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# Choose My Life-U
***Choose My Life-U*** is the fifth studio album by South Korean girl group S.E.S., released through SM Entertainment on February 15, 2002. The record spawned two singles---\"U\" and \"Just A Feeling (Remix Version)\". The album experienced success on the charts in South Korea, where it was the number-one album of February 2002 and sold over 400,000 copies by the end of the year.
## Background
*Choose My Life-U* marked a transformation into a more mature image for the group. Musically, the lead single \"U\" contains a mix of rock music, Eurodance, and Latin elements. Its music video features the members taking on various roles including Shoo as a casino dealer, Eugene as a designer, and Bada as a camera director.
## Commercial performance {#commercial_performance}
*Choose My Life-U* recorded over 300,000 pre-orders prior to its release. On the album charts in South Korea, the album was the number-one best-selling record of February 2002 with sales of nearly 282,000 copies, and became the group\'s fourth consecutive monthly number-one album. It was the 11th best-selling album of 2002 with over 406,000 copies sold.
## Accolades
Year Organization Category Result Ref
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10,154,771 |
# Hoshu Sheedi
**General Hosh Muhammad Sheedi Qambrani** or **Hoshu Sheedi** (*هوش محمد شيدي قمبراڻي}}*) was an Askari unit, and also supreme commander of Sindh\'s Talpur army led by Mir Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur. Hoshu Sheedi fought at the Battle of Hyderabad against the British forces under Sir Charles James Napier, and was killed during battle on 24 March 1843. Before his death in the Battle of Hyderabad, he called out the famous slogan:
Hosh Muhammad was respected by the British commanding officer, Sir Charles James Napier, who buried him with full military honours.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hosh Muhammad was born in 1801 to the Siddi tribe in Hyderabad, Sindh, which was then more or less under the control of the Durrani Empire. Before joining the army, he worked at the residence of the local Talpur rulers of Sindh.
## Mausoleum
The historical mausoleum of Hosho Sheedi Qambrani is in Dubee, a small village approximately 10 kilometers from Hyderabad. It was built to pay tribute to the war martyrs and was declared a heritage site. The building currently needs maintenance and restoration. It is a historical place of Sindh which is neglected by the government and community
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# Clarence Hoffman
**Clarence Clifford Hoffman** (August 7, 1933 -- February 28, 2025) was an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1999 to 2009.
In his final Iowa House term, Mr. Hoffman served on the Commerce committee; the Local Government committee, the Economic Growth committee, where he was the ranking member, and on the Economic Development Appropriations Subcommittee.
Hoffman was re-elected in 2006 with 6,297 votes, running unopposed.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Hoffman was born and raised in Leola, South Dakota, the son of John and Christian (`{{nee|Rath}}`{=mediawiki}) Hoffman. He graduated from Leola High School and obtained his BS from South Dakota State University.
## Career
Outside from his political career, Hoffman was an insurance agent.
## Organizations
Hoffman was a member of the following organizations:
- St. John\'s Lutheran Church
- Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa
- Crawford County Development Committee
- County Risk Management Services
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Hoffman married Lynn Beaudean in 1968 and together they had two children. He and his wife lived in Charter Oak, and later in Denison, Iowa. He died in Denison on February 28, 2025, at the age of 91
| 202 |
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10,154,775 |
# E-Liner Airways
**E-Liner Airways** Inc., better known as DBA (ELA Airlines), is an airline based in Willemstad, Curaçao. The airline started with sightseeing flights and day tours to Aruba and Bonaire. It is based at the Hato International Airport
| 40 |
E-Liner Airways
| 0 |
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# Ray Williams (basketball)
**Thomas Ray Williams** (October 14, 1954 -- March 22, 2013) was an American professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1977 to 1987. Born in Mount Vernon, New York, he was the younger brother of Gus Williams, who also played in the NBA.
## High school and college careers {#high_school_and_college_careers}
Williams attended Mount Vernon High School and helped lead the school to two New York State basketball championships.
After attending San Jacinto Junior College, Williams played at the University of Minnesota from 1975 to 1977. During that time, he averaged 18.9 ppg and 6.6 rpg.
## NBA career {#nba_career}
Williams was selected by the New York Knicks in the first round of the 1977 NBA draft (10th pick overall).
After a quiet first season, he improved his effectiveness on the court, averaging 20.9 ppg, 5 rpg, and 6.2 apg during his third season (1979--80) and becoming the team captain during his fourth season. During his time with the Knicks, he reached the NBA playoffs twice.
After four seasons with the Knicks, Williams was traded to the New Jersey Nets on October 25, 1981, in exchange for Maurice Lucas. With the Nets, Williams averaged 20.4 ppg, 4 rpg, and 6 apg (1981--82 season). On April 17, 1982, Williams scored 52 points in a game against the Detroit Pistons, for the highest-scoring game of his career, and the highest in Nets history until he was surpassed by Deron Williams\' 57-point game on March 4, 2012 (Julius Erving still holds the Nets franchise record with 63 points on February 14, 1975). Williams eventually helped the Nets reach the 1982 NBA Playoffs where he averaged 17 ppg, 6 rpg, and 7 apg. However, they ended up being eliminated by the Washington Bullets in the first round.
On June 29, 1982, the Nets traded Williams to the Kansas City Kings for Phil Ford. After one season, they traded him back to the New York Knicks for Billy Knight and an amount of cash. He reached the playoffs once again with the Knicks, averaging 11.2 ppg and 8 apg.
In the middle of the 1984--85 season, Williams signed as a free agent with the Boston Celtics, in exchange for two future draft picks. During this year, he had the chance to play with Larry Bird and Kevin McHale. With Boston, he reached the playoffs one last time. This time, the Celtics reached the Finals, but were eliminated by the Los Angeles Lakers.
Before the 1985--86 season, Williams signed with the Los Angeles Clippers, with Boston receiving a future draft pick as compensation. The Clippers, however, waived him before the season began.
Williams eventually signed with the Atlanta Hawks. After 19 games, he was waived by the Hawks, but signed with the San Antonio Spurs later. After 23 games, he was also waived by the Spurs and claimed by the Nets. Williams played the remainder of the season with them and remained with the team during the next season, after which he retired. Williams ended with a career average of 15.5 ppg, 5.8 apg, and 3.6 rpg.
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# Ray Williams (basketball)
## NBA career {#nba_career}
### NBA career statistics {#nba_career_statistics}
#### Regular season {#regular_season}
\|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1977--78 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| 81 \|\| \... \|\| 19.1 \|\| .443 \|\| \... \|\| .705 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 9.3 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1978--79 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| 81 \|\| \... \|\| 29.3 \|\| .457 \|\| \... \|\| .802 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 6.2 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 17.3 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1979--80 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| **82** \|\| \... \|\| 31.5 \|\| **.496** \|\| .189 \|\| .787 \|\| **5.0** \|\| 6.2 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.3 \|\| **20.9** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1980--81 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| 79 \|\| \... \|\| **34.7** \|\| .461 \|\| .235 \|\| .817 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 2.3 \|\| **0.5** \|\| 19.7 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1981--82 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New Jersey \| **82** \|\| **69** \|\| 33.3 \|\| .462 \|\| .167 \|\| .832 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 6.0 \|\| **2.4** \|\| **0.5** \|\| 20.4 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1982--83 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Kansas City \| 72 \|\| 68 \|\| 30.1 \|\| .392 \|\| .203 \|\| .769 \|\| 4.5 \|\| **7.9** \|\| 1.7 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 15.4 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1983--84 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| 76 \|\| 63 \|\| 29.3 \|\| .445 \|\| .309 \|\| .827 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 5.9 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 14.8 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1984--85 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| 23 \|\| 5 \|\| 20.0 \|\| .385 \|\| .261 \|\| .674 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 6.4 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1985--86 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Atlanta \| 19 \|\| 12 \|\| 19.3 \|\| .399 \|\| **.364** \|\| .854 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 8.4 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1985--86 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| San Antonio \| 23 \|\| 9 \|\| 17.3 \|\| .382 \|\| .333 \|\| **.969** \|\| 1.6 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 7.1 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1985--86 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New Jersey \| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 12.6 \|\| .313 \|\| .000 \|\| .857 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.4 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1986--87 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New Jersey \| 32 \|\| 14 \|\| 25.0 \|\| .452 \|\| .250 \|\| .817 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 9.9 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"\| Career \| 655 \|\| 240 \|\| 28.2 \|\| .451 \|\| .237 \|\| .802 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 15.5 \|- `{{S-end}}`{=mediawiki}
#### Playoffs
\|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1978 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| 6 \|\| \... \|\| 23.3 \|\| .526 \|\| \... \|\| .885 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 17.5 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1981 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| 2 \|\| \... \|\| **42.0** \|\| **.439** \|\| .333 \|\| .545 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 4.5 \|\| **2.0** \|\| 0.0 \|\| **21.5** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1982 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New Jersey \| 2 \|\| \... \|\| 38.5 \|\| .298 \|\| **.400** \|\| .800 \|\| **6.0** \|\| 7.0 \|\| **2.0** \|\| 0.0 \|\| 17.0 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1984 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \| 11 \|\| \... \|\| 28.2 \|\| .354 \|\| .167 \|\| .744 \|\| 3.5 \|\| **8.0** \|\| 1.5 \|\| **0.1** \|\| 11.2 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1985 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| **19** \|\| 0 \|\| 14.6 \|\| .405 \|\| .133 \|\| **.960** \|\| 1.9 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 0.6 \|\| **0.1** \|\| 6.3 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"\| Career \| 40 \|\| \... \|\| 22.2 \|\| .403 \|\| .200 \|\| .811 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 10.6 \|- `{{S-end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Post-NBA career {#post_nba_career}
After his retirement, Williams struggled financially, eventually filing for bankruptcy in 1994, which led him to lose his home and family. Williams decided to apply early for his NBA pension of \$200,000. After he received it, he moved to Florida, where he fell victim to a real estate scam that worsened his financial condition.
After that, Williams worked various jobs like groundskeeper at a golf course in Central Florida, apartment complex maintenance man, part-time girls basketball coach, and bakery worker, among others. During that time, he also received grants from the NBA Retired Players Association totaling \$10,000.
According to a profile published in *The Boston Globe* in July 2010, he was unemployed and homeless, living inside a car in Pompano Beach, Florida. Williams spent his time fishing at the Hillboro Inlet Park in Pompano Beach, to help maintain himself. In November 2010, Williams\' luck began to turn around as he took a job in Mount Vernon, New York, working for the city\'s Recreation Department as a \"Recreation Specialist.\" Mount Vernon Mayor Clinton I. Young Jr. was instrumental in bringing Williams back to his hometown. Williams was also helped by Linda Crawford, a nurse and a friend from his NBA days. Williams married Linda Crawford in August 2011.
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# Ray Williams (basketball)
## Death
Williams died March 22, 2013, at Memorial Sloan--Kettering Cancer Center in New York City after suffering from colon cancer. Williams was 58
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| 2 |
10,154,829 |
# Mosaic (Woven Hand album)
***Mosaic*** is a studio album by the band Wovenhand. It was released in 2006 on Glitterhouse Records and Sounds Familyre.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Breathing Bull\"
2. \"Winter Shaker\"
3. \"Swedish Purse\"
4. \"Twig\"
5. \"Whistling Girl\"
6. \"Elktooth\"
7. \"Bible and Bird\"
8. \"Dirty Blue\"
9. \"Slota Prow - Full Armour\"
10. \"Truly Golden\"
11. \"Deerskin Doll\"
12
| 65 |
Mosaic (Woven Hand album)
| 0 |
10,154,860 |
# Tando Jan Mohammad
**Tando Jan Muhammad** is a residential town located in Mirpur Khas District, Sindh, Pakistan.
It is situated within Mirpur Khas District about 60 km from Mirpur Khas city. This town was built by Mir Jan Muhammad Talpur. Population of the city is 40,769 per 2017 Census of Pakistan
| 52 |
Tando Jan Mohammad
| 0 |
10,154,910 |
# Kerygmachela
***Kerygmachela kierkegaardi*** is a kerygmachelid gilled lobopodian from the Cambrian Stage 3 aged Sirius Passet Lagerstätte in northern Greenland. Its anatomy strongly suggests that it, along with its relative *Pambdelurion whittingtoni*, was a close relative of radiodont (*Anomalocaris* and relatives) and euarthropods. The generic name \"*Kerygmachela*\" derives from the Greek words *Kerygma* (proclamation) and *Chela* (claw), in reference to the flamboyant frontal appendages. The specific name, \"*kierkegaardi*\" honors Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.
## Morphology
The head of *Kerygmachela* possesses a pair of well-developed frontal appendages which correspond to those of other dinocaridids and siberiid lobopodians. Each of them terminates in a series of long spines. A pair of sessile, slit-like compound eyes is located slightly behind the base of these appendages. A small anterior-facing mouth is located below the head and bears a pair of stylet-like structures. The head also possesses a median lobe-like projection that carries a pair of small, possible ocular structures (median eye). The body is composed of 11 segments, each indicated by 4 dorsal turberculates associated with 11 pairs of lateral flaps with dorsal gill-like wrinkling. Initially, 11 pairs of small legs (lobopods) were thought to be evident just below the flaps, but later observations suggest the lopobods were most likely absent, and the flaps were originated from ancestral lopobods instead. The body ends with a single, stiff tail spine that was formerly thought to be a pair of segmented cerci.
Internally, *Kerygmachela* possesses a well-developed pharynx and a midgut with 8 pairs of arthropod-like digestive glands. The brain have ramified nerves extended to the median lobe, frontal appendages and eyes. Only the protocerebrum (the frontal-most cerebral ganglion) was evident from the brain region, thus all of the other head nerves were considered protocerebral. On the other hand, a subsequent study of radiodont *Stanleycaris* might suggest a deutocerebral origin for the frontal appendage nerves.
## Paleoecology
The spiny frontal appendages suggests that *Kerygmachela* may have been a predator; however, fossils indicate a total size of approximately 175 mm and, with a relatively small mouth, suggest that it would have been restricted to very small prey
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10,154,932 |
# Mallappuzhassery
**Mallappuzhassery** is a village situated in Kozhencherry taluk of Pathanamthitta district in Kerala, India. Its border starts in the middle of the temple grounds running north--south: the eastern part is Mallappuzhassery and the western part is Edasserimala. Edasserimala is part of Aranmula Panchayath and Mallappuzhassery is of Mallappuzhassery Panchayath. The northern border of the village is the Pamba River.
## Demographics
At the 2001 India census, Mallapuzhassery had a population of 12,416 with 5,904 males and 6,512 females
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| 0 |
10,154,967 |
# Nyctomyini
**Nyctomyini** is a tribe of New World rats and mice in the subfamily Tylomyinae which includes two genera, *Nyctomys* and *Otonyctomys*, each with a single species. Both are medium-sized rats with tawny to brownish fur and a hairy tail
| 41 |
Nyctomyini
| 0 |
10,154,975 |
# Sūdan
**Sūdan** (1700--1753) was the main court poet of Maharaja Suraj Mal, the Bharatpur ruler in Rajputana. He was Mathur by caste, resident of Mathura and the most favourite poet of the Bharatpur Maharaja Suraj Mal. He had accompanied the Maharaja during all important wars and has written historical account in the book named *Sujān Charitra*
| 57 |
Sūdan
| 0 |
10,154,989 |
# HTC S710
The **HTC S710** (a.k.a. **HTC Vox**) is a mobile phone manufactured by HTC. As with other HTC models it is often sold carrier branded.
Some highlights include:
- Based on the Windows Mobile 6 Standard platform
- TI OMAP 850 Performance : 200 MHz Processor from Texas Instrument
- Auto-sliding QWERTY keyboard for easier typing
- Large 2.4" QVGA TFT LCD (Portrait and Landscape modes)
- Receive e-mails as they arrive with Direct Push technology
- Improved Calendar functionalities
- Windows Live (although not in the Orange version)
- Windows Vista synchronization via Windows Mobile Device Center
## Availability
available from Orange SA, Vodafone and others. Manufacturing has ceased for this product
| 115 |
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| 0 |
10,154,990 |
# Scott Johnson (actor)
**Scott Johnson** is an Australian actor, singer and musician.
## Early life {#early_life}
Johnson studied acting at Australia\'s National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), graduating with a degree in Performing Arts (Acting) in 1996.
## Career
Since graduating from NIDA, Johnson has combined stage acting with various roles in Australian television and films.
He appeared on *Blue Heelers* in 2005, during the time that his real-life wife, Rachel Gordon had a long-running role as Detective Senior Constable Amy Fox. He then appeared in long-running Australian soap opera *Neighbours* in 2007, as Terrence Chesterton, an accomplice to villain Charlotte Stone, once again played by Gordon.
Johnson starred for nearly two years as Tommy DeVito in the long-running Australian stage production of *Jersey Boys* in Melbourne and Sydney. During this period he performed live at the AFL Grand Final, the Australian Open Men's Tennis Final, The Grand Final *Footy Show* at Rod Laver Arena and on television series *Dancing with the Stars*.
Johnson is also a singer and a songwriter. He released an EP, \"The Tree and the Sea, Part 1\" produced by Paul McKercher, and has also released several singles.
He has been a tutor and director at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney, the Victorian College of the Arts (VCA), and Monash University in Melbourne. He was also the Director and Head of Acting at Showfit from 2014 to 2020.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In November 2005, Scott married his partner of 11 years, actress Rachel Gordon. The two met at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney. They divorced in 2009
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| 0 |
10,155,011 |
# Jack Drake (politician)
**Jack Edwin Drake** (July 29, 1934 -- October 11, 2015) was an American politician in the Iowa State Representative from the 21st District. A Republican, he served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1993 until his death. Drake was born and raised near Walnut, Iowa, and lived in Griswold. Drake attended the University of Iowa.
, Drake served on several committees in the Iowa House -- the Agriculture, Appropriations, and State Government committees. He also served as the chair of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Appropriations Subcommittee.
## Biography
Drake was first elected in 1992. He was born on July 29, 1934, in Walnut, Iowa. His father, Wallace, and mother, Arlene, were both farmers. He attended grade school at Lincoln #2 Country School in Walnut. He graduated from Atlantic High School. Following graduation, he attended the University of Iowa.
In 1954, he married his wife, Shirley, and together they have raised four children, three of which still live in SW Iowa. The fourth lives in Nevada, Iowa. He and his wife Shirley have eleven grandchildren, and nine great-grandchildren
Drake attended Griswold United Methodist Church. He was the chair of the finance committee and served on the audit committee. He was a former Sunday school teacher
He was board secretary of the Walnut Telephone Company. In addition, he was an active member of the Corn Growers Association, Soybean Association, NFIB, and Iowa Farm Bureau.
He was a former board member of the Pottawattamie County Zoning Board; the former president of the East Pottawattamie County Farm Bureau; and the former president of the Pottawattamie County Extension Council. Drake was active in 4-H and served as a leader of the organization at one time. Drake died on October 11, 2015, in hospital at Atlantic, Iowa.
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# Jack Drake (politician)
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
\*incumbent
-------- --------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
{{Show head-align = center content-align = center 1 = 81st District contests 2 = `{{Compact election box no change begin}}`{=mediawiki} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 1992 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 1,241 result = winner = Jack Drake winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 1,241 winner_percent = 100.00% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 1992 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 12,393 result = (newly redistricted) winner = Jack Drake winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 6,385 winner_percent = 51.52% candidate2 = Joyce Rodenborn candidate2_party = Iowa Democratic Party candidate2_votes = 6,008 candidate2_percent = 48.48% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 1994 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 2,393 result = winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 2,391 winner_percent = 99.92% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 1994 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 10,332 result = hold winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 5,611 winner_percent = 54.31% candidate2 = Blane Kerkhoff candidate2_party = Iowa Democratic Party candidate2_votes = 4,718 candidate2_percent = 45.66% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 1996 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 1,765 result = winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 1,761 winner_percent = 99.77% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 1996 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 11,860 result = hold winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 7,002 winner_percent = 59.04% candidate2 = Marcus Gross candidate2_party = Iowa Democratic Party candidate2_votes = 4,853 candidate2_percent = 40.92% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 1998 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 1,574 result = winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 1,573 winner_percent = 99.94% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 1998 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 9,353 result = hold winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 6,115 winner_percent = 65.38% candidate2 = Joyce Schulte candidate2_party = Iowa Democratic Party candidate2_votes = 3,237 candidate2_percent = 34.61% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 2000 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 2,511 result = winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 2,506 winner_percent = 99.80% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 2000 election_note = District 81 election_ref = turnout_votes = 13,027 result = hold winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 8,359 winner_percent = 65.17% candidate2 = Jack Ryan candidate2_party = Iowa Democratic Party candidate2_votes = 4,665 candidate2_percent = 35.81% }} `{{Compact election box no change end}}`{=mediawiki} }}
-------- --------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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{{Show head-align = center content-align = center 1 = Early 57th District contests 2 = `{{Compact election box no change begin}}`{=mediawiki} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 2002 election_note = District 57 election_ref = turnout_votes = 3,320 result = winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 3,309 winner_percent = 99.67% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 2002 election_note = District 57 election_ref = turnout_votes = 10,721 result = (newly redistricted) winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 6,774 winner_percent = 63.18% candidate2 = Donald J. Sonntag candidate2_party = Iowa Democratic Party candidate2_votes = 3,945 candidate2_percent = 36.80% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 2004 election_note = District 57 election_ref = turnout_votes = 1,773 result = winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 1,765 winner_percent = 99.55% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 2004 election_note = District 57 election_ref = turnout_votes = 12,285 result = hold winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 12,202 winner_percent = 99.32% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 2006 election_note = District 57 election_ref = turnout_votes = 1,130 result = winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 1,126 winner_percent = 99.65% }} {{Compact election box no change election_title = Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 2006 election_note = District 57 election_ref = turnout_votes = 9,870 result = hold winner = Jack Drake\* winner_party = Republican Party of Iowa winner_votes = 7,255 winner_percent = 73
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| 1 |
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# R. C. T. Lee
**Lee Chia-Tung** (`{{zh|c=李家同}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1939 in Shanghai, China), also known as **Richard C. T. Lee**, received his B.Sc. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering of National Taiwan University and Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from University of California, Berkeley.
He worked for NCR from 1963 to 1964 after he got his M.S. degree. After getting his Ph.D. degree, he joined National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, in 1967 and later worked in Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., in 1974.
He returned to Taiwan in 1975 and started his teaching career in National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. In this university, he had been the chairperson of Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical Engineering. In 1984, after he became the dean of College of Engineering and in 1988, he was appointed as the provost. In 1994, he was the acting president of National Tsing Hua University. From 1994 to 1999, he was the president of Providence University in Shalu, Taiwan and in 1999, he was the president of National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan. He is now a professor of Chi Nan University under the joint appointment of four departments: the Department of Computer Science, the Department of Information Management, the Department of Communication and the Department of Medical Science.
Lee has published roughly 80 papers, all in prestigious academic journals. He has been editors for ten journals. In 1989, he became an IEEE fellow. He received the Distinguished Research Awards from the National Science Council, Republic of China, five times and the Ministry of Education Engineering Academic Achievement Award in 1989. He is a Micronix Chair Professor. Lee and R.C.Chang coauthored the book "Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving" which was published by Academic Press in 1973. This book was translated into Japanese, Russian and Italian. In 2005, McGraw-Hill published his "Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms, a Strategic Approach", which he coauthored with S.S. Tseng, R.C. Chang and Y.T.Tsai. In addition to publishing technical papers, Lee has also been an author of short stories. His four books, "Let the Wall Come Down", "The Stranger", "The Curtain Never Falls" and "The Bell Rings Again" have been all popular in Taiwan. "Let the Wall Come Down" has been sold more than 300,000 copies within a short period of seven years. He also published a book advising young people to pay attention to basics, entitled "Let Us Go Back to Basics". Lee is a professor of both the Computer Science and Information Engineering Department and Information Management Department of National Chi Nan University.
Lee is an IEEE fellow. He co-authored *Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving.*
## Timeline
1\. Engineer, National Cash Register Company, U.S.A., 1962--1963.
2\. Senior Research Fellow, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, October 1967 -- June, 1974.
3\. Research Fellow, Research Institute of U.S.A. Navy, Aug. 1974 -- August 1975.
4\. Chairman, Institute of Applied Mathematics, National Tsing Hua University, August 1975 -- July 1977.
5\. Chairman, Institute of Computer Management, National Tsing Hua University, August 1977 -- July 1983.
6\. Chairman, Department of Electronic Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, August 1983 -- July 1984.
7\. Dean, College of Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, August 1984 -- July 1988.
8\. Provost and acting president, National Tsing Hua University, August 1988 -- January 1994.
9\. President, Providence University, February 1994 -- June 1999.
10\. President, National Chi Nan University, July 1999 -- November 1999.
11\. Professor, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chi Nan University, December 1999 -- Present.
## Awards
1\. 1989: IEEE Fellow.
2\. Distinguished Research Awards of the National Science Council of the R.O.C., 1989--1993.
3\. Academic Engineering Research Award of Ministry of Education of the R.O.C., 1989.
4\. Outstanding Research Award of the Hou Jin-Dui Foundation, 1993.
5\. 1995 TECO Technology Award of the TECO Technology Foundation, 1995.
6\. Distinguished Research Fellow of National Science Council of the R.O.C., Since 1986.
7\. Medal of Honor of the Institute of Information and Computing Machinery, 2001.
8\. Chair Professor of Macronix International Co. Ltd, Since 2001.
9\. Heritage Prize of The Phi Tau Phi Scholastic Honor Society of the R. O. C., 2004.
10\. Honorary Doctorate Degree, ed Ph.D., Christian Chung Yuan University, Taiwan, 2005.
11\. Second Class Economics Medal of Honor from the Ministry of Economics Affairs, 2005.
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# R. C. T. Lee
## Books written by R. C. T. Lee {#books_written_by_r._c._t._lee}
- \"Let the Wall Come Down\", by Linkingbooks Press.
- \"The Stranger\", by Linkingbooks Press.
- \"The Curtain Never Falls\", by Futurebooks Press.
- \"The Bell Rings Again\", by Linkingbooks Press.
