title in 2009.
- The girls\' basketball team won the OFSAA AA title in 2014.
- The varsity football team won the Metro Bowl (OFSAA) AAA provincial title in 2016
| 335 |
St. Matthew High School (Ottawa)
| 0 |
10,137,562 |
# Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport
**Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport**, abbreviation: UT-HCMC (*\'\'\'Đại học Giao thông Vận tải Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh\'\'\'*) is a public university under the Ministry of Transport in Vietnam. The university provides associate, undergraduate and postgraduate education in various areas of transport. The main campus is in Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City. The predecessor of the university was the Ho Chi Minh City branch of Vietnam Maritime University, founded in 1988. From this branch, it was upgraded to university status in 2001.
## Education quality {#education_quality}
The school was accredited by the National University system and certified to meet educational quality standards on 27 March 2017. In 2023, it ranked 40th on the Vietnamese University Ranking
| 128 |
Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport
| 0 |
10,137,594 |
# Roy Torrens
**Robert** \"**Roy**\" **Torrens** OBE (17 May 1948 -- 23 January 2021) was an Irish cricketer, coach and manager of the Ireland cricket team between 2004 and 2016. He was also a footballer having won three amateur caps for the Northern Ireland squad.
## Career
Torrens was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He made his debut for Ireland on 20 July 1966 against Middlesex.
He represented Ireland in cricket 30 times, including six first-class appearances between 1966 and 1984, in which he took 26 wickets at the excellent average of 15.46. Overall, he took 77 wickets at an average of 25.66 with career best figures of 7/40 against Scotland in 1974 where Ireland bowled out Scotland for just 91. He also registered his highest individual score of 177 after spending an hour at the crease during a club match.
In addition, he also played professional football having represented both Derry City and Ballymena United F.C. in the Irish League Cup. He also led Northern Ireland side in a friendly match against Scotland in 1971 where he played alongside the likes of Martin O\'Neill, Trevor Anderson and Tommy Craig.
He retired from cricket in 1984 and pursued his career as a selector of the Irish Cricket Union where he served from 1995 to 2000. He also served as the President of the Irish Cricket Union from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, he became the manager of the Irish men\'s cricket team, and headed their delegation to the 2007 Cricket World Cup. The Irish team had massive success in international cricket under his tenure as manager where Ireland shocked Pakistan, England and West Indies in the 2007, 2011 and 2015 World Cup tournaments respectively. Ireland also qualified to play in ICC T20 World Cup on four occasions under his tenure in 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2014. He served as the manager of Irish cricket team from 2004 until 2016 and also served as a pioneer of Ireland\'s journey to claim Test status in 2017.
Torrens was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours \"for services to Cricket and Football in Northern Ireland.\"
## Death
He died on 23 January 2021, of complications from COVID-19 at the age of 72. On 24 January 2021, Afghanistan and Ireland players observed one minute silence as a tribute to Roy Torrens prior to the second ODI match between the two teams at Abu Dhabi
| 412 |
Roy Torrens
| 0 |
10,137,595 |
# Neville Crowe
**Neville Crowe** (1 June 1937 -- 2 September 2016) was an Australian rules footballer who represented `{{AFL Ric}}`{=mediawiki} in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1950s and 1960s. He also served as club president from 1987 to 1993, and was at the forefront of the *Save Our Skins* campaign in 1990, which saved the club from financial ruin.
In the 1967 Second Semi-final, Crowe was reported for allegedly striking `{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} ruckman John Nicholls, and suspended. He subsequently missed Richmond\'s drought-breaking premiership victory in the 1967 VFL Grand Final, and announced his retirement shortly afterward. Crowe\'s \"phantom punch\" is regarded as one of the most unlucky moments in VFL/AFL history.
Crowe retired at the end of 2008 from working at the club, finally ending his involvement that had extended to over 50 years.
In September 2012, it was reported that Crowe had been out riding his bicycle when he suddenly lost control and careered into the Yarra River. A passing jogger, John Greene, who happened to be a lifelong Tigers supporter, dived into the muddy river and pulled Crowe to safety with the help of other passers-by who formed a human chain to get him to the embankment
| 202 |
Neville Crowe
| 0 |
10,137,601 |
# Northern General Hospital
The **Northern General Hospital** is a large teaching hospital and Major Trauma Centre in Sheffield, England. Its departments include accident and emergency for adults, with children being treated at the Sheffield Children\'s Hospital on Western Bank. The hospital is managed by the Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.
## History
The hospital has its origins in the Fir Vale workhouse and infirmary for which the foundation stone was laid in 1878. When it opened in September 1881, the infirmary block had capacity for 366 patients. A ward for treating women with venereal diseases was established in the 1890s. The infirmary block was re-built and became the Sheffield Union Hospital when the workhouse was renamed the Fir Vale Institution in 1906. The Sheffield Union Hospital became the Fir Vale Hospital, and the Fir Vale Institution became Fir Vale House a few years later.
In 1930, the names changed again and the Fir Vale Hospital became the City General Hospital and Fir Vale House became the Fir Vale Infirmary. The City General Hospital performed the world\'s first heart valve replacement operation in 1955 before it merged with the Fir Vale Infirmary to form the Northern General Hospital in 1967. The hospital was the main receiving station for the victims of the Hillsborough disaster in 1989.
On 1 November 1991, operation of Northern General Hospital was transferred from the Sheffield Health Authority (dissolved on 1 April 1992) to the newly created Northern General Hospital NHS Trust. Lodge Moor Hospital was closed in 1994, with the treatment of chest and spinal injuries transferring to the Northern General Hospital. On 1 April 2001, the Northern General Hospital NHS Trust merged with the Central Sheffield University Hospitals NHS Trust (based at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital) to form the Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, which was later awarded Foundation status on 1 July 2004.
In 2012, the Northern General became a major trauma centre providing emergency access to life and limb saving consultant-led care in a wide range of specialisms including anaesthetics, orthopaedics, neurosurgery, geriatrics, and emergency medicine. It benefited from emergency operating theatres on standby to perform immediate, life-saving surgery as well as a helipad for rapid transport.
A post-operative surgical unit costing £21.3 million was opened in summer 2008. In June 2016, a new £2 million helipad opened at the hospital. It was funded by the Sheffield Hospitals Charity and is located close to the accident and emergency department.
| 408 |
Northern General Hospital
| 0 |
10,137,601 |
# Northern General Hospital
## Services
The hospital consists of a series of buildings and wings, many of which are named after significant families and individuals from Sheffield, particularly in the steel industry:
- The Huntsman Building: named for Benjamin Huntsman, a manufacturer of cast or crucible steel, it is mostly orthopaedics but also contains the A&E, Surgical Assessment Centre (SAC), X-ray departments, the theatres, one of four outpatients\' departments, a large dining room and the site\'s main Medical Records department.
- The Firth Wing: named for Mark Firth, an industrialist, it contains CCU, Vascular surgery and other surgical wards.
- The Chesterman Wing: named for James Chesterman, a manufacturer of steel products, it contains the regional cardiology centre as well as extensive inpatient and outpatient facilities.
- The Vickers Corridor: named for Edward Vickers, an industrialist, it deals primarily with renal and endocrine diseases but also contains departments of Sheffield Medical School and the Sheffield Kidney Institute.
- The Sorby Wing: named for Henry Clifton Sorby, a microscopist and geologist, it contains the renal outpatients unit and the Metabolic Bone Centre.
- The Osborn Building: named for Sir Samuel Osborn, a steelmaker, it contains the spinal unit.
- The Brearley Wing: named for Harry Brearley, a metallurgist, it contains the respiratory and rehabilitation wards and a dining area as well as an outpatient department and a specialised Patient Discharge Lounge which allows patients to move into a comfortable waiting area before leaving the hospital.
- The Bev Stokes Day-surgery Unit: named for Harold Beverley Stokes, a former chairman of the Northern General Hospital Trust, this is the day surgeries area.
- The Hadfield Wing: named for Sir Robert Hadfield, another metallurgist, this contains departments displaced from older wings of the hospital as well as the neck of femur ward.
The critical care department contains the intensive care unit, the high-dependency unit and the post-operative surgical unit while the Clock Tower Building contains the finance department, dining facilities, the volunteers' office, medical secretaries, security, human resources and the hospital\'s museum. An out of hours GP centre for patients with minor illnesses alleviates pressure on the accident and emergency department.
## Transport
The hospital is served directly by First South Yorkshire and Stagecoach Yorkshire buses mainly
| 375 |
Northern General Hospital
| 1 |
10,137,698 |
# Nick Horsley
**Nicholas Keith Woodward Horsley** (born 22 September 1980 in Hamilton) is a New Zealand cricketer who played in the 2000 U-19 Cricket World Cup in Sri Lanka. He also played for the Northern Districts Knights and the Auckland Aces in the State Championship and in the State Shield. He also plays for South Canterbury in the Hawke Cup
| 61 |
Nick Horsley
| 0 |
10,137,748 |
# Isaw
***Isaw*** is a popular street food from the Philippines, made from barbecued pig or chicken intestines. It is a type of *inihaw*. The intestines are cleaned several times and are then either boiled, then grilled on sticks. For presentability, the intestines are usually applied with orange food coloring. Once cooked, it is usually dipped in vinegar or *sukang pinakurat* (vinegar with onions, peppers, and other spices). They are usually sold by vendors on street corners during the afternoons
| 80 |
Isaw
| 0 |
10,137,757 |
# Fédérale 2
**Fédérale 2** is a rugby union club championship division in France. It is the sixth division of rugby above Fédérale 3. Teams can earn promotion to Fédérale 1, and subsequently, to the National 2 and Nationale leagues, and on to the professional leagues such as Rugby Pro D2 and the Top 14.
## Results
- 1996-1997 : US Tours
- 2001-2002 : AC Bobigny 93 Rugby
- 2002-2003 : Cahors Rugby
- 2003-2004 : Paris Université Club
- 2004-2005 : CSM Gennevilliers
- 2005-2006 : US Nafarroa
- 2006-2007 : Valence-d\'Agen
- 2007-2008 : US Carcassonne
- 2008-2009 : Avenir Castanéen
- 2009-2010 : Blagnac
- 2010-2011 : Stade Phocéen
- 2011-2012 : Vienne
## Current teams {#current_teams}
### Pool 1 {#pool_1}
Club Website
--------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rugby Club d\'Arras (Arras) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070303023737/http://www.arrasrugby.com/home.php>
Rugby Caen Sud (Caen) <http://www.rugbycaensud.com>
Club Sportif Municipal Clamart Rugby 92 (Clamart) <http://www.rugbydeclamart.com/>
Union Sportive Joué-lès-Tours (Joué-lès-Tours) <http://www.jouerugby.com/>
Lille Université Club Rugby (Lille) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070322222553/http://www.lucrugby.com/main.php>
Olympique Marcquois Rugby(Marcq-en-Barœul) <http://www.omrugby.com>
Stade Nantais Université Club (SNUC Nantes) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070430011724/http://www.snuc-rugby.com/accueil.php>
Club Athlétique d\'Orsay Rugby Club (Orsay) <http://www.orsay-rugby.org/>
Paris Université Club (Paris) <http://www.puc-rugby.com>
Rugby Club de Suresnes (Suresnes) <http://www.rcsuresnes.fr/>
US Tours (Tours) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070331133415/http://www.ustours-rugby.com/>
Sports Athlétiques Vierzonnais (Vierzon) <http://savrugby.free.fr/>`{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki} /
### Pool 2 {#pool_2}
Club Website
------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rugby Club Auxerrois (Auxerre) <http://www.rugby-auxerre.fr/>
Club Sportif Beaunois (Beaune)
Rugby Club de l\'Agglomération de Cergy-Pontoise (Cergy-Pontoise) <http://www.rcacp.com/>
Union Sportive Doloise Rugby (Dôle) <http://www.usdole.monespace.net/>
Rugby Club de Drancy (Drancy)
Épernay Champagne (Épernay) <http://perso.orange.fr/rugbyepernaychampagne/menu.htm>
Club Olympique Creusot Bourgogne (Le Creusot) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070406201301/http://www.creabc.com/sites/index.php?site=cocb>
Club Sportif Lédonien (Lons-le-Saunier)
Association Sportive Mâconnaise (Mâcon) <https://web.archive.org/web/20110720225050/http://macon.rugby.free.fr/>
Football Club de Saint-Claude (Saint-Claude) <http://fcsc.free.fr/>
Racing Club de Strasbourg Rugby (Strasbourg) <http://rcs.rugby.free.fr/>
Cercle Sportif de Villefranche (Villefranche-sur-Saône) <http://www.csvrugby.com/>
### Pool 3 {#pool_3}
Club Website
------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Association Sportive Ampuis Côtes-Rôties (Ampuis) <http://asampuisrugby.com/>
Union Sportive Bellegarde-Coupy (Bellegarde-sur-Valserine) <http://www.rugby-bellegarde.com/>
Rugby Club Clermont Cournon-d\'Auvergne (Cournon-d\'Auvergne)
Stade Olympique Givors Rugby (Givors)
Union Sportive Montmélian (Montmélian) <http://www.us-montmelian.com/>
Saint-Marcellin Sport (Saint-Marcellin)
Saint-Savin Sportif (Saint-Savin)
Stade Olympique Ugine Albertville (Ugine et Albertville)
Racing Club Vichy (Vichy)
Club Sportif de Vienne Rugby (Vienne) <http://csvienne-rugby.com/>
Association Sportive Villeurbanne et de l'Éveil Lyonnais (Villeurbanne) <http://www.asvel-rugby.com/>
Union Sportive Vizille Rugby (Vizille) <https://web.archive.org/web/20061126235915/http://usvvizille.free.fr/>
### Pool 4 {#pool_4}
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Club | Website |
+================================================================+=============================================================================================================================================================+
| Sporting Club Bastiais Rugby Haute-Corse (Bastia) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Club Athlétique Bédarieux Pays d'Orb (Bédarieux) | <http://www.bedarieux-rugby.com/> |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Châteauneuf-du-Pape-Orange Rugby Club\ | <https://web.archive.org/web/20100116070813/http://rugbycorc.org/> <https://web.archive.org/web/20061123052944/http://www.ville-orange.fr/clubs3.htm> |
| (Châteauneuf-du-Pape et Orange) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rugby Club Dracénois (Draguignan) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rugby Olympique de Grasse (Grasse) | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070206060327/http://rugbyolympique.grass.free.fr/ler.o.g.htm> |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Martigues Port-de-Bouc Rugby Club (Port-de-Bouc) | <http://www.rcmpdb.com> |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Etoile Sportive Montilienne (Monteux) | <http://www.rugby-monteux.com/> `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207204646/http://www.rugby-monteux.com/ |date=2009-02-07 }}`{=mediawiki} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Stade Niçois (Nice) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| US Romanaise et Péageoise (Romans-sur-Isère) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Club Athlétique Saint Raphaël-Fréjus (Saint Raphaël et Fréjus) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rugby Club Sorgues Rhône Ouvèze (Sorgues) | <http://www.sorgues-rugby.com/> `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518030241/http://www.sorgues-rugby.com/ |date=2007-05-18 }}`{=mediawiki} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Entente Vendres-Sauvian-Lespignan (Vendres et Sauvian) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Pool 5 {#pool_5}
Club Website
------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sporting Club d'Angoulême (Angoulême) <http://www.scarugby.com/>
US Cognac (Cognac)
Groupe Sportif Figeacois Rugby (Figeac)
Gourdon XV (Gourdon)
Rugby Club Guéretois (Guéret) <http://www.rcg23.com/>
Club Athlétique Lormont Haut-de-Garonne (Lormont) <http://rugby-lormont.info/>
Entente Vigilante Malemort-Brive Olympique (Malemort-sur-Corrèze) <http://evmbo.mairie-malemort.org/> `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206072602/http://evmbo.mairie-malemort.org/ |date=2007-02-06 }}`{=mediawiki}
Stade Niortais (Niort) <http://stadeniortais.superforum.fr/>
Club Sportif Nontron Rugby (Nontron) <http://www.csnontron.com/> `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309121952/http://www.csnontron.com/ |date=2007-03-09 }}`{=mediawiki}
Club Athlétique Riberacois (Ribérac) <http://www.affinitiz.com/space/cariberac> `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012150/http://www.affinitiz.com/space/cariberac |date=2007-09-28 }}`{=mediawiki}
Stade Athlétique Rochefort Rugby (Rochefort) <https://web.archive.org/web/20050211073824/http://rugby-rochefort.com/>
Rugby Athlétic Club Angérien (Saint-Jean-d\'Angély)
### Pool 6 {#pool_6}
Club Website
------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Avenir Aturin (Aire-sur-l\'Adour) <http://aveniraturin.fr.nf> `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024155521/http://aveniraturin.fr.nf/ |date=2007-10-24 }}`{=mediawiki}
Union Sportive Bazadaise (Bazas)
Boucau Tarnos Stade (Boucau) <http://pierrick.mantion.free.fr/>
Union Sportive Casteljalousaine (Casteljaloux) <http://monsite.wanadoo.fr/casteljaloux-rugby/>
Union Sportive Fumel Libos (Fumel)
Union Sportive Testerine (La Teste-de-Buch) <http://www.arcaweb.net/arcaweb/ust/rugby.htm>
Stade Langonnais (Langon) <http://www.rugbylangon.com/>
Association Athlétique Nogarolienne (Nogaro)
Saint-Médard-en-Jalles Rugby Club (Saint-Médard-en-Jalles)
Union Sportive Amikuze Rugby Saint-Palais (Saint-Palais)
Union Sportive Salles (Salles) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070321094430/http://ussalles.free.fr/pages/base/accueil/accueil_uss_2005.php>
Association Sportive Soustonnaise (Soustons)
### Pool 7 {#pool_7}
Club Website
---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entente Aramits ASASP (Aramits)
Union Sportive Argelès-Gazost (Argelès-Gazost) <http://www.argeles-rugby.com/>
Stade Bagnérais (Bagnères-de-Bigorre) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070930071359/http://www.stadebagnerais.com/pages/fusebox_long_indexpag.html>
Avenir de Bizanos (Bizanos)
Club Athlétique Castelsarrasinois (Castelsarrasin)
Sport Athlétique Hagetmautien (Hagetmau) <http://hagetmau.frbb.net>
Entente Sportive des Côteaux de l'Arrêt (Luc)
Union Sportive Morlaàs (Morlaàs) <http://www.morlaasrugby.com>
Peyrehorade Sports (Peyrehorade) <http://www.psrugby.com/>
Saint-Girons Sporting Club (Saint-Girons) <http://www.ville-st-girons.fr/sports/rugby/rugby.htm>
Sport Athlétique Saint-Séverin (Saint-Sever) <https://web.archive.org/web/20070322191153/http://www.saint-sever-rugby.com/>
Avenir Valencien (Valence-d\'Agen) <http://avenirvalencien.free.fr/>
### Pool 8 {#pool_8}
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Club | Website |
+============================================================+==============================================================================+
| US Carcassonne (Carcassonne) | <http://www.uscarcassonne.com/> |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Avenir Castanéen (Castanet-Tolosan) | <https://web.archive.org/web/20070630100851/http://www.avenircastaneen.com/> |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rugby Olympique Castelnaudarien (Castelnaudary) | <http://www.rocastelnaudary.com/?menu=accueil&e=1> |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| FCTT --- Football Club Toulouse Olympique Aviation Club -\ | <http://www.fcttrugby.com/> |
| Toulouse Olympique Etudiant Club (Toulouse) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Union Sportive L\'Isloise de Rugby (L\'Isle-Jourdain) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Stade Lavelanétien (Lavelanet) | <http://perso.orange.fr/rugby.lavelanet/> |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lombez Samatan Club (Lombez et Samatan) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Entente Rugby Miélan-Mirande-Rabastens\ | |
| (Miélan et Mirande) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rivesaltes XV (Rivesaltes) | <http://avenirvalencien.free.fr/> |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Stade Rugby Rodez Aveyron (Rodez) | <http://bisoux.free.fr/site%20srra/princ.htm> |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Entente de la Vallée du Girou XV (Pechbonnieu) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Villefranche-de-Lauragais (Villefranche-de-Lauragais) | <http://www.fcvrugby
| 829 |
Fédérale 2
| 0 |
10,137,782 |
# Max Planck Institute for Coal Research
The **Max Planck Institute for Coal Research** (*Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung*, MPI KoFo) is an institute located in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany specializing in chemical research on catalysis. It is one of the 86 institutes in the Max Planck Society (*Max-Planck-Gesellschaft*). It was founded in 1912 in Mülheim an der Ruhr as the **Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research** (*Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung*) to study the chemistry and uses of coal, and became an independent Max Planck Institute in 1949.
## Research
The Institute carries out basic research in organic and organometallic chemistry, in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis as well as in theoretical chemistry. The principal aim is to develop new methods for the selective and environmentally benign preparation of new compounds and materials.
The MPI KoFo has been at the forefront of research in chemistry since its formation. One of these is the development of the Fischer--Tropsch process through the efforts of Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in 1925 when the institute was still organized as the *Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung*. Nobel Prize laureate Karl Ziegler also worked at the institute alongside his former student Hans-Georg Gellert to discover the aufbau reaction (*Aufbaureaktion*) or growth reaction among aluminum alkyl compounds.
## Research Departments {#research_departments}
### Organic synthesis {#organic_synthesis}
Research in the Organic Synthesis Department, led by Tobias Ritter, focuses on the development of organic synthesis and novel reaction chemistry. It seeks to discover molecular structure and reactivity that can contribute to interdisciplinary solutions for challenges in science.
