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# Süleyman Nazif
**Süleyman Nazif** (*سلیمان نظیف*; 29 January 1870 -- 4 January 1927) was a Turkish poet and a prominent member of the CUP. He mastered Arabic, Persian, and French languages and worked as a civil servant during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. He contributed to the literary magazine *Servet-i Fünun* (\"Wealth of Knowledge\") until it was censored by the Ottoman government in 1901.
## Biography
Süleyman Nazif was born in 1870 in Diyarbakır to half Kurdish and half Turcoman family, his father was Said Pasha, a poet and historian.`{{page needed |date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki} He was the brother of renowned Turkish poet and politician Faik Ali Ozansoy. He started his education in his very early years in Maraş. Later, he was schooled in Diyarbakır. In 1879, he joined his father again in Maraş, took private lessons from his father and in French language from an Armenian priest.
Following the death of his father in 1892, Süleyman Nazif worked at several posts in the Governorate of Diyarbakır. In 1896, he was promoted and worked a while in Mosul. After moving to Constantinople, he started to write articles against Sultan Abdul Hamid II sympathizing with the ideas and aims of the Young Ottomans. He left Istanbul and settled in Paris in 1897. There he contributed to *Meşveret* which had been started by Ahmet Rıza and joined the Committee of Union and Progress. He stayed eight months in Paris.
When he returned home, he was forced to work at a secretary post in the Governorate of Bursa. In 1908, Süleyman Nazif moved to Istanbul again and joined the Committee of Union and Progress. He also published a newspaper, *Tasvîr-i Efkâr*, together with the renowned journalist Ebüzziya Tevfik. Although this newspaper had to close soon, his articles made him a well-known writer.
After Sultan Abdülhamid II restored the constitutional monarchy following the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Süleyman Nazif served as governor of Ottoman provinces Basra (1909), Kastamonu (1910), Trabzon (1911), Mosul (1913) and Baghdad (1914). However, since he was not very successful in administrative posts, he decided in 1915 to leave public service and return to his initial profession as a writer.
During the Armenian genocide, Nazif was instrumental in preventing massacres from occurring in the province of Baghdad. In one instance, Nazif had intercepted a convoy of deportees numbering 260 Armenian women and children who were being sent to their deaths. Nazif demanded that the convoy be transferred to a safer zone in Mosul but his proposal was ultimately refused. The convoy was eventually massacred. During his time as governor of Baghdad, Nazif visited Diyarbakir where he encountered a \"pungent smell of decaying corpses\" which \"pervaded the atmosphere and that the bitter stench clogged his nose, making him gag.\" Nazif was critical of Dr. Mehmed Reshid, the governor of Diyarbakir, who was known as the \"Butcher of Diyarbakir\". Nazif, who stated that Reshid \"destroyed through massacre thousands of humans\" also wrote about a committee established by Reshid with the objective of providing a \'solution of the Armenian question\'. The committee had its own military unit and was called the \'Committee of Inquiry\'. Nazif also encouraged other governors not to proceed with the deportation order. In a letter written to his brother Faik Ali Bey, the governor of Kutahya, Nazif wrote, \"Don\'t participate in this event, watch out for our family\'s honor.\"
On November 23, 1918, Nazif\'s article titled *Kara Bir Gün* (literally: *A Black Day*) was published in the newspaper *Hadisat* to condemn the French occupying forces in Istanbul. The article led to the commander of the French forces sentencing Nazif to execution by firing squad. The order was rescinded, however. As a result of a speech he gave on January 23, 1920, at a meeting to commemorate the French writer Pierre Loti, who had lived a while in Constantinople, Süleyman Nazif was forced into exile on Malta by the occupying British military. During his stay of around twenty months in Malta, he wrote the novel *Çal Çoban Çal*. After the Turkish War of Independence, he returned to Constantinople and continued to write.
Nazif, ever critical of the European imperialist powers, attracted once more their hostility when he wrote his satirical article \"Hazret-i İsa\'ya Açık Mektup\" (Open Letter to Jesus) in which he described to Jesus all the crimes that were perpetrated by his followers in his name. Two weeks later he published \"The Reply of Jesus\" in which he, as if Jesus was talking, refuted the charges and replied that he is not responsible for the Christians\' crimes. These two letters caused a furore among Christians in Turkey and Europe, putting Nazif on the verge of being put on trial. In the end this did not materialize, Nazif apologizing but being not less critical of the \"Crusader mentality\" of the imperialist Europeans, targeting Turkey in order to extend their power on its soil.)
He died of pneumonia on January 4, 1927, and was interred at the Edirnekapı Martyr\'s Cemetery
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# Henry Blanke
**Henry Blanke** (December 30, 1901 -- May 28, 1981) was a German-born film producer who also worked as an assistant director, supervisor, writer, and production manager. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture for *The Nun's Story* (1959).
## Biography
He was born **Heinz Blanke** in Steglitz, Berlin, Germany, the son of painter Wilhelm Blanke. He began his career as a film cutter in 1920. Blanke became an assistant to Ernst Lubitsch and moved to Hollywood with him to make films with Warner Bros. including *The Marriage Circle* (1924). He produced nine films in his native Germany before emigrating to Hollywood.
After Lubitsch left, Blanke stayed on as an assistant director. He returned to Germany to be the production manager of Fritz Lang\'s 1927 film *Metropolis* and then Warners re-hired him and put him in charge of German co-productions. He eventually became a power at Warner\'s becoming production supervisor and working at the studio for over 25 years.
When Hal B. Wallis became production chief after Darryl F. Zanuck left in 1933, Blanke and Sam Bischoff were the main producers at the studio. In 1945, Blanke signed a 15-year contract with the studio and by 1953, was one of only three producers left, along with Bischoff and David Weisbart.
Among his Hollywood producing credits are: *Of Human Bondage* (1946), *The Treasure of the Sierra Madre* (1948) and *The Fountainhead* (1949). When the announced production of *The Life of Emile Zola* (1937) came under fire from Georg Gyssling, the Nazi German consul to the United States (due to its portrayal of Alfred Dreyfus, who was of Jewish descent), Blanke lied to him, telling him the Dreyfus affair was only a small part of the film.
The Online Archive of California has a transcript of his oral recollections.
## Partial filmography {#partial_filmography}
: *As producer unless otherwise indicated.*
- *Dearie* (1927) (assistant director to Archie Mayo)
- *Brass Knuckles* (1927) (assistant to Lloyd Bacon)
- *My Sister and I* (1929)
- *The Dance Goes On* (1930)
- *You\'ll Be in My Heart* (1930)
- *The Sacred Flame* (1931)
- *Mystery of the Wax Museum* (1933) (uncredited)
- *Goodbye Again* (1933) (uncredited)
- *Bureau of Missing Persons* (1933) (uncredited)
- *Convention City* (1933)
- *Easy to Love* (1934) (uncredited)
- *Fashions of 1934* (1934) (uncredited)
- *Fog Over Frisco* (1934) (uncredited supervising producer)
- *Dr
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# Jean-Marie Morel
**Jean-Marie Morel** (28 March 1728 -- 10 August 1810), the author of *La Théorie des Jardins* (Paris 1776), was a trained architect and surveyor, who produced a substantial and popular work advocating the \"natural\" landscape style of gardening in France, a French landscape garden. Morel never visited England to see the English garden style, but his book profited from the published theories of Thomas Whately and Claude-Henri Watelet and from the experience he had gained from his close association with the marquis de Girardin at Ermenonville. Girondin\'s own *De la Composition des paysages* appeared in 1777.
## History
Morel was chief architect to the Princes of Conti from as early as 1765. John Harris has identified Mme de Boufflers, the mistress and hostess of Louis-François de Bourbon, prince de Conti (1717--76), the friend and support of Rousseau and the first woman of fashion to open her salon to foreigners, as the first French gardener in a landscape style that genuinely could be called \"Brownian\", that is, reflective of the style of Lancelot \"Capability\" Brown. On her return from England in 1765, she immediately grassed over her gardens, both at the Hôtel Saint-Simon in the *Temple*, Paris and then at the house at Auteuil, which she acquired in 1773. The results--- \"begotten by her on an English gardener\" Horace Walpole remarked--- which were a revelation to all Paris, must have been deeply impressive to the Conti architect, Morel.
## Ermenonville
Morel was the architect in charge at Ermenonville from the mid-1760s. He enjoyed a long career that was focused almost entirely on garden design. He worked on some four dozen parks and gardens, including Guiscard, Arcelot, Couternon, Ermenonville, Casson, Launay and La Malmaison. His popular treatise offers extensive descriptions of Guiscard and Ermenonville, as illustrative examples. Where we have documentation, as at Ermenonville, it appears that Morel claims more credit for its design than is due. Of all French gardeners of the picturesque school, he stood furthest from the fashionable and decorative Anglo-chinois aspects of garden design, with its crowded and petty effects, and advocated a broader, plainer style, both morally meaningful and more directly imitative of nature. Morel coined the French term for the landscape professional, *architecte-paysagiste*, as early as 1804; his ideas were far more influential on the later landscape style of the early nineteenth century than on his immediate contemporaries
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# Azaperone
**Azaperone** is a pyridinylpiperazine and butyrophenone neuroleptic drug with sedative and antiemetic effects, which is used mainly as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine. It is uncommonly used in humans as an antipsychotic drug.
Azaperone acts primarily as a dopamine antagonist but also has some antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties as seen with similar drugs such as haloperidol. Azaperone may cause hypotension and while it has minimal effects on respiration in pigs, high doses in humans can cause respiratory depression.
## Veterinary use {#veterinary_use}
The most common use for azaperone is in relatively small doses as a \"serenic\" (to reduce aggression) in farmed pigs, either to stop them fighting or to encourage sows to accept piglets. Higher doses are used for anesthesia in combination with other drugs such as xylazine, tiletamine and zolazepam. Azaperone is also used in combination with strong narcotics such as etorphine or carfentanil for tranquilizing large animals such as elephants. Use in horses is avoided as adverse reactions may occur.
The European Medicines Agency has established a maximum residue limit for azaperone when administered to pigs.
Azaperone (under the brand name **Stresnil**) was approved for use in pigs in the USA in 1983, under NADA 115-732.
## Synthesis
The alkylation of 2-chloropyridine (**1**) with piperazine gives 1-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazine \[67980-77-2\] (**2**). The attachement of the sidechain by reaction with 4-chloro-4\'-fluorobutyrophenone \[3874-54-2\] (**3**) completed the synthesis of azaperone (**4**)
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# Scalable Network Application Package
**Scalable Network Application Package** (SNAP) or **SNAP Mobile** is an online gaming platform from Nokia. It is intended for use for Java multiplayer online games. It consists of SNAP Mobile API for the client and it uses HTTP or TCP to connect to the SNAP Mobile gateway.
This gaming platform was the old **Sega Network Application Package** that Sega sold to Nokia on 2003 and renamed it as **Scalable Network Application Package**
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# Feng Changqing
**Feng Changqing** (`{{zh|c=封常清|p=Fēng Chángqīng|w='''Feng Ch'ang-ch'ing'''}}`{=mediawiki} (died January 24, 756) was a general of the Chinese Tang dynasty. Feng was described as ugly in his appearance, and when he first met Gao Xianzhi and asked to be a guard for Gao, Gao initially rejected him, but eventually agreed to take Feng as a soldier under his command. He distinguished himself under the commands of Gao and Wang Zhengjian (*王正見*), particularly in a battle against Greater Bolü (大勃律, near modern Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan) in 753, eventually commissioned as a military governor (*jiedushi*). After failing to defeat An Lushan\'s rebellion in 755, however, both he and Gao were executed due to accusations against them made by the eunuch Bian Lingcheng (*邊令誠*).
## Background
Feng Changqing\'s family was from Yishi (猗氏, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). His maternal grandfather had committed a crime and was exiled to Shymkent, to serve in the Tang dynasty army, as part of the army for Anxi Circuit (安西, headquartered in modern Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang) with the responsibility to guard the south gate of the non-Han portion of the city. Feng\'s grandfather was learned, and often sat with Feng on the gate tower to teach him, giving Feng a broad education. After his grandfather died, Feng was in his 30s, but was poor and alone. At that time, Fumeng Lingcha (*夫蒙靈詧*) was the military governor (*jiedushi*) of Anxi, and one of the generals serving under Fumeng was Gao Xianzhi. Gao was considered capable, and retained a corps of 30 guards with handsome clothes. Feng submitted a petition to Gao, asking to be one of the guards, but as Feng was thin, ugly, and walking with a limp with short legs, Gao rejected him. He submitted another petition the next day, and Gao responded, \"I already have enough guards. Why come again?\" Feng angrily responded:
Gao still did not accept him. Feng stayed outside Gao\'s house door waiting for Gao to enter and leave, for tens of days. Eventually, Gao could not stand it and added him to the guard corps.
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# Feng Changqing
## Army service in the Xiyu region {#army_service_in_the_xiyu_region}
At one point, near the end of Emperor Xuanzong\'s *Kaiyuan* era (727-741), when Gao Xianzhi had been promoted to be Fumeng Lingcha\'s deputy, Fumeng had put Gao in charge of attacking the rebellious Daxi (*達奚*) tribe. Gao was successful in the attack, and was able to kill or capture nearly all of the rebels. Without having been directed by Gao to do so, Feng drafted a report of the victory on Gao\'s behalf, clearly stating the geographical features, the strategies used, and details of the victory. He presented it to Gao, who was surprised as how well-written it was and how it had anticipated everything Gao wanted to say. Gao submitted the report written by Feng to Fumeng, unsealed and written on a large banner, to allow the tribes on the way to see the victory. After Gao returned to Anxi headquarters, Fumeng held a feast in his honor, and Fumeng\'s assistants Liu Tiao (*劉眺*) and Dugu Jun (*獨孤峻*) both anxiously asked Gao, \"Who was it who wrote the report? How did you, Lord, retain such an impressive person?\" Gao responded, \"It was my guard Feng Changqing.\" Liu and Dugu were surprised, and they invited Feng to join the feast as well. Feng thereafter became known to the Anxi headquarter staff, and was given the honorific title of castle defender and made Gao\'s assistant. He was thereafter several times promoted in rank.
In 747, Feng served under Gao in the conquest of Lesser Bolü (小勃律, a city state centering on modern Gilgit, Pakistan). Around the new year 748, after Gao was promoted to be the military governor of Anxi, replacing Fumeng, Feng, at Gao\'s recommendation, received an honorary commission on the staff of Emperor Xuanzong\'s oldest son Li Cong the Prince of Qing, but remained at Anxi and served as Gao\'s assistant, with the position only below the deputy military governor. He often was put in charge of the headquarters when Gao was out conducting campaigns. Gao entrusted his household matters, however, to Zheng Dequan (*鄭德詮*), the son of Gao\'s wet nurse, whom Gao treated as a brother and therefore was powerful in the army. On one occasion, because of this, Zheng did not, as was proper under military protocol, salute Feng as a superior officer. Feng ordered Zheng to report to headquarters, and then locked the doors and stated to him:
He then yelled out, \"You, general, must temporarily die to affirm good order in the army.\" He thus caned Zheng 60 times, and Zheng died. Gao\'s wife and wet nurse cried bitterly outside but could not get in to save Zheng. They submitted an accusation to Gao, but all Gao said upon reading the accusation was, \"Alas, he died?\" When he and Feng met again, neither of them spoke of the matter, as Gao was impressed with Feng\'s discipline. In addition, when two other generals committed crimes, Feng also killed them, thus reaffirming military discipline.
In 751, Gao was initially set to be made the military governor of Hexi Circuit (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu), and he asked that Feng be made his assistant. (Subsequently, though, due to machinations of An Sishun, then military governor of Hexi, who wanted to remain there, Gao was instead recalled to the capital to serve as a general of the imperial guards.) When Wang Zhengjian was named as the military governor of Anxi to replace Gao, he asked Feng to serve as his deputy. When Wang died in 752, Feng was made acting military governor. In 753, he attacked Greater Bolü and forced its submission to Tang. In 754, when he went to Chang\'an to meet Emperor Xuanzong, he was given a number of honors and a mansion in Chang\'an, and his deceased parents also received posthumous honors; soon thereafter, he was officially made military governor. It was said that Feng was hard-working and frugal, and sometimes rode a mule while commanding the army. He was strict in discipline and awards.
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# Feng Changqing
## Death
In 755, An Lushan, the military governor of Fanyang Circuit (范陽, headquartered in modern Beijing), launched a rebellion against Emperor Xuanzong\'s rule. Late that year, Feng Changqing arrived in Chang\'an to meet with Emperor Xuanzong. When they met on December 23, Emperor Xuanzong asked him what should be done. Feng, initially believing that An\'s rebellion could be quelled quickly, volunteered to head to the eastern capital Luoyang to defend it and then to counterattack. Emperor Xuanzong agreed, and commissioned Feng as the military governor of Fanyang and Pinglu (平盧, headquartered in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning) to replace An. That day, Feng headed to Luoyang to gather troops and prepare for defenses. Once he got there, he gathered 60,000 men and destroyed the Yellow River bridge to prepare for attack, but quickly found out that he had a major problem---there were insufficient weapons available for his troops. Meanwhile, An crossed the Yellow River elsewhere and captured Chenliu (陳留, roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan) and Yingyang (滎陽, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan) Commanderies, and then arrived at Luoyang. Feng tried to defend with his inadequately-supplied troops, but could not. An entered the city, and Feng was forced to destroy the western gate in order to get out of Luoyang and retreat west.
Meanwhile, Gao Xianzhi, who was the acting supreme commander of the forces, was stationed at Shan Prefecture (陝郡, roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan). Feng retreated to Shan, where Emperor Xuanzong sent an order stripping him of titles but allowing him to remain in the army under Gao. Feng warned Gao that Shan Prefecture was difficult to defend---that they should retreat to Tong Pass and fortify its defenses against An\'s attack. Gao agreed, and they abandoned Shan and withdrew to Tong Pass. When An later arrived, he could not capture it. Meanwhile, though, Feng was detecting signs that he might be in trouble, and anticipatorily wrote a final submission to Emperor Xuanzong, warning him about An\'s strengths and cautioning against overconfidence, as the other officials at the time generally believed that An could be defeated quickly.
Meanwhile, during the campaign, Gao had caused much offense against the eunuch Bian Lingcheng, serving as his monitor, as Bian was making demands of him that he was not meeting. When Bian returned to Chang\'an, he accused Feng of exaggerating An\'s strength, and accused Gao of improperly abandoning Shan as well as corruptly withholding food supplies and imperial rewards to soldiers for personal benefit. Emperor Xuanzong, believing Bian, issued edicts for Feng\'s and Gao\'s executions. After Bian returned to Tong Pass, he first read the edict for Feng\'s execution. Feng, after giving his submission to Bian to submit to Emperor Xuanzong, was beheaded, and upon the completion of that execution, Bian then read the second edict ordering Gao\'s execution. Gao cried out:
The soldiers cried out for Gao as well, but Bian still beheaded Gao
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# Yokosuka MXY5
The **Yokosuka MXY5** was a Japanese military glider produced for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The glider consisted of fabric-wrapped plywood covering a tubular steel frame. The design also featured a retractable undercarriage as well as an emergency skid. The design was flight tested in 1942. Only 12 were produced and none were used operationally
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# Capitán Prat Province
**Capitán Prat Province** (*Provincia de Capitán Prat*) is one of four provinces in the southern Chilean region of Aysén (XI). Its capital is Cochrane. The province is named after the naval hero Arturo Prat.
## Geography and demography {#geography_and_demography}
It is Chile\'s eighth largest and fourth least populated province as well as the most sparsely populated province in continental Chile. According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (*INE*), the province spans an area of 37043.6 sqkm and had a population of 3,837 inhabitants (2,154 men and 1,683 women), giving it a population density of 0.10 per km^2^ (0.3 per m^2^). At that time, 2,217 (57.8%) lived in urban areas and 1,620 (42.2%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 1.5% (56 persons).
## Administration
As a province, Capitán Prat is a second-level administrative division, governed by a provincial governor appointed by the president. The province comprises three communes, each governed by a municipality, headed by an alcalde: Cochrane, O\'Higgins and Tortel
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# Drakensberg siskin
The **Drakensberg siskin** (***Crithagra symonsi***) is a small passerine bird in the finch family. It is an endemic resident breeder in the eastern Cape Province Transkei and western Natal in South Africa, and in Lesotho.
This species is sometimes considered to be conspecific with the Cape siskin (*Crithagra totta*) of southern Cape Province, in which case the nominate western form is *C. t. totta*, and the eastern form is *C. t. symonsi*.
This locally common but shy and unobtrusive siskin is found in the scrubby valleys and hillsides of the Drakensberg mountains.
## Taxonomy
The Drakensberg siskin was formerly placed in the genus *Serinus* but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the Drakensberg siskin were moved to the resurrected genus *Crithagra*.
## Description
The Drakensberg siskin averages 13--14 cm in length. The tail has white sides, a feature which is diagnostic for both sexes, and especially visible in flight. The adult male has a faintly streaked light brown back, light brown wing coverts, rump and upper tail, and yellow underparts. The head and nape sides are yellowish grey and olive. The throat is bright yellow, but the rest of the underparts are a somewhat duller shade.
The female has similar but duller upperparts and has no yellow in the plumage. The head and underparts are buff with much fine dark brown streaks on the head and breast. The juvenile plumage is much like the female\'s but with heavier streaking.
There is no range overlap with the slightly smaller Cape siskin, which has white spots on the flight feathers and tail and more uniform upperparts.
The Drakensberg siskin\'s call is a *schwee*, often given in flight. and the song, like that of Cape siskin, is a weak, pleasant warble similar to the yellow-fronted canary.
## Behaviour
### Breeding
One reason for the taxonomic uncertainty with this species is that, if it is a true siskin, it is the only one which breeds in cavities. A shallow cup nest is constructed in cracks or holes in rocks, on ledges or amongst vegetation, especially ferns. Natural hollows in trees are rarely used.
The nest is constructed by the female with fine plant material, lined with plant down and animal hair. The clutch is three or four, occasionally five, eggs, incubated by the female. She is fed by the male on the nest by regurgitation.
### Feeding
The Drakensberg siskin is seen in pairs or small flock, moving unobtrusively through bushes and scrub as it forages for seeds (including proteas), buds and insects
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# Kenny James (American football)
**Kenny James** (born April 14, 1984) is a former American football running back. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Washington.
## College career {#college_career}
James graduated in June 2006 with a degree in American ethnic studies.
## NFL Combine {#nfl_combine}
At the 2007 NFL Combine, Kenny measured in at 5\'9\" and 217 pounds. His 40 time was 4.62 seconds
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# Live! (2007 film)
***Live!*** is a 2007 American mockumentary film written and directed by Bill Guttentag, and starring Eva Mendes, David Krumholtz, Rob Brown, Katie Cassidy, Jay Hernandez, Eric Lively, Monet Mazur, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Missi Pyle, and Andre Braugher. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Festival on April 28, 2007. It was released theatrically in select international markets starting in November 2007, followed by a DVD release in the United States on December 1, 2009, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.
## Plot
Television executive Katy develops what she hopes will become the most watched television show of all time, the ultimate game show called *Live!*, in which six contestants play Russian roulette with a revolver with six chambers loaded with one live cartridge and five dummy cartridges. During the show, after the cylinder is randomly turned, the six will fire the gun one by one pointed at their head, without intermediate extra turning of the cylinder, until one is killed. At first the idea is to give each of the six contestants \$1,000,000, but while there are more applicants at the auditions than expected, they are suicidal people. This is not desired, the contestants should want to live; therefore the prize is raised to \$5,000,000 each for the surviving contestants, while the family of the killed contestant does not get any prize.
As the TV executive struggles to overcome the challenges by the Federal Communications Commission, her network, and the show\'s advertisers, a documentary filmmaker, Rex, films every detail of her glamorous, high-powered life. Rex becomes involved in the making of the show by creating biographical segments about the contestants. They are Byron, a young, struggling writer; Brad, an extreme sports star; Rick, a man who had to spend much on medical bills for his young son and is now trying to save his family\'s farm; Jewel, an aspiring actress; Abalone, a former supermodel turned performance artist; and Pablo, a young, gay Mexican immigrant determined to help his family.
Jewel is first, Pablo next, both are unharmed. Next is Abalone; before pulling the trigger with the gun pointed at herself she does a performance in which she frightens others by pointing the gun at the host and threatening to kill him; she is also unharmed, but plays falling dead. The fourth is Byron, also unharmed. Brad is fifth and kills himself. Katy is shocked and feels guilty, and goes to the bathroom to throw up. The body is quickly removed off-camera. Rick, who would be sixth, wins the prize without having to pull the trigger. After that, during the after-show press gang, a man comes forward with another gun and kills Katy. The network claims the murder is unrelated to the theme of the show. Apart from the murder the show is a success. It has become an annual broadcast, with six new contestants every year
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
The **Sino--Indian border dispute** is an ongoing territorial dispute over the sovereignty of two relatively large, and several smaller, separated pieces of territory between China and India. The territorial disputes between the two countries stem from the legacy of British colonial-era border agreements, particularly the McMahon Line in the eastern sector, which was drawn in 1914 during the Simla Convention between British India and Tibet but was never accepted by China. In the western sector, the dispute involves Aksai Chin, a region historically linked to the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir but effectively controlled by China after the 1962 war. The lack of mutually recognized boundary agreements has led to ongoing tensions and occasional military clashes.
The first of the territories, Aksai Chin, is administered by China and claimed by India; it is mostly uninhabited high-altitude wasteland but with some significant pasture lands at the margins. It lies at the intersection of Kashmir, Tibet and Xinjiang, and is crossed by China\'s Xinjiang-Tibet Highway; the other disputed territory is south of the McMahon Line, in the area formerly known as the North-East Frontier Agency and now a state called Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by India and claimed by China. The McMahon Line was signed between British India and Tibet to form part of the 1914 Simla Convention, but the latter was never ratified by China. China disowns the McMahon Line agreement, stating that Tibet was not independent when it signed the Simla Convention.
The 1962 Sino-Indian War was fought in both disputed areas. Chinese troops attacked Indian border posts in Ladakh in the west and crossed the McMahon line in the east. There was a brief border clash in 1967 in the region of Sikkim, despite there being an agreed border in that region. In 1987 and in 2013, potential conflicts over the Lines of Actual Control were successfully de-escalated. A conflict involving a Bhutanese-controlled area on the border between Bhutan and China was successfully de-escalated in 2017 following injuries to both Indian and Chinese troops. Multiple skirmishes broke out in 2020, escalating to dozens of deaths in June 2020.
Agreements signed pending the ultimate resolution of the boundary question were concluded in 1993 and 1996. This included \"confidence-building measures\" and the Line of Actual Control. To address the boundary question formalised groups were created such as the Joint Working Group (JWG) on the boundary question. It was to be assisted by the Diplomatic and Military Expert Group. In 2003 the Special Representatives (SRs) mechanism was constituted. In 2012 another dispute resolution mechanism, the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC), was framed.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Background
The territorial disputes between the two countries result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations. There was one historical attempt to set a proposed boundary, the McMahon Line, by the United Kingdom during the 1913--1914 Simla Convention. The Republic of China rejected the proposed boundary. The unresolved dispute over the boundary became contentious after India gained its independence and the People\'s Republic of China was established. The disputed borders are complicated by the lack of administrative presence in the disputed areas, which are remote.
Disagreements also result from the fact that the Line of Actual Control has never been distinctly demarcated, with China and India often disagreeing over its precise location.
### Aksai Chin {#aksai_chin}
From the area\'s lowest point on the Karakash River at about 14000 ft to the glaciated peaks up to 22500 ft above sea level, Aksai Chin is a desolate, largely uninhabited area. It covers an area of about 37244 km2. The desolation of this area meant that it had no significant human importance other than ancient trade routes crossing it, providing brief passage during summer for caravans of yaks from Xinjiang and Tibet.
One of the earliest treaties regarding the boundaries in the western sector was issued in 1842 following the Dogra--Tibetan War. The Sikh Empire of the Punjab region had annexed Ladakh into the state of Jammu in 1834. In 1841, they invaded Tibet with an army. Tibetan forces defeated the Sikh army and in turn entered Ladakh and besieged Leh. After being checked by the Sikh forces, the Tibetan and the Sikhs signed the Treaty of Chushul in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country\'s frontiers. The British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846 resulted in transfer of sovereignty over Ladakh to the British, and British commissioners attempted to meet with Chinese officials to discuss the border they now shared. However, both sides were sufficiently satisfied that a traditional border was recognised and defined by natural elements, and the border was not demarcated. The boundaries at the two extremities, Pangong Lake and Karakoram Pass, were reasonably well-defined, but the Aksai Chin area in between lay largely undefined.`{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}}`{=mediawiki}
#### The Johnson Line {#the_johnson_line}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.35\|Map of Central Asia (1878) showing Khotan (near top right corner). The previous border claimed by the British Indian Empire is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band with Shahidulla and the Kilik, Kilian and Sanju Passes clearly north of the border. thumb\|right\|upright=1.35\|The map shows the Indian and Chinese claims of the border in the Aksai Chin region, the Macartney-MacDonald line, the Foreign Office Line, as well as the progress of Chinese forces as they occupied areas during the Sino-Indian War. W. H. Johnson, a civil servant with the Survey of India proposed the \"Johnson Line\" in 1865, which put Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir. This was the time of the Dungan revolt, when China did not control Xinjiang, so this line was never presented to the Chinese. Johnson presented this line to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, who then claimed the 18,000 square kilometres contained within his territory`{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}}`{=mediawiki} and by some accounts he claimed territory further north as far as the Sanju Pass in the Kun Lun Mountains. The Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir constructed a fort at Shahidulla (modern-day Xaidulla), and had troops stationed there for some years to protect caravans. Eventually, most sources placed Shahidulla and the upper Karakash River firmly within the territory of Xinjiang (see accompanying map). According to Francis Younghusband, who explored the region in the late 1880s, there was only an abandoned fort and not one inhabited house at Shahidulla when he was there -- it was just a convenient staging post and a convenient headquarters for the nomadic Kirghiz.`{{primary source inline|date=October 2019}}`{=mediawiki} The abandoned fort had apparently been built a few years earlier by the Dogras.`{{primary source inline|date=October 2019}}`{=mediawiki} In 1878 the Chinese had reconquered Xinjiang, and by 1890 they already had Shahidulla before the issue was decided.`{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}}`{=mediawiki} By 1892, China had erected boundary markers at Karakoram Pass.
In 1897 a British military officer, Sir John Ardagh, proposed a boundary line along the crest of the Kun Lun Mountains north of the Yarkand River. At the time Britain was concerned at the danger of Russian expansion as China weakened, and Ardagh argued that his line was more defensible. The Ardagh line was effectively a modification of the Johnson line, and became known as the \"Johnson-Ardagh Line\".
#### The Macartney-Macdonald Line {#the_macartney_macdonald_line}
In 1893, Hung Ta-chen, a senior Chinese official at St. Petersburg, gave maps of the region to George Macartney, the British consul general at Kashgar, which coincided in broad details. In 1899, Britain proposed a revised boundary, initially suggested by Macartney and developed by the Governor General of India Lord Elgin. This boundary placed the Lingzi Tang plains, which are south of the Laktsang range, in India, and Aksai Chin proper, which is north of the Laktsang range, in China. This border, along the Karakoram Mountains, was proposed and supported by British officials for a number of reasons. The Karakoram Mountains formed a natural boundary, which would set the British borders up to the Indus River watershed while leaving the Tarim River watershed in Chinese control, and Chinese control of this tract would present a further obstacle to Russian advance in Central Asia. The British presented this line, known as the Macartney-MacDonald Line, to the Chinese in 1899 in a note by Sir Claude MacDonald. The Qing government did not respond to the note. According to some commentators, China believed that this had been the accepted boundary.
#### 1899 to 1947 {#to_1947}
Both the Johnson-Ardagh and the Macartney-MacDonald lines were used on British maps of India.`{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}}`{=mediawiki} Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary, but in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of World War I, the British officially used the Johnson Line. However they took no steps to establish outposts or assert actual control on the ground. In 1927, the line was adjusted again as the government of British India abandoned the Johnson line in favour of a line along the Karakoram range further south. However, the maps were not updated and still showed the Johnson Line.
From 1917 to 1933, the *Postal Atlas of China*, published by the Government of China in Peking had shown the boundary in Aksai Chin as per the Johnson line, which runs along the Kunlun Mountains. The *Peking University Atlas*, published in 1925, also put the Aksai Chin in India. When British officials learned of Soviet officials surveying the Aksai Chin for Sheng Shicai, warlord of Xinjiang in 1940--1941, they again advocated the Johnson Line. At this point the British had still made no attempts to establish outposts or control over the Aksai Chin, nor was the issue ever discussed with the governments of China or Tibet, and the boundary remained undemarcated at India\'s independence.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Background
### Aksai Chin {#aksai_chin}
#### Since 1947 {#since_1947}
Upon independence in 1947, the government of India fixed its official boundary in the west, which included the Aksai Chin, in a manner that resembled the Ardagh--Johnson Line. India\'s basis for defining the border was \"chiefly by long usage and custom\". Unlike the Johnson line, India did not claim the northern areas near Shahidulla and Khotan. From the Karakoram Pass (which is not under dispute), the Indian claim line extends northeast of the Karakoram Mountains north of the salt flats of the Aksai Chin, to set a boundary at the Kunlun Mountains, and incorporating part of the Karakash River and Yarkand River watersheds. From there, it runs east along the Kunlun Mountains, before turning southwest through the Aksai Chin salt flats, through the Karakoram Mountains, and then to Pangong Lake.