- \"The Basic English Grammar for Chinese \", by Linkingbooks Press.
- \"Let Us Go Back to Basics\", by Yuan Sun Press.
- Lee, R. C. T., Shen, C. W. and Chang, S. C., 1982, Compilers, in "Handbook of Software Engineering", (edited by C. R. Vick and C. VOL. Ramamoorthy), Van Nostrand Reinhold, N.Y., pp. 201--233.
- Lee, R. C. T., 1981, Clustering Analysis and its Applications, in "Advances in Information System Science", (edited by J. T. Tou), Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 169--287.
- [Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms](https://www.amazon.com/dp/0071243461/)
- [Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving](https://www.amazon
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# WJPT
**WJPT** (106.3 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Fort Myers, Florida. It airs a soft adult contemporary format, switching to Christmas music for much of November and December. WJPT is owned by the Beasley Broadcast Group, Inc., and uses the branding \"Southwest Florida\'s Soft Hits.\" It carries two weekday nationally syndicated music shows, \"Delilah\" which features call-ins and requests, and \"Intelligence for Your Life with John Tesh\" which includes tips on living a better life.
Studios and offices are on South Tamiami Trail in Estero. The transmitter is off Safety Lane in Fort Myers Beach, Florida. WJPT broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its HD-2 digital subchannel plays oldies music.
## History
On `{{start date and age|1991|7|31}}`{=mediawiki}, the station first signed on as **WSUV**. The original city of license was Fort Myers Villas and the studios were on Colonial Boulevard. The owner was Jerry Bellairs and his wife Vivian served as vice president of operations. The station had an adult contemporary format. In 1994, the call sign switched to **WROC-FM** with an album rock format. That only lasted a year.
The station was sold for \$950,000 in 1994 and the following year, it changed its call letters to **WJST**. It aired a mix of adult standards and soft oldies for Southwest Florida\'s large retired community.
In 1997, the station was bought by Beasley Broadcasting for \$5 million. Beasley updated the playlist to Soft AC. In 2000, it made a slight change in its call sign, becoming **WJPT**.
On September 25, 2008, the station changed its moniker to \"Sunny 106.3\". WJPT was originally licensed to broadcast with 6,000 watts on a tower measuring only 81 meters tall. But around 2020, it boosted its power to 50,000 watts, broadcasting from a tower 142 meters tall. WJPT now covers an area of Southwest Florida between Naples and Punta Gorda, and reaching into the Everglades and mid-Sarasota County
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# Union of Progressive Zionists
The **Union of Progressive Zionists** (**UPZ**) was a North American network of Jewish student activists who have organized around principles of social justice and peace in Israel and Palestine. The UPZ provides guidance, education, and resources to students who seek to contribute a progressive voice into the campus debate concerning Israel and Palestine.
As of January 2007, the Union of Progressive Zionists had chapters at 60 colleges and universities.
In May 2009, the Union of Progressive Zionists affiliated itself with J Street and became J Street U.
## History
The Union of Progressive Zionists was created in the early 2000s by college-age members of Habonim Dror and Hashomer Hatzair, with the support of what was then known as Labor Zionist Alliance (and now Ameinu) and what was then known as Meretz USA (now Partners for Progressive Israel), two US Progressive Zionist organizations. UPZ\'s first national conference, held in October 2004, drew more than 100 students from 40 schools.
From its founding, the stated intention of the group was to create a network of student activists who supported Israel and opposed the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories but felt alienated by both pro-Israel and pro-Palestinian extremists.
## Controversy within the Israel On Campus Coalition {#controversy_within_the_israel_on_campus_coalition}
In late 2006 and early 2007, the campus activities of the Union of Progressive Zionists created a stir within the Israel On Campus Coalition, an organization that seeks to promote a \"pro-active pro-Israel agenda on campus,\" of which the UPZ was a member. \[J Street U, the successor to UPZ, still works with the IOCC.\] Some of the coalition\'s more conservative members, such as the mainstream American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) and the small right-wing group Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), criticized the UPZ for sponsoring speeches by members of an Israeli organization, Breaking the Silence, former soldiers who speak out against human rights abuses they have witnessed in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.
In December 2006, the ZOA called for the Israel On Campus Coalition to expel the Union of Progressive Zionists. Although the coalition\'s steering committee voted 9--0 against expulsion in January 2007, the issue resulted in a debate among major Zionist organizations. The Jewish National Fund joined the ZOA in demanding that the UPZ to end its relationship with Breaking the Silence (but not in calling for the group\'s exclusion from the coalition), and the World Zionist Organization supported the UPZ, as did a group of 100 academics from Israel. The AJCongress threatened to quit the coalition out of dissatisfaction with the decision to allow the UPZ to remain
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# Kristin Prevallet
**Kristin Prevallet** (**b.** 1966) is an American poet, essayist, and teacher. Her poetic work incorporates conceptual writing and trance, and her performances are rooted in feminist performance art and spoken word. *Everywhere Here and in Brooklyn*, *I, Afterlife: Essay in Mourning Time*, and *Trance Poetics* are among her poetic books.
## Early life {#early_life}
Prevallet grew up in Denver, Colorado. Her parents were both public school teachers. Before dying of cancer at the age of 46, her mother fulfilled her vows to become a Sister of Loretto. Prevallet studied poetics with Robert Creeley and media studies with Tony Conrad at the University at Buffalo.
Since the early 1990s, she has been teaching writing and literature courses for a variety of universities and art institutions including Bard College\'s Writing and Thinking Workshop, Pratt Institute, Naropa University, Poet\'s House, and The Poetry Project. From 2003 to 2006, she worked with Anne Waldman and Bob Holman to start a school for poets at the Bowery Poetry Club, the venue which defined the New York downtown poetry scene in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
## Writing
At the University of Buffalo, Prevallet catalogued the archive of Helen Adam and her scholarly archive is a part of The Poetry Collection. She edited the definitive volume of Helen Adam's work (*A Helen Adam Reader,* published by the National Poetry Foundation), which contextualizes Helen Adam within Robert Duncan\'s circle in The San Francisco Renaissance, as well as Adam\'s influence on Allen Ginsberg and the Beat Generation.
Prevallet\'s poem \"Lyric Infiltration\" from her second book *Scratch Sides: Poetry, Documentation and Image-Text Projects* is analyzed by Redell Olson in "Reading and Writing Through Found Materials: From Modernism to Contemporary Practice." Olson writes, \"The use of the term 'cut-up' places Prevallet's procedural work in relation to the strategies of previous writers such as Tristan Tzara, Brion Gysin, and the Oulipo founder Raymond Queneau, and can also be related to the chance-based operational writing of John Cage and Jackson Mac Low. The work of Prevallet is unusual in that it does not dispense with either the term 'lyric' or the process of lyric writing but uses it as a basis for her procedural work.\"
Elizabeth Jane Burnett describes her 2004 performance of \"Cruelty and Conquest\" at Naropa University as \"playing with audience response as a feminist poetry that explores the ways in which the body is transacted.\"
Her work has been published in numerous anthologies including *The Body in Language* (CounterPath Press, edited by Edwin Torres), *I'll Drown My Book: Conceptual Writing By Women* (University of Iowa Press), *Women Poets on Mentorship: Efforts & Affections* (Edited by Arielle Greenburg and Rachel Zucker, University of Iowa Press), and *Telling it Slant: Avant-garde Poetics of the 1990s* (edited by Mark Wallace, University of Alabama Press).
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Poems
- \"Tale of Caw\"
- "Quadrants" (for John Sims\' Rhythm of Structure)
- A Glassful of Tea and Sugar in the Mouth
- \"I Live in a Borrowed and Often Tender Multiplicity\"
- \"What She Said\" (\"Kristin Prevallet.\" PennSound. Univ. Pennsylvania CPCW.)
### Books
- *Trance Poetics*, Wide Reality Books, 2014.
- *Everywhere Here and in Brooklyn*, Belladonna Series, 2012.
- *A Helen Adam Reader: Selected Poems, Collages and Music*, edited with an introduction by Kristin Prevallet, The National Poetry Foundation, 2007.
- *I, Afterlife: Essay in Mourning Time*, Essay Press, 2007.
- *Shadow Evidence Intelligence,* Factory School, 2006.
- *Scratch Sides: Poetry, Documentation, and Image-Text Projects,* Skanky Possum Press, 2003.
- *Perturbation, My Sister: A Study of Max Ernst\'s Hundred Headless Woman,* First Intensity, 1997.
### Articles and essays {#articles_and_essays}
- A Burning is Not A Letting Go
- [\"Writing is Never By Itself Alone: Six Mini Essays on Relational Investigative Poetics.\"](https://www.fenceportal.org/from-writing-is-never-by-itself-alone-six-mini-essays-on-relational-investigative-poetics/) Fence (Spring/Summer 2003)
- [\"Navigating the New Chaos: Anne Waldman's Collaborations with Visual Artists\"](http://jacketmagazine.com/27/w-prev.html) Jacket No. 27 (April 2005); previously published in [mark(s) quarterly of the arts.](http://www.markszine.com/301/index.htm)
- [\"The artful wordiness of materials: Joe Brainard & Poetry\"](http://jacketmagazine.com/16/br-prev.html)
Jacket No. 16 (March 2002)
- [\"Interview with Kenward Elmslie\"](http://jacketmagazine.com/16/br-prev-iv-elms.html) Jacket No. 16 (March 2002)
- [\"Helen Adam's Sweet Company: The Collages\"](http://www.heelstone.com/meridian/adam4.html)
Riding the Meridian v2 n2
- [\"The Exquisite Extremes of Poetry: Watten and Baraka on the Brink\"](http://jacketmagazine.com/12/prevallet-orono.html)
Jacket No. 12 (July 2000)
- [\"Jack Spicer's Hell in Homage to Creeley\"](http://jacketmagazine.com/07/spicer-prevallet.html)
Jacket No. 7 (April 1999)
- [\"Gathering vs. Collecting (Correspondence with Jackson MacLow)\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195813/http://slought.org/files/downloads/publications/openletter/05a
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# Cas Walker
**Orton Caswell \"Cas\" Walker** (March 23, 1902 -- September 25, 1998), was a Tennessee businessman, politician, and personality on television and radio. Walker founded a successful chain of small grocery stores that grew to include several dozen stores scattered throughout the Knoxville, Tennessee vicinity as well as parts of Virginia and Kentucky. From 1941 through 1971, Walker served on the Knoxville city council where he became legendary for his uncompromising political stances and his vehement opposition to what he claimed was a corrupt elitism in the city\'s government. *The Cas Walker Farm and Home Hour*, a local variety show sponsored by Walker, ran in various radio and television formats between 1929 and 1983 and helped launch the careers of entertainer Dolly Parton and the Everly Brothers.
## Early life {#early_life}
Walker was the seventh of twelve children born to a working-class family in Sevier County, Tennessee in 1902. He quit school at the age of 14 and spent several years working at different jobs around the region, namely at the Champion Fibre Company in North Carolina and later at various coal mines in Kentucky. In 1924, he returned to East Tennessee where he established the first Cas Walker\'s Cash Store in Knoxville with money he had saved.
Walker\'s stores had a simple rural atmosphere that was popular with the city\'s working class White\'s and Blacks. He used his radio show and other innovative methods--- such as scattering coupons from airplanes--- to advertise his store\'s weekly specials. By the mid-1950s, Walker\'s chain had grown to include 27 stores that generated a gross annual revenue of \$60 million.
## Politics
Walker was first elected to the Knoxville city council in 1941. He was elected mayor in 1946, but after a few weeks of tumultuous meetings and the firing of its own city manager, the city council managed to oust Walker in a recall election. He also served as acting mayor in 1959. Walker was reelected to the city council the following year and remained until voluntarily retiring in 1971. He continued to be a force in Knoxville politics into the 1980s.
As a politician, Walker successfully portrayed himself as a champion of small farmers and the working class. This image was enhanced in 1956 when *Life Magazine* published a photograph of Walker preparing to punch fellow city councilman J. S. Cooper after the two had engaged in a heated debate over property assessments. In his self-published newsletter, *The Watchdog*, Walker blasted political opponents and raged against tax increases. He also used *The Watchdog* to launch controversial attacks against his business competitors. In the 1960s, he unsuccessfully opposed plans to fluoridate Knoxville\'s water supply and played a pivotal role in derailing attempts to consolidate the governments of Knoxville and Knox County. Walker\'s political mentor-turned-rival, George Dempster, once said, \"If I ordered a whole carload of SOB\'s and they just sent Cas, I\'d sign for the shipment.\"
Walker continued distributing *The Watchdog* until the early 1980s, when a libel suit forced it out of publication. During the same period, Walker\'s influence helped defeat a second attempt to merge the Knoxville and Knox County governments.
## Radio and television {#radio_and_television}
In 1929, Walker created a variety show known as the *Farm and Home Hour* to help promote his cash stores. The show initially aired as a radio program on WROL-AM and later on WIVK-AM. In 1953, the show adopted a television format for WROL-TV (now WATE-TV) and aired on various local channels until 1983. The show featured artists such as Roy Acuff, Jimmy Martin, Bill Monroe, Carl Smith, Carl Butler, Jim Nabors, and Chet Atkins. The show also helped launch the careers of Dolly Parton, who first performed on the program in 1956 at the age of 10, and The Everly Brothers, who were regulars on the show in the mid-1950s.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He died at 96 in 1998. A storefront at Dollywood is called \"Cas Walker\'s General Store\" in his honor
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# Daule, Esmeraldas
**Daule** is a small town located south of the city of Esmeraldas in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. The town is located on the Pacific Ocean side of Ecuador and the population is about 760 residents in the immediate town.
## Geography
Today Daule lies within the provincia of Esmeraldas, the canton of Muisne, and the parroquia of Daule itself. Muisne contains the following major cities/towns in its area; Pedro Carlo, Union of Daule, Tola, Maldonado, Bellavista, and Daule. Muisne has an area of about 107 km² with a population of about 1,755 people. The Town of Daule is located by the global coordinates of 0 24 20 N 80 0 46 W region:EC_type:city display=inline,title. The average elevation is approximately 3--5 meters above sea level. A dirt road leads into town which is about 1 km long which then meets a paved highway and bus shelter. The population of Daule is approximately 760 people.
Daule is located on the west coast of Esmeraldas on the side of the bay. On the east side there are shrimp farms and pointing north the bay is open to the sea. The houses are lined in rows that are parallel to the beach.
## History
The town was founded by Juan Clamante Estrada. He owned much of the land where Daule sits today and invested the land in the shrimp and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) industry. He eventually sold some of his land to the government and passed his inheritance to his son Ruben Estrada Gracia. Due to the economic disaster in the agricultural industry, Ruben Estrada Gracia\'s son Tomas Estrada Mendoza, was forced to sell most of his 500 km² shrimp farms over to the Ecuadorian government and international investors. Besides the small ownership of the farms, the citizens of Daule do not own the land; even though the residence owns the houses that they live in. None of the citizens pay taxes.
## Demographics
The town of Daule is about 107 square kilometers in area. The population of Daule is about 1,755 people, of which 54.3% is male and 45.6% is female.
## Economy
In a late 1990s a series of financial crises caused the government to abandon its own currency, the sucre, and adopted the U.S. dollar. Ecuador formally adopted the U.S. dollar in the year 2000. Introducing a stronger currency caused great inflation that deeply affected the agricultural industry.
The town of Daule only has two well defined small markets and one bar, however residents do sell various items from their own homes. These items include crops, fish, and crafts. The shrimp farms are taken care of by one person with a regular salary. Every two weeks five or more residents are asked to work for a one-day-pay to help collect and export shrimp to the main city. Most residents have to rely on individual fishing profits.
## Politics
There are seven political parties in the area, but the most important ones include; Partido Social Cristiano (PSC), Partido Rosdoldista Ecuatoriano (PRE), and Partido Sociadad Patriotica (PSP). The PSP is the main party in Daule and participants of the political party represent the town in a committee. The town is democratic and is part of the Alianza 3 -- 25 division of the PSP party. The following residences of Daule make up the committee:
Coordinator Daule -- Sr. Simon Ferrin Sub - Coordinator -- Cristian Ismael Solorzano Secretary -- Olger Roberto Ortiz Treasurer -- Rocio Nilda Gracia
The police and representatives of the PSP committee work together to implement policies and projects in the area. The following residents of Daule work in the police station as part of the Alianza 3 -- 25:
Head Chief -- Frixon Garcia Bravo Policeman First Division -- Teresa Chila Policeman Second Division -- Segando Tauri Policeman Third Division -- Reina Berina
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# Daule, Esmeraldas
## Education
In the Canton of Muisne 58% of the people are illiterate, while of the other 42% of the people; 20% has a middle school education, 6% has a high school education, and 2% has a college education. To improve the education system in this area the Ecuadorian NGO Fondo Ecuatoriano Populorum Progressio (FEPP) of Italy is working to donate books to help students read, but the schools in many of the parroquinas do not have adequate teachers or room capacity. Another organization from the \'Divino Nino\' foundation organized by the Alianza 3 -- 25, which is part of the PSP party, focuses on improving healthcare and education. This organization is not working to full potential due to monetary constraints.
In an interview with Ana Estrada Gracias, who is one of the teachers in Daule that has worked for 15 years, gave a strong feedback about the education in Daule. The school of Daule has first grade and continues on to seventh grade. Students continuing their education have to leave the town to a large town. During the first years the students are taught to read, write, add, subtract, divide, and multiply, and their national history. The school has three classrooms in which 140 students attend. Due to the lack of space classrooms have to be divided with curtains and each cubicle has two teachers, each teaching on opposite sides of the classroom. A major problem is that not all children are on the same intellectual level due to lack of proper schooling.
The tuition for the school in Daule is five dollars per year and this includes books and supplies. The Canton of Muisne pays for the school teachers. Illiterate adults can take classes in writing and reading which are subsidized by the government.
In another interview with Eva Francis, who is a teacher at the school says that \"out of the forty students the joined first grade, on average only six of them will graduate from seventh grade. The main problem is due to the lack of discipline, family obligations, and money\".
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# Daule, Esmeraldas
## Health care and public issues {#health_care_and_public_issues}
Adults in the town do not have any form of retirement or health care plans. There are no hospitals, clinics, or nurseries within the town. The government believes that the citizens can work well into their seventies. Occasionally food trucks come and deliver food for free, but they have little sympathy for adults who they believe should be able to work. Malaria and yellow fever is a prevalent problem in the area due to the amount of insects such as mosquitoes . In addition to insect spread illnesses, gastrointestinal problems exist due to the lack of clean drinking water.
Due to the geography of the town, the town is vulnerable to sea level rise from tropical storms. The water enters through the north side where the cemetery is located. Once the town is partly drowned by water, the terrain made up of sand and the surrounding shrimp farms makes the water harder to evaporate or be absorbed. This has a huge economic effect as well as a major impact with health issues. It is difficult to find a solution for the flooding because the town already suffers from socially and economical issues. If anything, the flooding makes problems worse for the people of Daule.
## Environmental issues {#environmental_issues}
There are no established landfill facilities or recycling programs established, except for the use of glass bottles. Because of the lacking structured garbage system, garbage can be found anywhere and everywhere in the town. These areas include the beaches, the water, and the streets.
The town has two major sources of drinking water. One of which is located next to a local church is a highly contaminated and is high in salinity. The second source is from a local river that is much cleaner.
Erosion is a major problem is Daule because of the soil make up. The soil consists mostly of sand. In addition, there are no controls on cutting down tree and shrubs in the area. This causes the soil to more easily erode away. Erosion also occurs when storms hit the area and the sea rises. When the sea rises the water currents carry the soils out to sea.
## Water quality {#water_quality}
The town of Daule can get its water from four major sources: the water in front of the town, imported bottled water, a nearby river, and a well that is beside the church. The water in front of the town essentially comes from the Pacific Ocean. Imported bottled water is an expensive alternative. The water from a nearby river still costs money for transportation. Water from the church well is free but contains a lot of salt.
From the data and observation, the best water for drinking is the water from a nearby river. However, further data must be collected over a longer period of time. Also, bacterial and microbial tests need to be completed.
-----------------------------------------------
**Water quality data: comparison of sources**
Parameter
Total dissolved solids
Dissolved oxygen
Salinity
Conductivity
Nitrate levels
Nitrite levels
Hardness
Alkalinity
pH
Ammonia levels
Chlorine levels
Color
-----------------------------------------------
## Current developments {#current_developments}
In late August 2006, a group of students traveled to Ecuador on behalf of Engineers Without Borders -- Bucknell University Chapter to begin assessment of the town and begin a study of Daule, Ecuador. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the infrastructure of the community and to advise the village leaders on the procedure for submitting a project request to Engineers Without Borders or similar organizations. The team consisted of three students, a chapter mentor, and a Peace Corps volunteer.
In March 2007, a group of students traveled to Ecuador on behalf of Engineers for a Sustainable World -- The Pennsylvania State University chapter to extend the study of the previous trip to Ecuador. The purpose of the study was to undergo an extensive community assessment and topographical survey of the town to determine the appropriate action for a solution to the community development and flood control problem. The team consisted of four students, four faculty advisors, a Peace Corps volunteer, and two non-traveling students.
## Elevation survey of Daule {#elevation_survey_of_daule}
The survey map shows the general contour of the town of Daule. Zero is set in the corner of town near a telephone pole as seen on the map. The general trend shows that the highest elevation is near the ocean and decrease as on moves away from the ocean toward the levee. This explains why there is always standing water in the town near the levee and why water during storms has difficulty draining out of the town.
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# Daule, Esmeraldas
## Housing and street layout {#housing_and_street_layout}
The map is the actual street layout of all of the housing in Daule.
## Gallery
Image:Main street of Daule, Ecuador
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# Clel Baudler
**Clel E. Baudler** (born April 4, 1939) is an American politician who served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from the 20th district. A Republican, he was first elected to the House in 1998 and assumed office in 1999.
## Career
Baudler was born and raised in Fontanelle, Iowa and resides in Greenfield. He served as a state trooper with the Iowa State Patrol for 32 years.
In the House, Baudler served on several committees, including the Agriculture, Environmental Protection, Government Oversight, and Natural Resources committees. He also serves as the chair of the Public Safety committee. He is on the board of directors of the National Rifle Association of America. Baudler did not seek re-election in 2018 and was succeeded by Ray Sorensen
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# STAT5
**Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5** (**STAT5**) refers to two highly related proteins, STAT5A and STAT5B, which are part of the seven-membered STAT family of proteins. Though STAT5A and STAT5B are encoded by separate genes, the proteins are 90% identical at the amino acid level. STAT5 proteins are involved in cytosolic signalling and in mediating the expression of specific genes. Aberrant STAT5 activity has been shown to be closely connected to a wide range of human cancers, and silencing this aberrant activity is an area of active research in medicinal chemistry.
## Activation and function {#activation_and_function}
In order to be functional, STAT5 proteins must first be activated. This activation is carried out by kinases associated with transmembrane receptors:
- Ligands binding to these transmembrane receptors on the outside of the cell activate the kinases;
- The stimulated kinases add a phosphate group to a specific tyrosine residue on the receptor;
- STAT5 then binds to these phosphorylated-tyrosines using their SH2 domain *(STAT domains illustrated below)*;
- The bound STAT5 is then phosphorylated by the kinase, the phosphorylation occurring at particular tyrosine residues on the C-terminus of the protein;
- Phosphorylation causes STAT5 to dissociate from the receptor;
- The phosphorylated STAT5 finally goes on to form either homodimers, STAT5-STAT5, or heterodimers, STAT5-STATX, with other STAT proteins. The SH2 domains of the STAT5 proteins are once again used for this dimerization. STAT5 can also form homo-tetramers, usually in concert with the histone methyltransferase EZH2, and act as a transcriptional repressor.
In the activation pathway illustrated to the left, the ligand involved is a cytokine and the specific kinase taking part in activation is JAK. The dimerized STAT5 represents the active form of the protein, which is ready for translocation into the nucleus.
Once in the nucleus, the dimers bind to STAT5 response elements, inducing transcription of specific sets of genes. Upregulation of gene expression by STAT5 dimers has been observed for genes dealing with:
- Controlled cell growth and division, or cell proliferation
- Programmed cell death, or apoptosis
- Cell specialization, or differentiation and
- Inflammation.
Activated STAT5 dimers are, however, short-lived and the dimers are made to undergo rapid deactivation. Deactivation may be carried out by a direct pathway, removing the phosphate groups using phosphatases like PIAS or SHP-2 for example, or by an indirect pathway, which involves reducing cytokine signalling.
| 395 |
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| 0 |
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# STAT5
## STAT5 and cancer {#stat5_and_cancer}
STAT5 has been found to be constitutively phosphorylated in cancer cells, implying that the protein is always present in its active form. This constant activation is brought about either by mutations or by aberrant expressions of cell signalling, resulting in poor regulation, or complete lack of control, of the activation of transcription for genes influenced by STAT5. This leads to constant and increased expression of these genes. For example, mutations may lead to increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes, the products of which actively prevent cell death. The constant presence of these products preserves the cell in spite of it having become cancerous, causing the cell to eventually become malignant.
### Treatment approaches {#treatment_approaches}
Attempts at treatment for cancer cells with constitutively phosphorylated STAT5 have included both indirect and direct inhibition of STAT5 activity. While more medicinal work has been done in indirect inhibition, this approach can lead to increased toxicity in cells and can also result in non-specific effects, both of which are better handled by direct inhibition.
Indirect inhibition targets kinases associated with STAT5, or targets proteases that carry out terminal truncation of proteins. Different inhibitors have been designed to target different kinases:
- Inhibition of BCR/ABl constitutes the basis of the functioning of drugs like imatinib
- Inhibition of FLT3 is carried out by drugs like lestaurtinib
- Inhibition of JAK2 is carried out by the drug CYT387, which was successful in preclinical trials and is currently undergoing clinical trials.
Direct inhibition of STAT5 activity makes use of small molecule inhibitors that prevent STAT5 from properly binding to DNA or prevent proper dimerization. The inhibiting of DNA binding utilizes RNA interference, antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, and short hairpin RNA. The inhibition of proper dimerization, on the other hand, is brought about by the use of small molecules that target the SH2 domain. Recent work on drug development in the latter field have proved particularly effective
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# STAT3
**Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3** (**STAT3**) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the *STAT3* gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.