### Homogeneous catalysis {#homogeneous_catalysis}
The Homogeneous Catalysis Department, led by Nobel Prize laureate Benjamin List, focuses on the development of new catalysis concepts within the areas of organocatalysis, transition metal catalysis, and, to some extent, biocatalysis. Since 1999, the group concentrates on enantioselective organocatalysis as a fundamental approach complementing biocatalysis and transition metal catalysis. They have a profound interest in developing "new reactions", designing and identifying new principles for the development of organocatalysts, expanding the scope of already developed catalysts such as proline, using organocatalysis in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals, and also investigating the mechanism by which organocatalysts activate their substrates. Furthermore, in 2005 the department has first conceptualized another approach to asymmetric catalysis, namely Asymmetric Counteranion-Directed Catalysis (ACDC). This idea has not only progressed within the department but also at other institutions around the globe into a general strategy for asymmetric synthesis applied in organocatalysis as well as in transition metal catalysis and Lewis acid catalysis.
### Heterogeneous catalysis {#heterogeneous_catalysis}
The Heterogeneous Catalysis Department, led by Ferdi Schüth, is concentrated on the synthesis and characterization of inorganic materials with an application focus in heterogeneous catalysis. Especially important are high surface area materials with controlled porosity and nanostructured catalysts. Reactions studied include model reactions, such as carbon monoxide oxidation, and energy relevant conversions, i.e. methane activation, biomass conversion, ammonia decomposition and catalyzed hydrogen storage. This research is supported by studies into the fundamental processes governing solids formation.
### Organometallic chemistry {#organometallic_chemistry}
The Organometallic Chemistry Department, led by Alois Fürstner, is focused on the development and understanding of organometallic reagents and catalysts, as well as on their application to the synthesis of structurally complex targets of biological significance. Particular attention is paid to the development and validation of catalytic methods for Carbon--carbon bond formation. Long-term projects of current interest concern alkene and alkyne metathesis, the development and use of pi-acids (platinum, gold etc.), iron catalysis and cross coupling in general. Moreover, the group is engaged in the development of novel donor ligands, including carbenes and compounds containing formally \"zerovalent\" carbon atoms. All methods are scrutinized by applications to the total synthesis and \"diverted total synthesis\" of natural products and pharmaceutically active compounds.
### Theoretical chemistry {#theoretical_chemistry}
The Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, led by Frank Neese, focuses on theoretical developments that extend the scope of computational methodology, especially for large molecules, and applies theoretical methods to study specific chemical problems, mostly in close cooperation with experimental partners. The activities of the group cover a broad methodological spectrum such as ab initio methods, density functional theory, semiempirical methods and combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical methods
| 689 |
Max Planck Institute for Coal Research
| 0 |
10,137,807 |
# Jefferson Davis County School District
The **Jefferson Davis County School District** is a public school district based in Prentiss, Mississippi (USA). The district\'s boundaries parallel that of Jefferson Davis County.
## Schools
Secondary schools
- Jefferson Davis County High School (JDC High School). Started in the 2017--18 school year, it now serves as the only high school in the county after the school closings of Prentiss High School and Bassfield High School at the end of the 2016--17 school year. It operates out of the former Bassfield High School. Silver and blue are the school colors and jaguars are the school mascot. Almost 90 percent of its students are African American and 99 percent are categorized as economically disadvantaged.
- Jefferson Davis County Jr. High School. Started in the 2017--18 school year, it now serves as the only junior high school after the school closings of Prentiss High School and Bassfield High School at the end of the 2016--17 school year. It operates out of the former Prentiss High School.
Elementary schools
- G.W. Carver Elementary School (Bassfield)
- J.E. Johnson Elementary School (Prentiss)
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 2,035 students enrolled in the Jefferson Davis County School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 48% female and 52% male. The racial makeup of the district was 88.65% African American, 11.06% White, 0.15% Hispanic, and 0.15% Asian. 99.9% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 252 |
Jefferson Davis County School District
| 0 |
10,137,808 |
# Jamaal Tatum
**Jamaal Tatum** aka **Jamaal Tatoum** (born September 13, 1984) is an American professional basketball guard. He is 6\'2\" and 175 pounds (1.88 m, 80 kg).
## High school career {#high_school_career}
As a high schooler, Tatum was a finalist as the Missouri Mr. Basketball. He was the leading scorer at Helias Catholic High School in Jefferson City, where he set the school record for points in a game (46). Tatum also lettered in football as a sophomore and soccer as a freshman.
Tatum\'s father is a professor of art at Lincoln University and his mother is the supervisor of Jefferson City Public Schools.
## College career {#college_career}
A star basketball player at Southern Illinois, Tatum was known for his quickness and long-range shooting. In his freshman season, he was second in the Missouri Valley Conference in three-point shooting (45.6%).
As a junior, he led the team in scoring (15 ppg) and received various Missouri Valley Conference awards. He led the Salukis back to prominence and took them to the 2006 NCAA Tournament. An #11 seed, they lost to West Virginia in the first round. Tatum was named his team\'s CBS Player of the Game.
In his final season as a Saluki, Tatum was named Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year. Along with fellow senior Tony Young and star junior Randal Falker, Tatum brought the team high into the AP and coaches\' poll, with a 27--6 record (including the MVC Tournament) and an RPI of #7 in the country, ahead of such powerhouses as Memphis (#8) and Kansas (#11). The Salukis received a #4 seed in the 2007 NCAA Tournament and easily beat Holy Cross in the first round. In the second round, they beat #5 seed Virginia Tech, 63--48, reaching 29 wins on the season. Tatum had 21 points and was 7-for-15 from field-goal range. In the third round, they lost to top-seeded Kansas, 61--58. Tatum shot well late and finished with 19 points.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
In 2007, Tatum signed a non-guaranteed contract with the Atlanta Hawks. he played with them during training camp, but did not earn a spot on the final roster. He was drafted 4th overall in the D-League draft by the Idaho Stampede but was waived before he played in a game due to injury. On August 27, 2008, he signed a non-guaranteed contract with the Portland Trail Blazers, who waived him on October 17. Tatum rejoined the Idaho Stampede for the 2008--2009 season, playing 49 games and starting 5. He finished the season third on the team in total points and seventh in scoring average, posting 11.8 points and 4.0 assists per game in 26.5 minutes. Tatum led the team with 8 assists in their first-round playoff loss to the Austin Toros.
### The Basketball Tournament (TBT) (2017--present) {#the_basketball_tournament_tbt_2017present}
In the summer of 2017, Tatum played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for Team Fredette. He competed for the \$2 million prize, and for Team Fredette, he scored five points in their first-round game, which they lost to Team Utah (Utah Alumni) 100--97.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Tatum continues to coach in the greater Tucson area with the private coaching service, CoachUp
| 532 |
Jamaal Tatum
| 0 |
10,137,842 |
# Fédérale 3
**Fédérale 3** is the seventh division of rugby union in France. The competition involves 226 clubs in 21 pools of 8, and winners can progress up into higher division of competition. The competition above Fédérale 3 is Fédérale 2 and above that, Fédérale 1. Above the Fédérale divisions are the National leagues Nationale 2 and Nationale and above those, the two professional leagues, Rugby Pro D2 and the highest, the Top 14
| 75 |
Fédérale 3
| 0 |
10,137,855 |
# Kenneth Granger
**Kenneth William Granger** (born 20 March 1951) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A wing three-quarter, Granger represented `{{Rut|Manawatu}}`{=mediawiki} at a provincial level between 1971 and 1984, playing 128 matches and scoring 66 tries. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, on their 1976 tour of South America. He scored five tries in his six matches on that tour, including the international against Uruguay for which the New Zealand Rugby Union did not award test caps
| 87 |
Kenneth Granger
| 0 |
10,137,863 |
# Amped (Seven Witches album)
***Amped*** is the fourth studio album by Seven Witches, and the first to feature vocalist Alan Tecchio, bassist Kevin Bolembach, and drummer Jeff Curenton.
*Amped* is very different from any previous material Seven Witches released, with the album being darker, heavier, and more brutal. According to bandleader and guitarist Jack Frost, this is a more mature album, and not the \"old metal\" cliché like the previous albums.
*Amped* has mostly received poor reviews. Most of the fans didn\'t like the band\'s new sound and thought the production was too sloppy.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All lyrics and music by Alan Tecchio and Jack Frost respectively
1. West Nile (3:44) - inspired by the West Nile virus
2. Sunnydale High (4:18) - inspired by Buffy the Vampire Slayer
3. Dishonor Killings (4:22) - inspired by Honor killing
4. GP Fix (3:40) - inspired by MotoGP
5. Be (4:53)
6. Fame Gets You Off (6:04)
7. Flesh For Fantasy (Billy Idol) (4:30)
8. Red (3:11) - inspired by Hellboy
9
| 173 |
Amped (Seven Witches album)
| 0 |
10,137,866 |
# Stone County School District
The **Stone County School District** is a public school district based in Wiggins, Mississippi (USA). The district\'s boundaries parallel that of Stone County.
## Schools
- Stone High School
- Stone Middle School
- Stone Elementary School
- Perkinston Elementary School
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 2,803 students enrolled in the Stone County School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 49% female and 51% male. The racial makeup of the district was 24.40% African American, 74.56% White, 0.39% Hispanic, 0.43% Asian, and 0.21% Native American. 43.6% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 115 |
Stone County School District
| 0 |
10,137,887 |
# Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
The **Roosevelt Institute\'s Network**, formerly the \"Roosevelt Institute Campus Network\" and the \"Roosevelt Institution\", bills itself as the first student-run policy organization in the United States. It is a part of the Roosevelt Institute, an organization focused on carrying forward the legacy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt.
Individual chapters on college campuses conduct research and write policy regarding various public issues. In addition, chapters use Roosevelt\'s policy positions as a tool for systematic change in local communities across the country. Roosevelt also runs a paid summer internship program, publishes a yearly undergraduate journal series and undertakes state specific policy work.
Roosevelt was founded at Stanford University and Yale University following the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election. Its name is a counterpoint to the conservative Hoover Institution at Stanford.
## History
The Roosevelt Institution, now the Roosevelt Institute\'s Network, was founded in 2004 by disillusioned young progressives seeking a stronger voice in American policy-making. Quinn Wilhelmi, one of the organization\'s founders, often told students that \"the three pillars of politics are money, bodies, and ideas.\"
Soon after the 2004 election, Kai Stinchcombe was trying to figure out what to do next. He had worked for the Kerry presidential campaign. After the election, he returned to Stanford and emailed a few list-servs suggesting they form a progressive student think tank to fight the influence of Stanford\'s conservative Hoover Institution. The email soon reached Dar Vanderbeck at Bates College and Jessica Singleton at Middlebury and they responded, proposing that such an organization could exist on campuses across the country.
Stanford grad student John Gedmark responded and was able to get in touch with living members of the Roosevelt family through a contact at the Stanford Law School. The Roosevelt family gave their blessing to use the name and connected them with the Roosevelt Institute, and Gedmark and Stinchcombe filed articles of incorporation in California for a new non-profit organization called \"the Roosevelt Institute.\"
Though Roosevelt\'s policy model initially favored extended in-depth research, it soon evolved to include more succinct legislative proposals that cater to busy politicians and staffers. In 2006, Roosevelt experimented with narrowing the scope of its agenda by voting on three annual \"Roosevelt Challenges\": improving socio-economic diversity in higher education, making America work for working families, and increasing energy independence.
In 2007, the Roosevelt Institution merged with the Roosevelt Institute.
There are six national policy centers that are consistent year-to year: defense and diplomacy, economic development, education, equal justice, energy and environment, and health care. Each center has a lead strategist who is responsible for working with individual students on policy ideas, writing preemptive policy analyses on national legislation, and guiding the organization\'s policy focused initiatives.
As of 2012, Roosevelt ran three concurrent programs: The Washington Academy, The Chicago Academy and The New York City Academy. The Washington Academy placed twenty students at the Roosevelt Institution\'s national office as well as at organizations such as the Center for American Progress, the Economic Policy Institute, the AFL--CIO, National Security Network, NDN, and Center for Community Change. The Chicago Academy placed ten students with different Chicago City Agencies where they worked on energy and environmental policy in an urban setting
| 533 |
Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
| 0 |
10,137,896 |
# Tensor product of quadratic forms
In mathematics, the **tensor product of quadratic forms** is most easily understood when one views the quadratic forms as *quadratic spaces*. If *R* is a commutative ring where 2 is invertible, and if $(V_1, q_1)$ and $(V_2,q_2)$ are two quadratic spaces over *R*, then their tensor product $(V_1 \otimes V_2, q_1 \otimes q_2)$ is the quadratic space whose underlying *R*-module is the tensor product $V_1 \otimes V_2$ of *R*-modules and whose quadratic form is the quadratic form associated to the tensor product of the bilinear forms associated to $q_1$ and $q_2$.
In particular, the form $q_1 \otimes q_2$ satisfies
$$(q_1\otimes q_2)(v_1 \otimes v_2) = q_1(v_1) q_2(v_2) \quad \forall v_1 \in V_1,\ v_2 \in V_2$$
(which does uniquely characterize it however). It follows from this that if the quadratic forms are diagonalizable (which is always possible if 2 is invertible in *R*), i.e.,
$$q_1 \cong \langle a_1, ... , a_n \rangle$$
$$q_2 \cong \langle b_1, ... , b_m \rangle$$
then the tensor product has diagonalization
$$q_1 \otimes q_2 \cong \langle a_1b_1, a_1b_2, ... a_1b_m, a_2b_1, ... , a_2b_m , ... , a_nb_1, ... a_nb_m \rangle
| 190 |
Tensor product of quadratic forms
| 0 |
10,137,905 |
# The Westin Paris – Vendôme
**The Westin Paris -- Vendôme** was a historic hotel in Paris, France at 3 rue de Castiglione on the corner of the rue de Rivoli, facing the Tuileries Garden. It opened in 1878 and closed for major renovations in 2025.
## History
The **Hôtel Continental** was constructed to house tourists visiting the 1878 Paris Exposition and opened on June 6, 1878. It was designed by Charles Garnier\'s son-in-law Henri Blondel and was intended to be the most luxurious hotel in Paris at the time. It occupied a full block, the former site of the Ministry of Finance, designed by François-Hippolyte Destailleur in 1817, following the Bourbon Restoration and burned down during the Paris Commune in 1871. During the first World War the hotel was used as a military hospital. The Hôtel Continental remained the largest hotel in Paris for decades; the Russian Grand Dukes habitually stayed there.
With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the hotel was taken over by the Ministry of Information as its headquarters and housed the offices of Minister of Information Ludovic-Oscar Frossard in its former Imperial Suite, which once hosted Empress Eugénie. On June 14, 1940, the hotel was requisitioned by the occupying German military and served as offices. Upon the Liberation of Paris in 1944, bedsheets were hung from the hotel\'s windows as white flags of surrender. The building was used to house French troops until 1947, when the Hotel Continental reopened.
The hotel was bought by Pan Am\'s Inter-Continental Hotels division in August 1968 and fully renovated at a cost of \$8 million. The hotel was renamed the **Inter-Continental Paris** and opened its first 137 updated rooms on May 26, 1969, with the remainder of its 530 rooms following in 1970. The hotel was the site of a bombing on August 30, 1981 that injured 18 people and damaged the foyer and restaurant on the ground floor. The bomb was in an attache case and police theorized it might have exploded prematurely, as there were no claims of responsibility.
Singapore-based sovereign wealth fund GIC bought the hotel from the UK-based InterContinental Hotels Group on September 8, 2005, for €315 million. GIC selected Starwood Hotels to assume management of the property, and it was renamed **The Westin Paris** on October 10, 2005, adding the suffix **Vendôme** to its name in 2010.
GIC sold the hotel to London-based Henderson Park Capital in 2017 for €550 million. The new owners announced that the hotel would be renovated at a cost of \$350 million by designer Tristan Auer and would become part of Jumeirah Hotels & Resorts in 2022. The renovation and reflagging did not happen. In 2018, Dubai Holding, the personal investment portfolio of Dubai ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, bought a minority stake in the hotel. Henderson Park put the hotel up for sale in February 2022, for €800 million. In March 2023, Dubai Holding bought out Henderson Park\'s controlling stake in the hotel for €650 million and announced that the hotel would remain open under Westin management through the 2024 Paris Olympics. The hotel closed on April 27, 2025. Its furniture and fittings were auctioned off on May 6, 2025
| 536 |
The Westin Paris – Vendôme
| 0 |
10,137,924 |
# LGBTQ rights in Aruba
The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Aruba, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, have evolved remarkably in the past decades. Both male and female forms of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Aruba.
On 12 July 2024 the Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that same-sex marriage is legal in Aruba, upholding the Appeals Court decision barring discrimination based on sexual orientation.
## Law regarding same-sex sexual activity {#law_regarding_same_sex_sexual_activity}
Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Aruba. The age of consent is 16 and is equal for both heterosexual and homosexual intercourse.
## Recognition of same-sex relationships {#recognition_of_same_sex_relationships}
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Aruba since a 12 July 2024 ruling of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands.
Prior to that, as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba recognized same-sex marriages registered in the Netherlands as well as in Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (also known as the Caribbean Netherlands) as valid. The Aruban Government initially did not recognize these marriages but was challenged by a lesbian couple who had legally married in the Netherlands and then moved to the island. The case went to the Dutch Supreme Court, which ruled on 13 April 2007 that the Kingdom\'s constituent countries must recognize all of each other\'s marriages.
In April 2015, representatives of all four constituent countries agreed that same-sex couples should have equal rights throughout the Kingdom. The same month a registered partnership bill was submitted to the Estates of Aruba.
On 22 August 2016, Desirée de Sousa-Croes, an openly gay Aruban MP, who married her same-sex partner in the Netherlands, introduced a bill to legalize registered partnerships. However, a vote on the bill was postponed to 8 September 2016 because some MPs still needed time to make up their minds. On 8 September 2016, the Aruban Parliament voted 11--5 to legalize registered partnerships. Registered partnerships are open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.
## Legislative Attempts to Legalize Same-Sex Marriage {#legislative_attempts_to_legalize_same_sex_marriage}
In **2024**, the **Parliament of Aruba** voted twice on a bill aimed at legalizing same-sex marriage. The bill was written by lawyer **David E.A.D.M.E.J.** **Wever** and introduced by MPs **Miguel Mansur (Accion 21), Misha Raymond (Raiz), Marisol Tromp (MAS), and Aquannette Gunn (MAS)**, advocating for equal marriage rights in Aruba. The bill was initially presented in **June 2022** but faced challenges in gaining majority support.
The initial vote took place on **May 8, 2024**, resulting in a 10--10 tie, leading to the bill\'s rejection. A subsequent vote on **June 19, 2024**, yielded the same outcome. In both instances, **MP Shailiny Tromp-Lee** abstained from voting, citing the complexity of the issue.
The member of parliaments who voted in favor of the same-sex marriage law were:
- Miguel Mansur (ACCION21)
- Misha Raymond (RAIZ)
- Raymond Kamperveen (RAIZ)
- Marisol Tromp (MAS)
- Aquannette Gunn (MAS)
- independent parliamentarian Gerlien Croes,
- Mervin Wyatt-Ras (AVP)
- Mike de Meza (AVP)
- Benny Sevinger (AVP)
- Setty Christiaans-Yarzagaray (MEP)
Those who voted against were:
- Arthur Dowers (AVP)
- Mike Eman (AVP)
- independent parliamentarian Ryçond Santos do Nascimento
- Alvin Molina (MEP)
- Hendrik Tevreden (MEP)
- Darlaine Guedez-Erasmus (MEP)
- Marco Berlis (MEP)
- Ricky Hoek (MEP)
- Edgard Vrolijk (MEP)
- Arthur Vallejo (MEP)
Shailiny Tromp-Lee (MEP) chose not to be present in the room and abstained from voting.
## Aruba - Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships {#aruba___recognition_of_same_sex_relationships}
*The court case leading to the legalization of same-sex marriage in Aruba was supported by **Fundacion Orguyo Aruba**, an LGBTQ+ rights organization advocating for equal marriage rights in the country.*
| 604 |
LGBTQ rights in Aruba
| 0 |
10,137,924 |
# LGBTQ rights in Aruba
## Discrimination protections {#discrimination_protections}
The Aruba Criminal Code (*Wetboek van Strafrecht*; *Kódigo Penal*), enacted in 2012, prohibits unfair discrimination and incitement to hatred and violence on various grounds, including \"heterosexual or homosexual orientation\". Article 1:221 describes discrimination as \"any form of discrimination, exclusion, restriction or preference, which has the purpose or effect of impacting or affecting recognition, enjoyment or the exercise of human rights and fundamental liberties in political, economic, social or cultural fields or in other areas of social life.\" Articles 2:61 and 2:62 provide for penalties ranging from fines to one year imprisonment.
## Living conditions {#living_conditions}
Aruba is frequently referred to as one of the Caribbean\'s most LGBT-friendly islands, with various venues, hotels and restaurants catering to LGBT clientele or otherwise advertising as \"LGBT-friendly\". Several specific gay bars and clubs have opened in the capital city of Oranjestad. According to local LGBT group Alternative Lifestyle Federation Aruba, \"Aruba has always been accepting, as long as it\'s not in their face. People are out, but discreetly out. There has never been anything official.\" There are numerous LGBT associations in Aruba, including Equality Aruba (*Igualdad Aruba*), Equal Rights Aruba and Alternative Lifestyle Federation Aruba.