On 1 July 1954 Prime Minister Nehru wrote a memo directing that the maps of India be revised to show definite boundaries on all frontiers. Up to this point, the boundary in the Aksai Chin sector, based on the Johnson Line, had been described as \"undemarcated\".
### Trans-Karakoram Tract {#trans_karakoram_tract}
The Johnson Line is not used west of the Karakoram Pass, where China adjoins Pakistan-administered Gilgit--Baltistan. On 13 October 1962, China and Pakistan began negotiations over the boundary west of the Karakoram Pass. In 1963, the two countries settled their boundaries largely on the basis of the Macartney--MacDonald Line, which left the Trans Karakoram Tract approximately 5,180 km2 to 5,300 km2 in China, although the agreement provided for renegotiation in the event of a settlement of the Kashmir conflict. India does not recognise that Pakistan and China have a common border, and claims the tract as part of the domains of the pre-1947 state of Kashmir and Jammu. However, India\'s claim line in that area does not extend as far north of the Karakoram Mountains as the Johnson Line. China and India still have disputes on these borders.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Background
### The McMahon Line {#the_mcmahon_line}
British India annexed Assam in northeastern India in 1826, by Treaty of Yandabo at the conclusion of the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824--1826). After subsequent Anglo-Burmese Wars, the whole of Burma was annexed giving the British a border with China\'s Yunnan province.
In 1913--14, representatives of the United Kingdom, China, and Tibet attended a conference in Simla, India and drew up an agreement concerning Tibet\'s status and borders. The McMahon Line, a proposed boundary between Tibet and India for the eastern sector, was drawn by British negotiator Henry McMahon on a map attached to the agreement. All three representatives initialled the agreement, but Beijing soon objected to the proposed Sino-Tibet boundary and repudiated the agreement, refusing to sign the final, more detailed map. After approving a note which stated that China could not enjoy rights under the agreement unless she ratified it, the British and Tibetan negotiators signed the Simla Convention and more detailed map as a bilateral accord. Neville Maxwell states that McMahon had been instructed not to sign bilaterally with Tibetans if China refused, but he did so without the Chinese representative present and then kept the declaration secret.
V. K. Singh argues that the basis of these boundaries, accepted by British India and Tibet, was that the historical boundaries of India were the Himalayas and the areas south of the Himalayas were traditionally Indian and associated with India. The high watershed of the Himalayas was proposed as the border between India and its northern neighbours. India\'s government held the view that the Himalayas were the ancient boundaries of the Indian subcontinent and thus should be the modern boundaries of British India and later the Republic of India.
Chinese boundary markers, including one set up by the newly created Chinese Republic, stood near Walong until January 1914, when T. O\'Callaghan, an assistant administrator of North East Frontier Agency (NEFA)\'s eastern sector, relocated them north to locations closer to the McMahon Line (albeit still South of the Line). He then went to Rima, met with Tibetan officials, and saw no Chinese influence in the area.
By signing the Simla Convention with Tibet, the British had violated the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, in which both parties were not to negotiate with Tibet, \"except through the intermediary of the Chinese Government\", as well as the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1906, which bound the British government \"not to annex Tibetan territory\". Because of doubts concerning the legal status of the accord, the British did not put the McMahon Line on their maps until 1937, nor did they publish the Simla Convention in the treaty record until 1938. Rejecting Tibet\'s 1913 declaration of independence, China argued that the Simla Convention and McMahon Line were illegal and that Tibetan government was merely a local government without treaty-making powers.
The British records show that the Tibetan government\'s acceptance of the new border in 1914 was conditional on China accepting the Simla Convention. Since the British were not able to get an acceptance from China, Tibetans considered the McMahon line invalid. Tibetan officials continued to administer Tawang and refused to concede territory during negotiations in 1938. The governor of Assam asserted that Tawang was \"undoubtedly British\" but noted that it was \"controlled by Tibet, and none of its inhabitants have any idea that they are not Tibetan\". During World War II, with India\'s east threatened by Japanese troops and with the threat of Chinese expansionism, British troops secured Tawang for extra defence.
China\'s claim on areas south of the McMahon Line, encompassed in the NEFA, were based on the traditional boundaries. India believes that the boundaries China proposed in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh have no written basis and no documentation of acceptance by anyone apart from China. The Indian government has argued that China claims the territory on the basis that it was under Chinese imperial control in the past, while the Chinese government argues that India claims the territory on the basis that it was under British imperial control in the past. The last Qing emperor\'s 1912 edict of abdication authorised its succeeding republican government to form a union of \"five peoples, namely, Manchus, Han Chinese, Mongols, Muslims, and Tibetans *together with their territory in its integrity*\" (emphasis added). However, the practice that India does not place a claim to the regions which previously had the presence of the Mauryan Empire and Chola Dynasty, but which were heavily influenced by Indian culture, further complicates the issue.
India\'s claim line in the eastern sector follows its interpretation of the McMahon Line. The line drawn by McMahon on the detailed 24--25 March 1914 Simla Treaty maps clearly starts at 27°45\'40\"N, a trijunction between Bhutan, China, and India, and from there, extends eastwards. Most of the fighting in the eastern sector before the start of the war would take place immediately north of this line. However, India claimed that the *intent* of the treaty was to follow the main watershed ridge divide of the Himalayas based on memos from McMahon and the fact that over 90% of the McMahon Line does in fact follow the main watershed ridge divide of the Himalayas. They claimed that territory south of the high ridges here near Bhutan (as elsewhere along most of the McMahon Line) should be Indian territory and north of the high ridges should be Chinese territory. In the Indian claim, the two armies would be separated from each other by the highest mountains in the world.
During and after the 1950s, when India began patrolling this area and mapping in greater detail, they confirmed what the 1914 Simla agreement map depicted: six river crossings that interrupted the main Himalayan watershed ridge. At the westernmost location near Bhutan north of Tawang, they modified their maps to extend their claim line northwards to include features such as Thag La ridge, Longju, and Khinzemane as Indian territory. Thus, the Indian version of the McMahon Line moves the Bhutan-China-India trijunction north to 27°51\'30\"N from 27°45\'40\"N. India would claim that the treaty map ran along features such as Thag La ridge, though the actual treaty map itself is topographically vague (as the treaty was not accompanied with demarcation) in places, shows a straight line (not a watershed ridge) near Bhutan and near Thag La, and the treaty includes no verbal description of geographic features nor description of the highest ridges.
### Sikkim
The Nathu La and Cho La clashes were a series of military clashes in 1967 between India and China alongside the border of the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate. The end of the conflicts saw a Chinese military withdrawal from Sikkim.
In 1975, the Sikkimese monarchy held a referendum, in which the Sikkemese voted overwhelmingly in favour of joining India. At the time China protested and rejected it as illegal. The Sino-Indian Memorandum of 2003 was hailed as a *de facto* Chinese acceptance of the annexation. China published a map showing Sikkim as a part of India and the Foreign Ministry deleted it from the list of China\'s \"border countries and regions\". However, the Sikkim-China border\'s northernmost point, \"The Finger\", continues to be the subject of dispute and military activity.
Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said in 2005 that \"Sikkim is no longer the problem between China and India.\"
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Boundary disputes {#boundary_disputes}
### 1947--1962
During the 1950s, the People\'s Republic of China built a 1200 km road connecting Xinjiang and western Tibet, of which 179 km ran south of the Johnson Line through the Aksai Chin region claimed by India. Aksai Chin was easily accessible from China, but for the Indians on the south side of the Karakoram, the mountain range proved to be a complication in their access to Aksai Chin. The Indians did not learn of the existence of the road until 1957, which was confirmed when the road was shown in Chinese maps published in 1958.
The Indian position, as argued by prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, was that the Aksai Chin was \"part of the Ladakh region of India for centuries\".
The Chinese premier Zhou Enlai argued that the western border had never been delimited, that the Macartney-MacDonald Line, which left part of Aksai Chin within Chinese borders was the only line ever proposed to a Chinese government. He also claimed that Aksai Chin was already under Chinese jurisdiction, and that negotiations should take into account the status quo.
In 1960, Nehru and Zhou Enlai agreed to hold discussions between officials from India and China for examining the historical, political and administrative basis of the boundary dispute. The two sides disagreed on the major watershed that defined the boundary in the western sector. The Chinese statements with respect to their border claims often misrepresented the cited sources.
### 1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes {#nathu_la_and_cho_la_clashes}
The Nathu La and Cho La clashes were a series of military clashes in 1967, between India and China alongside the border of the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate.
The Nathu La clashes started on 11 September 1967, when the People\'s Liberation Army (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at Nathu La, and lasted till 15 September 1967. In October 1967, another military duel took place at Cho La and ended on the same day.
According to independent sources`{{which|date=February 2023}}`{=mediawiki}, the Indian forces achieved \"decisive tactical advantage\" and defeated the Chinese forces in these clashes. Many PLA fortifications at Nathu La were said to be destroyed, where the Indian troops drove back the attacking Chinese forces.
### 1987 Sino Indian skirmish {#sino_indian_skirmish}
The 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish was the third military conflict between the Chinese People\'s Liberation Army Ground Force and Indian Army that occurred at the Sumdorong Chu Valley, with the previous one taking place 20 years earlier.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Boundary disputes {#boundary_disputes}
### \"1968--2017\" {#section_1}
On 20 October 1975, 4 Indian soldiers were killed at Tulung La in Arunachal Pradesh. According to the official statement by the Indian government, a patrol of the Assam Rifles comprising a non-commissioned officer (NCO) and four other soldiers was ambushed by about 40 Chinese soldiers while in an area well within Indian territory, and which had been regularly patrolled for years without incident. Four members of the patrol unit were initially listed as missing before confirmation via diplomatic channels they had been killed by the Chinese troops; their bodies were later returned. The Indian government registered a strong protest with the Chinese.
In 2006, the Chinese ambassador to India claimed that all of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory amidst a military buildup. At the time, both countries claimed incursions as much as a kilometre at the northern tip of Sikkim. In 2009, India announced it would deploy additional military forces along the border. In 2014, India proposed China should acknowledge a \"One India\" policy to resolve the border dispute.
In April 2013 India claimed, referencing their own perception of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) location, that Chinese troops had established a camp in the Daulat Beg Oldi sector, 10 km on their side of the Line of Actual Control. This figure was later revised to a 19 km claim. According to Indian media, the incursion included Chinese military helicopters entering Indian airspace to drop supplies to the troops. However, Chinese officials denied any trespassing having taken place. Soldiers from both countries briefly set up camps on the ill-defined frontier facing each other, but the tension was defused when both sides pulled back soldiers in early May. In September 2014, India and China had a standoff at the LAC, when Indian workers began constructing a canal in the border village of Demchok, Ladakh, and Chinese civilians protested with the army\'s support. It ended after about three weeks, when both sides agreed to withdraw troops. The Indian army claimed that the Chinese military had set up a camp 3 km inside territory claimed by India. According to scholar Harsh V. Pant, China gains territory with every incursion.
In September 2015, Chinese and Indian troops faced off in the Burtse region of northern Ladakh after Indian troops dismantled a disputed watchtower the Chinese were building close to the mutually agreed patrolling line.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Boundary disputes {#boundary_disputes}
### 2017 Doklam military standoff {#doklam_military_standoff}
In June, a military standoff occurred between India and China in the disputed territory of Doklam, near the Doka La pass. On 16 June 2017, the Chinese brought heavy road building equipment to the Doklam region and began constructing a road in the disputed area. Previously, China had built a dirt road terminating at Doka La where Indian troops were stationed. They would conduct foot patrol from this point up till the Royal Bhutanese Army (RBA) post at Jampheri Ridge. The dispute that ensued post 16 June stemmed from the fact that the Chinese had begun building a road below Doka La, in what India and Bhutan claim to be disputed territory. This resulted in Indian intervention of China\'s road construction on 18 June, two days after construction began. Bhutan claims that the Chinese have violated the written agreements between the two countries that were drawn up in 1988 and 1998 after extensive rounds of talks. The agreements drawn state that status quo must be maintained in the Doklam area as of before March 1959. It is these agreements that China has violated by constructing a road below Doka La. A series of statements from each countries\' respective External Affairs ministries were issued defending each countries\' actions. Due to the ambiguity of earlier rounds of border talks beginning from the 1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention that was signed in Kolkata on 17 March 1890, each country refers to different agreements drawn when trying to defend its position on the border dispute. Following the incursion, on 28 June, the Chinese military claimed that India had blocked the construction of a road that was taking place in China\'s sovereign territory. On 30 June, India\'s Foreign Ministry claimed that China\'s road construction in violation of the status quo had security implications for India. Following this, on 5 July, Bhutan issued a demarche asking China to restore the status quo as of before 16 June. Throughout July and August, the Doklam issue remained unresolved. On 28 August, India issued a statement saying that both countries have agreed to \"expeditious disengagement\" in the Doklam region.
In 2019, India and China decided to coordinate border patrolling at one disputed point along the LAC.
### 2020--2022 skirmishes
In June 2020, Indian and Chinese troops engaged in a brawl in the Galwan River valley which reportedly led to the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers. International media claimed 40+ Chinese soldiers had been killed, but this number has not been confirmed by Chinese authorities.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Timeline
## Boundary discussions {#boundary_discussions}
One of the first set of formal talks between China and India on the border were following Zhou Enlai\'s visit to India in 19--25 April 1960. Following this there were a further three sessions of talks, the \"Official\'s\" talks, between--- 15 June-6 July 1960; 15 August-24 September 1960; and 7 November-12 December 1960. These discussions produced the \'Report of the Officials on the boundary question\'.
Boundary discussions have covered micro and macro issues of the dispute. At a local level, localised disputes and related events such as de-engagement and de-escalation are tackled. Wider overarching issues include discussion related to a package settlement versus sector-wise, clarification of the LAC and border and accordingly the exchange of maps, and delinking or linking the boundary dispute to other bilateral ties.
### Package proposal {#package_proposal}
China made the so-called \"package\" offer in 1960, which again came to the table in 1980--85. As explained by former foreign secretary Shyam Saran, China \"would be prepared to accept an alignment in the Eastern Sector, in general conforming to the McMahon Line, but India would have to concede Aksai Chin to China in the Western Sector \[\...\] For the Central Sector, the differences were regarded as relatively minor and manageable.\" In other words, China \"offered to hold 26% of the disputed land\".
In 1985 China made modifications to the package--- \"the Indian side would have to make significant and meaningful concessions in the Eastern Sector\... for which China would make corresponding but undefined concessions in the Western Sector\". Additionally, Tawang was brought up \"as indispensable to any boundary settlement\". These changes in the package proposal by China remained till at least 2015.
### Linking border and other bilateral relations {#linking_border_and_other_bilateral_relations}
During the first round of renewed talks between China and India in December 1981, China suggested maintaining the status quo on the border question, and in the meantime other relations could be normalized. By the fourth round in October 1983 the Indian negotiators agreed to normalization in other areas. This aspect of linking or de-linking border relations resurfaced in the 2020--2021 China--India skirmishes.
### Legal positions {#legal_positions}
In the 1980s, during the beginning of talks between the two countries, India made it clear that it would not discuss the legal position of either side as it had already been documented in the 1960 Official\'s report.
### Political initiatives {#political_initiatives}
During the eighth round of talks in November, 1987, in the background of the Sumdorong Chu standoff, the negotiators on both sides came to a conclusion that apart from these bureaucratic level talks, a political move was needed.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Dispute management and resolution mechanism {#dispute_management_and_resolution_mechanism}
Indian spokesperson for the Ministry of External Affairs stated in May 2020 that there were enough bilateral mechanisms to solve border disputes diplomatically. However, some critics say that these agreements are \"deeply flawed\".
### Bilateral mechanisms {#bilateral_mechanisms}
Bodies/mechanisms have been formed as per bilateral agreements to consult on the boundary question:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+----------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+------------------+--------+
| Dispute resolution mechanism name | Abbr. | Date\ | Formed on/via | | First round | Last round | Total\ |
| | | proposed | | | | | rounds |
+===========================================================================================================+=====================+==========+========================+=========================================================================================+=====================+==================+========+
| Date | Statement/Agreement | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+----------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+------------------+--------+
| India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question | JWG | -- | 1988 | Joint Press Communique | 30 June-4 July 1989 | -- | -- |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+----------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+------------------+--------+
| India-China Diplomatic and Military Expert Group | EG | -- | 7 September 1993 | Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement | 2--4 February 1994 | -- | -- |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+----------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+------------------+--------+
| Special Representatives mechanism on the boundary question | SR/SRM | 1979 | 23 June 2003 | Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation | 26 October 2003 | 21 December 2019 | 22 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+----------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+------------------+--------+
| Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs | WMCC | 2010 | 17 January 2012 | Agreement on the Establishment of a Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination | 6 March 2012 | 18 December 2020 | 20 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+----------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+------------------+--------+
| Other: Border Personnel Meeting points, Hotlines (6 hotlines as of July 2021), normal diplomatic channels | | | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+----------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+------------------+--------+
Following the 1962 boundary war, official border talks started in December 1981. There were eight rounds of these talks, with the eight round being in 1987. In 1988, through a joint press communique, the border talks were formalized as the \'India-China Joint Working Group on the Boundary Question\' (JWG). The JWG met 15 times, the final meeting being in 2005. In 2003 the Special Representatives Mechanism (SRM) was set up as per the \'Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation\'.
In April 2005 another agreement mentioned that the JWG, the \"India-China Diplomatic and Military Expert Group\", and the \"Special Representatives on the boundary question\" would carry on with their work and consultations. Other than agreements directly related to the border, there have been numerous agreements that worked on other aspects of the bilateral relations such as a memorandum of understanding on military relations that was signed in 2006, that in turn affected the border situation.
### Bilateral agreements {#bilateral_agreements}
- India China border related agreements
- 1988: India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
- Trade
- 1991: Memorandum on the Resumption of Border Trade
- 1992: Protocol on Entry and Exit Procedures for Border Trade
- 2003: Memorandum on Expanding Border Trade
- Confidence building measures
- 1993: Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
- 1996: Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures
- 2005: Protocol for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures
- Political measures
- 2003: Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation
- 2005: Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question
- 2012: Agreement on the Establishment of a Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs
- 2013: Border Defence Cooperation Agreement
- 2020: 5 point statement
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Dispute management and resolution mechanism {#dispute_management_and_resolution_mechanism}
### Bilateral military communication channels {#bilateral_military_communication_channels}
#### Border meeting points {#border_meeting_points}
There are five Border Personnel Meeting points (BPM) for holding rounds of dispute resolution talks among the military personnel with a defined escalation path, such as first between colonels, then between brigadiers, and finally between major generals. Of these five BPM, two are in the Indian Union Territory of Ladakh or India\'s western (northern) sector corresponding to China\'s Southern Xinxiang Military District, one in Sikkim and two in Arunachal Pradesh in India\'s central and eastern sectors corresponding to China\'s Tibet Military District.
#### Hotlines
Negotiations for an inter-military hotline started in 2012. It was initially planned for communication between India\'s Eastern Command and PLA\'s Chengdu Military Region Command. Negotiations for Director General of Military Operations (DGMOs) level hotline continued in 2013. In 2014 a hotline was set up between the DGMOs of both countries. In 2021 both countries agreed to set up a hotline between their foreign ministers. By 31 July 2021, six hotlines had been set up between commanders; 2 in Ladakh, 2 in Sikkim and 2 in Arunachal Pradesh.
#### Corps Commander Level Meetings {#corps_commander_level_meetings}
\'Corps Commander Level Meetings\' during the 2020--2021 China--India skirmishes allowed both sides to exchange perspectives and was seen as an important way to keep communication open. The length of these meetings varied from 9 hours to over 12 hours. Apart from the military, the chief of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police and a Ministry of External Affairs representative were also present.
In October 2024, India announced that it had reached an agreement over patrolling arrangements along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the border area, which would lead to disengagement and resolution of the long-running conflict that began in 2020.
India and China started implementing an agreement to end a military standoff along their disputed Himalayan border. This marks a significant diplomatic development between the two countries since deadly clashes occurred between their armies four years ago. Both sides have agreed on phased disengagement steps aimed at reducing tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), where troops have been deployed in close proximity.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## Geostrategic military aspects {#geostrategic_military_aspects}
### Commands and troops deployment {#commands_and_troops_deployment}
thumb\|upright=1.15\|Western Theater Command of China, area under integrated command. `{{multiple image |total_width=400 |direction=horizontal
| image1=Xinjiang prfc map2alt.png |caption1=Map of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas claimed by China shown in blue.
| image2=Xizang prfc map.png |caption2=Map of [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas claimed by China shown in blue.
}}`{=mediawiki} Chinese Military has an integrated Western Theater Command (WTC) across the whole LAC with India. Western Theater Command also covers provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Chongqing. China has 5 integrated theater commands.
Indian Military has divided the LAC into 3 sectors -- the *northern sector* (some times also called *western sector*) across Ladakh and the Chinese-held Aksai Chin, the *central sector* across Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand states, and the *eastern sector* across Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh states. Similarly, Indian Airforce has Prayagraj-based Western Air Command, Delhi-based Central Air Command, and Shillong-based Eastern Air Command to cover the LAC. India, whose sole integrated command is Andaman and Nicobar Command, is still going through integration of its various geography and services based commands as of 2020.
The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA) carried out an independent analysis of troops deployment in 2020. Indian Army strike forces have 225,000 soldiers near its border, all of whom are focused on China. Numbers include 34,000 in the Northern Command, 15,500 in the Central Command, and 175,500 troops in the Eastern Command, including 3,000 soldiers of T-72 tank brigade in Ladakh and 1,000 soldiers of BrahMos cruise missile regiment in Arunachal Pradesh. Of the 200,000 to 230,000 ground forces under China\'s Western Theater Command, only 110,000 are stationed on its border, while the rest are deployed on China\'s border with Russia in the North, inside Tibet and Xinjiang, or deployed elsewhere inside Western China. Of the Chinese troops stationed on the India border, mainly belonging to the 76th Group Army and 77th Group Army, 70,000 are deployed in Southern Xinjiang Military District (corresponding to India\'s northern or western sector in Ladakh), and 40,000 are deployed in Tibet Military District (corresponding to India\'s central and eastern sector along with the rest of the LAC from Himachal Pradesh to Arunachal Pradesh). The remaining forces would be not be available for deployment to the India border in the case of a wider conflict. This creates a disparity in terms of India\'s larger number of conventional troops (225,000) focused on the China border, compared to the smaller number of Chinese troops (90,000--120,000) focused on the Indian border, the majority of whom are deployed far from the Indian border while Indian troops are deployed closer. In the case of conflict, while Indian troops are already in position on or near the border, China will have to mobilise troops mainly from Xinjiang and from other Western Theater Command troops inside China\'s interior.
Command deployment is as follows:
+-------------------------------------+----------------------+
| India | |
+=====================================+======================+
| Indian Army Sector / Commands | Indian Airforce |
+-------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Northern (also called \"Western\")\ | Western Air Command\ |
| (Ladakh) | (Delhi) |
+-------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Central\ | Central Air Command\ |
| (Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand) | (Prayagraj) |
+-------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Eastern\ | Eastern Air Command\ |
| (Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh) | (Shillong) |
+-------------------------------------+----------------------+
### Village construction {#village_construction}
In 2024, *The New York Times* reported that, according to satellite imagery, China had constructed villages along and inside of disputed territory within Arunachal Pradesh. Chinese individuals, called \"border guardians,\" received annual subsidies to relocate to newly built villages and paid to conduct border patrols.
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## List of disputed areas {#list_of_disputed_areas}
List of disputed areas, each with several hundred to several thousand km^2^ area, is as follows: `{{OSM Location map
| float = right
| height= 350
| width= 420
| zoom = 6<!--(1=whole world, 18=a street)-->
| nolabels = 1
| caption = Red dots represent [[File:Red pog.svg|10px]] sensitive and disputed locations on the [[line of actual control]] (LAC) such as [[Depsang Plains|Depsang]], area of [[Kongka Pass]], north of [[Chang Chenmo River|Kugrang River]], north and south [[Pangong Tso]], [[Spanggur Tso|Spanggur Gap]], opposite [[Dumchele]], [[Demchok sector]], [[Kaurik]], [[Tashigang, Himachal Pradesh|Tashigang]], [[Barahoti]].<ref name=":LocationsViaIndianExpress">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sushant |title=De-escalation process underway: 2 LAC flashpoints are not in list of identified areas still contested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-border-lac-galwan-6441494/ |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107141448/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-border-lac-galwan-6441494/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":LocationsViaET">{{cite news |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=Indian Army focussing on locations along LAC where Doklam-like flashpoints could happen |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-focussing-on-locations-along-lac-where-doklam-like-flashpoints-could-happen/articleshow/62593521.cms |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=Economic Times |date=21 January 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726085222/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-focussing-on-locations-along-lac-where-doklam-like-flashpoints-could-happen/articleshow/62593521.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| coord = {{coord|33.193|78.882}}
| mark-coord = {{coord|35.4444|78.0300}} |label =North Samar Lungpa |label-pos = left | mark-size = 8| mark = Red pog.svg | mark-title = North of Samar Lungpa | mark-description= | label-size = 10 |label-angle=
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.3352449| 79.0357722}}| caption1 = Area of Kongka La|label1=Area of Kongka La|label-pos1 = right | mark-size1 = 8 | mark-title1 = Area of Kongka La | mark-description1= | label-size1 =10
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.3780|78.8463}}| caption2 =North of Kugrang River|label2=North of Kugrang River |label-pos2 = left | mark-size2 = 8| mark2 = Red pog.svg | mark-title2 = North of Kugrang River | mark-description2= | label-size2 = 10
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|33.7049|78.7435}}| caption3 =North and South Pangong Tso |label3=N&S Pangong Tso |label-pos3 =left| mark-size3 = 8| mark3 = Red pog.svg | mark-title3 = North and South Pangong Tso | mark-description3= | label-size3 = 10
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|33.5537700| 78.7400436}}| caption4 = Spanggur Gap|label4=Spanggur Gap |label-pos4 = right | mark-size4 = 8| mark4 = Red pog.svg | mark-title4 = Spanggur Gap | mark-description4= | label-size4 = 10
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.3203848| 79.0269091 }}| caption5 =East of Mt Sajum |label5= East of Mt Sajum |label-pos5 = left | mark-size5 = 8| mark5 = Red pog.svg | mark-title5 = Mt Sajum | mark-description5=East of Mt Sajum opposite Dumchele | label-size5 = 10
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.0761915| 79.1687747}}| caption6 = opposite Dumchele|label6=opposite Dumchele |label-pos6 = right | mark-size6 = 8| mark6 = Red pog.svg | label-color6 = | mark-title6 = Dumchele | mark-description6=East of Mt Sajum opposite Dumchele| label-size6 = 10
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|32.6453217| 78.5924985}}| caption7 = Chumar|label7=Chumar |label-pos7 = left | mark-size7 = 8| mark7 = Red pog.svg | label-color7 = | mark-title7 = Chumar | mark-description7=| label-size7 = 10
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|32.7040811| 79.4467432}}| caption8 =Demchok |label8=Demchok |label-pos8 = right | mark-size8 = 8| mark8 = Red pog.svg | label-color8 =| mark-title8 = Demchok| mark-description8=| label-size8 = 10
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|35.1648| 78.0606}}| caption9 = Trig Heights |label9= Trig Heights |label-pos9 = right | mark-size9 = 8| mark9 = Red pog.svg | label-color9 = | mark-title9= Trig Heights| mark-description9=| label-size9 = 10|label-angle9=
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|34.533333| 78.433333}}| caption10 =East of Point 6556 |label10= East of Point 6556 |label-pos10 = left | mark-size10 = 8| mark10 = Red pog.svg | label-color10 = | mark-title10= East of Point 6556| mark-description10=| label-size10 = 10
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|30.8333|79.9667}}| caption14 =Barahoti |label14= Barahoti |label-pos14 = right | mark-size14 = 8| mark14 = Red pog.svg | label-color14 = | mark-title14= Barahoti| mark-description14=| label-size14 = 10
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|31.8401|78.69669}}| caption15 =Tashigang |label15= Tashigang |label-pos15 = right | mark-size15 = 8| mark15 = Red pog.svg | label-color15 = | mark-title15= Tashigang| mark-description15=| label-size15 = 10
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|32.096|78.673}}| caption16 =Kaurik |label16= Kaurik |label-pos16 = right | mark-size16 = 8| mark16 = Red pog.svg | label-color16 = | mark-title16= Kaurik| mark-description16=| label-size16 = 10
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OSM Location map
| float = right
| height= 280
| width= 420
| zoom = 6<!--(1=whole world, 18=a street)-->
| nolabels = 1
| caption = Red dots represent [[File:Red pog.svg|10px]] sensitive and disputed locations on the [[line of actual control]] (LAC).<ref name=":LocationsViaIndianExpress" /><ref name=":LocationsViaET" /> Yellow dots [[File:Yellow pog.svg|10px]] represent select Chinese claims in Bhutan and tri-junction areas related to the Sino-India border dispute.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshua |first1=Anita |title=Beijing now bullies Bhutan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/beijing-now-bullies-bhutan/cid/1785446 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |accessdate=12 July 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205111457/https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/beijing-now-bullies-bhutan/cid/1785446 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Locations include [[Asaphila]], [[Doklam]], [[Longju]], [[Tawang]], [[Sumdorong Chu]], [[Jaldhaka River|Dichu area]], [[Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Doklam]].
| coord = {{coord|28.053|92.988}}
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|28.43|93.17}}| caption11 =Asaphila |label11= Asaphila |label-pos11 = left | mark-size11 = 8| mark11 = Red pog.svg | label-color11 = | mark-title11= Asaphila| mark-description11=| label-size11 = 10
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|27.3|88.933333}}| caption12 =Doklam |label12= Doklam |label-pos12 = right | mark-size12 = 8| mark12 = Yellow pog.svg | label-color12 = | mark-title12= Doklam| mark-description12=| label-size12 = 10
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|28.6404|93.3817}}| caption13 =Longju |label13= Longju |label-pos13 = left| mark-size13 = 8| mark13 = Red pog.svg | label-color13 = | mark-title13= Longju| mark-description13=| label-size13 = 10|label-offset-y13=-3
| mark-coord17 = {{coord|27.588333|91.865278}}| caption17 =Tawang (?) |label17= Tawang |label-pos17 = right | mark-size17 = 8| mark17 = Red pog.svg | label-color17 = | mark-title17= Tawang(?)| mark-description17=| label-size17 = 10|label-offset-y17=2
| mark-coord18 = {{coord|27.7818|91.7813}}| caption18 =Sumdorong Chu |label18= Sumdorong Chu |label-pos18 = right | mark-size18 = 8| mark18 = Red pog.svg | label-color18 = | mark-title18= Sumdorong Chu | mark-description18=| label-size18 = 10|label-offset-y18=-2
| mark-coord20= {{coord|28.2077998|97.2838434}}| caption20 =Dichu area |label20= Dichu area |label-pos20 = left | mark-size20 = 8| mark20 = Red pog.svg | label-color20 = | mark-title20= Dichu area | mark-description20=| label-size20 = 10
| mark-coord21= {{coord|29.0628031|96.1671497}}| caption21 =Fish-Tail -I |label21= Fish-Tail -I |label-pos21 =left | mark-size21 = 8| mark21 = Red pog.svg | label-color21 = | mark-title21= Fish-Tail -I | mark-description21=| label-size21 = 10
| mark-coord22= {{coord|28.5137267|96.4185297}}| caption22 =Fish-Tail -II |label22= Fish-Tail -II |label-pos22 = left | mark-size22 = 8| mark22 = Red pog.svg | label-color22 = | mark-title22= Fish-Tail -II | mark-description22=| label-size22 = 10
| mark-coord23= {{coord|28.8481|94.0435}}| caption23 =Lamang(?) |label23= Lamang(?) |label-pos23 = left | mark-size23 = 8| mark23 = Red pog.svg | label-color23 = | mark-title23= Lamang | mark-description23=| label-size23 = 10|label-offset-y23=-5
| mark-coord25= {{coord|27.3157|91.9576}}| caption25 =Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary |label25= Sakteng WLS |label-pos25 =bottom | mark-size25 = 8| mark25 = Yellow pog.svg | label-color25 = | mark-title25= Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary | mark-description25=| label-size25 = 10|label-offset-y25=-3
}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Sino-Indian border dispute
## List of disputed areas {#list_of_disputed_areas}
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SN | Disputed area / sector\ | Chinese Province | Indian State/UT | Operational control | Incidents/comments |
| | (alternate names) | | | | |
+====+===============================================+====================+===================+=====================+================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| 1 | Trans-Karakoram Tract (Shaksgam) | Xinjiang | Ladakh | China | Conditionally ceded by Pakistan to China subject to resolution with India. India-controlled Indira Col West lies on its southern border at India-Pakistan-China westernmost \"operational\" trijunction. |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | Aksai Chin | Xinjiang and Tibet | Ladakh | China | Served by Daulat Beg Oldi AGL, and Darbuk--Shyok--DBO Road. Padum AGL and Leh Airport are 2nd line of defence. China-controlled Shaksgam and Aksai Chin border the India-controlled Siachen area disputed by Pakistan. See also 2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident, 2020 China--India skirmishes, Depsang Plains, Galwan, Pangong Tso, Hot Springs, Kongka Pass. Shyok as hot spots in this sector. Other contested locations include Samar Lungpa. |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | Demchok / Dêmqog (Demchok sector) | Tibet | Ladakh | India / China | Served by Fukche AGL. Padum AGL and Leh Airport are 2nd line of defence. |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | Chumar North | Tibet | Ladakh | India | Served by Nyoma AGL. Chumar sector has 2 noncontiguous areas, north and south. India has road up to the claimed border. China does not have a road up to border. Both India and China are also served by helipads. |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | Chumar South | Tibet | Ladakh | India | |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | Kaurik\ | Tibet | Himachal Pradesh | India | Served by dual use Shimla Airport and Kullu-Manali Airport. Kibber-Rangrik AGL has been surveyed, which Will be closest AGL to Chumar, Kaurik, and Tashigang-Shipki La disputed area, but as of July 2020 no progress has been made. Himachal Pradesh has a 250 km border with China. India has road up to the claimed border at Bakiala. |
| | (Sumdo) | | | | |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | Tashigang-Shipki La\ | Tibet | Himachal Pradesh | India | |
| | (Khab and Namgia) | | | | |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | Jadh Ganga Valley\ | Tibet | Uttrakhand | India | The valley of Jadh Ganga is claimed by China. The Indians control the whole extent of Jadh Ganga. Some of the villages in the area are Pulam Sumda, Sang, Jadhang, Nelang and Tirpani, which all lie in the valley of the Jadh Ganga. |
| | (also Mana Pass) | | | | |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | Bara Hoti | Tibet | Uttrakhand | India | Chinyalisaur Airport primarily and Pithoragarh Airport secondarily serve Bara Hoti and Nelang-Pulam Sumda sectors as AGLs. ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and Mana Pass area (Pulam Sumda sector). Uttrakhand has a 350 km border with China. India is building roads in this sector, which will be completed by December 2020. |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | Part of Arunachal Pradesh (especially Tawang) | Tibet | Arunachal Pradesh | India | Tawang Air Force Station and AGLs at Aalo, Mechuka, Pasighat, Tuting, Vijoynagar, Walong and Ziro serve this sector. Most of India-controlled Arunachal Pradesh is also claimed by China, especially Tawang. See also 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish at Tawang. |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Bhutan\'s Doklam area on Sikkim-China-Bhutan tri-junction, disputed by China in which Bhutan is assisted by India, has been kept out of this list, see also 2017 China--India border standoff at Doklam and Nathu La and Cho La clashes in Sikkim. India and China will hold the 9th round of military commander level talks on 24 January 2021, The talks will be held in Moldo opposite to the Chushul sector in India
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# Derrick Atkins
**Derrick Atkins** (born 5 January 1984) is a Bahamian sprinter. Atkins specializes in the 100 metres event and also holds the national record, with a time of 9.91 seconds. He is the second cousin of former world record holder Asafa Powell.
