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# Mariposa Township, Ontario
## Communities
Mariposa is easily the most fertile township in Kawartha Lakes. It lacks, however, two of the most efficient factors in the development of village life. There is no abundance of waterpower and no focusing of railroads. The old Indian portage of Onigoning at the rapids in the Scugog River in Ops has had both and has therefore become the site of Lindsay, the only town in the county.
In Mariposa, on the contrary, there have been three small villages, Manilla, Oakwood and Little Britain, none of them incorporated, which have grown up around a post office, a township hall and a small mill respectively. Woodville is an incorporated village on the Eldon boundary but is usually reckoned as belonging to the latter township, even though part of its population has spilled over on the 15th concession of Mariposa. Linden Valley in the northeast, Glandine on the Ops boundary, Valenta in the southeast and Fingerboard in the southwest are former postal hamlets with little more than a church and a smithy. Cresswell is a hamlet on the Whitby-Lindsay division just south of Manilla Junction. Grass Hill is a station on the Coboconk division at the Eldon boundary. A grain warehouse is its chief ornament
### Manilla
Manilla straddles the boundary between Durham Region and the City of Kawartha Lakes on the line between the 8th and 9th Concessions of Mariposa. The beginnings of present village was due to the Post Office that opened up here in 1837 in the log store of Jacob Ham. For six years this was the only Post Office for the township. Soon afterwards the Bible Christians built a church, which was rebuilt of brick in 1871. The Presbyterians built in 1853, the Baptists in 1856, the Congregationalists in 1860, and the Methodists about 1870. A certain amount of trade and industry also gathered about this centre. In 1881 the village boasted a flour mill, run by steam because of the absence of waterpower, a rake factory, and half a dozen stores.
The community went through a succession of names: *Ham\'s Corners* after Jacob Ham, the first merchant; *Mariposa* in 1836; *Coulthard\'s Corners* after Thomas Coulthard, who platted a subdivision; and *Monticello* after a local bible camp. Finally in 1851, a public meeting chose to name the town after Manilla, Indiana.
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# Mariposa Township, Ontario
## Communities
### Oakwood
Oakwood is situated on blocks off lots 15 and 16 in concessions 8 and 9. The name is derived from the heavy forest of oak which originally covered this neighbourhood. James Tift settled here about 1833 and may therefore be regarded as the father of the village.
In 1843 a Post Office was established with A. McLauchlin as Postmaster. Peter Perry of Whitby opened a store in 1844 and in the following year a Township Hall was built. The Hall has been rebuilt once since that time, but has never ceased to be the municipal focus of the former township. The first tavern or hotel at Oakwood was run by Thomas Marks Banks, who carried on the business for nearly twenty years. The first church was built by the Bible Christians in 1850.
The Episcopal Methodists built five years later, the Canada Methodists in 1858, and the Anglicans in 1860. Oakwood reached the peak of its prosperity in the 1880s. In 1888 its population was about 330. Of that number, there were 75 children between the ages of seven and eleven and 127 between the ages of five and twenty-one. Oakwood took just pride in her young people in those days.
The chief business firm in 1888 was the general store of Hogg Bros., with which was associated a 30,000 bushel grain elevator at Mariposa Station, a mile to the south from the village. To this elevator came Mariposa\'s export trade in cereals, and its clover seed, which has gained a wide reputation. Hogg Bros. also managed the Post Office and telegraph office.
Other units in the commercial aggregate were A. Cameron\'s general store, M. N. Anderson\'s tailor shop, William Brunker\'s hotel, Alfred Lake\'s machinery depot, Thomas Staples\' blacksmith and carriage works, Nicholas Hill\'s blacksmith and carriage works, George Humphrey\'s carriage works, W. H. Harper\'s harness shop, and Robert Broad\'s hardware store. Prominent citizens of that day were, James Thorndyke, J. F. Cunnings, Robert Webster Sr., William Webster, Jesse Weldon Sr., W. A. Silverwood, John Coad, David King, Richard Hancock, and A. Lake.
The first mile of concession road east from the village is bisected at right angles by Mariposa Brook at what is known as East Oakwood. The neighbourhood of this intersection, was once busy with tanning and gristing, but by 1888 a brick yard and a livery stable were all its boast. The next cross roads to the east again was known as Taylor\'s Corners. Here the Hon. S. C. Wood, before the days of his political bloom, did business in \"The Stone Store.\" In the eighties John Maunder and William Wakeley manufactured wagons and carriages here.
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# Mariposa Township, Ontario
## Communities
### Little Britain {#little_britain}
*Main article: Little Britain, Ontario* Little Britain is on lots 15 and 16, concessions 4 and 5, four miles straight south of Oakwood on the old grain route to Port Hoover. It is built almost at the intersection of Mariposa Brook and a small tributary which flows through the village from the west. It was founded by Harrison Haight, who settled here in 1834 and three years later built the first mill in Mariposa. This mill, which was not demolished until 1910, required the efforts of nearly the whole country side for its erection, for its beams and posts were of ponderous white oak. (Two living examples of these gigantic original trees still living can be seen today on Salem Road around lot 13).
In the mid 19th century there was no bridge over the creek and no road between Little Britain and Oakwood. Robert F. Whiteside was the village\'s chief merchant and leading citizen during the pioneer period. In 1850 the Christians opened a church and in 1852 the Bible Christians followed suit. A Post Office was not opened until 1853. The year 1888 saw Little Britain the largest business centre in the township.
The chief industries were: Joseph Maunder\'s carriage and blacksmithing works; Wm. Burden\'s carriage and blacksmithing works; Maunder\'s sash, door and planing factory and shingle mill; Edwin Mark\'s foundry and implement works; Isaac Finley\'s steam roller flour mill, and Davidson\'s flour mill. W. H. Pogue, S. H. Metherell, J. Weldon, and T. H. Morton ran general stores. T. H. Morton also had the Post Office. H. C. Wills owned a grocery store and also ran the stage to Mariposa Station. A. M. Rusland had a tinware store, R. Smith a furniture store, S. Champion a tailor shop, and both Wm. Rodd and John Eck harness shops. Joseph Jenkins ran the village hotel. The chief sanctuaries were the large Methodist church on Mill Street West, presided over by the Rev. William Briden and his assistant, the Rev. S. H. Anderson, and the Christian church, tended by the Rev. J. C. Pilkie. Prominent among the pioneer names in and about Little Britain are those of Broad, Cory, Davidson, Dix, Eakins, Glass, Glennie, Greenaway, Hall, Henderson, Johnston, King, Marks, Metherell, Netherton, Parkinson, Prouse, Rays, Rodman, Siemmon, Stewart, Wallis, Webster, Whiteside, and Wickett.
None of these three villages, Manilla, Oakwood, and Little Britain, have attained dimensions sufficient to command incorporation. The reason, as already suggested, lies in the absence of power for industry and in the fact that no railway station has been placed within a mile of their borders.
Whether this represents the balanced result of village plotting and counter plotting in the days of railway construction, or whether the railway builders were inadequately bonused, or whether the present route of the Whitby-Lindsay division was the necessary choice of civil engineers, is somewhat uncertain. In any case, the railway has contributed nothing to the growth of these centres.
### Mariposa
The township centre was located by the Victoria/Kawartha Lakes Road 6 (Eldon Road) and the former Grand Trunk Railway. The CBD was home to the centrally located Mariposa Station between Oakwood and Little Britain. It was formerly part of Victoria County, it is currently part of the one-tier City of Kawartha Lakes. Until the creation of Kawartha Lakes and the consequent disbandment of Victoria County and its constituent municipalities, Mariposa Township was also a political as well as a geographical township.
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# Mariposa Township, Ontario
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Stephen Leacock, McGill University political economy professor and humorist, spent about a decade of his childhood in Egypt in Georgina Township about 20 kilometres away from Mariposa. After being hired at McGill, he also bought a summer home across Lake Simcoe in Orillia which was near Mariposa Beach.
When Leacock wrote *Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town*, the subject matter was provided by Orillia and thinly disguised. He named his fictional town Mariposa, inspired by some or all of the real Mariposas he had been acquainted with. The Mariposa Folk Festival is named after the fictional town and not any of the real places. Thus, the fictional meaning has almost completely supplanted the original meaning of what had been real places.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- W. G. Hardy (1895 -- 1979), Born in Peniel, near Oakwood. Canadian professor, writer, and ice hockey administrator, Member of the Order of Canada.
- C.B. Mark (1872 -- 1942), M.P.P. Sask (Lib) 1912--1917. Born in Little Britain, pharmacist
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# Ops Township
The **Township of Ops** was a municipality located in the centre of the former Victoria County, now the city of Kawartha Lakes. The township contained the communities of Reaboro and Fleetwood, and also surrounded the largest population centre in the county, Lindsay
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# Samuel Stanley Peck
**Samuel Stanley Peck** (November 20, 1829 -- November 10, 1901) was an Ontario lawyer, judge and political figure. He represented Victoria North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1879 to 1883 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Ameliasburgh Township in Prince Edward County, Upper Canada in 1829, a descendant of United Empire Loyalists. In 1852, he opened the first telegraph office in Napanee for the Great Western Telegraph Company.
He moved to Minden the following year and began the study of law. Peck married Sarah Ann Harder in 1857. He served as reeve for Minden Township and Snowdon Township and as warden for Peterborough County. Throughout 1871-2, he strongly supported building of the Peterborough and Haliburton Railway as well as the Omemee, Bobcaygeon and North Peterboro Junction Railway Company, neither of which were built. He then supported George Laidlaw\'s Lindsay, Fenelon Falls and Ottawa Railway Company, which became the Victoria Railway. After the Peterborough County Council refused to submit a by-law supporting a railway to the back townships, Peck became the leader of the secessionist movement in October 1873 to form the northern townships of Peterborough and Victoria Counties into a separate judicial district. The Ontario Legislature created the Provisional County and Judicial District of Haliburton in 1874.
Peck served as first county registrar, treasurer and clerk 18 June 1874. and was stipendary magistrate and judge in the division courts for Haliburton County until April 1885. In 1881 he served as one of three census commissioners for Peterborough County. He became reeve for Dysart Township in 1882.
In 1876, he married Susan Vandervoort after the death of his first wife. He moved to South Dakota in 1885 and died in Petaluma, California in 1901.
The geographical township of Peck in Nipissing District was named in his honour
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# Emily Township
The **Township of Emily** was a municipality located in the south-eastern corner of the former Victoria County, now the city of Kawartha Lakes, in Ontario, Canada.
Emily Township is also home to Emily Provincial Park.
## Communities
- Downeyville
- Fee\'s Landing
- Fowlers Corners
- Omemee
## Role in amalgamation {#role_in_amalgamation}
Emily Township was responsible for requesting the commissioner who eventually ordered the amalgamation of the former County of Victoria municipalities
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# Manvers Township
The **Township of Manvers** (area 69923 acre) was a municipality in the former Victoria County, now the city of Kawartha Lakes, in the Canadian province of Ontario.
## History
From 1792 to 1973 Manvers Township was located in Durham County, which was united with Northumberland County in 1800 for administrative purposes.
The township was officially established in 1816 and named in honour of Charles Pierrepont, 1st Earl Manvers. At that time land grants were made to United Empire Loyalists, retiring soldiers and other friends of the crown. Effective January 1, 1974, an extensive re-organization of municipal administrative divisions took place. Durham County was separated from Northumberland County and merged with most of the adjacent Ontario County to form the Regional Municipality of Durham. As part of this process Manvers Township was transferred to the County of Victoria.
Effective January 1, 2001, Victoria County was dissolved and its municipalities and townships were amalgamated; the new administrative municipal division was named the City of Kawartha Lakes
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# Filippo Zappata
**Filippo Zappata** (6 July 1894 -- 30 August 1994) was an Italian engineer and aircraft designer. He worked for Officine Aeronautiche Gabardini, Cantieri Riuniti dell\'Adriatico (CANT), Blériot, Breda, and Agusta. Zappata was the designer of many record-breaking seaplanes.
## Early life {#early_life}
Filippo Zappata was born in Ancona in 1894. Wishing to become a naval engineer, he began studies at the Regia Scuola d\'Ingegneria Navale di Genova (Royal School of Naval Engineering of Genoa). At the outbreak of World War I, he volunteered for military service as a lieutenant in the Bersaglieri, the elite Italian infantry corps. He was badly wounded in action in December 1916. Once recovered, in 1918, he was assigned to military-technical services. In 1921 he graduated in mechanical engineering from the Regia Scuola d\'Ingegneria Navale di Genova. He first worked for the Officine Aeronautiche Gabardini where he soon became deputy technical director and contributed significantly to the design of the single-seat biplane fighter Gabardini G.9. He then moved to Cantieri Riuniti dell\'Adriatico, CANT, in Monfalcone, organising the technical offices. Subsequently designed for the Airline Aero Espresso the Titano, a giant seaplane of 12 tons. His reputation spread internationally and in 1928 he was invited to work at the French firm Blériot. After a few years with this firm Zappata designed and brought to fulfilment several aircraft, among which were:
- 1931: single-engined BZ.110 Joseph le Brix that won a world record.
- 1932: four-engined *Santos Dumont* BZ-5190 Atlantic civil postal seaplane.
- 1932: single-engined BZ.290, amphibian.
Zappata became known for the quality of his designs, that combined aerodynamic research with a sense of aesthetics and elegance. «The most aerodynamic airplane - he claimed - is also the most beautiful».
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# Filippo Zappata
## Career
In 1933 Marshal Italo Balbo, Minister of the Italian Air Force, contacted Blériot to ask if Dr. Filippo Zappata could be released from the French contract so that he could work in Italy again. Blériot agreed, with the understanding that Zappata acted as a consultant for the final work on the postal seaplane *Santos Dumont*. This aircraft was a complete success beating world distance records and Zappata was awarded the Légion d\'Honneur by the French Government. He was now back at CANT in Monfalcone and developed such a large number of highly successful projects that the firm expanded in a few years from 340 workers to 5,500 workers.
### Seaplanes
At CANT, Zappata designed a series of successful multi-engined seaplanes such as the CANT Z.501 Gabbiano flying boat and the CANT Z.506 Airone floatplane. Zappata\'s predilection for all-wooden airframes was strongly in evidence in both Gabbiano and Airone. Despite this, both planes were robust and stood up well to harsh conditions. In association with test pilot Mario Stoppani, chief pilot for CANT, Zappata\'s designs set 41 world aeronautical records. CANT Z.506 still holds the distance record for a seaplane in a closed circuit.
### Medium bombers {#medium_bombers}
In the mid-1930s Zappata designed a series of medium bombers, including the three-engined CANT Z.1007 and twin-engined CANT Z.1011. Along with the Savoia-Marchetti SM.79, the CANT Z.1007 formed the backbone of the Regia Aeronautica\'s wartime medium bomber force. Production began in 1939 and by June 1940, 87 units were combat-ready in the Z-1007 and Z-1007bis versions outfitting the 16th and 47th bomber wings. Its worst drawback was the scarcity of its defensive armament, but in all other respects, it proved to be an excellent bomber, operating in the Mediterranean (as a torpedo bomber as well), in North Africa and, briefly, in Russia. The last design by Filippo Zappata before he left CANT for Breda was the Z.1018 Leone twin-engined medium bomber, considered the best bomber built in Italy during World War II.
### Breda
Around 1939 Zappata became disillusioned with CANT. At the beginning of 1942, the Società Italiana Ernesto Breda, idle after the failure of its Ba.88, offered him the post of chief aeronautical engineer. Aware of the importance of this firm, Zappata accepted. At Breda, Zappata proposed several variants of the CANT Z.1018 Leone:
- BZ.301 (Breda-Zappata, mod.301), high altitude bomber;
- BZ.302, high altitude fighter;
- BZ.303, night fighter, torpedo bomber multirole;
- BZ.304, anti-tank (perhaps with a 37 mm gun).
The Italian Air Ministry authorized only the BZ.301 and 303, called *Leone* II and *Leone* III. The signing of the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, the subsequent occupation of the Italian peninsula by the Wehrmacht, and the almost total destruction of the Breda aircraft factory on 30 April 1944 by U.S. bombers, ensured that none of the new projects launched by Zappata during the latter stages of World War II were realized. The sole prototype of BZ.303 under construction in 1943 was destroyed by the Germans soon after the armistice.
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# Filippo Zappata
## Career after the War {#career_after_the_war}
In 1942, still during wartime, Zappata designed a large four-engined airliner, the Breda-Zappata BZ.308. On 8 September 1943 only the prototype fuselage of the BZ.308 was built. In the period 1944-45, the work was blocked by the Germans. After the war, the Allied Control Commission halted the work, which was not resumed until January 1947. The first flight was on 27 August 1948, piloted by Mario Stoppani. Although flight testing went well and despite orders from India, Argentina and Persia, the project was abandoned due to pressure from the Allies for Italy to refrain from competing in civilian aircraft manufacture. Breda subsequently stopped producing aircraft entirely.
Zappata\'s four-engined airliner was Italy\'s largest plane at the time. It weighed from 46 to 52 tons and could cruise, fully loaded, for 10 to 12 hours. It carried a crew of 7 in addition to 48 passengers on long flights and 80 passengers on short hauls. It had a wing span of 138 feet, was 121 feet long, and had a maximum speed of 367 miles an hour and a cruising speed of 292 miles. Breda sold the prototype of the BZ.308 to the Italian Air Force in August 1951.
Zappata left the Società Italiana Ernesto Breda in 1951. The following year he accepted to become the chief aeronautical engineer of the Italian helicopter manufacturer Agusta. He designed the Agusta AZ.8L, a small, four-engined short-range airliner tested on 9 June 1958, and contributed significantly to the design of the large transport helicopter A.101. These transport aircraft were very advanced for their time, but could not be put into production because of the lack of ancillary equipment. A consultant for a few years, Zappata retired in 1973. He was awarded the Gold Medal of Aeronautic Valor in 1991. Filippo Zappata died at Gallarate in 1994 at the age of 100
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# Kainun institutti
**Kainun institutti -- Kvensk institutt** (before 2005 known as *Norsk senter for kvensk språk og kultur*) is a center for Kven culture and the Kven language. It is located in Børselv in Porsangin Municipality in Finnmark county Norway. It was opened in January 2007. The chair at the institute is *Hilde Skanke*. In total six people are employed at the institute. Funding is provided by the Norwegian government.
The board of the institute consists of one member from: Norske Kveners Forbund/Ruijan kveeniliitto, (Porsanger) municipality, Pyssyjokilaiset and Ruijan Kväänit, University of Tromsø, and Finnmark University College.
The institute main tasks of the institute are:
- Educational and information work about the Kvens both nationally and internationally.
- Increase the usage of the Kven language locally.
- Further develop the Kven language, including writing a dictionary and education material for the Kven language.
- Cultural arrangements.
Also located at the center is the Kven language board that was established on 13 April 2007
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# Samuele Papi
**Samuele Papi** (born 20 May 1973) is an Italian former volleyball player, a member of Italy men\'s national volleyball team in 1993--2012, silver and bronze medalist of the Olympic Games, multiple winner of the European Championship and World Championship, silver medalist of the World Cup 2003, three-time CEV Champions League winner, double CEV Cup winner, four-time Challenge Cup winner, six-time Italian Champion.
## Career
Papi won five Italian titles, three European Champions cups, and, with the Italian national team, two World Championships (1994 and 1998) and three European Championships. He competed at four Summer Olympics, winning two silver medals and two bronze medals
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# La bonne d'enfant
`{{italic title}}`{=mediawiki} ***La bonne d\'enfant*** (*The Nanny*) is an opérette bouffe, in one act by Jacques Offenbach to a French libretto by Eugène Bercioux.
It was first performed at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens, Paris on 14 October 1856. Offenbach\'s early operettas were small-scale one-act works, since the law in France limited musical theatre works (other than grand opera) to one-act pieces with no more than three singers and, perhaps, some mute characters.[1](http://www.musicals101.com/operetta.htm) In 1858, this law was changed, and Offenbach was able to offer full-length operettas, beginning with *Orpheus in the Underworld*.
The piece was seen in 1857 at the St James\'s Theatre in London, and in Vienna in 1862 with Tostée as Dorothée; it was subsequently produced there in Hungarian.
## Roles
+-------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------+
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, October 14, 1856\ |
| | | (Conductor: Jacques Offenbach) |
+===============================+============+==================================+
| Dorothée, *a nanny* | soprano | Garnier |
+-------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------+
| Gargaillou, *a chimney sweep* | tenor | Michel |
+-------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------+
| Mitouflard, *a fireman* | bass | Dubouchet |
+-------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------+
| Bourgeois | | Delaquis |
+-------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------+
| | | |
+-------------------------------+------------+----------------------------------+
## Synopsis
Dorothée is tired of being a nanny and wants to marry to become the mistress of her own house. She has two suitors: Mitouflard, the fireman and Gargaillou, the chimneysweep. During an evening when her employers are out of the house, both gentlemen try to convince her to marry them, which leads to a number of comic situations. She ends up deciding to marry \'Brin d\'Amour\', the trumpeter of the Royal Dragoons, but tells her suitors that she will invite them to her wedding
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# Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment (University of Athens)
The **Faculty of Geology** is part of the School of Sciences in National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
## Early history {#early_history}
The history of the Geological Sciences at Athens University until the year 1982 and the institutional change of the law 1268, is identified with the history of the Chairs and the Professors that taught and is described further below.
Professor K. Mitsopoulos taught the lesson of Mineralogy till 1910, while in the year 1896 the Laboratory and the Museum of Mineralogy and Petrology are founded. In 1910, K. Ktenas is elected as professor for the homonymous Chair and he teaches until his death in 1935. In 1936, G. Georgalas is elected in his place and he stays in this position until 1946. After him, An. Georgiadis (1946--1965) and Gr. Marakis (1973--1994) are also elected as professors.
The Chair of Geology and Palaeontology as well as the homonymous Laboratory and Museum are founded by professor Th. Skoufos after his appointment in the chair mentioned in 1906. He enriched the Laboratory and the Museum with fossils as training material for students and as material for the collection of the museum exhibition, through many excavations realized in various places around Greece.
After Professor Skoufos (1906--1936), Professor M. Mitsopoulos becomes Head of the Laboratory and the Museum and later on G. Marinos (1969--1974) after being called in from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Professor N. Symeonidis takes over in 1975 and stays head of the Laboratory until 1998.
The Chair of Physical Geography and the corresponding laboratory is founded in 1931 and is initially located at the Athens Observatory. Professor I. Trikkalinos is head of the Laboratory until 1958. Later on P. Psarianos is elected as Professor (1959--1974) and then Ath. Papapetrou-Zamani, initially as Associate professor and then as Professor (1975--1997).
In the year 1931 the Chair of Seismology and the corresponding laboratory is founded with Professor N. Kritikos (1930--1947) as head of the Laboratory, which is initially located at the Athens Observatory. Later on A. Galanopoulos (1949--1978) and I. Drakopoulos (1979--1999) were elected.
The Chair of Ore Geology and the corresponding Laboratory are founded in 1961 and the elected Professor G. Paraskevopoulos taught until his death in 1983.
## Departments
According to the law 1268/82 the School of Sciences is founded, which also includes the Faculty of Geology. The previously mentioned Chairs were annulled and the following Departments were created and still exist to this day:
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology
- Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology
- Department of Geography and Climatology
- Department of Geophysics and Geothermics
- Department of Economical Geology and Geochemistry
- Department of Dynamic, Tectonic and Applied Geology
## Laboratories
- Laboratory of Mineralogy and Petrology
- Laboratory of Historical Geology and Palaeontology
- Laboratory of Physical Geography
- Laboratory of Climatology
- Laboratory of Seismology
- Laboratory of Economical Geology and Geochemistry
- Laboratory of Tectonics and Geological mapping
- Laboratory of Remote Sensing
- Laboratory of Geophysics
- Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Natural Disasters
## Professors Emeriti {#professors_emeriti}
- Athina Papapetrou Zamani Professor of Physical Geography
- Nikolaos Simeonidis Professor of Geology and Palaeontology
- Ioannis Zampakas Professor of Climatology
- Sotirios Leontaris Professor of Physical Geography
- Ilias Mariolakos Professor of Geology and Palaeontology
- Stylianos Skounakis Professor of Economic Geology
- Nikolaos Delimpasis Professor of Seismology
- Konstantinos Sideris Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology
## Postgraduate courses {#postgraduate_courses}
Within the framework of the postgraduate studies program of the Faculty of Geology the following two year courses are offered:
- Geochemical Environmental Pollution
- Stratigraphy - Palaeontology
- Mineral Sciences
- Geography and Environment
- Dynamic Tectonic and Applied Geology
- Geophysics - Seismology
- Prevention and Management of Natural Disasters
as well as the inter-faculty Postgraduate Study Program in Oceanography in which the following faculties are involved: Geology, Biology, Physics, Chemistry.