Despite this, some same-sex couples living in Aruba have claimed that this openness is a more recent phenomenon. Charlene and Esther Oduber-Lamer, whose court challenge forced Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean to recognize same-sex marriage, reported frequent harassment and having rocks thrown at them. The Aruban Government was particularly vocal in its opposition to same-sex marriage during the court challenge, which occurred between 2004 and 2007. The Roman Catholic Church, being the largest denomination on the island, has also contributed to more mainstream societal opposition to LGBT rights and same-sex marriage, especially compared to the Netherlands. Nevertheless, in 2016, the Aruban Parliament voted to legalize same-sex and different-sex registered partnerships with many of the same rights as marriage, the first time a Caribbean parliament had done so
| 331 |
LGBTQ rights in Aruba
| 1 |
10,137,925 |
# David Jacoby (politician)
**David Jacoby** (born 1956) is the Iowa State Representative from the 86th District. A Democrat, he has served in the Iowa House of Representatives since 2003, when he was elected in a special election following the resignation of Richard E. Myers.
Jacoby currently serves on several committees in the Iowa House - the Appropriations committee; the Human Resources committee; the State Government committee; and the Commerce committee, where he is chair.
Jacoby was reelected in 2006 with 9,639 votes, running unopposed.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Jacoby was born and raised in Marion, Iowa. He graduated from Marion High School and later obtained his B.A. from the University of Northern Iowa.
## Family
Jacoby is the son of George and Millie Jacoby. He is married to his wife Lynette and together they have two daughters, Ellie and Anna.
## Career
Outside politics Jacoby is a small business owner. His business, Dave\'s Resale, works in estate sales
| 161 |
David Jacoby (politician)
| 0 |
10,137,933 |
# John Cheyne, Baron Cheyne
**Sir John Cheyne, Baron Cheyne** (c. 1442 -- 30 May 1499) was Master of the Horse to King Edward IV of England and personal bodyguard to King Henry VII of England.
## Biography
John was the third but second surviving son of Sir John Cheyne (d. 1467) of Shurland Hall in Kent, by his wife, Eleanor, daughter and sole heiress of Sir Robert Shottesbrooke of Faringdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire). He was the uncle of Thomas Cheyne, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and grand-uncle of Tudor soldier and MP John Cheyne (d. 1567).
In the 1460s he was appointed Esquire of the body to Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of Edward IV. He was MP for Wiltshire in 1478, and in 1479 was appointed Master of the Horse. In the same year he married Margaret Chideock, eldest daughter of Sir John Chideock, and widow of William Stourton, 2nd Baron Stourton; some sources say that they had a son who predeceased his father.
He was present when the Treaty of Picquigny was signed in 1475, and remained behind as a hostage of King Louis XI of France until King Edward IV had gone back to Calais and thence to England. Also in that year, he was granted the manor of Faulstone near Salisbury (now in Bishopstone parish) which had been confiscated from Sir Robert Baynton for his support of Henry VI.
After the death of Edward, and the seizure of the crown by Richard III, Cheyne switched sides to support Henry Tudor\'s claim to the throne, joining him in exile in Brittany. Henry knighted him in 1483 after their return to England. He fought in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field. When Richard III launched his last charge directly at Henry, Cheyne was part of Henry\'s personal bodyguard. Richard unhorsed him with a blow from his broken lance. He fought again at the Battle of Stoke in 1487. In 1486 he was made a Knight of the Garter and was called to parliament as Baron Cheyne.
In later life he lived at Enborne in Berkshire. Nicknamed the \"Vigorous Knight\" by contemporaries, he was a massive man of redoubtable strength. A 21\" thighbone, found in his tomb at Salisbury Cathedral in the 18th century, puts his estimated height at 6 feet 8 inches.
He had no surviving issue and the title died with him. His wife predeceased him, and his estates passed to his brother William or that brother\'s son Francis
| 414 |
John Cheyne, Baron Cheyne
| 0 |
10,137,954 |
# Helena Little
**Helena Little** (born 1960) is an English actress who is best known for playing Mary Tomlinson in *Casualty* and has also been in *The Bill*, *Boon*, *Juliet Bravo*, *Between the Lines*, *A Touch of Frost*, *Peak Practice* and *Dangerfield*. She played the lead role in the 1985 BBC\'s *Theatre Night* productiontion of Oscar Wilde\'s \"Lady Windermere\'s Fan\".
## Early life {#early_life}
Little moved to East Africa as a young girl with her family and boarded at St. Leonards Holy Child of Jesus from the age of ten. She completed her education at the senior wing of the Old Palace, Mayfield, East Sussex. Holidays were spent in Kenya where Little was an active member of Mombasa Yacht Club. From a very early age Little declared her intention to pursue a career in acting and went on to study at Guildhall School of Music and Drama for three years, graduating in 1981 with the Gold Medal.
## Career
Upon leaving Guildhall, she began her professional acting career at the Nuffield Theatre, Southampton creating the role of Trixie Martin in the original production of Daisy Pulls it Off by Denise Deegan. The production transferred to the Globe Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue (now called the Gielgud Theatre) where it enjoyed a long run. Little is best known for playing Mary Tomlinson in *Casualty* and she also She played WDC Jane Long for two series of Phil Redmond's *Waterfront Beat* as well as playing the title role in the BBC's 1985 *Theatre Night* production of *Lady Windermere\'s Fan*. Little\'s last West End theatre appearance was as Chrissy in Dancing at Lughnasa at the Garrick Theatre. Little has also had experience as a director staging productions including; A Midsummer Night's Dream, Caught in the Net (Ray Cooney) and The Poker Session (Hugh Leonard). She is a keen supporter and contributor to Chickenshed Theatre and the So and So Arts Club, formed by her old school and drama school colleague, Sarah Berger. Little produces show-reels for fellow professionals. In December 2022, Little appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera *Doctors* as Pam Wilson
| 350 |
Helena Little
| 0 |
10,137,958 |
# Oracle User Group
An **Oracle User Group** is a private, generally non-profit or not-for-profit organization that provides support and education for users of Oracle Corporation technology, particularly for professional users, however student user groups have also been established.
The Oracle user groups often hold conferences, publish periodicals and survey members to provide real data back to Oracle.
## International Oracle User Council {#international_oracle_user_council}
The International Oracle User Council (IOUC) is an international organization represents the collective interests of the affiliated Oracle user groups.
The Quest Oracle Community supports JD Edwards, PeopleSoft and Oracle Cloud users
| 96 |
Oracle User Group
| 0 |
10,137,977 |
# Makindye
**Makindye** is a hill in Kampala, Uganda\'s largest city and capital. The name also refers to the neighborhood that sits on that hill. Makindye is also the seat of Makindye Division, one of the five administrative zones of the city of Kampala.
## Location
Makindye is bordered by Nsambya to the north, Kibuye to the northwest, Najjanankumbi to the west, Lubowa in Wakiso District to the south, Luwafu to the southeast, and Lukuli to the east. Kansanga and Kabalagala lie to Makindye\'s northeast. The coordinates of Makindye are 0°16\'45.0\"N, 32°35\'10.0\"E (Latitude:0.279175; Longitude:32.586120). The road distance between Makindye and the central business district of Kampala is about 6 km.
## Overview
Makindye, at its peak, stands 1230 m above sea level. It affords a view of the surrounding areas of the city and of neighboring parts of Wakiso District. It also affords a view of Murchison Bay, a part of Lake Victoria to the east and southeast of Makindye. The residential areas on Makindye hill are of middle class proportions. Many of the homes have adjacent plots of land that are often used to grow vegetables.
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
The following points of interest lie on or near Makindye Hill:
- Headquarters of Makindye Division
- Makindye military police barracks
- Makindye Foursquare Gospel Church - A place of worship affiliated with the Pentecostal Movement
- Kiruddu General Hospital - A public hospital administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health - In development.
## Photos
- [Photo of Gas Station in Makindye](https://www.flickr
| 255 |
Makindye
| 0 |
10,138,003 |
# Fourier integral operator
In mathematical analysis, **Fourier integral operators** have become an important tool in the theory of partial differential equations. The class of Fourier integral operators contains differential operators as well as classical integral operators as special cases.
A Fourier integral operator $T$ is given by:
$$(Tf)(x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n} e^{2\pi i \Phi(x,\xi)}a(x,\xi)\hat{f}(\xi) \, d\xi$$
where $\hat f$ denotes the Fourier transform of $f$, $a(x,\xi)$ is a standard symbol which is compactly supported in $x$ and $\Phi$ is real valued and homogeneous of degree $1$ in $\xi$. It is also necessary to require that $\det \left(\frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial x_i \, \partial \xi_j}\right)\neq 0$ on the support of *a.* Under these conditions, if *a* is of order zero, it is possible to show that $T$ defines a bounded operator from $L^{2}$ to $L^{2}$.
## Examples
One motivation for the study of Fourier integral operators is the solution operator for the initial value problem for the wave operator. Indeed, consider the following problem:
$$\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}(t,x) = \Delta u(t,x) \quad \mathrm{for} \quad (t,x) \in \mathbb{R}^+ \times \mathbb{R}^n,$$
and
$$u(0,x) = 0, \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}(0,x) = f(x), \quad \mathrm{for} \quad f \in \mathcal{S}'(\mathbb{R}^n).$$`{{Definition needed|date=January 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The solution to this problem is given by
$$u(t,x) = \frac{1}{(2 \pi)^n} \int \frac{e^{i (\langle x,\xi \rangle + c t | \xi |)}}{2 i c |\xi |} \hat f (\xi) \, d \xi - \frac{1}{(2 \pi)^n} \int \frac{e^{i (\langle x,\xi \rangle - c t | \xi |)}}{2 i c |\xi |} \hat f (\xi) \, d \xi .$$
These need to be interpreted as oscillatory integrals since they do not in general converge. This formally looks like a sum of two Fourier integral operators, however the coefficients in each of the integrals are not smooth at the origin, and so not standard symbols. If we cut out this singularity with a cutoff function, then the so obtained operators still provide solutions to the initial value problem modulo smooth functions. Thus, if we are only interested in the propagation of singularities of the initial data, it is sufficient to consider such operators. In fact, if we allow the sound speed c in the wave equation to vary with position we can still find a Fourier integral operator that provides a solution modulo smooth functions, and Fourier integral operators thus provide a useful tool for studying the propagation of singularities of solutions to variable speed wave equations, and more generally for other hyperbolic equations
| 403 |
Fourier integral operator
| 0 |
10,138,008 |
# Hizen-Iida Station
is a passenger railway station located in the city of Kashima, Saga Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.
## Lines
The station is served by the Nagasaki Main Line and is located 63.6 km from the starting point of the line at `{{STN|Tosu|x}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The station consists of an island platform serving two tracks on an embankment. There is no station building. From the access road, an underpass leads, through the embankment, to the platform. An enclosed shelter has been built over the underpass opening on the platform as a waiting room for passengers. A bike shed is located at the base of the embankment near the entrance to the underpass.
### Platforms
## History
Japanese Government Railways (JGR) built the station in the 1930s during the development of an alternative route for the Nagasaki Main Line along the coast of the Ariake Sea which was at first known as the Ariake Line. The track was built from `{{STN|Hizen-Yamaguchi|x}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{STN|Hizen-Ryūō|x}}`{=mediawiki}, opening on 9 March 1930, and then to `{{STN|Hizen-Hama|x}}`{=mediawiki}, opening on 30 November 1930. In the next phase of expansion, the track was extended to `{{STN|Tara|x}}`{=mediawiki} which opened on 16 April 1934 as the new southern terminus. Hizen-Iida was opened on the same day as an intermediate station along the new stretch of track. On 1 December 1934, the entire route was completed and through-traffic achieved from Hizen-Yamaguchi through the station to Nagasaki. The track was then redesignated as part of the Nagasaki Main Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Kyushu
| 278 |
Hizen-Iida Station
| 0 |
10,138,011 |
# Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont
Battle of Heworth Moor\
Wars of the Roses\
{{\*}} Battle of Northampton \| offices = \| networth = \| known_for = \| years_active = 1449--1460 \| predecessor = \| heir = \| successor = \| spouse = (unknown) \| issue = \| parents = \| occupation = \| signature = \| footnotes = \| misc = }} **Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont** (29 November 1422 -- 10 July 1460) was a scion of a leading noble family from northern England during the fifteenth century. Described by one historian as \"quarrelsome, violent and contemptuous of all authority\", Egremont was involved in numerous riots and disturbances in the northern localities, and became a leading figure in the internecine Percy--Neville feud. When the Wars of the Roses began mid-decade, Egremont fought for the king on the Lancastrian side, being killed five years later at the Battle of Northampton.
## Early years {#early_years}
His youth was rarely peaceful; at the age of twenty five he was part of a force that engaged the tenants of the Archbishop of York, John Kemp in a physical confrontation (possibly to the disapproval of his father and elder brother, Henry, Lord Poynings, although it is equally possible that he began a \'propaganda campaign\' against Kemp at the same time) outside the village of Stamford Bridge. Following the skirmish with the men of Beverley, he was subsequently imprisoned at York Castle- the direct result, it has been suggested of the Archbishop manipulating the jury and County Sheriff, whilst getting his own tenants released instead. It is possible that the king\'s clear support for the Archbishop, notwithstanding their position as one of the region\'s greatest magnatial families, was influential in their decision to later feud with the Percies rather than take it to the king for arbitration.
Conflict in the north was not only over local rivalries; English relations with Scotland periodically descended into warfare throughout the Middle Ages, and the mid-fifteenth century was no exception. However, Egremont seems not to have been part of the campaign of October 1448, when his father the earl and his brother Lord Poyning\'s led an army of 6,000 men across the border only to be routed at the Battle of Sark; Poynings himself was captured, to be eventually ransomed by the Scots.
## Lands and estates {#lands_and_estates}
Cockermouth, in Cumberland, held by Thomas Percy, was a traditional Percy Honour, as was that of Egremont; it is likely to have been due to his father\'s influence at court, as the earl of Northumberland was currently a Royal Councillor, and his connections with the king\'s chief minister Cardinal Beaufort that on 20 November 1449 he was made Lord Egremont by Letters Patent, drawing £10 *per annum* from the county revenues. This figure reflects the fact that Egremont was never to be a wealthy man; it has been calculated that the Percy Cumberland estates suffered a decline of 25% between 1416 and 1470. Equally diminishing to Egremont\'s income was the fact that the barony itself had been divided threeways through inheritances, and at least one-third of it- that of the Fitzwalter family- had been granted to the earl of Salisbury under a 40-year lease at the time of Thomas Percy\'s grant.
## Percy-Neville feud {#percy_neville_feud}
It is not certain exactly when the bad blood between the two families begun; A. J. Pollard has pointed out that they were cooperating together over parliamentary elections in 1449, and as late as 1453; the former husting was attended by Sir Thomas Percy shortly before his elevation to the peerage
| 596 |
Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont
| 0 |
10,138,014 |
# Meloe brevicollis
***Meloe brevicollis*** is a European oil beetle. It is also known as the **short-necked oil beetle**.
It had been thought that the beetle had been extinct in the UK since the 1940s, due to intensive farming. However, in 2007 a small population was discovered in south Devon.
In 2010, 40 beetles were found on four sites on the Hebridean island of Coll. The beetle is flightless and has parasitic young that depend on solitary nesting bees for survival, raising the question of how it arrived on the island. Jeanne Robinson, the curator of entomology at Glasgow Museums said: \"They are very vulnerable to disturbance and what the Devon and Coll sites have in common is that they have been relatively undisturbed for a long time\.... We are hoping there is the potential to do some genetic analysis to see where the population came from.\" There are records of the beetle being found in Ireland and it is possible the colony had been dispersed from there.
In 2014 staff from RSPB Scotland and Buglife traveled to Coll to carry out an extensive survey for the beetle. Incredibly they found over 150 beetles and 2 previously unknown sites for the species making Coll the most important site for the beetle in the UK.
The species was rediscovered in Pembrokeshire, in Wales in 2020, having remained unrecorded there since 1944
| 230 |
Meloe brevicollis
| 0 |
10,138,031 |
# Ray Zirkelbach
**Ray Zirkelbach** (born October 20, 1978) is a former state legislator, prison counselor and soldier. He was raised on a farm in Scotch Grove, Iowa and graduated from Monticello High School in 1997. Zirkelbach served in the Iowa House of Representatives, representing the 31st District, from 2005 to 2011. He was deployed in Iraq as an Iowa National Guard sergeant, in the First Battalion of the 133rd Infantry. He holds a BA from the University of Wyoming in Administration of Justice.
He did not sit in the 2006 or 2007 session of the Iowa House, because he was on active duty with the Iowa National Guard in Iraq.
During his last term in the Iowa House, he was Chair of the Veterans Affairs Committee and a member of the Appropriations, Commerce and Agricultural committees, and was selected to serve on the Justice Systems Appropriations Committee.
Ray has since continued his public service as a correctional counselor at the Anamosa State Penitentiary and program director of Advancement Services of Jones County. He has focused his efforts in community restoration projects and has since purchased and actively renovates properties in the area.
On November 8, 2015, Zirkelbach announced he intended to explore a campaign for the US Senate. Zirkelbach declined pursuing the nomination, focusing on macro-level social work. At this time Zirkelbach works as consultant and documentarian for an urban farming project in Flint, Michigan.
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
Zirkelbach was first elected to the Iowa House in 2004 with 8,712 votes, defeating incumbent Republican opponent Gene Manternach. He was reelected in 2006 with 8,447 votes, running unopposed. He was reelected in 2008 with 9,818 votes, defeating Republican opponent Dena Himes in a campaign that focused on ethanol, wind energy, and veterans affairs.
Zirkelbach endorsed U.S. Senator Christopher Dodd in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries. He proposed a ban on the sale of imported flags (U.S. flag or Iowa state flag) in Iowa. He lost his bid for reelection in 2010 with 5,431 votes, losing to Republican Lee Hein.
\*incumbent `{{Compact election box no change begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 2004
|election_note =District 31
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-06-23 |title=Canvass Summary - Final - 2004 Primary Election (6/8/2004) |url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/primary/PrimaryCanvassSummaryFinal.pdf |access-date=2011-09-19 |publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]] |page=32 |archive-date=2008-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130071340/https://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/primary/PrimaryCanvassSummaryFinal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|turnout_votes =1,462
|result =
|loser_party =
|winner =Ray Zirkelbach <!-- no incumbent -->
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =898
|winner_percent =61.4
|candidate2 =Joyce Jarding
|candidate2_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|candidate2_votes =562
|candidate2_percent =38.4}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2004
|election_note =District 31
|election_ref =<ref name="2004gen" />
|turnout_votes =15,092
|result =gain
|loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner =Ray Zirkelbach
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =8,172
|winner_percent =54.1
|candidate2 =Gene A. Mantermach*
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =6,910
|candidate2_percent =45.8}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =[[2006 Iowa House of Representatives elections]]
|election_note =District 31
|election_ref =<ref name="2006gen" />
|turnout_votes =11,352
|result =hold
|winner =Raymond Zirkelbach*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =8,447
|winner_percent =74.4}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =[[2008 Iowa House of Representatives elections]]
|election_note =District 31
|election_ref =<ref name="2008gen" />
|turnout_votes =14,922
|result =hold
|loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner =Ray Zirkelbach*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =9,818
|winner_percent =65.8
|candidate2 =Dena Himes
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =5,096
|candidate2_percent =34.2}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =[[2010 Iowa House of Representatives elections]]
|election_note =District 31
|election_ref =<ref name="2010gen" />
|turnout_votes =12,040
|result =gain
|loser_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner =Lee Hein
|winner_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner_votes =6,280
|winner_percent =52.2
|candidate2 =Ray Zirkelbach*
|candidate2_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|candidate2_votes =5,431
|candidate2_percent =45
| 606 |
Ray Zirkelbach
| 0 |
10,138,079 |
# Lucius Cornelius Scipio (praetor 174 BC)
**Lucius Cornelius Scipio** (before 213 BC -- after 174 BC) was a statesman of the Roman Republic. He was the second son of Scipio Africanus, but despite this illustrious background, his career was cut short by his demotion from the senate by the censors in 174 BC.
## Family background {#family_background}
Lucius belonged to the patrician gens Cornelia, one of the most prominent families of the Roman Republic. His father was Scipio Africanus, the famous general who defeated Hannibal during the Second Punic War, and his mother Aemilia Tertia. Lucius was born before 213, because he must have had at least 38 years old when he became praetor in 174, according the *lex Villia*, which set minimum ages for holding magistracies. Lucius had one elder brother, Publius Cornelius Scipio, born before 214, who did not embark on a political career, and two sisters: Cornelia, who married her cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, and Cornelia, who married Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus.
Ancient sources diverge on Lucius\' praenomen. In his *Ab Urbe Condita*, the historian Livy wrote Lucius, but Valerius Maximus used Gnaeus. Modern scholars usually favour Livy and call him Lucius.
## Career
Nothing is known on Lucius\' early career, but he must have been military tribune and quaestor in the 180s. He followed his father and uncle Scipio Asiaticus during the Roman--Seleucid War (192--188), likely as praefect. In 190, he was captured by the Seleucid king Antiochos, who still released him without a ransom soon before the battle of Magnesia. Livy tells that two conflicting versions existed, one said that Lucius was captured by the Seleucid navy while sailing near Euboea, the other that it was by the Seleucid cavalry during a reconnaissance in Asia.
Lucius became praetor in 174. A former scribe of his father named Gaius Cicereius withdrew for the electoral race to help Lucius\' election. Cicereius was elected the following year. For unknown reasons, Lucius\' praetorship was unsuccessful. He was expelled from the senate by the censors the same year. Even his family rejected him and the signet ring of Scipio Africanus was taken back from him, perhaps by his own brother Publius.