Atkins is now a head coach for the women\'s Track and field team at Utah Tech University, formerly known as Dixie State University.
## University
While attending Dickinson State University in Dickinson, North Dakota, Atkins was a 3 time National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) national champion in the 100 meter dash, 2 times national champion in the 200 meter dash and also 2 times national champion in the 55m meter dash indoor. He helped lead those DSU track teams to back-to-back national team titles. He was also inducted into the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Hall of fame in Track and field 2013 class.
## Career
### 2005
Atkins participated at the 2005 World Championships but failed to progress past the first round.
With the Bahamian 4 x 100 metres relay team he finished fourth at the 2003 Central American and Caribbean Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2005 Central American and Caribbean Championships.
### 2006 {#section_1}
At the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games, Atkins won the silver medal, having established a national record of 10.08 seconds during the heats.
### 2007 {#section_2}
On 28 April 2007 in Berkeley, California, Atkins again lowered the national record, to 9.98 seconds. He also ran 9.86 s and 9.83 s, though with tail winds of 2.3 and 2.4 m/s.
On 26 August 2007 at the 2007 World Championships, Atkins came second with a national record time of 9.91s (wind speed -0.5 m/s). The event was won by Tyson Gay who ran 9.85 s. Atkins beat the world record holder and favorite for the event, Asafa Powell who ran 9.96 seconds.
### 2008 {#section_3}
Atkins represented the Bahamas at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing where he competed at the 100 metres sprint and placed 1st in his heat in a time of 10.28 seconds in front of Andrey Yepishin and Jaysuma Saidy Ndure. In the second round he improved his time to 10.14 seconds, finishing third in his heat behind Asafa Powell and Walter Dix, qualifying for the semi-finals. There a 10.13 seconds race was unable to bring him in the final, finishing in sixth place of his semi final.
### 2012 {#section_4}
Atkins represented the Bahamas at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London where he competed at the 100 metres sprint and placed 4th in his semi finals in a time of 10.08.
### 2013 {#section_5}
Derrick Atkins was inducted in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA Hall of fame, His College career includes 3 Team National Track and field Championships, 7 time individual National champion, 15 National NAIA All-American Honors, 9 times DAC-10 All Conference Honors and Dickinson State University Male Athlete of the year
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# The Barefoot Executive
***The Barefoot Executive*** (also known as ***The Rating Game***) is a 1971 American comedy film starring Kurt Russell, Joe Flynn, Wally Cox, Heather North, Harry Morgan and John Ritter (in his film debut). The plot concerns a pet chimpanzee named Raffles who can predict the popularity of television programs. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions and directed by Robert Butler. It was frequently aired during *The Wonderful World of Disney* from the late 1970s through the 1980s.
## Plot
A satire of network television, the film follows the adventures of an ambitious mailroom clerk, Steven Post (Kurt Russell) at the fictional struggling UBC (United Broadcasting Corporation) Network. Post discovers that a chimpanzee named Raffles, left in the care of his girlfriend Jennifer Scott (Heather North) by neighbors who moved to San Francisco, has the uncanny ability to choose which television programs will succeed or fail with audiences. While watching a program, Raffles blows a raspberry at shows he hates and claps his hands at shows he likes.
Post smuggles the chimpanzee into the UBC building when various programs are being previewed for executives and watches as the chimpanzee gives his vote from the projection room. The first program that receives Raffles\'s approval is a film named *Devil Dan*. Post tells the programming executives that *Devil Dan* will draw large audiences. The executives disagree and choose not to program the film. To prove he\'s got a sure-fire way of choosing hits, Post sneaks into UBC\'s broadcast center to switch the reels. Executives are outraged when *Devil Dan* airs, but Post is proved right. The film propels UBC to first place in the ratings war. Post successfully masks the chimpanzee\'s abilities as his own and rises to vice president of UBC, now the top-rated area network. However, this also creates suspicion and resentment among UBC executives, mainly because they believe Post is too young to merit the title of vice president. Their resentment reaches a breaking point at a television award ceremony where Steven Post receives the title of \"Television\'s Man of the Year\" and the emcee mistakenly identifies Post as the president of UBC.
Fearing that Post\'s seemingly miraculous abilities will make their own jobs unnecessary, network president E. J. Crampton (Harry Morgan) and former vice-president Francis X. Wilbanks (Joe Flynn) attempt to discover his secret to success. One toady (John Ritter) sees a bunch of bananas in Post\'s apartment, which leads to a humorous scene where the executives are seen eating bananas as they believe an idea that a New Guinea tribe considered bananas to be brain food. The flunky also hears sounds coming from Post\'s closet and believes he is holding a hostage, which serves to intensify the surveillance of Post and his new luxury apartment.
Using a spyglass to peer through his apartment window at night, the toady discovers the chimpanzee watching television with Post. Upon spying the chimpanzee going to the refrigerator for a beer during the commercial break, the executives realize the chimpanzee\'s true abilities.
Fearing the revelation that America\'s favorite TV programs were being picked by an ape would spell the end of television, the executives decide to steal the chimpanzee and return it to the jungle.
Wilbanks and his chauffeur, Albert Mertons (Wally Cox), venture out a narrow ledge in an attempt to snatch the chimpanzee out of Post\'s apartment in his absence. The plan goes awry and the duo become stranded on the ledge until the police, the fire department, and a Catholic priest arrive, mistaking their break in for a potential suicide.
As a last-ditch effort, the network offers Post \$1,000,000 in exchange for the chimpanzee, which he ultimately accepts. Jennifer becomes disenchanted with him when she finds out he sold her pet for money without her consent and breaks off their relationship. She also does not believe her chimpanzee should be released into the wild.
Meanwhile, executives from every studio and camera crews crowd a cargo plane soaring over the jungle, as they prepare to parachute the chimpanzee into an unexplored section of the Amazon. Before arriving at the intended disembarkation point, the stubborn chimpanzee, not wanting to be sent into the wild, pulls a lever opening an emergency hatch which sucks all the executives out of the plane, causing them to parachute into the jungle instead. The plane returns with Raffles, and Mertons, who is more sympathetic to Jennifer\'s feelings, notifies Steven that the chimpanzee outsmarted the executives and is now en route back to him.
Post uses this opportunity to refund the \$1,000,000 for the chimpanzee. Post comments that UBC is going to need the money now in order to fund a search party for Wilbanks and the other executives. Jennifer and Steven have not only rekindled their relationship, but are now married and set off on their honeymoon with the chimpanzee in tow as their pet. The final scenes shows the Posts on an expressway which pans out in a wide scene, while a radio announcement says that Post has just married and resigned his vice presidency of UBC, but many people are wishing him well in his future endeavors.
## Cast
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# The Barefoot Executive
## Music
*The Barefoot Executive*\'s score was written by Robert F. Brunner. The film\'s theme song, \"He\'s Gonna Make It\", was written by Bruce Belland and Robert F. Brunner. The song is played over the film\'s opening credits.
## Reception
At the review-aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on six reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out to 100, based on four critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".
Howard Thompson of *The New York Times* described the film as a \"genial but strained and arch frolic\" with \"one real joke\" that \"wears thin and frantic\". *Variety* wrote that Walt Disney Productions had \"one of the funniest comedies of the season\". Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune* gave the film three stars out of four. Charles Champlin of the *Los Angeles Times* called it \"a light, slight, well-made, well-acted, pleasantly diverting Disney comedy which falls somewhere just north of *The Gnome-Mobile* and well south of *The Love Bug* on the Disney scale\". David McGillivray of *The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: \"Although at first glance no more than a hastily expanded idea and a chance to reunite the team that made *The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes*, this new Disney comedy develops into an extremely beguiling satire on the audience ratings game, while retaining enough slapstick to keep children of all audiences thoroughly entertained.\"
## Remake
The film was remade for the Disney Channel in 1995 starring Jason London, Eddie Albert, Michael Marich, Jay Mohr, Yvonne De Carlo, Ann Magnuson, Nathan Anderson, Terri Ivens and Chris Elliott. The remake was directed by Susan Seidelman
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# Long Ashton railway station
**Long Ashton railway station** was a railway station on the Bristol to Exeter line, 3.5 mi southwest of `{{rws|Bristol Temple Meads}}`{=mediawiki}, serving the village of Long Ashton in North Somerset, England. There were two stations on the site, the first, called \"Ashton\", opened in either 1841 or 1852 and closed in 1856. The second station, originally known as \"Long Ashton Platform\" before being renamed as \"Long Ashton\" in 1929, was operational from 1926 to 1941. The site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass, and there are no visible remains of the station. There is local support for the station to be reopened, possibly sited further to the west, and possibly as part of the University of Bristol\'s proposed Fenswood Farm development.
## First station {#first_station}
The Bristol and Exeter Railway was opened between `{{rws|Bristol Temple Meads}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Bridgwater}}`{=mediawiki} on 14 June 1841, engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and build originally as `{{RailGauge|7ft}}`{=mediawiki} broad-gauge. A station named \"Ashton\", serving the nearby village of Long Ashton, was located on an embankment 3 mi from `{{rws|Bristol Temple Meads}}`{=mediawiki} and 122 mi from the Great Western Railway terminus at London Paddington. Quite when the station opened is uncertain -- Butt\'s *Directory of Railway Stations* states that the station opened with the line in June 1841, but Quick\'s *Railway Passenger Stations* states it only opened in June 1852. Both sources agree that the station closed in January 1856, however other sources such as Oakley\'s *Somerset Railway Stations* contain no reference to Ashton at all. If the earlier date is correct, services would have originally been provided by the Great Western Railway on behalf of the Bristol & Exeter. The Bristol & Exeter took over passenger operations on 1 May 1849.
The line through Ashton remained open after the station closed. In 1871, the Bristol & Exeter opened another station called Ashton, closer to Bristol, this station was later renamed `{{rws|Bedminster}}`{=mediawiki}. The line had been reconstructed as mixed-gauge by 1 June 1875 to accommodate local traffic. A year later in 1876, the Bristol & Exeter was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway, which took over services. Broad-gauge trains ceased operation on 20 May 1892.
## Second station {#second_station}
The station was reopened by the Great Western Railway in 1926, now called *Long Ashton Platform*; *Ashton* by then was the name of a station on the Teign Valley Line in Devon. Again, the exact date of opening is disputed: most sources state 12 July 1926, but some say 20 September the same year. It was located on the same site as the first station.
The station was a basic halt, and had two 400 xx platforms. A corrugated iron shelter and lamp hut were provided on the westbound platform, and a small booking office was present on the road to the platform. The estimated cost of construction was £1,930.
The station was renamed Long Ashton on 23 September 1929, and closed on 6 October 1941. There is now no trace of it left, and the site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass causeway.
## Future
Plans were submitted in 2010 to reopen the station as part of the University of Bristol\'s Fenswood Farm development, which, if granted planning permission, will comprise some 1,200 houses, businesses and a school spread over 35 ha. The new station would be up to 1 mi west of the original location. The University notes that there is positive support for the station, but that it alone cannot guarantee its construction. Long Ashton parish councillor Anthony Butcher opposes the development, but supports the reopening of the station. The station could be reopened as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme, a rail transport plan approved in July 2012 which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area.
The Bristol to Exeter line through Long Ashton is not currently electrified. The 21st-century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line will see the line from London to Bristol electrified, but electrification will not extend beyond Bristol to `{{rws|Weston-super-Mare}}`{=mediawiki}. The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing to Weston, as does Member of Parliament for Weston-super-Mare, John Penrose
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# Scrip issue
In corporate finance, a **scrip issue**, also known as **capitalisation issue** or **bonus issue**, is the process of creating new shares which are given free of charge to existing shareholders. It is a form of secondary issue where a company\'s cash reserves are converted into new shares and given to existing shareholders, or an issue of additional shares to shareholders in proportion to the shares already held. A scrip issue is usually done when a company does not have sufficient liquidity to pay a cash dividend.
A company declaring a *scrip dividend* gives the shareholders the option to either receive the dividend in cash or to receive additional shares. This is different than a bonus issue as shareholders do not have a choice with a bonus issue event. Scrip dividends are in some ways similar to DRIPs as they give the shareholders the option to receive the dividend in cash or stock. Unlike DRIPs, however, scrip dividends are exempt from stamp duty and not subject to brokerage / dealing fees, because they are considered a stock issue by the company and not a reinvestment by the shareholder.
The issue is calculated relative to existing holdings. This means that, for example, one new \'scrip\' share may be issued for every ten shares currently owned. The company issuing the scrip shares has now expanded the number of shares in existence, but not increased the value of the company. This means that the relative value of each pre-existing share has been reduced slightly.
The investor has the right to sell the new scrip shares in the market. However, the investor must still report the cash value of the scrip dividend on his tax return like a normal cash dividend. This differs from a stock dividend in the United States, where the investor does not pay any tax on receipt of the shares and then only capital gains taxes on the stock dividend until the shares are sold
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# Song of the Bell
The \"**Song of the Bell**\" (German: \"Das Lied von der Glocke\", also translated as \"**The Lay of the Bell**\") is a poem that the German poet Friedrich Schiller published in 1798. It is one of the most famous poems of German literature and with 430 lines one of Schiller\'s longest. In it, Schiller combines a knowledgeable technical description of a bellfounding with points of view and comments on human life, its possibilities and risks.
## Origin
As a small boy Schiller came in contact with the trade of bellfounding because Georg Friderich Neubert, the son of the Ludwigsburg bellfounder, was a classmate at his Latin school and the Schiller family lived only a few doors away from the casting house. It is also considered to be certain that Schiller visited the Neubert family again during his stay in Ludwigsburg 1793/94. More than ten years passed between the first basic idea for the poem and its completion. During this time Schiller closely observed the sequence of operations in a bellfoundry. In the family of the Rudolstadt bellfounder Johann Mayer it was related from generation to generation, \"how Schiller repeatedly visited the casting works and interrogated the casting master, who at first was not pleased about this disruption to the work, and how the pale scholar considerately took a seat at the wall in a high-backed chair in order not to disturb the work.\"
## Contents
### Motto
The first indented line between the title and the first stanza is in Latin and reads \"Vivos voco. Mortuos plango. Fulgura frango\", approximately translating as \"I call the living, I mourn the dead, I repel lightning.\"
### Bell casting and the course of life {#bell_casting_and_the_course_of_life}
***A look at the assembled form***: The first stanza calls attention to the preliminary work which precedes the actual casting process. The clay form is in a banked pit ready to be filled with the molten metal. The molten wax method is described, in which a wax model of the bell is first made. Because in the course of the casting both the model and the form are destroyed the procedure is also known as the lost wax process.
: ***Giving meaning to work***: The first observation marks the actual beginning of the poem. Nobody who carries out any work should do it thoughtlessly, but must rather put his heart into it.
***Preparing the alloy for casting***: Schiller describes the wood fuel, the opening in the smelting furnace through which the flame sweeps over the metal, the door which permits the fire to be stirred up and when closed forces the flame into the furnace. One has to imagine the casting pit as being close to the furnace where the metal is stacked up. First the copper is introduced, and when that is liquefied the easier-to-melt tin is added.
: ***Attesting to life's milestones***: The second observation describes the subject of the poem in more detail. The bell which is created in the depths of the pit will sing the praises of the casting master when it is later up in the belfry. It will outlast many generations, and accompany every transition in human life.
***Melting the alloy***: When the three parts copper and one part tin are melted, a white foam forms on the surface which captures any impurities. Its formation is facilitated by the addition of potash.
: ***From baptism to first love***: The third observation begins with describing childhood. Solemnly the bell greets the child who is to be baptized. His fate is however uncertain. His mother watches over his first years of life. Later the young man leaves his sweetheart behind and goes out into the world. When he returns she has become a blossoming young woman and he falls in love with her and experiences the transitory, \"splendid moment of first love\".
***Inspecting the melt***: At the furnace are windpipes or draft holes which can be opened or closed, as needed. After the metal has been in the furnace for 12 hours the pipes turn yellow indicating that it is time for casting. But first a test is made by dipping a little rod into the liquefied metal. If it looks as if it has been glazed, then it is assumed that the brittle copper has merged with the softer tin.
: ***Wedding bell and allocation of roles***: In the fourth observation the bell calls people to the wedding celebration which is the climax of the happy love affair, after which it makes place for family life. The stanza continues by describing a traditional family, with the man going out into a hostile world while at home the virtuous housewife prevails.
***Starting the casting***: First a short prayer is recited and then a small amount of metal is poured into a depression in a warm rock. When it has cooled it is broken apart and the size of the jagged teeth at the fractured surface reveals whether the melting process has come to an end or not. If they are too short, copper has to be added, if they are too long, tin. In order to guide the metal into the form, cone shaped pins are pushed in. The hole thus created lets the melt stream out, first into a curved trough and then into the bell form.
: ***Fire alarm bell***: the fifth observation is about how erratic happiness is. Beginning with the fire that causes the metals to melt, Schiller also describes its destructive power in a very dynamic series of descriptions: \"roof beams collapse, pillars crash down, windows shatter, children wail, mothers dash around in panic... everyone runs, rescues, flees.\"
***Filling the bell form***: The form has been filled with the melt, now one has to wait to find out whether the work is well done. The master craftsman cannot yet rejoice because he does not know if the casting was successful.
: ***Death knell upon the decease of the woman***: Just as the master entrusts his cast to the earth, so the peasant entrusts his seedlings to the earth, and so the dead are put into the ground, so that they can rise from the dead in the hereafter. The bell now has an earnest purpose and tolls in accompaniment to a funeral. In Goethe's *Epilogue on Schiller's Bell* (*Epilog zu Schillers Glocke*) the motif of the death knell is picked up and applied to Schiller's own death.
***Cooling down the bell***: After all the strenuous work, peace reigns while the metal cools. The workers enjoy a break while the master prepares for the next step.
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# Song of the Bell
## Contents
### Bell casting and the course of life {#bell_casting_and_the_course_of_life}
: ***A peaceful evening after the day\'s work***: This stanza describes a peaceful autumn evening in a country town. A hiker returns home through the woods as herds of sheep and cows are driven to their stalls. A heavily loaded harvest wagon drives in through the gate; farmhands and maidservants head for the harvest dance. It slowly gets dark and the town gates are closed. The upright inhabitants have no fear of the dark and can (from the German) \"sleep the sleep of the just\" since the night watchman, \"the eye of the law\", is patrolling the streets. This is considered one of the early literary uses of the much translated phrase. But this sacred order can only last as long as peace reigns.
***Destroying the bell casing***: After cooling, the casing starts to separate from the baked clay, which is now smashed with a hammer. In a reference to the Resurrection, the poem asserts \"If the bell is to rise from the ground / The form has to break apart.\"
: ***Alarm bell and storm damage***:
: The master can break the form,
: In time, and with a cautious hand
: But beware if in a fiery flow
: The glowing metal frees itself!
But sociable happiness does not rest on unshakeable pillars. Schiller takes as his theme the French Revolution of 1789 and criticizes the inhuman Jacobin excesses, \"Where women turn into hyenas / And poke fun at horrors.\" Here Schiller presents a very pessimistic view of mankind.
***The finished bell**\'\': Now the bell slowly comes to light and the viewers can admire the coats of arms on the outside. ***Christening the bell**\'\': the master craftsman calls the workers together to christen the bell. Now it can be raised to the belfry in order to fill its destiny. He encourages his workmen, \"pull, pull, lift! / It moves, it hangs.\" And the \"Song of the Bell\" concludes with the words,
:
: Be a joy to this town
: May the first tolling denote peace.
## Reception
First reactions to the \"Song of the Bell\" were without exception positive. Its success was attributed to each person\'s being able to find meaning in it. At a solemn meeting of the Royal Academy in Schiller Year 1859, Jacob Grimm praised \"this incomparable poem, far superior to what other peoples can offer\", and declared it to be a national symbol of unity ). But despite great enthusiasm for Schiller\'s longest poem there was also considerable criticism. It was too emotional, too lofty, too garrulous; people criticized technical details, and over 100 parodies were written. Those of the 19th century were not critical of the original, which was greatly admired, but instead strived to make use of this very well known poem for their own ends. The late nineteenth century English author George Gissing encouraged his eighteen-year-old sister, Margaret, who was learning German at the time to read it in the original (as well as other works by Schiller). Gissing wrote in his letter that it was \"one of the most glorious poems ever written, but a little difficult\". Many Bell parodies shifted the observations about the production process to the production of food and drinks like bread, beer and coffee.
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# Song of the Bell
## As German cultural heritage {#as_german_cultural_heritage}
In the 19th century Schiller was read and honored not only by schoolteachers, but also by craftsmen and workers, as an initiator of national unity. Until about 1955 the *Bell* was an essential part of the Volksschule 8th. Klasse as well as high school curriculum and regarded as part of German cultural heritage. It was regarded as a treasury of sayings; well known collections list a large number of verses from the \"Song of the Bell\" which continue to be quoted today as part of the German cultural heritage, sometimes without awareness of the source.
## Translations
Schiller\'s \"Song of the Bell\" has been translated into many languages. Already in 1877 there were translations into French, Dutch, Norwegian, English, Italian, Latvian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Czech, Danish, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Slovene, Sorbian, Romanian, etc., not counting all the translations into various German dialects
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# Nina Fisheva
**Nina Grigoryevna Fisheva** (*Nina Fişşeva*; *Нина Фищева*; 24 September 1930, Baku -- 29 August 2010, Baku) was the Head of the State Cinema and Photo Archives of Azerbaijan of the National Archive Department of Azerbaijan from 1958 to 2009.
The Photo Documents Department of the State October Revolution Archives was established in 1930. In 1943, it was transformed into the Central State Archives of Cinema and Photo Documents of Azerbaijan.
The Archives have more than 22,000 films and more than 400,000 photo documents depicting the most important political and cultural events in the history of Azerbaijan, the oldest of which date back to 1858.
The documents that the Archives own today have come in different ways. Some were brought by Fisheva from her trips to Moscow, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Minsk, and other cities of the Former Soviet Union; some were contributed by various organizations and institutions. The Internet is a new means of replenishing the stock thanks to which the Archives have found many remarkable old photographs, such as color photographs of Old Baku.
Collections of unique photographs donated by Julia Germanovich are among the special possessions of the Archives. These photographs show Baku as it was at the beginning of the 20th century, with its bazaars, tea-houses, and schools.
In 1981, Nina Fisheva received the Honorary Culture Worker of Azerbaijan award. She has also received two diplomas from the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan. Fisheva was a member of the Azerbaijan Cinematographers\' Union
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# List of Champ Car winners
Complete through end of 2007 Champ Car season. For a complete list of winners of all Indy car races, see List of American Championship Car winners.
No. Driver Years Active Wins
----- ------------------------- -------------- --------
1 Michael Andretti 1983--2002 **42**
2 Al Unser Jr. 1982--1999 **31**
2 Paul Tracy 1991--2007 **31**
2 Sébastien Bourdais 2003--2007 **31**
5 Rick Mears 1979--1992 **26**
6 Bobby Rahal 1982--1998 **24**
7 Emerson Fittipaldi 1984--1996 **23**
8 Mario Andretti 1979--1994 **19**
9 Danny Sullivan 1982--1995 **17**
10 Alex Zanardi 1996--2001 **15**
11 Cristiano da Matta 1999--2006 **12**
12 Bobby Unser 1979--1981 **11**
13 Johnny Rutherford 1979--1989 **10**
13 Tom Sneva 1979--1992 **10**
13 Jimmy Vasser 1991--2006 **10**
13 Dario Franchitti 1997--2002 **10**
13 Juan Pablo Montoya 1999--2000 **10**
18 Bruno Junqueira 2001--2007 **8**
18 Adrián Fernández 1993--2003 **8**
20 Gil de Ferran 1995--2001 **7**
21 Gordon Johncock 1979--1992 **6**
21 Hélio Castroneves 1998--2001 **6**
23 Teo Fabi 1983--1996 **5**
23 Nigel Mansell 1993--1994 **5**
23 Jacques Villeneuve 1994--1995 **5**
23 Greg Moore 1996--1999 **5**
23 Patrick Carpentier 1997--2004 **5**
23 Kenny Bräck 2000--2002 **5**
23 A. J. Allmendinger 2004--2006 **5**
30 Al Unser 1979--1994 **4**
30 Justin Wilson 2004--2007 **4**
32 Arie Luyendyk 1984--1997 **3**
32 Andre Ribeiro 1995--1998 **3**
32 Mark Blundell 1996--2000 **3**
32 Max Papis 1996--2003 **3**
36 Roberto Guerrero 1984--1995 **2**
36 Scott Goodyear 1987--1996 **2**
36 Robby Gordon 1992--1999 **2**
36 Scott Pruett 1988--1999 **2**
36 Bryan Herta 1994--2003 **2**
36 Christian Fittipaldi 1995--2002 **2**
36 Michel Jourdain Jr. 1996--2004 **2**
36 Mario Domínguez 2002--2007 **2**
36 Ryan Hunter-Reay 2003--2005 **2**
36 Roberto Moreno 1985--2007 **2**
36 Will Power 2005--2007 **2**
36 Robert Doornbos 2007 **2**
48 Mike Mosley 1979--1983 **1**
48 Pancho Carter 1979--1994 **1**
48 Héctor Rebaque 1982 **1**
48 John Paul Jr. 1982--1994 **1**
48 Jacques Villeneuve, Sr
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# Patinkin
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# Taufers Railway
The **Tauferer Bahn** (*Taufers Railway*) connected Taufers with the city of Bruneck and the Pusterer Bahn.
## Track
Just after leaving the station of Bruneck and after crossing the Rienz, the track followed the Ahr river until the final station in Taufers. Only two bridges were necessary to build the line. One in Uttenheim over the Ahr river and one in Mühlen in Taufers over the Mühlwalder brook. The train stations coming from Bruneck to Taufers were St. Georgen, Gais, Uttenheim, Mühlen in Taufers, Kematen and Taufers.
## History
The railroad was built by the Tirolean railway engineer Josef Riehl and from 1907 onwards 300 people were working on the construction site. The needed 800 Volt direct current for the train was produced by a small power plant in the valley using the water of the Ahr River. Until World War I the service was provided by the Austrian Südbahngesellschaft, which also ran the Brennerbahn and the Pusterer Bahn.
The cars had two motors with each 48 Kilowatt power. Because the line had only a single track, only one train could drive back and forward. Six trains made the trip from Bruneck to Taufers and back each day: the journey time was 50 minutes.
During the 1950s, there was a rapid rise in car ownership and train travel was seen to be in retreat. Track maintenance in mountain areas was costly. The final train service operated on the line on 31 January 1957. The rolling stock was sent to Merano and, in September 1958, sold for scrap.
As with many other former secondary train lines, the service today is provided by buses.
## Today
Today the track is part of the South Tyrolean bike trail network, no signs of the old railway are visible
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# Coasting (book)
***Coasting*** is a travel book by Jonathan Raban. It has received a positive review by Beryl Bainbridge.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Written as a travelogue, *Coasting* describes Jonathan Raban\'s single-handed 4,000 mile voyage around Britain which he made in 1982 (at the age of 40) in an old restored 32-foot sea-going ketch, the *Gosfield Maid*. Raban sailed with a chart and a hand bearing-compass; he sailed by the look of the coastline. His story takes various digressions, just as his journey does, as he mulls over his childhood as the son of a vicar in the Church of England, and the current state of Britain under Margaret Thatcher during the time of the Falklands War.
Chapter Two is a description of the dogged insularity of the Manx, who he compares to the Falkland Islanders, whilst the Isle of Man becomes a metaphor for the insularity of the larger island on which he himself had been brought up and lived up till this point. Raban himself has commented on his own attitude to England and the influence of Margaret Thatcher on Britain at the time of writing his book. The British he sees as being famous for their insular arrogance and condescension. As he describes them:
The author is equally bitter about the dominant, hectoring Mrs Thatcher. Whilst comfortably moored up in the *Gosfield Maid* on a beautiful stretch of the River Yealm, he tunes into the House of Commons debate on the Falklands invasion. The Prime Minister talks about sovereign territory being invaded by a foreign power, but to Raban \'\...her cross, nanny\'s voice made it sound as if there had been ructions in the nursery and the children were going to be sent to bed without any tea.\' He considers equally absurd the majority of MPs who are baying for Argentinian blood. Raban turns his radio off in disgust, \'\...sick of the sound of groaning men baying like a wolf pack. It wasn\'t a debate, it was a verbal bloodletting, with words standing for the guns and bayonets that would come later when the fleet reached the islands.\' and adds, \'Listening to it, I felt that I\'d been eavesdropping on the nastier workings of the national subconscious; I\'d overheard Britain talking in a dream, and what it was saying scared me stiff.\'
And it is his negative feelings towards an increasingly alien Britain under the dominance of Thatcher that finally persuade him to make the decision to leave his homeland, although the paradox is that they share a like-minded attitude towards its rigid social hierarchy:
The book is remarkable for its penetrating and highly perceptive insights into the character and state of the British nation at the time of writing. One also has to greatly admire him for taking on the challenge of a single-handed voyage around the British Isles, a feat that requires great personal courage on the part of the sailor. For most of the book, Raban, rather like Joyce, is able to form an objectively detached view of his country whilst out at sea on board his boat. However, rather than taking the battering ram approach of his eccentric predecessors (men like Middleton, McMullen, and Hilaire Belloc), he uses beautifully crafted language to describe the life of a single-handed sailor in great awe of the sea, with detailed almost lyrical descriptions of the characters he encounters along the way. Two passages that particularly stand out are of Raban\'s rather hostile meeting with Paul Theroux at Brighton Marina, himself in the midst of researching a similar book about Britain, and a much friendlier one with Philip Larkin at Hull, a city Raban knows well from his student days while working as a part-time minicab driver.