## Function
STAT3 is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT3 is phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK), forms homo- or heterodimers, and translocates to the cell nucleus where it acts as a transcription activator. Specifically, STAT3 becomes activated after phosphorylation of tyrosine 705 in response to such ligands as interferons, epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin (IL-)5 and IL-6. Additionally, activation of STAT3 may occur via phosphorylation of serine 727 by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and through c-src non-receptor tyrosine kinase. STAT3 mediates the expression of a variety of genes in response to cell stimuli, and thus plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis.
STAT3-deficient mouse embryos cannot develop beyond embryonic day 7, when gastrulation begins. It appears that at these early stages of development, STAT3 activation is required for self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Indeed, LIF, which is supplied to murine ESC cultures to maintain their undifferentiated state, can be omitted if STAT3 is activated through some other means.
STAT3 is essential for the differentiation of the TH17 helper T cells, which have been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases. During viral infection, mice lacking STAT3 in T-cells display impairment in the ability to generate T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells and fail to maintain antibody based immunity.
STAT3 caused upregulation in E-selectin, a factor in metastasis of cancers.
Hyperactivation of STAT3 occurs in COVID-19 infection and other viral infections.
| 278 |
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| 0 |
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# STAT3
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
Loss-of-function mutations in the STAT3 gene result in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, associated with recurrent infections as well as disordered bone and tooth development.
Gain-of-function mutations in the STAT3 gene have been reported to cause multi-organ early onset auto-immune diseases; such as thyroid disease, diabetes, intestinal inflammation, and low blood counts, while constitutive STAT3 activation is associated with various human cancers and commonly suggests poor prognosis. It has anti-apoptotic as well as proliferative effects.
STAT3 can promote oncogenesis by being constitutively active through various pathways as mentioned elsewhere. A tumor suppressor role of STAT3 has also been reported. In the report on human glioblastoma tumor, or brain cancer, STAT3 was shown to have an oncogenic or a tumor suppressor role depending upon the mutational background of the tumor. A direct connection between the PTEN-Akt-FOXO axis (suppressive) and the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta (LIFRbeta)-STAT3 signaling pathway (oncogenic) was shown. Overactivation of STAT3 promotes tumor survival and reduces sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ), the standard chemotherapy for this cancer. Systemic inhibition of STAT3, however, risks immune dysregulation, complicating its therapeutic targeting. Recent studies highlight a non-coding RNA transcribed from a STAT3 enhancer region, termed TMZR1-eRNA, which regulates STAT3 expression. Silencing TMZR1-eRNA reduces STAT3 mRNA and protein levels, sensitizing glioblastoma cells to TMZ-induced cell death. Mechanistically, TMZR1-eRNA enhances STAT3 promoter activity, creating a feedback loop that sustains STAT3 expression. Importantly, TMZR1-eRNA expression is minimal in healthy brain tissue and peripheral blood cells, suggesting its suppression could offer a tumor-specific strategy to overcome chemoresistance with reduced off-target effects compared to direct STAT3 inhibitors
Increased activity of STAT3 in cancer cells, leads to changes in the function of protein complexes that control expression of inflammatory genes, with result profound change in the secretome and the cell phenotypes, their activity in the tumor, and their capacity for metastasis.
## Interactions
STAT3 has been shown to interact with: `{{div col|colwidth=15em}}`{=mediawiki}
- AR,
- ELP2,
- EP300,
- EGFR,
- HIF1A,
- JAK1,
- JUN
- KHDRBS1,
- mTOR,
- MYOD1,
- NDUFA13,
- NFKB1,
- NR3C1,
- NCOA1,
- PML,
- RAC1,
- RELA,
- RET,
- RPA2,
- STAT1,
- Stathmin,
- Src, and
- TRIP10.
- KPNA4.
Niclosamide seems to inhibit the STAT3 signalling pathway.
Nicotinamide (a type of vitamin B~3~) naturally inhibits STAT3. However NAC (Acetylcysteine) inhibits STAT3 inhibitors
| 390 |
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| 1 |
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# STAT1
**Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1** (**STAT1**) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the *STAT1* gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.
## Function
All STAT molecules are phosphorylated by receptor associated kinases, that causes activation, dimerization by forming homo- or heterodimers and finally translocate to nucleus to work as transcription factors. Specifically STAT1 can be activated by several ligands such as Interferon alpha (IFNα), Interferon gamma (IFNγ), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), or IL-27.
Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-ß) bind to receptors, cause signaling via kinases, phosphorylate and activate the Jak kinases TYK2 and JAK1 and also STAT1 and STAT2. STAT molecules form dimers and bind to ISGF3G/IRF-9, which is Interferon stimulated gene factor 3 complex with Interferon regulatory Factor 9. This allows STAT1 to enter the nucleus. STAT1 has a key role in many gene expressions that cause survival of the cell, viability or pathogen response. There are two possible transcripts (due to alternative splicing) that encode 2 isoforms of STAT1. STAT1α, the full-length version of the protein, is the main active isoform, responsible for most of the known functions of STAT1. STAT1ß, which lacks a portion of the C-terminus of the protein, is less-studied, but has variously been reported to negatively regulate activation of STAT1 or to mediate IFN-γ-dependent anti-tumor and anti-infection activities.
STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by either type I, type II, or type III interferons. In response to IFN-γ stimulation, STAT1 forms homodimers or heterodimers with STAT3 that bind to the **GAS** (Interferon-**G**amma-**A**ctivated **S**equence) promoter element; in response to either IFN-α or IFN-β stimulation, STAT1 forms a heterodimer with STAT2 that can bind the **ISRE** (**I**nterferon-**S**timulated **R**esponse **E**lement) promoter element. In either case, binding of the promoter element leads to an increased expression of **ISG** (**I**nterferon-**S**timulated **G**enes).
Expression of STAT1 can be induced with diallyl disulfide, a compound in garlic.
### Mutations of STAT1 {#mutations_of_stat1}
Mutations in the STAT1 molecule can be gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF). Both of them can cause different phenotypes and symptoms. Recurring common infections are frequent in both GOF and LOF mutations. In humans STAT1 has been particularly under strong purifying selection when populations shifted from hunting and gathering to farming, because this went along with a change in the pathogen spectrum.
#### Loss of function {#loss_of_function}
STAT1 loss of function, therefore STAT1 deficiency can have many variants. There are two main genetic impairments that can cause response to interferons type I and III. First there can be autosomal recessive partial or even complete deficiency of STAT1. That causes intracellular bacterial diseases or viral infections and impaired IFN a, b, g and IL27 responses are diagnosed. In partial form there can also be found high levels of IFNg in blood serum. When tested from whole blood, monocytes do not respond to BCG and IFNg doses with IL-12 production. In complete recessive form there is a very low response to anti-viral and antimycotical medication. Second, partial STAT1 deficiency can also be an autosomal dominant mutation; phenotypically causing impaired IFNg responses and causing patients to suffer with selective intracellular bacterial diseases (MSMD).
In knock-out mice prepared in the 90s, a low amount of CD4^+^ and CD25^+^ regulatory T-cells and almost no IFNa, b and g response was discovered, which lead to parasital, viral and bacterial infections. The very first reported case of STAT1 deficiency in human was an autosomal dominant mutation and patients were showing propensity to mycobacterial infections. Another case reported was about an autosomal recessive form. 2 related patients had a homozygous missense STAT1 mutation which caused impaired splicing, therefore a defect in mature protein. Patients had partially damaged response to both IFNa and IFNg. Scientists now claim that recessive STAT1 deficiency is a new form of primary immunodeficiency and whenever a patient suffers sudden, severe and unexpected bacterial and viral infections, should be considered as potentially STAT1 deficient.
Interferons induce the formation of two transcriptional activators: gamma-activating factor (GAF) and interferon-stimulated gamma factor 3 (ISGF3). A natural heterozygous germline STAT1 mutation associated with susceptibility to mycobacterial but not viral disease was found in two unrelated patients with unexplained mycobacterial disease. This mutation caused a loss of GAF and ISGF3 activation but was dominant for one cellular phenotype and recessive for the other. It impaired the nuclear accumulation of GAF but not of ISGF3 in cells stimulated by interferons, implying that the antimycobacterial but not the antiviral effects of human interferons are mediated by GAF. More recently, two patients have been identified with homozygous STAT-1 mutations who developed both post--BCG vaccination disseminated disease and lethal viral infections. The mutations in these patients caused a complete lack of STAT-1 and resulted in a lack of formation of both GAF and ISGF3.
#### Gain of function {#gain_of_function}
Gain of function mutation was first discovered in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). This disease is characteristic with its symptoms as persistent infections of the skin, mucosae - oral or genital and nails infections caused by *Candida*, mostly *Candida albicans*. CMC may very often result from primary immunodeficiency. Patients with CMC often suffer also with bacterial infections (mostly *Staphylococcus aureus*), also with infections of the respiratory system and skin. In these patients we can also find viral infections caused mostly by Herpesviridae, that also affect the skin. The mycobacterial infections are often caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* or environmental bacteria. Very common are also autoimmune symptoms like type 1 diabetes, cytopenia, regression of the thymus or systemic lupus erythematosus. When T-cell deficient, these autoimmune díseases are very common. CMC was also reported as a common symptom in patients with hyper immunoglobulin E syndrome (hyper-IgE) and with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. There was reported an interleukin 17A role, because of low levels of IL-17A producing T-cells in CMC patients.
With various genomic and genetic methods was discovered, that a heterozygous gain of function mutation of STAT1 is a cause of more than a half CMC cases. This mutation is caused by defect in the coiled-coil domain, domain that binds DNA, N-terminal domain or SH2 domain. Because of this there is increased phosphorylation because of impossible dephosphorylation in nucleus. These processes are dependent on cytokines like interferon alpha or beta, interferon gamma or interleukin 27. As mentioned above, low levels of interleukin 17A were observed, therefore impaired the Th17 polarization of the immune response.
Patients with STAT1 gain of function mutation and CMC poorly or not at all respond to treatment with azole drugs such as Fluconazole, Itraconazole or Posaconazole. Besides common viral and bacterial infections, these patients develop autoimmunities or even carcinomas. It is very complicated to find a treatment because of various symptoms and resistances, inhibitors of JAK/STAT pathway such as Ruxolitinib are being tested and are a possible choice of treatment for these patients.
## Interactions
STAT1 has been shown to interact with: `{{div col|colwidth=20em}}`{=mediawiki}
- BRCA1,
- C-jun,
- CD117,
- CREB-binding protein,
- Calcitriol receptor,
- Epidermal growth factor receptor,
- Fanconi anemia, complementation group C,
- GNB2L1,
- IFNAR2,
- IRF1,
- ISGF3G
- Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit,
- MCM5,
- Mammalian target of rapamycin,
- PIAS1,
- PRKCD,
- PTK2,
- Protein kinase R,
- STAT2,
- STAT3,
- Src, and
- TRADD
| 1,222 |
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| 0 |
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# Fencing in the Philippines
**Fencing in the Philippines** is governed by the **Philippine Fencing Association** or **PFA**. Founded by Francisco Dayrit Sr., PFA is recognized by the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) as one of its National Sports Association members and by the Federation Internationale d\'Escrime (FIE), the international governing body for the sport. PFA is also a founding member of the Southeast Asian Fencing Federation (SEAFF) and the Asian Fencing Confederation (AFC). Richard Gomez is currently the president of PFA while Celso Dayrit is currently the president of the Fencing Confederation of Asia.
The sport was said to be introduced during the Spanish colonial era. Philippine revolution personalities such as Jose Rizal, Juan Luna and Antonio Luna were known to be fencers
| 123 |
Fencing in the Philippines
| 0 |
10,155,209 |
# Wayne Ramsey
**Wayne Ramsey** (born January 31, 1957) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He was drafted in the sixth round, 104th overall, by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft; he played two games in the National Hockey League with Buffalo in the 1977--78 season, going scoreless. He was also drafted by the World Hockey Association\'s Indianapolis Racers, but never played in that league
| 70 |
Wayne Ramsey
| 0 |
10,155,227 |
# Shahpur, Burhanpur
Shahpur}} `{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2011}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahpur
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.23|N|76.22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Nagar parishad
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 238
| population_total = 19719
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|MARATHI HINDI]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->Pin code
| postal_code = 450445
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_name = Smt. Sadhna Tiwari (BJP) <ref>{{cite news |title=MP Civic Polls Result: |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/burhanpur/news/sadhna-virendra-tiwari-became-city-council-president-by-10-votes-congresss-deepali-mukesh-mahajan-got-5-votes-130162538.html |access-date=8 Aug 2022 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=8 Aug 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
| leader_title = Nagar Parishad President
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Shahpur** is a town and a Nagar panchayat in Burhanpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
The Shahpur Nagar Panchayat has population of 19,719 of which 10,174 are males while 9,545 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.
From 1957 till 2003 had a separate MLA seat, now merged it is with Burhanpur. It is located at Icchapur--Indore State Highway, connected with major villages of the area.
Shahapur was the Deshmukhi seat of administration during Maratha Empire and British rule.
It is the first Nagar Panchayat of its kind in the state with all wards having names of historical leaders and Sant-Mahatmas. It has total 15 wards having names of Sant-Mahatmas, Historical-Political Leader and Social Workers.
Shahpur town is one of the main centers of banana farming in the Burhanpur district. Around 50 small villages are connected to Shahpur town, hence it is in demand for separate Tehsil.
Most of the population of the town are Marathi following all Marathi traditions and festivals such as -- Pola, Gudipadwa, Dashehra and Deewali, etc. Shahpur is famous for Buffalo fight being organized every year on the next day of Deewali.
## Geography
Shahpur is located at 21.23 N 76.22 E. It has an average elevation of 238 metres (780 feet).
## Transport
Shahpur is situated on Indore- Icchapur national highway (NH 753L) and Burhanpur District is just 12 km away from the town. The nearest airport is Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport Indore which is 200km away.
## Demographics
The Shahpur Nagar Panchayat has population of 19,719 of which 10,174 are males while 9,545 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.
Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 2675 which is 13.57% of total population of Shahpur (NP). In Shahpur Nagar Panchayat, Female Sex Ratio is of 938 against state average of 931. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Shahpur is around 841 compared to Madhya Pradesh state average of 918. Literacy rate of Shahpur city is 70.21% higher than state average of 69.32%. In Shahpur, Male literacy is around 77.87% while female literacy rate is 62.19%.
Shahpur Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 4,062 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.
## Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
Prominent educational institutions include-
1\. Shahpur Pvt. Industrial Training Institute (ITI)
2\. Gyandeep hr. Sec. School Shahpur
3\. Swami Vivekanand College Shahpur
4\. Surya Punj Educational Academy Shahpur
| 673 |
Shahpur, Burhanpur
| 0 |
10,155,227 |
# Shahpur, Burhanpur
## Notable people {#notable_people}
1. Indrasen Deshmukh, Progressive Agricultarist and politician
2
| 15 |
Shahpur, Burhanpur
| 1 |
10,155,255 |
# W. James Morgan
**W. James Morgan** (died 1866) was a Union Army recruiter and officer in the American Civil War.
Born in New York, Morgan had experience as a member of militia units in both Ohio and Indiana. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Morgan was living as a grocer in Brunswick, Missouri and began to recruit men for a mounted infantry unit in Federal service to be known as the Morgan Rangers. Morgan was made full colonel and authorized to raise a full regiment of infantry, which was recruited predominantly in northern Missouri. The Morgan Rangers eventually molded into the 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry which completed formation in December, 1861.
Morgan\'s decisions often appeared as inflammatory considering his early role as commander of occupation forces in Platte County, Missouri. At one point in late 1861, Morgan even wrote to Henry Halleck advocating that Morgan`{{clarification needed|date=January 2018}}`{=mediawiki} order two Confederate sympathizers shot to make an example for the rest of the local population. In December 1861, Morgan ordered two Confederate soldiers home either on furlough or on expiration of their terms of enlistment executed at Bee Creek Bridge and subsequently was responsible for the Burning of Platte City, Missouri.
By February 1862, Morgan was officially derided by higher command for the bombastic actions he had perpetrated while in command of the 18th Missouri in Platte County. Morgan was officially relieved of command of the regiment, which was then entrusted to veteran artillery captain Madison Miller.
Morgan died in Natchez, Mississippi in 1866
| 254 |
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| 0 |
10,155,263 |
# Shahpur, Betul
Shahpur}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahpur, Betul
| native_name = Shahpur
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.23|N|76.22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Betul district|Betul]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 238
| population_total = 3997
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-48
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Shahpur** is a census town in Betul district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
## Geography
There is a small town named Chopna located 18 KM from Shahpur. In Chopna region 36 Bangali villages. There is a Lord Hanuman temple near Aamdhana.
## Demographics
India census, Shahpur had a population of 3997. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Shahpur has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 74%. In Shahpur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age
| 321 |
Shahpur, Betul
| 0 |
10,155,266 |
# Rashed Al-Mugren
**Rashed Al-Mugren** (born 1 November 1977) is a Saudi Arabian football player who last played as a goalkeeper for Al Hazm.
Al-Mugren appeared for the Saudi Arabia national football team in a qualifying match for the 2006 FIFA World Cup
| 43 |
Rashed Al-Mugren
| 0 |
10,155,294 |
# Shahpur, Sagar
Shahpur}} `{{One source|date=September 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.54|N|79.03|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 238
| population_total = 12205
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Shahpur** is a town and a nagar parishad in Sagar district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
## Geography
Shahpur is located between the Sagar and Damoh districts. The main industry is agriculture, and several types of grain and vegetables are grown. It has an average elevation of `{{height|metres=238}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Demographics
Census of India, Shahpur had a population of 12,205. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Shahpur had an average literacy rate of 59%, close to the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy was 69%, and female literacy was 47%. In Shahpur, 17% of the population was under 6 years of age
| 327 |
Shahpur, Sagar
| 0 |
10,155,335 |
# Glen Rock–Boro Hall station
**Glen Rock--Boro Hall** is one of two railroad stations operated by New Jersey Transit in the borough of Glen Rock, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States on the Bergen County Line. Its name comes from the fact that the Glen Rock Municipal Building is located immediately east of the station, and to differentiate it from the Glen Rock--Main Line station, which lies two blocks west on Rock Road (County Route 134).
## History
The station opened on October 1, 1881 as Paramus. The station was renamed in 1891.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The station has two tracks, each with a low-level side platform. Although the platforms are not high-level, Glen Rock--Boro Hall is handicap accessible via use of two ramps, one on either side of the platform.
Pedestrian access to both platforms is available along Rock Road, and from a pedestrian underpass on Maple Avenue and the entrance to the station\'s parking lot on Glen Avenue. Paid parking is available by use of a ticket machine system; previously the borough employed parking meters.
The Glen Rock--Boro Hall station is located two blocks east from the Glen Rock--Main Line station
| 194 |
Glen Rock–Boro Hall station
| 0 |
10,155,339 |
# Red flag traffic laws
**Red flag laws** were laws in the United Kingdom and the United States enacted in the late 19th century, requiring drivers of early automobiles to take certain safety precautions, including waving a red flag in front of the vehicle as a warning.
## Red flag law in the United Kingdom {#red_flag_law_in_the_united_kingdom}
In the United Kingdom, the law required self-propelled vehicles to be led by a pedestrian waving a red flag or carrying a lantern to warn bystanders of the vehicle\'s approach.
In particular the Locomotives Act 1865, also known as *Red Flag Act*, stated: `{{quote|Firstly, at least three persons shall be employed to drive or conduct such locomotive, and if more than two waggons or carriages he attached thereto, an additional person shall be employed, who shall take charge of such waggons or carriages;<br/>
Secondly, one of such persons, while any locomotive is in motion, shall precede such locomotive on foot by not less than sixty yards, and shall carry a red flag constantly displayed, and shall warn the riders and drivers of horses of the approach of such locomotives, and shall signal the driver thereof when it shall be necessary to stop, and shall assist horses, and carriages drawn by horses, passing the same.}}`{=mediawiki}
The Red Flag Act was repealed in 1896, by which time the internal combustion engine was well into its infancy.
## Red flag law in the United States {#red_flag_law_in_the_united_states}
In the United States, Vermont passed a similar Red Flag Law in 1894, only to repeal it two years later. This law stated that \"\[t\]he owner or person in charge of a carriage, vehicle or engine propelled by steam, except road rollers\" must have a \"person of mature age \[\...\] at least one-eight of a mile in advance of\" the vehicle, to warn those with livestock of its impending arrival. If at night, it also required the aforementioned person to carry a red light. The law did not apply to rail vehicles
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# WCKT
**WCKT** (107.1 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Lehigh Acres, Florida, and serving the Fort Myers-Naples area of Southwest Florida. It airs a country music format branded as \"Cat Country\" and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. In morning drive time, the station carries *The Bobby Bones Show* from Nashville. It airs *The Boxer Show* with Brandon Nasby from WCOL-FM Columbus in evenings. And overnight, *After Midnite with Granger Smith* is heard. WCKT\'s studios and offices are on Metro Parkway in Fort Myers.
WCKT is a Class C2 FM station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 23,500 watts. The transmitter is off Old 41 Road at Channel 30 Drive in Bonita Springs.
## History
### Beautiful music, Disco and Rock {#beautiful_music_disco_and_rock}
The station signed on the air on `{{Start date and age|January 1, 1976}}`{=mediawiki}. Its call sign was WAYK-FM and it was owned by Broadcast Management, Inc., as the sister station to WAYK 1440 AM (now WWCL). At first, WAYK-FM was automated with a beautiful music format. It played quarter-hour sweeps of soft, mostly instrumental music and was an affiliate of the ABC Information Network. It was originally powered at just 2,350 watts, a fraction of its current output.
In the late 1970s, disco music was gaining in popularity. In 1979, the format was flipped to all-disco and the call letters were changed to WSWF-FM (standing for Southwest Florida). In 1985, the station flipped to album-oriented rock (AOR) and the call letters were changed to WOOJ (Orange Rock 107). In 1988, facing competition from a new and more powerful rock competitor, 96.1 WRXK, WOOJ tweaked its format to classic rock.
### Cat Country {#cat_country}
In 1989, the station changed to \"Cat Country 107.1\" and the call sign became WCKT. In only one ratings period, the new Cat Country beat longtime Southwest Florida country outlet 101.9 WHEW to become the area\'s #1 country station. WCKT programmed a music intensive format up against WHEW\'s more full service personality approach. WCKT 107.1 continued for several years until WHEW made a major change. It stayed country but become WWGR as \"Gator Country 101.9\" about the same time as the Ft. Myers and Naples markets were combined to become one radio market. Since then, WWGR has been the #1 country outlet in the Ft. Myers - Naples metro area.
In 1996, WCKT was acquired by Clear Channel Communications, which changed its name to iHeartMedia in 2014. During WCKT\'s history, Clear Channel briefly had the station on its 100.1 FM frequency (what is now WZJZ). Even though the 100.1 frequency is a stronger Class C1 signal, it is based in Port Charlotte. Its tower there didn\'t send a strong enough signal to cover the population living around Naples and Marco, on the southern end of the Fort Myers-Naples market.
In 2007, \"Cat Country\" returned to the 107.1 frequency. Over the years, it has gotten a boost in power and antenna height to better cover the spread-out Fort Myers radio market.
## Cat Country alumni {#cat_country_alumni}
- \"Super\" Dave Logan
- Rick McGee (the first PD and longtime morning show host)
- Gator Michaels (later a record label executive)
- Barry \"The Bear\" Smith
- Doc Daily
- \"Shotgun\" Bob Walker (later PD at WCTK \"Cat Country\" Providence)
- Robin Wolf
- Kerry Babb (former PD)
- Jeff \"J.R
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# London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International Ltd
***London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International Ltd***, \[1992\] 3 SCR 299 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on privity of contract.
## Background
Kuehne & Nagel was storing a transformer owned by London Drugs valued at \$32,000. The agreement between the parties included a limitation of liability clause which limited liability for damage to the transformer to \$40. Two employees were moving the transformer with a forklift and negligently dropped it.
London Drugs sued the two employees on the basis that they owed a separate duty of care and could not seek protection under the contract.
## The courts below {#the_courts_below}
London Drugs succeeded at first instance at the British Columbia Supreme Court, where the trial judge found the employees personally liable for the full amount of the damages, limiting the company\'s liability to \$40. That judgment was reversed in part on appeal to the British Columbia Court of Appeal, where, in a majority decision, the employees\' liability was reduced to \$40.
London Drugs appealed this decision and the respondent employees cross‑appealed, arguing that they should be completely free of liability.
## At the Supreme Court of Canada {#at_the_supreme_court_of_canada}
The appeal was dismissed in a 6--0 ruling, while the cross-appeal was dismissed 5--1.
### The majority opinion {#the_majority_opinion}
Iacobucci J, writing for the majority, observed:
While the employees were liable in negligence, they were able to gain protection under the contract. Employees are able to gain protection where:
:# the limitation of liability clause must, either expressly or impliedly, extend its benefit to the employee(s) seeking to rely on it; and
:# the employee(s) seeking the benefit of the limitation of liability clause must have been acting in the course of their employment and must have been performing the very services provided for in the contract between their employer and the plaintiff when the loss occurred.
### Concurrence by McLachlin {#concurrence_by_mclachlin}
McLachlin J concurred, but for different reasons. Tort and contract constitute separate legal regimes, and the appellant\'s action against the employees in this case is necessarily in tort, since there was no contract between them. The theory of voluntary assumption of the risk permits an employee sued in tort to rely on a term of limitation in his employer\'s contract. The plaintiff, having agreed to the limitation of liability *vis à vis* the employer, must be taken to have done so with respect to the employer\'s employees.
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# London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International Ltd
## At the Supreme Court of Canada {#at_the_supreme_court_of_canada}
### Concurrence/dissent by La Forest {#concurrencedissent_by_la_forest}
La Forest J, in dissent, believed the respondent employees did not owe any duty of care to the appellant in the circumstances of this case. He applied the \"*Anns* test\" as formulated by the House of Lords, which asks:
:\* Is there a sufficient relationship of proximity, such that carelessness on his part may be likely to cause damage to the latter (in which case, a *prima facie* duty of care arises)?