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# Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment (University of Athens)
## Museums
The Faculty of Geology manages two museums
- [Paleontology and Geology Museum](http://museums.geol.uoa.gr/paleontology/PalMuseum.htm)
- [Mineralogy and Petrology Museum](https://web.archive.org/web/20070401183726/http://www.geol.uoa.gr/MinPetMuseum
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# Baronies created by error
Several **baronies created by error** exist or have existed in the Peerage of England and the Peerage of Ireland. The usual type of error was perpetrated in the Committee on Privileges of the British House of Lords, whether by the Committee itself or by a clerk, in mistaking the origins of a dormant, abeyant, or extinct title, and in awarding that title to a person who was not the heir to that peerage. Such mistakes are rare.
One such error was made when the barony of Wharton was conferred upon a claimant, believing that the barony had been created by writ of summons; however, the original barony had been created by letters patent to the heirs male of the original grantee. In this case, the original documentation had been lost. As a result, a new barony in the peerage of the United Kingdom was created by writ.
Similar errors were made for the Percy barony when the 7th Duke of Somerset was summoned to Parliament erroneously in 1722 as Baron Percy (in the belief that the 1299 barony had descended to his mother), and the Strange barony created in 1628 for the 7th Earl of Derby by error. Another example is the barony of Clifford created by the writ of summons to Henry Clifford in 1628: this was intended as a writ of acceleration in the belief that the Baron de Clifford title created in 1299 was held by his father Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland.
Since the early 20th century, the Committee on Privileges has been reluctant to revive older English baronies on various grounds, and thus opportunities for new baronies to be created by clerical error or failure in research are rare.
## Other errors {#other_errors}
The most famous error made by the House of Lords in awarding a title was not in the case of a barony, but for the Scottish earldom of Mar which was awarded to a distant collateral heir male of a previous earl, and not to the heir general, as customary under Scottish peerage law. This 1875 Committee finding declared that a separate Scottish earldom with remainder to heirs male had been created in 1565, and in 1885 an Act of Parliament revived the ancient title for the heir general. As a result, there are two peers holding the Mar title today; the Countess of Mar (holder of the oldest surviving Scottish peerage) and the Earl of Mar and Kellie.
The most common errors are made in the spelling of a title as granted in letters patent.
This category does not include baronies such as the very old English Barony de Ros or the Barony of Hastings that were awarded to persons who were not the senior heir (or co-heir) general. Nor does it include baronies that were not awarded at all to the claimant, for various other reasons
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# 1965 International 6 Hour Touring Car Race
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# Aki Kuroda
, real name `{{nihongo|Akihiko Kuroda|黒田 明比古|Kuroda Akihiko}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Japanese painter based in Paris, France.
Aki Kuroda, well known for his silhouettes and figures painted with line strokes, which has been considered like a symbol of \"passage\" to the labyrinth. Since 1992, he has continued to produce a fluxional interactive art spectacle/installation named \"COSMOGARDEN\" (the cosmic garden).
## Biography
Aki Kuroda\'s father was a professor of economics at Doshisha University. As the only child, Aki Kuroda was raised in a family open to European culture. He began painting at a very young age.
In 1994, Aki Kuroda participated in an exhibition as part of the São Paulo Biennale.
He has created murals for the Leonardo da Vinci University Center, the Japanese cultural House in Paris, the café of the Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Strasbourg, for the city of Paris in 2000 and for the École nationale des douanes in Tourcoing (a work registered in the supplementary inventory of historical monuments in 2009).
He designed the sets for the ballet Parade for Angelin Preljocaj at the Paris Opera and the Avignon Festival in 1993. He collaborated with architects such as Tadao Ando and Richard Rogers to create relief paintings in Japan.
## Exhibitions
Source:
Année
------- -------------------------------------------------------
2021 Yoyo Maeght Gallery, Paris
Galerie Louis Gendre, Chamalières, Clermont Métropole
2020 Richard Taittinger Gallery, New York, États-Unis
2019 Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chartres, Chartres
Musée Lapidaire, Avignon, curated by Yoyo Maeght
Salle des Dominicains, Saint-Emilion
2018 Aquarium de Paris, curated by Yoyo Maeght
Hangar Art Center, Bruxelles, Belgique
2016 Galerie Louis Gendre, Chamalières, Clermont Métropole
2015 Galerie Nikki Diana Marquardt, Paris
Galerie Louis Gendre, Chamalières, Clermont Métropole
Centre d'Art des Sablons, Neuilly sur Seine
2014 Galerie Alexandre Lazarew, Paris
Biwako Biennale, Japon
2013 KH Gallery, Tokyo, Japon
2011 Nori Yu Gallery, Tokyo, Japon
2010 Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Paris
Centre d'Art de Saint-Emilion
2008 Doland Museum, Shanghai, Chine
2007 TS1 Museum, Beijing, Chine
Beijing Imperial Museum, Chine
2004 Espace culturel des Arts, Trèbes
2002 Musée Château de Bellecour, Pithiviers
2001 Scène Nationale d'Orléans
1998 Galerie Ham, Nagoya, Japon
Galerie Proarta, Zurich, Suisse
1997 Casa França-Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Brésil
La Manufacture des Œillets, Ivry
Otemae Art Center, Kobe, Japon
1978 Kunsthalle, Bremerhaven, Allemagne
## Books
- COSMOGARDEN COSMOJUNGLE (ed.) Seigensha, Japan, 2007.`{{ISBN|978-4-86152-104-1}}`{=mediawiki} [website](http://www.seigensha.com)
- KURODA, (ed.) Maeght, France, 2002. `{{ISBN|2-86941-307-6}}`{=mediawiki} [website](https://www.amazon
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# Pan Am Cargo
**Pan Am Cargo** or **Clipper Cargo** was a subsidiary cargo airline of Pan American World Airways. Pan Am Cargo first used piston-engined aircraft such as the Douglas DC-4. On 5 January 1952 the larger DC-6 model was used on the company\'s first transatlantic all-cargo service. In 1963, Pan Am\'s all-cargo jet service began with Boeing 707-321Cs that henceforth dominated Pan Am\'s freight operations.
Pan Am stopped Pan Am Cargo operations in 1983
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# Janapar
**Janapar Trail** (*Ճանապարհ թրեյլ*) was a marked trail through mountains, valleys, and villages of the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which passed by monasteries and fortresses along its route. The trail consisted of several day hikes, taking hikers to a different village each night. Hikers could either stay with a village family or set up camp nearby. The paths have existed for centuries but markings were added in recent years specifically for hikers. Provided markers were blue with a yellow footprint. According to the trail\'s official website, much of the trail became impassable as a result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, with only the Stepanakert to Patara and Kolotak to Gandzasar sections remaining traversable.
## Janapar Trail Route {#janapar_trail_route}
The Janapar Trail, marked in 2007, led from the southern town of Hadrut to the capital of Stepanakert over the course of a week. From there the trail continues north to the region of Shahumian, and on to Vardenis in Armenia. Important sites along this hike include Dadivank monastery, Gandzasar monastery, Shusha, the Karkar Canyon with its high cliffs, the astonishing Zontik Waterfall and ruins of Hunot, as well as the 2,000-year-old tree, called Tnjri, Azykh Cave and Gtichavank monastery. There are also hot springs in Zar, a geyser near Karvarchar city, and other springs and waterfalls along the way.`{{needs update|date=January 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2018 Trails For Change NGO repainted the blazing on the entire trail. The trail creators advise hikers to use the Viewranger app or a GPS with the downloaded tracks, or the topographic maps made available on the Janapar website.`{{needs update|date=January 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
## Janapar symbol {#janapar_symbol}
The symbol of the trail is a footprint with the silhouette of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is composed of a single wandering line, which represents a hiking trail.
## Gallery
Photos from along the Janapar
<File:2014> Górski Karabach, Widoki ze szlaku turystycznego Dżanapar (45).jpg\|The views from the Janapar tourist route. Section between the cities Shusha and Stepanakert <File:2014> Górski Karabach, Widoki ze szlaku turystycznego Dżanapar (02).jpg\|The view from the Janapar tourist route. Section between Karintak village and the city of Shusha <File:2014> Szuszi, Meczet Ashaghi Govhar Agha (02).jpg\|Minarets of Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque in Shusha <File:Ghazanchetsots> Double Rainbow.jpg\|Cathedral of Shusha <File:Waterfall>, Karabakh Azerbaijan.jpg\|Zontik Waterfall in Gargarchay (Karkar) Canyon <File:Kaňon> řeky Karkar, Náhorní Karabach.jpg\|Gargarchay (Karkar) Canyon <File:Дадиванк.jpg%7CDadivank> Monastery <File:Gandzasar> Monastery1.jpg\|Gandzasar Monastery <File:Skthorashen-old-tree.jpeg%7C2,000-year-old> Tnjri tree <File:Azokh> Cave3.jpg\|Azykh Cave <File:Gtichavank.jpg%7CGtichavank> (old photo) <File:Karmir-shuka
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# Britta Gröndahl
**Britta Gröndahl** (`{{nee|Maartman}}`{=mediawiki}; 1914--2002) was a Swedish writer, journalist, translator, and anarcho-syndicalist activist.
## Biography
Britta Maartman was born on 8 March 1914, in Eskilstuna. She was the daughter of Hans Maartman, a right-wing councillor for the Eskilstuna Municipality, and Dagmar Tideman. Despite their social status, the family found it difficult to sustain a middle class lifestyle, which made Britta familiar with class stratification from an early age. She graduated from secondary school in 1931, and soon after she met and married the musician Gustav Gröndahl. They moved to Stockholm, where Britta began learning languages at the university; despite being inclined towards political science, the subject was considered inappropriate for women at that time.
During the 1940s, she gave birth to three daughters (Birgitta, Ulla and Anna) and lived the life of a housewife, while also working a job and continuing her linguistics studies. She also published a series of Swedish translations of works in the Dutch and English languages, beginning with her translation of Clyde Brion Davis\' novel *The Anointed* in 1945. By 1953, she had graduated with a licentiate in literature.
After her children came of age, Gröndahl moved into political activism. Under the influence of the German syndicalist Helmut Rüdiger, she joined the Central Organisation of Swedish Workers (SAC) and began writing for its newspaper *Arbetaren*. She became interested in the French and Spanish anarchist movements, and in 1959, she published a book about Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In 1965, Gröndahl was appointed as the first international secretary of the SAC. Gröndahl was radicalised by the protests of 1968, prompting her to resign from her posts at *Arbetaren* and the SAC, which had become too moderate for her. She instead became involved with the anarchist youth movement, establishing a coffeehouse on Bellmansgatan, Stockholm{{!Bellmansgatan\|sv\|Bellmansgatan, Stockholm}} and joining the team behind the libertarian socialist journal *Frihetlig socialistisk tidskrift*.
She continued to work as a translator, moving into publishing Swedish translations of French language works. In 1978, she published a translation of Marie Cardinal\'s novel *The Words to Say It* and cartoons by Claire Bretécher. During the 1980s, Gröndahl published a series of translations of the works of Michel Foucault, most notably including his four-volume opus *The History of Sexuality*. Towards the end of her life, in 1994, she published her memoirs. She died on 18 November 2002 and was buried in the graveyard of Bromma Church
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# Sgt. MacKenzie
\"**Sgt. MacKenzie**\" is a lament written and sung by Joseph Kilna MacKenzie (1955-2009), in memory of his great-grandfather who was killed in combat during World War I. It has been used in the 2002 movie *We Were Soldiers* and the ending scene of the 2012 film *End of Watch*.
## History
Joseph MacKenzie wrote the haunting lament after the death of his wife, Christine, and in memory of his great-grandfather, Charles Stuart MacKenzie, a sergeant in the Seaforth Highlanders, who along with hundreds of his brothers-in-arms from the Elgin-Rothes area in Moray, Scotland went to fight in World War I. Sergeant MacKenzie was bayoneted to death at age 33, while defending one of his badly injured fellow soldiers during hand-to-hand trench warfare. His grave stone states that he died on 9 April 1917.
The track was then included in his band Clann An Drumma\'s album *Tried and True* (2001). While working on the film *We Were Soldiers* (2002), director Randall Wallace received a CD of the album and was haunted by the emotion and spirit of reverence captured in \"Sgt. MacKenzie\". He arranged for Joe and his bandmate Donnie MacNeil, who played the pipes, to re-record \"Sgt. MacKenzie\" with the backing of an 80-piece orchestra and the United States Military Academy Choir at the famous Abbey Road Studios in London. The lament was introduced into the film during key scenes, with MacKenzie singing on his own, and on the last track of the film with the orchestra and choir. It is mistakenly believed the original version was in Scottish (Gaelic), but it was in Scots.
The original pipe score was written and played by Seoras Wallace, when Joe MacKenzie read his poem to him and Tu-Bardh Wilson in a house in Govan many years ago. The original recording is on the ClanWallace live album, and it was this recording that inspired Randall Wallace and Mel Gibson to contact Seoras about using the track on the film *We Were Soldiers* (2002).
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# Sgt. MacKenzie
## Sgt. Charles Stuart MacKenzie {#sgt._charles_stuart_mackenzie}
Sgt. Charles Stuart MacKenzie went to fight in France during World War I and was shot in the shoulder. The military sent him home to Scotland for treatment, where the surgeon wanted to amputate his arm. Sgt. MacKenzie refused, stating that he had to go back to his men. While recuperating in the hospital, he was asked what it was like to kill \"the Hun\" (as the Germans were called then). He replied, \"what a waste of a fine body of men\". His last picture, with him in uniform, was taken on the steps of the hospital. This picture hung in his home above the fireplace. Upon his return to the front, he and his men were engaged in fixed bayonet combat. The composer says, `{{quote|To the best of my knowledge, and taken from reports of the returning soldiers, one of his close friends fell, badly wounded. Charles stood his ground and fought until he was overcome and died from bayonet wounds. On that day, my great grandmother and my grandmother were sitting at the fire when the picture fell from the wall. My great grandmother looked, and said to my grandmother "Oh, my bonnie Charlie's dead". Sure enough a few days passed, and the local policeman brought the news - that Sgt. Charles Stuart MacKenzie had been [[killed in action]]. This same picture now hangs above my fireplace. A few years back my wife Christine died of [[cancer]], and in my grief I looked at his picture to ask what gave him the strength to go on. It was then, in my mind, that I saw him lying on the field and wondered what his final thoughts were. The words and music just appeared into my head. I believe the men and women like yourself who are prepared to stand their ground for their family - for their friends - and for their country; deserve to be remembered, respected and honoured. "Sgt. MacKenzie", is my very small tribute to them. After "Sgt. MacKenzie" was first released on our ''Tried and True'' CD album in 2000, a copy of the song made its way to the hands of Hollywood director, Randall Wallace and actor [[Mel Gibson]]. Immediately they both agreed that "Sgt. MacKenzie" should feature prominently in their upcoming movie ''[[We Were Soldiers]]''.|Joseph Kilna MacKenzie}}`{=mediawiki} MacKenzie was killed on 9 April 1917 during the Battle of Arras. He is buried in Highland Cemetery, Roclincourt in Pas-de-Calais, alongside other men from the 51st (Highland) Division.
## In later works {#in_later_works}
Child actor Atticus Shaffer was interested in the story of the actual soldier, so he dressed up as MacKenzie on Halloween. This was incorporated into his character, Brick, on *The Middle*, who does the same in a Halloween episode, then writes a hip-hop musical in a later episode based on MacKenzie\'s life and inspired by the hit Broadway musical *Hamilton*.
Beside the 2002 movie *We Were Soldiers*, the original song was also played during a scene in the film *End of Watch* (2012), starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Michael Peña. The song is also used in season 2 episode 1 of the military drama SIX
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# The Terror of Blue John Gap
\"**The Terror of Blue John Gap**\" is a short story written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It was first published in *Strand Magazine* in 1910. It is the subject of an ongoing study, The Terror of Blue John Gap Project, by Margie Deck and Nancy Holder.
The story comprises the adventures of a British doctor, recovering from tuberculosis, who goes to stay at a Derbyshire farm looking for rest and relaxation, becomes entrapped in a series of sinister events, and is forced to uncover the mysteries surrounding \"Blue John Gap\" and the \"Terror\" that lurks within it.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Dr James Hardcastle, who is convalescing in a Derbyshire farm, discovers Blue John Gap, a Roman Derbyshire Blue John mine. He begins to investigate the mine and the extensive underground formations to which it connects, despite the warnings of a local farmer who claims it contains a monster that has been stealing his sheep.
Hardcastle hears a large creature moving in the cave, and uncovers more evidence that it has been preying on local sheep. He determines to face it alone, as the colleagues whom he asked for help dismissed his claims as madness. He manages to wound the creature, and is badly hurt himself doing so.
The local people, who believe Hardcastle, seal the mine after the creature has returned to it. Hardcastle dies from trauma, leaving a description of his experience to try to convince his London colleagues.
## Themes
One of the central themes of *The Terror of Blue John Gap* is Hardcastle\'s difficulty in getting the world to believe him. This theme is mirrored with Conan Doyle\'s other character, Professor Challenger\'s struggles to get the world to believe the truth of his adventures in *The Lost World* (the creature in \"The Terror of Blue John Gap\" is a prehistoric survivor like the creatures in *The Lost World*).
It also echoes Conan Doyle\'s career as a campaigner for various causes such as the atrocities in the Congo and spiritualism where he was met with denial in the former case and doubt in the latter. In that respect Philip Gooden theorises that Dr James Hardcastle, and Professor Challenger, who boldly prove the scientific community wrong, may have been a wish fulfillment on Doyle\'s part.
## Characters
- **Dr James Hardcastle** The hero of the story. A doctor who, while recovering from tuberculosis, discovers the mystery of Blue John Gap and bravely resolves to solve it alone when the world scorns him. While he emerged triumphant the ordeal left him a broken man. He died on 4 February 1908 in South Kensington.
- **Armitage** A young sheep farmer. He was the one who first introduced Dr Hardcastle to the sinister goings on around Blue John Gap. He later vanishes without a trace and is presumed to have been killed by the \"Terror\".
- **The Miss Allertons** Two elderly sister spinsters. They run the farm and inn where Hardcastle is sent to recover from his illness. They are described as quaint with hearts of gold.
- **Dr Mark Johnson** A friend of Professor Saunderson. Hardcastle turns to him for help and he promptly sent Hardcastle to Picton\'s asylum as a result.
- **Professor Saunderson** Hardcastle\'s Doctor. He was the one who recommended Miss Allerton\'s farm as a place for Hardcastle to recover and apparently grew up there himself.
- **Seaton** A friend of Hardcastle. Hardcastle addressed his notes of the events to him. Enquiry apparently failed to identify who Seaton was and his identity, and even existence, remained a mystery.
## Locations
- **Miss Allerton\'s farm** the place in Derbyshire where Hardcastle was sent to recover from illness. The farm is 1420 ft above sea level and surrounded by limestone cliffs and hills. Professor Saunderson was \"not above scaring crows in those very fields.\"
- **Blue John Gap** a mine, one of only two in the world where the beautiful and rare Blue John mineral is found. The Romans created the mine and, in the process, their shaft intersected into the great water-worn caves of the underworld.
- **Underworld** Hardcastle discovers that the limestone hills are hollow; \"Strike it with some gigantic hammer it would boom like a drum.\" Inside, he theorised, is a huge subterranean sea. The evaporation from this sea supports a forest and animal life, which entered the caves from the surface and became trapped when the caves were cut off. Since then they have evolved into the creature Hardcastle encountered
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# Stuiver (1948)
The respective total mintage of the Stuiver 1948 was: 25,000,000, struck in Utrecht by the Utrecht mint, mintmaster
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| 0 |
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# Peter McGinnity
**Peter McGinnity** (born October 1953) is a Gaelic football manager and former player who hails from Roslea in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in March 2024 at the Gaelic Life Club All-Star awards
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# Klyuch
Ključ}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Klyuch
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Church St. Prophet Elijah, Klyuch.jpg
| image_caption = Church "St. Prophet Elijah", Klyuch
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Bulgaria
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_label_position = Location in Bulgaria
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Bulgaria|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Blagoevgrad Province]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Bulgaria|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Petrich Municipality]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2007
| population_note =
| population_total =
| population_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_density =
| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset = +2
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|21|44|N|23|01|03|E|display=inline,it}}
| elevation_m = 455
| website =
}}`{=mediawiki} **Klyuch** (*Ключ*, \"key\"; also transliterated *Кључ, Ključ, Kliuch, Kljuch*, etc., Medieval Greek: **Κλειδίον**, *Kleidion,* Latin: **Clidium**) is a village in south-westernmost Bulgaria, part of Petrich Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province. It lies 455 metres above sea level. As of 2005, it has a population of 1,113 and the mayor is Hristo Markov.
Klyuch lies at the northern foot of the Belasitsa mountains, south of the Strumeshnitsa River, in the geographic region of Podgorie. The climate is transitional Mediterranean, with a summer minimum and a winter maximum of precipitation.
The village is famous for the Battle of Kleidion of 29 July 1014, in which Tsar Samuil\'s forces were routed by Byzantine Emperor Basil II\'s army. After the battle, Basil ordered all 14,000 Bulgarian captives blinded, with a single soldier left one-eyed to guide every hundred blinded home.
Five kilometres north of the village are the ruins of Samuil\'s Fortress, built between 1009 and 1013, and the Samuil\'s Fortress National Park-Museum, created in 1982 and featuring a bronze monument to Samuil.
Klyuch is also famous for several alleged cases of UFO, mostly popularized by the local Kiril Yakimov.
Bulgarian international footballer Spas Delev (b. 1989) was born in Klyuch. He plays for Arda Kardzhali
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# Arthur Berry (footballer)
**Arthur Berry** (3 January 1888 -- 15 March 1953) was an English amateur footballer who competed at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics.
## Family
Arthur Berry\'s father Edwin \'Ted\' Berry (1858--1925), a solicitor by trade, was a founder member of St. Domingo\'s FC in 1878. A year later the church team became Everton as they began to attract players from outwith the congregation. Ted Berry played as an outside-right for Everton for three seasons prior to the formation of the Football League in 1888. He later served as chairman and director of Liverpool F.C. from 1904 to 1909, overseeing the club\'s promotion back to the top flight and second League Championship title in successive seasons, 1904--05 and 1905--06.
## Club career {#club_career}
Berry studied at Denstone College and Wadham College, Oxford. He played for Oxford University A.F.C., and earned two Blues in 1907 and 1908.
He also played for Liverpool, Fulham, Everton, Wrexham, Northern Nomads and Oxford City. He played for England\'s amateur team in 24 matches between 1908 and 1913.
Berry ended his playing career in October 1914 when he became a barrister.
## International career {#international_career}
Berry earned 25 caps for England amateurs between 1908 and 1913, being one of the team\'s most used players. He netted 10 goals, including a poker against Sweden in a 6--1 win on 8 September 1908. He was part of the Great Britain\'s squads which won gold at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics. In the 1908 tournament, he played alongside Kenneth Hunt, who had been his teammate in the 1907 Varsity football match, and even netted a goal in a 12--1 trashing of Sweden in the first round. He also appeared in the final against Denmark, helping his side with a 2-0 win. In the 1912 tournament, Berry again appeared in the final against the same opponents, this time scoring a goal as Great Britain won 4--2. Berry scored his last goals for the amateur side on 27 February 1913, netting twice in a 4--0 win over France. With 10 goals to his name, Berry is among the top scorers of the England amateur side.
## International goals {#international_goals}
: *England Amateurs score listed first, score column indicates score after each Berry goal.*
No
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# Fiat CR.20
The **Fiat CR.20** was a biplane fighter designed and produced by the Italian aircraft manufacturer Fiat. It represented an intermediate step from the early biplane CR.1 and the later, successful series CR.30, CR.32 and CR.42.