## Criticism
Probably one of the best descriptions in the book is of the author\'s life as a child growing up in assorted Church of England vicarages, in a kind of social no-man\'s land, unable to mix with the council estate children opposite because they are socially inferior but also out of place in upper class society since a vicar\'s stipend was about £700 a year, equal to that of a skilled labourer living on a council estate. Raban sums his family\'s situation up in his own clinically detached manner: \'We belonged nowhere, We had the money of one lot, the voices of another - and we had an unearthly goodliness which removed us from the social map altogether
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# Algona Road
`{{Infobox Australian road
| road_name = Algona Road
| type = Road
| state = tas
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates_a = {{coord|-42.997052|147.303228|display=inline, title}}
| length = 3.5
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| end_a = [[Kingston, Tasmania]]
| end_b = [[Blackmans Bay, Tasmania]]
| est = 1986
| through =
| region = [[Kingborough]]
| route =
| exits = [[Channel Highway]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Algona Road** is a major link road, connecting the residents of Blackmans Bay to Kingston in Southern Tasmania, Australia. The road was constructed in 1986 as a two lane road, with provision for a second carriageway when needed. A roundabout was installed on the junction with the Channel Highway in 1993 to address safety issues. The Kingston Bypass connects Algona Road to the Southern Outlet and provides a quicker route to the City of Hobart
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# Bob Heffernan
**Robert Heffernan** (Australia) was a rugby league footballer in Australia\'s major competition - the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL).
Heffernan, who played for Eastern Suburbs side, played in 79 matches for that club in the years 1957--64. A second rower, he was a member of the Easts side that went down to St George in the 1960 Grand Final
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# Millsmont, Oakland, California
The **Millsmont** neighborhood located in the foothills of Oakland, California encompasses the area of East Oakland to the south and east of Mills College. Seminary Avenue is considered the northern border, and Edwards Avenue the approximate southern border; MacArthur Boulevard bounds it to the west, and Interstate 580 to the east. It lies at an elevation of 239 feet (73 m).
Originally a bedroom, almost resort community around the turn of the century, Millsmont (especially between Seminary Avenue and Edwards Avenue and Hillmont Drive and Mountain Boulevard) was built up as a place to get away from the faster pace of San Francisco. Being heavily wooded, it was an ideal place to buy land to which to escape on the weekends. Quarter-acre plots were available, including building plans and materials, for \$500.`{{When|date=December 2012}}`{=mediawiki} Four standard plans were used to build quaint, one-bedroom dwellings. An original, unaltered house may be seen on the northeastern corner of Edgemoor Place and Sunnymere Avenue. Many Millsmont homes have panoramic views to Alameda and the San Francisco Peninsula to the west and the Oakland hills to the east.
After the earthquake of 1906, many individuals who had been left homeless and penniless settled in their small properties in the Millsmont neighborhood. Additions were built, and the landscape gradually changed.
Today, Millsmont is an eclectic neighborhood, with first-time homeowners; older, established residents (a significant number of families having owned their homes for over 40 years); and students and faculty/staff associated with Mills College.
Millsmont is in the 94605 ZIP code
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# Chinese Garden, Singapore
**Chinese Garden** is a park in Jurong East, Singapore. Built in 1975 by the JTC Corporation, the Chinese Garden\'s concept is based on Chinese gardening art. The main characteristic is the integration of architectural features with the natural environment. The Chinese Garden is modeled along the northern Chinese imperial style of architecture and landscaping. It is located next to Chinese Garden MRT station and connected to the adjacent Japanese Garden by a bridge. Along with Japanese Garden and Lakeside Garden, that was opened in 2019, the three gardens are collectively known as the **Jurong Gardens**.
## History
Plans for the construction of Chinese Garden were first mentioned in 1968 by Woon Wah Siang, the chairman of the JTC Corporation. Earthworks began in 1968 and planning of the design was finalized in 1970, with construction beginning in 1971. The garden was completed in 1975 at a cost of `{{SGD|4700000|link=on}}`{=mediawiki} and was opened by then-Finance Minister Hon Sui Sen. In 1989, Chinese Garden was closed from March to July to undergo renovation works.
In 2014, a year-long \"redecoration and refurbishment\" project was launched. The areas to be repaired included the main entrance plaza, the pavilions, the pagodas, the Stone Boat, and footpaths. The repair works involved removing wood that had rotted or became infested by termites. This also included patching up spalling concrete and cracked walls, replacing broken and loose roof tiles, stopping water leakage, as well as replacing old electrical wiring, timber footpaths or rusted fittings.
In May 2019, Chinese Garden and the adjacent Japanese Garden were closed for extensive renovation. The gardens reopened in September 2024 with a new aquatic garden with 150 different types of water lilies. A new exhibit, Sunken Garden, was also introduced that featured 200 types of epiphytes. Previous features such as the Twin Pagoda, Grand Arch, and the Stone Boat were also refurbished.
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# Chinese Garden, Singapore
## Features
### Stone Lions {#stone_lions}
A pair of cloudy-grained marble stone lions at the main gates of the Chinese Garden, guarding the main gates of the garden. The marble stone used to sculpt the lions was imported from Taiwan.
### Bridge
The 13-arch *White Rainbow Bridge* at the garden follows the style of the Seventeen-Arch Bridge at the Summer Palace in Peking.
In 1989 a second bridge, the *Bridge of Double Beauty*, was built, to connect the Chinese Garden with the Japanese Garden.
### Main Arch Building {#main_arch_building}
The Main Arch Building is a standard Chinese arch building. This building is popular for picture-taking. Inside the main arch building, there are two courtyards, namely the "Early Spring Courtyard" and "Garden Courtyard". Additionally, there is a fishpond in the centre which is named the "Fish Paradise".
### Stone Boat and Tea House {#stone_boat_and_tea_house}
A famous traditional feature of Chinese architecture is the Stone Boat structure. Its design and architectural beauty are considered to be a fine art that has been praised by people throughout the world.
The style of *Yao-Yueh Fang* (the Stone Boat) in the Chinese Garden is based on the Peking style, but with some adaptations in the design and usage of materials.
The *Ming Hsiang Hsieh* (Tea House) is a miniature structure following the style of the elaborate, winding gallery at the Summer Palace. This meandering design is a characteristic and graceful Chinese architectural feature.
### Pagoda
In ancient times, pagodas, originally simple tower structures located beside temples, were used for the storage of human ashes (in urns) by Buddhists.
The *Ru Yun T\'a* (7-storey pagoda) is situated on a small hill in the Chinese Garden. Its typical pagoda design follows the style of Linggu Temple Pagoda at Nanjing.
### Pavilion, Plateau and Tower {#pavilion_plateau_and_tower}
The Chinese Pavilion, Plateau and Tower are considered to be an important part of the Chinese gardening art. The artistic features, typical of Chinese architecture, have long been appreciated by man. The design of the four pavilions at the Chinese Garden is based on the style of Northern Chinese Pavilions, and decorated to blend harmoniously with the garden.
### Bonsai Garden {#bonsai_garden}
Opened in June 1992, the Suzhou-style Bonsai Garden cost an estimated \$3.8 million to build. This 5,800-square-metre garden with Suzhou-style buildings (incorporating a main hall of 50 square metres) and landscape houses a collection of over 2,000 bonsais imported from China and other parts of the world.
It is designed as the largest Suzhou-style Bonsai garden of its kind outside of China.
A Bonsai Training Centre has been launched. The public are encouraged to sign up for the course, which will be taught by Bonsai experts from Shanghai and Suzhou (China). They will teach how to prune and care for Bonsais and how to appreciate the beauty of this unique artistry.
### Garden of Abundance {#garden_of_abundance}
The original name of this garden is the Zodiac & Pomegranate Garden, derived from the elements used for the construction of the garden. It consists of pomegranate trees, the 12 Chinese Zodiac animals sculpture, a sundial, stone bridges and planting of materials.
100-year-old pomegranate trees from Shantung, China were planted into the garden. They sit among the 12 Chinese Zodiac Animal sculptures.
### East Entrance {#east_entrance}
This entrance was constructed in conjunction with the Chinese Garden MRT station, to ensure easy access for pedestrians visiting the gardens. Upon approaching the garden, there is a Red Bridge that will lead you in. Four stone lions, welcoming the visitors that are entering the garden, \"guard\" the entrance.
### Former features {#former_features}
#### Live Turtle and Tortoise Museum {#live_turtle_and_tortoise_museum}
The Live Turtle and Tortoise Museum, a primary attraction in Chinese Garden, exhibits various species of turtles and tortoises.
In 2019, the museum moved out from the gardens and relocated to Yishun; this was due to upgrading works carried out in the surrounding Jurong Lake District
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# Rist
**Rist** is a surname
| 6 |
Rist
| 0 |
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# Line Impedance Stabilization Network
A **line impedance stabilization network** (**LISN**) is a device used in conducted and radiated radio-frequency emission and susceptibility tests, as specified in various electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)/EMI test standards (e.g., by CISPR, International Electrotechnical Commission, CENELEC, U.S. Federal Communications Commission, MIL-STD, DO-160 Sections 20-21-22).
A LISN is a low-pass filter typically placed between an AC or DC power source and the EUT (equipment under test) to create a known impedance and to provide a radio frequency (RF) noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source. In addition, LISNs can be used to predict conducted emission for diagnostic and pre-compliance testing.
## Functions of a LISN {#functions_of_a_lisn}
### Stable line impedance {#stable_line_impedance}
The main function of a LISN is to provide a precise impedance to the power input of the EUT, in order to get repeatable measurements of the EUT noise present at the LISN measurement port. This is important because the impedance of the power source and the impedance of the EUT effectively operate as a voltage divider. The impedance of the power source varies, depending on the geometry of the supply wiring behind it.
The anticipated inductance of the power line for the intended installation of the EUT also plays a role in identifying the correct type of LISN needed for testing. For example, a connection in a building will often use 50 μH inductor, whereas in automobile measurement standards a 5 μH inductor is used to emulate a shorter typical wire length.
### Isolation of the power source noise {#isolation_of_the_power_source_noise}
Another important function of a LISN is to prevent the high-frequency noise of the power source from coupling in the system. A LISN functions as a low-pass filter, which provides high impedance to the outside RF noise while allowing the low-frequency power to flow through to the EUT.
### Safe connection of the measuring equipment {#safe_connection_of_the_measuring_equipment}
Typically, a spectrum analyzer or an EMI receiver is used to take the measurements during an EMC test. The input port of such an equipment is very sensitive and prone to damage if overloaded. A LISN provides a measurement port with, usually, 50 Ω output impedance. The stabilized impedance, the built-in low-pass filter function, and the DC rejection properties of the LISN measurement port makes it easy to couple the high frequency noise signal to the input of the measuring equipment.
## LISN types {#lisn_types}
Under a particular EMC test standard, a specific LISN type is required for evaluating and characterizing the operation of the EUT.
Different types of LISNs are available for analyzing DC, single-phase or 3-phase AC power connections. The main parameters for selecting the proper type of LISN are impedance, insertion loss, voltage rating, current rating, number of power conductors and connector types. The upper frequency limit of the LISN also plays an important role when conducted emissions measurements are used for predicting radiated emissions problems. A 100 MHz LISN is used in those cases
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# Paul Lebrun
Composer **Paul-Henri-Joseph Lebrun** (21 April 1863 -- 4 November 1920) was a Belgian composer and professor at the Ghent Conservatory, who won the Belgian Prix de Rome for music in 1891.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Paul-Henri-Joseph Lebrun was born on April 21, 1863, in Ghent, Belgium. He studied as a pupil at the Ghent Conservatory. In 1891, in his late twenties, he won the Belgian Prix de Rome for music, with his cantata *Andromeda*. He also won first prize of the Belgian Academie, for a symphony.
In 1890, he had become a professor of music theory at the Ghent Conservatory and conductor of the \"Orphéon\" at Cambrai. In 1895, Lebrun also became conductor of the \"Cercle artistique\" at Ghent. He was an officer of the Legion of Honor. Works include: the opera *La Fiancée d\'Abydos* (Ghent, 1897), orchestral compositions, and choruses. Paul-Henri-Joseph Lebrun died on November 4, 1920, in Louvain (Leuven, Belgium)
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# Paul Foster (singer)
**Paul Foster** (July 12, 1920 -- August 20, 1995) was born in Grand Cane, Louisiana. He sang with the legendary gospel group, the Soul Stirrers, from 1950 to 1963. Foster sang second lead alongside two other gospel greats, Rebert Harris and Sam Cooke. Foster possessed a powerful, mournful tenor voice, a perfect foil to both Harris\' and Cooke\'s sweeter more-flowery tenor styles. During his long career in gospel music, Foster also sang for other quartets such as the Rising Stars and the Golden Echoes. While nearly all of Foster\'s recordings take place in the recording studio, his powerful voice can be heard on the Soul Stirrers\' dynamic performance on the album \"The Great Shrine Concert of 1955\", especially on the song \"Be With Me Jesus\", where Foster leads the group with his strong testimonial style.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Background
Paul Foster was born on July 12, 1920, in Grand Cane, Louisiana, to Thomas and Lillie Williams Foster. As a young child, he sang in the family group (\'The Fosters\', which consisted of Paul and his six sisters: Jannie Mae, Hattie Mae, Ola Mae, Anna Mae, Midloise, and Patrice). Paul had one brother, Mitchell \"Mitch\" Foster. When he was 16, he joined the \'Hurricane Bluff Spiritual Gospel Singers\'.
## Early career {#early_career}
During the Second World War he served in the army at Fort Ord, California. and afterwards moved to Oakland, California. He brought his family: wife, Mary and children, Esther, Mary, Paul, Jr., Thomas and Barbara Ann to live with him. Here he joined and recorded with the \'Rising Stars\'. Foster also sang with \'The Paramounts\' and the \'Golden Harps\'. After the death of his father in 1948 he joined \'Golden Echoes\'. With this group he recorded for Specialty Recordings, for which he would later record with the Soul Stirrers. After only a few months he joined the \'Houston All-Stars\'.
## Soul Stirrers {#soul_stirrers}
When he performed with the Houstonaires (or Houston All-stars, the sources are different) in late 1949 he was spotted by the Soul Stirrers who also sang during that show. A few weeks later he was asked join the Soul Stirrers, which traditionally had been a group of five, but was now expanding to be a group of seven with Foster and another singer joining the ensemble. The other singers in the group at this time included R. H. Harris, James H. Medlock, S. R. Crain, T. L. Bruster, J. J. Farley, and R. B. Robinson. His father died around the time he joined the group. By the time of a 1953 performance at the Wheat Street Baptist Church, Medlock had left the ensemble and they were now performing as a group of 6.
In 1954 the Soul Stirrers headlined a gospel festival at the Municipal Auditorium in Atlanta; with Sam Cooke replacing R. H. Harris. When R. H. Harris left the group Foster did all the leads for two months but that was too much, up to the point of him getting migraines. That\'s when Sam Cooke stepped in to lighten the load. He again was the only lead singer for a few months when Johnnie Taylor left the group. Foster would stay with the Soul Stirrers until 1963.
## Later career {#later_career}
He then moved to Los Angeles to start a barbecue restaurant and sang with groups like the \'Sims Brothers\' and the \'Los Angeles Golden Crowns\'. But not for long. In 1965 he would become Reverend Foster, which was in line with his great religiosity. He became the pastor of the Union Baptist Church in Vallejo where he stayed until he retired in the early eighties. It was here that he died on August 20, 1995. He is interred in his hometown of Grand Cane, Louisiana in the Friendship Baptist Church cemetery
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# Surveillance (novel)
***Surveillance*** is a novel by Jonathan Raban
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# National Indigenous Council
The **National Indigenous Council** (**NIC**) was an appointed advisory body to the Australian Government through the Minister\'s for Indigenous Affairs\' Taskforce on Indigenous Affairs (MTIA) established in November 2004 (not to be confused with the earlier Ministerial Taskforce on Indigenous Affairs (MTF) chaired by Mal Brough), and wound up in early 2008. It was chaired by Sue Gordon, a Western Australian magistrate.
## History
NIC was established as a government-appointed 14-member advisory body, subsequent to the abolition of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), which was an elected body of Indigenous Australian representatives. The new body found little support among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, although the members of the Council were respected, because it was felt that the appointed members had no mandate to speak on behalf of Indigenous people. While the Howard government stressed that the NIC was not intended to replace ATSIC, and nor was it a representative body, a leaked document from the federal cabinet in April 2004 had used the word \"replace\" several times.
NIC first met on 8--9 December 2004. It was supposed to run until 31 December 2007.
A government inquiry into the demise of ATSIC recommended in March 2005 \"that the NIC be a temporary body, to exist only until a proper national, elected representative body is in place\".
On 15 January 2008, the Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Jenny Macklin, announced that the NIC would be wound up. The news was largely welcomed by Indigenous Australians.
## Functions
The terms of reference of the council were to provide expert advice to government on improving outcomes for Indigenous Australians. It would report to the Ministerial Taskforce on Indigenous Affairs (MTA), and would support the work of the MTA to develop \"strategies which would improve the delivery of services to Indigenous Australians\". It was not involved in specific funding proposals or in the planning of proposals being undertaken in individual communities. While it was regarded as the principal source of advice to the government, other bodies and individuals would also be consulted by the government.
According to Minister Amanda Vanstone, the Council\'s goals would include such matters as facilitating early childhood development, improving safety for Indigenous women and children, and reducing welfare dependence. Gordon indicated that Aboriginal domestic violence would be a top priority.
## Members
The first 14 members appointed were: `{{div col|colwidth=20em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Sue Gordon (Chair)
- Wesley Aird
- Archie Barton
- Miriam Rose Baumann
- MaryAnn Bin-Sallik
- Joseph Elu
- Adam Goodes
- Sally Goold
- Robert Lee
- John Kundereri Moriarty
- Warren Mundine
- Joe Proctor
- Michael White
- Tammy Williams
## Commentary
The appointment of the National Indigenous Council sparked controversy both among Indigenous leaders and politicians. Former Aboriginal football player Michael Long turned down a position on the board
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# Zac Champion
**Zac Champion** (born June 29, 1984) is a former American football quarterback.
Champion was released by the BC Lions on May 10, 2010. On June 7, 2010, Champion was signed by the Calgary Stampeders and was competing for third-string quarterback against Daryll Clark. After playing two disappointing pre-season starts, he lost the spot to Clark. One week later, Champion was cut down to the practice roster. On week four of the CFL season, he was placed on waivers, two weeks later. on October 20, he was signed to the practice roster for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers after Steven Jyles and Alex Brink were both injured.
Champion started as a quarterback for the Louisiana Tech University football team until his graduation following the 2007 season. His senior year, Champion\'s Bulldogs went 5--7. Champion passed for 2221 yards and 13 touchdowns and throwing only two interceptions
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# List of IndyCar fatalities
This article lists the people who have been fatally injured in American Championship car racing during testing, practice, qualifying, or races since 1916, categorized into drivers, riding mechanics, and non-participants. The lists recognize \"IndyCar\" or \"Champ Car\" fatalities that have occurred in events making up the National Championship, which has been held by the following sanctioning bodies:
- American Automobile Association (1916, 1920--1941, 1946--1955)
- United States Auto Club (1956--1995)
- Championship Auto Racing Teams (1979--2003)
- Open Wheel Racing Series/Champ Car (2004--2007)
- Indy Racing League/IndyCar (since 1996)
The National Championship, which was split from 1979 to 2007, has featured regular races, non-points paying (non-championship) rounds, competitions sanctioned by entities that did not stage the National Championship in the same year (such as the Automobile Club of America), and the AAA Big car meetings held in the 1946 season.
The most recent driver to be fatally injured in an IndyCar Series event was Justin Wilson at the 2015 ABC Supply 500.
## Driver fatalities {#driver_fatalities}
Driver Date of incident Sanction Track`{{refn|group=note|name=track|The name of the track at the time of the fatal incident is displayed.}}`{=mediawiki} Event Team/Owner Car/Entry Session
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
April 8, 1916 AAA Grand Boulevard (Corona) Corona Grand Prize`{{refn|group=note|name=NC|Non-championship event}}`{=mediawiki} Peugeot Race
May 13, 1916 AAA Sheepshead Bay Speedway Metropolitan Trophy Delage Race
August 27, 1916 AAA Recreation Park (Kalamazoo) 100-mile race`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Sunbeam Race`{{refn|group=note|name=abandoned|The race was abandoned and voided after the fatal crash.}}`{=mediawiki}
November 18, 1916 AAA Santa Monica Road Race Course American Grand Prize Marmon Race
`{{refn|group=note|Galvin died on December 4, 1916, two days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Frank Galvin, noted driver, dies of hurts|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/3430092/|newspaper=[[The Morning Herald (The Herald-Standard)|The Morning Herald]]|publication-place=Uniontown, Pennsylvania|date=December 5, 1916|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195626/https://www.newspapers.com/article/3430092/|archive-date=2023-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} December 2, 1916 AAA Uniontown Speedway Universal Trophy`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Premier Race
November 25, 1920 AAA Beverly Hills Speedway 250-mile race Frontenac Race
`{{refn|group=note|O'Donnell died on November 26, 1920, the day after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=O'Donnell is dead from accident that killed Chevrolet|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dR8bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=60kEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3520%2C3465620|newspaper=[[The Pittsburg Press]]|agency=[[United Press]]|date=November 26, 1920}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Duesenberg
October 1, 1921 AAA Fresno Speedway San Joaquin Valley Classic Frontenac Race
September 17, 1922 AAA Kansas City Speedway 300-mile race Miller Race
September 4, 1923 AAA Altoona Speedway 200-mile race Duesenberg Race
`{{refn|group=note|Boyer died on September 2, 1924, the day after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Joe Boyer, injured in race, dies at hospital in Altoona|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h-8oAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lNMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6598%2C4849164|newspaper=[[Southeast Missourian|Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian]]|agency=United Press|date=September 2, 1924}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} September 1, 1924 AAA Altoona Speedway Fall Classic Duesenberg -- `{{nowrap|[[Duesenberg|Duesenberg SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} Race
September 15, 1924 AAA New York State Fairgrounds 150-mile race Miller Race
October 16, 1924 AAA Charlotte Speedway 250-mile race Duesenberg Practice
April 22, 1925 Long Island Motor Parkway Private test Wells\'s Hornet Testing
`{{refn|group=note|Cariens died on December 1, 1925, two days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Automobile racer dies from injuries|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JdQrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hYQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5089%2C4299319|newspaper=[[Daily Record (Washington)|The Evening Record]]|publication-place=Ellensburg, Washington|agency=Associated Press|date=December 2, 1925}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} November 29, 1925 AAA Culver City Speedway 250-mile race Miller -- `{{nowrap|[[Harry Miller (auto racing)|Miller SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} Race
`{{refn|group=note|Jones died on May 28, 1926, the day after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Injuries in trial spin fatal to race driver|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/3430439/|newspaper=[[Harrisburg Evening News|The Evening News]]|publication-place=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|date=May 29, 1926|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195753/https://www.newspapers.com/article/3430439/|archive-date=2023-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} May 27, 1926 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Al Cotey Miller -- `{{nowrap|[[Harry Miller (auto racing)|Miller SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Elcar\" Qualifying
July 4, 1926 AAA Rockingham Speedway Independence Day Sweepstakes Duesenberg Qualifying
October 12, 1928 AAA Rockingham Speedway International Motor Classic -- `{{nowrap|[[Harry Miller (auto racing)|Miller SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Boyle Valve\" Race
May 30, 1929 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 August Duesenberg Duesenberg -- `{{nowrap|[[Duesenberg|Duesenberg SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} Race
June 15, 1929 AAA Altoona Speedway 200-mile race Miller -- `{{nowrap|[[Harry Miller (auto racing)|Miller SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Simplex Piston Ring\" Race
May 26, 1931 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Duesenberg \"Jones & Maley\" Practice
September 12, 1931 AAA New York State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Denny Duesenberg Duesenberg Qualifying
May 27, 1932 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Miller Practice
May 28, 1933 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Brady -- Studebaker \"Brady & Nardi\" Qualifying
May 30, 1933 Buehrig-Duesenberg \"Kemp-Mannix\" Race
Miller
May 25, 1934 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- Miller \"Miller-Hartz\" Practice
September 9, 1934 AAA New York State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Oakland \"Simmons\" Race
May 21, 1935 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Stevens -- Miller \"Bowes Seal Fast\" Practice
Shafer -- Buick \"Victor Gasket\" Qualifying
May 30, 1935 Stevens -- Miller \"Bowes Seal Fast\" Race
January 26, 1936 AAA Ascot Speedway 125-mile race`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Wetteroth -- Offenhauser Race
August 20, 1938 AAA Illinois State Fairgrounds 100-mile race`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Lion Oil Schrader-Miller Race
May 30, 1939 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Wetteroth -- Offenhauser \"Burd Piston Ring\" Race
May 7, 1940 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Gulf Oil -- `{{nowrap|[[Harry Miller (auto racing)|Miller SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Gulf-Miller\" Practice
September 2, 1940 AAA New York State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Marks -- Offenhauser Race
June 22, 1941 AAA Langhorne Speedway 100-mile race`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Hoppe -- Riley Qualifying
April 14, 1946 AAA Williams Grove Speedway 10-lap Big car race Furslew-Riley Heat race
June 16, 1946 AAA Flemington Fair Speedway Big car race Bagley -- `{{nowrap|Hal DO}}`{=mediawiki} \"Burd Piston Ring\" Heat race
August 11, 1946 AAA Funk\'s Speedway 20-lap Big car race Engle- Offenhauser Race
September 2, 1946 AAA Lakewood Park 100-mile race Wetteroth -- Offenhauser \"Noc-Out Hose Clamp\" Race
Shaw -- Offenhauser \"Wolfe-Tulsa\"
September 15, 1946 AAA Indiana State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Stevens -- Offenhauser Qualifying
May 30, 1947 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- Miller \"Auto Shippers\" Race
May 16, 1948 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- `{{nowrap|[[Novi engine|Novi SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Novi Grooved Piston\" Practice
October 10, 1948 AAA DuQuoin State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Horn -- Offenhauser Race
`{{refn|group=note|Metzler died on June 3, 1949, six days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=3d try for place in '500' proves fatal for Metzler|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/4205806/|newspaper=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=June 4, 1949|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501204914/https://www.newspapers.com/article/4205806/|archive-date=2023-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} May 28, 1949 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Shaw -- Offenhauser Practice
`{{refn|group=note|Sheffler died on June 28, 1949, nine days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arizona racer dies of injuries|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7vIKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5E8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3126%2C990743|newspaper=[[Prescott Evening Courier]]|agency=Associated Press|date=June 29, 1949}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} June 19, 1949 AAA New Jersey State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Bromme -- Offenhauser Practice
November 6, 1949 AAA Del Mar Fairgrounds 100-mile race -- Offenhauser Race
July 29, 1951 AAA Williams Grove Speedway Indianapolis Sweepstakes`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} -- Offenhauser Qualifying
June 8, 1952 AAA Wisconsin State Fair Park Rex Mays Classic Kurtis Kraft -- Offenhauser Qualifying
`{{refn|group=note|James died on November 5, 1952, three days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Joe James dies of racing wounds|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k8YzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ke4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=3002%2C3694527|newspaper=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]|agency=United Press|date=November 6, 1952}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} November 2, 1952 AAA Santa Clara County Fairgrounds 100-mile race Watson -- Offenhauser Race
May 15, 1953 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- `{{nowrap|[[Novi engine|Novi SC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Novi Governor\" Practice
`{{refn|group=note|Having stopped in the pits, Scarborough died of [[heat exhaustion]] a little later.<ref name=DSHR />}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1953 Kurtis Kraft/`{{nowrap|[[Wetteroth|Wetteroth D]]}}`{=mediawiki} -- Offenhauser \"McNamara\" Race
July 5, 1954 AAA Darlington Raceway Independence Day Sweepstakes -- Offenhauser Race
`{{refn|group=note|Ayulo died on May 17, 1955, the day after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crash injuries fatal to Indianapolis racer|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_HobAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3k0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2469%2C364138|newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]]|agency=United Press|date=May 17, 1955}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} May 16, 1955 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- Offenhauser Practice
May 30, 1955 Race
November 6, 1955 AAA Arizona State Fairgrounds Bobby Ball Memorial -- Offenhauser Race
May 15, 1957 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- Offenhauser Practice
May 30, 1958 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- Offenhauser \"Sumar\" Race
`{{refn|group=note|Bisch died on July 6, 1958, two days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Art Bisch dies after operation|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l4YjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_n4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6121%2C856123|newspaper=[[Schenectady Gazette]]|agency=Associated Press|date=July 7, 1958}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} July 4, 1958 USAC Lakewood Speedway 100-mile race Kuzma -- Offenhauser \"Central Excavating\" Race
September 28, 1958 USAC Trenton Speedway 100-mile race -- Offenhauser \"Bowes Seal Fast\" Race
February 11, 1959 USAC Daytona International Speedway Speed record attempt -- Offenhauser \"Sumar Streamliner\"`{{refn|group=note|The [[Formula Libre]]-classified car featured streamlined fenders over the wheels and a canopy enclosing the driver.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kahn|first=Bernard|date=February 12, 1959|title=Experts divided on wreck cause|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1mYpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E8oEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2757%2C1859037|newspaper=[[Daytona Beach Morning Journal]]}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Testing
April 4, 1959 USAC Daytona International Speedway Daytona 100 Epperly -- Offenhauser \"Bowes Seal Fast\" Race
April 19, 1959 USAC Trenton Speedway Race of Champions -- Offenhauser Race
`{{refn|group=note|Unser died on May 17, 1959, fifteen days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death claims Jerry Unser|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/28395652/|newspaper=[[The San Bernardino Daily Sun]]|agency=Associated Press|date=May 18, 1959|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501220933/https://www.newspapers.com/article/28395652/|archive-date=2023-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} May 2, 1959 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Kuzma -- Offenhauser \"Helse\" Practice
May 19, 1959 Cornis Engineering Cornis -- Offenhauser
July 19, 1959 USAC Williams Grove Speedway Indianapolis Sweepstakes`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} -- Offenhauser Race
August 30, 1959 USAC Wisconsin State Fair Park 200-mile race Christiansen -- Offenhauser \"Travelon Trailer\" Race
June 19, 1960 USAC Langhorne Speedway 100-mile race Leader Card Watson -- Offenhauser Race
May 12, 1961 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Watson -- Offenhauser \"Stearly Motor Freight\" Practice
November 19, 1961 USAC Arizona State Fairgrounds Bobby Ball Memorial Phillips -- Offenhauser \"Konstant Hot\" Race
July 1, 1962 USAC Langhorne Speedway Langhorne 100 -- Offenhauser Race
May 30, 1964 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 DVS Halibrand Shrike -- Ford \"American Red Ball\" Race
-- Ford \"Sears Allstate\"
August 22, 1964 USAC Illinois State Fairgrounds Tony Bettenhausen Memorial Kuzma -- Offenhauser `{{nowrap|"M. A. H."}}`{=mediawiki} Race
`{{refn|group=note|Marshman died on December 3, 1964, six days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Car crash burns claim Marshman|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IjlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vegDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5125%2C1052193|newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|publication-place=Spokane, Washington|agency=Associated Press|date=December 4, 1964}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} November 27, 1964 Phoenix International Raceway Tire test -- Ford \"Pure Oil Firebird\" Testing
May 14, 1966 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Leader Card Watson -- Offenhauser \"Wynn\'s\" Qualifying
May 7, 1968 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 STP -- Pratt & Whitney Turbine \"STP Oil Treatment\" Practice
June 9, 1968 USAC Wisconsin State Fair Park Rex Mays Classic Gerhardt -- `{{nowrap|[[Offenhauser|Offenhauser TC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Central Excavating\" Race
`{{refn|group=note|Malloy died on May 18, 1972, four days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran race driver Jim Malloy dies|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y8IsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wwkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4399%2C4298033|newspaper=[[Wilmington Morning Star]]|agency=United Press International|date=May 19, 1972}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} May 14, 1972 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Gerhardt Racing Eagle -- `{{nowrap|[[Offenhauser|Offenhauser TC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Thermo King\" Practice
March 12, 1973 FasTrack International Speedway Private test Page Racing Eagle -- `{{nowrap|[[Offenhauser|Offenhauser TC]]}}`{=mediawiki} Testing
May 12, 1973 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Eagle -- `{{nowrap|[[Offenhauser|Offenhauser TC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"Cobre Firestone\" Practice
`{{refn|group=note|Savage died on July 2, 1973, thirty-three days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swede Savage dies from Indy injuries|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QRtbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qk4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2432%2C374047|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|agency=Associated Press|date=July 3, 1973}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1973 Patrick Racing Eagle -- `{{nowrap|[[Offenhauser|Offenhauser TC]]}}`{=mediawiki} \"STP Oil Treatment\" Race
May 15, 1982 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- Cosworth Qualifying
`{{refn|group=note|Hickman died on August 1, 1982, the day after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indy 500 rookie dead after crash|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bU9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1e4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6559%2C1084376|newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|publication-place=Spokane, Washington|agency=Associated Press|date=August 2, 1982}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} July 31, 1982 CART Wisconsin State Fair Park Provimi Veal Tony Bettenhausen 200 Rattlesnake Racing -- Cosworth Practice
May 15, 1992 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Euromotorsport -- `{{nowrap|[[Cosworth DFS]]}}`{=mediawiki} Practice
May 17, 1996 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- `{{nowrap|[[Buick/Menard V6 Indy engine|Menard V-6]]}}`{=mediawiki} Practice
July 14, 1996 CART Toronto street circuit Molson Indy Toronto Arciero-Wells Racing -- Toyota Race
September 11, 1999 CART Laguna Seca Raceway Honda Grand Prix of Monterey -- Mercedes Practice
October 31, 1999 CART California Speedway Marlboro 500 Forsythe Racing -- Mercedes Race
October 22, 2003 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Firestone tire test G-Force -- Toyota Testing
March 26, 2006 IRL Homestead--Miami Speedway Toyota Indy 300 Rahal Letterman Racing Panoz -- Honda Practice
October 16, 2011 IndyCar Las Vegas Motor Speedway IZOD IndyCar World Championship -- Honda Race`{{refn|group=note|name=abandoned}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{refn|group=note|Wilson died on August 24, 2015, the day after his crash.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/racing/indycar/story/_/id/13505054/indycar-justin-wilson-37-dies-injury-pocono-track|title=IndyCar driver Justin Wilson dies|last1=Pockrass|first1=Bob|author-link1=Bob Pockrass|last2=Oreovicz|first2=John|date=August 25, 2015|website=[[ESPN.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909161833/http://www.espn.com/racing/indycar/story/_/id/13505054/indycar-justin-wilson-37-dies-injury-pocono-track|archive-date=2019-09-09|url-status=live}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} August 23, 2015 IndyCar Pocono Raceway ABC Supply 500 Andretti Autosport -- Honda Race
### Breakdown
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| 0 |
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# List of IndyCar fatalities
## Driver fatalities {#driver_fatalities}
### Breakdown
Track`{{refn|group=note|The current, last, or best known name of the track is displayed.}}`{=mediawiki} Total First Last
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------
36 1926 2003
4 1924 1940
1952 1982
3 1923 1929
1946 1958
1949 1959
1946 1959
1941 1962
2 1920 1920
1926 1928
1959 1959
1955 1961
1938 1964
1964 1973
1 1916
1916
1916
1916
1916
1921
1922
1924
1925
1925
1936
1946
1946
1946
1948
1949
1952
1954
1996
1999
1999
2006
2011
2015
: Fatalities by track
Decade Total
-------- -------
1910s 5
1920s 15
1930s 14
1940s 15
1950s 20
1960s 11
1970s 4
1980s 2
1990s 5
2000s 2
2010s 2
2020s 0
All 95
: Fatalities by decade
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| 1 |
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# List of IndyCar fatalities