His date of death is unknown, but he probably died between 174 BC and 170 BC. It is possible that his death, which left his brother with no male heirs, forced the brother Publius to adopt his own first cousin as his heir. This adoptive son would be Scipio Aemilianus. It is nevertheless possible that he had a son, of whom Cornelius Scipio Salvito would be a distant descendant
| 432 |
Lucius Cornelius Scipio (praetor 174 BC)
| 0 |
10,138,105 |
# Five in the Black
***Five in the Black*** is the second Japanese studio album (fifth overall) by South Korean pop group Tohoshinki, released on March 14, 2007, by Rhythm Zone.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Notes
- CD+DVD version of the album does not include tracks 14-16 (\"Begin (Acapella version)\", \"Miss You (Ballad version)\", and \"A Whole New World\").
## Charts
### Weekly charts {#weekly_charts}
+--------------------------+----------+
| Chart (2007) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+==========================+==========+
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 10 |
+--------------------------+----------+
| | |
+--------------------------+----------+
### Monthly charts {#monthly_charts}
+-----------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (2007) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+===================================+==========+
| South Korean Int\'l Albums (MIAK) | 1 |
+-----------------------------------+----------+
| | |
+-----------------------------------+----------+
## Sales and certifications {#sales_and_certifications}
### Singles in Oricon charts {#singles_in_oricon_charts}
Date Title Peak position Weeks
------------ ------------------------------- --------------- -------
2006-06-21 \"Begin\" 15 5
2006-08-16 \"Sky\" 6 2
2006-11-08 \"Miss You /\"O\"-正.反.合
| 151 |
Five in the Black
| 0 |
10,138,175 |
# Feminist views on the Oedipus complex
`{{Feminism sidebar |expanded=Waves}}`{=mediawiki}
Feminists have long struggled with Sigmund Freud\'s classical model of gender and identity development, which centers on the Oedipus complex. Freud\'s model, which became integral to orthodox psychoanalysis, suggests that because women lack the visible genitals of the male, they feel they are \"missing\" the most central characteristic necessary for gaining narcissistic value---therefore developing feelings of gender inequality and penis envy. In his late theory on the feminine, Freud recognized the early and long lasting libidinal attachment of the daughter to the mother during the pre-oedipal stages. Feminist psychoanalysts have confronted these ideas (particularly the female relationship to the real, imaginary and symbolic phallus) and reached different conclusions. Some generally agree with Freud\'s major outlines, modifying it through observations of the pre-Oedipal phase. Others reformulate Freud\'s theories more completely.
## Hélène Deutsch {#hélène_deutsch}
Hélène Deutsch (1884--1982) was one of Freud\'s first female pupils and the first analyst who made an integral, chronological study of woman\'s psychological development. In short, Deutsch claims that women have a passive-masochistic sexuality, they are born for reproduction and their development must be seen as different from the development of men.
Deutsch sees the female development as exceedingly difficult and tortuous, because at some point she must transfer her primary sexual object choice from her mother to her father (and males), if she is to attain her expected heterosexual adulthood. According to Deutsch, the girl blames her father, not her mother, for the lack of a penis; thus, she stops identifying with her father and masculinity. Because of this relationship with her father, she develops libidinous fantasies of being raped. Thus, the rape fantasy is universal and non-pathological, a key part of female sexuality. Meanwhile, the girl identifies herself with her mother through the wish for an \"anal child\". When she recognizes her failure, a decline to the pre-genital stage takes place: a wish for the earlier active (phallic) clitoris. Masochistic tensions in the girl prevail and she longs to be castrated by her father. The desire for a child also becomes masochistic.
## Melanie Klein {#melanie_klein}
Melanie Klein, originator of the Kleinian school of psychoanalysis, agreed with the basic structure of the Oedipal situation, but argued that it originated at 6 months of life while subsequently continuing to be worked through during the time that Freud had previously articulated. She identified the recognition of triangular relationships as originating during this time with the start of the infant\'s burgeoning awareness of the mother\'s relationships with others.
## Nancy Chodorow {#nancy_chodorow}
Nancy Chodorow noted that Freud believed that males possess physical superiority and that a woman\'s personality is inevitably determined by her lack of a penis. Like Freud, but for different reasons, Chodorow emphasizes that the female Oedipal crisis is not resolved completely, unlike the male crisis: a girl cannot and does not completely reject her mother in favour of men, but continues her relationship of attachment to her. The strength and quality of her relationship with her father are completely dependent upon the strength and quality of her relationship with her mother. Chodorow claims that most women are genitally heterosexual, but they have other, equally deep relationships with their children and with other women, as a result of the primary relationship with the mother. Thus, a girl represses neither her pre-Oedipal nor her Oedipal attachment to her mother nor her Oedipal attachment to her father. This means that she grows up with more ongoing preoccupation with internalized object relationships and with external relationships. Because a girl does not have to repress her pre-Oedipal and Oedipal attachment to father and mother, she reaches a more relational sensibility than boys. Chodorow illustrated this through studies suggesting that men love (and fall in love) romantically, where women love and fall in love sensibly and rationally.
## Luce Irigaray {#luce_irigaray}
In Freud\'s model there is no place for femininity unless it is related to masculinity. Luce Irigaray, a student of Jacques Lacan, disagrees with the thoughts about the importance of the penis and phallic for women. She hypothesizes that the reason the penis is privileged in Freud\'s model is that it is visible. This is also the reason that male sexuality is based, in early Lacanianism, on having (a penis) and female sexuality is based on lack. In Freud\'s paradigm, female desire is the desire for a baby to substitute for penis, thus female pleasure is derived from reproduction. Irigaray disagrees: \"How can we accept that the entire female sexuality is being controlled by the lack and envy of the penis?\" Female sexuality is not solely related to reproduction, but neither is it less valuable in reproduction, and thus it should not hold less social power. Furthermore, she says that Freud is forgetting the mother-daughter relationship. To enter the Oedipus-complex, a girl must hate her mother. Irigaray says this view makes it impossible for a girl to give meaning to the relationship with her mother
| 825 |
Feminist views on the Oedipus complex
| 0 |
10,138,184 |
# Chortle
**Chortle** is a British comedy website launched in 2000 by Steve Bennett. The site is a major source of comedy news in the UK. It also reviews comedy shows nationwide, including extensively at the annual Edinburgh Festival Fringe, and presents the Chortle Awards to honour the best stand-up comics working in the UK. In recent years, the site has also branched out into events promotion.
## History
Prior to starting Chortle, Bennett, who graduated from Oxford University, had been working as a local newspaper editor for the Informer group of free newspapers in Surrey and West London. He started the site after the newspaper group expressed a lack of interest in running a website. After considering his areas of interest, he decided to start a comedy site, since IMDb and *Empire* already covered the market for film, and there were numerous music websites available.
The site received some early support from investors during the dot com boom which led to Bennett working from offices in Brick Lane, London. After that company went bankrupt, Bennett continued the site, as he felt the comedy section of *Time Out* was not covering the breadth of comedy in the city in sufficient detail. However, the site was not financially viable for several years afterwards, so Bennett worked as a freelance for the *Daily Mirror* and *Mail on Sunday* to support himself.
The Chortle Awards were launched in 2002 and in 2014 Chortle launched a comedy literary festival with talks by Monty Python\'s Terry Jones, and comedy actor Rebecca Front.
Although initially operated by Bennett alone, the site grew into \"a proper online publication\" with a team of writers including Jay Richardson, Julia Chamberlain and Paul Fleckney, as well as guest contributions from individual comedians.
## Public perception {#public_perception}
The site is seen as a \"one-stop shop for breaking news, reviews and opinion\" and is considered to offer some of the \"more balanced reviews\" of the annual Edinburgh Fringe. It has been said that for comedians, \"a positive write-up from Chortle (particularly from editor Steve Bennett), is the holy grail of the Fringe.\" Satirical website FringePig called it \"the conservative majority of the industry; far more people read it than will freely admit\"
| 370 |
Chortle
| 0 |
10,138,190 |
# Exploring Time
***Exploring Time*** is a two-hour TV documentary mini-series about natural time scale changes that aired in 2007 on The Science Channel.
The documentary is a co-production of Twin Cities Public Television, Red Hill Studios, and NHK. It was made possible by a major grant from the National Science Foundation, and produced in association with Arte France and Granada International
| 62 |
Exploring Time
| 0 |
10,138,195 |
# Dick Taylor (Iowa politician)
**Richard D. Taylor** (April 5, 1931 -- September 17, 2020) was an American politician who was an Iowa State Representative from the 53rd and 33rd Districts. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 2000 to 2009. He resigned in October 2009 because of family health concerns.
Prior to serving in the Iowa House, Taylor served in the United States Navy and was an electrician. Taylor served on the Robins, Iowa City Council.
During his last term in office, Taylor served on several committees in the Iowa House - the Commerce, Local Government, and Veterans Affairs committees. He also served on the Natural Resources Committee, where he was vice chair, and on the Justice System Appropriations Subcommittee. Earlier in his term, until November 2007, he served as vice chair of the Veterans Affairs Committee.
Taylor was first elected to House District 53 in a January 4, 2000 special election following fellow Democrat Kay Chapman\'s resignation. The unusual, early date of the election meant that voter registration deadline was on Christmas and the county auditor\'s office had to be open on New Year\'s Day (both public holidays). After the district lines were redrawn for the 2002 election, he represented the new District 53. He resigned from office on October 14, 2009 and was succeeded by fellow Democrat Kirsten Running-Marquardt.
Taylor died in Cedar Rapids, Iowa on September 17, 2020, at the age of 89.
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
\*incumbent `{{Compact election box no change begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives special election, 2000
|election_note =District 53
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/results/2000s/2000HD53.pdf|title=State of Iowa Abstract of Votes|publisher=Board of State Canvassers|date=2000-01-07|accessdate=2011-09-30}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =1,912
|result =hold
|loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner =Dick Taylor <!-- no incumbent -->
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =1,013
|winner_percent =53.0
|candidate2 =Andy Hasley
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =896
|candidate2_percent =46.9}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2000
|election_note =District 53
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfS/2000%20G%20IH.pdf|title=November 7, 2000 - General Election, Iowa Official Results, State House of Representatives|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2002-07-16|accessdate=2011-09-19|page=25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115100006/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfS/2000%20G%20IH.pdf|archive-date=November 15, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =7,791
|result =hold
|winner =Dick Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =7,680
|winner_percent =98.6}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2002
|election_note =District 33
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2002/results/Canvass%20Summary.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030309172016/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/PDFs/elections/2002/results/Canvass%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-03-09|title=Canvass Summary - Final - 2002 General Election (11/5/2002)|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2002-12-02|accessdate=2011-09-19|page=29}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =7,762
|result =(newly redistricted)
|winner =Dick Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =4,718
|winner_percent =60.8
|candidate2 =Nancy L. Bruner
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =2,805
|candidate2_percent =36.1
|candidate3 =Tammy Kaye Simon
|candidate3_party =Green Party (United States)
|candidate3_votes =238
|candidate3_percent =3.1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2004
|election_note =District 33
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/general/CanvassSummary.pdf |title=Canvass Summary - Final - 2004 General Election (11/2/2004) |publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]] |date=2004-12-06 |accessdate=2011-09-19 |page=25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104025211/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/general/CanvassSummary.pdf |archivedate=2007-01-04 }}</ref>
|turnout_votes =11,020
|result =hold
|winner =Dick Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =10,885
|winner_percent =98.8}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =[[Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2006]]
|election_note =District 33
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf |title=Official Results Report - Statewide, 2006 General Election 11-07-2006 |publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]] |date=2006-11-21 |accessdate=2011-09-19 |page=33 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715101939/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-15 }}</ref>
|turnout_votes =6,796
|result =hold
|winner =Dick Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =6,760
|winner_percent =99.5}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =[[Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2008]]
|election_note =District 33
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/elections/results/2008GeneralResults.html|title=November 4, 2008 General Election Results|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|accessdate=2011-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408054656/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/elections/results/2008GeneralResults.html|archive-date=April 8, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =13,295
|result =hold
|loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner =Dick Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =9,273
|winner_percent =69.7
|candidate2 =Kathy Potts
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =3,996
|candidate2_percent =30
| 600 |
Dick Taylor (Iowa politician)
| 0 |
10,138,197 |
# Česlovas Sasnauskas
**Česlovas Sasnauskas** (19 July 1867, in Kapčiamiestis -- 18 January 1916, in Saint Petersburg) was a Lithuanian composer.
Sasnauskas worked as an organist in Vilkaviškis and also played in Saint Petersburg upon relocating there in 1891.
Besides two requiems and several cantatas, he composed many pieces for organ and published his arrangements of Lithuanian folksongs, as well as a collection of his own songs in the folk idiom
| 71 |
Česlovas Sasnauskas
| 0 |
10,138,220 |
# Heart, Mind and Soul (TVXQ album)
***Heart, Mind and Soul*** is the debut Japanese studio album (third overall) by South Korean pop group Tohoshinki, released on March 22, 2006, by Rhythm Zone. It was released in two physical versions: a CD only version, which includes bonus tracks; and a CD+DVD version, which includes a track list of PVs. The album debuted on the Oricon Albums Chart at number 22, selling 18,000 copies.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Charts
+--------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chart (2006, 2010) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+======================================+======================================================================================================================+
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 25 |
+--------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| South Korean Albums (Gaon){{cite web | url = <http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/album
| 110 |
Heart, Mind and Soul (TVXQ album)
| 0 |
10,138,222 |
# Jacobus de Belviso
**Jacobus de Belviso** (c. 1270 -- 1335) was an Italian jurist from Bologna. His later reputation was based on the text *Practica criminalis* on criminal law printed under his name in 1515. This is, however, no longer believed to be his work.
## Biography
Born about 1270 in Bologna (although the place is not certain), he studied in his native city with Franciscus Accursius and Dinus de Rossonis. He was a professor of Canon law at the University of Bologna, where he began teaching with only a Bachelor\'s degree. In late 1297 and early 1298 he became politically close to Charles II of Naples, king of Sicily and Naples and count of Provence, a supporter of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. He obtained his doctorate in Aix-en-Provence (where he resided for some time) from the hands of the chancellor of the University of Naples Federico II and in the presence of Charles II, according to what Belvisi himself wrote in the proem of his most important work, Practica criminalis.
Banished from Bologna for political reasons, he taught in Naples (1298 to 1302-1303),University of Padua (1306-1307), University of Siena(around 1307-1308), University of Perugia (1316 to 1324), finally returning to Bologna in 1321 to remain there as a lecturer.He died in his hometown in January 1335.
His fame is linked to the Criminal law treatise Practica criminalis, published in Lyon in 1515, although in the past some have questioned the authorship of this work.
## Works
- *Lectura Authenticorum*, Lyon 1511.
- *Practica criminalis*, Lyon 1515
| 257 |
Jacobus de Belviso
| 0 |
10,138,260 |
# 1971 in Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during **1971 in Rhodesia**.
## Incumbents
- President: Clifford Dupont
- Prime Minister: Ian Smith
## Events
### June
- 30 June - Arnold Goodman, a British special envoy arrived in Rhodesia for talks with the Rhodesian government
### November
- 15 November - Alec Douglas-Home, the British Foreign Secretary, arrived in Salisbury to discuss settlement proposals.
- 24 November - Ian Smith, Rhodesian Prime Minister, and Alec Douglas-Home signed an agreement setting out proposals for settlement.
### December
- 16 December - The African National Council is set up as a temporary non-political body under Bishop Abel Muzorewa to oppose the settlement terms
| 114 |
1971 in Rhodesia
| 0 |
10,138,298 |
# Todd Taylor
**Todd Taylor** (born May 21, 1966) is the Iowa State Senator from the 40th District. A Democrat, he has served in the Iowa Senate since 2019. Previously between 1995 and 2019 he had served in the Iowa House of Representatives from the 70th District. He received his BA from Graceland College and his BS from the University of Northern Iowa.
, Taylor serves on several committees in the Iowa House - the Appropriations, Labor, and State Government committees. He also serves as ranking member of the Justice System Appropriations Subcommittee and as a member of the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy Council and of the Statewide Fire and Police Retirement Board of Trustees.
Taylor was first elected in a June 27, 1995 special election, succeeding fellow Democrat Richard Running in the 54th District.
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
\*incumbent `{{show
|House District 54 elections (2000 – 2018)
|{{Compact election box no change begin}}
{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives special elections, 1995
|election_note =District 54
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/results/90s/1995HD54.pdf|title=State of Iowa Abstract of Votes|publisher=Board of State Convassers|date=1995-07-05|access-date=2011-09-19}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =4,924
|result =hold
|winner =Todd Taylor <!-- no incumbent -->
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =2,756
|winner_percent =56.0
|candidate2 =Steve Buhr
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =2,068
|candidate2_percent =42.0
|candidate3 =Rosanne Freeburg
|candidate3_party =Independent (politics)
|candidate3_votes =94
|candidate3_percent =1.9}}
{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 1996
|election_note =District 54
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/results/90s/1996gencanv.pdf|title=Iowa General Election - November 5, 1996|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|access-date=2011-09-22|page=454}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =13,007
|result =hold
|loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner =Todd Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =7,236
|winner_percent =55.6
|candidate2 =Steve Buhr
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =5,759
|candidate2_percent =44.3}}
{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 1998
|election_note =District 54
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/10-8.pdf|title=Iowa General Election - November 3, 1998|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|access-date=2011-09-22|page=427}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =10,422
|result =hold
|loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner =Todd Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =6,120
|winner_percent =58.7
|candidate2 =Rick Kullander
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =4,292
|candidate2_percent =41.2}}
{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2000
|election_note =District 54
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfS/2000%20G%20IH.pdf|title=November 7, 2000 - General Election, Iowa Official Results, State House of Representatives|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2002-07-16|access-date=2011-09-19|page=25}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =11,290
|result =hold
|winner =Todd Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =11,130
|winner_percent =98.6}}
{{Compact election box no change end}}
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
|election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2002
|election_note =District 70
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2002/results/Canvass%20Summary.pdf|title=Canvass Summary - Final - 2002 General Election (11/5/2002)|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2002-12-02|access-date=2011-09-19|page=29}}</ref>
|turnout_votes =10,766
|result =(newly redistricted)
|loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|winner =Todd Taylor*
|winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
|winner_votes =6,164
|winner_percent =57.3
|candidate2 =Charles H. Wieneke
|candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
|candidate2_votes =4,590
|candidate2_percent =42.6}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
| election_title =Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2004
| election_note =District 70
| election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/general/CanvassSummary.pdf|title=Canvass Summary - Final - 2004 General Election (11/2/2004)|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2004-12-06|access-date=2011-09-19|page=25}}</ref>
| turnout_votes =12,474
| result =hold
| winner =Todd Taylor*
| winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner_votes =12,306
| winner_percent =98.7}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
| election_title =[[Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2006]]
| election_note =District 70
| election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf|title=Official Results Report - Statewide, 2006 General Election 11-07-2006|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2006-11-21|access-date=2011-09-19|page=33}}</ref>
| turnout_votes =10,929
| result =hold
| loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| winner =Todd Taylor*
| winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner_votes =7,312
| winner_percent =66.9
| candidate2 =David Gochenouer
| candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| candidate2_votes =3,608
| candidate2_percent =33.0}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
| election_title =[[Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2008]]
| election_note =District 70
| election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/elections/results/2008GeneralResults.html|title=November 4, 2008 General Election Results|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|access-date=2011-09-19}}</ref>
| turnout_votes =11,807
| result =hold
| winner =Todd Taylor*
| winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner_votes =11,675
| winner_percent =98.9}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change
| election_title =[[Iowa House of Representatives elections, 2010]]
| election_note =District 70
| election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2010/gensummaryorr.pdf|title=Official Results Report, General Election held November 2, 2010|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2010-12-16|access-date=2011-09-19|page=75}}</ref>
| turnout_votes =10,771
| result =hold
| loser_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| winner =Todd Taylor*
| winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner_votes =5,959
| winner_percent =55.3
| candidate2 =Jim Burke
| candidate2_party =Republican Party of Iowa
| candidate2_votes =4,246
| candidate2_percent =39.4}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change end}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Compact election box no change begin}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Compact election box no change
|Senate District 35 elections (2018)|{{Compact election box no change begin}}
|election_title =[[Iowa State Senate elections, 2018]]
|election_note =District 35
|election_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/2018/general/canvsummary.pdf|title=Official Results Report, General Election held November 2, 2018|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|date=2018-12-16|access-date=2020-02-03|page=81}}</ref>
| turnout_votes =20,659
| result =hold
| winner =Todd Taylor
| winner_party =Iowa Democratic Party
| winner_votes =19,876
| winner_percent =96.2}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Compact election box no change end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Voting record {#voting_record}
In the 2017 legislative session, Taylor voted against a \$638,000 cut to the Department of Veterans Affairs and Iowa Veterans Home
| 818 |
Todd Taylor
| 0 |
10,138,307 |
# 1646 in music
Musical events of the year **1646 in music**:
## Events
- Luigi Rossi is invited to Paris by Cardinal Mazarin.
## Classical music {#classical_music}
- Giovanni Battista Granata -- **Caprici armonici sopra la chittarriglia spagnuola\...**, a collection of music for the treble guitar, published in Bologna.