:\* If so, are there any considerations which ought to reduce or limit
::\* the scope of the duty,
::\* the class of person to whom it is owed, or
::\* the damages to which a breach of it may give rise?
In the present case, the first question is answered in the affirmative. As to the second, he felt that the vicarious liability regime is best seen as a response to a number of policy concerns:
:\* It is not merely a mechanism by which the employer guarantees the employee\'s primary liability, but has the broader function of transferring to the enterprise itself the risks created by the activity performed by its agents.
:\* Elimination of the possibility of the employee bearing the loss is not only logically compatible with the vicarious liability regime, it is practically compelled by the developing logic of that regime.
:\* The employer will almost always be insured against the risk of being held liable to third parties by reason of his vicarious liability. Therefore, its cost is thus internalized to the profitable activity that gives rise to it.
:\* There is no requirement for double insurance, covering both the employee and his employer against the same risk.
:\* Further, imposing tort liability on the employee in these circumstances cannot be justified by the need to deter careless behaviour. An employee subjects himself to discipline or dismissal by a refusal to perform work as instructed by the employer, and the employer is free to establish contractual schemes of contribution from negligent employees.
:\* Finally, the elimination of employee liability will have no impact on the plaintiff\'s compensation in the vast majority of cases.
The employee remains liable to the plaintiff for his independent torts. An independent tort may fall within or outside the range of the employer\'s liability under the vicarious liability regime. In that regard, the following questions must be answered:
:\* Is the tort alleged against the employee an independent tort or a tort related to a contract between the employer and the plaintiff? In answering this question, it is legitimate to consider the scope of the contract, the nature of the employee\'s conduct and the nature of the plaintiff\'s interest.
:\* If the alleged tort is independent, the employee is liable to the plaintiff if the elements of the tort action are proved. The liability of the company to the plaintiff is determined under the ordinary rules applicable to cases of vicarious liability.
:\* If the tort is related to the contract, the next question to be resolved is whether any reliance by the plaintiff on the employee was reasonable. The question here is whether the plaintiff reasonably relied on the eventual legal responsibility of the defendants under the circumstances.
Since the conduct of the employees was covered by the contract, the plaintiffs were considered to have voluntarily assumed the risk of their tortious behaviour. The plaintiffs could not have reasonably relied on the employees and, thus, the employees were shielded from liability.
## Aftermath
There has been much discussion about the nature of the ruling in two areas:
:\* the duty of care by employees to other parties, and
:\* vicarious liability
The majority ruling, which shielded the employees\' liability by virtue of contractual terms, has invited discussion as to the effect where such shielding is not in place.
La Forest J\'s discussion of vicarious liability has influenced subsequent Supreme Court decisions on that doctrine, most notably *Bazley v Curry*, which has had significant influence in the jurisprudence of other Commonwealth jurisdictions including the UK House of Lords in its ruling in `{{cite BAILII|litigants=Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd|link=Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd|court=UKHL|year=2001|num=22}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Sly Williams
**Sylvester Williams** (born January 26, 1958) is an American former professional basketball player. Born in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1979 he was drafted 21st overall by the New York Knicks and he played parts of seven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the New York Knicks, Atlanta Hawks and Boston Celtics, appearing in 305 regular season games and seven in the playoffs. In 1985 he signed for the Celtics, but was released on December 2 after a number of personal issues. The Celtics went on to win the 1986 NBA Finals in his absence. As a member of the Knicks, Williams was the last player to wear No. 33 before Patrick Ewing.
Williams was highly recruited as an All American out of Lee High School in New Haven, Connecticut. He averaged 31 points and 22 rebounds per game his senior year, leading his team to the Connecticut state title. He was highly recruited out of High School by schools such as the University of Rhode Island (URI), Providence College, University of Texas, University of Georgia, University of Connecticut and others. He verbally committed to Providence College and is credited with intensifying the rivalry between the URI and Providence College after signing a letter of intent to attend URI the first day of his fall semester, when he was supposed to arrive at Providence. He spent his whole college career attending URI.
In August 2002 he pleaded guilty to kidnapping charges after allegedly holding a woman captive for about 24 hours and threatening her with a knife in September 2001, and raping a second woman in January 2002. The cases were consolidated and Williams was charged with first-degree rape, sodomy and first-degree kidnapping. He was sentenced to up to five years in prison. Williams was working for a pipe and plastics company at the time of his arrest
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# Troy Kinney
**Troy Sylvanus Kinney** (December 1, 1871 -- January 29, 1938) was an American artist, etcher, and author. Troy Kinney was most notable for his works portraying dance performers, fanciful subjects, and classically styled nudes. He worked with dancers, including Ruth St. Denis, Anna Pavlova, and Sophie Pflanz among others. His artistic works are part of the collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the New York Public Library, the Library of Congress, and many others.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Troy Sylvanus Kinney was born the son of William and Mary Kinney in Kansas City, Missouri. He attended Yale University, graduating in 1896, and then after a brief time illustrating for newspapers in the Baltimore, Maryland area, he moved to study at the Art Institute of Chicago, where he would later become a full member of the Chicago Society of Etchers. He met and in 1900 married his wife and collaborator **Margaret West Kinney** (1872--1952). They were premier illustrators of the early 20th century, creating works together under the name \"The Kinneys\", including scores of books, and covers for *Harper\'s Bazaar* magazine.
## Artistic career {#artistic_career}
Perhaps Troy Kinney\'s greatest legacy is in his contributions in the area of dance. He co-authored with his wife the books \"Social Dancing of Today\" and \"The Dance: Its Place in Art and Life\", for which he traveled throughout the world to study various dance styles. It remains to this day one of the most comprehensive works on the subject.
Besides being a member of the Chicago Society of Etchers, Troy Kinney was a member of the Society of American Etchers, and the National Academy of Design.
Troy Kinney died near his art studio in Falls Village, Connecticut, leaving his wife and only child, John West Kinney.
## Books
- Kinney, Troy and Royal Cortissoz - The Etchings of Troy Kinney 1929
- Kinney, Troy and Margaret West Kinney - [The Dance: Its Place in Art and Life](https://books.google.com/books?id=GWe1AAAAIAAJ&q=%22one-step%22+dance) 1914, New York, Frederick A. Stokes Company
- Morgan Charles - Troy Kinney. American Etchers- Volume IX
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# Whippomorpha
**Whippomorpha** or **Cetancodonta** is a suborder of artiodactyls that contains all living cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) and the hippopotamids. This makes it a crown group. Whippomorpha is a suborder within the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates). The placement of Whippomorpha within Artiodactyla is a matter of some contention, as hippopotamuses were previously considered to be more closely related to Suidae (pigs) and Tayassuidae (peccaries). Most contemporary scientific phylogenetic and morphological research studies link hippopotamuses with cetaceans, and genetic evidence has overwhelmingly supported an evolutionary relationship between Hippopotamidae and Cetacea. Modern whippomorphs all share a number of behavioural and physiological traits, such as a dense layer of subcutaneous fat and largely hairless bodies. They exhibit amphibious and aquatic behaviors and possess similar auditory structures.
Whippomorpha is a subgroup of Cetancodontamorpha, which also includes the extinct entelodonts and *Andrewsarchus*.
## Etymology
The Latin name Whippomorpha is derived from *whippo*, a colloquial term coined in reference to the hypothesis that whales and hippopotamuses are each other\'s closest relatives, and the suffix *-morpha* (from Greek `{{Transliteration|grc|morphē}}`{=mediawiki} (*μορφή*, \"form\")). Attempts have been made to rename the suborder **Cetancodonta**, due to the misleading utilization of the suffix *-morpha* for a crown group as well as the risk of confusion with the clade Hippomorpha (which consists of equid perissodactyls). However, Whippomorpha maintains precedence.
## Ecology
### Distribution
Modern whippomorphs are widely distributed. Cetaceans can be found in almost all of the world\'s marine habitats, and some species, like the blue whale and humpback whale, have migratory ranges that comprise nearly the entire ocean. These whales typically migrate on a seasonal basis, moving to warmer waters to give birth and raise young before travelling to cooler waters with more optimal feeding grounds. Other cetacean species have smaller ranges that are concentrated around either tropical or subtropical waters. Some cetaceans live exclusively within a single marine body, such as the narwhal, whose range is limited to the Arctic Ocean.
By comparison, modern hippopotamuses are confined entirely to the African continent. Despite once being widespread across Europe, Africa and Asia, hippos are now considered vulnerable and are limited to the lakes, rivers and wetlands of southern Africa.
### Behaviour
Both whales and hippos must surface to breathe. This can pose problems for sleeping whippomorphs. Cetaceans overcome this problem by unihemispheric sleep, meaning they rest one side of their brain at a time, allowing them to swim and surface during rest periods. Hippopotamuses surface to breathe every three to five minutes, a process that is partially subconscious, allowing them to do it whilst sleeping. Both whales and hippos exhibit symbiotic relationships with smaller fish, which they use as cleaning stations, allowing the smaller organisms to feed on parasites that enter the creature\'s mouth.
Hippos are herbivores; normally their diet consists entirely of short grasses that they graze on. Some hippos have been observed consuming animals such as zebra and even other hippo carcasses. A hippo normally spends up to five hours a day grazing. They normally feed only on land, though occasional consumption of aquatic vegetation has been observed. By contrast, cetaceans are all carnivores, feeding on fish and marine invertebrates, with some species feeding on larger mammals and birds (such as seals (pinnipeds) and penguins).
### Reproduction
All whippomorphs are placental mammals, meaning that embryos are fed by the placenta, which draws nutrients from the mother\'s body. They are k-selected organisms, producing a limited number of offspring, but with a high rate of survival. Hippos reach sexual maturity at six years of age and have a gestation period of approximately eight months. Mating typically occurs in the water. Female hippopotamuses isolate themselves for two weeks prior to giving birth. The birthing process also takes place underwater, meaning calves must swim to the surface in order to breathe for the first time. Hippopotamus calves suckle on land.
Cetaceans generally reach sexual maturity around 10 years of age, and have a gestation period of around 12 months. Cetaceans give birth to well-developed calves, like hippopotamuses. When suckling, the mother splashes milk into the calves\' mouth, as they have no lips.
## Taxonomy and phylogeny {#taxonomy_and_phylogeny}
Whippomorpha is a suborder located within the Order Artiodactyla, and the clade Cetancodontamorpha. It contains the clades Hippopotamoidea (ancestors of hippopotamuses) and Cetaceamorpha (ancestors of whales and dolphins). Whippomorpha is considered a sister clade to Ruminantia (which contains cattle, sheep and deer), as well as the extinct Raoellidae. Hippopotamoidea was formerly included to Suiformes with Suidae (pigs) and Tayassuidae (peccaries).
Most of the evidence supporting the Whippomorpha clade is based on molecular or genetic analysis. Early support for the existence of a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade originated from analysis of the molecular composition of a blood-clotting protein γ-fibrinogen taken from whales and hippopotamuses. Later studies obtained findings that indicated almost 11,000 orthologous genes between cetaceans and hippopotamuses, in addition to numerous positive indicators of a shared evolutionary history between cetaceans and hippopotamuses. Furthermore, some genetic sequences have been found in both whales and hippopotamuses that are not present in the genomes of other mammals. This would indicate that these groups share ancestry.
Whippomorpha\'s placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:
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# Whippomorpha
## Evolution
It is unknown whether the last common ancestor of whales and hippos led an aquatic, semiaquatic/amphibious, or terrestrial lifestyle. Therefore, it is a matter of contention whether the aquatic traits of both hippopotamuses and cetaceans are linked or the product of convergent evolution. Recent findings seem to indicate that the latter is more likely.
Whippomorpha diverged from other cetartiodactyls approximately 59 Mya, whilst whales diverged from hippos approximately 55 Mya. The first branch contained ancestors of Cetacea; semi-aquatic protowhales such as *Pakicetus* in the group Archaeoceti, which developed into the exclusively aquatic ancestors of modern cetaceans.
One evolutionarily significant whale ancestor was the raoellid *Indohyus*, which was a Himalayas-dwelling, digitgrade omnivore roughly the size of a raccoon. It was not an adept swimmer, although it was thought to have spent considerable periods of time wading in shallow water. This would have been assisted by its heavy bones, providing stability. *Indohyus* was likely to have a diet at least partially based on aquatic foraging. Evidence for this includes the fact that the tooth enamel of *Indohyus* was considerably less worn than would be expected for an animal with an exclusively terrestrial diet. One of the most crucial facets of the discovery of *Indohyus* was the presence of a thickened auditory bulla, otherwise known as an involucrum. This discovery was significant as the involucrum was a morphology thought previously to be exclusive to cetaceans, a synapomorphy. This feature irrefutably linked cetaceans to raoellids. It is thought that early whales such as *Nalacetus* and *Pakicetus* were restricted to freshwater environments, as modern hippopotamuses are. The later *Ambulocetus,* was likely to have lived a much more aquatic lifestyle, with shorter legs and paddle-like hands and feet. It also likely represented a transitional organism from freshwater to seawater, as the isotopic analysis of the bones and teeth of *Ambulocetus* indicate that it inhabited estuaries.
The second branch of Whippomorpha is thought to have developed into the family Anthracotheriidae, who were the putative ancestors of modern hippopotamuses. The sediments in which anthracotheriid fossils have been fossilized indicate that they were at least partially amphibious, whilst the jaw structure of fossils of select species, particularly *Anthracotherium*, seem to indicate that it was an ancestral form of modern hippopotamuses.
These findings somewhat explain the once confusing paleontological age gap that existed as a major piece of evidence against an evolutionary link between Hippopotamidae and Cetacea. Previously, the oldest known cetacean fossils were approximately 50 Myr, while the earliest known hippopotamus fossils were around 15 Myr. The sum of the fossil knowledge indicates that whales and hippopotamuses developed amphibious and aquatic traits independently from one another, but that the features developed by their shared ancestors created pathways to the development of said adaptations. Thus the large difference in time between the discovery of cetacean and hippopotamid fossils is explained by the fact that hippos simply developed their semi-aquatic adaptations at a much later time than their cetacean cousins.
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# Whippomorpha
## Anatomy
All members of the suborder Whippomorpha share some anatomical similarities. Hippopotamus stomachs are multi-chambered as with all ruminants; however, they do not regurgitate food. Instead, the hippopotamus stomach contains two preliminary chambers, which acts similarly to a compost bin, allowing foodstuffs to ferment before entering the animal\'s main stomach. All whale species possess similar stomach structures. Additionally, both animals bear single-lobed lungs (similar to other aquatic mammals), which allow to be filled with air more rapidly. This is a critical adaptation for both amphibious and aquatic organisms, as it reduces the frequency of dangerous trips to the water surface, where such organisms are more vulnerable to predation.
Hippos\' bodies contain a layer of dense fat, reminiscent of a whales\' blubber, and situated between skin and muscle. Hippos and whales both possess thick bones, which aid in rapid descent into water, have minimal hair (to aid in hydrodynamics) and a lack of sweat glands. Webbing is also present between the toes of hippopotamuses; a more land-suitable version of a whale\'s flippers. Hippos possess unique hind-limb musculature that provides them with powerful propulsion capabilities, rather than fine-tuned control. These features are characteristic of other ungulates.
There is strong resemblance between the dentition of primitive cetaceans and primitive ungulates, which seemingly cements the position of Cetacea within Artiodactyla. In addition, both cetaceans and artiodactyls possess two distinct components in their ears, the involucrum and sigmoid process. Similar features are considered responsible for the ability of cetaceans to hear underwater. The skeletons of prehistoric whales also contain uniquely shaped ankle bones, including a double-pulley system found only in even-toed ungulates and crucially not present in odd-toed ungulates.
Both hippos and whales have an unusually large and strangely shaped larynx, which enables the booming calls of whales underwater and the unique noises produced by hippos to communicate while submerged.
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# Whippomorpha
## Relationship with humans {#relationship_with_humans}
Whippomorphs have always had complex cultural and social relationships with humans. Hippopotamuses have a reputation for extreme aggression towards humans. Hippos are incredibly territorial and protective of their young, and are the deadliest mammal in Africa, killing between two and three thousand people each year. Despite this, hippos remain popular zoo animals and a recognizable species in popular culture. Hippos were hunted by ancient humans for food and sport. In Ancient Egypt, hippos were recognized as dangerous inhabitants of the river Nile, and a red hippo was the symbol of the god Set. The biblical Behemoth is thought to be based on or inspired by the hippo.
Hippopotamuses face a number of threats from humans. Common hippopotamuses are classed as vulnerable, and are subject to habitat destruction as a result of agriculture, water management, climate change and development of housing and urban areas. Pygmy hippopotamuses are considered endangered, with less than three thousand individuals in the wild. The few surviving pygmy hippopotamuses occupy a much smaller habitat area in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Ivory Coast. They face threats from mining and quarrying, hunting, poaching, and logging. Cetaceans have also had an extensive history with humans. The primary threats to cetaceans are direct danger (from whaling), and indirect damage to whale habitats (through pollution and overfishing). Commercial shipping, petroleum drilling and coastal development can disrupt cetacean habitats. Thousands of cetaceans are affected by bycatching every year. Some evidence also exists that human-generated sound may account for increases in the rate of cetacean strandings.
Whales were inspirations for many mythical creatures, including the Leviathan, which was associated with the Behemoth. Dolphins are mentioned in historical literature far more frequently than whales. Stories of dolphins typically include them playing a role in helping shipwrecked sailors or guiding lost ships. In the 20th century, perceptions of whales changed, and now tourism for the purposes of whale-watching has become very popular. Cetaceans are revered for their immense size, intelligent and playful dispositions, displays of speed in water, and contributions to scientific research.
Whales have been kept in captivity by humans for research and entertainment for centuries. Particularly popular are killer whales. Conservation and animal rights organizations have been vehemently opposed to the captivity of these cetaceans. It is common for captive killer whales to display aggression towards other whales and their trainers. Bottlenose dolphins are also popular, due to their friendly behavior. They also fare better in captivity than other cetaceans
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# Detention (2003 film)
***Detention*** is a 2003 American action film directed by Sidney J. Furie. It stars Alex Karzis as Chester Lamb and Dolph Lundgren as Sam Decker, a high school teacher who is about to retire and has one more detention to proctor. Sam, on the other hand, must unite the troublemakers and outcasts in detention to defeat the criminals and survive because the drug runners have chosen to attack the school.
## Plot
A teacher who cares is not welcome at Hamilton High School. Former soldier, Sam Decker, is a teacher who does not care anymore. He is giving up. He returned to his inner-city neighborhood after serving in the military in the former Yugoslavia and the Gulf War to teach at the toughest school in town. He needed to make a difference at Hamilton High.
Sam submits his resignation because he is dissatisfied and enraged by a system that does not work. However, on the day he does, he performs one final detention duty with the school\'s most difficult students. Everyone is having a bad day.
However, Hamilton High is about to become a very real battlefield when a well-organized group of murderers with automatic weapons and explosives invades the school after hours to hide \$300 million worth of heroin that they have hijacked. The strategy is to prepare two police cars at the school\'s auto shop, hide the drugs in hidden compartments, and drive away safely.
The invaders, led by brilliant but cruel Chester Lamb, are surprised to find that Sam and the kids from the detention room are still inside the school.
The hunt is on as Lamb\'s henchmen relentlessly follow the teacher and students through the school\'s hallways and classrooms while Lamb watches them on the surveillance cameras and uses the security system against his prey.
Sam and the kids work together to defeat the armed robbers and thwart Lamb\'s meticulously planned crime. They come across a sinister plot that includes the police department and even the highest levels of government along the way.
School security guards and paid local police were supposed to ensure that the school was empty after hours. However, Sam and his juvenile offenders were not considered by anyone.
Gloria Waylon (Kata Dobó), the punks Viktor (Joseph Scoren), and Alek (Anthony J. Mifsud), all members of Lamb\'s crew, continue to stalk the students throughout the school.
However, Sam still has some tricks to show the kids and some lessons to learn from them. The lesson for tonight at Hamilton High School is survival.
## Cast
- Dolph Lundgren as Sam Decker
- Alex Karzis as Chester Lamb
- Kata Dobó as Gloria Waylon
- Corey Sevier as Mick Ashton
- Dov Tiefenbach as Willy Lopez
- K.C. Collins as \"Hogie\" Hogarth (as Chris Collins)
- Mpho Koaho as Jay Tee Barrow
- Larry Day as Earl Hendorf
- Shawn Roberts as Corey Washington
- Jennifer Baxter as Margo Conroy
- Nicole Dicker as Charlee Tuckle
- Richard Yearwood as Leon
- Joseph Scoren as Viktor
- Anthony J
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# The Warriors Gate
***The Warriors Gate**\'\' (`{{zh|勇士之門}}`{=mediawiki}, also released as***Enter the Warriors Gate**\'\') is a 2016 Chinese-French action-adventure-fantasy film directed by Matthias Hoene and written by Luc Besson and Robert Mark Kamen. It was released in China on November 18, 2016, in 2D, 3D and China Film Giant Screen 3D, and on video on demand in the United States on 5 May 2017.`{{clarify|What year?|date=August 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
## Plot
Jack Bronson is a teenager who spends his free time playing warrior video games and working at a Chinese curios and antiques shop. His mother is trying to sell the house they live in before it goes into foreclosure. When Jack goes to a biking park, Travis, a neighborhood bully and his friends chase after him and he hides inside his bosses shop and helps out. A family heirloom, The Warriors Gate, from Mr Cheng\'s cousin in Beijing arrives at the shop and he gives it to Jack as a gift.
Jack goes to sleep with the thing in his room and wakes up with a sword at his neck. A warrior, Zhao tells him that the 'Black Knight' has to look after the most precious thing in the kingdom; the Princess. Jack gets to know Princess Su Lin and she stays with him overnight. The next morning, barbarians from the game realm come to kill the Princess but she fights them off, destroying the house in the process. The barbarians take the Princess back into the other realm through the Warriors Gate but when Jack goes in after her, he arrives somewhere else. The Warrior who sent the Princess to stay with Jack is there and there is an army of barbarians trying to kill them. The Wizard stops time and the army is frozen.
The Wizard tells Jack that Zhao was one of seven children raised from birth to protect the Emperor and that the only person who could defeat them was Arun the Cruel, King of the barbarians. Arun poisoned the warriors and killed the Emperor and the only people left alive were Su Lin and Zhao. The wizard searched through his seeing stone to find the greatest Warrior to protect the Princess and found The Black Knight; Jack\'s in game avatar; a ferocious and clever Warrior. Jack and Zhao find out that Arun will marry the Princess, become Emperor and then have her killed; so their mission is to save her.
While on their way through the \"Unknown Kingdom\" Jack tries to get Zhao to dance and have fun. In the forest, Jack and Zhao encounter the mountain spirit who is cooking a pot of potatoes and blocking the duo\'s way. Zhao asks the witch to move but she refuses and they start fighting. Zhao falls off the cliff and the witch is trying to get him to fall off before Jack throws a burnt log at her, killing her afterwards. Zhao then says that Jack may not be worthless at all. At night Zhao starts to teach Jack how to fight. They get to a lake and Zhao says the trek around it will take days because he cannot swim. Jack agrees to teach him if Zhao continues teaching him how to fight like a Warrior.
When they arrive at Arun\'s kingdom they turn themselves in; as part of Zhao\'s plan to get into the kingdom and past all the guards and knights. They get free by working together to kill the guard when he gives them their food. Jack saves Su Lin but just as they\'re about to kiss Zhao barges in and interrupts them. On their way out they get recaptured and put back in their cell, Jack tells Zhao that he\'s too young to die, having never even kissed a girl. Zhao reveals that neither has he. A butterfly appears and Zhao has a conversation with it. Jack asks if the butterfly understood him and Zhao replies that he hopes so.
During the wedding when Arun lifts up her veil and goes to kiss Su Lin he sees that her face is of that of a reptilian monster with a long tongue and huge eyes. The Wizard uses his magic to distract everyone and frees Jack and Zhao just before hanging. The Wizard pours magic powder on Jacks shoes and tells him to jump. Jack saves the princess (whom the Wizard soon turns back to normal) and all the barbarians try to kill them. The wizard gives Jack bags of magic powder to throw at them. One of the bags makes one of the barbarians a huge monster, however; too large for Jack and a formidable foe for Zhao. Eventually, Jack and Su Lin catapult themselves faraway and Zhao and the Wizard get away as well.
Jack wakes up in a forest alone and after a search finds Su Lin tied up. Arun\'s guards attack Jack but he fights them off. Arun and Jack fight until Jack kills Arun and saves the Princess.
Su Lin is crowned Empress and sometime afterwards they kiss and she tells Jack that she never thought he was worthless; not even when they first met. The Empress\'s guards see her lipstick on Jack\'s face and try to kill him for touching her; but he gets home through the Warriors Gate; smashing it to pieces and rendering it useless to get back.
When he goes to school the next day Jack finally defeats his bully, Travis. At home, Jack tries to put the Warriors Gate back together but fails so he creates a video game called 'The Warriors Gate' and sells it for \$25,000 so that he and his mom get to keep their house. Days later Jack is at the mall for some ice-cream and bumps into Su Lin. She had the Wizard make her another box/gate and made a new law that everyone gets holidays; even the Empress. Back in Empress\'s Kingdom, we see Zhao teaching all the knights to dance. Su Lin also dances a modern dance while standing on the balcony of her Forbidden City- like palace.
## Cast
- Mark Chao as Warrior Zhao
- Ni Ni as Princess Su Lin
- Dave Bautista as Arun The Cruel / The Mean / The Horrible / The Terrible / The Strong / The Miserable
- Francis Ng as Wizard
- Sienna Guillory as Annie Bronson
- Uriah Shelton as Jack Bronson / The Black Knight
- Ron Smoorenburg as The Black Knight
- David Torok as Viking Warrior
- Dakota Daulby as Travis Leigh
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# The Warriors Gate
## Production
The film had a budget of `{{CNY|300 million}}`{=mediawiki}. Filming started on 4 May 2015. It was filmed on location at Hengdian World Studios in Jinhua, China and in British Columbia, Canada.