## Fatalities among riding mechanics {#fatalities_among_riding_mechanics}
**✝** indicates that the driver was killed in the same incident.
Mechanician Driver Date of incident Sanction Track`{{refn|group=note|name=track}}`{=mediawiki} Event Team/Owner Car/Entry Session
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ --------------------------------------- ------------
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Bob|Burman}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** April 8, 1916 AAA Grand Boulevard (Corona) Corona Grand Prize`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Peugeot Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Carl|Limberg}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** May 13, 1916 AAA Sheepshead Bay Speedway Metropolitan Trophy Delage Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Aldo|Franchi}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} July 15, 1916 AAA Omaha Speedway 150-mile race Peugeot -- Sunbeam \"Peusun\" Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Andy|Burt|Andy Burt (racing driver)}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} August 27, 1916 AAA Recreation Park (Kalamazoo) 100-mile race`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Stutz Race
`{{refn|group=note|Shields died on September 30, 1916, twenty-six days after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Succumbs to injuries sustained in auto race|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/3431271/|newspaper=[[The Indianapolis News]]|date=October 2, 1916|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221829/https://www.newspapers.com/article/3431271/|archive-date=2023-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Gil|Andersen}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} September 4, 1916 AAA Cincinnati Motor Speedway International Sweepstakes Stutz Race
`{{refn|group=note|Hetlich died on October 31, 1916, seventeen days after his accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mechanician dies of burns|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/119282219/|newspaper=[[Kenosha News|Kenosha Evening News]]|date=November 2, 1916|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501222129/https://www.newspapers.com/article/119282219/|archive-date=2023-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Wilbur|D'Alene}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} October 14, 1916 AAA Speedway Park Grand American Auto Race Crawford -- Duesenberg Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Harry|Horsman}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki}`{{refn|group=note|Horsman, who had not been officially entered in the event and did not observe the starter's flag indicating the end of the practice session,<ref name=LAT /> was released from hospital a week after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Horseman leaves hospital for home|url=https://digital.smpl.org/digital/collection/outlook/id/41022|newspaper=[[Santa Monica Outlook|Santa Monica Bay Outlook]]|date=November 17, 1916}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} November 10, 1916 AAA/ACA Santa Monica Road Race Course Mercer Practice
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Frank|Galvin|Frank Galvin (racing driver)}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** December 2, 1916 AAA Uniontown Speedway Universal Trophy`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Premier Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Eddie|O'Donnell}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** November 25, 1920 AAA Beverly Hills Speedway 250-mile race Duesenberg Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alton|Soules}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** October 1, 1921 AAA Fresno Speedway San Joaquin Valley Classic Frontenac Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Cy|Marshall}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1930 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Duesenberg Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Doc|MacKenzie}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} June 8, 1930 AAA Michigan State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Ambler Ambler -- Buick Qualifying
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Joe|Caccia}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** May 26, 1931 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Duesenberg \"Jones & Maley\" Practice
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Bennie|Benefiel}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} May 25, 1932 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Duesenberg \"Jones & Maley\" Qualifying
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Bill|Denver}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** May 28, 1933 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 ? -- Studebaker \"Brady & Nardi\" Qualifying
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Lester|Spangler}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** May 30, 1933 Miller Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Pete|Kreis}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** May 25, 1934 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 -- Miller \"Miller-Hartz\" Practice
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Stubby|Stubblefield}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** May 21, 1935 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 ? -- Buick \"Victor Gasket\" Qualifying
`{{refn|group=note|Matlock died on January 27, 1936, the day after his crash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mechanic succumbs|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=seNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W1UDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4329%2C4409840|newspaper=[[The Evening Independent]]|publication-place=St. Petersburg, Florida|agency=Associated Press|date=January 27, 1936}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Al|Gordon|Al Gordon (racing driver)}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} **✝** January 26, 1936 AAA Ascot Speedway 125-mile race`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Wetteroth -- Offenhauser Race
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Frank|McGurk|Frank McGurk (racing driver)}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} May 28, 1937 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Stevens -- Miller \"Belanger-Miller\" Qualifying
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Babe|Stapp}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} September 20, 1939 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Firestone tire test -- Miller Testing
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# List of IndyCar fatalities
## Fatalities among non-participants {#fatalities_among_non_participants}
This section lists people who have been fatally injured in close connection to the racing taking place at an event while not occupying a race car including participants being on the sidelines.
Name Date of incident Sanction Track`{{refn|group=note|name=track}}`{=mediawiki} Event Session Role Course of events
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|William|Speer|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} April 8, 1916 AAA Grand Boulevard (Corona) Corona Grand Prize`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Race Police officer Due to tire damage, Bob Burman\'s racer skidded, turned over and dashed into a crowd of people, several of whom were injured. Burman, his mechanician Erick Schrader, and a police officer died.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Harold|Edgington|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} November 18, 1916 ACA Santa Monica Road Race Course American Grand Prize Race Spectator With his left front wheel buckling, Lewis Jackson missed a slight turn. His car slid along the roadside and struck several people, three of them fatally. Jackson died being pinned against a tree.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Leslie|Jenkins|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} Camera operator
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Lena|Juratsch|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} Street vendor
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Hughie|Hughes}}|UK}}`{=mediawiki} December 2, 1916 AAA Uniontown Speedway Universal Trophy`{{refn|group=note|name=NC}}`{=mediawiki} Race Driver Frank Galvin lost control of his racer, smashed through the guard rail and slammed into the press stand, injuring several of its occupants and crushing to death Hughie Hughes, who had crashed out of the race himself and was standing by the press box. Gaston Weigle, Galvin\'s mechanician, was also killed. Galvin died two days later.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Bert|Shoup|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1923 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Race Spectator Tom Alley, who was relief driving for Earl Cooper, slid, rolled over and penetrated a fence, killing a 15-year-old spectator and hurting two other boys and himself.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Russ|Hughes|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} November 29, 1923 AAA Beverly Hills Speedway 250-mile race Pre-race Photographer Attempting a start before the race, Harry Hartz hit a photographer, a team owner, and a mechanic, killing the former two and severely injuring the latter.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|George|Wade|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} Team owner
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Dan|Shaw|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} October 12, 1925 AAA Rockingham Speedway Autumn Classic Practice Mechanic The car driven by Vic Spooner veered into the pits where it fatally struck his mechanic before hitting the steel railing, being sent into the air, landing besides the track and catching fire. Spooner survived a concussion.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Wilbur|Brink|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1931 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Race Bystander Billy Arnold\'s racer lost a wheel, which cleared the retaining wall and killed an 11-year-old boy who was off the speedway\'s property.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Otto|Rohde|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} May 28, 1937 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Practice Pit attendant Overton Phillips lost control of his burning car, the gas tank of which had been pierced. Spinning into the pit area, it collided with another machine and inflicted fatal injuries on two attendants, one of whom died four days later, with three other people being hurt including Phillips.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|George|Warford|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki}
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Everett|Spence|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1938 AAA Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Race Spectator The tire and rim came off a wheel of the racer driven by Emil Andres, traveled through the air and fatally struck a spectator who was seated on a truck in the infield.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Sam|Stovall|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} April 14, 1946 AAA Williams Grove Speedway 30-lap Big car race Feature race Spectator A spectator who had been hit by a car while he was crossing the track near completion of the race died of his injuries two days later.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Peter|Stupurak|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} October 15, 1950 AAA California State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Race Spectator Tony Bettenhausen ran into and climbed up the rear of Walt Faulkner\'s racer, flipped over and smashed through a fence, hurting four spectators, one of whom died the next day.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Lawrence|Syrell|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} September 12, 1953 AAA New York State Fairgrounds 100-mile race Race Spectator Trying to thread his way through Jimmy Bryan\'s spinning car and the fence, Chuck Stevenson hopped the outside wall, killing one spectator and injuring another 14.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Clay|Smith|nolink=1}}|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} September 6, 1954 AAA DuQuoin State Fairgrounds Ted Horn Memorial Race Mechanic Rodger Ward lost a tire, locked wheels with Chuck Stevenson and spun into the pit area where he overturned, killing a mechanic and hurting eight other people.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|William|Craig|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1960 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Race Spectator A makeshift 30 ft scaffold, which had privately been erected in the infield, toppled from the flatbed truck it was attached to during the parade lap before the start of the race, when the people occupying the structure leaned forward to watch the field drive by. They either fell or jumped to the ground where other attendants were hit by tumbling bodies or debris. Two spectators were killed, 82 sustained injuries.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Fred|Linder|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki}
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|John|Masariu|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1961 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Race Safety worker After a fire on Eddie Johnson\'s racer had been put out, a fire truck which was retreating from the scene backed over and killed a safety worker who was clearing a path for the vehicle.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Ralph|Heger|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} August 20, 1966 USAC Illinois State Fairgrounds Tony Bettenhausen Memorial Qualifying Stage manager A scheduled performance by the Green Berets required a rope to be stretched from a platform mounted on the roof of the grandstand to the infield across the track. Shortly after a tow truck had tautened the rope, the structure came loose and plunged into the reviewing stand, crushing to death a stage manager. Two photographers who had occupied the platform fell to their deaths, 38 people were injured by debris.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Robert|Lockwood|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Photographer
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Dale|Mueller|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki}
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Red|Stainton|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} April 13, 1969 USAC Hanford Motor Speedway California 200 Race Mechanic Fuel leaking from Art Pollard\'s car was ignited during a pit stop, causing burns to two attendants, one of whom leapt back into the path of Mario Andretti\'s car and was struck. The mechanic died of his injuries two days later.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Armando|Teran|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} May 30, 1973 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Race Team member Rushing to the scene of Swede Savage\'s crash, a fire truck hit and killed a crewman for Graham McRae on pit lane.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Lyle|Kurtenbach|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} May 24, 1987 USAC Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 Race Spectator A tire which had come off Tony Bettenhausen Jr.\'s racer was catapulted into the stands by Roberto Guerrero\'s car and fatally struck a spectator in the head.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Jean Patrick|Hein|nolink=1}}|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} September 2, 1990 CART Vancouver street circuit Molson Indy Vancouver Race Marshal Having pushed Ross Bentley\'s stalled racer out of a chicane area, three track workers rushed into the path of Willy T. Ribbs\'s car, which was coming around the corner. Two of them were hurt when colliding with the car\'s rear. The third sustained fatal injuries when he was hit and overrun by the left rear wheel.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Gary|Avrin|nolink=1}}|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} July 14, 1996 CART Toronto street circuit Molson Indy Toronto Race Marshal After Jeff Krosnoff\'s racer had touched wheels with that of Stefan Johansson, it was catapulted into the air and fatally struck a track worker who was positioned behind the wall lining the track while on its way into the catch fence where it disintegrated on impact, the cockpit coming to a stop against the opposite wall. Krosnoff was killed, too. Another marshal was slightly hurt.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Kenneth|Fox|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} July 26, 1998 CART Michigan Speedway U.S. 500 Race Spectator On lap 175, Adrián Fernández slammed into the outside wall in turn four. His right front wheel was torn off and hurled over the fence into the stands, killing three spectators and injuring six others.
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Sheryl|Laster|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki}
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Michael|Tautkus|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki}
nowrap\| `{{flagathlete|{{sortname|Barry|Mobley|nolink=1}}|USA}}`{=mediawiki} May 1, 1999 IRL Lowe\'s Motor Speedway VisionAire 500K Race`{{refn|group=note|name=abandoned}}`{=mediawiki} Spectator On lap 59, Stan Wattles crashed into the outside wall in turn four, shearing off both right-side wheels. John Paul Jr.\'s car hit one of them, propelling it over the fence into the stands. As a result, three spectators were killed and eight others, two of whom were children, sustained injuries. The race was abandoned before completing the necessary 104 laps to be official
| 1,312 |
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# Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase
**Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase** is a type of enzyme called a phosphotransferase and is involved in mammalian starch and sucrose metabolism (KEGG, [2.7.1.106](http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.1.106) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716233910/http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.1.106 |date=2011-07-16 }}`{=mediawiki}). It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glucose-1-phosphate, yielding 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose-1,6-bisphosphate.
~(image\ courtesy\ of\ the\ BRENDA\ enzyme\ database)~
The enzyme requires a divalent metal ion cofactor. Zinc (Zn^2+^), Magnesium (Mg^2+^), Manganese (Mn^2+^), Calcium (Ca^2+^), Nickel (Ni^2+^), Copper (Cu^2+^), Cadmium (Cd^2+^) are all proven effective cofactors *in vitro*. Additionally, the enzyme appears to function optimally in a pH range from 7.3--8.7 and at a temperature of 25 °C.
## Metabolic significance of the catalyzed reaction {#metabolic_significance_of_the_catalyzed_reaction}
The main product, glucose-1,6-bisphosphate, appears to have several functions:
1\. Inhibition of hexokinase, an enzyme used in the first step of glycolysis.
2\. Activation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and pyruvate kinase, both of which are enzymes involved in activation of the glycolytic pathway.
3\. It acts as a coenzyme for phosphoglucomutase in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
4\. It acts as a cofactor for phosphopentomutase, which produces D-ribose-5-phosphate. 5. acts as a phosphate donor molecule for unknown nonmetabolic effector proteins.
6\. It increases in concentration during skeletal muscle contraction.
7\. Its dephosphorylation yields glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important precursor molecule in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate is most likely used in correlation with gluconeolysis. The product's inhibition of hexokinase and activation of PFK-1 and pyruvate kinase is indicative of its role in glycolysis. Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate inhibit hexokinase stopping the production glucose-6-phosphate from D-glucose. Its activation of PFK-1 and pyruvate kinase shows that glycolysis still continues without the production of glucose-6-phosphate from D-glucose. This means that the glucose-6-phosphate needed for glycolysis most likely comes from gluconeolysis.
The reactant glucose-1-phosphate is produced by gluconeolysis. This reactant can also form D-glucose-6-phosphate, which is needed for glycolysis. It can therefore be inferred that it is possible when glucose-1-phosphate is produced, it makes glucose-1,6-bisphosphate (with glucose-1,6-bisophosphate synthase) and glucose-6-phosphate. The glucose-1,6-bisphosphate increase the activity of glycolysis, of which glucose-6-phosphate is a reagent.
In addition, one of the reactants (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate) and one of the products (3-phosphoglycerate) are intermediates in the \'payoff\' phase of glycolysis. In other words, two molecules involved with glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase are able to be both created and recycled in the glycolytic pathway.
The reactant glucose 1-phosphate is an important precursor molecule in many different pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
## Regulation of the enzyme {#regulation_of_the_enzyme}
Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase is allosterically inhibited by inorganic phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate (a product), citrate, lithium, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and acetyl CoA.
The inhibition of the enzyme by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is most likely a feedback inhibition due to the product of the enzyme (glucose-1,6-bisphosphate) activation of PFK-1 (the enzyme which produces fructose-1,6-bisphosphate). When too much fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is produced, it inhibited the production of more PFK-1 activator.
The enzyme is also inhibited by PEP, which is a reagent of pyruvate kinase. The product of glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase (glucose-1,6-bisphosphate) activates pyruvate kinase.
Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase appears to be activated by the presence of one of its substrates: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate).
## Enzyme structure {#enzyme_structure}
No structure determination of glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase has been documented to date. Nevertheless, studies have shown that its structure appears to be markedly similar to a related enzyme called phosphoglucomutase. Both enzymes contain serine linked phosphates in their active sites, both have the same molecular weights, and both require a metal ion cofactor. Perhaps most importantly, both enzymes produce glucose-1,6-bisphosphate as either a product or an intermediate.
## Relevant links {#relevant_links}
KEGG: starch and sucrose metabolism with glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase (EC# 2.7.1.106)\
<http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00500+2.7.1.106>
BRENDA enzyme database link for glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase (EC# 2.7.1.106)\
<http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.1.106> `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716233910/http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.1.106 |date=2011-07-16 }}`{=mediawiki}
Structure of phosphoglucomutase in the protein data bank\
<http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore
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# 4:30
***4:30*** is a 2005 drama film directed by filmmaker Royston Tan and starring Xiao Li Yuan and Kim Young-jun. It is Tan\'s second feature after *15: the Movie*. The film is made on a budget of S\$400,000. It was released in Singapore on 29 June 2006. The film traces the relationship between Xiao Wu, an eleven year old Chinese Boy and his tenant Jung, a thirty-something Korean man. The movie\'s main theme is loneliness most prominently portrayed through Xiao Wu\'s character. Dialogue in the film included English, Mandarin and Korean.
The film participated in the 2005 NHK Asian Film Festival. It also won the Grand Prix Award for Best Film at the 2006 Bratislava International Film Festival, the Netpac Award at the 26th Hawaii International Film Festival, and the Best Film Award at the Rome Asian Film Festival.
## Plot
While waiting for his mother to return to Singapore from an overseas trip in Beijing, Xiao Wu has to share living space with a Korean man named Jung whom his mother had met while on a trip in Seoul. It is unknown what the relationship of Xiao Wu\'s mother and Jung is, but for whatever reason Xiao Wu\'s mother has allowed Jung to be the lone tenant in her house with Xiao Wu while she is away in Beijing on another trip. Xiao Wu sometimes receives calls from his mother checking up on him asking if he is eating and still has enough pocket money left.
Throughout the film, Jung does not communicate much with Xiao Wu and is shown to be a distant, depressed and suicidal character even once attempting to commit suicide by hanging in the kitchen and by later on by drowning himself in a bathtub. The source of his pain is never revealed in the film but it is implied that it has something to do with a woman. Xiao Wu on the other hand is a very lonely character as he does not have any friends at school, and often gets into trouble with teachers in his class. He longs for Jung\'s attention and spends most of his time doing various things to get it. Alone and trying to find various ways to entertain himself Xiao Wu develops various habits including going to clinics after school to obtain cough syrup bottles and drinking them, and playing with the house\'s indoor furniture and most notably sneaking into Jung\'s room at 4:30 am while Jung is deep asleep to rummage through his personal belongings in order to take away an item of his each night. Xiao Wu likes to collect an item from Jung\'s room and detail down the item in a book where he has compiled a list of things that he has taken from Jung as this is his way of finding out more about Jung and feeling closer to him.
One day Xiao Wu decides to sit beside Jung while he is smoking alone on some stairs and crying, Jung looks at him and says something in Korean while pointing to Xiao Wu\'s head and heart. Xiao Wu also starts to cry and leans on Jung\'s arm/shoulder. The following day Xiao Wu finds some Korean instant noodles on the dining table made by Jung for him. Jung has left a note with some Korean words on it which Xiao Wu subsequently collects and keeps in his book. Xiao Wu also cuts up a part of his clothing which is stained with Jung\'s tears from the night before and keeps it inside his book. Xiao Wu decides to make some orange juice for Jung and buys some ice cream for him as he had witness Jung buy the same ice cream from an ice cream vendor before and gets the flavors that Jung liked. He prepares these items and leaves it in front of Jung\'s room, waiting for Jung to come home at night.
After dozing of in his own room while waiting for Jung to return, Xiao Wu awakens in the middle of the night and walks into Jung\'s room to find that his room has been tidied and cleaned and blankets set up cleanly(implying that Jung has left). Xiao Wu panics and searches the house and staircase area aimlessly. He spends the next few days sitting under the house clock while hugging the book which contains all of Jung\'s memorabilia. Xiao Wu spends some of his nights after that staying up past 4:30 and rewinding the clock hands to that timing manually as he waits in futile for Jung to return someday. One day bored and restless Xiao Wu takes a flashlight in his hand and stands by the window and imagines Jung\'s hands holding his as he flashes light from it, Xiao Wu starts to cry as he comes to terms that Jung might never come back and he is left all alone. The film ends with ambiguity showing Xiao Wu closing some of the windows in the house and painting a coat of black over them as the film cuts to the closing credits.
## Cast
- Xiao Li Yuan as Xiao Wu
- Kim Young-jun as Jung
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# 4:30
## Release
The film made its world premiere at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival in 2006.
## Critical response {#critical_response}
Felix Cheong of Today gave it 4 out of 5 pluses.
## Adaption
On 20 June 2008, National Library Board and the National Book Development Council of Singapore launched the "Screen to Print" books where three chosen local films, *12 Storeys*, *Eating Air* and *4.30* were adapted from screen to book. *4.30* was written by Yeo Wei Wei
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# Miles Hilton-Barber
**Miles Anthony Hilton-Barber** (born c. 1949) is a Zimbabwean-British blind adventurer. He undertakes a variety of expeditions all around the world to raise awareness and money for a charity organization, and blind people in general. His recent trips include flying from London to Sydney in a micro-light, climbing Mont Blanc and running across the Gobi Desert.
Hilton-Barber grew up in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where his father, Lt.-Col. Maurice Hilton-Barber `{{Post-nominals|country=GBR|DFC|OBE|size=100%|sep=,}}`{=mediawiki}, was Director of Civil Aviation in Rhodesia. Prior to losing his sight, he aspired to be a fighter pilot like his father and two uncles, but failed the eye exam at age 18. At age 21 he was diagnosed with the genetic deteriorative condition, retinitis pigmentosa, and believed until age 50 that his life would be dull and extremely limited. His brother, Geoff, was also diagnosed with the same condition and was also fully blind by age 40 but became an adventurer in multiple extreme sports, including skydiving, sailing, and mountain and desert hiking. After Geoff set the record as the first blind sailor to cross an ocean solo, sailing from Durban, South Africa to Perth, Australia in 1997, Miles was inspired to also become an adventurer
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# Mendel funicular
The **Mendel Funicular**, (*Mendelbahn*, *Funicolare della Mendola* `{{IPA|it|funikoˈlaːre della ˈmendola|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a funicular railway in Italy. It connects the Überetsch plateau with the Mendel Pass.
## Track
In the twelve minutes of the journey trains rise 854 m. The whole track is located in a rocky region sometimes covered by a forest, and this needs many bridges and tunnels.
## History
The funicular was planned by Emil Strub as part of a link to connect Bolzano with the Mendel Pass, by linking to the St. Anton terminus of the Überetsch Railway. In 1903 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria opened the line itself after nearly one year of construction. The line was at the time one of the lengthiest funiculars in Europe. Until 1934 tourists could use the funicular and some other railways to make a journey around the Mendel.
## Today
Today`{{when|date=November 2015}}`{=mediawiki} the line is still working, and often used by tourists to reach the Mendel Pass. In 2004 there was an accident on the funicular, in which a driver lost his life.
Image:FunicolareMendola1-2009.jpg\|Arriving at Mendel Pass Image:FunicolareMendola2.jpg\|On the line Image:FunicolareDellaMendola Incrocio.JPG\|View from behind the driver Image:MendelPass
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# Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds
The **Documentation Center Nazi Party Rallying Grounds** (German: **Dokumentationszentrum Reichsparteitagsgelände**) is a museum in Nuremberg. It is in the north wing of the unfinished remains of the Congress Hall of the former Nazi party rallies. From 2001 to 2020, it housed the \"Fascination and Terror\" exhibition concerning the causes, connections, and consequences of Nazi Germany. The center is currently under renovation and houses an interim exhibition. Attached to the museum is an education forum.
## Architecture
In 1994 the city council of Nuremberg decided to establish the Documentation Center. Austrian architect Günther Domenig designed the museum, winning the 1998 international competition with his proposal to spear through the northern head of the building with a diagonal glass and steel passageway. Inherent in the gesture of this project is a pun `{{clarify|date=August 2022}}`{=mediawiki} on the name and a refutation of the chief Nazi architect Albert Speer who had directed a masterplan for this site including a Zeppelin Field, a stadium to hold 400,000, a March Field for military exercises, a Congress Hall for 50,000, and a 55 m wide Great Road. This is where Speer had created the \"cathedral of light\" and where the Nazis drew nearly a million people in rallies between 1933 and 1938. These were captured on film by Leni Riefenstahl in *Triumph of the Will*. Domenig, the son of a Nazi judge, confronted his own personal history in addition to the history and Nazi architecture of the project\'s site. On 4 November 2001 the project was unveiled by Johannes Rau, then President of Germany.
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# Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds
## Exhibition
The former permanent exhibition \"Fascination and Terror\" (*Faszination und Gewalt*) studied the causes, coherence, and consequences of National Socialism. It described the Nazi Party Rallies and explained the fascination they exercised upon participants and visitors. At the same time, the exhibition endeavored to explain what led to the National Socialists\' criminal exercise of power and to reveal how the various causal factors were interrelated. A further goal was a frank presentation of the violent consequences that ensued for the population. The events that are inseparably linked with Nuremberg (\"city of the party rally\" --- *Stadt der Reichsparteitage*) and the National Socialist period were also explained: the activities of Julius Streicher, editor of the anti-Semitic rabble-rousing weekly *Der Stürmer* (*The Storm Trooper*), the history of the Nuremberg Rally, the proclamation of the so-called Nuremberg Laws in 1935, the buildings of the Nazi party rally grounds and the trouble with Nazi architecture after 1945, and the criminal Nuremberg Trials against the chief executives of the National Socialist agenda in 1945--1946 and twelve succeeding trials. The exhibition concluded with an examination of the problem that has been with Germany since 1945: how Germans should deal with the legacy in stone left at the Party Rally Grounds by the National Socialists.
The exhibition was structured in chronological order. The individual exhibition rooms varied in size and structure. They ranged from corridors of just a few square meters in size to large halls. The exhibition area offered a total of 1,300 square meters of floor space.
The exhibition was presented in narrative form. Use was made of classical exhibition methods as well as of modern forms of presentation. Five films newly created for the Documentation Center were essential elements on the route through the exhibition. Easy-to-use electronic display stations on various topics offered a wealth of informative pictorial material. Eyewitness interviews which were especially filmed were aimed at making history much more amenable, particularly for the younger generation. A wearable \"Audioguide\" led visitors through the exhibition in English, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian, and Polish.
The exhibition \"Fascination and Terror\" was closed at the end of 2020 and the City of Nuremberg started expanding the Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds. From May 2021, a specially designed Interim Exhibition, \"Nuremberg -- Site of the Nazi Party Rallies. The Staging, the Experience, the Violence,\" in the large Exhibition Hall of the Documentation Center, presents a concise history of the Nazi Party Rallies and the Grounds. The opening of a new permanent exhibition is planned for 2025. This new exhibition will occupy a larger space and offer expanded content as well as a Media and Research Center.
## Education forum {#education_forum}
The attached education forum was in the glazed cube on the roof of the congress hall. A union of seven Nuremberg educational institutions under the management of the *museen der stadt nürnberg* makes possible an extensive and target group oriented program. The offer extended from 45 minute exhibition tours to several day seminars aimed at school classes for both youth and adult groups. The content included such topics as \"the power of images\", \"youth between adaptation and resistance\", and \"the system of concentration camps.\"
The partners of the education center are:
- Geschichte Für Alle e.V. -- Institut für Regionalgeschichte
- Jugendakademie im Caritas-Pirckheimer-Haus
- Jugendzentrum für kulturelle und politische Bildung der Stadt Nürnberg
- Jugendring/Kreisjugendring Nürnberg-Stadt
- Kunst -und Kulturpädagogisches Zentrum der Museen in Nürnberg
- Menschenrechtsbüro der Stadt Nürnberg
- Nürnberger Menschenrechtszentrum e.V.
## Awards
In 2001, the Innovation-prize of the Nuremberg region was awarded to the partners of the Documentation Center in the education forum.
In 2002, the British Guild of Travel Writers awarded the Documentation Center with an award for *Best New Overseas Tourism Project*.
In 2004, Günther Domenig was honored by the 9th International Architecture Exhibition of the Venice Biennale in their section \"Transformations.\" The citation remarked on the opposition of the geometry between the project by Domenig versus the existing structure, and the resulting creation of a profound memorial.
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# Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds
## Information system {#information_system}
Since May 2006, the exhibition in the Documentation Center had been supplemented by an information system with 23 stele in the grounds, that made possible an individual tour of the former Nazi Party Rallying Grounds.
## Literature
-
-
-
## Video
- \"[*Ruins of the Reich*](http://www.historyquests.com) R.J
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# Way of Human Rights
The **Way of Human Rights** (*\'\'\'Straße der Menschenrechte\'\'\'*) is a monumental outdoor sculpture in Nuremberg, Germany. It was opened on 24 October 1993. It is sited on the street between the new and old buildings of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, connecting Kornmarkt street and the medieval city wall.
In 1988, a twelve-person jury from the Germanisches Nationalmuseum held a design competition to decide on the artistic design of the Kartäusergasse street in Nuremberg.
The winner was a proposal by Israeli artist Dani Karavan consisting of a gate, 27 round pillars made of white concrete, two pillars buried in the ground showing only a round plate, and one columnar oak, for a total of 30 pillars.
Engraved in each pillar is one article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in German and another language. The pillars are 8 metres in height, 80 cm in diameter, and spaced regularly at 5 metres along an axis. The north gate mirrors the medieval city gate located at the south end of the street.
The site of project has a layered history, including the remnants of a monastery, the medieval city wall, buildings designed by Sep Ruf in the 1950s and 1960s, and a glass-enclosed entrance designed by the firm ME DI UM in 1993.
This sculpture is part of Nuremberg\'s efforts to shake off its Nazi-era reputation as the \"City of the Party Rallies\" and reinvent itself as a \"City of Peace and Human Rights\".
In 2001, Nuremberg was honored for this attempt at transformation with the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education, the *Way of Human Rights* being specifically cited. The monument is intended as both a repudiation of past crimes and a permanent reminder that human rights are still regularly violated. Nuremberg\'s prize for human rights, the Nuremberg International Human Rights Award, is awarded on the site every two years
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# Nan Aye Khine
**Nan Aye Khine** (*နန်အေးခိုင်*) born 19 September 1976) is a Burmese weightlifter who competed in the women\'s 48 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She originally finished fourth, but tested positive for a steroid and was disqualified
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# Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester
The **Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science** (CEAS) University of Manchester was formed by the merger in 2004 of the former UMIST departments of Chemical Engineering, and DIAS - the Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Sciences - and the Centre for Process Integration. After formation of the University of Manchester, the department was known as the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, however was renamed in 2019 following a faculty-wide restructuring. The department inherits a longstanding association of Chemical Engineering and UMIST, indeed the discipline was founded by a series of lectures given there by George E. Davis in 1888.