- Andreas Hammerschmidt -- Part IV of the *Musicalische Andachten*
## Opera
- Francesco Cavalli -- **La prosperità infelice di Giulio Cesare dittatore** (lost), with libretto by Giovanni Francesco Busenello
- Giacinto Andrea Cicognini -- *Il Celio*
## Births
- July 29 -- Johann Theile, composer (died 1724)
- *date unknown* -- Juan de Araujo, musician and composer (died 1712)
## Deaths
- September 11 -- Johann Stobäus, composer (born 1580)
- September 24 -- Duarte Lobo, composer (born c. 1545)
- October 3 -- Virgilio Mazzocchi, Italian composer of sacred vocal music (born 1597)
- *date unknown* -- Wojciech Dębołęcki, writer and composer (born 1585)
- Manuel Machado, Portuguese harpist and composer of cantigas and romances
- Johann Vierdanck, German composer, violinist and cornetist (buried 1 April) (b
| 179 |
1646 in music
| 0 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
**New Zealand\'s involvement in the Vietnam War** was controversial, sparking widespread protest at home from anti-Vietnam War movements modelled on their American counterparts. This conflict was also the first in which New Zealand did not fight alongside the United Kingdom, instead following the loyalties of the ANZUS Treaty.
New Zealand decided to send troops to Vietnam in 1964 because of Cold War concerns and alliance considerations. The potential adverse effect on the ANZUS alliance of not supporting the United States (and Australia) in Vietnam was key. It also upheld New Zealand\'s national interests of countering communism in Southeast Asia.
The government wanted to maintain solidarity with the United States, but was unsure about the likely outcome of external military intervention in Vietnam. Prime Minister Keith Holyoake decided to keep New Zealand involvement in Vietnam at the minimum level deemed necessary to meet allied expectations.
## Initial contributions {#initial_contributions}
New Zealand\'s initial response was carefully considered and characterised by Prime Minister Keith Holyoake\'s cautiousness toward the entire Vietnam question. While it was considered that New Zealand should support South Vietnam, as Holyoake alleged;
> Whose will is to prevail in South Vietnam? The imposed will of the North Vietnamese communists and their agents, or the freely expressed will of the people of South Vietnam?`{{ref|Holyoakequote}}`{=mediawiki}
The government preferred minimal involvement, with other South East Asian deployments already placing a strain on New Zealand\'s armed forces. From 1961, New Zealand came under pressure from the United States of America to contribute military and economic assistance to South Vietnam, but refused. At that time, aircraft were tasked to deliver supplies to Da Nang on the way from RAF Changi to Hong Kong from time to time.
In 1962, Australia sent advisors, as the United States had, but again New Zealand refused to make a similar contribution.
### Civilian Surgical Team {#civilian_surgical_team}
In April 1963 New Zealand confined its assistance to sending a civilian surgical team. The surgical team was initially made up of seven men and would eventually grow to sixteen, and remained in the country until 1975. The doctors and nurses who worked there were all volunteers from New Zealand hospitals. The team worked for civilians at the Binh Dinh Province Hospital, in Qui Nhon, an overcrowded, and dirty facility almost completely lacking equipment and bedding. It would be the last New Zealand Government agency to withdraw from Vietnam. Lesley Estelle Cowper, while on leave from the Royal New Zealand Army Nursing Corps, served as a nurse with the Surgical Team in Qui Nhon. She became seriously ill after contracting tuberculosis and died in a Saigon hospital on 2 May 1966.
In 1975, as North Vietnamese columns approached Qui Nhon, the civilian surgical team was withdrawn to Saigon. The RNZAF evacuated them and other New Zealanders, including embassy staff, shortly before the capital's fall on 30 April 1975. They were the first New Zealanders to arrive and last to leave Vietnam.
### New Zealand Army Detachment Vietnam (NEWZAD) {#new_zealand_army_detachment_vietnam_newzad}
Under continuing American pressure, the government agreed during 1963 to provide a small non-combatant military force, but the deteriorating political situation in Saigon led to delays. Not until June 1964 did twenty-five Army engineers from the Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers arrive in South Vietnam. On the same day of their arrival, a small headquarters unit established in Saigon. Based at Thủ Dầu Một, the capital of Bình Dương Province, the New Zealand Army Detachment Vietnam (NEWZAD) engineers were engaged in reconstruction projects, such as road and bridge building, until July 1965.
### Non-military economic assistance {#non_military_economic_assistance}
New Zealand non-military economic assistance would continue from 1966 onward and averaged at US\$347,500 annually. This funding went to several mobile health teams to support refugee camps, the training of village vocational experts, to medical and teaching equipment for Hue University, equipment for a technical high school and a contribution toward the construction of a science building at the University of Saigon. Private civilian funding was also donated for 80 Vietnamese students to take scholarships in New Zealand.
| 679 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 0 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
## Military assistance {#military_assistance}
American pressure continued for New Zealand to contribute military assistance, as the United States would be deploying combat units (as opposed to merely advisors) itself soon, as would Australia. Holyoake justified New Zealand\'s lack of assistance by pointing to its military contribution to the Indonesia-Malaysian Confrontation, but eventually the government decided to contribute. It was seen as in the nation\'s best interests to do so---failure to contribute even a token force to the effort in Vietnam would have undermined New Zealand\'s position in ANZUS and could have had an adverse effect on the alliance itself. New Zealand had also established its post-Second World War security agenda around countering communism in South-East Asia and of sustaining a strategy of forward defence, and so needed to be seen to be acting upon these principles.
The New Zealand headquarters established in Saigon in 1964 was renamed \"Headquarters Vietnam Force\" (HQ V Force) on 2 July 1965. The administration of the subsequent New Zealand forces was managed here involving military personnel from all New Zealand branches of service including Military Police. New Zealand Military Police patrolled with Australian Military Police and U.S Military Police as part of security operations of U.S. Naval Support Activity Saigon which was responsible for the protection of U.S personnel and installations in Saigon. The New Zealanders and Australians also protected their own personnel and installations within the security net.
On 4 December 1965 a car bomb explosion in Saigon claimed the life of one member of HQ V Force and injured three others. No further HQ V Force members were injured during the remainder of New Zealand\'s time in Vietnam.
### Royal New Zealand Artillery (RNZA) {#royal_new_zealand_artillery_rnza}
On 27 May 1965 Holyoake announced the government\'s decision to send 161 Battery, Royal New Zealand Artillery to South Vietnam in a combat role. The New Zealand Army Detachment (NEWZAD) engineers were replaced by the Battery in July 1965, which consisted of nine officers and 101 other ranks and four 105 mm L5 pack howitzers (later increased to six, and in 1967 replaced with 105 mm M2A2 Howitzers).
#### U.S 173rd Airborne Brigade {#u.s_173rd_airborne_brigade}
161 Battery was initially under command of the United States Army\'s 173rd Airborne Brigade which had arrived to Vietnam two months before and was based at Bien Hoa Base Camp northeast of Saigon. 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, the first of Australia\'s ground forces, arrived a month before the New Zealanders and were also under command of the 173rd. New Zealand artillery supported U.S. and Australian infantry operations for 12 months. Sergeant Alastair John Sherwood Don and Bombardier Robert White of 161 Bty were the first New Zealand casualties of the Vietnam War when the front of their Land Rover was blown up by a Vietcong command detonated mine during a convoy on 14 September 1965.
In June 1966 the Australian forces were detached from the 173rd and given their own Tactical area of responsibility and tasked with establishing a base at Nui Dat (\"Dirt Hill\"), in Phuoc Tuy Province thus becoming the 1st Australian Task Force.
#### 1st Australian Task Force {#st_australian_task_force}
At the same time, the New Zealand government was given the choice of allowing the New Zealand battery to remain at Bien Hoa with the 173rd under U.S. command or integrate with the new Australian task force. It was decided the battery would join 1ATF and serve with Royal Australian Artillery field regiments. Forward Observers for the battery would patrol with all infantry companies of the Australian and New Zealand infantry while on operations, as they did with American and Australian infantry during their time under the 173rd, to direct artillery support when called upon.
The gunners were noted for their key role in assisting the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6 RAR), during the Battle of Long Tan on 18 August 1966. The battery also played important roles during the Tet Offensive and the Battle of Coral--Balmoral in 1968. The Battery left Vietnam in May 1971 after providing virtually continuous fire support usually in support of Australian and New Zealand infantry units for six years, with over 750 men having served with the Battery with a loss of five casualties during the period of its deployment.
### New Zealand Services Medical Team (NZSMT) {#new_zealand_services_medical_team_nzsmt}
New Zealand\'s military presence in South Vietnam was increased in April 1967 with the arrival of the 1st New Zealand Services Medical Team, a 19-strong detachment consisting of medical personnel from the Royal New Zealand Air Force, Royal New Zealand Navy and Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps under the U.S Military Public Health Assistance Programme (MILPHAP). The team\'s role was to provide medical and surgical assistance to South Vietnamese civilians and developing local knowledge in this field. The New Zealanders relieved a United States Army medical team at Bong Son, to the north of Qui Nhon where the New Zealand Civilian Surgical Team operated, also in Bình Định Province. In addition to civilian casualties, they also treated military casualties who were brought to the Bong Son Dispensary, including Army of the Republic of Vietnam personnel and Viet Cong prisoners.
In June 1969 the team moved to the new 100-bed Bong Son Impact Hospital. The average bed-state was 92 and approximately 46,000 outpatients (mostly civilians) were treated annually before the team\'s withdrawal in December 1971. Overall there were 98 personnel involved over the four-and-a-half years of the Team\'s deployment: 47 from the Army, 27 from the Air Force and 24 from the Navy.
One RNZAF member of the NZSMT, Sgt Gordon Watt, was killed by a booby trap in 1970.
| 941 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 1 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
## Military assistance {#military_assistance}
### Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment (RNZIR) {#royal_new_zealand_infantry_regiment_rnzir}
In 1966, when Confrontation came to an end and Australia decided to expand the 1st Australian Task Force, New Zealand came under pressure to increase its commitment too and did so. In May 1967, a 182-man rifle company, (Victor One Company) was deployed to Vietnam from the 1st Battalion of the Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment in Malaysia. The first Victor Company served a 6-month tour of duty. In December a second Victor Company was deployed to Vietnam and was joined by Whisky Company in December, both from the 1st Battalion.
Both companies served in the 1st Australian Task Force in Nui Dat, Phuoc Tuy Province. Initially Whisky Company served under operational control of 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3RAR) which arrived at the same time as Whisky Company, while Victor 2 Company continued to serve under 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR.) A NZ Component was established at Nui Dat to manage national administration of the New Zealand contingents within 1 ATF.
Following agreement between the Australian and New Zealand Governments in late February 1968, V2 Company and W Company and A, B, and C Companies of 2RAR were amalgamated to become 2RAR/NZ (ANZAC) Battalion (2RAR/NZ) from 1 March 1968. The new \"ANZAC Battalion\" was the only Australian battalion to have five rifle companies. The 2IC was filled by RNZIR Officer, Major Robert Ian Thorpe.
In May 1968 Victor 2 was replaced by Victor 3. Hereafter the tour of duty for all RNZIR companies was extended to twelve months. On 1 June 2 RAR was replaced by 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4 RAR) and the joint Australian and New Zealander infantry forces became 4 RAR/NZ (ANZAC) again with a New Zealander as 2IC, Major ATA Mataira. On 8 November 1968 the first Whisky Company left Vietnam and was replaced by a second Whisky Company.
On 16 April 1969, 1 ATF was advised of a change to operational priorities, with top priority given to eradicating the Viet Cong presence and influence among the civilian populations, followed by the upskilling of the South Vietnamese military forces. These programs were known as \"Pacification\" and \"Vietnamization\" respectively as part of the \"Winning Hearts And Minds\" strategy being undertaken by the Americans. 1 ATF would be increasingly called upon to provide support to a number of civil community reconstruction projects and assist in the training of South Vietnamese forces.
On 19 May 1969, 4 RAR was replaced by 6 RAR and the two RNZIR rifle companies merged with A, B and D Companies of 6 RAR to become 6 RAR/NZ (ANZAC). The battalion 2IC was RNZIR officer Major Neville Alan Wallace. On this tour Mortar and Assault Pioneer Sections were added to each of the New Zealand companies.
The New Zealand infantry companies in 6 RAR/NZ played major roles in two extremely significant and successful operations conducted by the 1st Australian Task Force in 1969 and 1970. The first was *Operation Marsden* (3--28 December 1969) in which Victor 3 Company discovered the major part of the K76A Hospital in the mountains where local enemy headquarters were located and from which the hospital was the major provider of medical services to all communist forces in the area. Additionally, between Victor 3 and one other Australian company approximately 1.5 tonnes of pharmaceuticals were captured which was thought to be the largest amount ever seized in the war by allied forces. The discovery of the hospital would prove to be a major defeat for the Communist forces in the area. The second was *Operation Townsville* (20 March -- 23 April 1970) which resulted in Victor Company finding the headquarters of the main Viet Cong supply group and capturing the operational signals codes and one-time cipher pads used by the Viet Cong headquarters. As a result, senior U.S. commanders including General CW Abrams, Commander USMACV were alleged to have referred to it as \"the biggest intelligence coup of the war.\"
As with other infantry companies of the Australian battalions, the New Zealand infantry companies too sometimes conducted independent operations or were temporarily put under the operational control of 1 ATF directly or under other Australian Battalions or units, and conducted operations with them, e.g. Whisky 3 Company\'s mortar section conducted numerous independent operations with 3rd Cavalry Regiment in 1970, and the Company itself spent some time on Long Sơn Island directly under 1 ATF Command, and later under 8 RAR for some months, also in 1970. Both RNZIR companies conducted a number of independent, company-level land clearing and mine sweeping operations providing security for Australian and American engineer teams. Several ARVN units underwent training under both New Zealand companies at various times.
At the end of April 1970, a new 2 RAR from Australia and new Victor Company from Singapore arrived and on 15 May, Whisky 3 (now six months into their tour) and Victor 5 merged with 2 RAR to become for the second time 2 RAR/NZ (ANZAC). The 2IC for this rotation was RNZIR Major Roy Thomas Victor Taylor. This tour continued to be focused mainly upon the \"Pacification\" programme which 1 ATF had adopted as its first priority in April 1969.
Whisky 3 Company was withdrawn without replacement in November 1970. To offset Whisky 3\'s withdrawal, in January 1971 the New Zealand government committed the 1st New Zealand Army Training Team (1 NZATTV) to Vietnam. 1 NZATTV was made up of advisors from all branches of service, a number of whom had served in the RNZIR companies and in other New Zealand branches of service. The team assisted an American training team at the ARVN Training Center in Chi Lang to train South Vietnamese platoon commanders in weapons and tactics. On 6 May 1971 Victor 5 was replaced by Victor 6 and on 22 May 2 RAR was replaced by 4 RAR. The final and sole New Zealand infantry company was integrated with B, C, and D companies of 4 RAR to become 4 RAR/NZ (ANZAC) for the second time. This would be the final ANZAC Battalion before Australian and New Zealand combat troops were withdrawn in December 1971. The 2IC for the final ANZAC Battalion rotation was RNZIR Major Donald Stuart McIver.
With the battalion\'s tour cut short, Victor 6\'s last operation was one of protecting the activities of 1 ATF\'s withdrawal from South Vietnam.
As the last 1 ATF battalion left, 4 RAR/NZ moved the South Vietnamese forces fully into the Nui Dat base. The majority of 4 RAR/NZ withdrew from Nui Dat to Vũng Tàu on 7 November 1971. The Australians departed on 8 December and the New Zealanders departed on 9 December.
Over the five-year period, more than 1,600 New Zealand soldiers of the nine NZ rifle companies engaged in a constant round of jungle patrols, ambushes, and cordon-and-search operations in both battalion and independently conducted operations, for a loss of 24 killed and 147 wounded.
Additionally, RNZIR personnel served in administrative roles at the New Zealand HQ V Force in Saigon, in support and logistic roles within the ANZAC Battalions at Nui Dat, and in the 1st Australian Logistics Support Group (1 ALSG.) Both New Zealand Army training teams consisted mainly of RNZIR personnel.
### Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) {#royal_new_zealand_navy_rnzn}
The Royal New Zealand Navy did not make a sea contribution to New Zealand\'s military involvement in the Vietnam War, but otherwise contributed personnel beginning in April 1967 with RNZN medical members being part of the tri-service New Zealand Services Medical Team (NZSMT.) Subsequently, a few served with the second of the two New Zealand training teams deployed to Vietnam after combat troops withdrew in 1971.
| 1,287 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 2 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
## Military assistance {#military_assistance}
### Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) {#royal_new_zealand_air_force_rnzaf}
#### Transportation
The RNZAF\'s involvement in the Vietnam War preceded New Zealand\'s subsequent non-military and military contributions and continued up to the Fall of Saigon.
From 1962 the Royal New Zealand Air Force contribution was in the form of transportation. Flights from Singapore to Hong Kong would sometimes stop off at airports and bases in Vietnam on the way there or back to deliver people and supplies. This became a regular schedule as the war intensified and New Zealand became more involved.
The initial New Zealand Civilian Surgical Team sent to Qui Nhon in 1963 were flown to their destination by No. 40 Squadron RNZAF which later flew personnel in and out of New Zealand\'s HQ V Force headquarters in Saigon. The RNZAF inserted the initial NEWZAD engineering team sent in 1964, the RNZA battery in 1965, the first New Zealand infantry troops in 1967, and the NZ SAS in 1968.
When the 1st Australian Task Force base was establiahed at Nui Dat in 1966 a landing strip was built which was just long enough to accommodate the large Bristol Freighters in use by 40 Sqn.
At the same time, No. 41 Squadron RNZAF provided resupply missions to South East Asia from the Royal Air force base in Singapore and from New Zealand, usually via Australia. 41 Sqn flew C130 Hercules freighters. Over the thirteen years of the Vietnam War, 41 Sqn made 1,979 landings into the conflict.
Flights to support the civilian medical team at Qui Nhon, and the New Zealand embassy in Saigon continued after the withdrawal of New Zealand ground forces in 1971.
In early April 1975 the squadron established a detachment at Tan Son Nhat International Airport near Saigon to evacuate New Zealand personnel from the country as North Vietnamese forces rapidly advanced. The last No. 41 Squadron flight out of the country departed on 21 April carrying 38 embassy staff (including the New Zealand Ambassador) and refugees, just prior to the fall of Saigon.
#### Forward air controllers {#forward_air_controllers}
Over 20 RNZAF personnel served as forward air controllers with the USAF 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron at Da Nang Air Base, and USAF 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron at Bien Hoa Air Base.
#### RAAF pilots {#raaf_pilots}
From mid-1967 16 RNZAF pilots and crew from No. 3 Squadron RNZAF served with No. 9 Squadron RAAF based in Vung Tau, flying Bell UH-1 Huey helicopters in support of Australian and New Zealand troops.
#### U.S Marine Corps Attachment {#u.s_marine_corps_attachment}
A small detachment of RNZAF A-4 Skyhawk pilots were attached to the U.S. Marine Corps VMA-311 (Marine Attack Squadron 311), Marine Aircraft Group 12, at Chi Lang in 1970.
#### New Zealand Services Medical Team {#new_zealand_services_medical_team}
RNZAF personnel were numerous in the New Zealand Services Medical Team (NZSMT) and one went on to be part of the subsequent New Zealand Army Training Team (NZATTV.)
One RNZAF member of the NZSMT, Sgt Gordon Watt, was killed by a booby trap in 1970, the RNZAF\'s only casualty of the war. A plaque and memorial to Sgt Watt is on display at the Ohakea Base Medical flight, and there is also the \"Gordon Watt Memorial Award\" for the RNZAF\'s top medic award, named in his honour.
### New Zealand Special Air Service (NZSAS) {#new_zealand_special_air_service_nzsas}
In November 1968, New Zealand\'s contribution to the 1st Australian Task Force was increased by the deployment of 4 Troop, New Zealand Special Air Service, comprising an officer and 25 other ranks. The arrival of this Troop raised New Zealand\'s deployment to Vietnam to its peak -- 543 men. The Troop was attached to the Australian SAS Squadron at Nui Dat and carried out long-range reconnaissance and the ambushing of enemy supply routes, mounting 155 patrols over three tours until being withdrawn in February 1971.
Although under operational command of the Australian SAS Squadron Commander when deployed into the field on operations, 4 Tp NZSAS was an independent command and self-sufficient.
On 14 January 1970 Sergeant G.J. Campbell was killed in action, being the first and only fatal NZSAS casualty during the unit\'s time in Vietnam.
### Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers (RNZE) {#corps_of_royal_new_zealand_engineers_rnze}
#### NEWZAD construction team {#newzad_construction_team}
New Zealand\'s first non-combat contribution to Vietnam were the NEWZAD engineers from Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers sent in 1964. The NEWZAD team spent nine months in Vietnam on construction activities before being replaced by the RNZE engineers that came out ahead of the arrival of the RNZA battery in July 1965.
#### Site establishment and preparations {#site_establishment_and_preparations}
Each time New Zealand military contribution to South Vietnam increased, a work party of RNZE engineers was sent to assist in preparing the site for the new arrivals. These RNZE Detachments helped set up the NZ artillery battery when it moved from Bien Hua to Nui Dat in September 1966 and again for Victor One Company RNZIR from early November to December 1967. The final detachment was sent to assist 1 NZATTV establish themselves in Chi Lang in November 1970. This detachment stayed in South Vietnam until February 1971.
#### 1st Australian Task Force and HQ V Force headquarters {#st_australian_task_force_and_hq_v_force_headquarters}
Other personnel of the RNZE also served in the 1st Australian Logistics Support Group (1 ALSG), at HQ V Force headquarters, and with 198 Works Section, Royal Australian Engineers.