## Reception
*The Hollywood Reporter* compared the film to *The Last Starfighter*. Discussing the director, the review noted that \"Hoene keeps things competent rather than creative, and shows little of the flair he did in *Cockneys vs Zombies*\" and that the story wades into \"familiar territory\" that may attract a young adult audience \"for YA audiences that are heavily into the 1980s\"
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# Mannose receptor
The **mannose receptor** (**C**luster of **D**ifferentiation 206, **CD206**) is a C-type lectin primarily present on the surface of macrophages, immature dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, but is also expressed on the surface of skin cells such as human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. It is the first member of a family of endocytic receptors that includes Endo180 (CD280), M-type PLA2R, and DEC-205 (CD205).
The receptor recognises terminal mannose, *N*-acetylglucosamine and fucose residues on glycans attached to proteins found on the surface of some microorganisms, playing a role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Additional functions include clearance of glycoproteins from circulation, including sulphated glycoprotein hormones and glycoproteins released in response to pathological events. The mannose receptor recycles continuously between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments in a clathrin-dependent manner.
## Structure
### Domain organisation {#domain_organisation}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|right\|alt=The extracellular portion of the mannose receptor contains an N-terminal cystein-rich domain, a fibronectin type II domain and 8 C-type carbohydrate recognition domains. This is followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal tail\|Domain organisation of the mannose receptor, adapted from *Introduction to Glycobiology*.
The mannose receptor is a type I transmembrane protein, with an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. It is first synthesised as an inactive precursor, but is proteolytically cleaved to its active form in the Golgi apparatus. In general, The extracellular portion of the receptor is composed of 8 consecutive C-type carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) closest to the plasma membrane, followed by a single fibronectin type II repeat domain and an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain. The cytoplasmic tail is not capable of signal transduction in isolation, since it lacks the appropriate signaling motifs.
### N-terminal cysteine-rich domain {#n_terminal_cysteine_rich_domain}
The N-terminal cysteine-rich domain is homologous to the ricin B chain and binds to sulphated sugar moieties, with particularly high affinity for *N*-Acetylgalactosamine and galactose residues sulphated at positions 3 and 4 of their pyranose rings.
Other ligands include chondroitin sulfates A and B, as well as sulphated Lewis^x^ and Lewis^a^ structures. The mannose receptor is the only member of the family in which this domain is functional.
### Fibronectin type II repeat domain {#fibronectin_type_ii_repeat_domain}
The fibronectin type II repeat domain is conserved amongst all members of the mannose receptor family. Collagens I-IV bind this region with high affinity, while collagen V binds only weakly. Through this domain, the mannose receptor internalises collagen in macrophages and liver sinusoidal cells, independent of the lectin activity of the receptor. Along with the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, this domain is the most highly conserved between mice and humans (92%).
### C-type carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) {#c_type_carbohydrate_recognition_domains_crds}
The 8 tandem CRDs in the extracellular region of the mannose receptor share only 30% homology with each other. They each contain at least some of the amino acid residues necessary for Ca^2+^ and ligand binding, common to functional C-type CRDs. Only CRDs 4 and 5 contain all of the residues required for sugar binding, forming a protease-resistant ligand-binding core. The most common ligand is terminal mannose residues, but *N*-acetylglucosamine and fucose also bind.
The main interaction between CRD-4 and its sugar ligand is through direct ligation to the conserved Ca^2+^ in the sugar-binding site, in a similar way to the binding mechanism of mannan-binding lectin (MBL). However, a quarter of the free energy of sugar-binding is associated with the hydrophobic stacking interactions formed between one face of the sugar ring and the side chain of a conserved tyrosine residue in the binding site, which is not seen in MBL. Despite the similarities in mannose-binding between the mannose receptor and MBL, these differences suggest that mannose-binding by the mannose receptor evolved separately to that of other C-type lectins.
Individually, the CRDs bind mannose with only weak affinity. High affinity binding is thought to result from the clustering of multiple CRDs. This clustering allows for binding of multivalent, branched ligands such as high-mannose N-linked oligosaccharides.
### Conformation
It has been suggested that the mannose receptor can exist in at least two different structural conformations. The C-type CRDs are each separated by linker regions of 10-20 amino acids containing a number of proline residues, whose cyclic side chain is fairly rigid and favours a conformation in which the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain is extended as far away from the plasma membrane as possible.
Alternatively, interactions between neighbouring CRDs may hold them in close proximity to one another and cause the extracellular region of the receptor to bend, bringing the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain into close contact with the CRDs. This would position CRDs 4 and 5 furthest from the membrane to maximise their interaction with potential ligands. The resistance to proteolysis shown by CRDs 4 and 5 suggests physical interactions between the two domains does occur, thereby supporting the existence of this U-shaped conformation.
It is thought that transitions between these two conformations occur in a pH-dependent manner, regulating ligand selectivity and release during endocytosis. The lower, more acidic pH of early endosomes is thought to be responsible for ligand release.
### Proteolytic processing {#proteolytic_processing}
A functional, soluble form of the mannose receptor is produced upon proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound form by metalloproteases found in the extracellular environment.
The soluble protein consists of the entire extracellular region of the receptor and it may be involved in transport of mannosylated proteins away from sites of inflammation. Shedding of the mannose receptor from macrophages has been shown to be enhanced upon recognition of fungal pathogens such as *Candida albicans* and *Aspergillus fumigatus*, which suggests the soluble form may play a role in fungal pathogen recognition. In this way, the balance between membrane-bound and soluble mannose receptor could affect targeting of fungal pathogens during the course of infection.
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# Mannose receptor
## Structure
### Glycosylation
The mannose receptor is heavily glycosylated and its N-linked glycosylation sites are highly conserved between mice and humans, indicating an important role for this post-translational modification. The presence of sialic acid residues on N-linked glycans of the mannose receptor is important for its role in binding both sulphated and mannosylated glycoproteins. Sialylation regulates multimerisation of the receptor, which is known to influence binding to sulphated glycoproteins. Terminal sialic acid residues are also known to be required for binding to mannosylated glycans. The absence of sialic acid reduces the receptors ability to bind and internalise mannosylated glycans, but does not affect its localisation to the plasma membrane or its endocytic activity.
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# Mannose receptor
## Function
### Phagocytosis of pathogens {#phagocytosis_of_pathogens}
A number of pathogenic microorganisms, including *C. albicans*, *Pneumocystis carinii* and *Leishmania donovani* display glycans on their surfaces with terminal mannose residues that are recognised by the C-type CRDs of the mannose receptor, thereby acting as a marker of non-self. Upon recognition, the receptor internalises the bound pathogen and transports it to lysosomes for degradation via the phagocytic pathway. In this way, the mannose receptor acts as a pattern recognition receptor. The presence of a di-aromatic FENTLY (Phe-Glu-Asn-Thr-Leu-Tyr) sequence motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor is vital for its clathrin-mediated internalization. This is supported by the evidence that Cos-1 cells transfected with the mannose receptor lacking its C-terminal tail are unable to endocytose *C. albicans* and *P. carinii*.
Surprisingly, mannose receptor knockout mice do not show increased susceptibility to infection, which suggests that the receptor is not essential for phagocytosis. However, its involvement cannot be rejected since other mechanisms may compensate. For example, infection of knockout mice with *P. carinii* resulted in increased recruitment of macrophages to the site of infection. Furthermore, other receptors present on the surface of phagocytic cells, such as DC-SIGN, SIGNR1 and Endo180, exhibit similar ligand binding ability to the mannose receptor and so it is likely that in its absence, these proteins are able to compensate and induce phagocytosis.
The ability of the mannose receptor to aid in pathogen internalisation is also thought to facilitate infection by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* and *Mycobacterium leprae*. These bacteria reside and multiply in macrophages, preventing formation of the phagolysosome to avoid degradation. Hence, by mediating their entrance into the macrophage, blocking the mannose receptor helps these pathogens to infect and grow in their target cell.
### Clathrin-mediated endocytosis {#clathrin_mediated_endocytosis}
The CRD regions of the mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells remove a number of waste material ranging from soluble macromolecules to large particulate matter. These include lysosomal enzymes, collagen α-chains, C-terminal propeptides of type I pro-collagens, and tissue plasminogen activator. Binding studies indicate that each liver sinusoidal endothelial cell expresses a surface pool of 20,000-25,000 mannose receptors. The mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cell is a rapidly recycling receptor, with a Ke (endocytotic rate constant) of 4.12 min-1, which corresponds to a half-life of 10 s for the surface pool of receptor-ligand complexes.
As opposed to macrophages that use the mannose receptors for phagocytosis of particulate matter \>200 nm, the mannose receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis of macromolecules and nanoparticles \<200 nm.
### Antigen presentation {#antigen_presentation}
The mannose receptor may also play a role in antigen uptake and presentation by immature dendritic cells in the adaptive immune system. Upon binding to the receptor, mannosylated antigens are internalised and transported to endocytic compartments within the cell for loading onto Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules or other related antigen-presentation molecules. An indirect example of this is the processing of the glycolipid antigen lipoarabinomannan, derived from Mycobacteria. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is presented to T cells in complex with CD1b, but is also able to bind to the mannose receptor. Since the presence of mannan, an alternative ligand, inhibits LAM-dependent T cell proliferation, it is suggested that the receptor binds extracellular LAM, internalises it and then transports it to endocytic vesicles to be loaded onto CD1b.
Mature dendritic cells and macrophages use the mannose receptor for antigen presentation in a different way. The cleaved, soluble receptor binds to circulating antigens and directs them to effector cells in lymphoid organs via its cysteine-rich domain, thus activating the adaptive immune system.
### Intracellular signalling {#intracellular_signalling}
The cytoplasmic tail of the mannose receptor does not contain any signalling motifs, yet the receptor has proven to be essential for production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating a more passive role for the receptor in phagocytosis of pathogens. This suggests that the mannose receptor is assisted by other cell surface receptors in order to trigger a signalling cascade. For example, it has been shown that HEK 293 cells co-transfected with human mannose receptor and human Toll-like receptor 2 cDNA are able to secrete IL-8 in response to *P. carinii* infection, whereas those transfected with either receptor alone did not. It is possible that the two receptors form a complex on the cell surface that facilitates signal transduction upon pathogenic challenge.
### Resolution of inflammation {#resolution_of_inflammation}
Another key role of the mannose receptor is to regulate the levels of molecules released into the circulation during the inflammatory response. In response to pathological events, glycoproteins including lysosomal hydrolases, tissue plasminogen activator and neutrophil myeloperoxidase are released to help fight off any invading microorganisms. Once the threat has subsided, these glycoproteins can be damaging to host tissues so their levels in the circulation must be strictly controlled.
High-mannose oligosaccharides present on the surface of these glycoproteins act to mark their transient nature, since they are eventually recognised by the mannose receptor and removed from the circulation. Mannose receptor knockout mice are less able to clear these proteins, and show increased concentrations of a number of lysosomal hydrolases in the blood.
Consistent with this function, the mannose receptor is expressed at low levels during inflammation and at high levels during the resolution of inflammation, to ensure inflammatory agents are removed from the circulation only at the appropriate time.
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# Mannose receptor
## Function
### Clearance of glycoprotein hormones {#clearance_of_glycoprotein_hormones}
The N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mannose receptor plays an important role in the recognition of sulphated glycoprotein hormones and their clearance from the circulation.
Glycoprotein hormones such as lutropin, which triggers release of the egg during ovulation, must stimulate their receptors in pulses to avoid receptor desensitisation. Glycans on their surface are capped with sulphated *N*-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), making them ligands for the cysteine-rich ricin homology domain of the mannose receptor. This tag ensures a cycle of release, stimulation, and removal from the circulation.
Knockout mice lacking the enzyme required to add the sulphated GalNAc capping structure show longer half-lives for lutropin, which results in increased receptor activation and oestrogen production. Female knockout mice reach sexual maturity faster than their wild-type counterparts, have a longer oestrus cycle and produce more litters. Thus, the sulphated GalNAc tag is very important in regulating serum concentrations of certain glycoprotein hormones.
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# Mannose receptor
## Types
Humans express two types of mannose receptors, each encoded by its own gene:
+------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Gene | Protein | Alternative names |
+======+===============================+====================================================================+
| MRC1 | Macrophage mannose receptor 1 | C-type mannose receptor 1,\ |
| | | C-type lectin domain family 13 member D (CLEC13D),\ |
| | | CD206, MMR |
+------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| MRC2 | Macrophage mannose receptor 2 | C-type mannose receptor 2,\ |
| | | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein,\ |
| | | CD280 |
+------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Applications in health and disease {#applications_in_health_and_disease}
The selective internalisation properties of the mannose receptor indicate a number of potential applications in health and disease. By manipulating the glycosylation of important bioactive proteins to a highly mannosylated state, their serum levels could be tightly regulated and they could be targeted specifically to cells expressing the mannose receptor. There is also potential for use of the mannose receptor as a target for improved macrophage activation and antigen presentation.
MRC2/Endo180 interacts with Basigin/CD147 via its fourth C-type lectin domain to form a molecular epithelial-mesenchymal transition suppressor complex that if disrupted results in the induction of invasive prostate epithelial cell behavior associated with poor prostate cancer survival. Increased basement membrane stiffness due to its glycation can also trigger Endo180-dependent invasion of prostate epithelial cells and this bio-mechanical mechanism is associated with poor prostate cancer survival. It has been suggested that stabilization of the Endo180-CD147 epithelial-mesenchymal transition suppressor complex and targeting of the non-complexed form of Endo180 in invasive cells could have therapeutic benefit in the prevention of cancer progression and metastasis
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# Kagoshima Castle
was an Edo period flatland-style Japanese castle located in the city of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 2023. Kagoshima Castle was listed as one of Japan\'s Top 100 Castles by the Japan Castle Foundation in 2006.). It is more popular known in Kagoshima as `{{nihongo|'''Tsurumaru Castle'''|鶴丸城||}}`{=mediawiki}
## Overview
Kagoshima Castle was built by Shimazu Tadatsune following the defeat of the Shimazu clan along with the Western Army at the 1600 Battle of Sekigahara. His father Shimazu Yoshihiro had famously led a fighting retreat off of the battlefield and escaped with the bulk of his army intact back to Kyushu. The victorious Tokugawa forces landed in Kyushu to subdue the remnants of the forces loyal to Ishida Mitsunari and Toyotomi Hideyori, but reached a peace agreement with the Shimazu, who agreed to reduce their territory to the provinces of Satsuma and Ōsumi. The previous center of Satsuma and the main stronghold of the Shimazu clan had been in the area of present-day Satsumasendai and Izumi, which were nearer to provincial border with Higo Province. Shimazu Tadatsune therefore decided to relocate his stronghold further south, which was further away from potential invasion by the Tokugawa shogunate and protected by mountainous terrain. The actual site was selected by geomancy and was protected by the Hegigawa River to the east, Satsuma Kaidō to the west, the Kinko Bay to the south, and Mount Shiroyama to the north. He constructed a \"yakata-zukuri\" style castle, which was more of a large fortified residence than a Japanese castle. It consisted of a main citadel in the north and a secondary citadel to the south, protected by a moats and low walls, and did not have a *tenshu* or high stone walls. Mount Shiroyama to the rear of the castle was regarded as the redoubt which could be used in case of siege; however, after Tadatsune\'s death, the mountain was regarded as a sacred area and was placed off-limits. Tadatsune\'s father, Shimazu Yoshihiro, was adamantly against the construction of Kagoshima Castle due to its indefensible design and its proximity to the coast; however, politically the military weakness of the castle was intended as a political statement verifying the Shimazu clan\'s submission to the Tokugawa shogunate. The castle was completed in 1604.
Kagoshima Castle was never used in actual battle until the Bakumatsu period, when it came under attack by the Royal Navy during the Anglo-Satsuma War of 1863. Shimazu Yoshihiro\'s concerns about its proximity the coast were proven accurate; however, as the castle was so inconspicuous, the British mistook a nearby Buddhist temple for a castle tower and fired on it instead.
Following the Meiji restoration, the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army garrisoned the castle. In 1873, the main citadel burned down, including the main gate of the castle. In 1877 the second citadel likewise burned down during the Satsuma Rebellion. The Kagoshima Prefectural Medical School and its affiliated hospital were established on the site of the second citadel in 1882, continuing under various names until it was relocated in 1974. The site is now the location of the Kagoshima Prefectural Library, Kagoshima City Museum of Art, and Kagoshima Prefectural Museum. The main citadel was used by the Kagoshima Seventh High School Zoshikan from 1901 until its destruction in an air raid in 1945. Afterwards, the site became the Faculty of Letters and Sciences of Kagoshima University until 1957, when it was replaced by the National Kagoshima University School of Medicine until 1974. It is now Reimeikan, Kagoshima Prefectural Center for Historical Material, which opened in 1984.
A reconstruction of the Otemon main gate of the castle based on surviving documents and photographs was completed in 2020
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# Mount Tarn
**Mount Tarn** is a small mountain located on the southernmost part of the Strait of Magellan, in Brunswick Peninsula, about 70 km south of Punta Arenas, Chile. It is in the southern extreme of continental Chile very close to Cape Froward, surrounded by historic places such as Fort Bulnes and Puerto del Hambre (Port Famine).
From the summit it is possible to see the Strait of Magellan, Dawson and Tierra del Fuego islands, and many other smaller ones; the Darwin Mountain Range, Mount Sarmiento, and most of the Brunswick Peninsula.
## Toponymy
According to historian Mateo Martinic Beros in his book *Cartografía Magallánica 1523-1945*, the mount was named after the British surgeon, John Tarn, who first ascended the mountain in February 1827 while traveling with Robert FitzRoy on HMS *Adventure* and later ascended it while traveling with Phillip Parker King in HMS *Beagle*), during their surveying voyage from 1826 to 1830.
Tarn participated in a hydrographic survey conducted in the area, through the collection and classification of flora and fauna species.
## Darwin\'s ascent {#darwins_ascent}
On 6 February 1834 a group from the second *Beagle* survey expedition, including Charles Darwin, ascended Mount Tarn by forcing their way up through dense woodland to the bare ridge which took them to the summit. He recounted the story in his *Journal and Remarks*. In his ascent the young naturalist found the first ammonites ever known in South America.
## Photo gallery {#photo_gallery}
Image:Mount_Tarn_Spring.jpg Image:Mount_Tarn_Summit.jpg Image:Mount_Tarn_Summit_View
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# Aeronautica Umbra Trojani AUT.18
The **AUT.18** was a prototype fighter aircraft developed in Italy by Aeronautica Umbra shortly before the outbreak of World War II. It was designed in 1934 by Felice Trojani, who at that time was collaborating with Umberto Nobile on the Arctic flights of the airships *Norge* and *Italia*. The aircraft\'s designation came from initials of the manufacturer, the surname of the designer, and the aircraft\'s wing area (18 m^2^), the sole prototype receiving the serial no. *M.M.363*.
## Design & Development {#design_development}
Born from the same *Regia Aeronautica* requirement that spawned the Caproni-Vizzola F.5, FIAT G.50, Macchi C.200, Meridionali Ro 51 and Reggiane Re 2000 fighters, the A.U.T.18 flew for the first time on 22 April 1939, powered by a 1,044 hp Fiat A.80 R.C.41 radial engine. The fighter had an all-metal stressed-skin structure, covered in duralumin, featuring an inwardly-retracting undercarriage and retractable tail-wheel and was armed with two 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine-guns mounted in the wings just outboard of the undercarriage.
Flight trials proved disappointing and lagged behind the other fighters in *Progetto R* - the modernisation (*riammodernamento*) of the *Regia Aeronautica*. With no production orders forthcoming, despite the prototype being returned to the Umbra factory at Foligno for modifications on 20 February 1940 and a second flight test series from 5 November 1940, no improvement was demonstrated over fighters already in production so the A.U.T.18 was abandoned.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
After delivery to the Regia Aeronautica on 5 November 1940 the fate of the prototype is not known, possibly being transferred to Germany for evaluation, it was also rumoured to have been captured by British forces, but it is more likely that it was destroyed in a raid after its transfer to Orvieto.
## Specifications (AUT.18) {#specifications_aut
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# Paul Mirabella
**Paul Thomas Mirabella** (born March 20, 1954) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Mirabella, who threw left-handed, played all or parts of 13 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Texas Rangers (1978 and 1982), New York Yankees (1979), Toronto Blue Jays (1980--81), Baltimore Orioles (1983), Seattle Mariners (1984--86) and Milwaukee Brewers (1987--90).
## Career
Mirabella attended Parsippany High School in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, then went on to Montclair State University.
Mirabella had a 19--29 win--loss record with a 4.45 earned run average. He appeared in 298 games, including 33 as a starting pitcher, 3 of which were complete games, including 1 shutout. As a relief pitcher, he finished 88 games, compiling 13 saves. Overall, he pitched 499.2 innings, facing 2,236 batters, striking out 258. He allowed 526 hits, 284 runs (247 earned), 43 home runs, 239 walks (29 intentional), 13 hit batsmen, 17 wild pitches and 1 balk
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# Raymond Johansen
**Raymond Johansen** (born 14 February 1961) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He served as Governing Mayor of Oslo from 2015 to 2023. A former member of the Socialist Left Party, Johansen previously served as the Oslo city commissioner for transport and environment from 1992 to 1995, when his party withdrew from the city cabinet. After joining Labour, he served as the party secretary from 2009 to 2015.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Johansen was born in Oslo and was a plumber by trade.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
Originally a member of the Socialist Left Party, Johansen chaired their youth wing Socialist Youth from 1986 to 1988 and was a member of the central party board from 1986 to 1991. He chaired the local party chapter in Oslo from 1990 to 1991, and was city commissioner (*byråd*) of the environment and transport in the city government of Oslo from 1991 to 1995. He was not re-elected in 1995, and left the Socialist Left Party.
He then worked in the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation from 1996 to 2000 and was secretary general of the Norwegian Refugee Council from 2002 to 2005. In 2002 he briefly worked at the Norwegian embassy in Asmara. During the first and second cabinet Stoltenberg he was State Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
On 18 March 2007, Johansen met with members of the newly elected Hamas unity government and announced that Norway would resume economic aid. He also expressed hope that other European states would follow their lead.
### Labour Party Secretary {#labour_party_secretary}
On 21 April 2009, Johansen was elected as Party Secretary of the Labour Party on its national convention, following the footsteps of his uncle, Thorbjørn Berntsen. The position is traditionally both powerful and influential. He was sometimes mentioned in party circles as a possible candidate to succeed party leader Jens Stoltenberg, but did not forward his candidacy and Stoltenberg was subsequently succeeded by Jonas Gahr Støre.
### Governing Mayor of Oslo {#governing_mayor_of_oslo}
Following the 2015 local elections, Johansen became governing mayor of Oslo, leading a coalition consisting of the Labour Party, Socialist Left Party and the Green Party.
Between March and April 2016, the Oslo municipal websites listed Johansen as \"byregjeringsleder\" (lit. *Head of the City Government*). However, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development ruled that the name change violated the law on local government and Johansen\'s title was subsequently reverted to \"byrådsleder\" (*Governing Mayor*).
On 30 April 2018, Johansen took part in a Dagsrevyen debate with the Minister of Justice, Tor Mikkel Wara, regarding immigration in Oslo. Wara notably blamed gang criminality on the increase of immigration in the capital. Wara further added that gang issues was attributed to ethnic and cultural issues, and that it was the reason for why it was important to stop immigration in Oslo. Johansen defended the city\'s handling of immigration, citing increase in borough spending and the strengthening of kindergartens and better opportunities to learn Norwegian.
Johansen was re-elected following the 2019 local elections, and presented his new city commissioners on 23 October.
In June 2021, following a motion of no confidence against City Commissioner for Transport and the Environment Lan Marie Berg, Johansen put forward the cabinet question in Oslo\'s city council, which was supported by the opposition parties. He expressed that he wanted to continue a coalition with the Socialist Left and Green Party should he continue to lead the council cabinet.
On 21 June, mayor of Oslo Marianne Borgen gave Johansen the green light to form a new city council cabinet, after the opposition, led by the Conservative Party, failed to seek enough support for a Conservative led cabinet. Johansen presented his second cabinet on 24 June, with the only change being Sirin Hellvin Stav who succeeded Lan Marie Berg as commissioner for transport and the environment.
In early January 2022, he criticised the government for being unclear its handling of COVID-19. He also asked the health services to document hospitalisations and hospitals\' capacity; and that municipalities should be in charge of measures themselves, including the temporary halt on alcohol beverages.
On 3 October, he announced that he would be seeking re-election for a third term in the 2023 local elections.
On 9 February 2023, Johansen conducted a reshuffle of his city commissioners not soon after revelations of dire conditions in care homes in Oslo. The reshuffle included the sacking of Robert Steen, the city commissioner for the elderly, health and labour; he refused to comment on whether this was related to the revelations.
Johansen and his city government stepped down on 25 October 2023 following the 2023 local elections and was succeeded by a new one headed by Eirik Lae Solberg, whom he had previously defeated at the 2019 local elections.
### Post-politics {#post_politics}
Shortly before departing as governing mayor, Johansen was chosen as the next secretary-general for Norwegian People\'s Aid. He is scheduled to assume the position by new year 2024.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Johansen is married to Christin Kristoffersen and have two children, and resides in Oslo. From 1999 to 2001 he was a member of the board of Vålerenga Fotball
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# Jim Gabarra
**James Michael Gabarra** (born September 22, 1959) is an American retired soccer forward who coached the Washington Spirit National Women\'s Soccer League team, and previously coached Sky Blue FC and the Washington Freedom women\'s soccer teams. He played professionally in the American Soccer League, United Soccer League, American Indoor Soccer Association, Major Indoor Soccer League and Western Soccer Alliance.
## Early career {#early_career}
A native of Key West, Florida, Gabarra attended Connecticut College where he played soccer from 1978 to 1981. In 1989, Connecticut College inducted Gabarra into its Athletic Hall of Fame. After finishing college in the spring of 1982, Gabarra was signed by the Detroit Express of the American Soccer League (ASL). The Express won the ASL championship that season, defeating the Oklahoma City Slickers two games to one to take the title. However, both the Express and the ASL barely made it through the 1983 season before they both folded. Gabarra spent most of his time with the Express on the substitute\'s bench.