Development of the CR.20 was headed by the aeronautical engineer Celestino Rosatelli, who selected a sesquiplane configuration. The engine was a water-cooled 306 kW Fiat A.20 V-12 engine. Major variants were the *CR.20 Idro*, a pontoon floatplane, and the *CR.20 Asso*, using a more powerful (336 kW/450 hp) Isotta Fraschini engine. *CR.20bis*, produced from 1930, differed from the original version only with the addition of a more advanced landing gear.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The Fiat CR.20 was a sesquiplane fighter. It had an all-metal framework which comprised both steel and various light metals.The exterior covering was of fireproof fabric, except for the front part of the fuselage close to the engine, which was instead covered by duralumin sheeting. The fuselage was relatively streamlined, which was obtained via the use of duralumin ribs and tubes that directly supported the fabric covering. The pilot was seated relatively high up in relation to the top of the fuselage; this provided a good field of vision both above and below the upper wing. Overall, the aircraft was relatively compact, which had the benefit of minimising inertia in all directions and thus improving its manoeuvrability.
The wings were staggered, and had dihedral. The number of wing struts, arranged as a warren girder was minimised as to reduce the drag incurred as well as to simplify the mounting. The ribs employed an arrangement of triangular bracing composed of thin duralumin tubes while the wing spars formed box girders, consisting of two metal strips that were riveted together. Shearing stresses were adequately distributed by the twin spar webs, the flanges of which extended along the entire length of the spars and were reinforced at certain points. The stress distribution was designed to require the least possible variation in the cross section of the spars to form a girder of near uniform strength. The wing struts were composed of sheet metal in a conventional manner and possessed an aspect ratio of 2.5, as was then typically used on Fiat-built aircraft. The three struts forming each half of the cabane were joined in a manner that imposed no obstruction to the aircraft\'s cockpit.
The fuselage framework consisted of four steel longerons, which were connected by a combination of transverse frames and triangular bracing. The structure of the fuselage\'s forward section terminated at the second bulkhead, that beyond effectively being a projecting bracket. The mounting for the engine was relatively simple; however, attention was paid to providing good accessibility for various elements, including the magnetos, water, fuel, and oil pumps and most aspects of the power plant. No bracing was present between the lower longerons due to the location of the fuel tank; instead, the horizontal girders continued through to the lower wing to join with the fuselage. The honeycomb radiator, which was located within the forward fuselage, used specialised elastic supports that avoided any vibration-related disturbances. The air passages of the radiator were arranged to facilitate maximum airflow, and thus the most efficient cooling, while the aircraft was climbing. The pilot could exercise control of the radiator via a shutter.
It was powered by a Fiat A.20 V-12 water-cooled piston engine, which was capable of producing 410 hp, driving a twin-bladed fixed-pitch propeller . The speed of the engine enabled the attainment of a high specific power despite a relatively small bulk. The front end of the engine was specifically shaped to facilitate the installation of the radiator and thus achieve optimal efficacy, weight, and bulk, as well as protection of vulnerable elements from enemy fire. The twin double-spark high-tension magnetos were located aft of the engine and were relatively easily to inspect. A specialised starter, assisted by starting magnetos, was also present.
The armament consisted of four machine guns, all located within the fuselage. Two of these fired through the propeller arc as they were situated quite close to the pilot and featured an orthodox installation. The other two were mounted on the either side of the fuselage at the height of the longeron that supported the engine. The ammunition boxes, which were located on the sides of, and underneath, the engine cowling, were suitably protected. The aircraft had a relatively large carrying capacity.
Considerable attention was paid to maximising the safety of the aircraft, to avoid needing high piloting skills to operate it. To minimise the risk of an onboard fire, the pilot could jettison the fuel tank. . Torque was corrected against by making the left half-cell somewhat longer than the right.`{{what|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} . Special attention was paid to the positioning of both the fuel and oil tanks relative to the aircraft\'s centre of gravity, as well as to the location of the landing gear (in order to lessen the tendency to capsize on rough ground). The angle of attack was such as to achieve maximum lift and therefore to minimise the aircraft\'s landing speed. Despite these measures, the CR.20 was capable of performing various aerobatic manoeuvres and also possessed relatively high horizontal and climbing speeds.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
During September 1926, official testing of the CR.20 was performed at Montecelio; various aspects of the aircraft, including its manoeuvrability, ease of operation, responsive controls, and perfect equilibrium in flight, were commonly identified by early pilots.
By 1933, the CR.20 had reached its operational peak, equipping 27 squadrons of the Italian *Regia Aeronautica*. The aircraft engaged in combat against Libyan rebels as well as during the early stages of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War in the attack role. The CR.20s remained in service with the *Regia Aeronautica* in the aerobatics and training through much of the 1930s.
In 1933, Italy sold five CR.20s to Paraguay, which was fighting the Chaco War against Bolivia. Thus, these aircraft served as Paraguay\'s only fighters through to the end of the conflict.
| 1,001 |
Fiat CR.20
| 0 |
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# Fiat CR.20
## Variants
`{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
- **CR.20 Idro** : Twin-float seaplane version.
- **CR.20bis** : Single-seat fighter biplane, fitted with an advanced landing gear.
- **CR.20bisAQ/CR.20AQ** : CR.20bis aircraft fitted with the Fiat A.20 A.Q. piston-engine.
- **CR.20 Asso** : Single-seat fighter biplane, powered by a 336 kW (450 hp) Isotta Fraschini Asso Caccia engine.
- **CR.20B** : Two-seat trainer, communications aircraft. Built in small numbers.
## Operators
`{{AUT}}`{=mediawiki}
- Austrian Air Force (1931-1938)
`{{flag|Hungary|1920}}`{=mediawiki}
- Hungarian Air Force
`{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Regia Aeronautica*
- Aviazione Legionaria
Lithuania
- Lithuanian Air Force - 15 units, 1928-1940.
`{{PAR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paraguayan Air Arm
`{{POL}}`{=mediawiki}
- Polish Air Force
`{{ESP}}`{=mediawiki}
- Spanish Air Force
`{{USSR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Soviet Air Force - Two aircraft, used for tests and trials.
## Specifications (CR.20) {#specifications_cr.20}
`{{Aircraft specs
|ref= ''The Complete Book of Fighters'',<ref name="complete p205">Green and Swanborough 1990, p. 205.</ref> ''National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics''<ref name = "naca 59">NACA 1927, pp. 5-9.</ref>
|prime units?= met
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|crew= 1
|length m= 6.7
|length note=
|span m= 9.8
|span note=
|height m= 2.75
|height note=
|wing area sqm= 25.65
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg= 980
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg= 1,400
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number= 1
|eng1 name= [[Fiat A.20]]
|eng1 type= V-12 water-cooled piston engine
|eng1 kw= 331
|eng1 note=
|prop blade number= 2
|prop name= fixed-pitch propeller
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
Performance
-->
|max speed kmh= 270
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=750
|range note=<ref>Angelucci 1983, p. 124.</ref>
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance= 3 hours
|ceiling m= 7,500
|ceiling note=<ref name="Warplanes p54">Taylor 1981, p. 54.</ref>
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude= {{cvt|5400|m|0}} in 13 minutes and 37 seconds
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
<!--
Armament
-->
|guns= 2 × 7.7 mm (
| 367 |
Fiat CR.20
| 1 |
10,981,480 |
# Indium chalcogenides
The **indium chalcogenides** include all compounds of indium with the chalcogen elements, oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium. (Polonium is excluded as little is known about its compounds with indium). The best-characterised compounds are the In(III) and In(II) chalcogenides e.g. the sulfides In~2~S~3~ and InS.\
This group of compounds has attracted a lot of research attention because they include semiconductors, photovoltaics and phase-change materials. In many applications indium chalcogenides are used as the basis of ternary and quaternary compounds such as indium tin oxide, ITO and copper indium gallium selenide, CIGS.
Some compounds that were reported and have found their way into text books have not been substantiated by later researchers. The list of compounds below shows compounds that have been reported, and those compounds that have not had their structure determined, or whose existence has not been confirmed by the latest structural investigations, are in italics.
oxide sulfide selenide telluride
--------------- --------------- ---------------- -----------------
*In~2~O* *In~2~Se*
*In~4~S~3~* **In~4~Se~3~** **In~4~Te~3~**
*In~5~S~4~*
**InS** **InSe** **InTe**
**In~6~S~7~** **In~6~Se~7~**
*In~3~S~4~* **In~3~Te~4~**
**In~7~Te~10~**
**In~2~O~3~** **In~2~S~3~** **In~2~Se~3~** **In~2~Te~3~**
*In~3~Te~5~*
**In~2~Te~5~**
There are a lot of compounds, the reason for this being that indium can be present as
- In^3+^, oxidation state +3
- In^+^, oxidation state +1
- units, oxidation state of +2, also found in some indium halides, e.g. In~2~Br~3~.
- nonlinear `{{chem|In|3|5+}}`{=mediawiki} units isoelectronic with `{{chem|Hg|3|2+}}`{=mediawiki}.
The compound In~2~Te~5~ is a polytelluride containing the `{{chem|Te|3|2−}}`{=mediawiki} unit.\
None of the indium chalcogenides can be described simply as ionic in nature, they all involve a degree of covalent bonding. However, in spite of this it is useful to formulate the compounds in ionic terms to get an insight into how the structures are built up. Compounds almost invariably have multiple polymorphs, that is they can crystallise in slightly different forms depending on either the method of production, or the substrate upon which they are deposited. Many of the compounds are made up of layers, and it is the different ways that the layers are stacked that is a cause of polymorphism.
## In~2~O, In~2~Se {#in2o_in2se}
: In~2~O is well documented. It exists in the gaseous phase and there are numerous reports of small amounts detected in the solid phase but no definitive structure has been published. It is now believed that the compound described as In~2~Se was actually a sample of In~4~Se~3~.
## In~4~S~3~, In~4~Se~3~, In~4~Te~3~ {#in4s3_in4se3_in4te3}
: In~4~S~3~ had been reported but has more recently been re-investigated and is now believed not to exist. Both In~4~Se~3~ and In~4~Te~3~ are similar black crystalline solids and have been formulated to contain a non linear `{{chem|In|3|5+}}`{=mediawiki} unit that is isoelectronic with `{{chem|Hg|3|2+}}`{=mediawiki}. For example the selenide is formulated as In^+^·`{{chem|In|3|5+}}`{=mediawiki}·3Se^2−^.
## In~5~S~4~
: A reinvestigation showed that the original sample was actually SnIn~4~S~4~.
## InS, InSe, InTe {#ins_inse_inte}
InS, InSe
: InS and InSe are similar, both contain `{{chem|In|2|4+}}`{=mediawiki} and have a layer structure. InS for instance can be formulated In~2~^4+^·2S^2−^. InSe has two crystal forms β-InSe and γ-InSe that differ only in the way that the layers are stacked. InSe is a semiconductor and a phase change material and has potential as an optical recording medium.
InTe
: InTe in contrast to InS and InSe is a mixed valence indium compound containing In^+^ and In^3+^ and can be formulated as In^+^·In^3+^·2Te^2−^. It is similar to TlSe and has tetrahedral InTe~4~ units that share edges. It has potential for use in photovoltaic devices.
## In~6~S~7~, In~6~Se~7~ {#in6s7_in6se7}
: These compounds are isostructural, and have been formulated with indium in 3 different oxidation states, +1, +2 and +3. They have been formulated as e.g. In^+^·`{{chem|In|2|4+}}`{=mediawiki}·3In^3+^·7S^2−^. The indium--indium bond length in the In~2~ units are 2.741 Å (sulfide), 2.760 Å (selenide). In~6~S~7~ is an n-type semiconductor.
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| 0 |
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# Indium chalcogenides
## In~3~Te~4~
: This compound has been reported as a superconductor. An unusual structure has been proposed that is effectively In~4~Te~4~ but with one quarter of the indium positions vacant. There seems to be no short indium--indium distance that would indicate an In--In unit.
## In~7~Te~10~
: This is formulated as `{{chem|In|2|4+}}`{=mediawiki}·12In^3+^·20Te^2−^. The In--In distance is 2.763 Å. It has a similar structure to Ga~7~Te~10~ and Al~7~Te~10~
## In~2~S~3~, In~2~Se~3~, In~2~Te~3~ {#in2s3_in2se3_in2te3}
In~2~S~3~
: Indium(III) sulfide is a yellow or red high melting solid. It is an n-type semiconductor.
In~2~Se~3~
: Indium(III) selenide is a black compound with potential optical applications.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
In~2~Te~3~
: Indium(III) telluride is a black high melting solid with applications as a semiconductor and in optical material. It has two crystalline forms, α and β.
## In~3~Te~5~
: This was reported in phase studies in 1964 but its structure has not been confirmed.
## In~2~Te~5~
: This is a polytelluride compound and the structure is made up of layers that in turn are made up of chains of linked InTe~4~ tetrahedra where three of the tellurium atoms are bridging. There are tellurium atoms separate from the chains. The compound has been formulated as (2In^3+^·Te^2−^·`{{chem|Te|3|2−}}`{=mediawiki})~*n*~ counterbalanced with separate Te^2−^ ions. The structure is similar to Al~2~Te~5~
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| 1 |
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# Negoro-ji
is a Buddhist temple located in the city of Iwade, Wakayama Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. Surrounded by the sacred peaks of the Katsuragi Mountains, the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site and a National Place of Scenic Beauty in 2007.
## History
In the latter half of the Heian period, from 1131, the priest Kakuban became head of the Shingon sect on Mount Kōya and attempted to reform the sect by reuniting the Ōno (小野) and Hirosawa (広沢) branches. He also attempted to assert the authority of Mount Kōya over the temple\'s metropolitan headquarters at Tō-ji in Kyoto. More controversially, he also attempted to introduce elements from Pure Land Buddhism into Shingon orthodoxy, including a new ritual called the *`{{nihongo|himitsu nembutsu|秘密念仏|esoteric nembutsu|}}`{=mediawiki}*. These reforms led to animosity form various reactionary political factions within the Shingon hierarchy, and facing calls for his expulsion, he resigned his posts in 1135 and retired to the chapel of Mitsugon-in (密厳院). However, the animosity against him continued, and after armed followers of the other factions burned down his residence in 1140, he fled further south into the mountains of Kii Province to an estate which he had received in 1132 from ex-Emperor Toba called Ichijō-zan Daidenpon Negoro-ji. He died at this location in 1143 and one of his disciples, Raiyū (頼瑜, 1226--1304) moved the Daidenbō-in and the Mitsugon-in chapels from Mount Kōya to Negoro-ji in 1288 and established the independence of a new school called `{{nihongo|'''Shingi Shingon'''|新義真言宗|New Shingon}}`{=mediawiki}.
During the height of its influence in the late Muromachi period, the temple grew to become a huge religious city, with some 450 temples or chapels (2700 by some accounts) on the mountainside, controlling estates with a *kokudaka* of 720,000 *koku* and with some 10,000 *Negoro-shū* soldiers. Many of these soldiers were armed with matchlock rifles, which had recently been introduced to Japan. The temple was thus equivalent to a major Sengoku daimyō in terms of economic and military might. The temple enjoyed a good relationship with Oda Nobunaga, having assisted him during the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War from 1570 to 1580 and with Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in 1584; however, it earned the enmity of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who launched an invasion of Kii Province in 1585. During the Siege of Negoro-ji most of the temple was burned down. Since the temple surrendered without resistance, its burning has been subject to some controversy. It is not clear if the temple was burned on Hideyoshi\'s orders, by its defenders, or as an act of arson by the attackers. The main surviving structure, the \"Daidenhōdō\" was dismantled and taken away for use as the Main Hall of Tenshō-ji, which Hideyoshi planned as Nobunaga\'s mausoleum in Funaokayama, Kyoto. However, Tenshō-ji was never built.
Following the Siege of Osaka in 1615 and the destruction of the Toyotomi clan, Tokugawa Ieyasu donated the buildings of Shoun-ji, a temple which had been built by Hideyoshi to mourn his infant son Tsurumatsu, to Negoro-ji, which had begun to rebuild. During the Edo period, the temple was patronized by the Kishū Tokugawa clan and continued to rebuild.
Archaeological excavations have been conducted on the temple grounds from 1976, and excavation also unearthed numerous relics such as pottery, lacquerware, Buddhist implements, and weapons. These relics are stored and exhibited at the \"Iwade Civic Museum\" built on the premises. However, the grounds of the temple are increasing threatened by urban encroachment.
| 576 |
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| 0 |
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# Negoro-ji
## Cultural Properties {#cultural_properties}
### Buildings
`{{nihongo|Daitō|大塔||}}`{=mediawiki}, National Treasure
This is the largest Tahō-tō-style Pagoda in Japan, with a height of 40 meters and a width of 15 meters. It houses a statue of the Vairocana Buddha inside a circle of 12 pillars. It is believed to have started construction around 1480, and was completed around 1547. based on a record found within the structure during modern dismantling and repairs. The structure also has bullet holes from the attack on the temple by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1585.The structure was designated a National Treasure in 1899
`{{nihongo|Daishi-dō|大塔||}}`{=mediawiki}, Important Cultural Property
Along with the Daitō, this three by three bay structure is one of the few in the temple to ave survived in 1585 destruction of the temple. It is estimated to have been built around 1391 from the inscription on the principal image, a statue of Kōbō Daishi. It was designated as an Important Cultural Property in 1944.
`{{nihongo|Daidenhō-dō|大伝法堂||}}`{=mediawiki}, Important Cultural Property
This building was rebuilt in 1824 by local carpenters with the assistance of craftsmen from Osaka and Echigo. It is a large three by two bay structure with a large open interior space, and a tile roof.
The Daidenhō-dō contains three statues: a 3.5 meter seated Dainichi Nyorai, with a 3.43 meter seated Kongosatta on the left and a 3.3 meter seated Sonshō Butchō on the right. These states were completed between 1387 and 1405 and are thus much older than the building itself. The grouping is very unusual, and statues of Sonshō Butchō are also extremely rare in Japan. The group was designated an Important Cultural Property in 1994.
`{{nihongo|Kōmyōshingon-den|光明真言殿||}}`{=mediawiki}, Important Cultural Property
This building was reconstructed in 1801 and designated 2019
`{{nihongo|Daimon|大門||}}`{=mediawiki}, Important Cultural Property
The main gate of the temple was reconstructed in 1845 and designated 2019
`{{nihongo|Fudō-dō|不動堂||}}`{=mediawiki}, Important Cultural Property
This chapel dedicated to Fudō-myōō was reconstructed in the mid-Edo period and designated 2019
`{{nihongo|Gyōja-dō|行者堂||}}`{=mediawiki}, Important Cultural Property
This building was completed in the mid-Edo period and designated 2019
`{{nihongo|Shōten-dō|聖天堂||}}`{=mediawiki}, Important Cultural Property
This building was completed in the mid-Edo period and designated 2019
| 351 |
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# Negoro-ji
## Gallery
Negoroji05s3200.jpg\|Daimon Negorozi_11.jpg\|Fudō-dō Negorozi_12.jpg\|Fudō-dō interior Negoroji04s3200.jpg\|Daidenhō-dō Negoroji01s3200.jpg\|Daitō Pagoda Negoroji02s3872.jpg\|Daishi-dō Negoroji Kogyodaishi Mausoleum.jpg\|Oku-no-in Negoroji11s3200.jpg\|Kōmyōshingon-den Negoroji25s3872.jpg\|Gyōja-dō Negoroji14s3872
| 18 |
Negoro-ji
| 2 |
10,981,517 |
# Richie Moloney
**Richard Henry Moloney** (born June 7, 1950), is an American former baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues for one season in 1970 with the Chicago White Sox. He was the 3rd youngest player in the American league when he made his first and only appearance. He pitched one inning giving up two hits and striking out one (Jim Holt)
| 64 |
Richie Moloney
| 0 |
10,981,554 |
# Söderberg
**Söderberg** is a common Swedish surname. Variations of the name include **Soderberg** and **Soderbergh**.
## Geographical distribution {#geographical_distribution}
As of 2014, 95.5% of all known bearers of the surname *Söderberg* were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:828) and 2.8% of Finland (1:15,705).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:828) in the following counties:
- 1\. Västernorrland County (1:305)
- 2\. Gotland County (1:406)
- 3\. Västmanland County (1:489)
- 4\. Södermanland County (1:547)
- 5\. Jämtland County (1:548)
- 6\. Uppsala County (1:574)
- 7\. Dalarna County (1:632)
- 8\. Norrbotten County (1:648)
- 9\. Gävleborg County (1:656)
- 10\. Örebro County (1:702)
- 11\. Kronoberg County (1:766)
- 12\. Västerbotten County (1:785)
- 13\. Stockholm County (1:787)
- 14\. Värmland County (1:793)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:15,705) in the following regions:
- 1\. Åland (1:850)
- 2\. Ostrobothnia (1:3,104)
- 3\. Uusimaa (1:8,744)
- 4\. Satakunta (1:9,280)
## Surname
### People named Söderberg {#people_named_söderberg}
- Anders Söderberg (b. 1975), Swedish athlete in ice hockey
- Anna Söderberg (b. 1973), Swedish female athlete in discus throw
- Bertil Söderberg (b. 1947), Swedish athlete in handball
- Carl Söderberg (b. 1985), Swedish ice hockey player
- David Söderberg (b. 1979), Finnish athlete in hammer throw
- Dora Söderberg (1899--1990), Swedish actress
- Eugénie Söderberg (1903--1973), German-born Swedish-American writer and journalist
- Freddy Söderberg (b. 1984), Swedish athlete in football
- Hjalmar Söderberg (1869--1941), Swedish novelist, playwright, poet and journalist
- Inga-Britt Söderberg (1935--2019), Finnish model and former Miss Europe
- Lennart Söderberg (1941--2022), Swedish athlete/manager in football
- Johan Söderberg (b. 1962), Swedish film director
- Johan Söderberg (b. 1973), Swedish musician
- Tommy Söderberg (b. 1948), Swedish football coach
- Torgny Söderberg (f. 1980s), Swedish songwriter
### People named Soderberg {#people_named_soderberg}
- Alicia M. Soderberg (b. 1977), United States astrophysicist
- Brad Soderberg (b. 1962), United States basketball coach
- Bryce Soderberg (b. 1980), Canadian musician
- Carl R. Soderberg (1895--1979), United States electrical engineer
- Chuck Soderberg (f. 2000s), United States politician
- Lena Soderberg (born 1951), Swedish actress
- Mary Soderberg (f. 2000s), United States female politician
- Nancy Soderberg (f. 1990s--2000s), United States foreign policy analyst
- Peter H. Soderberg (f. 1970s--2000s), United States business manager
### People named Soderbergh {#people_named_soderbergh}
- Steven Soderbergh (b. 1963), United States film director
### People named Söderborg {#people_named_söderborg}
- Berndt Söderborg (b
| 407 |
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| 0 |
10,981,570 |
# Brandon Frye
**Brandon Lee Frye** (born January 23, 1983) is an American former professional football offensive tackle. He was selected by the Houston Texans in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL draft. He played college football at Virginia Tech.
Frye was also a member of the Miami Dolphins and Seattle Seahawks.
## College career {#college_career}
Frye played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies. After playing sparingly his first three seasons, he earned the starting left job at the end of the 2005 season for the Toyota Gator Bowl against Louisville after Jimmy Martin was injured. He retained the starting job during the 2006 season and started all but two games his final year with the Hokies.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Houston Texans {#houston_texans}
Frye was selected by the Houston Texans in the fifth round, with the 163rd overall pick, of the 2007 NFL draft. He officially signed with the team on July 26. He was waived on September 1 and signed to the Texans\' practice squad on September 3. Frye was promoted to the active roster on October 31, 2007. However, he did not appear in any games for the Texans and became a free agent after the 2007 season.
Frye re-signed with the Texans on March 28, 2008. He was waived on September 2 and signed to the practice squad on September 4, 2008.
### Miami Dolphins {#miami_dolphins}
On November 5, 2008, Frye was signed to the Miami Dolphins\' active roster off of the Texans\' practice squad. He appeared in seven games for the Dolphins during the 2008 season. He was waived by the Dolphins on September 5, 2009.
### Seattle Seahawks {#seattle_seahawks}
Frye signed with the Seattle Seahawks September 6, 2009. He played in four games, starting three, for the Seahawks in 2009 before being placed on injured reserve on October 13, 2009. He became a free agent after the season.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He currently resides in the Washington, D.C. metro area
| 330 |
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# Brent Celek
**Brent Steven Celek** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|l|ᵻ|k}}`{=mediawiki}; born January 25, 1985) is an American professional football executive and former tight end for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Cincinnati Bearcats and was selected by the Eagles in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL draft. He played his entire 11 season career with the Eagles. Celek helped the Eagles win Super Bowl LII during the 2017 season; he subsequently retired that offseason.