#### Combat engineering {#combat_engineering}
Sappers from the Royal New Zealand Engineers accompanied the RNZIR infantry patrols as Assault pioneers to assist with mine clearing, demolition, and Combat engineering tasks. Several RNZE personnel also served in these capacities with the NZSAS. Two RNZE sappers were killed while serving with the RNZIR infantry companies.
Additionally, Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Charles Fenton RNZE, was administratively in charge of all New Zealand forces in Vietnam, at the New Zealand Headquarters in Saigon (V Force HQ) from 25 July 1968 to 30 July 1970.
### Royal New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RNZEME) {#royal_new_zealand_electrical_and_mechanical_engineers_rnzeme}
When 161 Battery, RNZA arrived in Vietnam in 1965 a detachment of engineers from the Royal New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers formed the Logistic Support Element (LSE), to service the battery. 161 Bty served under command of the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade from 1965 to 1966. When the 1st Australian Task Force was established and moved to Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province in 1966, the LSE was detached from the battery and established within the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1 ALSG) at Vung Tau. RNZEME personnel who had been in the LSE were taken for the most part into the Light Aid Detachment (LAD) of the Australian Artillery Field Regiments which 161 Bty was integrated with.
RNZEME tradesmen also served with the New Zealand Services Medical Team in the town of Bong Son, in the Binh Dinh Province.
Some RNZEME personnel served in the RNZIR rifle companies, the ANZAC Battalions (Command & Support), as well as at the New Zealand V Force HQ in Saigon. The initial NEWZAD deployment included a few RNZEME personnel, as did the latter NZATTV.
| 1,181 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 3 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
## Military assistance {#military_assistance}
### Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC) {#royal_new_zealand_army_ordnance_corps_rnzaoc}
The Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps did not contribute a standalone unit to Vietnam but provided individuals to serve in various Australian and New Zealand units. A number of RNZAOC personnel initially served with the New Zealand Logistic Support Element (LSE) which supported 161 Battery RNZA during its time serving under the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade and before the LSE was detached from the battery and incorporated into the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1 ALSG) at Vung Tau in 1966. Some 50 RNZAOC personnel served in the headquarters of 1 ALSG thereafter. Along with other New Zealand branches of service, RNZAOC personnel went about their business with their Australian counterparts in all aspects of 1 ALSG\'s support functions for Australian and New Zealand forces in Vietnam. Other RNZAOC members served with the New Zealand headquarters (HQ V Force) in Saigon, 1 ATF headquarters at Nui Dat, 161st (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight, 161 Battery RNZA, the RNZIR rifle companies, and with their Australian, Korean, and U.S Navy counterparts at the 29th General Support Group of the U.S Army\'s Long Binh Post. One member also served in 1 NZATTV.
### Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps (RNZAC) {#royal_new_zealand_armoured_corps_rnzac}
The Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps was not represented as its own unit in Vietnam and members instead served within other New Zealand and Australian units including 161 Bty RNZA, V Force HQ, the ANZAC Battalions (Command and Support), the RNZIR companies, 1 ALSG, and in the NZAATV teams.
Several members served as tank crew with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps, and 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment (U.S Army.)
Two RNZAC pilots served with the Australian 161st (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight.
Additional short-term postings included detachments to several U.S. Cavalry units.
### Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps (RNZAMC) {#royal_new_zealand_army_medical_corps_rnzamc}
Most personnel from the Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps served with the New Zealand Services Medical Team (NZSMT) or were medics for 161 Bty and the New Zealand infantry companies, or were otherwise stationed at the New Zealand V Force Headquarters in Saigon, and at 1 ALSG at the 1st Australian Support Compound in Vũng Tàu.
Nine New Zealand Army nurses served at the 1st Australian Field Hospital at Vung Tau. They treated soldiers with illnesses related to the climate and conditions, and were on standby to treat wounded soldiers brought in by helicopter.
After combat troop withdrawals in 1971 several RNZAMC served in the NZAATV teams.
RNZAMC Staff Sergeant Dick Grigg who was posted at HQ V Force in Saigon was one of the first New Zealand casualties of the Vietnam War when a car bomb exploded on 12 December 1965 in Saigon. Several others were wounded in the attack.
### Royal New Zealand Army Service Corps (RNZASC) {#royal_new_zealand_army_service_corps_rnzasc}
Although the Royal New Zealand Army Service Corps was not represented as a unit in the New Zealand contingent to Vietnam over 140 RNZASC personnel served throughout the war providing transport and logistics for 161 Bty RNZA, the two RNZIR companies, and 4 Troop NZSAS, as well as in administration and advisory roles in New Zealand V Force HQ in Saigon, 1 ALSG, and as members of 1 NZATTV.
### Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals (RNZSigs) {#royal_new_zealand_corps_of_signals_rnzsigs}
Members of the Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals served in all New Zealand units in Vietnam, including RNZA, RNZIR, NZSAS, V Force HQ and as part of the NZ Component at Nui Dat. Some served as intelligence officers with 1ATF. The last commander of 1NZATTV (5 Dec 1972 -- 13 Dec 1972), Major TD Macfarlane, was from RNZSigs.
### New Zealand Army Training Team Vietnam (1 NZATTV & 2 NZATTV) {#new_zealand_army_training_team_vietnam_1_nzattv_2_nzattv}
As American focus shifted to President Richard Nixon\'s \"Vietnamization\" programme -- a policy of slow disengagement from the war by gradually building up the Army of the Republic of Vietnam so that it could fight the war on its own - the New Zealand government dispatched the 1st New Zealand Army Training Team Vietnam (1 NZATTV) in January 1971. This action was intended to offset the departure of the New Zealand rifle company, Whisky 3, which left in November 1970. Numbering 25 men from different branches of service of the New Zealand Army, including RNZIR, RNZA, RNZE, RNZEME, RNZAMC, RNZAC, RNZSigs, RNZASC, and RNZAOC, it assisted the United States Army Training Team at the Chi Lăng Training Center in Chau Doc Province. The team helped train South Vietnamese platoon commanders in weapons and tactics.
In February 1972 a second training team (2 NZATTV), 18 strong was deployed to South Vietnam and was based at Dong Ba Thin Base Camp, near Cam Ranh Bay. Made up of members from various New Zealand branches of service including two members from RNZN, the team helped train Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK) personnel in weapons and tactics and first aid. This team also provided first aid instruction and specialist medical instruction at Dong Ba Thin\'s 50-bed hospital.
The two New Zealand training teams were withdrawn from Vietnam in December 1972.
### New Zealand attachments to United States Army, Air Force and Navy {#new_zealand_attachments_to_united_states_army_air_force_and_navy}
37 New Zealand serviceman, mostly Commissioned Officers are recorded on the *Flinkenberg List* as having served with U.S. detachments during the war. These were not always formal postings as such. Some of these attachments were planned as part of officers\' career planning by Defence Headquarters; others were opportunity attachments through contact with Allied commanders at many levels.
Of the 37 on the list, 20 of those were RNZAF personnel who served as attachments to various units of the United States Air Force, as Forward air controllers.
Two small RNZAF detachments were attached to U.S Marine Corps A-4 Skyhawk squadron VMA-311 at Chu Lai Air Base in January 1970 and October 1970.
Three RNZN personnel served with the US Navy on a Junior Officer Exchange programme in 1971, each posted on the aircraft carrier `{{USS|Kitty Hawk|CV-63|6}}`{=mediawiki} and destroyer `{{USS|William H. Standley|DLG-32|6}}`{=mediawiki} off the coast of North Vietnam.
| 1,016 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 4 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
## Military assistance {#military_assistance}
### New Zealand attachments to Australian Army, Air Force, and Navy {#new_zealand_attachments_to_australian_army_air_force_and_navy}
Five members from various branches of the New Zealand military whom had also trained as Army pilots served with the Australian 161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight.
In 1967 two RNZAF pilots were seconded to the Royal Australian Air Force\'s No. 9 Squadron, which was flying UH-1 Iroquois helicopters as troop transports. Two more RNZAF pilots joined No. 9 Squadron in 1968 to fly helicopters, often in support of the Australian and New Zealand SAS. By 1971 16 New Zealand pilots had served in 9 Squadron.
Ten members from RNZAC served with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, Royal Australian Armoured Corps.
Eleven (some say ten) RNZIR personnel served as detachments to the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam which operated in Vietnam from 1962 to 1972.
### Distinctions and awards {#distinctions_and_awards}
161 Battery RNZA was awarded the United States Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service in South Vietnam while serving under the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade. Many New Zealand individuals received military awards for activities in Vietnam, including American military service awards and citations.
In 2019 the Australian government awarded the Australian Unit Citation for Gallantry to all members of 161 Battery for their part in the Battle of Coral-Balmoral. This is the first Australian Unit Citation for Gallantry offered to a New Zealand military unit.
| 235 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 5 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
## Withdrawal
In line with reductions in American and Australian strength in Vietnam, New Zealand began the gradual withdrawal of its combat forces as the training teams were arriving. Prime Minister Holyoake said in 1971 that New Zealand\'s combat forces would be withdrawn by \"about the end of this year,\" and they were -- Whiskey Three Company went in November 1970, the SAS Troop and 161 Battery followed in February and May 1971 respectively, and Victor Six Company and the tri-service medical team left with the 1st Australian Task Force in December 1971, ending New Zealand\'s combat involvement in the Vietnam War.
One of the first acts of Prime Minister Norman Kirk\'s Labour Party government (elected in December 1972) was to withdraw both training teams and the New Zealand headquarters in Saigon. By then, a total of 3,890 New Zealand military personnel, all volunteers, had served in Vietnam from June 1964 to December 1972.
New Zealand casualties during the Vietnam War were: RNZE: 2, RNZA: 5, RNZIR: 27, RNZAF: 1, NZSAS: 1, RNZAMC: 1 (for a total of 37) and 187 wounded. Two New Zealanders serving with the United States Marine Corps, one serving in the US Army and one serving with the Australian Army were also killed in action.
The last NZ troops left Vietnam on 22 December 1972.
## Protest
Although New Zealand\'s involvement in the war was very limited compared to the contributions of some of its allies, it still triggered a large anti-Vietnam War movement at home.
New Zealand protests were similar to those in the United States -- criticising the policies of the United States government and challenging seriously for the first time New Zealand\'s alliance-based security, calling for a more \'independent\' foreign policy which was not submissive to that of the United States and denying that communism posed any real threat to New Zealand. Campaigns were also waged on moral grounds ranging from pacifist convictions to objections to the weapons being used to fight the war. In the early 1970s, anti-Vietnam war groups organised \'mobilisations\', when thousands marched in protest against the war in all the country\'s major centres. While Prime Minister Holyoake and his government had their own misgivings about the viability of the war, they were consistent in their public belief that they were maintaining both New Zealand\'s foreign policy principles and treaty-bound obligations. Despite popular sentiment apparently against the conflict, especially in its final years, Holyoake\'s National Party was re-elected into government twice during the course of the war.
Protest chronology:
- 1967: Two members of the left-wing Progressive Youth Movement lay a protest wreath on Anzac Day in Christchurch and are subsequently convicted of disorderly behaviour. Further incidents follow at later Anzac Days as protestors seek to bring attention to their anti-war cause.
- 1967: 21 arrests during an Auckland protest against the visit of South Vietnam\'s Premier, Air Vice-Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky.
- 1967: On 29 October, a big fight between police and protesters occurs outside the home of the American consul at Paritai Drive in Auckland.
- 1969: Flour bombs, paint and eggs thrown in protest over a visit of a high-ranking United States politician
- 1969: Fire crackers thrown at an election meeting addressed by the Prime Minister with 30 arrests.
- 1970 January 15: US Vice President Spiro Agnew arrives in Auckland as part of a goodwill visit to US-allied South East Asian nations and is greeted by several hundred anti-war protesters. The protests turn violent after police attempt to disperse protesters. Both sides blame each other for the violence which results in many arrests.
- 1971: Protests in Dunedin reach the National Party\'s convention in the centre of the city, resulting in scuffles with police and two arrests. On 30 April, a nationwide anti-war demonstration attracts 30,000 people to the streets demanding New Zealand\'s immediate withdrawal from Vietnam.
- 1971: 161 Battery during a welcome home parade was attacked by a small group of protestors with red paint, the protestors claimed the red paint was for the blood spilled by Vietnamese during the war.
- There are also numerous protests at Anzac Day, especially in Christchurch, where anti-war activists attempt to lay wreaths commemorating the dead of both sides, or \'victims of fascism in Vietnam\'.
The protest movement is backed by Norman Kirk\'s Labour government which supports a prompt withdrawal of New Zealand troops. New Zealand troops are quickly withdrawn without much controversy after the Labour Party\'s return to office in 1972. The protests mark a split in foreign policies between the two major political parties of Labour and National. While National continues to support a stronger alliance with the United States, the anti-war protests convince the Labour government that a new and more independent New Zealand foreign policy is needed. The new foreign policy which follows as a result of these protests is the reason behind New Zealand rejecting visits from ships from the United States over anti-nuclear protests during the period of time after 1985. The anti-Vietnam War protests are often regarded as the beginning of the ANZUS alliance breakdown between New Zealand and the United States. The Vietnam War protests are still remembered on ANZAC Days in New Zealand for significance in the change of direction in New Zealand\'s foreign policy.
| 886 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 6 |
10,138,311 |
# New Zealand in the Vietnam War
## Agent Orange {#agent_orange}
Like veterans from many of the other allied nations, as well as Vietnamese civilians, New Zealand veterans of the Vietnam War claimed that they (as well as their children and grandchildren) had suffered serious harm as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. In January 1984 the United States District Court of New York issued a legal notice \"to all persons who served in or near Vietnam as member of the armed forces of the United States, Australia and New Zealand" resulting in an out of court settlement in September 1985 with the U.S. chemical companies that manufactured the product.
Following further investigations by the U.S. and Australian governments into allegations of health consequences from exposure to Agent Orange, the New Zealand government issued a report in 1999 called the "Reeves Report". The Reeves Commission agreed to accept the U.S. and Australian benchmarks for determining the validity of cases.
In 2001 a study into the effects of defoliants on Vietnam veterans and their children was conducted by Veterans Affairs NZ. This investigation was poorly conducted and ignored the evidence amassed in Australia of the spraying missions that took place in Vietnam where Australian and New Zealand troops were exposed. Efforts to provide the evidence were finally successful by 2004 and the results of the investigation were published in The New Zealand Herald on 15 December 2004 where it was admitted that New Zealand Vietnam veterans were "exposed to a toxic environment". Prime Minister Helen Clark\'s government apologised to Vietnam War veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange or other toxic defoliants, following the inquiry.
In 2005, a New Zealand member of parliament from New Plymouth stated that he had evidence that New Zealand supplied Agent Orange chemicals to the United States military during the conflict. The same minister later claimed to have been \"mis-quoted\" although this information was not reported by the Media and the claim has never been proven.
In December 2006, the New Zealand Government, the Ex-Vietnam Services Association (EVSA) and the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services Association (RNZRSA) agreed to, and signed, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) following the recommendations of the Joint Working Group, designated with advocacy for Veteran\'s concerns. The MoU provides formal acknowledgement of the toxic environment New Zealand Vietnam Veterans faced during their service abroad in Vietnam, and the after-effects of that toxin since the servicemen and women returned to New Zealand. The MoU also makes available various forms of support, to both New Zealand Vietnam Veterans and their families. New Zealand writer and historian, Deborah Challinor, includes a new chapter in her second edition release of **Grey Ghosts: New Zealand Vietnam Veterans Talk About Their War** that discusses the handling of the New Zealand Vietnam Veterans\' claims, including the Reeves, McLeod and Health Committee reports, and the reconciliation/welcome parade on Queen\'s Birthday Weekend, 2008, also known as \'Tribute 08\'.
From 1962 until 1987, the 2,4,5T herbicide was manufactured at an Ivon Watkins-Dow plant in Paritutu, New Plymouth for domestic use. This fact was the basis of the 2005 claim that the herbicide had been allegedly exported to U.S. military bases in South East Asia. There have been continuing claims that the suburb of Paritutu has also been polluted
| 548 |
New Zealand in the Vietnam War
| 7 |
10,138,316 |
# Zaira (opera)
***Zaira*** is a *tragedia lirica*, or tragic opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini set to a libretto by Felice Romani which was based on Voltaire\'s 1732 play, *Zaïre*. The story takes place in the time of the Crusades and the opera\'s plot involves the heroine, Zaira, struggling between her Christian faith and her love for Orosmane, the Muslim Sultan of Jerusalem.
It was Bellini\'s fifth opera, following quickly after his February 1829 composition and premiere of *La straniera* at La Scala.
*Zaira* received its first performance at the \"Nuovo Teatro Ducale\" in Parma (now the Teatro Regio di Parma) on 16 May 1829. Although it had been expressly written for the theatre\'s inauguration, it was a failure at its premiere.
## Composition history {#composition_history}
At around the time that Bellini was in discussions with impresario Domenico Barbaja about a second opera for La Scala to follow *La straniera*, the composer reported to his friend Francesco Florimo in Naples that he had been approached in August 1828 by another impresario, Bartolomeo Merelli, about writing the inaugural opera for the soon-to-be completed Teatro Ducale (now the Teatro Regio) in Parma which was due to open the following year on 12 May 1829.
The offer to write the opera to inaugurate the house had originally been extended to Rossini, but he had declined due to his work on *Le comte Ory* for Paris and, while other composers were considered, in November 1828 the offer was made to Bellini, with the subject to be *Cesare in Egitto*, to be set to a libretto written by a Parma lawyer, Luigi Torrigiani. However, Bellini made it a condition of his contract that he must approve the subject and, over the Parma lawyer\'s objections and his attempt to persuade him and Henriette Méric-Lalande, the chosen *prima donna*, to accept this work, Bellini stated a preference for working again with Romani, who himself proposed two subjects.
In a long complaint, which Torrigiani laid against Bellini after he had traveled to Milan to meet the composer and *prima donna* in an attempt to convince them to use his libretto, he reported to Parma\'s Grand Chamberlain upon his return in December. The aggrieved librettist sums up Bellini\'s tastes in Romantic drama as follows:
: \[He\] likes Romanticism and exaggeration. He declares that Classicism is cold and boring \... He is entranced by unnatural meetings in forests, among graves, tombs and the like\...
However, the complaint was ignored.
Initially, Romani proposed that the opera should be *Carlo di Borgogna*, but composer and librettist eventually decided to tackle \"a drama so\...hallowed as Voltaire\'s *Zaïre*\". However, this enterprise proved to be more challenging for Romani than first imagined. He explained that, in writing the libretto for *Zaira*, his position in relation to Voltaire\'s tragedy was rather different from the tone of the original play, thus avoiding---as Galatopoulos notes---\"philosophical ostentation (appropriate in Voltaire and popular at the time)\" and noting in the preface to the libretto:
: *Zaira* therefore is not covered with the ample cloak of Tragedy but wrapped in the tight form of Melodrama.
Librettist and composer arrived in Parma on 17 March 1829 giving them 56 days before the opening, but Bellini then learned that some of the singers would only arrive 14 days before the date of the premiere, a date that was---in theory---unchangeable. In fact, that date had to be changed due to the inability of Lalande to arrive in time for sufficient rehearsal.
The later opposition, which arose after the first performance, focused on criticism that Bellini was seen too often on the streets before the premiere rather than writing the music for the opera. This may have had some merit since both composer and librettist were somewhat dilatory, delaying work as much and as long as possible in order to be able to work with the singers and to set the music to suit their vocal characteristics, a not uncommon 19th century practice. Indendant Count Sanvitale\'s request on 17 April, asking \"to let me know the reasons why our copyists are kept idle\", did not receive much of response to satisfy the theatre\'s management, but eventually, both men got down to work and finished on time, although the premiere was delayed by four days due to Lalande\'s late arrival.
| 716 |
Zaira (opera)
| 0 |
10,138,316 |
# Zaira (opera)
## Performance history {#performance_history}
**19th century**
With this opera, Bellini encountered \"the first serious setback of a hitherto brilliant career\". Several reasons have been put forward: Lippmann and McGuire note, it was because \"Bellini showed too little enthusiasm for the undertaking\". Another writer attributes it to Parma\'s traditional love of and favouritism towards the music of Rossini, while yet another notes that a combination of the composer being constantly seen in cafes around the city (when it was assumed that he should have been composing) and the fact that Romani had included a long explanation of the difficulties of adapting Voltaire in the printed libretto provided to all operagoers. Critical of his own work, the librettist stated: \"the style should have been more careful, and that here and there, certain repetitions of phrases and concepts should have been edited out\". At the same time, he noted that, with music composed to those verses now in place, \"I was not permitted to go back over what already had been done; and poetry and music were finished in less than a month\". This short period of time, which was not unusual for some composers in 19th century Italy, compares to the months which it took Bellini to write *Il pirata* and his preference, as he wrote his later operas, for having a lengthy time frame in which to work.
The general impression given by reports in the press was that, overall, the music was weak, although some numbers and the trio were liked. However, for the most part, the singers were applauded, even if the composer received little.
The opera received eight performances, followed by some poorly-received ones in Florence in 1836, where the reviewer of the *Gazzetta di Firenze* notes that \"*Zaira* put in an appearance on stage, but that audience\....shouted at her, and she returned to the harem\" and then it disappeared until 1976. Bellini later re-used substantial parts of the music of *Zaira* for his next opera *I Capuleti e i Montecchi*, which received its premiere in March 1830. Except for the Florence revival of *Zaira*, no performances of it were given for 140 years.