In 1984, the United Soccer League (USL) attempted to replace the ASL as the de facto U.S. second division. Gabarra moved to the USL where he joined the New York Nationals. The USL fared little better than the ASL, and the Nationals folded at the end of the season. The league itself collapsed during its second season, but by that time Gabarra was establishing himself as an indoor star.
## Indoor soccer {#indoor_soccer}
In 1984, the Louisville Thunder of the newly established American Indoor Soccer Association (AISA) signed Gabarra. With the move to indoor soccer, Gabarra found his niche. That year he led the Thunder in scoring as the team went to the AISA championship series, only to lose to the Canton Invaders. On September 18, 1985, during the AISA off season, Gabarra signed with the Dallas Sidekicks of Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) as a free agent. He played ten games with the team, assisting on one goal, before moving back to the Louisville Thunder. In 1986, Gabarra and the Thunder finally overcame the Invaders and took the 1985--1986 AISA title. The next season, he moved to the Los Angeles Lazers of MISL. He stayed with the Lazers for three seasons. However, the team folded at the end of the 1988--1989 season. Gabarra then moved to the San Diego Sockers where he was a part of the 1990--1991 championship team. He moved once more, this time to the Tacoma Stars for the 1991--1992 season.
By the 1991--1992 season, the MISL was on its last legs. At the end of the season, the league and the Stars folded. He then moved to the Milwaukee Wave of the National Professional Soccer League.
During that time, Gabarra also played two outdoor seasons with the Los Angeles Heat. In 1989, the Heat were members of the Western Soccer League (WSL). That year, they lost in penalty kicks to the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks in the semifinals. At the end of the 1989 season, the WSL merged with the American Soccer League to form the American Professional Soccer League (APSL). The Heat continued its excellent play in 1990, making it to the Western Conference championship series, where it fell again to the Blackhawks.
## Olympics, futsal and national team {#olympics_futsal_and_national_team}
In 1986, Gabarra began playing for the U.S. Olympic soccer team as it began the qualification process for the 1988 Summer Olympics to be held in Seoul, South Korea. The U.S. qualified, and Gabarra was part of the team which went 1--1--1 and failed to reach the second round.
Gabarra used his extensive indoor soccer experience to contribute to the U.S. Futsal team. He was the captain of the team from 1986 to 1996, during which he earned 30 indoor caps and scored 17 goals, both U.S. records. In 1989, the U.S. Futsal FIFA Futsal World Championship. Three years later, Gabarra and his teammates took second at the Futsal championship, losing 4--1 to Brazil in the championship game.
Gabarra earned his first cap with the U.S. national team in a May 14, 1988 loss to Colombia. He went on to earn a total of 14 caps in 1988 and 1989. During 1989, he usually came on as a substitute. His last match with the national team came on November 5, 1989, in a scoreless tie with El Salvador.
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# Jim Gabarra
## Coaching
Gabarra began his transition from playing to coaching early in his career when he became the player/coach of the Louisville Thunder in 1985. He lasted two seasons as the head coach. After he retired from playing with the collapse of the Tacoma Stars and the MISL, he returned to coaching with the Milwaukee Wave. He lasted only the 1992--1993 season. In 1994, he became the head coach of the Washington Warthogs of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL) and remained with the team through the 1997 season when the league folded. He also served as a volunteer assistant coach to his wife who is the women\'s soccer coach at the U.S. Naval Academy.
On August 11, 2000, the Washington Freedom of the Women\'s United Soccer Association announced it had hired Gabarra as its first head coach. The WUSA was a new league which did not begin competitive play until the 2001 season. That year the Freedom stumbled badly, finishing second to the bottom in the standings and placing no players on the All Star team. In 2002, the Freedom made a complete turnaround and reached the WUSA championship, only to fall 3--2 to the Carolina Courage.
In 2003, Gabarra led the Freedom to a second consecutive WUSA championship game. This time it won, defeating the Atlanta Beat 2--1 in overtime. That was the last year for the WUSA, as it folded due to financial difficulties. When the WUSA folded, the Freedom recreated itself as an independent soccer club, the Freedom Soccer Club. Gabarra remained on as its head coach despite briefly coaching the San Diego Spirit during a tournament in 2004. In 2007, Gabarra coached the Freedom\'s W-League franchise to the W-League championship and was one of three finalists for W-League Coach of the Year.
When the Freedom returned to professional soccer in 2009 as part of the new Women\'s Professional Soccer league, Gabarra continued as head coach. The team made the playoffs both that year and in 2010; however, the team suffered a 10-game winless streak in the latter. After losing the first-round playoff game (as happened in 2009 as well), Gabarra resigned, citing \"irreconcilable differences\" with team management.
Gabarra signed with Sky Blue FC in 2011. After the WPS folded, Gabarra coached the New Jersey Wildcats of the W-League for the 2012 season. Gabarra returned to coach Sky Blue FC in 2013 as part of the National Women\'s Soccer League, where he led the team to the playoffs in their first year in the new league but did not return under his tenure. He left in October 2015 to become the general manager and head coach of the Washington Spirit
In his first year in those roles with the Spirit, the team hosted a home playoff match, won a playoff game, and advanced to the NWSL Championship for the first times in club history. The Spirit drew the Western New York Flash in regulation and extra periods before losing 4--3 in penalty kicks.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Gabarra is husband of the former women\'s soccer player Carin Jennings-Gabarra, and the father of the soccer player Tyler Gabarra. Gabarra is of Polish descent with roots in Wisła
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# Adelaide/Churchill, Saskatoon
**Adelaide/Churchill** is a mostly residential neighbourhood located in south-central Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a suburban subdivision, consisting mostly of low-density, single detached dwellings. As of 2009, the area is home to 3,445 residents. The neighbourhood is considered a middle-income area, with an average family income of \$78,438, an average dwelling value of \$287,976 and a home ownership rate of 90.3%.
## History
Most of the land for the Adelaide/Churchill neighbourhood was annexed by the city between 1910 and 1919, with the remaining southern piece annexed between 1960 and 1969. According to a 1913 map of registered subdivisions, the area was divided in two: Victoria Park to the north of Ruth Street and Park Adelaide to the south. The two were developed as Churchill (north) and Adelaide Park (south) - with Ruth Street as the dividing line - but were combined into a single neighbourhood when the city redrew its neighbourhood boundaries in the 1990s. The layout of the streets reflects the urban planning philosophies of the day when the land was developed. The north part of the neighbourhood, developed just after World War II, follows a traditional grid pattern. By the 1950s, the design of residential neighbourhoods used a modern system of curving residential streets, feeding into collector roads that connected to arterial roads. Thus, the southern part of the neighbourhood follows this design practice. Until the mid-1950s several north-south avenues were numbered in an attempt to continue the numbering from the west side of the river; this proved confusing so after 1954 the numbered avenues were assigned names (e.g., 12th Avenue was renamed Cairns Avenue).
Churchill School was built in 1956, but served as a public school for just under thirty years before closing. Hugh Cairns V.C. School was opened in 1960. It was named after Hugh Cairns (VC), a Canadian soldier from World War I whose hometown was Saskatoon. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, the British Commonwealth\'s highest award for bravery in battle. Coincidentally, the school is located on Cairns Avenue; however the street was actually named for local pioneer John Cairns, not the soldier.
A divisive debate occurred in 2008 when the Saskatoon Full Gospel Church, owners of the former Churchill School, sought approval to demolish the structure and build a new church and attached condominium complex. Area residents complained that the new building would increase traffic on residential streets, and clash with the existing character of the neighbourhood. Ultimately, city council approved the project and it was under construction as of 2013.
Build-out of the neighbourhood was mostly complete by the mid-1970s when work was completed on a series of residential crescents south of Wilson Cres., however some additional development in the late 1980s saw Calder Avenue in the neighborhood\'s southwest corner extended south of a back lane, with three cul-de-sac streets and a crescent that extended to Clarence Avenue. In addition, construction of an interchange at Clarence Avenue and Circle Drive, in the planning stages since the 1960s, was completed in the late 2000s, facilitating resident access to the freeway and to the major commercial development at Stonebridge. Cumberland Avenue, which forms the eastern boundary of the community, was originally planned to connect with Circle Drive, but ultimately the city chose not to do this, leaving Clarence the only street that directly connects to the freeway from Adelaide/Churchill.
In 2017, construction began on a new fire station on Clarence Avenue South, just north of St. Martin\'s Church and Wilson Crescent. The station, which opened in 2018, replaced an older station in the Queen Elizabeth community to the northwest; it was relocated to Adelaide/Churchill in order to allow it to also serve Stonebridge to the south.
## Government and politics {#government_and_politics}
Adelaide/Churchill exists within the federal electoral district of Saskatoon---Grasswood. It is currently represented by Kevin Waugh of the Conservative Party of Canada, first elected in 2015.
Provincially, the area is mostly within the boundaries of Saskatoon Eastview. It was represented by Corey Tochor of the Saskatchewan Party, from 2011 until 2020, when Matt Love of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party was elected. A small portion of the neighborhood north of Isabella Street is within the boundaries of Saskatoon Churchill-Wildwood.
In Saskatoon\'s non-partisan municipal politics, Adelaide/Churchill lies within ward 7. It is currently represented by Councillor Mairin Loewen, who was elected to city council in a 2011 by-election.
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# Adelaide/Churchill, Saskatoon
## Institutions
### Education
- Hugh Cairns V. C. School - public elementary, part of the Saskatoon Public School Division. The school was constructed in 1959 and took in its first students in 1960. Although located on Cairns Avenue, the school and the street are not named for the same person; the school is named for Saskatonian Hugh Cairns, who was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during World War I, while the street is named for Alderman John Cairns and was actually called 12th Avenue until 1954.
- St. Philip School - separate (Catholic) elementary, part of Greater Saskatoon Catholic Schools. It was established in 1956.
- Churchill School was a public elementary school constructed in 1956 and closed in the early 1980s, before being sold to the Saskatoon Full Gospel Church on July 1, 1985. The original school building at Ruth Street and Haultain Avenue has since been demolished and replaced by new construction, while the remainder of its school yard is taken up by the Churchill Gardens condominium complex.
In addition, Aden Bowman Collegiate (a grade 9-12 high school) is located across the street from the neighbourhood\'s northwest corner, though many students living in Adelaide/Churchill attend the 9-12 high school Walter Murray Collegiate in Nutana Suburban Centre. The nearest Catholic/Separate high school is Holy Cross High School, located east of Walter Murray. In addition, several schools in the neighbouring Avalon and Nutana Park communities lie within only a couple of blocks of the community boundary.
## Parks and recreation {#parks_and_recreation}
- Meadowlark Park (3.1 acres)
- Adelaide Park (5.2 acres)
- Churchill Park (13.4 acres)
The Adelaide/Churchill Community Association exists to represent the educational, recreational, and social needs of residents, to promote a sense of community and enhance quality of life in the area.
## Commercial
Commercial development is limited to the northwest corner of the neighbourhood, where the Churchill Shopping Centre sits on the corner of Clarence Avenue and Taylor Street. This strip mall, which opened in December 1957, has the distinction of being the oldest shopping centre in Saskatoon. Through its history, the strip mall has featured a neighbourhood grocery store, along with an evolving mix of retail including a convenience store that is heavily used by the students from the high school directly across the street.
In addition, there are 57 home-based businesses in the neighbourhood. The community is immediately north of the big box commercial development in Stonebridge and is also served by the enclosed shopping centre Market Mall to the east. The Avalon Shopping Centre, a strip mall located in the Avalon neighbourhood to the west, has also serviced residents of the former Adelaide Park community since 1957.
## Location
Adelaide/Churchill is located within the Nutana Suburban Development Area. It is bounded by Taylor Street to the north, Circle Drive to the south, Cumberland Avenue to the east, and Clarence Avenue to the west. Roads are laid in a grid fashion in the majority of the neighbourhood, while the area south of Wilson Crescent is made up primarily of crescents
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# Tennessee shiner
The **Tennessee shiner** (***Paranotropis leuciodus***) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish beloinging to the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows. It is native to the southeastern United States.
## Description
This is a slender minnow about 5 to long. A lateral band and a paler stripe run from the gills to the tail fin. There is a rectangular spot on the caudal peduncle. The scales along the back are dark and the belly is white. The breeding male is red-orange in color.
## Distribution
The fish is distributed throughout several river basins in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. It occurs in much of the Tennessee River drainage, especially the upper tributaries, and the Cumberland and Green River drainages. It occurs in the Savannah and Kanawha River systems, where it may be an introduced species. Its non-native range is not clear, but there are several sites to which it was likely introduced when it was used for bait and released.
## Biology
This freshwater fish lives in pools, creeks, and small to medium rivers. It prefers cool, clear waters over gravelly substrates. In this habitat it is associated with some of its congeners, such as the telescope shiner (*N. telescopus*) and the bigeye shiner (*N. boops*).
Breeding has been observed in late spring. Males in breeding colors aggregate in swarms in shallow pools and are briefly visited by females, which spawn and then depart. It may also spawn over the nests of other species, such as the river chub (*Nocomis micropogon*) and largescale stoneroller (*Campostoma oligolepis*).
## Conservation
This is a widespread species with many populations which are likely stable or declining only slowly. There may be threats to local ecosystems, but the species faces no major threats and is not of high conservation concern
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# Michel Goba
**Michel Goba** (born 8 August 1961) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a striker. He played in the French Ligue 2 with Brest, Dunkerque and Abbeville.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Goba is the uncle of Didier Drogba. He served as a mentor and father-figure to Drogba when he lived with him in France at a young age. His son, Kévin Goba, is also a professional footballer who spent most of his career in the lower divisions of France
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# Aeronautica Umbra
**Aeronautica Umbra SA** was an Italian aircraft manufacturer founded at Foligno in 1935 by Muzio Macchi. The firm produced SM.79 bombers for the Regia Aeronautica but never enjoyed success with its own designs. Its best-known attempt was the AUT.18 fighter of 1936. Another promising prototype, the **MB.902** had two Daimler-Benz DB 605 engines within the fuselage, driving contra-rotating propellers mounted on the wings, but this was destroyed without ever having flown.
After World War II, the company re-formed and in 1968 commenced work on a design for a three-engine STOL transport aircraft designated the **AUM-903**. This, however, was never actually built, although the company did manufacture Scheibe Falke under licence for a time
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10,155,952 |
# Fiat A
| 3 |
Fiat A.80
| 0 |
10,155,996 |
# Sereno Peck Fenn
**Sereno Peck Fenn** (April 25, 1844 -- January 3, 1927) was an early partner in Sherwin-Williams. He was hired as a bookkeeper in 1870 for the Sherwin-Williams Company, and was made a partner ten years later. Fenn held the title of Vice-President of the company from 1921 to 1927. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A bequest of \$100,000 was left to Fenn College, which is now named Cleveland State University. Fenn is buried in the Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years
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10,156,002 |
# Treaty of Doak's Stand
The **Treaty of Doak\'s Stand** (7 Stat. 210, also known as **Treaty with the Choctaw**) was signed on October 18, 1820 (proclaimed and legally binding on January 8, 1821) between the United States and the Choctaw Indian tribe. The Treaty of Doak\'s Stand was the seventh of nine major treaties that were ratified from the period from 1786 through 1866 between the United States government and the Choctaw nation during a time of rapid westward expansion of white settlers. Based on the terms of the accord, the Choctaw were forced to give up approximately 5 million acres or roughly one-third of their remaining Choctaw homeland in the east in exchange for 13 million westward acres in the Canadian Kiamichi, Arkansas, and Red River watersheds. The Choctaw reluctantly signed the agreement in an effort to maintain peace as they were threatened by the US commissioners that if they did not agree to move west, they would perish.
In October 1820, US General and future US President Andrew Jackson and retired US General Thomas Hinds were sent by President James Monroe as commissioners who represented the United States to negotiate and write a treaty to surrender a large portion of Choctaw country in Mississippi. They met with tribal representatives at Doak\'s Stand on the Natchez Trace. The treaty\'s name is based on the site of the meeting, which took place at a Mississippi tavern known as Doak\'s Stand. US commissioners met with the chiefs Pushmataha, Mushulatubbee, and Apuckshunubbee, who represented the three major regional divisions of the Choctaw. Chiefs of the towns and other prominent men accompanied them, such as Colonel Silas Dinsmore.
Dinsmore was a former US Indian agent to the Choctaw; his passport ruling in 1812 had stirred a brief controversy with General Andrew Jackson. Dinsmore was at the negotiations to settle a land claim; he believed the policy of the American government toward the Indian tribes was too harsh. His attitude suggested a potential confrontation, but Jackson paid no attention to him.
The convention began on October 10 with a talk by Jackson (whom the Choctaw nicknamed Sharp Knife), to more than 500 Choctaw. After Jackson presented his proposal to exchange Choctaw land for territory in present-day Arkansas, Pushmataha accused the general of deceiving them about the quality of land west of the Mississippi. Pushmataha said, \"I know the country well \... The grass is everywhere very short \... There are but few beavers and the honey and fruit are rare things.\" Jackson finally resorted to threats to pressure the Choctaw to sign a treaty. He shouted, \"Many of your nation are already beyond the Mississippi, and others are every year removing \.... If you refuse \... the nation will be destroyed.\" On October 18, 1820, the chiefs signed the treaty.
Not only did the Choctaw nation object to the treaty, but also, the white settlers already living in Arkansas were concerned. The white Arkansan settlers believed that their life, liberty, and happiness had been threatened by the US Government because the Choctaw would also settle on the same land. The white settlers also thought the Choctaw received a windfall from the treaty. "Indignant Arkansans felt as though their future had been annihilated by their government in favor of the Choctaws, who now controlled land on both sides of the Mississippi River." The *Mississippi Gazette*, in 1821, referred to the treaty as a "death blow" to Arkansas Territory. From the moment the Treaty was ratified, both white settlers in Arkansas and the Choctaw argued for changes and amendments. The Treaty of Doak\'s Stand would later influence the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit, which forced the ceding of additional Choctaw lands as part of the Indian Removal Act signed by then-President Andrew Jackson.
Article IV prepared the Choctaw to become citizens of the United States when he or she became acculturated. This article would later influence Article XIV in the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.
## Terms
The preamble begins,
The terms of the treaty were:
1\. Choctaw land (in Mississippi) ceded to the U.S.\
2. Boundary of western land (in Arkansas) ceded to the Choctaw nation.\
3. Marking of boundaries by Choctaw-appointed guide.\
4. Boundaries may not change until the Choctaw are civilized and enlightened so as to become citizens of the United States.\
5. Corn, Blankets, kettles, rifle guns, bullet moulds & nippers, and ammunition to be given to Choctaws, who moved from ceded territory to lands west of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma), for one year.\
6. U.S. agent appointed, goods and supplies to be sent, and a blacksmith will be appointed to Choctaws in ceded lands. Property of removed Choctaws to be sent to them.\
7. Selling of Choctaw lands to support Choctaw schools on both sides of the Mississippi River.\
8. Annuity of \$6000 US annually for 16 years for discontented Choctaws. 9. Agents may confiscate Whiskey, except at public stands or introduced by the agent or the Chiefs of the district.
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# Treaty of Doak's Stand
## Choctaw Reservation {#choctaw_reservation}
The Reservation granted to the Choctaw in Arkansas was defined and land between the Red River in the South, and the Canadian and Arkansas Rivers in the North. In the West, the boundary ran from the source of the Canadian River. This was, at the time, in Mexico. The land actually owned by the United States began where the Canadian and Red Rivers crossed the 100th Meridian West, what is today the Oklahoma-Texas border.
Along the Red River, the border ran East until it reached the point where the Little River enters the Red River, what is today Fulton, Arkansas. The border then ran Northeast to the easternmost boundary of the Cherokee Reservation, established in 1817. That Reservation begain where Point Remove Creek entered the Arkansas River, what is today Morrilton, Arkansas. From there, it ran East along the Arkansas River, through Fort Smith, to where the Canadian River enters the Arkansas. From there it followed the Canadian River to its source, or realistically the 100th Meridian.
## Signatories
Andrew Jackson, Thomas Hinds, Apukshunnubbee, Pooshawattaha, and Mushulatubbee
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# Nagasaki Electric Tramway
The `{{nihongo|'''Nagasaki Electric Tramway'''|長崎電気軌道|Nagasaki Denki Kidō}}`{=mediawiki} is a private tram system in Nagasaki, Japan. Since March 20, 2008, its lines accept Nagasaki Smart Card, a smart card ticketing system.
The company was founded on August 2, 1914, while the tram line was opened on November 16, 1915. It once operated bus lines as well, but went out from the division later in 1971. The company and the lines are commonly known as `{{nihongo|'''Nagasaki Electric Railway'''|長崎電鉄|Nagasaki Dentetsu}}`{=mediawiki}. Locals also call them `{{nihongo|''the electric train''|電車|densha}}`{=mediawiki}, while JR lines are called *JR*, `{{nihongo|''the train cars''|列車|ressha}}`{=mediawiki}, or `{{nihongo|''the locomotive train''|汽車|kisha}}`{=mediawiki}.
The lines are stably making profits and they are the only tramway operator in Japan that has not lost any of its original lines.
## Fares
The current fare is ¥150 for adults and ¥80 for elementary school aged children and can be paid by cash (on exit, paid to the driver) or by IC card. Free transfers are only available when payment is by IC card.
Short-Distance Fare for up to two segments of track is ¥100 for adults and ¥50 for children, and is only available with payment by one of the 10 Nationwide Mutual Usage IC cards, including nimoca.
One-day pass giving unlimited rides is ¥600 for adults and ¥300 for children. This pass is not sold onboard trams, it must be purchased from outlets including: Nagasaki Station Tourist Information Center, JR Kyushu Nagasaki Station Midori no Madoguchi, tramway sales offices and selected hotels.
One-day pass (¥600 for adults / ¥300 for children), as well as 24-hour pass (¥700 for adults / ¥350 for children), is available using a iPhone or Android smartphone on the **Japan Transit Planner by Jorudan** app in many languages including Japanese, English, Chinese, Korean & Thai.
## Line and routes {#line_and_routes}
As is the case with most Japanese tram systems, the official \"lines\" differ from the \"routes\" that are currently operated. Both are shown below. Only interchangeable stations are shown.
- **Lines:** Officially, there are five lines totaling 11.5 km.
- Akasako Branch Line (赤迫支線): Akasako --- Sumiyoshi
- Main Line (本線): Sumiyoshi --- Nagasaki-Ekimae --- (Dejima) --- Shinchi Chinatown --- Nishihamanomachi --- Sōfukuji
- Sakuramachi Branch Line (桜町支線): Nagasaki-Ekimae --- (Sakuramachi) --- Shiyakusho (City Hall)
- Ōura Branch Line (大浦支線): Shinchi Chinatown --- Ishibashi
- Hotarujaya Branch Line (蛍茶屋支線): Nishihamanomachi --- Shiyakusho (City Hall) --- Hotarujaya
- **Routes:** There are five routes regularly in service over one or more lines. Route 2, however, only has 1 lap a day late at night (and is not generally shown on printed and online route information), and route 4 only runs in the morning and evening peaks. There are other temporary routes as well
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# Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau
The `{{nihongo|'''Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau'''|鹿児島市交通局|Kagoshima-shi Kōtsūkyoku}}`{=mediawiki} is a public transportation authority of Kagoshima City, Japan. The bureau operates trams and bus lines. From April 1, 2005, together with Nangoku Kōtsū and JR Kyūshū Bus, the bureau introduced RapiCa, a smart card ticketing system.
The bureau was founded in 1928 before acquiring control of the `{{nihongo|Kagoshima Electric Tramway|鹿児島電気軌道株式会社|Kagoshima denki kidō kabushikigaisha}}`{=mediawiki} for 4,963,775 yen and 78 sen in 1929. The new organisation inherited 51 electric trains and 3 freight cars.
## Kagoshima City Tram {#kagoshima_city_tram}
is a modern tramway and heritage tramway. There are more than 10 million users annually.
### History
#### Creation
The first tram line was established in 1912.
In 1929, the Bureau acquired control of the `{{nihongo|Kagoshima Electric Tramway|鹿児島電気軌道株式会社|Kagoshima denki kidō kabushikigaisha}}`{=mediawiki} for 4,963,775 yen and 78 sen, moving towards public ownership.
#### World War Two {#world_war_two}
Due to air raids in 1945, only 3 out of 62 trains were left intact and operational.
#### Postwar
The ultra-low-floor train (U-Tram) began operating on January 15, 2002. Initially, three cars were introduced, with a further three vehicles added between May 2004 and March 2005. There are currently a total of nine vehicles on the line in operation.
Two articulated ultra-low-floor trains (Utram II) began operation on April 26, 2007.
On March 30, 2017, two ultra-low-floor trains (Utram III) began operating.
### Lines and routes {#lines_and_routes}
- **Lines**: Officially, there are four lines with the total distance of 13.1 km.
- Dai-Ikki-Line (\"Phase 1 Line\", 第一期線): Takenohashi --- Kagoshima-Ekimae
- Dai-Niki-Line (\"Phase 2 Line\", 第二期線): Takamibaba --- Kagoshima-Chūō-Ekimae
- Taniyama Line (谷山線): Takenohashi --- Taniyama
- Toso Line (唐湊線): Kagoshima-Chūō-Ekimae --- Kōrimoto
- **Routes**: There are two routes regularly in service by using one or more lines above.
: ■ Route 1 (1系統): Kagoshima-Ekimae --- Takamibaba --- Takenohashi --- Kōrimoto --- Taniyama
: ■ Route 2 (2系統): Kagoshima-Ekimae --- Takamibaba --- Kagoshima-Chūō-Ekimae --- Kōrimoto
Tramcars come once per five minutes generally, once per one minute in busier sections. The fare is ¥170 for all the sections.