## Early life {#early_life}
Celek played high school football at La Salle High School in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was named first-team all-district as both a junior and senior. He set a school record after catching a pass for 89 yards. He also lettered in track two years in the shot put and discus.
## College career {#college_career}
Celek played college football for the Cincinnati Bearcats, the first year under head coach Rick Minter and the following three seasons under Mark Dantonio. He won the UC Claude Rost Award (Most Valuable Player) and was a second-team All-Big East Conference selection. His four-year totals were 91 receptions for 1,135 yards (a 12.5 average) and 14 touchdowns, with the Bearcats earning victories his senior year in the International Bowl and his sophomore season in the Fort Worth Bowl.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### 2007 season
After not having been invited to the 2007 NFL Scouting Combine, Celek was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fifth round (162nd overall) of the 2007 NFL draft. He signed a four-year contract with the team on May 30, 2007.
### 2008 season {#season_1}
In 2008, Celek set franchise records for yards in a game with 131 in week 9 and receptions in a playoff game with 10 in the 2009 NFC Championship game. He caught two touchdowns in a game against the Arizona Cardinals, and his 19 catches during the 2008-09 NFL playoffs were the third most in NFL history for a tight end.
### 2009 season {#season_2}
Celek became the starting tight end for the Eagles after L. J. Smith departed via free agency to the Baltimore Ravens in 2009.
After scoring a touchdown in a week 9 game at home against the Dallas Cowboys, Celek was penalized for excessive celebration after teammate Jason Avant lifted his leg in order to impersonate the mascot for Captain Morgan rum. After the incident, the NFL quickly banned what turned out to be a covert ad campaign allegedly put on by the company, whereas any NFL player that is caught striking the \"Captain Morgan\" pose on camera during a regular-season game would result in a donation of \$10,000 to the Gridiron Greats, a non-profit which helps retired NFL players with various hardships after leaving the game. The league chose not to penalize Celek, but stated that any future incident would be punished.
Celek signed six-year contract extension on December 1, 2009, to keep him under contract as an Eagle until after the 2016 season.
On December 27, 2009, in week 16 against the Denver Broncos, Celek made four catches for 121 yards and a touchdown, his third 100-yard game of the season. His 47-yard touchdown catch was the longest of his career.
After having a breakout year with 76 catches (a team high), 971 yards and eight touchdowns, Celek was named to the 2009 USA Today All-Joe Team.
### 2010 season {#season_3}
In the 2010 season, Celek caught 42 passes for 511 yards and 4 touchdowns, including a then career-long 65-yard touchdown against the New York Giants in week 15, in the Miracle at the New Meadowlands.
### 2011 season {#season_4}
Celek ended the season with 811 receiving yards, as quarterback Michael Vick\'s favorite target. He was one of three Eagle offensive players to start all 16 games, along with right tackle Todd Herremans and rookie center Jason Kelce. During the offseason, Celek was a passenger in a DUI car accident, where no one was hurt.
### 2012 season {#season_5}
Celek finished the season with 57 receptions for 684 yards and one touchdown.
### 2013 season {#season_6}
Celek finished the regular season with 32 receptions for 502 yards and six touchdowns after scoring a touchdown in each of the final two weeks. In the opening-round playoff loss to the New Orleans Saints, Celek caught two passes on three targets for 16 yards.
### 2014 season {#season_7}
Going into the 2014 season, his eighth in the NFL, Celek stood second in Eagles team history in three tight end categories---all behind career leader Pete Retzlaff---in receiving yards (4,050), receptions (322), and touchdowns (26). Despite being the team\'s starter, Celek only had 90 yards in the team\'s first eight games (three of those games had no receptions), being used mostly for blocking. When Nick Foles went down due to injury, Celek saw more catches from backup Mark Sanchez. This was best showcased in a win over the Carolina Panthers, in which he caught 5 passes for 116 yards. He also caught his lone touchdown of the season from Sanchez, a 1-yard catch against the Giants in Week 17. Celek finished the season with 32 receptions for 340 yards and 1 touchdown, which was less than half of teammate Zach Ertz\'s total.
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| 0 |
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# Brent Celek
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### 2015 season {#season_8}
Celek remained the Eagles\' starting tight end to start the 2015 season. Similarly to 2014, Celek had an uneventful start, only getting one catch on one target for six yards in three games. However, in a Week 4 divisional matchup against the Redskins, he scored his first touchdown of the season on a 10-yard catch and run from new quarterback Sam Bradford. Celek followed it up with 3 catches for 44 yards and another touchdown against the Saints. Celek only caught 2 passes for 11 yards in a game against the Panthers, and against the Cowboys he caught no passes. Celek did, however, make a crucial block on Dallas\' defensive end Greg Hardy in overtime that allowed Bradford to throw the game-winning touchdown. Celek exploded onto the scene with 4 catches for 134 yards in a week 10 matchup against the Miami Dolphins, followed by 7 catches for 79 yards against the Buccaneers, and 2 catches for 10 yards and a touchdown against the Lions. Mark Sanchez started 2 of these games, and played in all 3, although Bradford threw 3 of Celek\'s 4 catches against Miami. Despite having only 35 targets, 8th on the team, Celek finished the year with 27 catches for 398 yards (3rd on the team) and 3 touchdowns (T-2nd on the team).
On January 26, 2016, Celek signed a three-year contract extension with the Eagles for \$13 million, with \$6 million guaranteed.
thumb\|right\|250px\|Celek in Ocean City, New Jersey
### 2016 season {#season_9}
Celek played in all 16 games with 8 starts, recording 14 receptions for 155 yards. He was mainly used as a blocking specialist.
### 2017 season {#season_10}
During the 2017 regular season, Celek recorded 13 receptions for 130 yards. Celek earned his first championship ring when the Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII by a score of 41-33; although he did not have any catches in the game, Celek did make a key block that allowed running back LeGarrette Blount to score a touchdown during the second quarter.
On March 13, 2018, Celek was released by the Eagles.
### Retirement
On August 31, 2018, Celek announced his retirement from the NFL.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games
------ ------ -------- --------
GP GS Tgt Rec
2007 PHI **16** 4
2008 PHI **16** 7
2009 PHI **16** 15
2010 PHI **16** 15
2011 PHI **16** **16**
2012 PHI 15 14
2013 PHI **16** 15
2014 PHI **16** 15
2015 PHI **16** 13
2016 PHI **16** 8
2017 PHI **16** 10
175 132
### Playoffs
Year Team Games
------ ------ ------- -------
GP GS Tgt Rec
2008 PHI **3** **3**
2009 PHI 1 1
2010 PHI 1 1
2013 PHI 1 1
2017 PHI **3** 1
9 7
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# Brent Celek
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
On February 7, 2020, Celek was hired as a personnel consultant in the Eagles\' football operations department, alongside former teammate Darren Sproles. He is also working in real estate.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Celek is the son of Steve and Debbie Celek and the oldest of five children. Brent\'s younger brother, Garrett, played tight end at Michigan State under coach Joe Consales, who coached Brent when he played for Cincinnati. After going undrafted, Garrett signed with the San Francisco 49ers
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# 2002 Jamaican general election
General elections were held in Jamaica on 16 October 2002. The result was a victory for the People\'s National Party, which won 34 of the 60 seats, whilst voter turnout was 59%. PNP leader P. J. Patterson retained his position as Prime Minister, becoming the first political leader to win three successive elections. Patterson stepped down on 26 February 2006, and was replaced by Portia Simpson-Miller, Jamaica\'s first female prime minister
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# Rising '44
***Rising \'44: The Battle for Warsaw*** is the title of a documented and illustrated historical account of the Warsaw Uprising by the historian Norman Davies. It was mostly well received by specialists and commentators during its publication.
One controversy surrounding the book is that Davies purposely anglicised most of the Polish proper names, including placenames and pseudonyms used by Polish conspirators, to bring the reality of events closer to English-speaking readers and to help them concentrate on the narrative, rather than on the complexity of Polish names.
However, the Polish historian Jan Ciechanowski has taken grave exception to the work in more general terms:
: *In the hands of Davies the Warsaw Rising has become his personal \"plaything\", the outpouring of his uncommonly overactive imagination, his huge arrogance and of his vast fantasy. In fact his knowledge about the Warsaw Rising is actually limited.*
Ciechanowski has accused the author of so littering the book with factual and interpretative errors, \"the number of all manner of errors in Davies\' work is such, as to render his account of the Rising not wholly credible\"
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# Poju Zabludowicz
**Chaim** \"**Poju**\" **Zabludowicz** (born 6 April 1953) is a Finnish-British-Israeli billionaire businessman, art collector and philanthropist.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Chaim (\"Poju\") Zabludowicz was born in Helsinki, Finland, the son of arms industry businessman Shlomo Zabludowicz, who built the family business around Soltam, an Israeli defence contractor.
He was raised in Tampere, where he attended *Svenska Samskolan i Tammerfors*, the Swedish-speaking school in the city. He graduated with a degree in Economics and Political Science from Tel Aviv University.
## Personal and family life {#personal_and_family_life}
He is married to UK-born Anita Zabludowicz, who, in 2015, was appointed an OBE for her services to the arts.
Zabludowicz and his family reside mainly on The Bishops Avenue in Hampstead, a street in London referred to as Billionaire\'s Row, and have homes in Caesarea, Tel Aviv, and Sarvisalo, a small island in Finland. They purchased the house on The Bishops Avenue in 1989, and later purchased the adjacent house in 1997. The £60 million pair of \"his and hers\" mansions have an adjoining art gallery. They also own a 120-ft yacht. In January 2017, it was revealed that Zabludowicz purchased a ₪25 million home in Neve Tzedek, a neighborhood of Tel Aviv. This purchase was listed as the 11th most expensive real estate deal in Israel in 2016.
In 2008, Zabludowicz was listed at number 30 in *The Jewish Chronicle Top 100*, a \"list of those who wield the greatest influence on British Jewry.\" In 2014, he was listed at number 75.
In 2015, in its annual ranking of the wealthiest people in Israel, *Forbes Israel* ranked Zabludowicz 13th with a personal net worth of ₪8.7 billion. He was also ranked 37th on *The Estates Gazette Rich List*, a comprehensive guide to the wealth of those involved in the UK\'s property market, compiled by the authors of *The Sunday Times Rich List*.
In 2017, Poju and Anita Zabludowicz were ranked the 9th richest couple in Britain.
The *Sunday Times Rich List 2021* of the wealthiest people in the United Kingdom ranked Poju and Anita Zabludowicz 111th with a personal net worth of £1,500 million.
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# Poju Zabludowicz
## Business career {#business_career}
After graduation, Zabludowicz worked at BFG Bank AG in Frankfurt.
In 1978, Zabludowicz was appointed a director of Tamares, the family\'s holding company, and has headed the company since 1990. Tamares invests in a number of different private and public companies, and in real estate properties. The company owns 40% of the land in downtown Las Vegas. Today, Tamares Group holds a \$3 billion portfolio. Its real estate holdings encompass 2.3 million square feet of office space.
In 1993, Zabludowicz set up Ivory Gate, a property investment company based in London. Using offshore vehicles, Ivory Gate made investments in UK commercial property.
In 2006, Zabludowicz established and was the chairman of the advisory board of Auctor Capital Partners, a corporate finance and advisory house for hedge funds. He has been the chairman of the advisory board of Synova Capital from 2007 to 2014, a private equity fund specialising in investments in UK growth companies, and Chairman of Tamares Telecom since 2011, a privately held service provider that operates and markets communications services based on a new internationally deployed fibre-optic network.
Zabludowicz was a director of Mustavaaran Kaivos, a company that owns the mineral rights to the Mustavaara vanadium/iron/titanium deposit in northeastern Finland, and has been a director and member of the Human Capital Committee of Outotec from March 2012 until March 2017, a company that provides technologies and services for the metal and mineral processing industries. Zabludowicz has also served as a member on a number of boards, including the European Advisory Board of Citigroup, the board of directors of GEMS (an Asia Pacific private equity fund), and Stratos Ventures (an early-stage venture capital firm with a focus on information and communication technology sectors).
Zabludowicz is the owner of the Finnish ice hockey team Tappara.
In June 2016, it was announced that ARTA, a fine art shipping startup based in New York, has raised \$1 million in capital from a group of institutional and strategic investors, among them Poju and Anita Zabludowicz.
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# Poju Zabludowicz
## Activism
### Judaism and Zionist advocacy {#judaism_and_zionist_advocacy}
Zabludowicz is the founder and former chairman of BICOM, the Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre, an organisation founded in 2001 which lobbies the UK government on behalf of Israel. He is reported to have given the pressure group more than £2 million in three years. He is a benefactor of the UJIA (United Jewish Israel Appeal), and was a member of the advisory boards of CST (Community Security Trust) and UJIA, and a trustee of Jewish Leadership Council.
### Political activism {#political_activism}
Zabludowicz has given donations to David Cameron\'s leadership campaign and to the Conservative Party. According to Electoral Commission records, the Tamares Group provided £15,000 for Cameron\'s leadership campaign in 2005 and has donated £55,000 to Conservative funds in 2006 and 2007, and £131,805 in 2010. To date, Zabludowicz has donated a total of £380,000 to the Conservative Party.
Backing an election campaign for seats in the European Parliament, he donated €8,000 to Alexander Stubb in 2014.
According to *The Jewish Chronicle*, Zabludowicz hosted secret talks at his London home in March 2011 between Israeli President Shimon Peres and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.
### Philanthropy
The *Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases* opened in Sheba Medical Center through Poju and Anita Zabludowicz\'s donations. The center centralises under one roof all aspects of autoimmune research and treatment, and brings together physicians and researchers from multidisciplinary fields such as internal medicine, clinical immunology, autoimmunity, rheumatology, ophthalmology, neurology, obstetrics and gynaecology.
The Zabludowicz family sponsors exhibitions, art fairs and fundraising events. In 2014, they donated funds for the planned Helsinki Guggenheim.
Zabludowicz donated between \$100,000--250,000 to the Clinton Foundation.
Zabludowicz has been a patron of the Finnish British Chamber of Commerce since 2011.
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# Poju Zabludowicz
## Art collection {#art_collection}
Since the 1990s, the Zabludowiczs have been accumulating a 500-artist, 5,000-piece collection of artwork. They exhibit their private art collection at three different locations, one of them being *176*, a gallery in a former 19th-century Methodist chapel in Chalk Farm, north London. Inaugurated in 2007, the Zabludowicz Collection\'s London project space presents exhibitions of collection works and new commissions by artists linked to the collection. One sculpture in the collection, a miniature statue of Jesus with an erection, surrounded by 50 other sculptures also with erections, has been considered \"grotesquely offensive\" by some Christians, one of whom has said she will bring a private prosecution against the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead, which has exhibited the statue.
The skyscraper at 1500 Broadway at Times Square in New York City houses a selection of works from the Zabludowicz Collection. The programme at the New York City venue consists of changing exhibitions and other events while the lobby is publicly open during daytime.
Across three locations on Sarvisalo, an island in Loviisa, Finland, the Zabludowicz Collection has initiated an international residency programme for invited artists. The residency programme offers an environment for the production of art.
In November 2015, it was announced that the Zabludowicz Collection will launch an artist residency programme in Las Vegas.
### Rankings
Some art magazines and websites have listed Poju and Anita Zabludowicz in their annual rankings:
- Poju and Anita Zabludowicz appear in ArtReview\'s *Power 100* lists for 2006 to 2014 which assess those most powerful in the art world. In 2014, they were listed at number 97.
- They appear in *ARTnews*\'s *Top 200 Collectors* lists for 2005--2019 which compile the world\'s most active art buyers.
- Larry\'s List, an online database of art collectors, which ranks collectors according to Internet presence, institutional engagement, art fair participation, communications platforms, and the physical visibility and scale of their collection, has ranked them 3rd in the world.
- They appear in ArtLyst\'s *Alt Power 100* lists for 2011--2019 which compile art industry insiders who have made a major contribution to the discipline of contemporary art.
- They also appear in Artnet\'s *The World\'s Top 100 Art Collectors* lists for 2015--2016 and *100 Most Influential People in the Art World*.
- Anita Zabludowicz appears in Christie\'s *Top 100 Art World Instagrams*.
Zabludowicz has served as the Founder and Trustee of the Zabludowicz Collection since 1994, Council Member of Tate Modern International (since 1999), Member of the board of Kiasma (since 2009), Founding Patron of Camden Arts Centre, and co-chairman of British Friends of the Art Museums of Israel (BFAMI).
## Controversy
Zabludowicz was called to the High Court in November 2013 as witness in Scot Young\'s divorce case.
Since 2014, the group Boycott Divest Zabludowicz (BDZ) has been calling on artists and institutions alike to boycott the Zabludowicz Collection. The group accuses Poju Zabludowicz and his wife Anita of \"laundering some very dirty money\" through their Foundation. \"As the public-relations front end for historically one of the largest suppliers of arms to the Israeli state and Chairman of the UK based Pro-Israeli Lobby group Bicom,\" the statement reads, \"the Zabludowicz Foundation represents a direct link between the opportunities for careers in art for young people here in London and the current bombing and ongoing genocidal oppression of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories.\"
In February 2017, it was reported that as part of a corruption investigation against Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel Police were investigating whether he had received gifts or other benefits from Zabludowicz. Following that investigation no further action was taken against Zabludowicz.
In 2021, in light of Israel's recent attacks on Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem as well as the continued expulsions of Palestinian people from Sheikh Jarrah in East Jerusalem, BDZ again called for a boycott of the Zabludowicz Art Trust in solidarity with Palestine. In response, Anita and Poju Zabludowicz released a statement acknowledging \"the innocent lives lost on both sides\" but failed to respond to the accusations, or commit to adjusting for them
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# Ro15-4513
**Ro15-4513** is a weak partial inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine class of drugs, developed by Hoffmann--La Roche in the 1980s. It acts as an inverse agonist (which acts in a similar way as a competitive antagonist). The drug has been explored as possible antidote to the sedative and cognitively impairing effects of ethanol.
Ro15-4513 is structurally related to the benzodiazepine antidote flumazenil.
## Uses
### Original development as alcohol antidote {#original_development_as_alcohol_antidote}
The main interest in Ro15-4513 was as an antidote to alcohol (ethanol). Flumazenil effectively blocks the effects of benzodiazepine agonists such as alprazolam and diazepam, and so is used for treating overdoses of these drugs, but is ineffective in blocking alcohol actions. Ro15-4513 was somewhat less effective than flumazenil at blocking the effects of benzodiazepines, but was able to effectively block the effects of ethanol. This meant that in contrast to flumazenil, which is ineffective at treating alcohol overdoses, Ro15-4513 showed potential as a useful alcohol antidote. It is thought that Ro15-4513 antagonizes the effects of ethanol because the azido group at the 8- position of the benzene ring blocks the binding site for ethanol on the α5β3δ subtype of the GABA~A~ receptor; flumazenil, which has a fluorine at this position, does not block this binding site and so does not counteract the effects of ethanol.
Unfortunately Ro15-4513 had several disadvantages that made it unsuitable for development and marketing. Its fairly short half-life means that several repeated doses would have to be given over an extended period, since if only one dose were used it would wear off before the alcohol had been metabolised and the patient would relapse (similar to the problems with renarcotization seen when treating overdoses of long-acting opioids such as methadone with short-acting antagonists such as naloxone). Also, because it antagonizes GABA receptors, Ro15-4513 causes serious side effects including both anxiety and, at higher doses, seizures, which would require careful control of dosing and would cause complications in clinical use. Another problem is that alcohol\'s effects are not purely mediated by GABA receptors; at higher doses, alcohol binds to several other targets as well, so while Ro15-4513 is an effective antidote against moderate levels of alcohol intoxication, it might be ineffective at treating life-threatening overdoses.
Also, Roche was concerned about the legal implications of introducing an alcohol antidote, as Ro15-4513 blocks the effects of ethanol, but does not remove it from the bloodstream, which could lead to potential problems, as the effects of the alcohol would be masked only temporarily. As a result, patients might, for instance, feel that they are sober and discharge themselves from hospital once the drug took effect, then become drunk again once it wore off, possibly crashing their car or having other accidents that might lead to legal consequences for Roche.
However, the discovery of Ro15-4513 has been important in elucidating the mechanism of action of ethanol as used as a recreational drug, and this compound could now be used as a template to design a more effective and longer-lasting antidote for ethanol, or alternatively to develop a selective agonist drug that could replicate the desired effects of alcohol, but with fewer side effects.
### Current use in PET Imaging {#current_use_in_pet_imaging}
Labelling Ro15-4513 with carbon-11 leads to the possibility of its use in PET imaging of the brain. The specificity of the compound to a small number of GABA receptor sub-types leads to the generation, with accurate modelling, of detailed images with well-defined limbic and cortical structures. These images can be useful in quantitatively analysing conditions such as addiction, that are known to be, at least in part, associated with the GABAergic system. The images produced are similar to those for labelled flumazenil, though the distribution varies especially in regions such as the occipital lobe, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, as it does not selectively label the GABRA1 subtype
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# Arne RSPB reserve
**Arne RSPB reserve** is a 5.634 km2 nature reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) maintained by the RSPB and located in Dorset. It was notified as an SSSI in 1986 and the estuarine reedbeds within the site are designated as a national nature reserve. The reserve occupies the Arne Peninsula, which protrudes into Poole Harbour. Adjacent to the site is the village of Arne, although the nearest major settlement is the town of Wareham.
The reserve opened in 1966 and is chiefly lowland heath, noted for the rare heather known as Dorset heath (*Erica ciliaris*), and for its breeding Dartford warblers. It also has acid grassland, salt marsh and woodland, with reedbeds adjoining the mudflats of the harbour. Other important species include nightjar, woodlark and, on the mudflats, spoonbill.
Over 500 species of vascular plant have been recorded on the reserve since 1966.
The reserve has a substantial herd of sika deer. Originating in East Asia, these animals escaped from deer parks during the 1860s and have now become naturalised, living on the heath and oak woodland of the site.
Arne is renowned for its natural environment, and has been featured on the BBC\'s Countryfile and Winterwatch programmes. Starting on Monday 29 May, BBC's Springwatch broadcast from Arne over a 3 week period
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# Dampier Peninsula
The **Dampier Peninsula** is a peninsula located north of Broome and Roebuck Bay in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, named after the mariner and explorer William Dampier who visited it. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north, and King Sound to the east. The northernmost part of the peninsula is Cape Leveque. It is sparsely inhabited, mostly by Indigenous Australian peoples, some of whom have been granted native title rights to some of their traditional lands. There are many coastal inlets, bays, and other features, including **Beagle Bay** on its western side.
## Aboriginal heritage {#aboriginal_heritage}
The peninsula is home to a rich heritage of Aboriginal culture, with the communities of Beagle Bay, Bobieding, Djarindjin, Ardyaloon (One Arm Point), and Ngardalargin, along with numerous other smaller communities, pearling camps, tourist resorts, and Aboriginal outstations.
The traditional owners of the areas around the peninsula are the Bardi, Nyunyul, and Jabirr Jabirr (Djaberadjabera) peoples.
## Ecology
Many small trees, shrubs, and animals live on and in the sea surrounding the peninsula, the most characteristic vegetation being pindan woodland within the interior sandplains.
Mangroves are an important part within the peninsula, with 12 of Western Australia\'s 17 species present. Flying Fox colonies commonly roost in the trees during the day before foraging at dusk.
## Transport
The peninsula is traversed from south to north through Cape Leveque Road. Between Broome and Beagle Bay, this road is generally in poor condition and often closed during the wet season. Four-wheel drive is recommended. Between Beagle Bay and the northern towns, the road is bitumened.
Numerous tour operators run bus services on the peninsula.
Air strips are situated at Cape Leveque, Bardi, Djarindjin (Lombadina), Beagle Bay, and some of the smaller communities and pearl farms.
## Tourism
There are several tourist accommodation facilities such as Kooljamon (Cape Leveque) and Middle Lagoon (Middle Lagoon)
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# Luigi Filippo D'Amico
**Luigi Filippo D\'Amico** (9 October 1924 -- 28 April 2007) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. His 1974 film *Il domestico* was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival
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# Law of the British Virgin Islands
The **law of the British Virgin Islands** is a combination of common law and statute, and is based heavily upon English law.
Law in the British Virgin Islands tends to be a combination of the very old and the very new. As a leading offshore financial centre, the territory has extremely modern statutes dealing with company law, insolvency, banking law, trust law, insurance and other related matters. However, in a number of areas of law, such as family law, the laws of the British Virgin Islands are based upon very old English laws, and can cause some difficulty in modern times. Other areas of law, such as international law, are essentially regulated externally through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London by Order in Council. A large body of the laws of the British Virgin Islands consists of the common law, which continually updates itself through judicial precedent in the territory and in other common law countries.