The professors of technological chemistry in the Faculty of Technology, Victoria University of Manchester, were W. J. Pope (1905--08), E. Knecht (1909--18), F. L. Pyman (1918--27) and J. Kenner (1928-50)
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# Garachi
The **Garachi** (*Qaraçı*; *Qereçî*), also spelled **Karachi** or **Karaci**, are a group of the Dom people living in Azerbaijan and Turkey. Little research has been done on the Garachi, and most of what is known about them is based on the works of the 19th-century Russian scholars Kerope Patkanov and Jean-Marie Chopin.
The term *Garachi* is sometimes used to describe the Domari-speaking people of northern Iran. The confusion is explained by the fact that both groups live in the regions populated mostly by Azeri-speakers who apply the word *Garachi* to medieval collective migrants from Karachi from Sindh.
## Origins and history {#origins_and_history}
Even though the Garachi of Azerbaijan and Turkey call themselves *Dom* (the name *Garachi* was given to them by the local population and derives from the Azeri word *qara* - \"black\" and the suffix *-çı* denoting the stem-word\'s function/occupation), they do not seem to share same origins with the Dom people. According to Jean-Marie Chopin, the Azerbaijani Garachi descend from the medieval Romani nomads of Central Asia. In 1944, Vasily Yan suggested that the Garachi of Azerbaijan and the Dom of Iran (sometimes referred to as the Garachi) differ in terms of their origins.
In 1887, Kerope Patkanov stated that the Garachi of the South Caucasus (then part of the Russian Empire) numbered 2,399 people living mostly in the Goychay uyezd (present-day Goychay, Ujar, Agsu, and Ismayilli districts of Azerbaijan) and Nakhchivan. The largest Garachi settlement was named after them and is situated around 4 km southeast of Khacmaz town in Khachmaz region.
Their main occupation was the production of household items such as baskets, sieves and chewing gum made by men and sold by women in the neighbouring towns. Among other sources of income Patkanov lists fortune-telling and cattle larceny. Nomadic Garachi groups used to train animals and make street song-and-dance performances. This practice was described in the famous 1913 story *Garaja giz* by the Azeri writer Suleyman Sani Akhundov.
## Language
Patkanov\'s analysis of the language of the Garachi (based on 101 common phrases) indicated that despite being Indo-Aryan, it is not mutually intelligible with any of the Romani or Domari dialects of the Balkans, Russia, or the Middle East. In addition to it, the Garachi observed by Patkanov spoke Azeri and sometimes Tat as a second and third language respectively.
Here are four phrases in Garachi and Romani languages with translation.
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Garachi | Romani | English translation |
+========================================+================================+=====================================+
| : \- Salamalikim, baro, kefoj kybra? | : \- Selamo, baro, sökerdan? | : \- Hello, brother, how are you? |
| : \- Kasta mashgul astoj? | : \- So keresa? | : \- What are you doing? |
| : \- Ma dom astum! | : \- Me sem rom! | : \- I am Gipsy (Dom, Rom)! |
| : \- Kiti dom astak? | : \- Kicik romen san? | : \- How many Gypsies are there? |
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
## Present-day {#present_day}
Most Garachis nowadays are settled and live in communities in Yevlakh, Agdash, Gakh, Khachmaz and Baku suburbs numbering altogether around 2,000 people. Small communities in Shusha and Jabrayil were driven out by the Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Presently the Garachi are undergoing cultural and linguistic assimilation by Azeris. Modern Garachi couples tend to have 2 to 3 children as opposed to 5 and above, as was often the case throughout their history
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# Henry Heth (businessman)
**Henry Heth** (1764-1822) was a Virginia officer and businessman. After settling in Chesterfield County, Virginia near Richmond circa 1759, he established and ran the Black Heath coal mines following the American Revolutionary War. During that conflict, Heth and his brothers served officers in the Continental Army and would become founding members of the Society of the Cincinnati. Heth became involved in many commercial activities in Richmond and Norfolk from the late 1790s to his death.
## Family and early life {#family_and_early_life}
Although one source discussed below names him as likely born in the British Colony of Virginia around 1759 to 1772, Heth first appears age 18 years old on a Virginia state census conducted in Richmond in 1782. A 1764 birthdate is also consistent with his age being given as 23 years old on his marriage certificate in 1787.
According to Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Henry Heth came to Virginia from England in 1759 along with his brothers, William and John, and after the American Revolutionary War all three became charter members of the Society of the Cincinnati. According to Tyler, this Harry Heth (Sr.) served in the American Revolutionary War and had a son, Henry, who served in the War of 1812. This subsequent Henry had a son named John. Another reference states \"that John Heth emigrated from the North of Ireland in the earlier half of the eighteenth century\" and \"settled first in Pennsylvania not far from Pittsburgh\".
According to a family history published in 1934, Harry Heth was the son of a man named Henry Heth who was born in Ireland on November 16, 1718. That Henry Heth \"came to the colonies from Newgate Prison as an indentured servant\". That Henry Heth Sr. married Agnes McMachan around 1749 in Frederick County, Virginia. According to various records, Heth Sr. acquired land near Fort Pitt (modern day Pittsburgh) and when the Revolutionary War broke out, he was a captain of an independent company stationed near Fort Pitt.
In his will dated March 30, 1793, Henry Heth Sr. named his six sons: William, Andrew, John, Henry, Hervy, and Richard. While none of his daughters is explicitly mentioned, Gabriel Peterson (his son-in-law) was a witness and executor. Henry also indicates that some of his children are minors, so at least two children were born in or after 1772. A 1797 land document gives the birth order of Henry\'s sons living at that time: William, John, Harvey, Henry, and Richard. It appears that Andrew has died. Henry is also listed as having six daughters, among them Mary (wife of Capt. Robert Porterfield) and Anne or Nancy (wife of Lieut., later Col. Josiah Tannehill). Henry Heth Sr. and his sons served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and received numerous land grants for their service.
## Military service {#military_service}
Henry \"Harry\" Heth served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Several points obscure his service. First, his father was named Henry and also served in the army. This senior Heth was the captain of an independent company stationed near Fort Pitt in western Pennsylvania. Another Henry Heth served as a quartermaster for a Virginia regiment during the war. Lastly, Harry may not have been old enough to be a soldier during the Revolutionary War, which technically required recruits to be 16 years old. In a 1782 census of the city of Richmond, he is listed as 18 years old.
Later, beginning in February 1814, during the War of 1812, Captain Henry Heth led a cavalry troop from Chesterfield County, which in August 1814 (as British troops in Chesapeake Bay burned the new national capital and plantations in Virginia and Maryland, this Henry Reth was promoted to Major and his troop attached to General Richard Porterfield\'s Brigade which remained in the Richmond area to defend the state capital.
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# Henry Heth (businessman)
## Business career {#business_career}
Regardless of whether he served in the Revolutionary War, sometime in the 1780s Heth came to live in the Richmond, Virginia area. In 1795, along with John Stewart, Heth bought a 99.5-acre piece of land upon which the Black Heath coal pits were situated (near modern Midlothian. This was to be the beginning of a 55-year association between the Black Heath pits and the Heth family. Heth began to improve the pits, which until recently had only consisted of shallow pits in the ground, until they were the largest coal pits in the United States. Such was the quality of the coal from Black Heath that President Thomas Jefferson ordered some to be used in heating the White House.
Harry Heth maintained offices in Norfolk and Manchester (across the James River at Richmond), where he engaged in the coal business. Heth owned several coal mines in the area now known as Midlothian in northwestern Chesterfield County. Colonel Heth participated in working the Railey family\'s coal pits and became the owner of the Black Heath coal pits. Colonel Heth owned slaves, and prior to the American Civil War (and emancipation), the mines were largely worked with African Americans, mostly slaves. Manchester, at the head of navigation on the James River, was the closest export port for Heth\'s coal.
Enslaved as well as free labor operated the mines or Heth\'s Chesterfield County farm. In the 1820 census, Henry Heth owned 48 enslaved people in Chesterfield County, including 20 adult males between 26 and 44 years old, 10 males between 14 and 25 years old, 7 men older than 45 years old and 7 boys under 14 years old, and the same census indicated 45 people worked in agriculture.
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# Henry Heth (businessman)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Harry Heth married Nancy Hare (1772--1846) on November 10, 1787, in Richmond. Nancy bore eight children:
- Lavinia R. Heth (1791--1815), married Beverley Randolph and had two children
- Henry Heth (1793--1824), married Eliza Ann Cunliffe (daughter of fellow coal mine owner John Cunliffe)
- Catherine \"Kitty\" Heth, married Archibald Morgan Harrison (1794--1842) and had three children
- John Heth (1798--1842), married Margaret Leach Pickett (1801--1850) and had eleven children
- Virginia Heth, married Richard E. Cunningham and had no children
- Caroline Heth, married Temple Gwathmey
- Beverley Heth (1807--1842), married Virginia Gwathmey
- Harriet Heth (1810--1848), married Miles Cary Selden (1805--1880) and had eight children
Although Henry Heth Jr. survived his father by two years, his younger brother John Heth (1798--1842), inherited Black Heath, the family house along the (old) Buckingham Road near the Black Heath mines. At this house that his grandson, future Confederate Major General Henry Heth was born in 1825, about four years after Colonel Heth\'s death in Savannah, Georgia in 1821
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# Tara Snyder
**Tara Snyder** (born May 26, 1977) is a former tennis player from the United States, who started a professional career in May 1995. She reached her highest individual ranking in the WTA Tour on November 16, 1998, when she was ranked No. 33 in the world. Snyder won the silver medal at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, after losing the final to Venezuela\'s María Vento-Kabchi. Tara won the US Junior Open and was regarded as one of the top US youth tennis players of her time.
Tara Snyder\'s father Darrel Snyder was a tennis teaching instructor and taught her the game. Tara\'s uncle Dave Snyder was the Texas Longhorns tennis coach for many years
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# Balitang K
***Balitang K*** was a Philippine television news and current affairs magazine show, hosted by Korina Sanchez and broadcast by ABS-CBN from July 8, 1996 to March 2, 2001. This was Sanchez\'s first show after *Magandang Umaga Po* ended.
The program was an offshoot of the Balitang K segment of *TV Patrol* when Sanchez replaced Mel Tiangco after the latter was suspended from the network until Noli de Castro became the sole anchor of the newscast in 1996. *TV Patrol* was reformatted in 1996 because of the success of Mexican telenovela, *Marimar* aired on RPN. To improve the ratings of ABS-CBN, *Balitang K* was launched as a pre-program to *TV Patrol*. *Balitang K* aired after the public service program, *Hoy Gising!*. The program was off the air from December 7, 2000 to January 16, 2001 due to the ongoing Impeachment trial of then President Joseph Estrada.
In 2001, *TV Patrol* anchor Noli de Castro ran for a senate seat and Sanchez was appointed as his replacement. Kris Aquino took over the latter\'s hosting job in the reformatted spin-off, *Balitang Kris* on March 5, 2001. However, this new program was cancelled due to low ratings. Aquino became the host of another talk show, *Kris and Tell*.
The format of *Balitang K* was reused for another show, *Rated K*, also hosted by Sanchez when the show moved to TV5 and was retitled as *Rated Korina*, after she signed a contract with Brightlight Productions on October 7, 2020. The second incarnation of *Rated K* premiered on the network\'s Saturday afternoon block on October 24, 2020
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# Lilia Osterloh
**Lilia Osterloh** (born April 7, 1978) is a former tennis player from the United States.
Osterloh became professional in August 1997. She reached her highest singles ranking in April 2001, when she became world No. 41. Her career-high doubles ranking is world No. 77, which she reached in August 1999.
In 2013, Osterloh graduated from Stanford University with a degree in International Relations.
## College
While at Stanford, she won the Honda Sports Award as the nation\'s best female tennis player in 1997
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# Majma' al-Bayan
**Majma' al-Bayan fi-Tafsir al-Qur\'an** (*مجمع البيان في تفسير القرآن*) is a tafsir by the 12th century Imami scholar and author Shaykh Tabarsi.
This commentary is a comprehensive classical tafsir. Tabarsi was a man of great erudition. He was a master of Arabic and a noted theologian and jurist. The work is considered one of the most authoritative Imami Qur\'an commentaries. Al-Tabrisi\'s method is to take up one group of verses at a time and discuss qira'at, language and grammar before providing a detailed commentary on the text, based on both Sunni and Shi'i sources and incorporating his own views. His commentary for each passages are divided into five sections: introductory discourse, reading guide, language discourse, revelation and circumstances surrounding it, and meaning
Majma\' al-bayan is written after Al-Tibbyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran and is clearly dependent on it.
Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi\'s Tafsir Hedayat, an eighteen volume exegesis on the Quran published in Arabic in Iran in the 1980s, is in part a discussion of Majma' al-bayan
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# Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh
The **United Dioceses of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh** is a diocese of the Church of Ireland located in central Ireland. It is in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh.
It is one of eleven Anglican dioceses in the island of Ireland. The geographical remit covers all of County Leitrim, almost all of counties Cavan, Longford and Roscommon, plus smaller parts of counties Westmeath, Sligo, Donegal and Fermanagh.
## Cathedrals
- St Fethlimidh\'s Cathedral, Kilmore
- St John the Baptist Cathedral, Sligo.
There had been two other cathedrals, but are now in ruins.
- St Mel\'s Cathedral, Ardagh was severely damaged by warfare in 1496 and was never restored.
- St Mary\'s Cathedral, Elphin was destroyed by a violent storm on 4 February 1957 and abandoned in favour of St John the Baptist, Sligo in 1961.
The historic sees of Kilmore and Ardagh were intermittently united in the 17th and 18th centuries until they were finally united in 1839. They were further merged with the see of Elphin in 1841 to form the current Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh. It is for this reason that the united diocese has two cathedrals in current use as well as a number of deconsecrated cathedrals.
## Parishes
Each of the dioceses is divided into a number parish groups.
Diocese of Kilmore
`{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Annagh ([[Belturbet]])
* [[Arvagh]]
* [[Bailieborough]]
* Drumgoon ([[Cootehill]])
* [[Drung, County Cavan|Drung]]
* [[Florencecourt]]
* [[Kildallan]]
* [[Kildrumferton]]
* [[Killeshandra]]
* [[Kilmore, County Cavan|Kilmore]] (Cathedral)
* [[Kinawley]]
* Lurgan ([[Virginia, County Cavan|Virginia]])
* [[Manorhamilton]]
* [[Swanlinbar]]
* Urney ([[Cavan]])
}}`{=mediawiki}
Diocese of Elphin
- Boyle and Riverstown
- Calry
- Drumcliff
- Roscommon
- Sligo (Cathedral)
Diocese of Ardagh
- Ardagh
- Mostrim (Edgeworthstown)
- South Leitrim
- Templemichael (Longford)
## List of bishops {#list_of_bishops}
- John Powell Leslie (1841--1854)
- Marcus Gervais Beresford (1854--1863)
- Hamilton Verschoyle (1863--1870)
- Charles Leslie (1870)
- Thomas Carson (1870--1874)
- John Richard Darley (1874--1884)
- Samuel Shone (1884--1897)
- Alfred George Elliott (1897--1915)
- William Richard Moore (1915--1930)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Arthur William Barton (1930--1939)
- Albert Edward Hughes (1939--1950)
- Frederick Julian Mitchell (1950--1955)
- Charles John Tyndall (1956--1958)
- Edward Moore (Bishop of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh) (1959--1981)
- William Gilbert Wilson (1981--1993)
- Michael Hugh Gunton Mayes (1993--2000)
- Kenneth Herbert Clarke (2001--2012)
- Samuel Ferran Glenfield (2013--present)
## Archdeacons
## Overview
The three dioceses of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh were first created in the early and mid 12th-century. The sees of Elphin and Ardagh were established at the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111 and the see of Kilmore (originally called Tirbrunensis, Triburnia or Tybruinensis) at the Synod of Kells in 1152.
Following the Reformation in the 16th century, the church in \"communion with the Bishop of Rome\" used the term \"Catholic\" to distinguish itself from the various Protestant churches. The Parliament of Ireland broke communion when it created the Church of Ireland as the State Religion in the Kingdom of Ireland assuming possession of most Church property. The English-speaking minority mostly adhered to the either the Church of Ireland or, despite the political and economic advantages of membership in the state church, to Presbyterianism.
## Relation with Anglican realignment {#relation_with_anglican_realignment}
The Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh is theologically conservative. Bishop Ferran Glenfield is a supporter of GAFCON Ireland and he attended GAFCON III, held in Jerusalem, on 17--22 June 2018
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# Colne Valley and Halstead Railway
The **Colne Valley and Halstead Railway** (**CVHR**) is a closed railway between Haverhill, Suffolk and Chappel and Wakes Colne, Essex, in England.
## History
A railway in the Colne Valley was first proposed in 1846 when the Colchester, Stour Valley, Sudbury and Halstead Railway Company was incorporated to build a line from Marks Tey on the Eastern Counties Railway to Sudbury, with a branch to Halstead and a line from Colchester to Hythe. A later extension to Bury St. Edmunds and Clare was also approved, however a shortage of funds resulted in only the Stour Valley Railway to Sudbury and the line to Hythe being built.
In 1856, the Colne Valley and Halstead Railway Company was formed by local people to build a branch line from Chappel and Wakes Colne railway station to Halstead. It was authorised on 30 June 1856, and opened on 16 April 1860 between Chappel (north of Marks Tey) and Halstead, a distance of 6 mi.
A 13 mi extension was authorised on 13 August 1859 and opened in stages:
- 1 July 1861 Halstead--Castle Hedingham
- 26 May 1862 Castle Hedingham--Yeldham
- 10 May 1863 Yeldham--Haverhill (CVHR)
Physical connection with the Stour Valley Railway at Haverhill was provided in 1865, and although close relations were maintained with the Great Eastern Railway, the Colne Valley and Halstead Railway remained completely independent until it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway in the 1923 regrouping. The CVHR station, renamed Haverhill South, was closed to passengers in 1924 but remained open for goods until 1965.
## Heritage railway preservation {#heritage_railway_preservation}
The line remained open until 30 December 1961, when passenger traffic ended. In 1965, freight traffic ended, and the line was taken up a year later.
A mile of track was reconstructed in 1973-75 as the Colne Valley Railway, including Castle Hedingham station. In 2012, the site of the former `{{Stnlnk|Yeldham}}`{=mediawiki} station was cleared for a pathway`{{clarify|date=March 2014}}`{=mediawiki}, the most likely site for any future extension.
## Nature reserve {#nature_reserve}
A stretch of the former track north and east of Earls Colne is now the Colne Valley Local Nature Reserve
| 360 |
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| 0 |
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# John Hales (died 1572)
**John Hales** (c.1516 -- 26 or 28 December 1572) was a writer, administrator, and member of parliament during the Tudor period.
## Family
John Hales was the son of Thomas Hales of Hales Place, Halden, Kent, and of \'the daughter of Trefoy of the county of Cornwall\'. He had four brothers and a sister:
- John Hales, who died without issue.
- Christopher Hales, of Coventry, who married Mary Lucy, the daughter of William Lucy, esquire, and Anne Fermor, and sister of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote, Warwickshire.
- Bartholomew Hales (died 1599), esquire, of Snitterfield, Warwickshire, who married Mary Harper, the daughter of George Harper (died 12 December 1558) by his first wife, Lucy Peckham (d. 31 July 1552), daughter of Thomas Peckham.
- Stephen Hales (d. 27 March 1574), esquire, of Newland and Exhall, Warwickshire, freeman of the Merchant Taylors\' Company in 1552, Warden in 1557, 1564 and 1565, and one of the four founders of the Merchant Taylors\' School, who married firstly Amy Morison, the daughter of Thomas Morison of Chardwell, Yorkshire, and sister of Sir Richard Morison, and secondly, before 1561, Bridget Over, widow of John Nethermill, and daughter of Henry Over, who survived him.
- Mildred Hales (died 1596) who married Thomas Docwra (died 1602) of Putteridge in Offley, Hertfordshire; their son, Thomas Docwra, married Jane Peryam, the daughter of Sir William Peryam.
## Under Henry VIII {#under_henry_viii}
According to Lowe, Hales may have spent some time at Oxford, but \'was largely a self-taught scholar of Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and the law\'. He spent his early years in the household of Sir Christopher Hales, Attorney General and Master of the Rolls, and after nine years\' service there, was dismissed after having expressed a wish to leave his employment. By 1535 he was in the service of Thomas Cromwell. In 1537 he was appointed clerk to Sir John Gostwick in the office of First Fruits and Tenths, and by 1541 had become deputy to the Clerk of the Hanaper, Sir Ralph Sadler. In 1545 Hales and Sadler were granted a joint patent for the office. According to Bindoff, the records show that Hales \'bore the brunt of the work\' at the Hanaper, and in addition assisted Sadler with his duties as Master of the Great Wardrobe.
On 6 June 1540, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Hales purchased from Sir Richard Morison the former Priory of St Mary Without Bishopsgate in London for £500, and on 16 December 1544 purchased from Sir Ralph Sadler the former monastery of the Whitefriars in Coventry for £83 12s 6d. Hales converted part of the Whitefriars into a residence, Hales Place, and set up a free grammar school in what had been the choir. In 1545 he was granted licence to establish the free school as King Henry VIII School in the former St John\'s Hospital in Coventry. Hales provided lands valued at 200 marks for the school\'s maintenance.
## Under Edward VI {#under_edward_vi}
When King Edward VI came to the throne in 1547, Hales was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Warwickshire, and became a member of parliament for Preston, Lancashire.
Hales supported the economic policies pursued by the young King\'s uncle, Protector Somerset. Hales was particularly opposed to the enclosure of land, and is said to have been the most active of the commissioners appointed in 1548 to redress this evil. However he failed to carry several remedial measures through Parliament. When Somerset fell from power in October 1549, Hales was imprisoned in the Tower, likely as a result of his support for Somerset\'s policies. He was released in 1550, and after enfeoffing his lands to his brother, Stephen, and to Sir Ralph Sadler, obtained licence on 2 February 1551 to leave England in the company of Sir Richard Morison, who was being sent as ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
## Marian exile {#marian_exile}
Hales lived in Germany with his brother, Christopher, principally at Frankfurt, until Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne. While there he formed a friendship with the scholar Sturmius.
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# John Hales (died 1572)
## Under Elizabeth I {#under_elizabeth_i}
Hales was back in England by 3 January 1559, and resumed his former position at the Hanaper. He was one of the Members of Parliament for Lancaster from 1563 to 1567.
Hales lost royal favour, however, by writing a succession tract entitled *A Declaration of the Succession of the Crowne Imperiall of Inglande*, supporting the title to the crown of the descendants of King Henry VIII\'s younger sister Mary. Mary\'s granddaughter Lady Catherine Grey had secretly married Edward Seymour, and the Queen had had them both imprisoned. Hales took the position that if the Queen were to have no children, Lady Catherine should be next in line to the throne. Hales was imprisoned for his temerity. On 27 April 1564 Sir William Cecil wrote to Sir Thomas Smith that:
> Here is fallen out a troublesome fond matter. John Hales had secretly made a book in the time of the last Parliament wherein he hath taken upon him to discuss no small matter, viz., the title to the Crown after the Queen's Majesty, having confuted and rejected the line of the Scottish Queen, and made the line of the Lady Frances, mother to the Lady Catherine, only next and lawful. He is committed to the Fleet for this boldness, specially because he had communicated it to sundry persons. My Lord John Grey is in trouble also for it. Beside this, John Hales hath procured sentences and counsels of lawyers from beyond seas to be written in maintenance of the Earl of Hertford's marriage. This dealing of his offendeth the Queen's Majesty very much.
With Cecil\'s help Hales obtained his release from prison in 1566, but remained under house arrest for the next four years.
## Death
The date of Hales\'s death is uncertain. According to Bindoff, he died on 26 December 1572, while according to Lowe, he died two days later on 28 December. He was buried in the Church of St Peter le Poer in Broad Street, London. He was sometimes referred to as \"Club-foot\" Hales, supposedly because he had accidentally wounded his foot with a dagger.
## Works
Hales wrote his *Highway to Nobility* about 1543. He wrote *Introductiones ad grammaticum* for his newly founded free school. In 1543 he also published *Precepts for the Preservation of Health*, a translation from Plutarch.
Hales was long thought to be the author of the anonymous tract *The Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England* (1581), but it was subsequently shown to be by Thomas Smith.
## Heir
Hales had never married and left most of his property to his nephew John Hales, a son of his brother Christopher Hales by his brother\'s marriage to Mary Lucy
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# Şule Şahbaz
**Şule Şahbaz** (born 2 October 1978) is a former Turkish weightlifter who competed in the -75 kg division.
She won a gold medal at the 2002 Weightlifting Championship, silver medals at the 1999 and 2004 European Championships and a bronze medal at the 2003 World Championships.
She was scheduled to compete in the women\'s 75 kg weight class at the 2004 Summer Olympics, but tested positive for a banned substance ahead of the Olympics and was disqualified
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| 0 |
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# Herbert Rowse Armstrong
**Herbert Rowse Armstrong** TD MA (13 May 1869 -- 31 May 1922) was an English solicitor and convicted murderer, the only solicitor in the United Kingdom ever hanged for murder. He was living in Cusop Dingle, Herefordshire, England, and practising in Hay-on-Wye, on the border of England and Wales, from 1906 until his arrest on 31 December 1921 for the attempted murder of a professional rival by arsenic poisoning. He was later also charged with, and convicted of, the murder of his wife, the crime for which he was executed.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Armstrong was born at 23 Princes Square, Plymouth, Devon, on 13 May 1869 to a family of modest means. The family later moved to Edge Hill, Liverpool. He was admitted as a sizar to St Catharine\'s College, Cambridge, in 1887, gaining a BA degree in law, and qualified as a solicitor in February 1895. He gained an MA (Cantab.) from St Catharine\'s in 1901. Initially practising in Liverpool, later Newton Abbot, he successfully applied for a vacancy in Hay-on-Wye, Breconshire, in 1906. The following year, he married Katharine Mary Friend of West Teignmouth; the couple had two girls, Eleanor and Margaret, and a boy, Pierson.
The Armstrong family moved into an imposing family home called Mayfield in the village of Cusop Dingle not far from Hay where Armstrong ran his law firm of Cheese & Armstrong. Armstrong was a hard-working man and rose in the social community of the town. He was appointed clerk to the justices. He joined the Volunteer Force and rose to the rank of captain. In 1914 he was called up in the First World War, where he eventually gained the rank of major in the Royal Engineers Territorial Force, and served in France, May to October 1918. After the war, he was usually referred to as \"Major Armstrong\".
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# Herbert Rowse Armstrong
## Death of Mrs Armstrong {#death_of_mrs_armstrong}
In May 1919, Katharine Armstrong\'s health first began to weaken, with certain symptoms that the local physician, Dr Thomas Hincks, diagnosed as a case of brachial neuritis. From this she appeared to recover, and did not need to consult Hincks for over a year. But in August 1920, Mrs Armstrong\'s health, both physical and mental, deteriorated again. Armstrong kept in close contact with Hincks, and showed great concern for his wife, consulting relatives and friends as well. Hincks found that Mrs Armstrong was showing signs of mental collapse and came to the conclusion that it was connected to her illness. At the end of August, Mrs Armstrong was admitted to Barnwood, a private mental asylum near Gloucester. On admission she had pyrexia, vomiting, heart murmurs, and albumen in the urine. There was also partial paralysis in the hands and feet and loss of muscle tone. Mrs Armstrong was also delusional.
Mrs Armstrong\'s condition began to improve at Barnwood, and she was discharged home on 22 January 1921. Shortly after her return home her condition deteriorated again and she died a month after her return on 22 February 1921 at the age of 48. Hincks was puzzled by Mrs Armstrong\'s symptoms, but nevertheless stated on the death certificate that she had died of gastritis, aggravated by heart disease and nephritis. Outwardly, Armstrong had shown nothing but forbearing concern for his wife, sitting at her bedside reading to her in the evenings, and leaving the office early whenever possible to be with her.
It would seem that there had been problems in the marriage. Though authors who have studied the case have assumed that the Armstrongs\' marriage was a failure due to the domineering attitude of Mrs Armstrong to her husband, the precise nature of the Armstrongs\' relationship is far from clear. It was generally held that Mrs Armstrong was a singularly unpleasant woman who regularly abused and humiliated her husband in public, and it did not go unnoticed that, though the local newspaper described Mrs Armstrong as a \'popular Hay lady,\' few people attended her funeral. On the other hand, Mrs Armstrong, whenever separated from her husband due either to her stays in hospitals or to his service in the War, is reported to have expressed her desire for the family to be reunited at the earliest opportunity.
Whatever the truth, service in the First World War had opened up new experiences for the Major and he had had several affairs. He also went to dances in Hay and made passes at local girls. On the day of Mrs Armstrong\'s death, the servants closed all the curtains as a mark of respect. The first thing that Armstrong did on returning home from the office was to open them again.
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# Herbert Rowse Armstrong
## Attempted murder of Oswald Martin {#attempted_murder_of_oswald_martin}
Oswald Martin was Armstrong\'s only rival solicitor in Hay. They were representing opposing parties in a property sale, the Velinewydd estate, which could have resulted in Armstrong\'s client losing and Armstrong having to pay a large sum to Martin\'s client. The details of the transaction remain unclear; Martin subsequently said there was a question about the titles. It appeared that the money entrusted to Armstrong as a deposit on the sale was gone. Martin kept mentioning the matter of completion to Armstrong, but the latter repeatedly delayed and it remained uncompleted by the time of Armstrong\'s trial.
Armstrong eventually invited Martin to a meeting at his home on 26 October 1921. Martin found tea laid out with cakes and buttered scones. Martin probably thought that Armstrong wanted to discuss completion of the property sale, but the two men merely discussed everyday things and office organisation although Martin could have raised the matter himself. Armstrong spoke of being lonely after the death of his wife. During the meeting over tea, Armstrong picked up a scone, said, \"\'scuse fingers\" and handed it to Martin, who ate it. After returning home, Martin became violently ill.
Martin\'s father-in-law, John Davies, the chemist (pharmacist) in Hay, had made several sales of arsenic to Armstrong supposedly to kill dandelions despite the fact that it was the autumn and there were only twenty dandelions in the garden of Mayfield, the Armstrongs\' home. The chemist was suspicious of Martin\'s sudden illness, and when Martin told him he had been to tea at Mayfield, Davies became even more so. Meanwhile, Dr Hincks was struck by how similar Martin\'s symptoms were to those of Katharine Armstrong. Hincks, Martin, and Davies discussed the situation, and Davies warned the Martins against receiving gifts from Armstrong.
It was subsequently discovered that a few weeks before the tea party, a box of chocolates had been anonymously sent to the Martins. Mrs Martin\'s sister-in-law had eaten some and become violently ill. Fortunately, some chocolates remained and when examined, some were found to have a small nozzle-like hole in the base. Dr Hincks contacted the Home Office and explained his suspicions about what had happened to Martin, later voicing suspicions about Mrs Armstrong\'s death. Samples of the chocolates and Martin\'s urine were examined and found to contain arsenic, and the Home Office now passed the case to Scotland Yard. Meanwhile, Armstrong began to bombard Martin with further invitations to tea, which Martin found it increasingly difficult to find excuses to avoid.
Scotland Yard moved slowly so as not to warn Armstrong of their suspicions. They arrested him on 31 December 1921, and he was charged with the attempted murder of Oswald Martin. He maintained he was innocent. When he was arrested, the police found a packet of arsenic in his pocket and many more in his house. Mrs Armstrong\'s body was exhumed and examined by the eminent Home Office pathologist Bernard Spilsbury. Her body was riddled with arsenic ten months after death, and on 19 January 1922, Armstrong was charged with the willful murder of his wife. \"I repeat what I said before. I am absolutely innocent\", said Armstrong.
## Trial
Armstrong\'s trial for the murder of his wife began at Hereford before Mr Justice Darling on 3 April 1922. Armstrong was defended by Sir Henry Curtis-Bennett, one of the leading criminal trial barristers of the day. Public and media interest was enormous. A year earlier there had been a trial at Carmarthen Assizes of another solicitor, Harold Greenwood, for the murder of his wife by poison, supposedly disguised as an illness. Greenwood had been acquitted. The fact that the three men who brought the charges to the police included Armstrong\'s business rival and father-in-law looked suspicious to some people. It was believed by some that Armstrong was being framed. However, despite the widespread belief that he would be acquitted, the prosecution case was a strong one. Katharine Armstrong\'s body was riddled with arsenic and the quantity at the time of her death must have been far higher; Armstrong had made huge purchases of arsenic. The defence had to make the jury believe that Mrs Armstrong had committed suicide by getting out of bed, going downstairs and helping herself to arsenic without anyone seeing or hearing her; or that massive doses of arsenic had somehow got into her system by accident. All witnesses confirmed that towards the end she was almost paralysed. Dr Bernard Spilsbury insisted that the fatal dose must have been taken within twenty-four hours of death, and Dr Hincks affirmed that for Mrs Armstrong to have taken it herself was \"absolutely impossible\".
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# Herbert Rowse Armstrong
## Arsenic poisoning {#arsenic_poisoning}
Then Armstrong had to explain his habits concerning arsenic or the white powder, arsenic trioxide. He claimed that it was his practice to put small portions of arsenic into individual pouches, which he squirted into the ground near spots where dandelions tended to grow. One small pouch was found on his person following his arrest, and there was no reasonable explanation offered for his carrying it around, particularly as the arrest was in December. Armstrong did not come off well under questioning by Mr Justice Darling concerning this point.