### Rolling Stock {#rolling_stock}
Rolling Stock Name Alternative Name Capacity Manufacturer Number in Service Started Passenger Operation Ended Passenger Operation
-------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------
Currently Historically
Kagoshima Type 500 Tokyo City Electricity Bureau Type 400 96 Toyo Koki 1 (Flower Car) at least 5, possibly 13 1955 2019
Kagoshima Type 600 N/A 96 Hitachi Teikoku Sharyo Kogyo Naniwa Koki 10 16 1959 N/A
Kagoshima Type 9700 N/A 62 Aruna Koki 2 2 1997 N/A
Kagoshima Type 9500 Osaka City Transportation Bureau Type 2601 Kagoshima Type 800 62 Naniwa Koki Aruna Koki 15 15 1995 N/A
Kagoshima Type 7000 (Utram II) Little Dancer Type A5 Utram II 78 Alna Sharyo 4 4 2002 N/A
Kagoshima Type 2100 N/A 62 Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) 11 11 1989 N/A
Kagoshima Type 1000 (Utram) Little Dancer Type A3 Utram 55 Alna Sharyo 9 9 2002 N/A
Kagoshima Type 7500 Little Dancer Type X Utram III 68 Alna Sharyo 4 4 2017 N/A
#### Modern
<File:KagoLRT350158.jpg%7CKagoshima> Type 600 (standard livery) <File:Kagoden-101.jpg%7C100th> Anniversary \"Kadogen\" Tram <File:KagoLRT050514.jpg%7CKagoshima> Type 1000 (Little Dancer Type A3) (Left) and Kagoshima Type 2110 (Right) <File:KagoshimaLRT7003.jpg%7CKagoshima> Type 7000 (Utram II) (Little Dancer Type A5) <File:鹿児島市電7500系7501編成.jpg%7CKagoshima> Type 7500 (Little Dancer Type X) <File:Kagoshima> City Tram 9507 police livery 2013-03-17.jpg\|Kagoshima Type 9500 in the Japanese police black and white livery
Current modern rolling stock includes the Little Dancer line of trams, including the Type A3, A5, and X.
#### Historic and Cultural {#historic_and_cultural}
There are a number of historic trams running on the network, as well as unique tourist and community outreach trams.
The sightseeing retro tram, 'Kagoden', is a modified modern tram, changed to look like a historic Taisho Era tram. It entered service in December 2012, and was introduced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the start of streetcar operation in Kagoshima City. However, in December 2021, it was announced that the service would be abolished at the end of 2021 due to slumping passenger numbers. The train has since been operated as a regular service vehicle since January 4, 2022.
The Kagoshima C6 Cafe Tram is a unique tram that is exclusively available for private charters. It is a refurbished vintage car built in 1960 and now features renovated interior, complete with counter tables and chairs.
The \'Kagoshima Machi Meguri Promotion Project\' in 2011 involved university students from Kagoshima City who designed a tram, nicknamed \'Denden\'. The primary inspiration for the tram\'s design was the polar bear from the Kagoshima City Hirakawa Animal Park, which was then combined with the design of a black pig, a local speciality. The final design was an even split of both animals.
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# Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau
## Kagoshima City Bus {#kagoshima_city_bus}
### History {#history_1}
#### Establishment
The first automobile transportation lines in Kagoshima City began operating on December 31, 1929 (route length: 15.353 km, 8 vehicles). On April 8, 1930, the city government acquired \"Ao Bus\'\' of Kagoshima Jidosha and began operating all city buses.
#### World War Two {#world_war_two_1}
During WW2, the national lack of gasoline, firewood and charcoal meant steam powered vehicles appeared. During this time, the first female driver was also introduced. Due to air raids in 1945, only 3 out of 62 trains and 3 out of 45 buses remained.
#### Postwar {#postwar_1}
On October 22nd 1960, the first one-man operation on buses started alongside modern bus rolling stock.
On March 6th 1970, the \'Love\' priority seat system was created. The system focused on bettering accessibly for people with physical disabilities, the elderly, and people with small children.
On March 18th 1994, the tourist attraction bus (Kagoshima City View) began operating.
5 Hybrid buses began operations on February 27, 2006. This marked the start of decarbonisation effort of the city fleet.
On October 18, 2011, the Sakurajima Tour Bus (Sakurajima Island View) began operating.
#### Privatisation
In 2020, some municipal bus routes (16 routes) were transferred to private operators, marking the end of 90 years of public ownership. Another 4 routes were transferred in April 2021.
### Lines and Routes {#lines_and_routes_1}
Line Number Route Name Starting Point (English) Starting Point (Japanese) Route Final Stop (English) Final Stop (Japanese)
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------
1 Ishiki New Town Line City Hall 市役所前 Kansei Town - Takami Baba - (Kagoshima Chuo Station) - Shinkamibashi - Nakakusa Muta - Tamae Elementary School - Ishiki Kariya - Ishikidai Junior High School - Ishiki New Town East Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
3 Yuli Danchi Line Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅 (Continuous operation with Line 5) \~ Kajiyamachi \~ Tenmonkan \~ Izuro \~ Aquarium Exit \~ Tatebaba \~ Kamiryuocho \~ Hie Shrine Shimo \~ Tamari Danchi East \~ Tamari Danchi Central Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
4 Shiroyama/Yamari Line Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅 Kajiyamachi - Tenmonkan - City Hall - Prefectural Citizens Exchange Center - Kusamuta Elementary School - Kamiyatani - Tamari Danchi Chuo - (Continuous service with Line 8) Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
5 Hitohira Line City Hall 市役所前 (Continuous operation with Line 3) \~ Kinseicho \~ Takami Baba \~ Kagoshima Chuo Station \~ Shinkamibashi \~ Nakakusa Muta \~ Tamae Elementary School \~ Shimoishiki \~ Hitodaira Housing Entrance \~ Wakabacho West Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
5-3 Hitohira Line (via Tamari Danchi Kita, Satsuma Danchi, Shiroyama Danchi) City Hall 市役所前 Kanao Town - Takami Baba - Shinkamibashi - Nakakusamuta - Kusamuta Elementary School - Technical High School - Tamae Elementary School - Shimoishiki - Entrance of Hitodaira Housing - Entrance of Satsuma Danchi - Tamasato Danchi North - Wakaba Town West North Office 北営業所前
8 Nishitamali Danchi Line City Hall 市役所前 City Hall - Tenmonkan - Kagoshima Chuo Station - Nakakusa Muta to Girls\' High School - Tamari Danchi Chuo (continuous service with Line 4) Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
8-2 Nishi Tamari Danchi Line (departing from Kagoshima Chuo Station) Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅 Shinkamibashi - Nakakusa Muta - Ishiki Junior High School - Girls\' High School - Tamari Danchi Chuo Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
10 Komaibashi Line Kamoike Port 鴨池港 Prefectural office - cavalry range - the Shikadai Main Gate - Koma Bridge - Chuo High School - Shinkami Bridge - Nakakusamuta - Tamae Bridge Elderly Welfare Center Ishiki 高齢者福祉センター伊敷
11 Kamoike/Reisui Line Kamoike Port 鴨池港 the baseball stadium - Sanwa Central - Prefectural Office West - the municipal pool - Horse shooting range - the Kadai main gate - Kagoshima Chuo Station - Tenmonkan - Tatebaba - Under Nagata Shrine - Shiroyama Danchi Central - the girls\' high school Elderly Welfare Center Ishiki 高齢者福祉センター伊敷
11-2 Kamoike/Reisui Line (Sakaemachi) Kamoike Port 鴨池港 the baseball stadium - Sanwa Central - Prefectural Office West - the municipal pool - Horse shooting range - the Kadai main gate - Kagoshima Chuo Station - Tenmonkan - the City Hall - Sakaemachi Sakaemachi 栄町
12 Coastline Sakaemachi 栄町 Kagoshima Station - City Hall - Kanseicho - Daimon Exit - Kiyotaki Street - Faculty of Fisheries - Masago Nursery School - Prefectural office - Kamoike Shinmachi - Sanwa Chuo Sanwa town 三和町
14 Taniyama Line Taniyama Tram Stop 谷山電停 Taniyama Station (inside Premises) - Taniyama Branch Street - Omido - Jigenji Park - Kagoshima Kindergarten - Jigenji Danchi West Jigenji Housing Complex 慈眼寺団地
16 Kamoike Port/Culture Hall Line Aquarium 水族館前 City Hall - Tenmonkan - Kagoshima Chuo Station - Nichudori - Yojiro 1-chome - Civic Culture Hall - Prefectural office - Kamoike Shinmachi - Ryokuchi Koen Kamoike Port 鴨池港
17 Ujuku Line Wakita Tram Stop 脇田電停前 Ujuku Elementary School - Sako Kajiwara - Nabegauto - Yasu Danchi - Koyodai Danchi - Yasu Danchi (Shimohiroki) Koyodai Danchi/Hiroki Agricultural Cooperative 向陽台団地・広木農協前
18 University Hospital Line Wakita Tram Stop 脇田電停前 Ujuku Elementary School - Kamegahara - Sakuragaoka South - the shopping center - Sakuragaoka North Exit - Sakuragaoka Central Park - Sakuragaoka Higashi Elementary School - Kamegahara - Ujuku Elementary School Wakita Tram Stop 脇田電停前
20 Midorigaoka/Kamoike Port Line Kamoike Port 鴨池港 Prefectural office - cavalry range - the Shikadai Main Gate - Kagoshima Chuo Station - Shinkamibashi - Nakakusa Muta - Tamae Elementary School - Shimo-Ishiki - Ishiki Wakita - Ishiki Danchi Chuo - Midorigaoka Danchi Chuo Midorigaoka Danchi 緑ヶ丘団地
24 Ishiki Line Aquarium 水族館前 City Hall - Tenmonkan - (Kagoshima Chuo Station) - Sengoku Baba - Nakakusa Muta - Ishiki Junior High School - Shimo-Ishiki - Ishiki Wakita - Ishiki Danchi Chuo - Midorigaoka Danchi Chuo Midorigaoka Danchi 緑ヶ丘団地
24-2 Ishiki Line (via Nishi-Ishiki 4-chome) City Hall 市役所前 Kansei Town - Takami Baba - Shinkamibashi - Nakakusa Muta - Tamae Elementary School - Shimo-Ishiki - Ishiki Wakita - Nishi-Ishiki Elementary School Entrance - Nishi-Ishiki 4-chome - Nishi-Ishiki 7-chome East Ishiki Housing Complex 伊敷団地
27 Prefectural Office/Yojiro Line Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅 Kyoken Koen - Kamiarata Town - Shimoarata 4-chome - Yojirogahama - Prefectural office - Kyushu Electric Power Co. Kenkoen Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅
28 Ishiki/Kamoike Port Line Kamoike Port 鴨池港 Prefectural office - cavalry range - Shinyashiki - Sengoku Baba - Kusamuta - Ishiki Junior High School - Shimo-Ishiki - Ishiki Wakita - Nishi-Ishiki 3-chome - Nishi-Ishiki 6-chome Ishiki Housing Complex 伊敷団地
29 Ishiki New Town/Kamoike Port Line Kamoike Port 鴨池港 Prefectural office - cavalry range - Shinyashiki - Kajiyamachi - Shinshoin - Gokoku Shrine - Shimo-Ishiki - Ishiki New Town West Entrance - Ishiki New Town - Ishiki New Town East Entrance Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
31 Tamari/Sanwacho Line Sanwa town 三和町 Sanwa Central - Prefectural office - the Nisseki - Tempozan - Nanrinji Temple - Izuro - Aquarium Exit - Tatebaba - Kamiryuo Town - Hie Shrine Lower - Tamari Danchi East - Tamari Danchi North Exit Transportation Bureau North Office 交通局北営業所前
32 Shiroyama/Sanwacho Line Sanwa town 三和町 Sanwa Central - Honmachi Park -Japan Red Cross Red Cross - Tempozan - Nanrinji Temple - Izuro - Prefectural Community Center - Kusamuta Elementary School - Kamiyadani - Tamari Welfare Center Elderly Welfare Center Ishiki 高齢者福祉センター伊敷
51 Satsuma Danchi Line Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅 Kajiyamachi \~ Izuro \~ Prefectural Community Center \~ Reisui Pass \~ Tamari Community Center \~ Tamari Danchi East \~ Tamari Danchi Welfare Center Bottom \~ Hitodaira Housing \~ Satsuma Danchi \~ Ishiki New Town Tamaridai Ishiki New Town Chuo 伊敷ニュータウン中央
60 Sakurajima Line (Sakurajima Hospital) Sakurajima Hospital 桜島病院 Sakurajima Port - Hosaki - Akabuhara - Okubo - Hamadaira - the Sakurajima Chamber of Commerce and Industry - Matsuura - Hot Spring Center - Higashi Shirahama Higashi Shirahama 東白浜
Sakurajima Line (Welfare Center) Welfare Center 福祉センター Sakurajima Port - Hosaki - Akabuhara - Okubo - Hamadaira - the Sakurajima Chamber of Commerce and Industry - Matsuura - Hot Spring Center - Higashi Shirahama Higashi Shirahama 東白浜
Sakurajima Line (Sakurajimaen) Sakurajimaen 桜島苑 Sakurajima Port - Hosaki - Akabuhara - Okubo - Hamadaira - Sakurajima Chamber of Commerce and Industry - Matsuura - Hot Spring Center - Higashi Shirahama (\~ Okudaira - Takamen Elementary School - Kurokami Elementary School) Higashi Shirahama (Shioyagamoto) 東白浜(塩屋ヶ元)
70 Sakurajima Alternative Line Higashi Shirahama 東白浜 Okudaira - Takamen Elementary School - Nishizonoyama - Nishiuranomae - Kurokami Elementary School - Shioyagamoto Kurokamiguchi 黒神口
\- Kagoshima City View Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅 Meiji Restoration Furusatokan - Astronomical Museum - Shiroyama - Saigo Nanshu Memorial Museum - Sengonen - Kagoshima Station (Kanmachia) - Sakurajima Pier - Water Front Park - Astronomical Museum Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅
\- Kagoshima City View (Night view course) Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅 Astronomical Museum - Waterfront Park - Minato Odori Park - Shiroyama - Saigo Statue - Astronomical Museum Kagoshima Chuo Station 鹿児島中央駅
: Official Bus Routes
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# Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau
## Kagoshima City Bus {#kagoshima_city_bus}
### Lines and Routes {#lines_and_routes_1}
### Rolling Stock {#rolling_stock_1}
<File:KagoBUS0506251.jpg%7CTwo-step> bus used on general routes with current livery. <File:Kagoshima> City Transportation Bureau Bus 158.JPG\|Two-step bus used on general routes, with the 1989 livery. <File:Kagoshimacitybus> 621.JPG\|Level-boarding hybrid bus. <File:Kagoshima> City View Bus 679.jpg\|\"Kagoshima City View\" (Shiroyama/Iso Line), introduced in 1994. <File:Kagoshima> City View Bus 2008 1116.jpg\|\"Kagoshima City View\" (Shiroyama/Iso Line), secondary livery. <File:Kagoshima> City bus Sakurajima Island View01.jpg\|Vehicle for "Sakurajima Island View" <File:Kagoshima> City bus05.jpg\|A regular sightseeing bus (Kagoshima History Exploration Course) using a chartered vehicle ordered by the station. <File:Kagoshima> City bus06.jpg\|A regular sightseeing bus (Sakurajima nature sightseeing course) that uses chartered cars taken over from Sakurajima Town
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# Şebnem Kimyacıoğlu
**Şebnem Nehazat Kimyacıoğlu** (born June 14, 1983) is a Turkish-American player in the Turkish Women\'s Basketball Team. She is an alumnus from Pinewood High School in California and graduated from Stanford before returning to Turkey. Şebnem\'s sister, Yasemin Kimyacıoğlu, is also a star basketball player still attending college at Santa Clara University.
She currently plays for Galatasaray and also played for Beşiktaş Cola Turka.
## Stanford statistics {#stanford_statistics}
Year Team GP Points FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG
---------- ---------- -------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
2001--02 Stanford **35** 208 **43.4** **42.4** 77.3 2.0 **2.2** 0.7 **0.4** 5.9
2002--03 Stanford 32 **270** 38.9 39.5 78.3 1.5 2.2 0.6 0.2 **8.4**
2003--04 Stanford 34 229 31.6 33.5 74.3 **3.0** 1.9 0.9 0.3 6.7
2004--05 Stanford **35** 184 38.1 35.0 **78.8** 2.9 1.9 **1.0** 0.1 5.3
Career Stanford 136 891 37.5 37.3 77.0 2.4 2.0 0.8 0.3 6
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# Music stand
thumb\|150px0A Light wooden music stand. This stand is designed for use in a private home or teaching studio. Its weight and fine finish make it unsuitable for daily transportation to rehearsals and gigs.\|right A **music stand** is a pedestal or elevated rack designed to hold sheets of music in position for reading. Most music stands for orchestral, chamber music or solo orchestra-family instruments (violin, oboe, trumpet, etc.) can be raised or lowered to accommodate seated or standing performers, or performers of different heights. Many types of keyboard instruments have a built-in or removable music rack or stand where sheet music can be placed. Music stands enable musicians to read sheet music or scores while playing an instrument or conducting, as the stand leaves the hands free. For choirs, singers typically hold their music in a folder, and singers performing solo recitals or opera performances typically memorize the lyrics and melodies. Some singers use stands, such as lounge singers and wedding vocalists who have a repertoire of hundreds of songs, which makes remembering all of the verses difficult.
There is evidence of music stands from China as early as 200 BC. They did not appear in Europe until much later, as most musicians played from memory or improvised. In the 16th century, playing music with a group in one\'s home became popular, and music was printed for amateurs\' use. This music was typically laid down on a table or other flat surface in front of the instrumentalists.
Beginning in the 17th century, some amateur musicians used table-top music stands, which were the first kind of music stand in Europe. A few are still used today.
It is not until the 17th century that floor-standing music stands were developed in the West. Such music stands were common by 1730, at least in France.
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# Music stand
## Types
There are a few types of music stand for different purposes and intended users. Folding stands collapse, which makes them easily portable. Folding stands are typically used by amateur musicians to practice and at rehearsals and performances. Professional musicians are more likely to limit their use of folding stands to rehearsals held outside of normal performance venues (e.g., a chamber music rehearsal at a private home) or small gigs. Non-folding stands tend to be used by professional orchestral musicians and big bands for rehearsals and concerts.
### Folding stands {#folding_stands}
#### Lightweight
Folding stands, also known as karate rangers, range from inexpensive, lightweight models made of metal, which are designed to hold a few pages of sheet music or a thin songbook, to stronger, more expensive heavy-duty models. Metal folding stands often have solid wire extensions or metal \"arms\" which can be folded out to support more than two pages of music or over-size sheets or pages. This is the kind most often used by music students in youth orchestras. When folded, a folding music stand can often fit in an instrument case or backpack. They are a popular stand type for practicing, rehearsals, auditions and even some types of performances. Amateur orchestras and some youth orchestras may ask members to bring folding stands to rehearsals, and sometimes also to performances, as this saves the ensemble the cost of buying or renting, and transporting one or more racks of non-folding stands.
Lightweight stands are not designed to support heavy books of music such as full-size fake books; while the fake book may stay open on the stand, the music stand may fall over. Folding stands consist of a rack for the music and a telescoping cylindrical column for supporting the rack, with screws or other fastening devices to secure the extended columns at the desired height. Folding stands typically have a foldable tripod that supports the column and the music shelf. The rack area for holding the music is either pre-set at a slight incline away from the performer (as compared with being straight up), so that music will lie open naturally, or the degree of incline can be adjusted.
The portability of lightweight music stands can lead to some problems. Heavy fake books or full scores may overload the stand, leading to it falling over when a performer turns a page. Also, when a lightweight stand is used with its column fully extended, as by a standing orchestral timpanist or double bass player, a heavy part may be \"tippy\" on the over-extended column. Oversized parts, which are used in some contemporary classical music, may be too wide to be supported by the stand; a solution that some musicians use is to use multiple stands for oversize parts. During outdoor performances, such as playing at a wedding, picnic or a bandstand, lightweight stands may be blown over by wind, which can interrupt a performance or even, if the stand strikes an instrument, damage the finish of an instrument.
According to various online retailers, Hamilton Stands invented the modern folding music stand in 1883.
#### Heavy duty {#heavy_duty}
Heavy duty folding models typically use a hollow cylindrical column as the main support and three cylindrical columns arrayed in a tripod to ensure the stand stays upright. Heavy duty stands can reliably support a thick, several hundred page fake book, song book or a binder full of songs. The height of the column can be raised or lowered to permit the stand to be used for a seated performer (common for most orchestral instruments, except for percussion and sometimes double bass) or a standing performer.
### Professional
Professional orchestras, concert bands and big bands typically use heavy-duty stands that do not fold. The stands are typically colored or painted matte black so that they are not distracting. The shelf sometimes has an accessory ledge at the bottom for pencils, rosin (for string players), and other accessories. They have some type of tripod-style or quadruped-style base, or they have a heavy metal base, often circular. The metal column can be raised or lowered to put the shelf at the desired height. Some shelves have perforations to reduce the weight of the stand.
Some musicians use professional stands for all of their rehearsals and gigs, even though this may mean making more trips to load their gear into the hall. They are more stable than folding stands, they are less likely to fall over outdoors, and they look more professional.
### Conducting stands {#conducting_stands}
Very large, heavy-duty stands are available for conductors of orchestras, concert bands, choirs and big bands to hold their heavy, over-sized scores of music. These stands are typically not designed to be easily transportable, and they are usually intended for installation in a rehearsal hall or concert hall. A conductor\'s stand has to be able to be angled much flatter than an instrumentalist\'s stand, because the conductor reads from a large full-score, which contains the parts for all of the instruments. For some symphonies, the score can be both thick and heavy; to ensure that the stand is stable, a conducting stand needs to have a heavy, wide base and a sturdy platform for the score, called a *desk*. As with professional stands, some conducting stands have a narrow ledge at the bottom and some also have a storage pocket on the back where conductors can store their batons, handkerchiefs, reading glasses, and other accessories.
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# Music stand
## Types
### Non-portable {#non_portable}
Musicians may have stands in their homes or music studios made of wood or metal which are not designed to be moved. Due to their weight and/or their delicate finishes, they are intended to be used in a single location. Some heavy stands are made of carved wood and feature bas relief carvings and inlay work. Other heavy stands are made of brass, and feature musical motifs such as treble clefs. Some of these stands are objects of art in their own right.
### Digital
Digital music stands that use a computer screen to display the music began being used in the 1990s and 2000s. The digital \"pages\" can be turned by pressing an electronic footpedal, thus enabling performers to play chamber music or solo pieces with difficult page turns without hiring or finding a volunteer to act as a page turner. The music notation is typically displayed on a flatscreen display or a tablet computer screen.
### Marching band {#marching_band}
Marching band or some brass band members use a small sheet holder called a **lyre** or a **clip** which can be attached to an instrument. The clip holds a small piece of music, so the musician can read it while marching.
### Keyboard instruments {#keyboard_instruments}
Pianos, harpsichords, organs, and many post-1980s electronic keyboards have some type of rack or stand to hold sheet music and scores. On some grand pianos, the music stand can be removed when a performer is playing from memory. On some electronic or electric keyboards, the stand can be removed to facilitate transportation and avoid damage. On some digital pianos designed for use in a private home or studio, the music rack is permanently installed. Most keyboardists who regularly transport electronic keyboards use stage pianos, or MIDI controller keyboards along with a sound module; on these instruments, all of the accessories (music rack, keyboard stand, sustain pedal) can be disconnected.
## Challenges
In opera, ballet and musical theater, the orchestra (or band in the case of musicals) often plays in an orchestra pit in front of and at a lower level than the main performance stage. For dramatic reasons, the stage may be darkened at times during the performance, and the house lights turned off. In order to see, small stand lights are clipped onto the tops of the stands and to avoid having the stand lights distract audience members, some have cloth \"hoods\" over the lights. Originally, stand lights were incandescent and mains supplied but in the 2000s, as LED lights became more affordable, battery powered LED lights became widely used. A Canadian viola player invented a stand with a built-in LED light, for dark performing settings.
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# Music stand
## Comparison with music desk {#comparison_with_music_desk}
The term *stand*, as it is used to describe furniture such as a plant stand or music stand, generally implies a relatively small surface area supported at the required height, most usually by a turned leg or support known as a *standard*. Any inclined surface that can be used for supporting music may be thought of as a music stand, although generally this function is divided between two types of furniture: a music stand proper and a music desk. The music stand consists of a support for the music raised upon a freestanding column or tripod, which, in addition to being movable, may also be adjustable with regard to its height and the angle at which it may be tilted. A music desk forms part of a table
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# Nurney, County Kildare
**Nurney** (`{{Irish place name|An Urnaí|the oratory}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village, townland and civil parish in County Kildare, Ireland, on the Tully Stream.
## Location
Nurney lies on the R415 regional road 8 km south of Kildare and is signposted from the M7 motorway at junction 13.
## Transport
South Kildare Community Transport\'s Newbridge-Kildare-Athy bus route serves Nurney on Mondays to Fridays with two services each way a day. The bus also serves Kildare railway station, the nearest station to Nurney, enabling journeys to/from many parts of Ireland.
## Amenities
The village has a church, a pub, a school, a shop and two graveyards. A petrol station and a takeaway shop have opened in the village in recent times.
Skerries Irish Figure Dancing Class has been teaching Irish Figure dancing for over 40 years, and classes are held weekly in the local GAA hall.
## Demographics
In 2006, Nurney\'s population was recorded at 354, an increase of 48% from 2002 owing to an influx of settlers from Dublin, which lies approximately 60 km away. By the time of the 2016 census, the population had increased to 456 people.
## Sport
- Nurney GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club
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# Yasemin Kimyacıoğlu
**Yasemin Kimyacıoğlu** (born February 26, 1985), a 5\' 7\" guard, is a Turkish American women\'s basketball player at Santa Clara University in California, US. Her sister, Şebnem Kimyacıoğlu, plays professionally for Turkish club Beşiktaş J.K., and for the Turkish national team. Kimyacıoğlu is a Pinewood High School alum having graduated in 2003, two years after her sister. She was born to Turkish parents in Mountain View, California. She is majoring in mechanical engineering at Santa Clara.