The British Virgin Islands is a dependent territory of the United Kingdom. Although the local legislature and courts are independent from the United Kingdom, the British government deals with most international relations on behalf of the territory, although authority has been delegated to the territory to negotiate on its own behalf in certain areas (see below under Constitutional law). The British Virgin Islands does not have a separate vote at the United Nations.
## Legal history {#legal_history}
The early legal history of the British Virgin Islands is somewhat hampered by the fact that in the days of colonisation, it was often unclear who controlled the islands. The islands were first settled in modern times by the Dutch, but in 1628 the English crown granted patents for the settlement of what is now the British Virgin Islands to Lord Willoughby. The British expelled the Dutch in 1672 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, but later evinced an intention to return the islands to the Dutch. They later resiled from this position and in 1698 the British government took the view that the territory was a British possession (see generally: History of the British Virgin Islands).
It was not until 1773 that the British Virgin Islands actually had its own legislature. Prior to that date laws were extended to the territory by the legislature of the Leeward Islands in Antigua. Some of these laws are still in force in the British Virgin Islands, such as the Common Law (Declaration of Application) Act (Cap 13), which dates from 1705. Doubts as to the validity of those statutes were removed by the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865.
The Legislative Assembly first sat on 27 January 1774, however, it took a full further decade for a constitutional framework to be settled. Part of the problem was that the islands were so thinly populated, it was almost impossible to constitute the organs of government.
In 1776 George Suckling was appointed as Chief Justice, although he did not arrive until 1778, due to political maneuvering in the territory. Having arrived, the legislature eventually got rid of Suckling by declining to pass the Court Bill. The first law ever to be passed by a local legislature in the British Virgin Islands concerned punishments for runaway slaves. The second provided a mechanism for settling longstanding boundary disputes. Both no doubt reflected the concerns of the islands free inhabitants.
But the Governor-General refused to assent to any bills until a Court Bill was passed. Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly needed to be approved by the Governor-General in Antigua, and early legislation was often vetoed. Laws could also still be passed by the Legislative Assembly of the Leeward Islands under a quasi-federal system, and these applied to all of the British territories in the Leeward Islands. However, the Governor-General used this veto force the Virgin Islands to pass legislation establishing a court.
Eventually the Court Bill was passed in 1783 together with a Bill validating titles as a form of compromise. Nonetheless, it took some time to obtain a Chief Justice whose appointment could be confirmed.
In 1867 the territory obtained its first ever written constitution in the form of the Constitution Ordinance, which abolished the previous legislative assembly and provided for a new legislative council. However, abolition of slavery and a collapse in sugar prices in the 19th century lead to the virtual economic ruin of the islands, and although the legislature limped along for some time, it was eventually formally dissolved in 1901. After the famous march of 1947 the legislature was restored in 1950, and permanent self-government was devolved in 1967. The main purpose of the 1950 Constitution was to re-devolve power back to the reformed Legislative Council in the British Virgin Islands from the Governor of the Leeward Islands. Historically it is regarded a holding measure; a part of the process that eventually led to the more fundamental constitutional government in 1967.
The British Government had hoped that after the Leeward Islands Federation was abolished in 1956 the British Virgin Islands would join the new Federation of the West Indies, but there was little enthusiasm for that, and so eventually the 1967 Constitution was promulgated. The 1967 Constitution was eventually replaced by a revised and updated Constitution in 1976, and the 1976 Constitution was amended at various points, and then in turn superseded in 2007 by the current form.
### Arthur Hodge {#arthur_hodge}
In international terms, probably the most significant event which occurred in the territory\'s legal history was the trial and execution of Arthur William Hodge for the murder of a slave; the only time a British subject was ever executed for killing a slave.
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# Law of the British Virgin Islands
## Specific legal subjects {#specific_legal_subjects}
### Commercial law {#commercial_law}
Generally speaking, commercial law, including insolvency law, is relatively well developed in the British Virgin Islands. New legislation has been introduced to try to foster e-commerce in the jurisdiction. Other legislation is slightly variable; legislation relating to arbitration and bills of exchange date from the nineteenth century, but still operate effectively. Some legislation needs updating. The Conveyancing and Law of Property Act (Cap 220) dates from 1961, and still contains provisions clarifying when a wife may hold property in her own name.
#### Competition law {#competition_law}
In the British Virgin Islands, there is almost no competition law to speak of. In fact, the position is actually the reverse. A number of specific statutory monopolies are protected and preserved by legislation in the territory, and in other areas, new entrants to the markets are carefully scrutinised, and may be barred from entering where they might provide competition for local businesses.
#### Company law {#company_law}
The British Virgin Islands has one of the most sophisticated company law codes in the world. Up until 1984 all incorporations in the British Virgin Islands were made under the Companies Act (Cap 285), which was originally passed in 1885. In 1984, the territory incorporated the International Business Companies Act, which provided a sophisticated and updated legal structure in which to incorporate international business companies, and was widely copied by other tax havens. In 2004, the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 was incorporated, and for a year it was possible to incorporate a company under any of the three acts. However, from 1 January 2006 it was no longer possible to incorporate under the International Business Companies Act (which was subsequently repealed), and from 1 January 2008 it will no longer be possible to incorporate under the Companies Act, leaving the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 as the sole corporate statute.
The BVI Business Companies Act is based largely on New Zealand company law, but has been modified to include many of the characteristic features of offshore financial centres (such as removing restrictions on financial assistance and thin capitalisation, and permitting distribution *in specie*). It has also adopted some slightly novel and radical steps, such as abolishing the concept of share capital and rules relating to share premium. Some of these developments were a little advanced even for the offshore market, and have taken some time to bed down. The Act has now been copied wholesale by the Isle of Man, and it remains to be seen if the act becomes as widely copied as the old International Business Companies Act.
It is also possible to form limited liability partnerships in the British Virgin Islands under the Partnership Act, 1996.
#### Insolvency law {#insolvency_law}
The law relating to insolvency, bankruptcy and liquidation is regulated by the Insolvency Act, 2003 and the Insolvency Rules, 2005 in the British Virgin Islands. The act is broadly based upon the Insolvency Act 1986 of the United Kingdom (without the changes brought into effect by the UK\'s Enterprise Act 2002), but modified in certain specific regards in relation to the jurisdiction\'s role as an offshore centre. The Insolvency Act is \"predicated heavily towards the protection of secured creditors\' rights\". The legislation includes the ISDA model netting laws to facilitate set-off upon a credit event in derivatives transactions. It also contains specific \"safe harbour\" provisions relating to vulnerable transactions (principally undervalue transactions, unfair preferences and voidable floating charges) on an insolvency, to protect structured finance transactions.
#### Financial services {#financial_services}
A substantial body of British Virgin Islands law is dedicated to the regulation of what are collectively referred to as financial services. This broadly means offshore business which requires specific regulation. The key statutes dealing with financial services are:
- Securities and Investment Business Act, 2010
- Banks and Trust Companies Act, 1990
- Insurance Act, 2008
- Company Management Act, 1990
- Financing and Money Services Act, 2009
Financial services in the British Virgin Islands are regulated by the BVI Financial Services Commission (usually abbreviated to FSC).
#### Tax law {#tax_law}
The British Virgin Islands has almost no taxation. Although there is technically income tax in the British Virgin Islands, the effective rate is zero. There is no capital gains tax, gift tax, sales tax, value added tax or inheritance tax. The only real tax burdens imposed in the jurisdiction are:
- Payroll tax on employees within the territory.
- Stamp duty, which usually only applies to transfers of land, and transfers of shares in companies which own land.
- Customs import duty.
- Land tax and house tax.
- Various minor ancillary taxes and permit fees.
The British Virgin Islands generally appears on most lists of recognised tax havens.
### Constitutional law {#constitutional_law}
The British Virgin Islands is currently organised under its fourth constitution, promulgated in 2007, which represents a sizeable turnover given that the first was only obtained in 1950. The most recent constitution came into effect fully after the 2007 general election. By 2010 the Premier at the time, Ralph O\'Neal, had already called for a further constitutional review.
The British Virgin Islands constitution focuses heavily on a distinct cultural identity, contains commitments to uphold human rights and the rule of law, and professes a national belief in God. Despite the strong professed protection of human rights and equal treatment, the constitution expressly preserves the right to discriminate against non-belongers in relation to taxation and employment. The constitution also calls for the formation of a number of committees to promote the constitutional development on the territory, most of which have never been formed.
Pursuant to a \"letter of entrustment\" dated 13 June 2007 the British government has devolved wide discretion to the government of the territory to manage its own external affairs, and adds that the British government would give \"sympathetic consideration\" for requests to take action on other matters.
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# Law of the British Virgin Islands
## Specific legal subjects {#specific_legal_subjects}
### Contract law {#contract_law}
British Virgin Islands contract law is almost entirely based upon English common law. The British Virgin Islands has no equivalent of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, and applies strict privity of contract. Similarly there is no equivalent to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 in the territory.
### Criminal law {#criminal_law}
In 1997, almost all of the criminal law of the territory was consolidated into a single piece of legislation, the Criminal Code, 1997. Although it was generally regarded as desirable to consolidate all of the criminal laws into a single source, some criticisms have been made at the \"warts and all\" approach taken to common law offences. For example, in relation to the law of rape, the code provides that a man cannot be guilty of raping his wife, even though this has not been the rule at common law since 1991.
Generally speaking, most serious criminal offences in the jurisdiction are dealt with under the same principles as the original English common law, and specific English Victorian statutes (such as the Offences Against the Person Act, 1861).
The death penalty was abolished for murder in 1991 (controversially), and was subsequently also removed for the last remaining offences (piracy and treason) in 2001.
### Family law {#family_law}
In international terms family law is relatively underdeveloped in the British Virgin Islands. Levels of maintenance payments are fixed by out of date statutory provisions which mean that levels of support after divorce or separation are derisorily low. Unmarried fathers have relatively little statutory protection in relation to paternal rights. Illegitimate children have no right to inherit upon an intestacy.
### Property law {#property_law}
Property law in the British Virgin Islands has only ever undergone spasmodic and periodic reform. The principal legislation dealing with property rights is the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act (Cap 220), which is based on much earlier English legislation. Tacit recognition that this legislation needs updating is found in the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004, which (to assist structured finance transactions) provides that in relation to a security interest over shares in a British Virgin Islands company, the parties may completely exclude the effect of the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act.
In relation to real estate, the British Virgin Islands adopted a Torrens registration system in the early 1970s, which considerably simplified domestic conveyancing. The Cadastral survey of the islands was completed in 1972, and the new system was almost fully implemented by 1974. Non-residents wishing to purchase property in the British Virgin Islands must obtain a Non-Belongers Land Holding License.
### Tort
British Virgin Islands tort law is largely based upon English common law.
### Trusts and equity {#trusts_and_equity}
The British Virgin Islands law relating to trusts and equity is derived directly from English law, but has been modified by legislation to reflect the position of the territory as an offshore financial centre. The usual features for offshore trusts are all empowered by statute in the territory - non-charitable purpose trusts, extended perpetuity periods, abrogation of the rule in *Bartlett v Barclays Bank* and widened investment powers.
The leading Privy Council decision on \"imperfect gifts\" in *T Choithram International SA v Pagarani* \[2001\] 2 All ER 492 was an appeal from the British Virgin Islands courts.
### Other legal disciplines {#other_legal_disciplines}
- **Arbitration** - Arbitration in the British Virgin Islands is regulated by the Arbitration Act, 2013.
- **Labour law** - the British Virgin Islands labour law has been entirely designed around protecting the local workforce from outside competition. Any person who does not have belonger status requires either a work permit or an exemption; local employers are prohibited from employing foreigners where there is a suitably qualified local person. Labour law in the territory is codified into a single statute, the Labour Code, 2010.
- **Immigration law** - similarly, the British Virgin Islands takes an extremely restrictive position in relation to immigration. Even birth in the country is not sufficient to grant belongers status (unless the person is born to parents who are themselves belongers). It is possible to be naturalised after a period of long residence, but it is rare to be naturalised after less than 25 years, and often much longer. The British Virgin Islands government has announced as policy that it will only naturalise 25 new belongers each year. Laws in the British Virgin Islands openly discriminate against non-belongers. For example, stamp duty on the purchase of land is 4% for belongers and 12% for non-belongers.
- **Investigatory laws** - because of its position as an offshore financial centre, the British Virgin Islands has regulatory responsibilities which are out of all proportion with its size or economy. The result has been a raft of legislation designed to investigate and curb unlawful tax evasion, money laundering and terrorist financing. The unfortunate result of this is a patchwork quilt of rules of regulations that are extremely complex to follow, even for experienced practitioners and judges. Some of the laws reflect bilateral agreements with specific countries, some relate to specific times of crime, and some have generic application. Unfortunately a raft of conflicting international agreements, initiatives and treaties with conflicting standards and aims, any kind of rationalisation or consolidation seems wholly improbable.
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# Law of the British Virgin Islands
## Human rights {#human_rights}
In practice, basic human rights are broadly respected in the British Virgin Islands. Repression of freedom of speech, interference with democracy or the rule of law, and arbitrary arrest and torture are virtually unknown. The territory has been described as "generally free of human rights abuses" and its government has been characterised as taking "a strong and proactive approach to the protection of human rights."
However, the laws in the British Virgin Islands do openly discriminate against people who do not hold what is called "belonger status." This form of discrimination is expressly preserved in the BVI constitution, which excludes non-belongers from the full scope of its non-discrimination protections.
## Legal institutions {#legal_institutions}
### Executive
Under the British Virgin Islands constitution, executive power is vested in the Monarch, and exercised through the Governor. The constitution also provides for the composition of the Cabinet (referred to under former constitutions as the Executive Council, often still abbreviated locally to \"ExCo\"). This consists of the Premier, the Attorney General and four other ministers. The Governor normally attends and presides over meetings of the Cabinet.
The constitution reserves certain key functions to the Governor, including:
1. external affairs, subject to certain specifically excluded matters;
2. defence, including the armed forces;
3. internal security, including the Police Force;
4. the terms and conditions of service of persons holding or acting in public offices; and
5. the administration of the courts.
The Governor retains a prerogative power of pardon, and certain other specific prerogative powers under the constitution.
### Legislature
The British Virgin Islands legislature consists of the House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands (known under previous constitutions as the Legislative Council of the British Virgin Islands, often still abbreviated locally to \"LegCo\"), and is headed by the Monarch. The Legislative Council consists of 13 elected members; nine tied to electoral districts, and four \"at large\" seats. Belonger status is a requirement to be elected to the Legislative Council.
### Judiciary
Low level disputes and petty crimes in the British Virgin Islands are resolved in the magistrates\' court. More serious matters are dealt with in the high court.
The British Virgin Islands is part of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court circuit. Unusually for its size, the British Virgin Islands has two permanent judges. The British Virgin Islands hosts the Commercial Court of the East Caribbean Supreme Court, which was opened on 9 April 2009. Justice Edward Bannister QC was sworn in, and after initially sitting in temporary accommodation, the new Commercial Court building was officially opened on 4 November 2009.
Appeals from the High Court lie to the Eastern Caribbean Court of Appeal. Final appeal lies to the Privy Council. Unusually, the British Virgin Islands is one of the relatively few jurisdictions in the region which is opposed to the Caribbean Court of Justice. The British Virgin Islands Bar Association has always expressed a strong disinclination to abandon a right of final appeal to the Privy Council.
### Legal profession {#legal_profession}
The legal profession is regulated by the Virgin Islands General Legal Council, and the principal statute dealing with the profession is the Legal Profession Act 2015. However the legislation has been fraught with difficulties and has already been amended by three times. Further, key appointments under the legislation - including the appointment of a disciplinary tribunal, have still not been made.
The legal profession in the British Virgin Islands is a fused profession. Most resident lawyers in the Territory are also members of the BVI Bar Association, although that is a voluntary association and does not of itself have any power to regulate.
### Law reform {#law_reform}
The British Virgin Islands has a dedicated Law Commission for the purposes of reviewing and revising the laws of the territory
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# Justin Medlock
**Justin Charles Medlock** (born October 23, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, earning consensus All-American honors in 2006. The Kansas City Chiefs selected him in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL draft. Medlock also played in the NFL for the Carolina Panthers, as well as the Toronto Argonauts, Edmonton Eskimos, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the CFL.
## Early life {#early_life}
Medlock was born in Fremont, California. He attended Mission San Jose High School In Fremont, and played for the Mission San Jose Warriors high school football team as both a punter and placekicker. Medlock was ranked ninth in the country and was all-county and all-league at both positions. He averaged 43.1 yards per punt as a punter and made 11 out of 19 field goals in his junior and senior years.
## College career {#college_career}
Medlock attended University of California, Los Angeles, where he played for the UCLA Bruins football team from 2003 to 2006. He set a UCLA career record with six field goals of fifty yards or more, and was a four-year letterman. Overall, he completed 70 field goals on 80 attempts, and 147 of 148 extra point attempts. As a senior in 2006, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Kansas City Chiefs {#kansas_city_chiefs}
Medlock was drafted in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL draft by the Kansas City Chiefs with the 160th overall pick. Medlock was thought to go into the preseason competing with Lawrence Tynes for the kicking job, but the Chiefs traded Tynes to the New York Giants, thus making Medlock the de facto starter. Medlock was inconsistent in the preseason, making 3 of 6 kicks; the Chiefs released Medlock on September 10, 2007, after he converted a 27-yard field goal and missed on a 30-yard attempt in Week 1 against the Houston Texans, and signed Dave Rayner as a replacement.
### St. Louis Rams {#st._louis_rams}
On February 11, 2008, Medlock signed with the St. Louis Rams. The Rams allowed Medlock to seek a trade after the signing of Josh Brown. He was later released on August 26, 2008.
### Toronto Argonauts (first stint) {#toronto_argonauts_first_stint}
Medlock signed with the Toronto Argonauts on April 16, 2009 and competed with fellow new import kicker Eddie Johnson for the kicking spot vacated by the retirement of Mike Vanderjagt. At the end of training camp, the Argos elected to keep both kickers and coach Bart Andrus elected to start Johnson for game one and placed Medlock on the practice roster. Johnson, however, was injured on the opening kickoff when he separated his shoulder when tackling the return man and Medlock was slated to kick for game two of the 2009 Toronto Argonauts season.
On August 14, 2009, Medlock scored seven field goals, tying Lance Chomyc\'s Argonauts single-game team record and just short of the league record of eight shared by Dave Ridgway, Mark McLoughlin, and Paul Osbaldiston.
### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
On February 12, 2010, the Washington Redskins signed Medlock to a future contract. He was waived on June 14, 2010.
### Detroit Lions {#detroit_lions}
On June 15, 2010, the Detroit Lions claimed him off waivers. He was waived on June 29, 2010.
### Omaha Nighthawks {#omaha_nighthawks}
Medlock was signed by the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League on September 8, 2010.
### Toronto Argonauts (second stint) {#toronto_argonauts_second_stint}
With struggles by incumbent placekicker Grant Shaw, the Argonauts elected to re-sign Medlock through the 2011 CFL season. On October 12, 2010, Medlock was released by the Argonauts after the team traded for kicker Noel Prefontaine.
### Edmonton Eskimos {#edmonton_eskimos}
On October 14, 2010, Medlock was signed by the Edmonton Eskimos.
### Hamilton Tiger-Cats (first stint) {#hamilton_tiger_cats_first_stint}
On March 21, 2011, Medlock was traded by the Eskimos to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He enjoyed a strong 2011 season with Hamilton, making 49 of 55 field goals while also handling punting and kickoff duties. He became a free agent on February 15, 2012.
### Carolina Panthers {#carolina_panthers}
Medlock signed a 3-year contract with the Carolina Panthers on March 7, 2012. On November 20, 2012, after missing field goals in 3 straight games, Medlock was waived by the Carolina Panthers.
### Oakland Raiders {#oakland_raiders}
On August 27, 2013, he was signed by the Oakland Raiders. On August 31, 2013, he was waived by the Raiders.
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# Justin Medlock
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Hamilton Tiger-Cats (second stint) {#hamilton_tiger_cats_second_stint}
On January 8, 2014, Medlock signed with the Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League.
### Winnipeg Blue Bombers {#winnipeg_blue_bombers}
Medlock signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers on February 9, 2016. Medlock set career highs in made field goals (60), attempts (68) and longest field-goal (58 yards) during the 2016 season. Following the season he was named the West Division nominee for Special Teams Player of the Year. He was named a CFL All-Star for the first time in his career, and was named CFL\'s Most Outstanding Special Teams Player for the 2016 season. Following the season he was re-signed by the Bombers, preventing him from becoming a free-agent in February 2017. Medlock continued his strong play for the following two seasons, punting the ball 200 times (average of 44.1 yards per kick) while converting 98 of 117 field goal attempts (83.8%). On January 7, 2019, Medlock and the Bombers agreed to another two-year extension. Medlock\'s reliable foot helped lead the Blue Bombers to the 107th Grey Cup in 2019. There he kicked six field goals, tying a CFL record, as the Blue Bombers won the Grey Cup. He did not play in 2020 due to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season and he became a free agent on February 9, 2021.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Medlock is married to LPGA golfer Hannah Jun Medlock
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# Peter-Erich Cremer
**Peter-Erich Cremer** (25 March 1911 -- 5 July 1992) was a German U-boat commander during the Second World War. He was a recipient of the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
## Biography
Peter-Erich Cremer was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, on 25 March 1911. After high school, Cremer enlisted in the *Reichsmarine* in 1932. After serving on cruisers and destroyers, Cremer became captain in February 1940. He received the Iron Cross 2nd class. He was promoted to the rank of submarine commander in August 1940, and was given *U-152*. He commanded the `{{GS|U-333||2}}`{=mediawiki} from 25 August 1941 to 6 October 1942 and again from 18 May 1943, to 19 July 1944. On 31 January 1942 he mistakenly attacked and sunk `{{MV|Spreewald||2}}`{=mediawiki}; he was court-martialed and found not guilty.
After several victorious trips, he received the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 5 June 1942, and in that same year was severely wounded. He sailed again from 1943 until July 1944, before giving his boat to his lieutenant. In November 1944, Cremer, now Lieutenant Commander, aimed to convey the new submarine *U-2519* Class XXI. Citing \"several design flaws\", Cremer scuttled the submarine at Kiel, in May 1945. As the War drew to a close, he was attached to the personal security unit of Karl Dönitz. In this role he was involved in the incident in which *Kapitän zur See* Wolfgang Lüth was shot to death by a German sentry.
Peter-Erich Cremer appeared in Episode 10: \'Wolf Pack: U-Boats in the Atlantic\' of the British television documentary *The World at War* in the early 1970s. Later he recounted his life in his books *U-333: The story of a U-boat ace* and *U-Boat Commander: a periscope view of the Battle of the Atlantic*. He died in Hamburg on 5 July 1992.
## Summary of career {#summary_of_career}
### Ships sunk and damaged {#ships_sunk_and_damaged}
As commander of *U-333* Cremer sank six merchant ships totalling `{{GRT|26,873}}`{=mediawiki}, damaged another `{{GRT|8,327}}`{=mediawiki}, and also engaged and damaged the 925 LT `{{sclass2|Flower|corvette}}`{=mediawiki} `{{HMS|Crocus|K49|6}}`{=mediawiki}.
Date Ship Nationality Tons Convoy Fate and location
----------------- ------------------------ ------------- ------- -------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
22 January 1942 *Vassilios A. Polemis* 3,429 ON-53 Sunk at 42 32 N 52 38 W type:event name=Vassilios A
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# Ryan Robbins
**Ryan John Currier** (born November 26, 1972), better known as **Ryan Robbins**, is a Canadian actor.
## Early life {#early_life}
Robbins was born in Victoria, British Columbia.
## Career
Robbins is known for his roles as Ladon Radim in *Stargate Atlantis*, Henry Foss on *Sanctuary* and is the only actor to have played two different characters (not counting different incarnations of Cylon models as different characters) in the re-imagined *Battlestar Galactica*, having originally starred in the 2003 *Battlestar Galactica* miniseries, with heavy makeup and prosthetics to age him, as the Colonial officer assigned to Armistice Station, followed by a recurring role as Charlie Connor in the third and fourth seasons of the *Battlestar Galactica* 2004--2009 TV series. Robbins later played Diego in the 2010 *Battlestar Galactica* prequel series *Caprica*.