**20th century and beyond**
However, *Zaira* was revived on 1 April 1976 in a reconstruction by Rubino Profeta at the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania with a cast including Renata Scotto and Giorgio Lamberti. and again in September 1990 with Katia Ricciarelli and Ramón Vargas. Both productions were recorded.
There were presentations in 2006 at the Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and as a concert performance at the 2009 Festival de Radio France et Montpellier in France. Also, it was staged in Martina Franca, Italy in 2013 at the Festival della Valle d\'Itria.
| 453 |
Zaira (opera)
| 1 |
10,138,316 |
# Zaira (opera)
## Roles
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 16 May 1829\ |
| | | (Conductor:\ |
| | | Ferdinando Melchiorri) |
+============================================+===============+==============================+
| Zaira, *favourite of Orosmane* | soprano | Henriette Méric-Lalande |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Orosmane, *Sultan of Jerusalem* | bass | Luigi Lablache |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Nerestano, *brother of Zaira* | mezzo-soprano | Teresa Cecconi |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Corasmino, *vizir* | tenor | Carlo Trezzini |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Lusignano, *father of Zaira and Nerestano* | bass | Giovanni Inchindi |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Castiglione | tenor | Francesco Antonio Biscottini |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Fatima | soprano | Marietta Sacchi |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
| Meledor | bass | Pietro Ansiglioni |
+--------------------------------------------+---------------+------------------------------+
## Synopsis
: Place: Jerusalem
: Time: 14th/15th century
### Act 1 {#act_1}
*Scene 1: A gallery leading to the Sultan\'s harem*
There is celebration in the Sultan\'s court over the impending marriage between Sultan Orosmane and Zaira, the orphaned Christian slave girl. But some of his courtiers resent the marriage, seeing the installation of a Christian woman as sacrilegious. Corasmino, the Sultan\'s vizier vows to seek a way that this will not happen.
Zaira herself is happy, but is reminded by Fatima, another slave girl, that she will have to give up her religion upon marriage, and this causes Zaira to declare that from then on, her religion will be that of love. When the Sultan appears, each expresses their mutual love.
The Frenchman Nerestano, a former slave, has returned from France to plead for the release of ten French knights still held captive. Orosmane quickly agrees to release all the captives, who number around one hundred, but insists on retaining Prince Lusignano whom he has condemned to death. Zaira pleads for Lusignano to be released from his death sentence.
*Scene 2: A subterranean prison leading to the prisoners\' cells*
Nerestano and Zaira go down to the prisoners\' cells to see the French knights who are to be freed. There they see Prince Lusignano who, upon seeing the couple, actually recognises them as his long-lost children who were taken prisoner during the time he was battling with Syria. Zaira is disturbed by Lusignano\'s concern that she must renounce her religion and, although called away, pledges to do what she can to avoid taking that action.
*Scene 3: The Sultan\'s harem*
The French prisoners are ordered to leave in spite of Corasmino\'s concern that their poor physical condition might not be well received when they arrive in France. Orosmane allows Zaira to say farewell to Narastano, but he is upset because he misconstrues the relationship between the two, especially when Zaira asks for a short postponement of the marriage. Orosmane declares that he will kill any man who would be his rival in love.
### Act 2 {#act_2}
*Scene 1: Zaira\'s quarters*
Fatima tries to persuade Zaira not to marry Orosmane and not to give up her religion. Zaira pleads for the postponement of her wedding when the sultan enters; at that time, she promises to tell him why. Generously, he agrees.
*Scene 2: Near the French knights\' cells*
Count Lusignano has just died and the sultan allows the French knights to bury him with full Christian honours and then the knights are to be escorted to their ships. However, all are unhappy when they learn that Zaira cannot attend the funeral, since they had planned to abduct her at that time.
*Scene 3: The harem*
Corasmino has found what he believes to be evidence of Zaira\'s treachery in appearing to love Nerestano. It has reached him through the interception of a letter from brother to sister demanding that she meet him in the garden that night or he states that he will kill himself. He shares this information with Orosmane who agrees that the message should get through to her.
Conflicting emotions overwhelm Zaira when she reads the letter. At that moment, she hears the sounds of a funeral and, looking from the balcony and realising that it is her father who is dead, collapses in a faint, an action which amazes the other slaves and guards.
*Scene 4: The harem gardens at night*
Humiliated, Orosmane hides in the garden along with Corasmino. They await Zaira\'s arrival. When she does so, accompanied by Fatima, Nerestano appears and, to him, she renounces her love for Orosmane and expresses her desire to return with him to her homeland. In a fit of jealousy, the sultan rushes at Zaira and fatally stabs her. Dying, she explains her relationship to Nerestano at which the grieving Orosmane, ordering all to leave, stabs himself in the heart
| 770 |
Zaira (opera)
| 2 |
10,138,324 |
# Henry Schoenefeld
**Henry Schoenefeld**, also spelled **Henry Schoenfeld** (October 4, 1857 in Milwaukee -- August 4, 1936 in Los Angeles) was an American composer.
Schoenfeld studied in the German Empire at the Weimar Conservatory. He moved to Chicago in 1879, when he began conducting Germania Männerchor that year and a mixed choir there from 1891 to 1902. In 1904, he again became a choir master and conducted the Woman\'s Symphony Orchestra in Los Angeles.
His compositions included two operas, a *Rural Symphony*, a suite on Indian themes for strings, and two Indian legends, as well as numerous pieces for piano.
Schoenfeld taught at UCLA and many of his students, such as Roy Harris, went on to have successful careers. His son was the harpsichordist George Schoenefeld
| 127 |
Henry Schoenefeld
| 0 |
10,138,349 |
# Owen Brown, Columbia, Maryland
\--\> \| footnotes = }}
**Owen Brown** is one of the ten villages in Columbia, Maryland, United States, established in 1972. Neighborhoods in the village include Dasher Green, Elkhorn and Hopewell. Owen Brown lies south and east of the town center.
The village contains the 37 acre Lake Elkhorn, with a walking path of two miles (3 km) and a picnic pavilion in the 23 acre park.
## History
Prior to the development of Columbia, an area road was known as Owen Brown Road, named for local postmaster and store owner Owen T. Brown who had once lived on it. Due to its proximity, Rouse Company planners used Owen Brown as an early working name for the village. The name stuck, and became the permanent name of the village when it opened in 1972.`{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2018|reason=no mention of named road, dwelling, or middle initial in existing source}}`{=mediawiki}
Lake Elkhorn is named for the Elkhorn branch of the Little Patuxent River; Elk Horn Farms was also the name of the Dasher farm. Street names are taken from the works of Paul Laurence Dunbar.
Dasher Green is named for the 670-acre Dasher family farm purchased in May 1963 by one of the Rouse company land acquisition entities. The farm was systematically reduced in size from 1971 to 1978, with the last parcel sold for development in 1996. Street names are taken from the works of John Greenleaf Whittier.`{{Failed verification |date=March 2020 |reason=No mention of Whittier}}`{=mediawiki}
Hopewell is named for the 200-acre land grant, Laswell\'s Hopewell, patented to Thomas Davis Sr. on December 6, 1728. The street names are taken from the works of Vachel Lindsay.
In 1976, Ryland Homes announced it would start construction on homes priced between \$50,000 and \$70,000. The Village would contain 18 percent section 8 housing as part of its broad spectrum of housing options. In 1977, Howard County temporarily held construction of housing by Washington Homes for multiple code violations on over 25 homes.
The Rouse Company was unable to procure the land around the Owen Brown Shopping Center, which remained independently operated outside of Rouse control with an anchor store leased by Giant Food.
## Services
The East Columbia branch of the Howard County Library is located in the village.
Dasher Green and Hopewell each have an outdoor pool
| 389 |
Owen Brown, Columbia, Maryland
| 0 |
10,138,353 |
# ANU School of Music
The **ANU School of Music** is a school in the Research School of Humanities and the Arts, which forms part of the College of Arts and Social Sciences of the Australian National University. It consists of four buildings, including the main School of Music building -- which contains **Llewellyn Hall** -- and the Peter Karmel Building.
The School of Music\'s teaching encompasses performance tuition, alongside musicianship, musicology, sound recording, and ethnomusicology.
## History
The School of Music was established under the name Canberra School of Music in 1965 with Ernest Llewellyn as the founding Director. The original plans for the School were prepared in the 1960s when the Department of the Interior recognized the need to establish centres for art and music study in the national capital, with the vision of providing high-level performance and practice. Sir Richard Kingsland, Secretary of the Department from 1963 to 1970, provided valuable support for Ernest Llewellyn\'s vision. The Canberra School of Music was established in 1965. It was first located in the Canberra suburb of Manuka and in 1976 moved to its current site on Childers Street between the Australian National University and the city centre, becoming the first purpose-built music school facility in Australia.
Llewellyn\'s vision for the school was based on the Juilliard School; he regarded Isaac Stern, with whom he had studied at Juilliard and who was his longtime friend, as the \"father\" of the school. He set the School up with a hand-picked staff and a focus on the training of soloists, chamber and orchestral musicians. As part of his grand plan he also envisaged the development of a national symphony orchestra based in Canberra. This has never been established, although Canberra has its own professional part-time orchestra, the Canberra Symphony Orchestra, based in Llewellyn Hall.
Responsibility for the Canberra School of Music passed from the Department of the Interior to the Minister for Education and Science, John Gorton. Control was transferred in 1974, and Sir Richard was the first Chairman of the Canberra School of Music. The Kingsland Room in the School of Music is named in his honour. The current School of Music building was opened in 1976.
In 1988 the Canberra School of Music and the Canberra School of Art combined to form the Canberra Institute of the Arts, and amalgamated with the Australian National University as the ANU Institute of the Arts in 1992.
In 2001, the Peter Karmel Building was opened to house the Jazz and Percussion Areas, and the Centre for New Media Arts. An extension to the Music Library was completed at the same time. In 2004, the National Institute of the Arts was dissolved, with the Schools of Music and Art becoming part of what was then the ANU Faculty of the Arts.
In 2007--08 the future of the School of Music came under review by the Australian National University. In 2012 the School of Music was subject of heated public debate, as the University responded to an annual running loss of \$3 million, with a reduction in the University\'s internal subsidy and overhaul of the School\'s curriculum and staffing arrangements. The Head of School at the time, Walter resigned shortly after in June 2012 to take up the Headship of the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. Peter Tregear, a graduate of the University of Cambridge and a prominent conductor and musicologist, was appointed to replace him and took up his post in August 2012. Tregear, however, found the University management \"hostile to his attempts to rebuild confidence in the School\". Separately, the Commonwealth authority responsible for managing worker\'s compensation claims, Comcare, launched an investigation into a series of complaints relating to untenable workloads and a toxic work culture. Tregear resigned in August 2015. In 2016 a review of the School led by former public service commissioner Andrew Podger backed Tregear\'s assessment of poor governance and called for \"an overhaul of its governance and financial management\".
Kenneth Lampl, Head of School from March 2017 -- 2019, described the commencement of his tenure as a \"new era\", but resigned amidst unsubstantiated allegations of plagiarism. Kim Cunio was appointed as his successor less than two weeks later.
## Staff
Some of the staff present as of December 2021 include:
- Kim Cunio (Head of School 2019--present)
- Kenneth Lampl (film and video game composition)
- Larry Sitsky (piano and composition)
- David Pereira (cello)
- Tor Frømyhr (violin and viola)
- Christopher Sainsbury (composition)
- Alexander Hunter (composition)
- Edward Neeman (piano)
- Scott Davie (piano)
- Cheryl Barker (soprano)
- Miroslav Bukovsky (trumpet)
- John Mackey (saxophone)
- Samantha Bennett (music technology)
- Mark Sutton (drummer)
Past staff include:
- Nicolette Fraillon (director 1998--2002)
- Don Banks (composition)
- Jim Cotter (composition)
- Alice Giles (harp)
- Geoffrey Lancaster (fortepiano and conducting)
- David Worrall (composition)
| 810 |
ANU School of Music
| 0 |
10,138,353 |
# ANU School of Music
## Location, grounds and buildings {#location_grounds_and_buildings}
The School of Music complex is situated on the south-eastern edge of the Australian National University campus, between the School of Art and University Avenue, bordered on the north-western face by Childers Street.
The complex itself consists of four buildings; two of which are demountables. The demountable buildings, which are joined, were installed in the 1990s and house some of the graduate facilities as well as some administration and technical capacity of the Music area and are colloquially known as \"The Shed\".
The two permanent buildings, the main School of Music Building and the Peter Karmel building are both built in contemporary architectural styles.
### Building
The main School of Music building was designed for the National Capital Development Commission in 1970 by architects Daryl Jackson and Evan Walker. The architectural works of Jackson at this time can be seen to be in parallel with those of noted U.S. architect Paul Rudolph, most notably his 1960s interpretations of Le Corbusier\'s later works.
The following, taken from the Australian National University\'s Heritage Factsheet on the School of music, provides a physical description of the building and its architectural merits and heritage:
The building is heritage-listed by:
- Royal Australian Institute of Architects (Ref: R031);
- ACT Heritage Register (Nominated);
- Commonwealth Heritage List (Place ID -- 105636);
- National Trust of Australia (ACT) Classification List: Classified.
Refurbishments to the main School of Music building in 2008 after a storm caused serious damage to the roof have included the complete refurbishment of Llewellyn Hall.
### Llewellyn Hall {#llewellyn_hall}
The main School of Music building houses Llewellyn Hall, a 1,400-seat concert hall that not only hosts events of the School (including most of the Australian National University\'s graduation ceremonies), but is also the venue for concerts by musical organisations of the city (including the Canberra Symphony Orchestra, Canberra Youth Orchestra, Canberra Choral Society and The Llewellyn Choir) and the nation (such as the Australian Chamber Orchestra, and Musica Viva.
The ACT government provides Llewellyn Hall \$200,000 each year in addition to the ANU\'s \$1.6 million annual funding for outreach programs. The 2010 Loxton *Review of the Arts in Canberra* recommended that in regards to Llewellyn Hall, \"with such significant support, the ACT Government should leverage considerably greater benefits for the ACT arts and public, based more on a sharing arrangement, with extended and more affordable access. If this is not possible, it may be necessary to consider whether ACT public arts funding could be more productively invested in the arts and music elsewhere\". The Loxton report also recognized the vital contribution the ANU School of Music provided the ACT public.
Llewellyn Hall came about directly through the initiative of its namesake, Ernest Llewellyn, the founding Head of School and instigator of the Canberra School of Music project. Llewellyn\'s plans, drawn with renowned architect Daryl Jackson, provided for a large \"lecture hall\" (with seating for 1,300 people and full audio and lighting facilities), smaller rehearsal spaces, teaching studios and offices.
### Peter Karmel Building {#peter_karmel_building}
An addition to the School of Music is the Peter Karmel Building, opened in 2001. The work of MGT Architects, this building is discretely separate -- both in a site planning and architectural manner -- to the original building.
The Peter Karmel Building was designed as a new freestanding addition to the Canberra School of Music to accommodate numerous practice and performance functions for the School, with specific accommodation of the Jazz and Percussion Departments and the Australian Centre for Arts and Technology (ACAT). The two-storey building forms a new Entry Court to the School of Music complex and provides integrated connections between practice and performance spaces in both the original School and new addition. The façade design commission by artist Marie Hagerty was intended to be an opportunity for the artist to work with the large-scale architectural forms in their three-dimensional landscape setting to create a patterning, \"marking\", and enlivening of the glazed and solid surfaces of the building\'s exterior.
The building, named after former ANU Vice-Chancellor Professor Peter Karmel, was designed and project managed by Guida Mosely Brown Architects in conjunction with commissioned artist Marie Hagerty. It currently houses the Centre for New Media Arts, the Jazz Department and the Percussion Department. It also contains the fourth most important performance space in the ANU campus (after Llewellyn Hall, the Theatre Arts Performance Space and Theatre 1, the Home of Canberra Repertory), the Band Room
| 748 |
ANU School of Music
| 1 |
10,138,358 |
# World Chess Championship 1963
thumb\|upright=1.1\|A Soviet stamp dedicated to the World Chess Championship 1963 thumb\|upright=1.1\|A 2019 stamp of Artsakh featuring the championship match between Botvinnik and Petrosian At the **World Chess Championship 1963**, Tigran Petrosian narrowly qualified to challenge Mikhail Botvinnik for the World Chess Championship, and then won the match to become the ninth World Chess Champion. The cycle is particularly remembered for the controversy surrounding the Candidates\' Tournament at Curaçao in 1962, which resulted in FIDE changing the format of the Candidates Tournament to a series of knockout matches.
## Structure
The world championship cycle was under the jurisdiction of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, which set the structure for the fifth world championship series at the 1959 FIDE Congress in Luxembourg. The cycle began with the zonal tournaments of 1960. The top finishers in the zonals met at the Interzonal, with the top six players from the Interzonal qualifying for the Candidates\' Tournament. They were then joined by Mikhail Tal (loser of the last World Championship match in 1961) and Paul Keres (runner-up at the 1959 Candidates) in the eight player Candidates Tournament in 1962. The winner of the Candidates would qualify to play a World Championship match against Mikhail Botvinnik, the incumbent champion, in 1963.
## Zonal tournaments {#zonal_tournaments}
FIDE now had more than fifty member Federations that were divided into nine zones: 1--Western Europe, 2--Central Europe, 3--Eastern Europe, 4--USSR, 5--USA, 6--Canada, 7--Central America, 8--South America, and 9--Asia. Previous championship cycles had used only eight zones. Each zone was allocated from one to four qualifiers based on the relative strengths of its leading players.
### Zone 1 (Western Europe) {#zone_1_western_europe}
The Zonal was held at Madrid, with Jan Hein Donner (Netherlands), Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia), Arturo Pomar (Spain), and Lajos Portisch (Hungary) in a four-way tie for first place with 10½/15. A Madrid playoff qualified Gligorić, Pomar, and Portisch.
### Zone 2 (Central Europe) {#zone_2_central_europe}
The Zonal was allocated to Berg en Dal, Netherlands. Due to Cold War political tension, Wolfgang Uhlmann (East Germany) was refused a visa, causing the players from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia to withdraw. The winners of the diminished tournament were Friðrik Ólafsson (Iceland) first with 7½/9 and Andreas Dückstein (Austria) and Rudolf Teschner (West Germany) tied for second with 7. The Zonal tournament was replayed in the summer of 1961 at Mariánské Lázně, Czechoslovakia, with Ólafsson, Miroslav Filip (Czechoslovakia), and Uhlmann qualifying. At its 1961 Congress at Sofia, FIDE decided that Dückstein and Teschner would be allowed to play a match for a place in the Interzonal. With the match tied 3--3, Dückstein withdrew giving the final qualifying spot to Teschner.
### Zone 3 (Eastern Europe) {#zone_3_eastern_europe}
The Zonal was held in Budapest, with Gedeon Barcza (Hungary) finishing first with 10½/15, followed by Mario Bertok (Yugoslavia), István Bilek (Hungary), Aleksandar Matanović (Yugoslavia), and Theo van Scheltinga tied for second at 10. A playoff between the second-place finishers at Berg en Dal ended with Bilek 3½, Bertok and Matanović 3, von Scheltinga 2½. An artificial tie-break selected Bertok over Matanović, resulting in Barcza, Bilek, and Bertok qualifying for the Interzonal.
### Zone 4 (USSR) {#zone_4_ussr}
Even though FIDE allocated the USSR four qualifying spots, Zone 4 was the hardest zone from which to qualify. An early 1961 USSR Championship was held as the Zonal tournament. Tigran Petrosian won the championship with 13½/19, and the remaining qualifiers were Victor Korchnoi with 13 and Efim Geller and Leonid Stein with 12. Notable players who failed to qualify from this zone were former world champion Vasily Smyslov at 11, former world champion challenger David Bronstein at 9, and former Candidates Boris Spassky at 11, Yuri Averbakh at 10½, Mark Taimanov at 10, and Isaac Boleslavsky at 9. The USSR Federation tried unsuccessfully at the 1961 FIDE Congress to get Smyslov seeded into the Interzonal.
### Zone 5 (USA) {#zone_5_usa}
The United States Chess Federation designated the 1960 U.S. Championship as the Zonal tournament. Top finishers in the championship were Bobby Fischer with 9/11, William Lombardy with 7, Raymond Weinstein with 6½, and Arthur Bisguier, Samuel Reshevsky, and James Sherwin with 6. Zone 5 was allotted three players, but the lack of true chess professionals in America aside from Fischer greatly affected the players the U.S. sent to the Interzonal. Lombardy was too busy to play as he was in seminary, and Weinstein was also busy with college studies. Reshevsky declined a spot in the Interzonal, and Sherwin could not get enough time off work to participate. Fischer and Bisguier won the first two spots, and Pal Benko was nominated to fill the final position.
### Zone 6 (Canada) {#zone_6_canada}
Daniel Yanofsky, a former Canadian champion and British champion was nominated for the one qualifying spot allotted.
| 793 |
World Chess Championship 1963
| 0 |
10,138,358 |
# World Chess Championship 1963
## Zonal tournaments {#zonal_tournaments}
### Zone 7 (Central America) {#zone_7_central_america}
Zone 7 comprised Central America along with northern parts of South America. Miguel Cuéllar (Colombia) qualified from the Caracas Zonal.
### Zone 8 (South America) {#zone_8_south_america}
The top finishers at the São Paulo Zonal were Julio Bolbochán (Argentina) first with 13½/17, Samuel Schweber (Argentina) second with 13, and Eugênio German (Brazil), Rodrigo Flores (Chile), and Bernardo Wexler tied for third with 11½. After a playoff for third place, the qualifiers were Bolbochán, Schweber, and German.