## Stanford statistics {#stanford_statistics}
Source`{{NBA player statistics legend}}`{=mediawiki}
Year Team GP Points FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG
---------- ------------- -------- -------- ---------- ---------- ----------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
2003--04 Santa Clara 27 62 32.9 26.7 33.3 1.3 **0.9** **0.6** 0.0 **2.3**
2004--05 Santa Clara **30** **64** **33.3** **30.8** **100.0** **1.3** 0.6 0.5 **0.1** 2.1
2005--06 Santa Clara 21 22 30.0 12.5 90.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 -- 1.0
2006--07 Santa Clara 29 23 29.2 28.6 71.4 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.8
Career Santa Clara 107 171 32.2 27.4 78.8 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.0 1
| 176 |
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| 0 |
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# Clay Puett
**(Hoyt) Clay Puett** (born 1899 Chillicothe, Texas -- 1998) was the inventor of the enclosed electric starting gate used at all major thoroughbred race tracks around the world. On July 1, 1939, Puett\'s invention made its debut at Exhibition Park Race Track, Vancouver, British Columbia. It was an immediate success. By the end of 1940, Puett\'s gate was a fixture at all major North American race tracks.
Prior to Puett\'s invention, races were commonly started with ropes, ribbons, or wooden barriers. As a young man, Puett had worked as a rider, as well as a starter, and knew of the dangers that were associated with these methods for starting a race. He began work on a prototype of his invention in 1931, while working as a starter in Greeley, Colorado. Puett\'s company, True Center Gate in Phoenix, Arizona, still manufactures gates for the racing industry, and an award bearing Puett\'s name is given to innovators in racing by the University of Arizona\'s yearly Symposium on Racing.
## Fame
His vital contribution to the sport of horse racing is noted in such publications as \"Horse Racing\'s Top 100 Moments\", *Sports Illustrated*, and *The Blood Horse*, as well as being the subject of numerous documentaries and news articles. He is also featured in an exhibit in the Kentucky Derby Museum, in Louisville, Kentucky
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# Hiroshima City Ebayama Museum of Meteorology
The `{{nihongo|'''Hiroshima City Ebayama Museum of Meteorology'''|広島市江波山気象館|Hiroshima-shi Ebayama Kishōkan}}`{=mediawiki} was the first museum of meteorology in Japan. It is located in Ebayama Park in the city of Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.
## History
- Opened as the Japanese first Prefecutal meteorological observatory in Kako-machi, Hiroshima, Aki, Hiroshima on January 1, 1879.
- Moved to Kokutaiji-machi, Hiroshima, Aki, Horoshima on December 31, 1892.
- New building was completed in Eba-machi, Hiroshima in 1934.
- Moved to the new building on January 1, 1935.
- Nationalized as the Hiroshima weather station of the Central Meteorological Observatory of the Ministry of Education on November 1, 1939.
- Renewed as the Hiroshima Meteorological Observatory of the Ministry of Transport in November 1943.
- Suffered from the A-bomb, lost staff and instruments but continued the observation on August 6, 1945.
- Renamed as the Hiroshima District Meteorological Observatory on August 11, 1945.
- Suffered great damage from the Makurazaki Typhoon on September 17, 1945.
- Renamed sa the Hiroshima Local Meteorological Observatory on November 1, 1949.
- The competent authorities was changed to the Meteorological Agency on July 1, 1956.
- The Hiroshima Local Meteorological Observatory was moved to Kami-hachobori, Naka-ku, Hiroshima on December 22, 1987.
- The building was placed under the Hiroshima City to preserve on November 1, 1990.
- The building was reborn as the first Museum of Meteorology in Japan on June 1, 1992.
- The building was designated as an important cultural asset by Hiroshima City on July 25, 2000.
- Started the weather forecast for Hiroshima city area on July 20, 2003.
## Museum
### Permanent exhibitions {#permanent_exhibitions}
- Study tour of the weather forecast
- search the weather information through the internet
- Videos
- Instruments for the weather observation
- Experiment services of the weather
- Wind capsule
- Laboratories of Franklin
- Consultations about the weather
### Special exhibitions {#special_exhibitions}
### Education programs {#education_programs}
- Science show
- Delivery services of the science show
- Science workshop
- Natural science
- Science volunteer activities
- Internship system
- Weekly mail magazine
### Museum shop {#museum_shop}
## Modern cultural heritage {#modern_cultural_heritage}
- Prewar style building
- Windows with the shorter side at the top
- Side belt and other parts of the wall with uneven decoration
- Simple geometric design
- Thin eaves of the porch
- Original design of the capitals
- Time consumed interior decorations
- [photos](http://www.ebayama.jp/museum/ISAN.HTM)
## A-bombed building {#a_bombed_building}
- Preserved the A-bombed wall
- Bent window frame by the bomb blast
- The wall with the stuck grass
- [photos](http://www.ebayama.jp/genbaku/genbaku-html/kizuato/kizuatohtml
| 435 |
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# Electoral district of Condoublin
**Condoublin** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1894 to 1901, in the Condobolin area.
## History
Prior to 1894 the town, then known as Condoublin, was part of the district of Forbes, which returned two members. Multi-member constituencies were abolished in the 1893 redistribution, resulting in the creation of 76 new districts, including Condoublin. Forbes was abolished and largely divided between the new district of Condoublin and the recreated district of The Lachlan, with the remainder going to Cobar. Condoublin also absorbed part of the abolished district of The Bogan. The electoral district included all of the counties of Cunningham and Kennedy as well as parts of the surrounding counties of Flinders, Narromine and Oxley. At its establishment in 1894 Condoublin had 1,883 enrolled voters, slightly less than the average of 2,046.
Condoublin was abolished in 1904 and absorbed by the districts of Ashburnham, Cobar and The Lachlan
| 164 |
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# San Francisco Dons
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``
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# List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand
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{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text col2center col5center hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 90%"
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``
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# Rectoanal inhibitory reflex
The **rectoanal inhibitory reflex** (**RAIR**), also known as the **anal sampling mechanism**, **anal sampling reflex**, **rectosphincteric reflex**, or **anorectal sampling reflex**, is a reflex characterized by a transient involuntary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter in response to distention of the rectum. The RAIR provides the upper anal canal with the ability to discriminate between flatus and fecal material.
The ability of the rectum to discriminate between gaseous, liquid and solid contents is essential to the ability to voluntarily control defecation. The RAIR allows for voluntary flatulation to occur without also eliminating solid waste, irrespective of the presence of fecal material in the anal canal.
## Reflex arc {#reflex_arc}
The physiological basis for the RAIR is poorly understood, but it is thought to involve a coordinated response by the internal anal sphincter to rectal distention with recovery of anal pressure from the distal to the proximal sphincter. Mediated by the autonomic nervous system, the afferent limb of this reflex depends upon an intact network of interstitial cells of Cajal in the internal anal sphincter. These cells, which are mediated at least in part by nitric oxide, provide inhibitory innervation of the internal anal sphincter.
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
Impairment of this reflex can result in fecal incontinence. The absence of a RAIR is pathognomonic for Hirschsprung\'s disease
| 221 |
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# Godaalo
**Godaalo**(God Alo) is a town in the eastern Sool region of Somalia/Somaliland.
On 13 December 2015, this town was part of conflict between the DNO ASA oil company and the local residents. Dulbiciid mountain in the environs of Godaalo, contains Somaliland tallest mountain outside the Karkaar range.
## Demographics
the city\'s main inhabitants are from the Dhulbahante clan, who hail from the Omar Wa\'eys sub clan of the Mohamoud Garad tribe
| 73 |
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| 0 |
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# Cayuga Secondary School
**Cayuga Secondary School** is a secondary school located at 70 Highway 54, Cayuga, Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Grand Erie District School Board. Cayuga Secondary School opened in 1963, under the name Cayuga Technical and Commercial High School since it did not offer a grade 13 program at the time. It earned secondary school status in 1970. The students are from J. L. Mitchener, Rainham Central, Seneca Central Seneca Unity and Oneida Central public schools, Caledonia Centennial, as well as some students from the Six Nations Reserve and from the Catholic elementary school, St. Stephen\'s. The school currently has about 600 students enrolled.
## Athletics
Cayuga is the home of the Warriors Football Team. The team has currently joined \"Forces\" with one of its two rivals (Hagersville/McKinnon) Hagersville. After a previous coach during the 2015 season, the two schools contacted one another and became the \"Warricanes\". The football team was denied entry into the Haldimand-Norfolk Football League but continued on to play exhibition against Simcoe (Sabres), Delhi (Raiders), Waterford (Wolves), McKinnon (Blue Devils) and the Bishop Mac Celtics of Guelph. Cayuga and Hagersville lost 3 of 4 games (First game no score was kept) defeating a team both teams have not won against in more than 5 years the Waterford Wolves 10--1
| 218 |
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| 0 |
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# Greater Sydney Rams
The **Greater Sydney Rams**, originally known as the **Western Sydney Rams**, is a former rugby union team from Australia that was disbanded in 2018. The Rams won the minor premiership in the 2007 Australian Rugby Championship (ARC), and then competed in the National Rugby Championship (NRC) from 2014 to 2017.
The Greater Sydney Rams team in the NRC took its identity from the Rams side that was founded in 2007. Australia\'s national competition was discontinued following the first season in 2007 but, after an absence of six years, the ARC was relaunched as the NRC in 2014.
The revived Rams team for 2014 was backed by a syndicate of private investors in partnership with four Sydney rugby clubs; Parramatta, Penrith, Southern Districts and West Harbour. The Eastwood club was initially included in the partnership but withdrew prior to the 2014 season.
In 2017 the Rams were taken over by the Eastwood Rugby Union Club, for what was to be their last season in the competition. A restructure for the 2018 season removed the Rams from the NRC, leaving only two sides from New South Wales in the competition; the Rays and the Eagles.
## Name and colours {#name_and_colours}
The inspiration for the name Rams derived from the pioneering past of Western Sydney; and as recognition of the settlers that started the Australian sheep and wool industries in Parramatta. The original orange and blue colours of the Rams were unveiled at the ARC team\'s launch in March 2007. White was added to the collar of the jersey and base of the sleeves in 2014, and a predominantly white and blue kit with orange highlights was introduced when Eastwood took ownership of the team for the 2017 season.
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# Greater Sydney Rams
## `{{Anchor|ARC|}}`{=mediawiki}History
In 2007, an attempt was made to form a third tier of rugby in Australia, similar to New Zealand\'s ITM Cup and South Africa\'s Currie Cup. The new competition, called the Australian Rugby Championship, included eight teams. Three of those teams were based in New South Wales, including a Western Sydney team based at Parramatta.
### ARC: Western Sydney Rams 2007 {#arc_western_sydney_rams_2007}
The clubs aligned with the Western Sydney Rams in 2007 were Eastwood, West Harbour, Parramatta and Penrith. All competed in the Tooheys New Cup and Shute Shield club competitions. The Rams\' local rivals in the ARC were the Sydney Fleet and the Central Coast Rays. The three ARC teams from New South Wales were aligned with existing clubs and regions.
Brian Melrose was the head coach of the Rams in 2007. Melrose had coaching roles with Manly and the Australian Sevens team and was previously an assistant coach to the Waratahs. He played for Parramatta, West Harbour and Eastwood before taking up coaching.
The Western Sydney Rams played at Parramatta Stadium, which then had an all-seater capacity of 20,000. The Rams were the minor premiers of the 2007 ARC season. The team was knocked out of the 2007 finals by the Melbourne Rebels at the semi-final stage.
The Australian Rugby Championship was terminated at the end of 2007 after only one season of competition, with the Australian Rugby Union citing higher costs than budgeted and further projected financial losses. The Western Sydney Rams team was disbanded with the end of the ARC competition.
### Greater Sydney Rams 2014--2015 {#greater_sydney_rams_20142015}
The National Rugby Championship was announced in December 2013 to commence in 2014 with expressions of interest open to any interested parties with accepted bids to be announced early 2014.
In March 2014 it was announced that the Rams would be revived as the Greater Sydney Rams to compete in the new National Rugby Championship, and the team\'s original colours from the ARC would be maintained.
The new Rams team, representing Greater Sydney, was formed by Greater Sydney Rams Pty Ltd -- a syndicate of private investors in partnership with (initially) five Shute Shield clubs: Eastwood, Parramatta, Penrith, Southern Districts, and West Harbour. In late June 2014, Eastwood withdrew financial backing from the Rams, and ended their formal association with the team. The Rams\' shareholdings were split, with three quarters being held by the syndicate of investors and the remainder held by the clubs (5% being kept aside for Eastwood should they wish to become a partner).
A law firm, People + Culture Strategies (PCS), was announced as the Rams\' naming rights partner for the 2014 to 2016 seasons.
The Rams appointed Brian Melrose as head coach for the 2014 season, renewing their association with the coach that took the Western Sydney Rams to the minor premiership in 2007. For the first NRC match of 2014 the Rams named 21-year-old Jed Holloway, from the Southern Districts club, as captain of the team. In 2015, former Wallaby assistant coach Jim Williams was appointed Rams coach.
### Western Sydney Rams: 2016 {#western_sydney_rams_2016}
The franchise reverted to its original name of Western Sydney Rams for the 2016 NRC season. Consideration was given to the Southern Districts Rugby Club switching to the newly renamed Sydney Rays, but the club decided to remain a shareholder of the Rams. Former Australian assistant coach John Muggleton was named as the Rams\' new head coach for the 2016 season, with Jeremy Paul and Joel Wilson appointed as assistant coaches.
The team played their home matches out of Concord Oval but only won two matches for the year, finishing the regular season in sixth place and did not make the semifinal stage of the competition.
### Greater Sydney Rams: 2017 {#greater_sydney_rams_2017}
The Rams franchise underwent a restructure in 2017, reverting to the Greater Sydney Rams name again when Eastwood Rugby Club took over control of the licence. The team\'s home ground was moved to TG Millner Field.
Before the start of the 2018 season, an announcement from NSW Rugby on 6 June 2018 stated that only two teams from New South Wales would be included in the NRC for that year. Reverting to one team each from the city and country meant that the Rams were removed from the competition.
## Sponsorship
The Rams naming rights sponsor in 2014 was the workplace relations law firm, People + Culture Strategies (PCS). Other partners in the 2014 season included financial advice firm Evalesco Financial Services, owned by Jeff Thurecht and Marshall Brentnall, ARC Group, owned by Cameron Ryan and Pacific Restaurants, chaired by businessman Rick Hutchinson, and the University of Western Sydney.
In the 2015 and 2016 seasons the RAMS were sponsored by People + Culture Strategies, ARC Group, Evalesco Financial Services and The Digital Athlete. In the 2017 season the RAMS were sponsored by People + Culture Strategies and major international property investment company Brookfield
| 822 |
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| 1 |
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# Greater Sydney Rams
## Stadium
Venue `{{pad|7em}}`{=mediawiki} Location `{{pad|5em}}`{=mediawiki} Capacity
--------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------
20,000
2,000
5,000
20,700
8,000
: Previous Rams home grounds
The Rams initially played at Parramatta Stadium in 2014, home of the National Rugby League club, the Parramatta Eels, and A-league team Western Sydney Wanderers. The site was originally known as Cumberland Oval and rugby union was played there from 1879 through to 1939. The old wooden grandstand was burnt down in the early 1980s and Cumberland Oval was redeveloped into Parramatta Stadium which opened in 1986.
In 2015, the Rams consortium clubs of Parramatta and Southern Districts also hosted home matches. In 2016, the Rams played out of Concord Oval, which hosted eight matches during the 1987 Rugby World Cup, including a semifinal. The Rams played all their home games for 2017 at TG Millner Field, the home ground of Eastwood Rugby Club in the Shute Shield competition.
## Records
### Honours
- Playoff appearances: 2007 (ARC)
### Season standings {#season_standings}
**National Rugby Championship**
: {\| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"
\|- border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0 ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Year ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Pos ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Pld ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|W ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|D ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|L ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|F ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|A ! style=\"width:25px;\"\|+/- ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|BP ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Pts ! style=\"width:25em; text-align:left;\"\| `{{spaces|1}}`{=mediawiki} Play-offs \|- \|2017 \|**7th** \| 8 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 5 \|\| 248 \|\| 319 \|\| --71 \|\| 1 \|\| **13** \|align=left\| `{{spaces|1}}`{=mediawiki} Did not compete \|- \|2016 \|**6th** \| 7 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 5 \|\| 264 \|\| 266 \|\| −2 \|\| 5 \|\| **13** \|align=left\| `{{spaces|1}}`{=mediawiki} Did not compete \|- \|2015 \|**9th** \| 8 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 7 \|\| 242 \|\| 363 \|\| −121 \|\| 3 \|\| **7** \|align=left\| `{{spaces|1}}`{=mediawiki} Did not compete \|- \|2014 \|**5th** \| 8 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 254 \|\| 265 \|\| −11 \|\| 2 \|\| **16** \|align=left\| `{{spaces|1}}`{=mediawiki} Did not compete \|}
**Australian Rugby Championship**
: {\| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"
\|- border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0 ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Year ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Pos ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Pld ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|W ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|D ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|L ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|F ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|A ! style=\"width:25px;\"\|+/- ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|BP ! style=\"width:20px;\"\|Pts ! style=\"width:25em; text-align:left;\"\| `{{spaces|1}}`{=mediawiki} Play-offs \|- \|2007 \|**1st** \| 8 \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 239 \|\| 149 \|\| +90 \|\| 7 \|\| **27** \|align=left\| `{{spaces|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{nowrap|Semi-final loss to the [[Melbourne Rebels (ARC)|Melbourne Rebels]] by 23–3.}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
### Head coaches {#head_coaches}
- John Manenti (2017)
- John Muggleton (2016)
- Jim Williams (2015)
- Brian Melrose (2007, 2014)
### Captains
- Jed Holloway (2017)
- Paul Asquith (2016)
- Jed Holloway (2014--15)
- Lachie Turner (2007)
| 420 |
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| 2 |
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# Greater Sydney Rams
## Records
### Squads
: {\| class=\"collapsible collapsed\" style=\" width: 100%; margin: 0px; border: 1px solid darkgray; border-spacing: 3px;\"
\|- ! colspan=\"10\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2; cell-border:2px solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;\" \|2017 Greater Sydney Rams squad -- NRC \|- \| colspan=\"10\"\|The squad for the 2017 National Rugby Championship season:
\|- \| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Props**
- Duncan Chubb
- Jed Gillespie
- **Sekope Kepu**^1^
- Robert Lagudi
- Andrew Tuala
**Hookers**
- **Nathan Charles**
- Gunnz Fuavao
- Hugh Roach
**Locks**
- Adrian Hall
- Fergus Lee-Warner
- Joshua Redfern
- Sam Thomson
- Albert Tuisue
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Loose forwards**
- Kotoni Ale
- Jed Holloway
- David Hickey
- Kelly Peniata Meafua
**Scrum-halves**
- Matt Gonzalez
- Josh Holmes
- **Nick Phipps**^1^
**Fly-halves**
- **Jai Ayoub**
- Kodie Hawkins
- Stu Dunbar
- Mack Mason
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Centres**
- **Kurtley Beale**^1^
- Ben Cotton
- Kevin Fuavao
- Tevita Piukana
- Dennis Pili-Gaitau
**Wingers**
- Cam Bailey
- John Grant
- **Taqele Naiyaravoro**
**Fullbacks**
- **Israel Folau**^1^
- Liam Windon
\(c\) Team captain\
**Bold** denotes internationally capped players at the time\
^1^ Allocated national player additional to contracted squad. \|}
: {\| class=\"collapsible collapsed\" style=\" width: 100%; margin: 0px; border: 1px solid darkgray; border-spacing: 3px;\"
\|- ! colspan=\"10\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2; cell-border:2px solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;\" \|2016 Western Sydney Rams squad -- NRC \|- \| colspan=\"10\"\|The squad for the 2016 National Rugby Championship season:
\|- \| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Props**
- **Mesake Doge**
- Matt Gibbon
- Vunipola Fifita
- David Lolohea
- Jack Payne
- Andrew Tuala
**Hookers**
- Aaron Blacklock
- Brandon Paenga-Amosa
- Hugh Roach
**Locks**
- Ngaruhe Jones
- Bradford Kapa
- Senio Toleafoa
- **Will Skelton**
- Albert Tuisue
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Loose forwards**
- Tom Alexander
- Taunaola Kei
- Jordan Tuapou
- Filimone Tufui
- Tyrone Viiga
**Scrum-halves**
- Scott Gale
- Harrison Goddard
- Waldo Wessels
**Fly-halves**
- Mitchell Walton
- Vatemo Ravouvou
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Centres**
- Paul Asquith (c)
- Robaleibau Buaserau
- Denny Godinet
- David Minute
- Apolosi Latunipulu
**Wingers**
- Fabian Goodall
- Selestino Kalounivale
- Luke Smart
**Fullbacks**
- **Albert Nikoro**
- Cyril Reece
\(c\) Team captain\
**Bold** denotes internationally capped players at the time\
^1^ Allocated national player additional to contracted squad. \|}
: {\| class=\"collapsible collapsed\" style=\" width: 100%; margin: 0px; border: 1px solid darkgray; border-spacing: 3px;\"
\|- ! colspan=\"10\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2; cell-border:2px solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;\" \|2015 Greater Sydney Rams squad -- NRC \|- \| colspan=\"10\"\|The squad for the 2015 National Rugby Championship season:
\|- \| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Props**
- Cameron Betham
- Matt Gibbon
- Jed Gillespie
- Samuel Needs
- Cameron Orr
- **Benn Robinson**^1^
**Hookers**
- **Tatafu Polota-Nau**^1^
- Siliva Siliva
- Hugh Roach
**Locks**
- **Evan Olmstead**
- Filimore Tufui
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Loose forwards**
- Marcus Carbone
- Jonathan Hayes
- Jed Holloway (c)
- Cohen Masson
- Kelly Meafua
**Scrum-halves**
- Kaleb Rech
- De Wet Roos
**Fly-halves**
- **Jai Ayoub**
- **Kurtley Beale**^1^
- Rohan Saifoloi
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Centres**
- Paul Asquith
- Denny Godinet
- Michael McDougall
- Jordan Heyer
- Henry Seavula
- Henry Taufua
**Wingers**
- Brad Curtis
- **Rob Horne**^1^
- Afa Pakalani
**Fullbacks**
- Brenden Hartmann
\(c\) Team captain\
**Bold** denotes internationally capped players at the time\
^1^ Allocated national player additional to contracted squad. \|}
: {\| class=\"collapsible collapsed\" style=\" width: 100%; margin: 0px; border: 1px solid darkgray; border-spacing: 3px;\"
\|- ! colspan=\"10\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2; cell-border:2px solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;\" \|2014 Greater Sydney Rams squad -- NRC \|- \| colspan=\"10\"\|The squad for the 2014 National Rugby Championship season: \|- \| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Props**
- **Ben Alexander**^1^
- Rhys Brodie
- Jed Gillespie
- Dave Lolohea
- Guy Millar
- **Benn Robinson**
**Hookers**
- Maile Ngauamo
- **Tatafu Polota-Nau**^1^
- **Peni Ravai**
- Hugh Roach
**Locks**
- Jared Barry
- Andrew Clyne
- Jed Holloway (c)
- Dylan Sigg
- Senio Toleafoa
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Loose forwards**
- Chris Alcock
- Marcus Carbone
- Michael Kovacic
- Sakaria Noa
- Hugh Perrett
- Patrick Sio
**Scrum-halves**
- Auvasa Faleali\'i
- Mark Swanepoel
**Fly-halves**
- **Jai Ayoub**
- Kurtley Beale^1^
- Ben Volavola
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Centres**
- Lalakai Foketi
- Tom Hill
- **Tevita Kuridrani**^1^
- Apolosi Latunipulu
- Michael McDougall
- Henry Seavula
- Henry Taufua
**Wingers**
- Dane Chisholm
- **Rob Horne**^1^
- Taqele Naiyaravoro
**Fullbacks**
- Ben Batger
- Jerome McKenzie
\(c\) Team captain\
**Bold** denotes internationally capped players at the time\
^1^ Allocated national player additional to contracted squad. \|}
: {\| class=\"collapsible collapsed\" style=\" width: 100%; margin: 0px; border: 1px solid darkgray; border-spacing: 3px;\"
\|- ! colspan=\"10\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2; cell-border:2px solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;\" \|2007 Western Sydney Rams squad -- ARC \|- \| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Props**
- Ben Alexander
- Aaron Broughton-Rouse
- James Lakepa
- Peter Niumata
- **Benn Robinson**
**Hookers**
- Josh Mann-Rea
- **Tatafu Polota-Nau**
- Ben Roberts
**Locks**
- Ben Hand (c)
- Van Humphries
- Marty Wilson
- Sam Wykes
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Loose forwards**
- Wil Brame
- Ben Coridas
- Mark Howell
- Gareth Palamo
- Hugh Perrett
- Tom Egan
**Scrum-halves**
- Josh Holmes
- Dave Rimmer
**Fly-halves**
- Kurtley Beale
- Josh Weeks
- Fa\'atonu Fili
\| width=\"3%\"\| \| width=\"30%\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\" valign=\"top\"\|
**Centres**
- Rory Sidey
- Luke Johnson
- Chris Siale
**Wings**
- Filipo Toala
- Lachlan Mitchell
**Fullbacks**
- Ben Martin
- Lachie Turner (c)
\(c\) Team captain\
**Bold** denotes internationally capped players at the time \|}
## Gallery
<File:Tatafu> Polota-Nau (L) joins Greater Sydney Rams Fans.jpg\|Tatafu Polota-Nau with Greater Sydney \'Horned Army\' Fans <File:Greater> Sydney Rams versus Melbourne Rising Round 8 National Rugby Championship (2).jpg\|Rams win a lineout against Melbourne <File:Greater> Sydney Rams versus Melbourne Rising Round 8 National Rugby Championship (3).jpg\|Rams backline in action for Round 8 <File:Greater> Sydney Rams versus Melbourne Rising Round 8 National Rugby Championship (5)
| 1,051 |
Greater Sydney Rams
| 3 |
10,156,360 |
# HMS Bentinck (K314)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 5, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 20 |
HMS Bentinck (K314)
| 0 |
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