Robbins has also guest starred in the TV series *jPod* as Alistair Parish and as Wendell on the Canadian series *The Guard*. In 2011 he played the role of John Grey in the film *Apollo 18*. He starred as Rand in *Riese*, Brad Tonkin in seasons 3 and 4 of *Continuum* and Tector in *Falling Skies*. In 2015 he had a recurring role on *Arrow*. He has a lead role in the Canadian series *Pure*.
Later, Robbins was cast as Agent Zeke \"Zero\" Rosenberg in the *Sniper* film series, making the character\'s debut in *Sniper: Assassin\'s End* (2020).
## Filmography
### Film
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
+======+=============================================================+================================+======================+
| 1997 | *Horsey* | Simon Leigh | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 1999 | *Late Night Sessions* | Ben | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2001 | *Turbulence 3: Heavy Metal* | Tor | Direct-to-video film |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *L.A.P.D.: To Protect and to Serve* | Video Director | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2002 | *Liberty Stands Still* | Fidgety Dude | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Stark Raving Mad* | Seedy Guy | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2003 | *Paycheck* | Husband | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2004 | *Walking Tall* | Travis | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Catwoman* | Bartender | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Man. Feel. Pain.* | Clint | Short film |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2005 | *When Jesse Was Born* | Harold Ferrell | Short film |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Behind the Camera:\ | Street Performer | |
| | The Unauthorized Story of \'Mork & Mindy\'* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | data-sort-value=\"Cabin Movie, The\" \| *The Cabin Movie* | Ken | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2007 | *Taming Tammy* | Frances | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem* | Truck Driver | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2008 | *Sheltered Life* | David Nash | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Passengers* | Dean | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2009 | *Smile of April* | Jack | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Manson, My Name Is Evil* | Charlie Manson / Leslie\'s Dad | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Collide* | Nigel | Short film |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2010 | *Unrivaled* | Brian Waite | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Wrecked* | George Weaver | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2011 | *Vampire* | Kevin Grant | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Apollo 18* | Lt Col. John Grey | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Marilyn* | Michael Grant | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Everything and Everyone* | Noah | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Suffer* | Logan | Short film |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2012 | *Cold Blooded* | Cordero | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Kill for Me* | Detective Ferris | Direct-to-video |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2014 | *Reasonable Doubt* | Jimmy Logan | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2016 | data-sort-value=\"Confirmation, The\" \| *The Confirmation* | Trout | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Warcraft* | Karos | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Spectral* | Sgt. Comstock | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Life on the Line* | Eugene | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2018 | *Scorched Earth* | Thomas Jackson | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Boundaries* | Jim | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2019 | *Daughter* | Marc | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2020 | *Coffee & Kareem* | The Money Guy | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | *Sniper: Assassin\'s End* | Agent Zeke \"Zero\" Rosenberg | Direct-to-video |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2022 | *Sniper: Rogue Mission* | | Direct-to-video |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2023 | *Sniper: G.R.I.T. -- Global Response & Intelligence Team* | | Direct-to-video |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2025 | *Sniper: The Last Stand* | | Direct-to-video |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
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# Ryan Robbins
## Filmography
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
1998 *Cold Squad* Chimp Episode: \"Stanley Caron\"
1998--1999 *Seven Days* Red 2 episodes
1999 *Millennium* Jed Episode: \"The Sound of Snow\"
*Strange World* Bledsoe Episode: \"Azrael\'s Breed\"
data-sort-value=\"Net, The\" \| *The Net* Incredible Chill Shirt Episode: \"Chem Lab\"
2000 *Big Sound* Eddie Valor TV series
*Just Deal* Rob / Manager Episode: \"With the Band\"
2000--2001 *Dark Angel* Arnie Haas 2 episodes
2001 data-sort-value=\"Chris Isaak Show, The\" \| *The Chris Isaak Show* Deke Episode: \"The Real Me\"
data-sort-value=\"Outer Limits, The\" \| *The Outer Limits* Richard Episode: \"Time to Time\"
*Wolf Lake* Fletcher Episode: \"Meat the Parents\"
data-sort-value=\"Miracle of the Cards, The\" \| *The Miracle of the Cards* Reggie Television film
2002 *Taken* Lt. Lou Johnson Episode: \"Beyond the Sky\"
*Jeremiah* William Stauber Episode: \"The Bag\"
*Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction* Phillip Kirby Segment: \"The Mentor\"
2003 data-sort-value=\"Twilight Zone, The\" \| *The Twilight Zone* Tony Episode: \"The Path\"
*Smallville* Louis Leery Jr. Episode: \"Exile\"
*Battlestar Galactica* Armistice Officer Miniseries; 2 episodes
2004 *Kingdom Hospital* Dave Hooman 3 episodes
data-sort-value=\"Days, The\" \| *The Days* Mr. Marley 2 episodes
*Dead Like Me* James Allen Episode: \"Hurry\"
2004--2006 *Stargate Atlantis* Ladon Radim 5 episodes
2005 *Into the West* \'Skate\' Guthrie Episode: \"Manifest Destiny\"
*Supernatural* Travis Weaver Episode: \"Bugs\"
*Romeo!* Hacksaw Episode: \"Good Press\"
2006 data-sort-value=\"Collector, The\" \| *The Collector* Freddie Grimshaw Episode: \"The Jockey\"
data-sort-value=\"L Word, The\" \| *The L Word* Bus Stop Man Episode: \"Losing the Light\"
data-sort-value=\"Evidence, The\" \| *The Evidence* Ron Episode: \"Borrowed Time\"
*Saved* Episode: \"A Day in the Life\"
*Blade: The Series* Sands 2 episodes
*Alice, I Think* Bob 13 episodes
data-sort-value=\"Little Thing Called Murder, A\" \| *A Little Thing Called Murder* Shawn Little Television film
2006--2009 *Battlestar Galactica* Charlie Connor Recurring role
2007 *Psych* Vernon Stallings Episode: \"From the Earth to Starbucks\"
*Painkiller Jane* Dr. Lewis Episode: \"Breakdown\"
2007--2011 *Sanctuary* Henry Foss Main role
2008 *jPod* Alistair Parish 4 episodes
*Reaper* Demon Episode: \"Cancun\"
2008--2009 data-sort-value=\"Guard, The\" \| *The Guard* Wendell Linham Recurring role
2009--2010 *Riese: Kingdom Falling* Rand 6 episodes
2010 *Caprica* Diego 4 episodes
2011 data-sort-value=\"Listener, The\" \| *The Listener* James Madison Episode: \"Desperate Hours\"
*True Justice* David Bird Episode: \"Lethal Justice: Part 2\"
2012 *Hell on Wheels* Hawkins 2 episodes
data-sort-value=\"Philadelphia Experiment, The\" \| *The Philadelphia Experiment* Richard Falkner Television film
2012--2014 *Falling Skies* Tector Recurring role
2013 *Goodnight for Justice: Queen of Hearts* Pinkerton Television film
*Arctic Air* Pool Hustler Episode: \"There\'s Gold in Them Thar Hills\"
data-sort-value=\"Killing, The\" \| *The Killing* Joe Mills Recurring role
*Republic of Doyle* Callum Pardy Recurring role
*Delete* Max Hollis 2 episodes
2014 *Ascension* Duke Vanderhaus Miniseries
2014--2015 *Continuum* John Doe / Brad Tonkin Main role
2015 *Motive* Eric Sharpe Episode: \"Best Enemies\"
*Proof* Ryder Newburn / Buddy Episode: \"Showdown\"
*Once Upon a Time* Sir Hank Morgan Episode: \"Dreamcatcher\"
2015--2016 *Arrow* Conklin Recurring role; 9 episodes
2016 data-sort-value=\"X-Files, The\" \| *The X-Files* Murphy Episode: \"Founder\'s Mutation\"
*Real Detective* Detective John Cameron Episode: \"Misery\"
data-sort-value=\"Magicians, The\" \| *The Magicians* Knifemaker\'s Son Episode: \"Have You Brought Me Little Cakes\"
*Not with His Wife* Aiden Savage Television film
2016--2017 *Van Helsing* Taka 4 episodes
2017 *Rogue* Episode: \"The Determined and the Desperate\"
data-sort-value=\"Lost Wife of Robert Durst, The\" \| *The Lost Wife of Robert Durst* Jim Television film
*Yellow* Poet Television film
2017--2018 *Ghost Wars* Edward Clark 4 episodes
2017--2019 *Pure* Noah Funk Series lead
2018 data-sort-value=\"Good Doctor, The\" \| *The Good Doctor* Hunter Episode: \"Pain\"
data-sort-value=\"Black Widow Killer, The\" \| *The Black Widow Killer* Steven Dwyer Television film
2018--2019 *Deadly Class* Rory 3 episodes
2019 data-sort-value=\"Twilight Zone, The\" \| *The Twilight Zone* David Kendall Episode: \"The Comedian\"
2019--2023 *Riverdale* Frank Andrews Recurring role; 39 episodes
2020 *Snowpiercer* Jack Episode: \"Prepare to Brace\"
2020--2021 data-sort-value=\"Astronauts, The\" \| *The Astronauts* Griffin Combes 10 episodes
2021 *Hudson & Rex* Jon \'Sorcerer\' Carling Episode: \"Dead Man\'s Bridge\"
2022 *Surface* Dr. Patterson Episode: \"Psychogenic\"
2023 *Joe Pickett* Robbie Jax Episode: \"Ducks and Falcons\"
2024 *Family Law* Magnus Sundstrom Episode: \"It\'s the End of the World as We Know It\"
*Tracker* Seth Adler Episode: \"Missoula\"
2025 *Sight Unseen* Walter Farrow Episode: \"Chain Reaction\"
2025 *Watson* Lloyd the Pharmacist \| Episode: \"Teeth Marks\"
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# Ryan Robbins
## Filmography
### Web
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------- -------- ---------------------
2011 *Mortal Kombat: Legacy* Raiden Episode: \"Raiden\"
### Music videos {#music_videos}
Year Title Artist(s) Role
------ --------------------------- ----------------------- ------- --
2003 \"The Laws Have Changed\" The New Pornographers Actor
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Year Award Category Work Result
------ ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- -------- --
2005 Leo Award Best Performance by a Male in a Short Drama *Man. Feel. Pain
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# Spo11
**Spo11** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SPO11* gene. Spo11, in a complex with mTopVIB, creates double strand breaks to initiate meiotic recombination. Its active site contains a tyrosine which ligates and dissociates with DNA to promote break formation. One Spo11 protein is involved per strand of DNA, thus two Spo11 proteins are involved in each double stranded break event.
Genetic exchange between two DNA molecules by homologous recombination can begin with a break in both strands of DNA---called a double-strand break---and recombination is started by an endonuclease enzyme that cuts the DNA molecule that \"receives\" the exchanged DNA. In meiosis the enzyme is SPO11, which is related to DNA topoisomerases. Topoisomerases change DNA by transiently breaking one or both strands, passing the unbroken DNA strand or strands through the break and repairing the break; the broken ends of the DNA are covalently linked to topoisomerase. SPO11 is similarly attached to the DNA when it forms double-strand breaks during meiosis.
## Meiotic recombination {#meiotic_recombination}
SPO11 is considered to play a predominant role in initiating meiotic recombination. However, recombination may also occur by alternative SPO11-independent mechanisms that can be studied experimentally using *spo11* mutants.
In the budding yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, the meiotic defects in recombination and chromosome disjunction of *spo11* mutants are alleviated by X-irradiation. This finding indicates that X-ray induced DNA damages can initiate crossover recombination leading to proper disjunction independently of SPO11.
In the worm *Caenorhabditis elegans*, a homolog of *spo11* is ordinarily employed in the initiation of meiotic recombination. However, radiation induced-breaks can also initiate recombination in mutants deleted for this *spo11* homolog.
Deamination of cytosine resulting in the dU:dG mismatch is one of the most common single-base-altering lesions in non-replicating DNA. *Spo11* mutants of the fission yeast *Schizosaccharomyces pombe* and *C. elegans* undergo meiotic crossover recombination and proper chromosome segregation when dU:dG lesions are produced in their DNA. This crossover recombination does not involve the formation of large numbers of double-strand breaks, but does require uracil DNA-glycosylase, an enzyme that removes uracil from the DNA phosphodiester backbone and initiates base excision repair. Thus, it was proposed that base excision repair of DNA damage such as a uracil base, an abasic site, or a single-strand nick is sufficient to initiate meiotic crossover recombination in *S. pombe* and *C. elegans*.
In *S. pombe*, a mutant defective in the *spo11* homolog *Rec12* is deficient in meiotic recombination. However recombination can be restored to near normal levels by a deletion in *rad2*, a gene that encodes an endonuclease involved in Okazaki fragment processing (Farah et al., 2005). Both crossover and non-crossover recombination were increased but double-strand breaks were undetectable. On the basis of the biochemical properties of the rad2 deletion, it was proposed that meiotic recombination can be initiated by DNA lesions other than double-strand breaks, such as nicks and gaps which accumulate during premeiotic DNA replication when Okasaki fragment processing is deficient.
The above findings indicate that DNA damages arising from a variety of sources can be repaired by meiotic recombination and that such a process can occur independently of SPO11.
## Absence in some sexual species {#absence_in_some_sexual_species}
The most recent common ancestor of the social amoeba genera *Dictyostelium*, *Polysphondylium* and *Acytostelium*, appears to have lacked the *Spo11* gene. Such an ancestor likely lived several hundred million years ago. *Dictyostelium discoideum* and *Polysphondylium pallidum* are both capable of meiotic sexual reproduction (see **D. discoideum* sexual reproduction* and **P. pallidum* sexual reproduction*). Bloomfield speculated that dormant cells in the soil might be exposed to many kinds of stress, such as desiccation or radiation, that could induce spontaneous DNA damage. Such damage would make the induction of double-strand breaks by Spo11 redundant for the initiation of recombination during meiosis, and thus explain its absence in this group
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# Matthew Hoch
**Matthew Hoch** (born December 29, 1975, in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American academic and teacher of singing.
Hoch is currently professor of voice at Auburn University, where he teaches applied voice, lyric diction, and vocal literature courses. From 2006 to 2012 he was assistant professor of voice at Shorter University in Rome, Georgia, where he was a member of the voice faculty, taught vocal literature, and served as coordinator of voice studies. From 2006 to 2008, he conducted the Shorter Chorus. Before coming to Shorter University, he was assistant professor of music and director of choral activities at the University of Wisconsin--Barron County. Prior to that appointment, he held part-time teaching positions at Central Connecticut State University, Northeastern University, the Hartt School, and the New England Conservatory.
Hoch is primarily known to the national voice pedagogy community through his scholarship, authorship of several books, and service to several high-profile professional organizations, most notably the National Association of Teachers of Singing (NATS) and the New York Singing Teachers Association (NYSTA). For NYSTA, Hoch held the offices of president (2017--2020) and vice president (2012--2017) and served as editor-in-chief of VOICE*Prints: The Journal of NYSTA* from 2008--2016. For NATS, Hoch served two terms as chair of the professional development committee, hosted the 2009 NATS Intern Program at Shorter University, and from 2006--2011 was the host of NATS CHATS, a monthly online resource utilized by voice professionals throughout the world. He is an alumnus of the 2006 NATS Intern Program and received the 2007 NATS Voice Pedagogy Award. His book, *A Dictionary for the Modern Singer*, was published by Rowman & Littlefield in 2014. In 2015, he was named editor of the *So You Want to Sing* series, a joint venture between NATS and Rowman & Littlefield. The series published its twentieth book in 2020. In 2016, he was awarded the Van L. Lawrence Fellowship by the Voice Foundation and NATS. In 2022, Hoch was named associate editor of voice pedagogy for the NATS *Journal of Singing*, succeeding Scott McCoy (2007--2021) and Richard Miller (2002--2007).
As a professional baritone, he has performed with the Oregon Bach Festival, the Santa Fe Desert Chorale, Conspirare, the Handel and Haydn Society, and the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto, Italy. As a regular participant in the Carnegie Hall choral workshops, he performed under the batons of Robert Spano, Peter Schreier, Charles Dutoit, and Helmuth Rilling. Hoch has also performed with Ash Lawn Opera, the Hartford Symphony, Santa Fe Pro Musica, the United States Coast Guard Chamber Players, and the College Light Opera Company on Cape Cod. He has studied with Meredith Monk through the Weill Institute at Carnegie Hall, with Alice Parker on a Melodious Accord Fellowship, and has been the recipient of numerous awards and grants, including the triennial Award of Merit from Mu Phi Epsilon in 2020.
Hoch also maintains a secondary career as an Episcopal choirmaster, currently serving at Holy Trinity Episcopal Church in Auburn, Alabama, and formerly serving at St Peter\'s Episcopal Church in Rome, Georgia. His second book, *Welcome to Church Music & The Hymnal 1982*, was published by Morehouse in 2015. He has also published articles in the *Journal of the Association of Anglican Musicians* and *The Hymn* and was a 2016 fellow-in-residence at Sewanee: The University of the South.
He received a Bachelor of Music degree, summa cum laude, from Ithaca College, a Master of Music degree from the Hartt School, and a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the New England Conservatory. His voice teachers have included Carol McAmis, Susan Clickner, Joanna Levy, Mark St. Laurent, and Lawrence Weller. He has pursued advanced studies in voice pedagogy and science with Ingo Titze, Johan Sundberg, and Scott McCoy.
## Discography
- [*Live from Central New York*, Cayuga Vocal Ensemble (CVE, 2001)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070824121722/http://www.cayuga-vocal.org/cd/index.shtml)
- [Gian Carlo Menotti, *The Saint of Bleecker Street*, The Choir and Orchestra of the *Festival dei Due Mondi* (Chandos, 2002)](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000063BI9/)
- [Gian Carlo Menotti, *Cantatas*, The Choir and Orchestra of the *Festival dei Due Mondi* (Chandos, 2002)](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005UC3J/)
- *A Woodland Christmas* The Woodland Scholars (Woodland Records, 2002)
- [*Journeys of the Spirit*, Santa Fe Desert Chorale (SFDC, 2003)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070404080319/http://www.desertchorale.org/recordings.html)
- [*Harmony of the Heavens*, Santa Fe Desert Chorale (SFDC, 2004)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070404080319/http://www.desertchorale.org/recordings.html)
- [Consiglio, *The Song of Luke*, The Phoenix Chamber Ensemble and the Santa Fe Desert Chorale (Equilibrium, 2004)](https://web.archive.org/web/20131001094146/http://www.equilibri.com/recordings/rec71.php)
- *Choral Holiday*, The Choir and Orchestra of the Oregon Bach Festival (SELCO, 2005)
- [*Schöpfungsmesse*, The Choir and Orchestra of the Oregon Bach Festival (Hänssler, 2007)](https://web.archive.org/web/20120330131424/http://www.haenssler-classic.de/en/detail-view/ansicht/lord-nelson-mass-creation-mass.html)
- [*Theriesienmesse*, The Choir and Orchestra of the Oregon Bach Festival (Hänssler, 2008)](https://web.archive.org/web/20120330131452/http://www.haenssler-classic.de/en/detail-view/ansicht/theresa-mass-mass-in-the-time-of-war.html)
- [*Heiligmesse*, The Choir and Orchestra of the Oregon Bach Festival (Hänssler, 2009)](https://haensslerprofil.de/shop/chor-lied/harmoniemesse-heiligmesse/)
- [*Vespers*, The Piffaro Renaissance Band and the Crossing (Navona, 2009)](https://www.crossingchoir
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# 16th Hong Kong Film Awards
Ceremony for the **16th Hong Kong Film Awards** was held on 13 April 1997 in the Hong Kong Cultural Centre and hosted by Lydia Shum and Nancy Sit. In total, sixteen winners in fifteen categories were unveiled. Peter Chan\'s *Comrades: Almost a Love Story* became the biggest winner for the year with nine awards, setting the record for the highest number of categories won by a single film. The event also marked the last time the Hong Kong Film Awards was held while under British colonial rule.
The nominees were announced on 24 February 1997. The front runners were Peter Chan\'s *Comrades: Almost a Love Story* and Benny Chan\'s *Big Bullet*, with eleven and nine nominations respectively.
## Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in **boldface**, and indicated with a double dagger (`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki}).
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - ***Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | - ***Peter Chan --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - *Hu-Du-Men* | - *Benny Chan --- Big Bullet* |
| - *Big Bullet* | - *Derek Yee and Law Chi-leung --- Viva Erotica* |
| - *Police Story 4: First Strike* | - *Derek Chiu --- The Log* |
| - *Viva Erotica* | - *Shu Kei --- Hu-Du-Men* |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - **Ivy Ho *--- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | - ***Kent Cheng --- The Log***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - Raymond To *--- Hu-Du-Men* | - *Sean Lau --- Big Bullet* |
| - Rico Chung *--- Once Upon A Time in Triad Society* | - *Leon Lai --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story* |
| - Rico Chung *--- Once Upon A Time in Triad Society 2* | - *Michael Wong --- First Option* |
| - Lee Chi-Ngai *--- Lost and Found* | - *Jackie Chan --- Police Story 4: First Strike* |
| - Cheung Chi-Sing *--- Love and Sex Among the Ruins* | - *Leslie Cheung --- Viva Erotica* |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - ***Maggie Cheung --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | - ***Eric Tsang --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - *Josephine Siao --- Hu-Du-Men* | - *Jordan Chan --- Big Bullet* |
| - *Karen Mok --- God of Cookery* | - *Jerry Lamb --- The Log* |
| - *Gong Li --- Temptress Moon* | - *Elvis Tsui --- Viva Erotica* |
| - *Sandra Ng --- 4 Faces of Eve* | - *Anthony Wong --- Young and Dangerous 3* |
| | - *Simon Yam --- To Be No. 1* |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - ***Shu Qi --- Viva Erotica***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | - ***Shu Qi --- Viva Erotica***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - *Law Lan --- 13 July* | - *Annie Wu --- Police Story 4: First Strike* |
| - *Theresa Lee --- Big Bullet* | - *Theresa Lee --- Who\'s the Woman, Who\'s the Man* |
| - *Theresa Lee --- Who\'s the Woman, Who\'s the Man* | - *Kristy Yeung --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story* |
| - *Anita Yuen --- Hu-Du-Men* | - *Daniel Chan --- Hu-Du-Men* |
| - *May Law --- Bodyguards of Last Governor* | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - ***Peter Cheung and Cheung Ka-fai --- Big Bullet***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | - ***Jingle Ma --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - *Peter Cheung and Yau Chi-Wai --- Police Story 4: First Strike* | - *Arthur Wong --- Somebody Up There Likes Me* |
| - *Chan Kei-Hop --- First Option* | - *Arthur Wong --- Big Bullet* |
| - *David Wu --- Somebody Up There Likes Me* | - *Christopher Doyle --- Temptress Moon* |
| - *Eric Kwong and Shu Kei --- Hu-Du-Men* | - *Poon Hang-Sang --- Shanghai Grand* |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - ***Kenneth Yee --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | - ***Dora Ng --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - *Kenneth Yee --- Who\'s the Woman, Who\'s the Man* | - *Dora Ng --- Who\'s the Woman, Who\'s the Man* |
| - *Eddie Ma and Bill Lui --- Black Mask* | - *Tomas Chan --- 4 Faces of Eve* |
| - *Wong Hap-Kwai --- Temptress Moon* | - *Bruce Yu --- Shanghai Grand* |
| - *Bruce Yu --- Shanghai Grand* | - *William Fung and Kwan Mei-Bo --- Black Mask* |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - ***Stanley Tong --- Police Story 4: First Strike***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | - ***Chiu Jun-Fun --- Comrades: Almost a Love Story***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - *Yuen Wo Ping --- Black Mask* | - *Clarence Hui and Chiu Jun-Fun and Lau Cho-Tak\ |
| - *Tung Wai --- Shanghai Grand* | --- Viva Erotica* |
| - *Tony Ching and Ma Yuk Sing\ | - *Lau Yee Tat --- The Log* |
| --- Dr. Wai and the Scripture Without Words* | - *Peter Kam --- Big Bullet* |
| - *Ma Yuk Sing --- Big Bullet* | - *Chiu Jun-Fun and Peter Kam --- The Age of Miracles* |
| - *Bruce Law --- First Option* | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| - ***風花雪 --- Lost and Found***`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki} | |
| - Composer: Mark Lui | |
| - Lyricist: Chow Lai Mau | |
| - Singer: Kelly Chen | |
| - 色情男女 --- *Viva Erotica* | |
| - Composer: Jason Choi | |
| - Lyricist: Albert Leung | |
| - Singer: Karen Mok and Jordan Chan | |
| - 有心人 --- *Who\'s the Woman, Who\'s the Man* | |
| - Composer: Leslie Cheung | |
| - Lyricist: Albert Leung | |
| - Singer: Leslie Cheung and Anita Mui | |
| - 默契 --- *Feel 100%\..