### Zone 9 (Asia) {#zone_9_asia}
Zone 9 included Asia (except the USSR) and the Pacific, and was divided into two subzones. The Southeast Asia and Pacific subzonal tournament was held in Sydney, with C. J. S. Purdy winning. As the West and Central Asia subzonal tournament at Madras had only two players, it was decided in match play. Manuel Aaron (India) beat Sürengiin Möömöö (Mongolia) 3--1. Aaron qualified by beating Purdy 3--0 in the Zonal final match also held at Madras.
| 171 |
World Chess Championship 1963
| 1 |
10,138,358 |
# World Chess Championship 1963
## Interzonal
The fifth Interzonal was planned for the Netherlands in 1961, but the sponsors could not guarantee that visas could be obtained for all participants. Subsequently, efforts were made to play in Moscow, and then Madrid, but these arrangements also fell through. Finally the Interzonal was played in Stockholm under the direct sponsorship of FIDE, from 26 January to 8 March 1962. The 23-player single round-robin tournament was won convincingly by 18-year-old American Bobby Fischer, with 17½ points out of 22 (13 wins, 9 draws, no losses), a margin of 2½ points. The next four places were taken by the Soviets Tigran Petrosian and Efim Geller with 15 points each, and the Soviet Victor Korchnoi and the Czechoslovak Miroslav Filip with 14 points each.
For the sixth and final qualifying spot there was a three-way tie at 13½ points. Leonid Stein (USSR), Pal Benko (USA), and Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia) played a double round-robin playoff tournament which was dominated by Stein and Benko. Although Stein won, a rule adopted in 1959 allowed no more than three players from a single Federation to qualify from the Interzonal. Stein could play in the Candidates only if one of the other qualifiers from the USSR (Geller, Petrosian, or Korchnoi) was unable to participate. With Stein excluded, Benko took the final place in the Candidates Tournament.
### Crosstables
Players in bold advanced to the Candidates\' Tournament, along with seeded players Mikhail Tal and Paul Keres.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 W D L Total Place
---- -- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------- ----------
1 -- ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 13 9 0 **17½** **1**
2 ½ -- ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 0 1 10 10 2 **15** **2--3**
03 ½ ½ -- ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 8 14 0 **15** **2--3**
04 0 ½ ½ -- 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 1 1 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 0 1 9 10 3 **14** **4--5**
05 ½ ½ ½ 0 -- ½ ½ 1 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 8 12 2 **14** **4--5**
06 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ -- ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 0 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 7 13 2 13½ 6--8
07 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ -- ½ 1 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 1 0 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 8 11 3 **13½** **6--8**
08 ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 1 ½ -- 0 1 ½ 0 1 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 9 9 4 13½ 6--8
09 ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1 -- 0 1 1 ½ 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 10 5 7 12½ 9--10
10 0 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 0 1 -- ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 8 9 5 12½ 9--10
11 ½ 1 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ -- ½ 0 0 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 7 10 5 12 11--12
12 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 1 1 0 ½ ½ -- ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 6 12 11--12
13 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ -- ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 1 5 13 4 11½ 13
14 0 ½ ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 ½ -- ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 0 1 5 12 5 11 14--15
15 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ -- ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 7 8 7 11 14--15
16 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ -- ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 4 11 7 9½ 16
17 0 0 ½ ½ 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ -- ½ 1 ½ ½ 0 ½ 3 9 10 7½ 17--18
18 0 ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ -- ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 13 8 7½ 17--18
19 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 1 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 ½ -- ½ ½ 1 1 3 8 11 7 19--20
20 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ -- 1 ½ ½ 2 10 10 7 19--20
21 ½ 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 1 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 -- 1 1 3 7 12 6½ 21
22 0 1 ½ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 0 -- ½ 4 3 15 5½ 22
23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ -- 2 4 16 4 23
: 5th Interzonal, Stockholm 1962
1 2 3 Total
--- -- ----- ------ ------ ---------
1 x x ½ ½ 1 1 3/4
2 ½ ½ x x 1 -- **2/3**
3 0 0 0 -- x x 0/3
: 1962 Stockholm play-off
| 1,014 |
World Chess Championship 1963
| 2 |
10,138,358 |
# World Chess Championship 1963
## Candidates Tournament {#candidates_tournament}
The Candidates Tournament was played as an eight-player, quadruple round-robin tournament in Curaçao in 1962. The field was largely the same as at the 1959 Candidates Tournament in Yugoslavia, with Mikhail Tal (USSR), Paul Keres (USSR), Tigran Petrosian (USSR), Bobby Fischer (USA), and Pal Benko (USA) as the five returning players. The three new players were Efim Geller (USSR), Miroslav Filip (Czechoslovakia), and Viktor Korchnoi (USSR), in place of former champion Vasily Smyslov (USSR), Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia), and Friðrik Ólafsson (Iceland). Only Korchnoi was really new to this level of competition, as Geller was a candidate at Zürich in 1953 and Filip at Amsterdam in 1956.
### Pre-tournament predictions {#pre_tournament_predictions}
The favourites were Tal (the recently dethroned World Champion) and Fischer, based on his powerful Interzonal showing. Botvinnik also picked Tal, as did a poll of Russian readers, narrowly ahead of Fischer. Former world champion Max Euwe picked Petrosian. Keres said Fischer deserved to be favourite but had faith that a Soviet player would win; and similarly Alexander Kotov and Svetozar Gligorić thought one of the Soviets would win ahead of Fischer.
American magazine *Chess Life* picked Fischer ahead of Tal. Of the others it said: Petrosian had a reputation of drawing many games, and it was unclear if his tendency to split points might prevent him from reaching the championship; Keres at age 46 was the oldest player, and it was thought by some that this might be his last shot at the championship title; Korchnoi and Geller had very imaginative and adventurous styles, which often got them into trouble and led to erratic results; Filip had been ill and had not played many major events between 1958 and 1960, and had the reputation as a solid player who scored many draws; and Benko was not a full-time professional chess player (he worked as an investment broker in New York) which limited his opportunities to play against grandmaster-strength opposition, and he had a tendency to get into time trouble.
### Results
The pre-tournament favorites were Tal and Fischer, but Tal lost his first three games and Fischer lost his first two games, indicating an unpredictable tournament could be unfolding. Tal was in bad health, withdrew due after the third of four cycles, and was hospitalized.
Korchnoi took the early lead, scoring 5/7 in the first cycle, ahead of Petrosian, Geller and Keres with 4 points. But in the twelfth round, Korchnoi blundered against Fischer in a winning position and lost, and soon after lost four games in a row. The tournament became a three-way race between Petrosian, Keres and Geller. After three full cycles (21 rounds), Keres led on 14½, narrowly ahead of Petrosian and Geller on 14, with the others out of contention (Korchnoi 11, Fischer 10, Benko 9, Tal 7, Filip 4½).
At the start of the fourth and final cycle, Geller lost to Fischer while Petrosian defeated Korchnoi, effectively giving Keres and Petrosian a one-point lead over Geller. The three leaders drew all their games in the next four rounds. With two rounds remaining, Petrosian and Keres shared the lead on 16½ and two games to play, while Geller was on 16 with only one game to play.
In the penultimate round, Petrosian drew with Fischer, and Geller had the bye. Keres, who had won his previous three games against Benko, unexpectedly lost to Benko, giving Petrosian a half point lead (Petrosian 17, Keres 16½, Geller 16).
In the last round, Petrosian made a short draw with white against Filip. Keres had white against Fischer but could only draw, meaning Petrosian was the winner. Petrosian drew his last five games of the tournament. Geller won his last game, against Benko, to finish equal second with Keres.
: {\| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"
\|+ 5th Candidates, Curaçao 1962 ! !! !! PET !! KER !! GEL !! FIS !! KOR !! BEN !! TAL !! FIL \|\| Total \|- style=\"background:#ccffcc;\" \| 1 \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|'''[[Tigran Petrosian]]'''|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½1½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½11 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½1½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|11½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½11½ \| align=right\|**17½** \|- \| 2= \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Paul Keres]]|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0½1½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½1½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1110 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1½1− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½11½ \| align=right\|17 \|- \| 2= \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Efim Geller]]|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|11½0 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½1½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½1 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½11− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½11½ \| align=right\|17 \|- \| 4 \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Bobby Fischer]]|USA}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½0½½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1½0½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|00½1 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|010½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|01½1 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½1½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1½1½ \| align=right\|14 \|- \| 5 \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Viktor Korchnoi]]|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½00 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½0½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½0½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|101½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½0 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|10½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1111 \| align=right\|13½ \|- \| 6 \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Pal Benko]]|USA}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½0½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0001 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½0 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|10½0 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½½½1 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|10½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|011½ \| align=right\|12 \|- \| 7= \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Mikhail Tal]]|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|00½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0½0− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½00− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½0½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|01½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|01½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|10½− \| align=right\|7 \|- \| 7= \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Miroslav Filip]]|TCH}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½00½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½00½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½00½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0½0½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0000 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|100½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|01½− \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|-- \| align=right\|7 \|}
Since the championship rules provided an automatic berth into the next cycle\'s Candidates Tournament to the Candidates runner-up, Keres and Geller played a match to determine second place. Keres won the 1962 Moscow playoff match 4½--3½ to earn a seed into the 1965 Candidates. (However Geller ended up also being seeded into the 1965 Candidates anyway, after Botvinnik declined to participate.)
:
: {\| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: center;\"
\|+ 1962 Moscow play-off, Geller v. Keres ! !!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!Total \|- \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Efim Geller]]|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0 \| 3½ \|- \| align=left\|`{{flagathlete|'''[[Paul Keres]]'''|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|0 \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|½ \| style=\"font-family:\'lucida console\',monospace;\"\|1 \|**4½** \|}
| 1,052 |
World Chess Championship 1963
| 3 |
10,138,358 |
# World Chess Championship 1963
## Candidates Tournament {#candidates_tournament}
### Allegations of collusion {#allegations_of_collusion}
What makes this tournament famous and often-discussed is the allegations of Soviet collusion. The three top finishers (Petrosian, Geller and Keres) drew all twelve of their games against each other, in an average of only 19 moves.
Soon after the tournament, Fischer publicly alleged that the Soviets had colluded to prevent any non-Soviet -- specifically him -- from winning. His allegations were twofold: first, that Petrosian, Geller and Keres had pre-arranged to draw all their games; and second, that Korchnoi had been part of the drawing pact in the first half of the tournament, and been instructed to lose some games to them in the second half. (In the first two cycles Korchnoi drew all his games with Petrosian, Geller and Keres; in the third cycle he lost to all of them; and in the final cycle he lost to Petrosian but drew with Keres and Geller).
The first allegation, of the drawing pact, is widely assumed to be correct. All of the three players involved have since died, but Yuri Averbakh, who was head of the Soviet team, said in a 2002 interview that it was in their interests to draw for reasons not related to Fischer. He said Keres was the oldest competitor and wanted to conserve energy, and that Petrosian and Geller were good friends with a history of drawing with each other.
The second allegation, of Korchnoi throwing games, is doubtful. Korchnoi defected from the USSR in 1976, and never alleged he was forced to throw games. Dominic Lawson calls the allegation \"preposterous\", noting that the main beneficiary of Korchnoi\'s losses was Petrosian, whom Korchnoi detested. Korchnoi supports the allegation of a drawing pact:
> \"*This was perhaps the only time when the Soviet authorities did not intervene to determine any competition among the Soviets. On this occasion it was Petrosian personally who set up this controversy and he was helped by his friend, Geller. Keres was a wise man, but he was not cunning, he took the bait, while he could have refrained. The three players had privately agreed that they would draw all their games with each other. Tal and I were not included in this scheme. But in the end they colluded against Keres.*\"
There are also allegations that, in the ultimately decisive Benko-Keres game in the penultimate round (which Benko won), Petrosian and Geller conspired against Keres by offering to help Benko. Benko wrote that Petrosian and Geller offered to help analyze the adjourned position, but that he refused the offer.
| 433 |
World Chess Championship 1963
| 4 |
10,138,358 |
# World Chess Championship 1963
## Candidates Tournament {#candidates_tournament}
### Response to allegations {#response_to_allegations}
FIDE, the world chess federation, responded to the allegations by changing the format of future Candidates\' Tournaments. Beginning in the next (1966) cycle, the round-robin format was replaced by a series of elimination matches (initially best of 10 quarter-finals, best of 10 semi-finals, then a best of 12 final), to eliminate the possibility of collusion which exists in a round-robin tournament. The single elimination format was used in all the subsequent Candidate Tournaments until the Candidates Tournament 2013, where it returned to the double round robin format.
## Championship match {#championship_match}
As the winner of the Candidates, Petrosian challenged Botvinnik for the world championship. The match was best of 24, with Botvinnik to retain the title in the event of a 12--12 tie.
Petrosian lost the first game of the match, played on March 23, 1963, but recovered and won fairly comfortably, 12½--9½. Petrosian won five games, Botvinnik won two games, and there were fifteen draws. The final game, played on May 20, 1963, ended as a draw, giving Petrosian the required 12½ points needed to win the match.
: {\| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: center;\"
\|+ 1963 World Championship Match ! !!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!16!!17!!18!!19!!20!!21!!22!!Total \|- \|align=left\|`{{flagathlete|[[Mikhail Botvinnik]]|USSR}}`{=mediawiki}\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|1\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|0\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|0\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|1\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|0\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|0\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|0\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|align=right\|9½ \|- \|align=left\|`{{flagathlete|'''[[Tigran Petrosian]]'''|USSR}}`{=mediawiki}\|\|0\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|1\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|1\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|0\|\|1\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|1\|\|1\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|½\|\|style=\"background:black;color:white\"\|½\|\|align=right\|**12½** \|}
### Aftermath
The championship rules had been changed so that, unlike in 1957 and 1960, the defending champion was not entitled to a rematch. As the loser of the championship match, Botvinnik was still an automatic seed in the next Candidates Tournament. However, Botvinnik chose not to exercise this right and retired from championship play, although not from competitive chess altogether.
Petrosian went on to successfully defend his title in 1966, before losing the title to Boris Spassky in 1969
| 292 |
World Chess Championship 1963
| 5 |
10,138,363 |
# Old Bones of the River
***Old Bones of the River*** is a comedy film released in 1938 starring British actor Will Hay with Moore Marriott and Graham Moffatt and directed by Marcel Varnel, based on the characters created by Edgar Wallace.
The film is a spoof of the 1935 movie *Sanders of the River*.
## Synopsis
Hay plays Professor Benjamin Tibbetts, representative of the Teaching & Welfare Institution for the Reformation of Pagans (otherwise known as T.W.I.R.P for short), and dedicated to spreading education amongst the natives of colonial Africa. Professor Tibbetts is the uncle of Wallace\'s character Lt Tibbetts, known as \"Bones\", so the Professor is referred to as \"Old Bones\".
As he arrives (still trying to learn the native language via recordings), Professor Tibbetts is tricked into sneaking a gin still into the country by Prince M\'Bapi, half-brother of Bosambo, chief of the Ochori tribe. The steamer that brings him takes Commissioner Sanders on leave, with Captain Hamilton taking over his duties.
Later, Tibbetts makes his way to Kombooli High, where his students wear Eton collars alongside their native garb. Tibbetts dons a mortarboard but wears safari shorts under his gown owing to the heat.
When Hamilton falls ill with a dose of malaria, Tibbetts is forced to take over his duties, which include collecting the taxes. Travelling upriver by canoe, he finds Sanders\' paddlesteamer the *Zaire*, operated by Harbottle (Moore Marriott) and Albert (Graham Moffatt).
M\'Bapi leads a revolt against Bosambo, and the threesome rescue a baby from death by sacrifice.
## Cast
- Lucius Blake
- Will Hay as Professor Benjamin Tibbetts
- Moore Marriott as Jerry Harbottle
- Graham Moffatt as Albert
- Robert Adams as Bosambo
- Jack London as M\'Bapi
- Wyndham Goldie as Commissioner Sanders
- Jack Livesey as Captain Hamilton
## Production
The film was one of several Hay made for producer Ted Black at Gainsborough
| 316 |
Old Bones of the River
| 0 |
10,138,462 |
# 1973 in Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during **1973 in Rhodesia**.
## Incumbents
- President: Clifford Dupont
- Prime Minister: Ian Smith
## Events
- 9 January - Rhodesia closes its borders with Zambia due to the Zambians harbouring guerrillas.
- 4 February - Rhodesia re-opens its borders to Zambia but the Zambian side remained closed.
- 22 May - Britain and United States veto a United Nations Security Council Resolution to extend sanctions against Rhodesia.
- 21--25 June - A British delegation, led by Denis Greenhill visit Rhodesia for talks with the Rhodesian government and Bishop Abel Muzorewa, African National Council.
- 17 July - Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Prime Minister and Bishop Abel Muzorewa, African National Council(ANC) meet
| 123 |
1973 in Rhodesia
| 0 |
10,138,465 |
# Walthall County School District
The **Walthall County School District** is a public school district based in Tylertown, Mississippi (USA). The district\'s boundaries parallel that of Walthall County.
## Schools
- Tylertown High School
- Tylertown Upper Elementary School
- Tylertown Lower Elementary School
- Tylertown Primary School
- Dexter Attendance Center
- Salem Attendance Center
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 2,616 students enrolled in the Walthall County School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 47% female and 53% male. The racial makeup of the district was 65.02% African American, 34.21% White, 0.42% Hispanic, 0.15% Asian, and 0.19% Native American. 65.4% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch.
### Previous school years {#previous_school_years}
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| School Year | Enrollment | Gender Makeup | |
+=============+============+===============+==========+
| Female | Male | Asian | African\ |
| | | | American |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2005-06 | 2,732 | 48% | 52% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2004-05 | 2,703 | 48% | 52% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2003-04 | 2,685 | 47% | 53% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2002-03 | 2,695 | 47% | 53% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| | | | |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
## Accountability statistics {#accountability_statistics}
2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03
---------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
**District Accreditation Status** Accredited Accredited Accredited Accredited Accredited
**School Performance Classifications**
Level 5 (Superior Performing) Schools 0 0 0 0 0
Level 4 (Exemplary) Schools 1 1 1 1 1
Level 3 (Successful) Schools 2 4 4 3 3
Level 2 (Under Performing) Schools 2 0 0 0 0
Level 1 (Low Performing) Schools 0 0 0 0 0
Not Assigned 1 1 1 1 1
## Racial Segregation {#racial_segregation}
On April 13, 2010 the US District Court of Southern Mississippi found that the school board was in violation of a 1970 desegregation law for allowing white students at the Tylertown-based schools to transfer to Salem Academy, resulting in predominantly African American classrooms in Tylertown and White classrooms at Salem. The school board had admitted to their computer system using race as a factor in creating classroom assignments for each class of an upcoming school year
| 365 |
Walthall County School District
| 0 |
10,138,521 |
# Pierre Robert Olivétan
**Pierre Robert Olivetan/Olivétan** (c. 1506 -- 1538), a Waldensian by faith, was the first translator of the Bible into the French language on the basis of Hebrew and Greek texts, rather than from Latin. He was a cousin of John Calvin, who wrote a Latin preface for the translation, often called the Olivetan Bible (French).
His work was based on that of his teacher Jacques Lefèvre d\'Etaples. It was published in 1535 as *La Bible Qui est toute la Saincte scripture* at Neuchâtel. This translation has been considered the first French Protestant Bible
| 97 |
Pierre Robert Olivétan
| 0 |
10,138,534 |
# Houston School District
**Houston School District** was a school district in Mississippi. In addition to Houston, the district served the village of Woodland.
It merged with the Chickasaw County School District. The two existing districts dissolved on June 30, 2021 and a new district named \"Chickasaw County School District\" formed on July 1, 2021.
## Schools
- Houston High School (Grades 9-12)
- Houston Middle School (Grades 6-8)
- Houston Upper Elementary School (Grades 3-5)
- Houston Lower Elementary School (Grades K-2)
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 1,984 students enrolled in the Houston School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 48% female and 52% male. The racial makeup of the district was 41.18% African American, 52.02% White, 6.25% Hispanic, 0.45% Asian, and 0.10% Native American. 55.1% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 151 |
Houston School District
| 0 |
10,138,549 |
# Morton number
:
In fluid dynamics, the **Morton number** (**Mo**) is a dimensionless number used together with the Eötvös number or Bond number to characterize the shape of bubbles or drops moving in a surrounding fluid or continuous phase, *c*. It is named after Rose Morton, who described it with W. L. Haberman in 1953.
## Definition
The Morton number is defined as
: $\mathrm{Mo} = \frac{g \mu_c^4 \, \Delta \rho}{\rho_c^2 \sigma^3},$
where *g* is the acceleration of gravity, $\mu_c$ is the viscosity of the surrounding fluid, $\rho_c$ the density of the surrounding fluid, $\Delta \rho$ the difference in density of the phases, and $\sigma$ is the surface tension coefficient. For the case of a bubble with a negligible inner density the Morton number can be simplified to
$$\mathrm{Mo} = \frac{g\mu_c^4}{\rho_c \sigma^3}.$$
## Relation to other parameters {#relation_to_other_parameters}
The Morton number can also be expressed by using a combination of the Weber number, Froude number and Reynolds number,
$$\mathrm{Mo} = \frac{\mathrm{We}^3}{\mathrm{Fr}^2\, \mathrm{Re}^4}.$$
The Froude number in the above expression is defined as
$$\mathrm{Fr^2} = \frac{V^2}{g d}$$
where *V* is a reference velocity and *d* is the equivalent diameter of the drop or bubble
| 194 |
Morton number
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.