After the trial, two possible motives emerged for Katharine Armstrong\'s poisoning. First, Armstrong had decided he wanted a different, more congenial wife. Second, Katharine had written a will in 1917 leaving the bulk of her estate not to her husband, but to their children. Armstrong produced a new will following his wife\'s death, giving him control of her estate, but studies suggest that it was probably forged. For some time before the Velinewydd estate affair, Armstrong\'s business had been in financial difficulties. Difficulties in relation to the sale of the Velinewydd estate made things even worse for him.
However, the evidence against Armstrong, though considerable, was nonetheless circumstantial. No one had seen the Major administering poison, and Mrs Armstrong had occasionally spoken of suicide; some medicines contained arsenic, and there were plenty of other people coming into contact with her at Mayfield. The prosecution failed to show how it was Armstrong and only Armstrong who administered poison, and no one else. As for the Martin poisoning, other than gaining Armstrong a little time, the death of Oswald Martin would not in any way have relieved the Major\'s business problems.
Armstrong made no confession and adamantly maintained his total innocence to the end. On 13 April 1922 at Shirehall, Hereford, he was found guilty of the murder of his wife.\<ref name=\'Scuse\"\>*Famous Trials 2: Herbert Rowse Armstrong, Field and Gray, George Joseph Smith, Ronald True* `{{ISBN|978-0-140-00634-6}}`{=mediawiki} p. 25
## Execution
Mr Justice Darling stated that he concurred with the jury\'s view, and that it was absurd and unsupported by any evidence that Mrs Armstrong had committed suicide. He then sentenced Armstrong to death. On 16 May 1922, the Court of Criminal Appeal dismissed his appeal, and Armstrong was hanged by John Ellis at Gloucester Prison on 31 May 1922. Ellis claimed that before the trap was opened on the gallows Armstrong called out, \"Kitty I\'m coomin to ye!\" although this is unconfirmed. The *News of the World* reported that when asked by the prison governor on the morning of the execution if he had anything to say, Armstrong\'s last words were \"I am innocent of the crime for which I have been condemned to die.\"\<ref name=\'Scuse\"/\>
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# Herbert Rowse Armstrong
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The then-recent Armstrong case was discussed in Dorothy L. Sayers\'s 1927 mystery novel *Unnatural Death*. In addition, the murderer in Sayers\'s 1930 novel *Strong Poison* is caught with packets of arsenic, resembling Armstrong\'s case. In *Detection Unlimited*, a 1953 mystery novel written by Georgette Heyer, a character is compared to Armstrong.
The Armstrong case seems to have loosely inspired the novel *Malice Aforethought* (1931) by Anthony Berkeley Cox (using the pen name Francis Iles).
The Armstrong case was dramatised on the BBC radio series *The Black Museum* in 1952 under the title of *The Champagne Glass*.
Armstrong was also the subject of a 1994 TV mini-series called *Dandelion Dead*, which starred Michael Kitchen as Major Armstrong, Sarah Miles as Katharine Armstrong, David Thewlis as Oswald Martin and Lesley Sharp as Martin\'s wife, Constance. It was directed by Mike Hodges and won a BAFTA in 1995. As well as telling the main story of Armstrong\'s crimes, the series develops the courtship of Martin and his wife and shows the effects of events on Armstrong\'s children.
*Deadly Advice*, a black comedy released in 1994, was set in Hay-on-Wye and had Jane Horrocks becoming a serial killer under the ghostly influence of Armstrong (played by Edward Woodward) and others like Dr Crippen (Hywel Bennett) and Jack the Ripper (John Mills).
In 2019 the case was examined in *Murder, Mystery and My Family*. The judge who re-examined the case concluded that although the prosecution had presented a serious case against Armstrong, the trial judge had erred in law in his summing up, and that his conviction was therefore unsound.
## *The Hay Poisoner* {#the_hay_poisoner}
Armstrong\'s home in Cusop was subsequently owned by Martin Beales, a solicitor working in Armstrong\'s former office in Hay. Beales believed that Armstrong was innocent and published a book arguing his case
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# AppleMasters
**AppleMasters** was a group of selected people from all over the world who used and endorsed the Apple Macintosh computer. According to Apple, AppleMasters were \"an international group of educators, artists, designers, writers, producers, architects, inventors, scientists, business leaders, humanitarians, musicians, athletes, and others who think different.\" Members would be invited to events and workshops to explore creative new ways to use emerging Apple technology - like digital video or CD-ROMs. Later as part of Apple\'s \"Think Different\" advertising campaign, Apple would use the members in various forms of advertising - including company events and commercials. In return, Apple would reimburse the members with free computers, technical support for new ideas, and use of other Apple branded equipment. The more active members included Sinbad, Herbie Hancock, James Woods, Gregory Hines, and Bryan Adams. A list of active members and alumni was included on Apple\'s website.
## Duration of the program {#duration_of_the_program}
The AppleMasters program was launched in 1996. The program was managed globally by Kanwal Sharma. Based on findings at archive.org\'s Wayback Machine, Apple removed the program from their web site on or before August 7, 2002. During the program\'s life, the following people were members: `{{div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Bryan Adams
- Douglas Adams
- Charly Alberti
- Muhammad Ali
- John A. Alonzo
- Garth Ancier
- Dana Atchley
- Harry Marks
- Lauren Bacall
- Michael Backes
- John Perry Barlow
- John Benson
- Richard Benson
- Howard L
| 244 |
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| 0 |
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# Hajjah, Palestine
**Hajjah** (*حجة*) is a Palestinian village in the northern West Bank, located eighteen kilometers west of Nablus in the Qalqilya Governorate of the State of Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 2,659 inhabitants in 2017.
## Location
Hajja is located 15.9 km east of Qalqiliya. It is bordered by Kafr Qaddum and Immatin to the east, Al Funduq and Jinsafut to the south, Kafr 'Abbush, Kafr Laqif and Baqat al Hatab to the west, and Kur to the north.
## History and archaeology {#history_and_archaeology}
Potsherds from the Iron Age, Byzantine and Early Muslim periods have been found at Hajja.
Jewish scholars claim that during the Iron Age, Hajjah hosted inhabitants from the Israelite Tribe of Menashe.
### Hellenistic to Byzantine period {#hellenistic_to_byzantine_period}
Magen identified Hajja with Kfar Hagai (כפר חגי), an ancient Samaritan village from the Hellenistic period. A votive inscription of the third or second century BCE from Mount Gerizim, the holiest site in Samaritanism and then the site of a major temple, reads \"That which Ḥaggai son of Qimi from Kfar Ḥaggai offered\".
In later Samaritan sources, the village is referred to as \"Kiryat Hagga (קרית חגה), the current Arabic name being a direct rendition. It was mentioned as the birthplace of Baba Rabba, who built several synagogues in the area, including in the village of Hagga. The *Tolidah*, a Samaritan historical work, mentions a man named Geber Ben-Karmi of Kiryat Hagga. Mikvehs found in the village indicate that Samaritans inhabited the village during the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods.
### Mamluk period {#mamluk_period}
During the reign of the Mamluk sultan An-Nasir Muhammad, in AH 722/1322 CE, a mosque was constructed in the village. A minaret was added to it in AH 735/1334-35 CE. These building were done in the name of *Muhammed bin Musa bin Ahmed*, a local imam, whose grave stone is also by the mosque, dating his death to AH 749/1348 CE.
### Ottoman period {#ottoman_period}
Hajja was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the *nahiya* of Bani Sa\'b of the *liwa* of Nablus. It had a population of 96 households, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to \"occasional revenues\", a press for olive oil or grape syrup, and a tax for people of the Nablus region; a total of 19,200 akçe. All of the revenues went to a waqf.
In 1838, Robinson noted *Kuryet Hajja* as a village in *Beni Sa\'ab* district, west of Nablus, while in 1870 Victor Guérin noted it from Fara\'ata.
In 1870-71 (AH 1288), an Ottoman census listed the village in the *nahiya* (sub-district) of Bani Sa\'b.
In 1882 the PEF\'s *Survey of Western Palestine* (SWP) noted about *Kuryet Hajja*: \"A good-sized village on high ground, supplied by wells. It has a rock-cut tomb on the west, and appears to be an ancient place.\"
The village\'s en-Naby Rabbah shrine, atop a tell. This site was declared a nature reserve in 1986.
### British Mandate {#british_mandate}
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, *Qariyet Hajjeh* had a population of 642 inhabitants, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 731 Muslims, with 206 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the population was 960 Muslims, with 13,119 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 4 dunams were for citrus and bananas, 1,226 dunams were for plantations or irrigated land, 5,045 were for cereals, while 36 dunams were built-up land.
### Jordanian period {#jordanian_period}
In the wake of the 1948 Arab--Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Hajjah came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,093 inhabitants.
### 1967-present
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Hajjah has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 37.2% of village land was assigned as Area B land, while the remaining 62.8% is assigned Area C.
Israel has confiscated 216 dunums of land from Hajja to establish two Israeli settlements, Karne Shomron and Neve Oramin, with the remainder of the land for these two settlements taken from Jinsafut, Kafr Laqif and Deir Istiya). Israel has also confiscated land from Hajja to build bypass roads and the Israeli West Bank barrier.
## Demographics
Hajjah is considered the initial center of the Bani Sa\'b tribe. Historically, it has absorbed Bedouins from the Arab al-Jabarat group. The current residents of Hajjah trace their ancestry to Egypt, Yemen and Jaffa. They are united in several clans (*\"hamulas\"*), including the Bata-Hamed, Masalha, Da\'as, Ta\'ayun and Farhat clans, among others.
Some families in the village are believed by locals to be the descendants of Samaritan families which had lived in the village until the Middle Ages, when they converted to Islam.
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# Hajjah, Palestine
## Sites
A tell topped by a shrine, known as en-Naby Rabbah, is situated 419 meters west of the village. Local residents claim that this shrine marks the tomb of a saint, identified as one of Jacob\'s grandsons. This saint lacks recognition within mainstream Islam, and no tomb is present at the site. Moshe Sharon suggests that the saint\'s name may preserve the memory of Baba Rabba, a prominent Samaritan leader from the 4th century known for constructing a synagogue at Hajjah. The locals believe that the saint acts as a guardian for their crops. The site and its surroundings were designated as a nature reserve in 1986
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# Paul Carter (academic)
**Paul Carter** is a British academic and writer.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Paul Carter was born and brought up in Faringdon, Oxon., UK attending a local grammar school and later Oxford University. In the 1970s he lived largely in Spain and Italy, working at a variety of jobs in order to support his own poetic education and cultural research. Moving to Australia in the early 1980s, he redirected his interests in poetics and aesthetics to the renarration of the conceptual foundations of white settler society in Australia. His book *The Road to Botany Bay* (1987) introduced the idea of 'spatial history' and was praised by Edward Said ('a brilliantly daring notion of imperialism') and Susan Sontag (an 'ingenious account of nation-founding ... itself a kind of founding book'). His follow-up publication, *The Lie of the Land*, has been widely recognised as a major contribution to postcolonial geography.
Research for this book stimulated an interest in the dynamics of cross-cultural communication, generating a body of radiophonic work and museum installation, supported respectively by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Radio Rundfunk, Cologne and (among others) Hyde Park Barracks (Sydney) and the Museum of Sydney. A multilingual soundscape ('Columbus Echo') designed for the Acquario di Genova led to a collaboration with composer Luciano Berio and to the 'anti-novel' *Baroque Memories* (the Italian translation included a preface by Antonio Tabucchi, who noted how a 'further complication of an already complex situation produces, paradoxically, a simplification and, indeed, a resolution.'
In the late 1990s his studies in the mythopoetic mechanisms of placemaking led to major commissions as a public artist. *Relay* (with Ruark Lewis) for the Sydney 2000 Olympics and *Nearamnew* (a collaboration with Lab architecture studio and Karres en Brands) at Federation Square, Melbourne, used text, typography and ground patterning to integrate 'reading' and 'treading.' There followed numerous public space design projects, independently through the design studio Material Thinking, or in collaboration with leading Australian architects and landscape architects. His story-based tool for urban design and program integration, the 'creative template', was adopted by the Western Australian Government\'s major planning agency, the Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority, in 2016.
His collaborations with artists between 1990 and 2004 were described in the book *Material Thinking: the theory and practice of creative research* (2004). More recently he has focused on the choreography of sociability in public settings, exploring the concept of the designer as dramaturg. His publications in this area are characterized as 'cultural writing,' as the vehicle of the analysis is invariably a distinctive literary style and narrative structure. In *Meeting Place* (2013) he differentiated between encounter and meeting to foreground the performative foundations of civil coexistence. *Places Made After Their Stories* (2015) introduces the notion of 'choreotopography' to characterize the arrangements that emerge from feedback between society and setting. Michael Bull describes his recent book *Amplifications* (2018) as 'personal, poetic -- full of literary allusions connected to significant radio productions re-visited, re-imagined and literally remade. The text is rather like a sonic Proust meeting a John Berger for the ears ...' The radio scripts referred to have been published in *Absolute Rhythm: works for minor radio* (2020).
In 2019 Carter co-edited *Poseidonia Water City: archaeology and climate change*, the catalogue of the exhibition of the same name held at the National Archaeological Museum of Paestum (2019-2020).
Paul has worked as a freelance writer (*Books and Bookmen, Art and Artists, PNR Review*), as a journalist (*The Age Monthly Review,* 1986-1990) and has held various research positions (University of Melbourne 1994-2008; Deakin University (2009-2011) and RMIT where he is Professor of Design (Urbanism).
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# Paul Carter (academic)
## Awards
**2021**. The Australian Book Designer Association, Best Designed Independent Book for Signature.
**2020**. The Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal (Mildura Writers Festival) for Excellence in Literature.
**2018**. Urban Development Institute of Australia (WA), Award for Excellence, Government and Public Use Category (Material Thinking with Taylor, Cullity, Lethlean) for Scarborough Foreshore.
**2018**. Urban Development Institute of Australia (WA), Award for Excellence, Urban Renewal category (Material Thinking with Lyons Architects, IPH architects, Aspect studios) for Yagan Square.
**2018**. Planning Institute of Australia (WA), 'Great Place' award and commendation for 'Best planning Ideas -- Large Project' (Material Thinking with Lyons Architects, IPH architects, Aspect studios).
**2014**. (with Rush Wright landscape architects) AILA Victoria Design in Landscape Architecture Excellence Award for Dandenong Civic Centre landscape.
**2010**. National Landscape Architecture Award of Excellence of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects for Design for \'Golden Grove\', Darlington Public Domain (University of Sydney) Stage Two (with Taylor, Cullity, Lethlean, Landscape Architects).
**2010**. Member of the following team selected to represent Australia at 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale: Loop-Pool / Saturation City, McGauran Giannini Soon (MGS), Bild + Dyskors, Material Thinking, MGS - Eli Giannini, Jocelyn Chiew, Catherine Ranger, Bild - Ben Milbourne, Dyskors - Edmund Carter, Material Thinking - Paul Carter.
**2007**. Merit Award for Design in Landscape Architecture (2007) of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (Victoria) (with Taylor, Cullity and Lethlean) for Darlington Public Domain Stage One, University of Sydney.
**2004**. Excellence for Planning Award of the Australian institute of Landscape Architects (with Taylor Cullity Lethlean, Peter Elliot Architects, and James Hayter and Associates) for North Terrace Precinct (Adelaide.
**2003**. Award for Design Excellence of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, Victoria and Tasmania (with Lab architecture studio, Bates Smart, Karres en Brands Landschapsarchitecten and Equinox Design Group) for Federation Square plaza.
**2003**. Award for Landscape Architecture of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, Victoria and Tasmania (with Lab architecture studio, Bates Smart, Karres en Brands Landschapsarchitecten and Equinox Design Group) for Federation Square plaza.
**2003**. The Woodward Medal for significant contributions to the Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Melbourne.
**1988**. Victorian Premier\'s Award for Non-Fiction for The Road to Botany Bay.
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# Paul Carter (academic)
## Publications
- *Absolute Rhythm: works for minor radio*. Cardiff, Wales: Performance Research Publications, 2020.
- *Signature*, designer Sean Hogan/Trampoline. Melbourne: Lyon Housemuseum, 2020.
- *Amplifications: poetic migration, auditory memory.* New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.
- *Decolonising Governance: Archipelagic Thinking*. London: Routledge, 2018.
- *Places Made After Their Stories: design and the art of choreotopography*, Nedlands WA: University of Western Australia Publishing, 2015.
- *Turbulence: climate change and the design of complexity*, Sydney: Puncher & Wattmann, 2015.
- *Metabolism: The Exhibition of the Unseen*, Melbourne: Lyon Housemuseum, 2015.
- *Ecstacies and Elegies (poems)*, Nedlands, WA: University of Western Australia Publishing, 2013.
- *Meeting Place: the Human Encounter & the Challenge of Coexistence*, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.
- *Ground Truthing: Explorations in a creative region*, Nedlands, WA: University of Western Australia Publishing, 2010.
- *Dark Writing: Geography, Performance, Design*, Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press, 2008.
- *Parrot*, Reaktion Books, London: Reaktion Books 2006.
- *Mythform: the Making of Nearamnew at Federation Square*, Melbourne, Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press/Miegunyah Press, 2005.
- *Material Thinking, The Theory and Practice of Creative Research*, Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 2004, 2014.
- *Repressed Spaces: the poetics of agoraphobia*, London: Reaktion Books, 2002.
- *Depth of Translation, the book of Raft* (with Ruark Lewis), Melbourne: New Music Articles, 1999.
- *Lost Subjects*, Sydney: Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales, 1999.
- *The Lie of the Land*, London: Faber & Faber, 1996.
- *The Calling to Come*, Sydney: Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales, 1996.
- *Hossein Valamanesh*, Sydney: Craftsman House, 1996.
- *Baroque Memories*, Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1994. And: Memorie Barocche, Una stravaganza, trans. Stefano Stoja, preface: Antonio Tabucchi: Lecce: Argo Editrice,1998.
- *Living In A New Country: History, Travelling, Writing*, London: Faber & Faber, 1992.
- *The Sound In-Between Voice, Space, Performance*, Sydney: New Endeavour/University of New South Wales Press, 1992.
- *The Road to Botany Bay, an essay in spatial history*, London: Faber & Faber, New York: Knopf, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, 1988; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
- *Before Cold Mountain*, Poems, Isle-of-Wight: Yellowsands Press, 1973
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) was a British natural philosopher, Dissenting clergyman, political theorist, theologian, and educator. He is best known for his discovery, simultaneously with Antoine Lavoisier, of oxygen gas.
A member of marginalized religious groups throughout his life and a proponent of what was called \"rational Dissent,\" Priestley advocated religious toleration and equal rights for Dissenters. He argued for extensive civil rights in works such as the important *Essay on the First Principles of Government*, believing that individuals could bring about progress and eventually the Millennium; he was the foremost British expounder of providentialism. Priestley also made significant contributions to education, publishing, among other things, *The Rudiments of English Grammar*, a seminal work on English grammar. In his most lasting contributions to education, he argued for the benefits of a liberal arts education and of the value of the study of modern history. In his metaphysical works, Priestley \"attempt\[ed\] to combine theism, materialism, and determinism,\" a project that has been called \"audacious and original.\"
Throughout his life, Priestley was known not only as a political and theological controversialist but also as a natural philosopher. His scientific reputation rested on his writings on electricity, his invention of soda water, and his discovery of 10 previously unknown \"Airs\" (gases), that he reported about from 1774 to 1786 in a giant book of 6 volumes: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air. The most important of these newly discovered airs, was named by Priestley as \"dephlogisticated air\" (oxygen). But Priestley\'s determination to reject Lavoisier\'s \"new chemistry\" and to cling to phlogiston theory left him isolated within the scientific community.
This list classifies all of the works by Priestley. It is taken from Ronald E. Crook\'s *A Bibliography of Joseph Priestley 1733-1804* (unless otherwise noted) and it follows very closely his generic subdivisions. All texts are by Priestley unless otherwise noted and only the first English language editions of the texts are listed below. The dash at the beginning of each entry below is a shorthand for the author\'s name, Joseph Priestley, consistent with standard bibliographic custom.
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Theological and religious works {#theological_and_religious_works}
- ---. *The Scripture Doctrine of Remission*. London: Printed for C. Henderson; R. Griffiths; and P. A. De Hondt, 1761.
- ---. *No Man Liveth to Himself, a Sermon preached before the Assembly of Protestant Dissenting-Ministers, of the counties of Lancaster and Chester, met at Manchester May 16, 1764*\... Warrington: n.p., 1764.
- ---. *A Catechism for Children and Young Persons*. London: n.p., 1767.
- ---. *A Free Address to Protestant Dissenters on the Subject of the Lord\'s Supper*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1768.
- ---. *Considerations on Differences of Opinion among Christians*. London: Printed for J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769.
- ---. *A Serious Address to Masters of Families, with Forms of Family-Prayer*. London: Printed for J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769.
- ---. *Additions to the Address to Protestant Dissenters, on the Subject of the Lord\'s Supper*. London: Printed for Joseph Johnson, 1770.
- ---. *A Familiar Illustration of Certain Passages of Scripture relating to the power of man to do the Will of God, Original Sin, Election and Reprobation, the Divinity of Christ and Atonement for Sin by the Death of Christ*. Leeds, n.p., 1770.
- ---. *Letters to the Author of Remarks on Several Late Publications Relative to the Dissenters*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1770.
- ---. *A Free Address to Protestant Dissenters, on the Subject of Church Discipline*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1770.
- ---. *An Appeal to the Serious and Candid Professors of Christianity*. Leeds: n.p., 1771.
- ---. *Letters and Queries Addressed to the Anonymous Answerer of an Appeal to the Serious and Candid Professors of Christianity*. Leeds: Sold by J. Binns, 1771.
- ---. *A Scripture Catechism, consisting of a Series of Questions, with References to the Scriptures*. n.l: n.p., 1772.
- ---. *Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion*. Vol. 1. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1772.
- ---. *Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion*. Vol. 2. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1773.
- ---. *An Address to Protestant Dissenters on Giving the Lord\'s Supper to Children*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1773.
- ---. *A Sermon Preached before the Congregation of Protestant Dissenters at Mill-Hill Chapel in Leeds, May 16, 1773 . . . On Occasion of his resigning his Pastoral Office among them*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1773.
- ---. *Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion*. Vol. 3. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1774.
- ---. *A Letter to a Layman, on the Subject of the Rev. Mr. Lindsey\'s Proposal for a Reformed English Church*. London: Printed for J. Wilkie, 1774.
- ---. *Harmony of the Evangelists, in Greek*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1777.
- ---. *The Doctrine of Divine Influence on the Human Mind, considered, in a Sermon \[on Matt. 18:3-20\]*. Bath: Printed by R. Cruttwell; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1779.
- ---. *A Harmony of the Evangelists in English*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1780.
- ---. *Two Letters to Dr. Newcome, Bishop of Waterford. On the Duration of our Saviour\'s Ministry*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1780.
- ---. *A Third Letter to Dr. Newcome, Bishop of Waterford, on the Duration of our Saviour\'s Ministry*. Birmingham: Printed by Piercy and Jones, for J. Johnson, London, 1781.
- ---. *A Sermon \[on John 17:19\] preached December the 31st, 1780, at the New Meeting in Birmingham, on undertaking the Pastoral Office in that Place*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1781.
- ---. *The Proper Constitution of a Christian church, considered in A Sermon \[on Revelation 3:2\], preached at the New Meeting in Birmingham, November 3, 1782*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, 1782.
- ---. *Two Discourses; I. On Habitual Devotion, II. On the Duty of not living to Ourselves; Both Preached to Assemblies of Protestant Dissenting Ministers, and published at their Request*. Birmingham: Printed by Piercy and Jones, for J. Johnson, London, 1782.
- ---. *An History of the Corruptions of Christianity*. Birmingham: Printed by Piercy and Jones, for J. Johnson, 1782.
- ---. *Philisophical Solitude: or the Choice of a Rural Life, A Poem*. Printed by Isaac Collins, 1782. Trenton.\[note: not first edition\].
- ---. *Forms of Prayer and other Offices for the Use of Unitarian Societies*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1783.
- ---. *A Reply to the Animadversions on the History of the Corruptions of Christianity*. n.l.:, n.p., 1783.
- ---. *A General View of the Arguments for the Unity of God; and against the Divinity and Pre-existence of Christ, from Reason, from the Scriptures, and from History*. Birmingham: Printed by Piercy and Jones, for J. Johnson, London, 1783.
- ---. *Letters to Dr. Horsley, in Answer to his Animadversions on the History of the Corruptions of Christianity*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1783.
- ---. *Defences of the History of the Corruptions of Christianity*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1783--6.
- ---. *Letters to Dr. Horsley, Part II*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1784.
- ---. *The Importance and Extent of Free Inquiry in Matters of Religion: a Sermon, preached before the Congregation of the Old and New Meeting of Protestant Dissenters at Birmingham*. Birmingham: Printed by M. Swinney; for J. Johnson, London, 1785.
- ---. *Letters to Dr. Horsley, Part III*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1786.
- ---. *An History of the Early Opinions Concerning Jesus Christ . . . Proving that the Christian Religion Was at First Unitarian*. Birmingham: Printed for the author, by Pearson and Rollason, and sold by J. Johnson, 1786.
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Theological and religious works {#theological_and_religious_works}
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- ---. *Letters to the Jews; inviting them to an Amicable Discussion of the Evidences of Christianity*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; sold by J. Johnson, 1786.
- ---. *Letters to the Jews, Part II*. Birmingham: Printed for the author, by Pearson and Rollason; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1787.
- ---. *Discourses on Various Subjects*. Birmingham: Printed for the author, by Pearson and Rollason; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1787.
- ---. *Defences of Unitarianism for the Year 1786*. London: n.p., 1787--90.
- ---. *Letters to Dr. Horne . . . to the Young Men, who are in a Course of Education for the Christian Ministry, at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge*. Birmingham: Printed for the author by Pearson and Rollason; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1787.
- ---. *Defences of Unitarianism for the Year 1787*. Birmingham: Printed for the author by Pearson and Rollason; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1788.
- ---. *Letters to Dr. Geddes*. Birmingham: n.p., 1788.
- ---. *A Sermon \[on Luke 10:36-7\] on the Subject of the Slave Trade; delivered to a Society of Protestant Dissenters, at the New Meeting, in Birmingham*. Birmingham: Printed for the author by Pearson and Rollason; sold by J. Johnson, 1788.
- ---. *The Conduct to be Observed by Dissenters, in Order to Procure the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, recommended in a Sermon \[on 1 Cor. 7:21\], preached before the Congregations of the Old and New Meetings, at Birmingham, November 5, 1789*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1789.
- ---. *Defences of Unitarianism for the Years 1788 and 1789*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson, for J. Johnson, London, \[c. 1790\].
- ---. *Familiar Letters addressed to the Inhabitants of Birmingham, in Refutation of several Charges, advanced against the Dissenters*. Birmingham: Printed by F. Thompson; and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1790.
- ---. *A View of Revealed Religion; A Sermon, preached at the Ordination of the Rev. William Field of Warwick, July 12, 1790*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1790.
- ---. *Letters to the Rev. Edward Burn . . . in Answer to his, on the Infallibility of the Apostolic Testimony, concerning the Person of Christ*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1790. (See Edward Burn for further details.)
- ---. *Letter to Candidates for Orders in Both Universities on Subscription to Articles of Religion*. Cambridge and London: Sold by J & J. Merrill and J. Bowtell, Cambridge; D. Prince and J. Johnson, London, \[1790\].
- ---. *Reflection on Death: A Sermon \[on Matt. 24:26\], on Occasion of the Death of the Rev. Robert Robinson, of Cambridge, Delivered at the New Meeting in Birmingham, June 13, 1790*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Belcher; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1790.
- ---. *The Evidence of the Resurrection of Jesus considered, in a Discourse first delivered in the Assembly-room at Buxton, on Sunday, September 19, 1790*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson, for J. Johnson, London, 1790.
- ---. *The Proper Objects of Education in the Present State of the World Represented in a Discourse delivered on Wednesday, April 27, 1791. At the Meeting-House in the Old-Jewry, London; to the Supporters of the New College at Hackney*. London: J. Johnson, 1791.
- ---. *A Discourse \[on Luke 20:38\] on Occasion of the Death of Dr. Price; delivered at Hackney, on Sunday, May 1, 1791*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1791.
- ---. *Letters to the Members of the New Jerusalem Church, formed by Baron Swedenborg*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1791.
- ---. *An Address to the Methodists*. Birmingham: Printed by Thomas Pearson; and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1791.
- ---. *The Evidences of the Resurrection of Jesus considered, in a Discourse . . . To which is added, an Address to the Jews*. Birmingham: Printed for J. Thompson, for J. Johnson, London, 1791.
- ---. *The Duty of Forgiveness of Injuries: A Discourse \[on Luke 23:24\], intended to be delivered soon after the Riots in Birmingham*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson, for J. Johnson, London, 1791.
- ---. *A Particular Attention to the Instruction of the Young recommended, in a Discourse \[on 2 Cor. 8:9\], delivered at the Gravel-Pit Meeting, in Hackney, December 4, 1791, on entering on the Office of Pastor to the Congregation of Protestant Dissenters, assembling in that Place*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1791.
- ---. *Letters to a Young Man, occasioned by Mr. Wakefield\'s Essay on Public Worship*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1792.
- \--. *Dr. Watts\'s historical catechisms (The catechism of Scripture names for little children, The historical catechism for children and youth), with alterations. \[Followed by\] A catalogue of remarkable Scripture names*, E.B. Robinson, Nottingham,1792.
- ---. *Letters to a Young Man, Part II*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1793.
- ---. *Letters to the Philosophers and Politicians of France, on the Subject of Religion*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1793.
- ---. *A Sermon \[on Psalm 46:1\] Preached at the Gravel-Pit Meeting in Hackney, April 19, 1793. Being the Day appointed for a General Fast*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1793.
- ---. *A Continuation of Letters to the Philosophers and Politicians of France, on the Subject of Religion*. Northumberland: Printed by Andrew Kennedy, 1794.
- ---. *An Answer to Mr. Paine\'s Age of Reason, being a Continuation of Letters to the Philosophers and Politicians of France on the Subject of Religion and of the Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever*. Northumberland: n.p., 1794.
- ---. *The Use of Christianity, especially in Difficult Times; a Sermon \[on Acts 20:32\] delivered at the Gravel Pit Meeting in Hackney, March 30, 1794, being the Author\'s Farewell Discourse to his Congregation*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1794.
- ---. *Discourses on the Evidences of Revealed Religion*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1794.
- ---. *The Present State of Europe compared with Ancient Prophecies; A Sermon \[on Matt. 3:2\], preached at the Gravel Pit Meeting in Hackney, February 28, 1794, being the Day appointed for a General Fast. With a Preface, containing the Reasons for the Author\'s leaving England*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1794.
- ---. *Observations on the Increase of Infidelity*. Northumberland: Printed by Andrew Kennedy, 1795.
- ---. *Unitarianism Explained and Defended*. Philadelphia: Printed by John Thompson, 1796.
- ---. *An Address to the Unitarian Congregation at Philadelphia, delivered on Sunday, March 5, 1797*. Philadelphia: Printed by Joseph Gales, 1797.
- ---. *Discourses relating to the Evidences of Revealed Religion*. Published in 3 volumes. Philadelphia: Printed by T. Dobson, 1797.
- ---. *Letters to M. Volney, occasioned by a Work of his entitled Ruins*. Philadelphia: Printed by Thomas Dobson, 1797.
- ---. *A Comparison of the Institutions of Moses with Those of the Hindoos and Other Ancient Nations*. Northumberland: n.p., 1799.
- ---. *An Inquiry into the Knowledge of the Ancient Hebrews, concerning a Future State*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, by D. Levi, 1801.
- ---. *A Letter to an Antipaedobaptist*. Northumberland: Printed by Andrew Kennedy, 1802.
- ---. *A Letter to the Reverend John Blair Linn in Defense of Socrates and Jews Compared*. Northumberland: n.p. 1803.
- ---. *A Second Letter to the Revd. John Blair Linn . . . in Reply to His Defense of the Doctrines of the Divinity of Christ and Atonement*. Northumberland: Printed for P. Byrne, Philadelphia, by Andrew Kennedy, 1803.
- ---. *Notes on All the Books of Scripture, for the Use of the Pulpit and Private Families*. Northumberland: Printed for the author by Andrew Kennedy, 1803.
- ---. *Socrates and Jesus Compared*. Philadelphia: Printed by P. Byrne, 1803.
- ---. *The Originality and Superior Excellence of the Mosaic Institutions Demonstrated*. Philadelphia: Printed by Andrew Kennedy, for P. Byrne, 1803.
- ---. *Doctrines of Heathen Philosophy, Compared with Those of Revelation*. Northumberland: Printed by John Binns, 1804.
- ---. *Index to the Bible*. Philadelphia: n.p., 1804.