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# The Football Tournament
**The Football Tournament** (*Fodboldturneringen*) was a Danish football tournament staged 14 times in the years 1889--1903. The tournament was played under the auspices of the Danish Football Association, and was contested by the best Danish teams of its time. The winners are not considered official Danish champions.
## Winners
Year Winner Runners-up Entrants
------------ ------------------------------ ------------------ ----------
1889--90 AB (1) KB 7
1890--91 KB (1) AB 7
1891--92 AB / KB / Østerbros Boldklub 5
1892--93 AB (2) KB 5
1893--94 AB (3) KB 5
1894--95 AB (4) KB 3
1895--96 AB (5) KB 3
1896--97 KB (2) AB 5
1897--98 KB (3) AB 6
1898--99 AB (6) B 93 / Frem / KB 6
1899--1900 AB / B 93 5
1900--01 B 93 (1) AB / Frem 5
1901--02 Frem (1) B 93 5
1902--03 KB (4) Frem 5
## Championships by club {#championships_by_club}
Titles Team
----------------------------------------- ------
6 AB
4 KB
1 B 93
1 Frem
**Note:** \"Shared\" wins not included
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# The Hunchback of Notre Dame (soundtrack)
***The Hunchback of Notre Dame: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack*** is the soundtrack to the 1996 Disney animated film *The Hunchback of Notre Dame*. It includes songs written by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz with vocals performed by Paul Kandel, David Ogden Stiers, Tony Jay, Tom Hulce, Heidi Mollenhauer, Jason Alexander, Mary Wickes, and Mary Stout, along with singles by All-4-One/Eternal, and the film\'s score composed by Alan Menken.
The single \"Someday\" originally performed by male R&B band All-4-One on the United States release, was redone by British R&B girl group Eternal for the U.K. release. Luis Miguel recorded the version in Spanish as \"Sueña\", which became a major hit in Latin America. The album was released on May 28, 1996, by Walt Disney Records, and went on to peak at No. 11 on the *Billboard* 200.
In 2021, a restored version of the soundtrack was reissued as part of Disney\'s *The Legacy Collection*. In addition to the complete songs and score, the two disc set includes demos, outtakes and German language theatrical versions of the songs
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# Centaur (ship)
***Centaur*** may refer to one of the following ships:
- , an Australian hospital ship sunk in 1943
- , eight ships of the British Royal Navy
- *SB Centaur*, Thames sailing barge
## Fictional ships {#fictional_ships}
- USS *Centaur*, a fictional starship in the *Star Trek* universe; appeared primarily in the *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* episode \"A Time to Stand\"
Category:Ship names
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# Elephant Fayre
The **Elephant Fayre** was held in the stately home of Port Eliot, St Germans. A \"fayre\" in every sense of the word, it featured a host of different types of performances, media, experimental theatre and rock, punk, folk and reggae music. The first Fayre was tiny, attracting only 1500 or so, but the attendance increased over the years as the organisers booked better known acts, such as Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Cure, and The Fall. The organisers decided to close down the festival after 1986 because of hard drug use and vandalism.
## History
In 1980 a small festival which had outgrown its site at Polgooth in mid-Cornwall approached the Port Eliot estate and asked if it could be held in the idyllic grounds. The estate office agreed a price, and there began the Elephant Fayre, one of the most eclectic festivals of the 1980s, which was named after the elephant in the Eliot family\'s crest. A prime attraction of the event was a giant wooden elephant which could be mounted via an internal ladder.
The festival ran from 1981 to 1986, beginning with some 1,500 visitors over four days, and featured a mix of music, theatre and visual arts. Over the years the festival grew, attracting crowds of up to 30,000 and bands such as The Cure, The Fall and Siouxsie and the Banshees. By 1986 the festival, like so many of the time, had become victim of its own success. The tolerance of the free festival culture of the 70s was over, as New Age Travellers became a focus for disorder across the country. Despite the tolerance of the then Lord Eliot and fellow festival benefactor Michael Eavis at Glastonbury (known affectionately in festival crew parlance as \'The Good Lord and The Worthy Farmer\') the travellers put paid, it was said, to the Elephant Fayre and seriously compromised Glastonbury.
Whilst the festival at Port Eliot had built up a reputation as one of the best in the country, with extraordinary acts and the liberal attitude of the organisers, it was alleged the travellers had taken advantage and destroyed the festival. The burning down of the oldest tree in the park, looting of the village surgery and the robbing of stall-holders prompted Lord Eliot and fellow organisers to make the 1986 festival the last.
The Elephant Fayre has reinvented itself and is now the Port Eliot Festival. It describes itself as having \"All the brains of a literary festival. All the soul of a music festival.\" It is held mid summer
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# New England History Teachers' Association
The **New England History Teachers\' Association** (**NEHTA**) was founded in 1897 and is the United States\' oldest association of teachers of history and social studies. It promotes discussion of teaching in the field amongst teachers, students and academics.
The NEHTA is a founding member of the National Council for the Social Studies and remains its senior affiliate. The NEHTA sponsors meetings each year dealing with topics of special interest to its constituency and joins with other associations and groups in promoting those interests. Currently, *The New England Journal of History* (until 1988, *The New England Social Studies Bulletin*) is published twice annually and offers historical research, reviews, and methodological articles. The NEHTA also publishes *The NEHTA Newsletter and Forum* (formerly *The NEHTA Newsletter*). It offers short articles of current concern, information on the NEHTA and resources for those involved in teaching history. Annually, the NEHTA presents the **Kidger Award** for outstanding contributions to research, teaching, or service to the profession. The NEHTA also annually presents the **Laska Award** for undergraduate research
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# China Railways DF8
The **DF8** (`{{zh|c=东风8}}`{=mediawiki}) is a type of diesel-electric locomotive used by China Railway in the People\'s Republic of China. It was in production from 1984 until mid-1990s, with mass production starting in 1989. The revised DF8B is still in production today. DF8 are almost exclusively used for freight services.
## Models
### DF8
The first generation DF8 is powered by the original 3310 kW 16V280ZJ engine, manufactured by Qishuyan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works. 141 locomotives are produced from 1989 to 1997. The prototype engine DF8-0001&0002 features different hull design with the batch-produced engines.
41 engines (0001-0041, including 2 prototype engines) assigned to South Wuchang Locomotive Depot, China Railway Wuhan Group, 100 engines assigned to Mudanjiang Locomotive Depot, China Railway Harbin Group.
### DF8B
The second generation, DF8B, is powered by an updated 16V280ZJA engine with 3680 kW, whose production started in 1997. Qishuyan manufactured 0 series, while Ziyang Locomotive Works manufactured 5000 series.
#### 7000 series version {#series_version}
In 2000, Qishuyan built a DF8B with radial bogies numbered **DF8B-7001**. As an experimental locomotive there was only one produced. Now it is owned by Liuzhou Locomotive Depot, Nanning Railway Bureau.
#### 9000 series version {#series_version_1}
Qishuyan built a few DF8Bs originally for Qingzang Railway, however they were unsuccessful. They were numbered **DF8B-9001** and **9002**. In 2006, in order to cope with the situation that the NJ2 locomotives had not fully arrived when Qingzang Railway began to be fully operational, the Ministry of Railways still ordered 10 DF8Bs, numbered 9003\~9012. In 2015, Qinghai Local Railway Construction Investment Co., Ltd. (*青海地方铁路建设投资有限公司*) separately ordered 5 units for the operation of Xitieshan-North Hulsan Lake Railway, numbered 9013\~9017.
#### Other versions and related models {#other_versions_and_related_models}
A variant of DF8B has been designed for use in Jamaica by Qishuyan.
12 CKD4Cs were exported to Venezuela and are called **DF8Bven**, however they are generally identical to the domestically used DF8B.
A variant of DF8B has been designed for Mombasa-Nairobi railway in Kenya.
A variant of DF8B, DF8BI, has been designed for use in Iran. There is another model SDD21 designed for Iran, equipped with a 12V280ZJ engine.
A variant of DF8B, CKD9A, has been designed for use in Turkmenistan.
A variant of DF8B, SDD16, has been designed for use in Guinea.
There is a model SDD17 with 12V280ZJ prime mover, used in Saudi Arabia.
There is a model SDD19 with 6280ZJ prime mover, used in Uzbekistan.
Passenger models DF9 and DF11 series use the same 16V280ZJA prime mover as DF8B.
### DF8BJ
The DF8BJ, which uses the 16V280ZJG engine (4,000 kW), GTO VVVF inverter and AC traction motors, was produced by Ziyang. It was designed for Qingzang Railway.
### DF8CJ
The DF8CJ is produced by Qishuyan. It was equipped with a 16V280ZJB (R16V280ZJ) engine (maximum power 4.4 MW) and AC traction motors.
Later passenger model HXN5K, freight model HXN5B and FXN5C use a 12-cylinder version (R12V280ZJ) prime mover.
### DF8DJ
Ziyang made a special DF8B which was originally intended to be used on the Qingzang line and was numbered **DF8DJ-0001**. The DF8DJ version has a Caterpillar 3616 engine of rated power 5.08 MW and AC asynchronous traction motors and its service power is 4.8 MW. The Chinese Ministry of Railways rejected the proposal and it was renumbered **DF8B-5672**. It\'s now running on Xiyan Line in Shaanxi and has been remodified with dual-fuel engine (LNG & diesel oil).
## Gallery
<File:DF8B> 0154 at Fengtai Depot (August 2007).jpg\|DF8B-0154 at Fengtai Locomotive Depot, Beijing Railway Bureau. <File:20220518> DF8B-5034.jpg\|DF8B-5034 <File:DF8B> 5620@NXH (20151224091002).jpg\|DF8B-5620 <File:China> Railways DF8B 7001 20170909.jpg\|DF8B-7001 in Liuzhou Locomotive Depot which use two radial bogies. <File:东风8CJ0001.jpg%7CDF8CJ-0001> at Xinxiang Locomotive Depot, China Railway Zhengzhou Group <File:Kenya> Railways DF8B locomotive on the new SGR line, 06-06-2017.jpg\|DF8B used by Kenya Standard Gauge Railway <File:Df8ven.JPG%7CA> DF8Bven of Venezuelan IFE
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# Busia government
This is a listing of the ministers who served in Busia\'s Progress Party government during the Second Republic of Ghana. The Second Republic lasted from 1 October 1969 to 13 January 1972.
## List of ministers {#list_of_ministers}
Portfolio Minister Time frame Notes
-------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -------
Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia 1 October 1969 -- 13 January 1972
Deputy Prime Minister William Ofori Atta ?--?
J. Kwesi Lamptey ?--?
Minister for Foreign Affairs Victor Owusu 1969--1971
William Ofori Atta 1971 -- 13 January 1972
Minister for Interior Simon Diedong Dombo 1969--1971
Nicholas Yaw Boafo Adade 1971--1972
Minister for Defence J. Kwesi Lamptey 1969--1971
Bukari Adama 27 Jan 1971 -- 12 Jan 1972
Attorney General and Minister for Justice Victor Owusu 1971--1972
Nicholas Yaw Boafo Adade 1969--1971
Minister for Finance and Economic Planning Joseph Henry Mensah 1969--1972
Minister for Health Simon Diedong Dombo 1971--1972
Gibson Dokyi Ampaw 1969--1971
Minister for Local Government Kwabena Kwakye Anti 1969--1971
Minister for Education, Culture and Sport William Ofori Atta 1969--1971
R. R. Amponsah 1971 -- Jan 1972
Minister for Agriculture Kwame Safo-Adu 1969--1972
Minister for Trade, Industry and Tourism Richard Abusua-Yedom Quarshie 1969--1972
Minister for Labour and Social Welfare Jatoe Kaleo 1969--1971
William Godson Bruce-Konuah 1971--1972
Minister for Transport and Communications Haruna Esseku 1969--1971
Jatoe Kaleo 1971--1972
Minister for Works Samuel Wilberforce Awuku-Darko 1969--1971
Minister for Housing William Godson Bruce-Konuah 1969--1971
Samuel Wilberforce Awuku-Darko 1971--1972
Minister for Social Development Akumfi Ameyaw Munufie 1969--?
Minister for Lands, Mineral Resources, Forestry and Wildlife R. R. Amponsah 1969--1971
T.D. Brodie Mends 1971--1972
Minister for Information T.D. Brodie Mends 1 October 1969 -- 27 January 1971
January 1971--January 1972
Minister for Parliamentary Affairs Bukari Adama 1969--1971
J. Kwesi Lamptey 1971--1972
Minister of State (Protocol) K.G. Osei Bonsu 1969--1972
## Regional Chief Executives (Regional Ministers) {#regional_chief_executives_regional_ministers}
Portfolio Minister Time frame Notes
--------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------ -------
Ashanti Regional Minister H. R. Annan 1969--1972
Brong Ahafo Region A. A. Owusu 1969--1972
Central Regional Minister Jonah Abraham Annobil 1969--1972
Eastern Regional Minister A. K. Adu 1969--1971
G. L. A. Djabanor 1971--1972
Greater Accra Regional Minister A. S. O. Mensah 1969--1972
Northern Regional Minister J. A
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# Die erste Walpurgisnacht
***Die erste Walpurgisnacht*** (*The First Walpurgis Night*) is a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe telling of efforts by Druids in the Harz Mountains to practice their pagan rituals in the face of new and dominating Christian forces.
It was set to music by the young Lutheran Felix Mendelssohn as a secular cantata (or \"Sinfonie-Ballade\" in the composer\'s correspondence) for soloists (alto, tenor, baritone, bass), chorus and orchestra. Mendelssohn completed this work in an initial version in 1831, which was first performed at his parents\' home after Goethe\'s death the following year and then publicly on 10 January 1833 at the Sing-Akademie in Berlin with himself on the podium. A decade later he extensively revised the cantata before allowing it to be published in 1843 as a \"Ballade\", his Opus 60, consisting of a programmatic overture followed by nine movements and lasting about 35 minutes:
1. Overture --- *Das schlechte Wetter; Der Übergang zum Frühling (Bad weather; Transition to Spring)*
2. *Es lacht der Mai (May is in full bloom)* --- tenor; Chorus of Druids; People
3. *Könnt ihr so verwegen handeln? (Could you be so rash, so daring?)* --- alto; Old Woman; Chorus of Wives
4. *Wer Opfer heut zu bringen scheut (Whoever fears to sacrifice)* --- baritone; Priest; Chorus of Druids
5. *Verteilt euch, wackre Männer, hier (Divide your forces, valiant men)* --- Chorus of Druid Watchmen
6. *Diese dummen Pfaffenchristen (Christians and their priests are witless)* --- bass; Watchman; Chorus of Watchmen
7. *Kommt mit Zacken und mit Gabeln (Come with prongs and pitchforks)* --- Chorus of Druids; People
8. *So weit gebracht, dass wir bei Nacht (It\'s come so far that now by night)* --- baritone; Priest; Chorus of Druids; People
9. *Hilf, ach hilf mir, Kriegsgeselle (Help, oh help me, comrade)* --- tenor; Chorus of Christian Watchmen
10. *Die Flamme reinigt sich vom Rauch (The flame cleanses itself of smoke)* --- baritone; Priest; Chorus of Druids; People
## Background
Goethe wrote this text to be set to music, intending it for his friend Carl Friedrich Zelter, who tried twice, in 1799 and 1812, but did not complete a setting. Mendelssohn, who knew Goethe, first took it up in 1830.
The story is about how a prank allows for a local tradition to take place in spite of opposition from an intolerant new regime. The Druids and local heathen would celebrate May Day, but, as a women\'s chorus warns, this is now forbidden. The Druid priests counter that those who fear to sacrifice deserve their chains. A comic solution emerges as a Druid watchman suggests a masquerade of the Devil, spirits, and demons to frighten the occupying Christians. The Christians are scared away, and the Druids and heathen are left to celebrate Spring and the Sun.
The attractions of this text for Mendelssohn likely were the ghost scene (compare his incidental music to *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream*) and the triumph (by guile) of an oppressed group in an occupied land, an important Enlightenment idea, as well as one perhaps reflecting the composer\'s Jewish background: the final verses of the oratorio emphasize an abstract divinity (\"dein Licht\") over a threatened earthly ritual (\"den alten Brauch\"). According to Melvin Berger, Mendelssohn was raised a Protestant but \"was never fully accepted as a Christian by his contemporaries, nor was he ever fully cut off from his Judaic heritage
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# R. N. Irwin Stakes
The **R. N. Irwin Stakes** is a South Australian Jockey Club Group 3 Weight for Age Thoroughbred horse race for three year olds and older, run over a distance of 1100 metres at Morphettville Racecourse, Adelaide, Australia in the autumn. Total prize money for the race is A\$127,250.
## History
The race was originally run in January but was moved to March as part of the change in dates for the Adelaide Cup carnival in 2006. The race was moved again in 2012 to April and the race is now a lead up preparation race for the Goodwood Handicap.
### Name
- 1955--2006 - R.N. Irwin Stakes
- 2007 - German Arms Hotel Stakes
- 2008 - CMA Recycling Stakes
- 2009 onwards - R.N
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# Electoral district of Brisbane (New South Wales)
**Brisbane** was an electoral district located in the colony of New South Wales, Australia, and was part of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. The district created for the July 1859 election, partly replacing Stanley Boroughs and including the settlement of Brisbane. It was abolished in December 1859 due to the separation of Queensland
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# Miljoona Rock
**Miljoona Rock** was a rock festival in Tuuri held annually since 2004.
Tuuri is a village in Töysä, a municipality of Finland
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# PowerPC e500
The **PowerPC e500** is a 32-bit microprocessor core from Freescale Semiconductor. The core is compatible with the older PowerPC Book E specification as well as the Power ISA v.2.03. It has a dual issue, seven-stage pipeline with FPUs (from version 2 onwards), 32/32 KiB data and instruction L1 caches and 256, 512 or 1024 KiB L2 frontside cache. Speeds range from 533 MHz up to 1.5 GHz, and the core is designed to be highly configurable and meet the specific needs of embedded applications with features like multi-core operation interface for auxiliary application processing units (APU).
e500 powers the high-performance PowerQUICC III system on a chip (SoC) network processors and they all share a common naming scheme, *MPC85xx*. Freescale\'s new QorIQ is the evolutionary step from PowerQUICC III and will also be based on e500 cores.
## Versions
There are three versions of the e500 core, namely the original *e500v1*, the *e500v2* and the *e500mc*.
A 64-bit evolution of the e500mc core is called the e5500 core and was introduced in 2010, and a subsequent e6500 core added multithreading capabilities in 2012.
### e500v1
- Support for the SPE (Signal Processing Engine) extensions. The integer register file is extended to a width of 64-bits. The non-SPE instructions only access and write to the low 32-bits. However the SIMD SPE instructions read and write from the full 64-bits. These extensions overlap with the string and AltiVec instructions.
- Support for SPESFP (Single Precision Embedded Scalar Floating Point). This is a new floating point unit that is distinct from the classic FPU, the latter of which is lacking in e500v1 and e500v2. SPESFP uses the integer register file. It is not completely IEEE754 compliant.
### e500v2
Key improvements in the e500v2 over the e500v1 include:
- Increase from 32-bit (4 GiB) to 36-bit (64 GiB) physical address space. This change means that e500v2-based devices often use a more advanced board support package (BSP) than e500v1-based devices, as various peripheral units have moved to physical addresses higher than 4 GiB.
- Addition of 1 GiB and 4 GiB variable-page sizes
- Addition of DPESFP (double-precision embedded scalar floating point) support. Building on top of SPESFP, these instructions access both halves of the 64-bit integer register.
- Doubling in size and associativity of the MMU\'s second-level 4K-page array (from 256-entry 2-way to 512-entry 4-way)
- Increase from 3 to 5 maximum outstanding data cache misses
- Addition of the Alternate Time Base for cycle-granularity timestamps
### e500mc
Freescale introduced the *e500mc* in the QorIQ family of chips in June 2008. The e500mc has the following features:
- Power ISA v.2.06, which includes hypervisor and virtualization functionality for embedded platforms.
- The \"classic\" floating-point unit has been reinstated.
- SPE, SPESFP, and DPESFP are all removed, and the integer register file is back to 32 bits.
- Support anything from two to more than 32 cores (not necessarily the same type of cores) on a single chip.
- Supports the *CoreNet* communications fabric for connecting cores and datapath accelerators.
- e500mc cores have private L2 caches but typically share other facilities like L3 caches, memory controllers, application specific acceleration cores, I/O and such.
## Applications
### PowerQUICC
All PowerQUICC 85xx devices are based on e500v1 or e500v2 cores, most of them on the latter.
### QorIQ
In June 2008 Freescale announced the QorIQ brand, microprocessors based on the e500 family of cores.
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# PowerPC e500
## Software
In free and open source software, the e500/MPC85xx family (minus the e500mc, which has no SPE) is generally known as \"PPC SPE\" (powerpcspe), with the EABI known as \"eabispe\". Both GCC (before version 9) and LLVM offer support for compiling to this platform, and QEMU provides emulation. Debian used to offer an unofficial port for the e500v2 called powerpcspe
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# Anthony Elgindy
**Anthony Elgindy** (November 28, 1967 -- July 23, 2015), was an American stock broker and financial commentator who founded Pacific Equity Investigations. Elgindy gained a reputation for his \"investigations\" of companies. Towards the end of his life, Elgindy was convicted of insider trading and served seven years in federal prison.
Born in Egypt as **Amr Ibrahim Elgindy**, Elgindy was known professionally as \"Anthony@Pacific\", the \"Internet\'s most theatrical short-seller\".
## Biography
Elgindy originally worked as a car salesman in San Diego, California. In 1988, he became a stock trader working for penny stock brokerage Blinder Robinson. He later moved to another brokerage house, Armstrong McKinley. When Armstrong McKinley came under investigation for taking bribes to recommend stock, Elgindy provided incriminating information to prosecutors. In 1995, Elgindy became a short seller.
### Insider trading {#insider_trading}
After 2000, Elgindy began working with FBI agent Jeff Royer, and gave him information on companies he believed were engaging in illegal activity. Royer used FBI databases to search for any investigations into those companies by the FBI or the SEC. Royer then funneled information on any pending investigations to Elgindy, who used that information to short sell the stock. An investigation uncovered his relationship with Royer, who resigned and began working directly for Elgindy. Royer\'s girlfriend, FBI agent Lynn Wingate, continuing to funnel information to Elgindy. In 2002, Elgindy, Royer and Wingate were indicted for their roles in the scheme.
In 2003, the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) ruled that Elgindy and his firm Key West Securities \"engaged in a manipulative scheme in 1997 to inflate artificially the share price of Saf T Lok, Inc. through the entering of fraudulent quotations in the NASDAQ system, selling the stock short at the artificially high prices, and then taking active steps to depress the share price of Saf T Lok through the dissemination of negative research comments.\"
Elgindy and Key West Securities were fined \$51,000 and had their NASD memberships revoked. In 2004, the SEC reversed the ban on appeal.
In a superseding indictment issued in January 2005, Elgindy was charged with racketeering, securities fraud and other crimes. This included his scheme to steal information about FBI and separate SEC investigations of various companies. After a four-month trial, Elgindy was convicted of insider trading in five stocks with illegal gains totaling about \$66,000.
Elgindy was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison. He was released in late 2013 after serving almost seven years. He committed suicide on July 23, 2015
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# Kim Ji-hyun (singer)
Kim Ji-hyun}} `{{Infobox person
| name = Kim Ji-hyun
| image = Roo'rakimjihyun2013.png
| image_upright = 1.15
| caption = Kim in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|8|16}}
| birth_place = South Korea
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress}}
| years_active = 1994–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[reggae]]}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
| years_active = {{hlist|1994–2001|2003|2009}}
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %김지현
}}
}}`{=mediawiki} **Kim Ji-hyun** (`{{Korean|hangul=김지현}}`{=mediawiki}; born August 16, 1972) is a South Korean singer and actress. She debuted in 1994 as a member of the best-selling pop group, Roo\'ra, which she left in 1997 to release her first solo album, \"Cat\'s Eye.\" Kim rejoined Roo\'ra in 1999, and remained a member until the group disbanded in 2001. She released her second solo album, *Second Time*, in 2003, and participated in Roo\'ra\'s reunion in 2009
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# Tenga (company)
is a Japanese brand of male masturbation aids by the company of the same name. Masturbation aids (masturbators), personal lubricants, and other related products are sold under this brand. The company\'s masturbators have been noted for their design aesthetics unexpected for a sex toy, and have received multiple industrial design awards.