- ---. *Four Discourses intended to have been delivered at Philadelphia*. Northumberland: Printed by John Binns, 1806.
- ---. *The Importance of Religion to Enlarge the Mind of Man; Considered and Illustrated in a Sermon.*. Birmingham: Printed and sold by J. Belcher & Son, 1808.
- ---. *A Sermon of behalf of the Leeds Infirmary Preached at Mill Hill Chapel \[..\] 1768*. Leeds: Published by Richard Jackson, 1910 (first edition).
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Theological and religious works {#theological_and_religious_works}
### Theological papers {#theological_papers}
This list of Priestley\'s theological papers is taken from the \"Selected Bibliography\" in Robert Schofield\'s biography of Priestley.
- ---. \"Essay on the Harmony of the Evangelists.\" *Theological Repository* 2 (1770): 38--59, 98--122, 230--47, 313--27.
- ---. \"Remarks on Romans v.12-14.\" *Theological Repository* 2 (1770): 154--58.
- ---. \"Observations concerning Melchizadeck.\" *Theological Repository* 2 (1770): 283--90.
- ---. \"Observations on the Abrahamic Covenant.\" *Theological Repository* 2 (1770): 396--411.
- ---. \"Observations on Romans v.12 &c.\" *Theological Repository* 2 (1770): 411--16.
- ---. \"Observations on the Harmony of the Evangelists.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 462--69.
- ---. \"An Essay on the Analogy there is between the Methods by which the Perfection and Happiness of Men are promoted according to the Dispensations of Natural and Revealed Religion.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 3-31.
- ---. \"Observations on Christ\'s Agony in the Garden.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 376--82.
- ---. \"Observations on the Importance of Faith in Christ.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 239--43.
- ---. \"Conclusion.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 477--82.
- ---. \"Observations on Infant Baptism.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 231--39.
- ---. \"The Socinian Hypothesis Vindicated.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 344--63.
- ---. \"A Criticism on 1 Corinthians xv.27\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 255--56.
- ---. \"Remarks on the Reasonings of St. Paul.\" *Theological Repository* 3 (1771): 86--105, 188--212.
- ---. \"Observations on Christ\'s Proof of a Resurrection, from the Books of Moses.\" *Theological Repository* 1 (2nd ed., 1773): 300--303.
- ---. \"Observations on the Apostleship of Matthias.\" *Theological Repository* 1 (2nd ed., 1773): 376--81.
- ---. \"An Essay on the One Great End of the Life and Death of Christ, Intended more especially to refute the commonly received Doctrine of Atonement.\" *Theological Repository* 1 (2nd ed., 1773): 17--45, 121--36, 195--218, 247--67, 327--53, 400--30.
- ---. \"Introduction.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): iii-xvi.
- ---. \"Observations on Inspiration.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 17--26.
- ---. \"Observations relating to the Inspiration of Moses.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 27--38.
- ---. \"Of the Island on which the Apostle Paul was shipwrecked.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 39--49.
- ---. \"Remarks on Dr. Taylor\'s Key to the Apostolic Writings.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 57--69.
- ---. \"A Query relating to the Rise of the Arian Doctrine.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 70--72.
- ---. \"A Conjectural Emendation of Exod. xxiii:23.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 73--74.
- ---. \"An Addition to the Paper, signed HERMAS, relating to the Island on which Paul was shipwrecked.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 75.
- ---. \"A Query relating to the Doctrine of Plato, concerning the Divine Essence.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 76.
- ---. \"Of the Doctrine of Plato concerning God, and the general System of Nature.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 77--97.
- ---. \"Observations on the Prophets of the Old Testament.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 97--122.
- ---. \"Animadversions on the Preface to the new edition of Ben Mordecai\'s Letters.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 180--86.
- ---. \"A Proposal for correcting the English Translation of the Scriptures.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 187--88.
- ---. \"Observations on the Inspiration of the Apostles.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 189--210.
- ---. \"Observations on the Miraculous Conception.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 245--305.
- ---. \"The History of the Arian Controversy.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 306--37.
- ---. \"An Attempt to shew that Arians are not Unitarians.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 338--44.
- ---. \"An Illustration of the Promise made to Abraham.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 361--3.
- ---. \"A View of the Principles of the later Platonists.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 381--407.
- ---. \"Of the Platonism of Philo.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 408--20.
- ---. \"Observations on the Inspiration of Christ.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 433--61.
- ---. \"Observations on the Prophecy concerning Shiloh.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 473--76.
- ---. \"Of the Pre-existence of the Messiah.\" *Theological Repository* 4 (1784): 477--83.
- ---. \"Observations on the Roman Census, mentioned Luke ii.1, unfavourable to the miraculous Conception.\" *Theological Repository* 5 (1786): 90--99.
- ---. \"Miscellaneous Observations of the same Nature.\" *\'Theological Repository* 5 (1786): 100-108.
- ---. \"A Supplement to the Illustration of the Promise made to Abraham.\" *Theological Repository* 5 (1786): 108-10.
- ---. \"Observations on the Prophecies of the Old Testament quoted in the New.\" *Theological Repository* 5 (1786): 111-23.
- ---. \"Observations on the Quotation of Isaiah, ix.1, 2. by the Evangelist Matthew.\" *Theological Repository* 5 (1786): 123-28.
- ---. \"Observations on the Prophecies relating to the Messiah, and the future glory of the House of David.\" *Theological Repository* 5 (1786): 210-42, 301-16.
- ---. \"An Attempt to prove the perpetual Obligation of the Jewish Ritual.\" *Theological Repository* 5 (1786): 403-44.
- ---. \"Of the Perpetuity of the Jewish Ritual.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 1-21.
- ---. \"Difficulties in the Interpretation of some Prophecies not yet fulfilled, and Queries relating to Them.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 203-208.
- ---. \"An Account of the Rev. John Palmer, and of some Articles intended by him for this Repository.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 217-24. Refers to the minister John Palmer, who died in 1786.
- ---. \"Observations on Christ\'s Agony in the Garden.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 302-22.
- ---. \"Postscript to the Article signed PAMPHILUS, relating to a Case of bloody Sweat.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 347-48.
- ---. \"A Query relating to the Origin of the low Arian Doctrine.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 376-82.
- ---. \"Queries relating to the Religion of Indostan.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 408-14.
- ---. \"The Observance of the Lord\'s Day vindicated.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 465-83.
- ---. \"Of the Origin of the Arian Hypothesis.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 484-90.
- ---. \"To the Public.\" *Theological Repository* 6 (1788): 491--93.
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Political and social works {#political_and_social_works}
- ---. *Essay on the First Principles of Government*. London: Printed for J. Dodsley; T. Cadell; and J. Johnson, 1768.
- ---. *The Present State of Liberty in Great Britain and her Colonies*. London: n.p., 1769.
- ---. *Remarks on Some Paragraphs in the Fourth Volume of Dr. Blackstone\'s Commentaries on the Laws of England relating to Dissenters*. London: Printed for J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769.
- ---. *A View of the Principles and Conduct of the Protestant Dissenters, with respect to the Civil and Ecclesiastical Constitution of England*. London: Printed for J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769.
- ---. *A Free Address to Protestant Dissenters, as Such*. London: Printed for G. Pearch, 1769.
- ---. *Considerations on Church-authority*. London: Printed for J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769.
- ---. *An Answer to Dr. Blackstone\'s Reply*. Dublin: Printed for James Williams, 1770.
- ---. *A Letter of Advice to those Dissenters who conduct the Application to Parliament for Relief from certain Penal Laws*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1773.
- ---. *An Address to Protestant Dissenters of all Denominations on the Approaching Election of Members of Parliament, with Respect to the State of Public Liberty in General, and of American Affairs in Particular*. London: Printed for Joseph Johnson, 1774.
- ---. *A Free Address to those who have Petitioned for the Repeal of the late Act of Parliament in Favour of Roman Catholics*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1780.
- ---. *A Letter to the Right Honourable William Pitt . . . on the Subjects of Toleration and Church Establishments; Occasioned by his Speech against the Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, on Wednesday the 28th of March 1787*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1787.
- ---. *The Duty of Forgiveness of Injuries*. Birmingham: Printed for J. Thompson for J. Johnson, London, 1791.
- ---. *A Political Dialogue on the General Principles of Government*. London: n.p., 1791. \[Schofield questions the attribution of this to Priestley\]
- ---. *An Appeal to the Public on the Subject of the Riots in Birmingham*. Birmingham: Printed by J. Thompson; sold by J. Johnson, 1791.
- ---. *Letters to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, occasioned by his Reflections on the Revolution in France*. Birmingham: Printed by Thomas Pearson; sold by J. Johnson, 1791.
- ---. *An Appeal to the Public on the Subject of the Riots in Birmingham, Part II*. London: J. Johnson, 1792.
- ---. *The Case of Poor Emigrants Recommended*. Philadelphia: Printed by Joseph Gales; sold by W. Y. Birch, 1797.
- ---. *Letters to the Inhabitants of Northumberland*. Northumberland: n.p., 1799.
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Educational works {#educational_works}
- ---. *The Rudiments of English Grammar adapted to the Use of Schools*. London: Printed for R. Griffiths, 1761.
- ---. *A Course of Lectures on the Theory of Language and Universal Grammar*. Warrington: Printed by W. Eyres, 1762.
- ---. *Considerations for the Use of Young Men and the Parents of Young Men*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1776.
- ---. *A Course of Lectures on Oratory and Criticism*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1777.
- ---. *Miscellaneous Observations Relating to Education*. Bath: Printed by R. Cruttwell, for J. Johnson, 1778.
- ---. *The Proper Objects of Education in the Present State of the World*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1791.
## Philosophical and metaphysical works {#philosophical_and_metaphysical_works}
- ---. *An Examination of Dr. Reid\'s Inquiry into the Human Mind*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1774.
- ---. *Hartley\'s Theory of the Human Mind on the Principle of the Association of Ideas, with Essays relating to the Subject of It*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1775.
- ---. *Philosophical Empiricism*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1775.
- ---. *Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1777.
- ---. *The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1777.
- ---. *A Free Discussion of the Doctrines of Materialism, and Philosophical Necessity*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1778.
- ---. *A Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Palmer, in Defence of the Illustrations of Philosophical Necessity*. Bath: Printed for R. Cruttwell; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1779.
- ---. *A Second Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Palmer* London: Printed by H. Baldwin, for J. Johnson, 1780.
- ---. *Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever*. Bath: Printed by R. Cruttwell; sold by J. Johnson, London, 1780.
- ---. *A Letter to Jacob Bryant Esq. in Defence of Philosophical Necessity*. London: Printed by H. Baldwin, for J. Johnson, 1780.
- ---. *Additional Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1782.
- ---. *Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever, Part II*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1787.
- ---. *Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever, Part III*. Philadelphia: Printed by Thomas Dobson, 1795.
## Historical works {#historical_works}
- ---. *A Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on the Study of History*. Warrington: Printed by William Eyre, 1765.
- ---. *A Chart of Biography*. London: J. Johnson, 1765.
- ---. *A Description of a Chart of Biography*. Warrington: Printed by William Eyres, 1765.
- ---. *Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life*. London: Printed for C. Henderson; T. Becket and De Hondt; and by J. Johnson and Davenport, 1765.
- ---. *A New Chart of History*. London: J. Johnson, 1769.
- ---. *A Description of a New Chart of History*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1770.
- ---. *Lectures on History and General Policy*. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1788.
- ---. *A General History of the Christian Church, to the Fall of the Western Empire*. Birmingham: Printed by Thomas Pearson; sold by J. Johnson, 1790.
- ---. *A General History of the Christian Church from the Fall of the Western Empire to the Present Time*. Northumberland: Printed for the Author, by Andrew Kennedy, 1802.
- ---. *A Description of a System of Biography with a Catalogue of All the Names Inserted in it and the Dates Annexed to Them*. Philadelphia: Printed by Akerman & Hancock for Mathew Carey, 1803.
- ---. *Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley, to the Year 1795, written by himself*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1806.
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Scientific works {#scientific_works}
- ---. *The History and Present State of Electricity*. London: Printed for J. Dodsley, J. Johnson and B. Davenport, and T. Cadell, 1767.
- ---. *Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity*. London: Printed for J. Dodsley; T. Cadell; and J. Johnson, 1768.
- ---. *A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective*. London: Printed for J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1770.
- ---. *The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light, and Colours* London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1772.
- ---. *Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1772.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*. Vol. 1. London: W. Bowyer and J. Nichols, 1774.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*. Vol. 2. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1775.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*. Vol. 3. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1777.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations relating to various Branches of Natural Philosophy*, Vol. 1, \[*Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*, Vol. 4\]. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1779.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations relating to various Branches of Natural Philosophy*, Vol. 2, \[*Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*, Vol. 5\]. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1781.
- ---. *Experiments Relating to Phlogiston*. London: n.p., 1784.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations relating to various Branches of Natural Philosophy*, Vol. 3, \[*Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*, Vol.6\]. Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; sold by J. Johnson, 1786.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*. *In 3 volumes, being the former 6 abridged and methodized, with many additions*. Birmingham, 1790.
- ---. *Experiments on the Generation of Air from Water; to which are prefixed, Experiments relating to the Decomposition of Dephlogisticated and Inflammable Air*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1793.
- ---. *Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy, particularly including Chemistry; delivered at the New College in Hackney*. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1794.
- ---. *Considerations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston and the Decomposition of Water*. Philadelphia: n.p., 1796.
- ---. *Experiments and Observations relating to the Analysis of Atmospherical Air; also farther Experiments relating to the Generation of Air from Water.* \[Red before the American Philosophical Society, Feb.5th and 19th in 1796, and printed in their Transactions. To which are added, *Considerations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston, and the Decomposition of Water*, addressed to Messrs. Berthollet &c\]. London: J. Johnson, 1796.
- ---. *Considerations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston and the Decomposition of Water, Part II*. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1797.
- ---. *Doctrine of Phlogiston established and that of the Composition of Water refuted*. Northumberland: Printed for the author by A. Kennedy, 1800.
- ---. *Doctrine of Phlogiston established, with Observations on the Conversion of Iron into Steel, in a Letter to Mr. Nicholson*. Printed in 1803.
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Scientific works {#scientific_works}
### Scientific papers {#scientific_papers}
This list of Priestley\'s scientific papers is taken from the \"Selected Bibliography\" in Robert Schofield\'s biography of Priestley.
- ---. \"An Account of Rings consisting of all the Prismatic Colours, made by Electrical Explosions on the Surface of Pieces of Metal.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 58 (1768): 68--74.
- ---. \"Experiments on the lateral Force of Electrical Explosions.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 59 (1769): 57--62.
- ---. \"Various Experiments on the Force of Electrical Explosions.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 59 (1769): 63--70.
- ---. An Investigation of the Lateral Explosion, and of the Electricity communicated to the electrical circuit in a Discharge.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 60 (1770): 211-27.
- ---. \"Experiments and Observations on Charcoal.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 60 (1770): 211--27.
- ---. \"Experiments and Observations on Acidity, Composition of Water, and Phlogiston.\" *The Biographical and Imperial Magazine* 3 (1770):9-10.
- ---. \"Observations on different Kinds of Air.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 62 (1772): 147--264.
- ---. \"On the noxious Quality of the Effluvia of putrid Marshes.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 64 (1774): 90--95.
- ---. \"An Account of further Discoveries in Air.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 65 (1775): 384--94.
- ---. \"Observations on Respiration and the Use of the Blood.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 66 (1776): 226--48.
- ---. \"Experiments relating to Phlogiston, and the seeming Conversion of Water into Air.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 73 (1783): 398--434.
- ---. \"Experiments and Observations relating to Air and Water.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 75 (1785): 279--309.
- ---. \"Experiments and Observations relating to the Principle of Acidity, the Composition of Water, and Phlogiston.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 78 (1788): 147--57.
- ---. \"Additional Experiments and Observations relating to the Principle of Acidity, the Decomposition of Water, and Phlogiston.\" *Philosophical Transactions* (1788): 313--30.
- ---. \"Objections to the Experiments and Observations relating to the Principle of Acidity, the Composition of Water, and Phlogiston, considered.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 79 (1789): 7-20.
- ---. \"Experiments on the Phlogistication of Spirit of Nitre.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 79 (1789): 139--49.
- ---. \"Experiments on the Transmission of Vapour of Acids through a hot Earthen Tube, and further Observations relating to Phlogiston.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 79 (1789): 289--99.
- ---. \"Observations on Respiration.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 80 (1790): 106--10.
- ---. \"Farther Experiments relating to the Decomposition of dephlogisticated and inflammable air.\" *Philosophical Transactions* 81 (1791): 213--22.
- ---. \"An Interesting Letter from Dr. Priestley, concerning the principles of the New Theory of Chemistry.\" *Monthly Magazine* 5 (1798): 159--60.
- ---. \"A Letter to Dr. Mitchill, in reply to the proceeding \[Attempt to accommodate the Dispute among Chemists concerning Phlogiston\].\" *New York Medical Repository* 1 (1798): 511--12.
- ---. \"Experiments and Observations relating to the Analysis of Atmospherical Air.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 4 (1799): 1--11.
- ---. \"Further Experiments relating to the Generation of Air from Water.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 4 (1799): 11--20.
- ---. \"A Second Letter from Dr. Priestley to Dr. Mitchill.\" *New York Medical Repository* 2 (1799): 48--49.
- ---. \"On Red precipitate of Mercury as favourable to the Doctrine of Phlogiston.\" *New York Medical Repository* 2 (1799): 163--65.
- ---. \"Objections to the Antiphlogistic Doctrine of Water.\" *New York Medical Repository* 2 (1799): 166--67.
- ---. \"Experiments relating to the Calces of Metals.\" *New York Medical Repository* 2 (1799): 263--68.
- ---. \"Of some Experiments made with Ivory Black and also with Diamonds.\" *New York Medical Repository* 2 (1799): 269--71.
- ---. \"Of the Phlogistic Theory.\" *New York Medical Repository* 2 (1799): 383--87.
- ---. \"On the same Subject.\" *New York Medical Repository* 2 (1799): 388--89.
- ---. \"Dr. Priestley\'s Reply to his Antiphlogistian Opponents, No. 1.\" *New York Medical Repository* 3 (1800): 116--21.
- ---. \"Dr. Priestley\'s Reply to his Antiphlogistian Opponents, No. 2.\" *New York Medical Repository* 3 (1800): 121--24.
- ---. \"Dr. Priestley\'s Reply to his Antiphlogistian Opponents, No. 3.\" *New York Medical Repository* 3 (1800): 124--27.
- ---. \"Singular Effects of Gaseous Oxyd of Septon (dephlogisticated Nitrous Air).\" *New York Medical Repository* 3 (1800): 305.
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- ---. \"Priestley\'s Sentiments on the Doctrines of Septon.\" *New York Medical Repository* 3 (1800): 307.
- ---. \"Air produced, without Limitation, from Water by freezing.\" *New York Medical Repository* 3 (1800): 422--23.
- ---. \"Experiments on the Production of Air by the Freezing of Water.\" *New York Medical Repository* 4 (1801): 17--21.
- ---. \"To the Editor of the Medical Repository.\" \[Correcting a review of his tract on phlogiston.\] *New York Medical Repository* 4 (1801): 103.
- ---. \"Experiments heating Manganese in Inflammable Air.\" *New York Medical Repository* 4 (1801): 135--37.
- ---. \"Experiments tending to show that Azote is a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen.\" *New York Medical Repository* 4 (1801): 192--94.
- ---. \"Some Observations relating to the Sense of Hearing.\" *New York Medical Repository* 4 (1801): 247--48.
- ---. \"Experiments on the Transmissions of Acids, and other Liquors, in the form of Vapour, over Several Substances in a hot earth tube.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 5 (1802): 1--13.
- ---. \"Experiments relating to the Change of Place in different kinds of Air through several interposing Substances.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 5 (1802): 14--20.
- ---. \"Experiments relating to the Absorption of Air by Water.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 5 (1802): 21--27.
- ---. \"Miscellaneous Experiments relating to the Doctrine of Phlogiston.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 5 (1802): 28--35.
- ---. \"Experiments on Air exposed to Heat in Metallic Tubes.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 5 (1802): 42--50.
- ---. \"Remarks on the Work entitled \'A Brief History of Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases.\'\" *New York Medical Repository* 5 (1802): 32--36.
- ---. \"Some Thoughts concerning Dreams.\" *New York Medical Repository* 5 (1802): 125--29.
- ---. \"Observations and Experiments relating to the Pile of Volta.\" *New York Medical Repository* 5 (1802): 153--59.
- ---. \"Miscellaneous Observations relating to the Doctrine of Air.\" *New York Medical Repository* 5 (1802): 264--67.
- ---. \"A Reply to Mr. Cruickshank\'s Observations in Defence of the New System of Chemistry.\" *New York Medical Repository* 5 (1802): 390--92.
- ---. \"Additional Remarks on the Same.\" *New York Medical Repository* 5 (1802): 393.
- ---. \"On the Theory of Chemistry.\" *Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts* 2 (1802): 69--70.
- ---. \"A Letter to the Editor.\" *Monthly Magazine* 14 (1802): 2--3.
- ---. \"Observations on the Conversion of Iron into Steel.\" *Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts* 2 (1802): 223--34.
- ---. \"Additional Remarks on Mr. Cruickshank\'s Experiments on Finery Cinder and Charcoal.\" *New York Medical Repository* 6 (1803): 271--73.
- ---. \"On Air from Finery cinder and Charcoal with other Remarks on the Experiments and Observations of Mr. Cruickshank.\" *Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts* 3 (1803): 65--69.
- ---. \"Answer to the Observations of Mr. William Cruickshank upon the Doctrine of Phlogiston.\" *Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts* 3 (1803): 65--69.
- ---. \"Observations and Experiments relating to equivocal, or spontaneous Generation.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 6 (1809): 119--29.
- ---. \"Observations on the Discovery of Nitre, in common Salt, which had been frequently mixed with Snow.\" *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society* 6 (1809): 129--32.
The following items are Scientific Papers not included in the above list:
- ---. [\"Of the Invention of Telescopes and Microscopes, with their First Improvements.\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=X2RFAAAAYAAJ&q=priestley) *The Literary and Biographical Magazine and British Review*, 10 (1793): 407--11.
- ---. \"Experiments and Observations on the Analysis of Atmospherical Air from Water\", *Monthly Review*, 8pp. (1796).
- ---. \"The Doctrine of Phlogiston established and the Composition of Water refuted\", *Monthly Review*, 6pp. (1801).
- ---. \"The Doctrine of Phlogiston established and the Composition of Water refuted\", *Monthly Review*, 6pp. (1801).
- ---, Hepburn, Joseph, [\"New Priestley Letter on his Scientific and Educational Experiments\"](https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/viewer/832738/offset=0#page=1&viewer=picture&o=info&n=0&q=), Library Bulletin of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA, 1946, p.78-82.
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# List of works by Joseph Priestley
## Works edited by Priestley {#works_edited_by_priestley}
This list of Priestley\'s edited works is taken from the \"Selected Bibliography\" in Robert Schofield\'s biography of Priestley.
- Ellwall. Edward. *The Triumph of Truth*. 2nd ed. Leeds: J. Binns, 1771.
- *An Account of a Society for Encouraging the Industrious Poor*. Birmingham: Pearson and Rollason, 1787. \[Priestley wrote the Preface\]
- *An History of the Suffering of Mr. Lewis de Marolles, and Mr. Isaac LeFevre, upon the Revocation of the Edict of Nantz*. Birmingham: for J. Johnson, 1788.
- *The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments; also the Apocrypha; translated out of the Original Tongues, with Annotations*. Birmingham: Pearson and Rollason, 1778--79.
- *Original Letters by the Rev. John Wesley and his Friends*. Birmingham: for J. Johnson, 1791.
- Collins, Anthony. *A Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty, Republished with a Preface by Joseph Priestley*. n.l.: n.p., 1790.
- Hawkes, William and Joseph Priestley. *Psalms and Hymns for the Use of the New Meeting in Birmingham*. Birmingham: J. Thompson, 1790.
- *The Theological Repository*. Birmingham: for J. Johnson, 1773--78. \[Periodical\]
## Selected collected works {#selected_collected_works}
- ---. *The Theological and Miscellaneous Works of Joseph Priestley*. Ed. John Towill Rutt. London: 1817--31. Reprinted in 1972.
- ---. *Scientific Correspondence of Joseph Priestley* Ed. Henry Carrington Bolton. New York: Privately printed, 1892.
- ---. *A Scientific Autobiography of Joseph Priestley: Selected Scientific Correspondence*. Ed. Robert E. Schofield. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966.
## Links to online works in full-text {#links_to_online_works_in_full_text}
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-
-
**Theological and religious works:**
- ---. [*A free address to Protestant dissenters, on the subject of the Lord\'s Supper*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Iew2AAAAMAAJ). 3rd ed. London: Printed for J.Johnson, 1774 (1.ed.1768).
- ---. [*Considerations on Differences of Opinion among Christians*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8EHAAAAQAAJ). London: Printed for J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769.
- ---. [*Additions to the Address to Protestant Dissenters, on the Subject of the Lord\'s Supper*](https://books.google.com/books?id=POw2AAAAMAAJ). London: Printed for Joseph Johnson, 1770.
- ---. [*A Familiar Illustration of Certain Passages of Scripture relating to the power of man to do the Will of God, Original Sin, Election and Reprobation, the Divinity of Christ and Atonement for Sin by the Death of Christ*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OzY3AAAAMAAJ). London: Printed for Joseph Johnson, 1812. (1.ed.1770).
- ---. [*Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion*. Vol. 1 of 2](https://books.google.com/books?id=trQCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1). 3rd ed. London: Printed by Rollason and Pearson; for J.Johnson, 1794 (1.ed.1782).
- ---. [*Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion*. Vol. 2 of 2](https://books.google.com/books?id=vCoPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR5). 2nd ed. Birmingham: Printed by Rollason and Pearson; for J.Johnson, 1782.
- ---. [*An History of the Corruptions of Christianity, in two volumes*](https://books.google.com/books?id=E5IPAAAAIAAJ&dq=joseph+priestley&pg=PA1). London: British and Foreign Unitarian Association, 1871 (1.ed.1782).
- ---. [*Letters to Dr. Horsley: In Answer to His Animadversion on the History of the Corruptions of Christianity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5YAQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J.Johnson, 1783.
- ---. [*A Reply to the Animadversions on the History of the Corruptions of Christianity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iaEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1). Birmingham: Printed by Piercy & Jones, for J.Johnson, 1783.
- ---. [*Forms of Prayer and other Offices for the Use of Unitarian Societies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zgIUAAAAQAAJ). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason, for J. Johnson, London, 1783.
- ---. [*An History of Early Opinions Concerning Jesus Christ*. Vol. 1](https://books.google.com/books?id=FxuehWsaRSEC&pg=PA1). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; for J.Johnson, 1786.
- ---. [*An History of Early Opinions Concerning Jesus Christ*. Vol. 2](https://books.google.com/books?id=tbwOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; for J.Johnson, 1786.
- ---. [*An History of Early Opinions Concerning Jesus Christ*. Vol. 3](https://books.google.com/books?id=xCesfJ5lWi0C&pg=PR9). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; for J.Johnson, 1786.
- ---. [*An History of Early Opinions Concerning Jesus Christ*. Vol. 4](https://books.google.com/books?id=7L2YxEE1qk0C&pg=PR9). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; for J.Johnson, 1786.
- ---. [*Letters to Dr. Horne, \... , to the Young Men who are in a Course of Education for the Christian Ministry at the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0TUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; for J.Johnson, 1787.
- ---. [*Familiar Letters, Addressed to the Inhabitants of Birmingham*](https://books.google.com/books?id=I3oQAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PR17). Birmingham: Printed by J.Thompson; for J.Johnson, 1790.
- ---. [*The Doctrines of Heathen Philosophy compared with those of Revelation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AwEPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9). Northumberland: Printed by John Binns, 1804.
- ---. [*Discourses on Various Subjects, Intended to have been delivered in Philadelphia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UxL9Zj_onj4C&pg=PA1). Northumberland: Printed by John Binns, 1805.
**Political and social works:**
- ---. [*A Free Address to Protestant Dissenters, as Such*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QbgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1). Birmingham: Printed by Pearson and Rollason; for J.Johnson, 1788 (1.ed.1769).
- ---. [*Letters to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke Occasioned by his Reflections on the Revolution in France*](https://books.google.com/books?id=j6CIDuLv168C&pg=PA3). 3rd ed. Birmingham: Printed by T.Pearson; for J.Johnson, 1791.
**Educational works:**
- ---. [*A Course of Lectures on Oratory and Criticism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=o-ivoX7LG7wC&dq=joseph+priestley&pg=PA1). Dublin: Printed for William Hallhead, 1781.
**Philosophical and metaphysical works:**
- ---. [*A Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Palmer, in Defence of Philosophical Necessity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=klKW8HWGiawC&pg=PA1). Bath: Printed by R.Cruttwell; for J.Johnson, 1779.
- ---. [*A Second Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Palmer on Philosophical Necessity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=SySdORoB-iAC&pg=PA1). London: Printed by H.Baldwin, for J.Johnson, 1780.
- ---. [*A Letter to Jacob Bryant, Esq. in Defence of Philosophical Necessity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zouEMxJSB8QC&pg=PA1). London: Printed by H.Baldwin, for J.Johnson, 1780.
**Historical works:**
- ---. [*A Description of a New Chart of History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=u5gBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1). 6th ed. London: Printed for J.Johnson, 1786.
- ---. [*Lectures on History, and General Policy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0I8BAAAAMAAJ&dq=joseph+priestley&pg=PA1). Dublin: Printed for P.Byrne, 1788.
- ---. [*A General History of the Christian Church*. Vol. 1 of 3](https://books.google.com/books?id=xgJHI0B4oVMC). Northumberland: Printed by Andrew Kennedy, 1802.
- ---. [*A General History of the Christian Church*. Vol. 2 of 4](https://books.google.com/books?id=E3EPAAAAIAAJ). Northumberland: Printed by Andrew Kennedy, 1802.
- ---. [*A General History of the Christian Church*. Vol. 3 of 4](https://books.google.com/books?id=n3IGZi8iKbUC). Northumberland: Printed by Andrew Kennedy, 1803.
- ---. [*A General History of the Christian Church*. Vol. 4 of 4](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXEPAAAAIAAJ). Northumberland: Printed by Andrew Kenney, 1803.
**Scientific works:**
- ---. [*A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective*](https://books.google.com/books?id=56QFX4WEqFMC&dq=A+Familiar+Introduction+to+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Perspective.+London&pg=PP9). London: Printed for J.Johnson and J.Payne, 1770.
- ---. [*Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air*](https://web.archive.org/web/20170421011559/http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf). London: Printed for J.Johnson, 1772.
- ---. [*Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1*](https://archive.org/details/experimentsobser01prie). London, 1774.
- ---. [*Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAAQAAJ). London, 1775.
- ---. [*Experiments and Observations relating to various Branches of Natural Philosophy, Vol.2*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hpoMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22experiments+and+observations%22+inauthor:priestley). \[*Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.5*\]. Birmingham, 1781.
- ---. [*Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CbrVThZgLA0C). *In 3 volumes, being the former 6 abridged and methodized, with many additions*. Birmingham, 1790.
- ---. [*Heads of Lectures on Course of Experimental Philosophy, particularly including Chemistry; delivered at the New College in Hackney.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XhcAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1). London: Printed for J.Johnson, 1794.
**Selected collected works:**
- ---. *[Scientific Correspondence of Joseph Priestley](https://books.google.com/books?id=nsUEAAAAYAAJ&dq=James+Keir+Priestley&pg=PA98)*, Philadelphia: Collins Printing House, 1892.
- Dixon, Ronald A. Martineau, \"Some letters of the Reverend Dr. Joseph Priestley, F. R. S.\", J. Chem. Educ., March, 1933, 10 (3), p 149
| 1,109 |
List of works by Joseph Priestley
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10,980,084 |
# Dětský Island
**Dětský Island** (Czech *Dětský ostrov* --- literally *Children\'s Island*) is an island on the Vltava River in Prague, Czech Republic. It lies in the Smíchov district of the city.
It is mentioned in texts as early as 1355. Until the 18th century, it was called Maltézský Island (after the owner of the Maltese monastery Panny Marie pod řetězem in the Lesser Quarter). Subsequently, it was named after members of Prague\'s Jewish community who owned the land -- such names include Hykyšův, Funkovský, and Židovský.
The island was artificially enlarged with the construction of the Smíchov floodgates (1913--1916). The south of the Island was attached to Petržílkovského island and a long dividing wall was built on the north side. The floodgates have two locks and they bypass two weirs on the river.
An allegorical statue of the Vltava river and its tributaries stands on the northern side of the island. Each year on All Souls\' Day (November 2), members of the association \"Vltavan\" place a wreath here as a memorial to those who have drowned in the river.
The present-day segmented foot-bridge to the island was built in 1933. It is built on supports originally constructed for a proposed bridge from Myslíkova street (Jiráskův Bridge).
The island\'s current name originates from the beginning of the 1960s, when a children\'s playground was built here
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