## The company {#the_company}
was established on March 25, 2005. The Tokyo-based company is headed by `{{nihongo|Koichi Matsumoto|松本光一}}`{=mediawiki}, who used to be an auto mechanic. The first line of products (Tenga Cups) were released on July 7, 2005. Following the implementation of Companies Act in 2006, the company changed its type to kabushiki gaisha and continues its operation as `{{nihongo|'''Tenga Co., Ltd.'''|株式会社 典雅|Kabushiki Gaisha Tenga}}`{=mediawiki}.
The word `{{nihongo||典雅|"tenga"}}`{=mediawiki} is a classical Japanese adjectival noun meaning \"righteously arranged and elegant\", typically used to praise the beauty of a kimono or buyō (Japanese dance). This name was chosen to counter the public image of adult goods, and with an aim to create high-quality products with new ideas.
, 28 employees work in the company (including the board of directors), with 8 of them female. One of the directors is `{{nihongo|Masanobu Sato|佐藤雅信}}`{=mediawiki}, who is responsible for the company\'s Overseas Business Department. Sato is a Masturbate-a-thon champion who achieved a world record for the \"longest time spent masturbating/male\" in 2008 (9 hours 33 minutes). In 2009, he extended his own record to 9 hours 58 minutes. He has been participating in the competitions using a set of Tenga masturbators of his own.
## Products
Tenga offers several product categories. Disposable \"Cup\" series which are intended for one-time use only (which can be reused if washed correctly), \"Flip\" series that split open to be easily washable and reusable, compact \"Egg\" series which resemble Easter eggs and stretch when in use, and \"Tenga 3D\" series which are intended to be reversed when not in use, showing its geometric patterns. Other accessories include lotions (lubricants), electrical \"Tenga Warmers\", and \"Hole Warmers\" (a stick-shaped hand warmer that uses supersaturated sodium acetate).
### Design and functionality {#design_and_functionality}
Tenga does not design their products as a replacement of human vagina. Erotic or sexual imagery are deliberately avoided in the product design and advertising. The products and their packaging are designed by a consumer goods stylist retained by Matsumoto. They typically feature solid colors of red, white, black, or gray, and have been described as \"stylish\" and as \"Apple of the sex toy industry.\" The design reduces embarrassment for potential customers. One of their product \"Rolling Head Cup\" exemplifies the disconnection of the stimulatory function from appearance or simulation of ordinary sexual activity. The bellows in the middle allows for the top of the product to be swiveled around in a movement that is not analogous to sexual intercourse.
Due to its functionality, the product \"Tenga Cup\" is the most recommended product among 30 masturbation cups. Tenga Cups are equipped with a valve to control the internal pressure of the unit when inserted. A vacuum-like atmosphere can be created, which creates suction on the penis.
The interiors of Cups, Eggs and Flips are fabricated using elastomer; with the 3Ds using an Ag antibacterial form of that material.
### Sales
In the lineup\'s first year (2005), 1 million units were sold. Since then, cumulative sales have reached 19 million units of masturbators sold worldwide (`{{as of|2012|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}). Japan accounts for about 80% of the sales, where 13,000 units are sold daily. Tenga is a relatively well-known brand in Japan for a masturbator, with its brand recognition rate exceeding 55% among males in their 20s, and approximately 47% among males in their 30s.
The remaining 20% of the sales are divided among 41 other countries, most prominently the United States, Spain, and China. Counterfeit products which resemble Tenga have been reported in China, ranging from products which only mimics the color and tone of the original package design to a product that is virtually indistinguishable from the original.
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# Tenga (company)
## Products
### Range
#### Tenga Cup {#tenga_cup}
Tenga\'s signature single-use disposable masturbation toy with vacuum suction functionality, shaped like a cup. It comes in several different varieties featuring different textures and levels of firmness.
#### Tenga Flip Hole {#tenga_flip_hole}
A reusable masturbation sleeve and case, which includes similar vacuum functionality to the disposable cups. It comes in four different colors; white, black, red and silver. Each color offers a different sensation with different inner sleeve lining. The flip hole uses a clamshell design with the intent to be easy to use and clean, including the ability to air dry after use. The Flip Hole can be used up to 50 times. Tenga also released a new version of the flip hole called Flip Air, however it was discontinued in spring 2012. They later introduced another successor called the Flip 0 (Zero), which uses more intricate internal textures and a different hinge mechanism for opening. The Flip 0 line includes the Flip 0 EV, which includes a pair of \"vibrating cores\" embedded in the elastomer for added stimulation.
#### Tenga 3D {#tenga_3d}
The 3D range lies between the Tenga Cup and Tenga Flip Hole, both in product and price. It is a reusable sleeve available in five different textures/sensations. The sleeve can be turned inside out after use for easy cleaning and drying. Similar to the Flip Hole, the 3D can be used 50 times before disposing.
#### Tenga Egg {#tenga_egg}
The Egg is an elastic egg-shaped masturbator. There are eighteen different textures and the eggs are designed to fit all sizes due to their elasticity. The cheapest of Tenga\'s product lines, like the cup it is designed as a single-use disposable toy.
#### VI-BO {#vi_bo}
Tenga\'s first attempt at a couples vibrator, the VI-BO is a vibrating orb that fits into 5 different \'covers\'. Each cover features a different color and shape which allows use of the orb in various ways.
#### Iroha
On 3 March 2012, Tenga released a new brand named *Iroha* (イロハ), featuring a lineup of three vibrators designed for women. The products were endorsed by the former AV idol Yuka Minena. As of early 2020, Iroha had expanded from its original product line to nine different ones, all of which are women\'s vibrators of some sort.
#### Tenga Spinner {#tenga_spinner}
The Spinner is masturbation sleeve with a coiled plastic spring embedded into the elastomer, which generates twisting motions during use.
#### Tenga Air-Tech {#tenga_air_tech}
A toy line with a design heavily based on the original line of disposable cups, but it is re-usable due to its internal elastomer sleeve being thicker and more durable, and its outer shell allowing disassembly for cleaning. Its vacuum suction capability is also advertised as being stronger than the original cups. Unlike most Tenga products it is not exported to the American market, but it is available in Europe.
## Awards
The \"Tenga 3D\" series was awarded the Red Dot Award: Product Design 2012 in Germany. According to Tenga, this is the first time for a male masturbation aid to receive this award.
This was not the first time that Tenga was considered for an award in product designing. In 2006, Tenga passed the first round of screening for the Good Design Award by the Japan Industrial Design Promotion Organization, but was excluded before the beginning of the second screening due to it being determined as \"ineligible\" by the judging committee. The award did not give specific reasons why it was not eligible, but third-party writers have speculated that the sexual nature of the product was the reason for the exclusion. Matsumoto criticized the decision saying that Tenga is but a manufacturing company, and the decision \"tramples the passions of manufacturing industries.\"
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# Tenga (company)
## Clinical usage {#clinical_usage}
At least two independent groups in Japan have put Tenga products to clinical usage. Kobori *et al.* at Dokkyo Medical University have applied Tenga for ejaculatory dysfunction studies. Imai *et al.* at Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital have used Tenga on a number of patients suffering from intravaginal anejaculation or post-prostatectomy dysfunction.
In their paper, Kobori *et al.* gave the following reasons why they chose to utilize Tenga for their purposes:
- They are in widespread use and can be bought in general variety stores or bookshops
- They enable a constant grip pressure to be maintained
- The lineup offers three different standard levels of stimulation (hard, standard, soft), enabling support for various cases
- They are disposable and hygienic
- They do not have decorative imitations that resemble human vagina, and their designs are suitable for medical use
- The manufacturer and the distributor are well-known
## Comic adaptation {#comic_adaptation}
In 2008, comic artist `{{nihongo|Butcha U|ブッチャーU|bucchā yū}}`{=mediawiki} drew a picture depicting the masturbators as fictional girls (a form of moe anthropomorphism). The concept was given the `{{nihongo|Hōsai Tsuruoka Award|鶴岡法斎賞}}`{=mediawiki} from `{{nihongo|Japan Otaku Awards 2008|日本オタク大賞2008}}`{=mediawiki}. Tenga Co., Ltd. gave permission to make this concept into a commercial project; and in 2010, the concept was expanded into an electronic comic series titled *Tengirls*, published by Sony Digital Entertainment Services Inc. (a subsidiary of Sony). The story features a team of girls resembling the Tenga products, who fight against crimes and disasters that occur in a near-future city
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# Tony Nyadundo
**Tony Nyadundo** is a musician from Kenya. He performs the *Ohangla,* a traditional style of music by the Luo community. He is backed by the **Ohangla Boys** band. He is now branded the \"King of Ohangla\".
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born in Kal in Tanzania. Tony\'s twin sister died while he was young. His family moved to Nyahera, Kisumu District, Kenya in 1978 and later to Kongoni in Nzoia. He went to Kongoli Primary School and then in 1985 moved to Bukembe Secondary School but dropped out the following year due to lack of funds. He worked as a tailor until 1992.
## Career
He also tried his hand in deejaying. His brother Jack Nyadundo formed a group performing Ohangla music, and Tony eventually joined the group after 1996. Later he formed his own group and moved back to Tanzania for a while. In 1998 he moved to Migori District in Kenya and performed for local fishing communities. He also hired Onyi Papa Jey, an orutu player who has also since become a formidable musician. In 1999 he moved to Dandora in Nairobi but did not achieve much success and then moved to Kisumu, where his brother Jack had become a popular musician.
His début album *Ayaki* was released in 2002. This marked a turning point of his career and he finally started to gain financially from being a musician. His second album was named *Kidi Oba e Toke*, which translates \"stoned on the back\". The name derives from a concert when his band was attacked by thugs who hit his drummer on the back. Several other people were injured too.
In 2006 he released album *Obama*. The name alludes to Barack Obama, the US president whose father is from the ethnic group as Nyadundo.
At the 2007 Kisima Music Awards he won the traditional music category. He was among 100 most influential Kenyans as selected by The Standard newspaper in August 2007.
In October 2009, he released a new album *Migingo*, named after the disputed Migingo Island.
Tony is recognised for his hits like, dawa ya mapenzi, Obama and many more hits. He has performed in various countries including Germany and the US.
He was married but divorced in 1994. He has two children from the marriage
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# Australian Heritage Council
The **Australian Heritage Council** is the principal adviser to the Australian Government on heritage matters. It was established on 19 February 2004 by the *Australian Heritage Council Act 2003*. The Council replaced the Australian Heritage Commission as the Australian Government\'s independent expert advisory body on heritage matters when the new Commonwealth heritage system was introduced in 2004 under amendments to the *Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999*. The Council assesses nominations for the Australian National Heritage List and the Commonwealth Heritage List. The Minister may ask the Council for advice on action that he may take in relation to the List of Overseas Places of Historic Significance to Australia.
## Role
The Council plays a key role in assessment, advice and policy formulation and support of major heritage programs. Its main responsibilities are to:
- assess places for the National Heritage List and the Commonwealth Heritage List
- nominate places for inclusion in the National Heritage List or Commonwealth Heritage List
- promote the identification, assessment, conservation and monitoring of heritage
- advise the Minister on various heritage matters including the preparation and amendment of heritage strategies and management plans for Commonwealth areas and agencies
## Publications
- [Protection of Australia\'s Commemorative Places and Monuments Report - 2018](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/organisations/australian-heritage-council/publications/commemorative-places-monuments)
- [National Heritage Places map - 2017](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/national-heritage-places-map)
- [Australia\'s National Heritage List - the story so far - 2017](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/australias-national-heritage-list)
- [\'The Waters of Australian Deserts\' Cultural Heritage Study - 2017](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/waters-australian-deserts)
- [A thematic heritage study on Australia\'s benevolent and other care institutions - Thematic Study and Companion Guide - 2016](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/thematic-study)
- [Rock Art Thematic Study - 2016](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/rock-art-thematic-study)
- [AHC Submission on the Great Barrier Reef Strategic Assessment - 2014](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/ahc-submission-great-barrier-reef-strategic-assessment)
- [Identifying Commonwealth Heritage Values and Establishing a Heritage Register - 2010](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/commonwealth-heritage-values.html)
- [Guidelines for the assessment of places for the National Heritage List - 2009](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/nhl-guidelines.html)
- [Standard Commonwealth Heritage Listing process - 2007](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/chl-process.html)
- [Standard National Heritage Listing process - 2007](http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/nhl-process
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# Time (musical)
***Time*** is a musical with a book and lyrics by Dave Clark and David Soames, music by Jeff Daniels, and additional songs by Hans Poulsen and David Pomeranz.
## Plot
Derived from the 1970s musical *The Time Lord* by Soames and Daniels, it focuses on contemporary rock musician Chris Wilder, who has been transported with his backup singers and band from a concert to the High Court of the Universe in the Andromeda Galaxy. In light of mankind\'s strides in space exploration, the Time Lord Melchisedic (loosely based on the title character in the BBC science fiction series *Doctor Who*) has decided the time has come to examine Earth\'s people to determine what role they will play in the quest for universal peace, and Wilder and his band are called upon to defend their planet.
## Productions
The heavily amplified multi-media event relied heavily on special effects, including a huge projected floating head named Akash (billed by the show\'s producers as a hologram) that served as a narrator throughout the show. The interior of the Dominion Theatre in London, where the show first ran, was gutted and reconstructed to accommodate the massive steel set with hydraulic lift designed by John Napier.
The West End production, directed and choreographed by Larry Fuller (assisted by Arlene Phillips), had a world premiere on April 9, 1986, at the Dominion Theatre in London, where it ran for two years. Cliff Richard starred as Wilder, Jodie Brooke Wilson as Louise, Jeff Shankley as Melchisedic, and Dilys Watling as one of the tribunal judges, with a pre-filmed Laurence Olivier as Akash. David Cassidy replaced Richard later in the run, closing with *Grease* producer David Ian. Stephanie Lawrence was also a replacement in the *Time* musical and played opposite Cassidy.
## Cast
- The Rock Star, Chris Wilder -- Cliff Richard (Later replaced by David Cassidy)
- Louise -- Jodie Brooke Wilson (Later replaced by Stephanie Lawrence)
- Babs -- Dawn Hope
- Carol Ann -- Maria Ventura
- The Rock Group -- Cavin Cornwall, Neil Gow-Hunter, Simon Shelton, Ian Stewart
- Akash, The Ultimate Word in Truth -- Laurence Olivier
- Judge Morgua -- Dilys Watling
- Judge Trigon -- John North
- Judge Lagus -- David Timson
- Lord Melchisedic, The Time Lord -- Jeff Shankley
- Lord Melchisedic\'s Retinue -- Gary Co-Burn, Brad Graham (left due to injury) Neil Gow-Hunter, Kazimir Kolesnik, Alan Meggs, Dave Trevors, Steve Mondey, Simon Shelton, Simon Marlow, Neil Reynolds
- Captain Ebony -- Clinton Derricks-Carroll
- Captain Ebony\'s Retinue -- Heather Robbins, Linda Mae Brewer, Rosemary Ford, Robin Clever, Ian Stewart and Sparky (Later replaced by Kim Rosato, Stacey Haynes, Sandra Easby, Annabel Haydn, Ian Stewart, Cavin Cornwall)
## Recording
The concept album *Time* was released by Capitol Records in the United States and EMI elsewhere in the world (UK Catalogue Number UK:AMPM 1 (EQ 5003).
In addition to Richard and Olivier, it featured Freddie Mercury, Julian Lennon, Murray Head, Dionne Warwick, Leo Sayer, Ashford & Simpson, Stevie Wonder, John Christie, Jimmy Helms, Mike Moran, and Paul Miles-Kingston. Olivier\'s spoken \"Theme From \'Time{{\'\"}} was released as a single in some countries and was a surprise hit on the Australian charts, reaching #27.
### 25th anniversary release {#th_anniversary_release}
The album was never released on CD but in 2012 *Time -- The Musical* was made available for digital download from iTunes. It featured both acts of the show, the 13 single releases, new edits and several alternate mixes not on the original vinyl record or cassette release. The recordings were restored and remastered by Adam Vanryne and produced by Dave Clark. The re-release was timed to commemorate the musical\'s 25th anniversary. A 20-page color booklet accompanied the album. `{{stack begin|float=left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Song list {#song_list}
Act I
- Born to Rock \'n Roll
- Time Talkin\'
- Time
- Music of the Spheres
- Law of the Universe
- The Time Lord Theme
- The Charge
- One Human Family
- What On Earth (moved to here from second song of act II at cast change in 1987)
- I Know, I Know
- Your Brother in Soul
- Case for the Prosecution
- Starmaker
- Time Will Teach Us All
- I Object
- In My Defence
Act II
- Within My World (added to opening of act II at cast change in 1987)
- Because I Love You
- Move the Judge
- What on Earth (removed from act II in 1987)
- She\'s So Beautiful
- If You Only Knew
- We\'re the UFO
- The Theme from Time
- Harmony
- The Return
- Time (Reprise)
- It\'s in Everyone of Us
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# Time (musical)
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
\"If present trends go on, John Napier and his team will doubtless one day find themselves re-creating the entire state of Iowa for a rock musical about the Little Red Hen, or reconstructing the Alps for one about Heidi; but until then *Time* can claim it has provided the most sensational contrast between mountainous spectacle and molehill content the musical theatergoer has seen.\"
\"It\'s like a science-fiction Sunday-school lesson. London critics had a field day sneering at its greeting-card philosophy and 1960s flower-power platitudes. But children, the young at heart, tourists with little English and any lover of sheer spectacle will be enraptured.\"
\"But its actual genius is the man who invented its gravity-defying, sense-bombarding scenic effects, the modern theater\'s most astounding designer. His name is John Napier.\"
\"The worst of it, though, are the philosophical speeches from The Time Lord who sounds like Captain Highliner (commercial spokesman of High Liner Foods) after transcendental meditation. If vinyl ever deserved to be melted\..
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# Small science
**Small science** refers (in contrast to big science) to science performed in a smaller scale, such as by individuals, small teams or within community projects.
Bodies which fund research, such as the National Science Foundation, DARPA, and the EU with its Framework programs, have a tendency to fund larger-scale research projects. Reasons include the idea that ambitious research needs significant resources devoted for its execution and the reduction of administrative and overhead costs on the funding body side. However, small science which has data that is often local and is not easily shared is funded in many areas such as chemistry and biology by these funding bodies.
## The importance of Small Science {#the_importance_of_small_science}
Small Science helps define the goals and directions of large scale scientific projects. In turn, results of large scale projects are often best synthesized and interpreted by the long-term efforts of the Small Science community. In addition, because Small Science is typically done at universities, it provides students and young researchers with an integral involvement in defining and solving scientific problems. Hence, small science can be seen as an important factor for bringing together science and society.
According to the Chronicle for Higher Education, James M. Caruthers, a professor of chemical engineering at Purdue University, data from Big Science is highly organized on the front end where researchers define it before it even starts rolling off the machines, making it easier to handle, understand, and archive. Small Science is \"horribly heterogeneous,\" and far more vast. In time, Small Science will generate two to three times more data than Big Science.
The American Geophysical Union stresses the importance of small science in a position statement.
## Examples of Small Science results with high impact {#examples_of_small_science_results_with_high_impact}
Many historical examples show that results of Small Science can have enormous impacts:
- Galois theory, one of the foundational theories of abstract algebra was developed by Évariste Galois within just weeks.
- Albert Einstein developed his theory of special relativity as a hobby while working full-time in a patent office.
- Robert Goddard invented the liquid propelled and multi stage rockets largely on his own. These breakthroughs lead to the German V2 and the Apollo Saturn 5 rockets
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# Gilbert Rist
**Gilbert Rist** (16 July 1938 -- 15 February 2023) was a Swiss educator who was honorary professor at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. He was best known for his study, *The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith*, which criticizes development and has been described as "to date, the most consequential and scholarly critique from the left of the development project". Rist held a PhD from the Graduate Institute of International Studies.
Rist died on 15 February 2023, at the age of 84.
## Writings
**English**
- Gilbert Rist, *The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith*, Expanded Edition, London: Zed Books, 2003
- Gilbert Rist, *The Delusions of Economics: The Misguided Certainties of a Hazardous Science*, London: Zed Books, 2011
**French** (selection)
- (with Marie-Dominique PERROT and Fabrizio SABELLI), *La mythologie programmée, L'économie des croyances dans la société moderne*, coll. Economie en liberté, PUF, Paris, 1992
- (with Majid Rahnema and Gustavo Esteva), *Le Nord perdu, Repères pour l'après-développement*, coll
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# Constantine Buggan
**Metropolitan Constantine** (b. July 29, 1936 -- d. May 21, 2012) (Secular name: **Theodore Stanislavovich Buggan**) was the Metropolitan of Irinoupolis, and Primate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA (UOC of USA), which is a jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the United States. The primatial cathedral is in Parma, Ohio (St. Vladimir Cathedral), and the Church\'s head offices and Consistory are based in South Bound Brook, New Jersey.
## Early life {#early_life}
Metropolitan Constantine was born in Pittsburgh on July 19, 1936, to Stanley (Stanislav) and Catherine Buggan, a Ukrainian family. Upon completion of his secondary education he entered the College of St. Andrew, in Winnipeg (an affiliate college with the University of Manitoba), Canada, from which he graduated in 1959. He also studied at Saint Vladimir\'s Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York and Duquesne University, receiving a doctorate in philosophy from the latter.
## Priesthood and episcopacy {#priesthood_and_episcopacy}
On April 23, 1967, he was ordained deacon in South Bound Brook, New Jersey by Metropolitan Mstyslav (Skrypnyk) (future first patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kyivan Patriarchate), and a priest on July 23 by Metropolitan John (Theodorovich), in Pittsburgh. His pastoral work comprised St. Vladimir Cathedral in Chicago, Illinois and at St Nicholas Church in Troy, New York.
Father Theodore was tonsured a monk on December 18, 1971, receiving the name Constantine, and on May 7, 1972, he was consecrated by Metropolitan Mstyslav (Skrypnyk) to the Chicago cathedra of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America (UOC in America). In 1977 he was elevated to the rank of archbishop, and to metropolitan in 1992. After the death of Patriarch Mstyslav (Skrypnyk) in 1993 he became the Primate of the UOC in America, and in 1994, of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in the Diaspora.
From 1995 to 1996, the UOC in America and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in the Diaspora entered in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and Metropolitan Constantine received the titular diocese of Irinoupolis.
## Death
Constantine of Irinoupolis died from congestive heart failure on May 21, 2012, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the age of 75
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# 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The **9th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment** was a volunteer infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was organized on April 22, 1861, for three-months\' service in Indianapolis. After being reorganized for three years\' service in late August and early September 1861, the 9th took part in many major battles, including Shiloh, Stones River, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Kennesaw Mountain and the Siege of Atlanta.
The 9th was mustered out on September 28, 1865, after duty at San Antonio and New Braunfels, Texas.
## Personnel
Governor Oliver Hazard Perry Morton appointed Robert H. Milroy as colonel of the 9th on April 26, 1861, nearly two weeks after the firing began at the Battle of Fort Sumter.`{{NoteTag|See appointment letter at collection.}}`{=mediawiki} By September 3, 1861, Milroy had become a brigadier general. He continued to command troops in West Virginia (as Commander of the Cheat Mountain District) into 1862.`{{NoteTag|See also details at [[Robert H. Milroy]] asticle.}}`{=mediawiki} \] By the time the 9th was assigned to William B. Hazen\'s 19th Brigade of Buell\'s Army of the Ohio in March 1862, Colonel Gideon C. Moody, a former prosecutor and politician, commanded the regiment. Hazen called Moody \"a most gallant officer\".
Isaac C.B. Suman, initially the captain of Company H, then became colonel of the 9th. He commanded the 9th during such major battles as Chickamauga.
William H. Blake, initially a major, later became colonel of the 9th. Dudley H. Chase served as a captain in Company K of the 9th in the three-month regiment. William P. Lasselle began as a sergeant in Company K in the three-month regiment and finished as a lieutenant colonel in the three-year regiment. James Nutt of Company I began as a first sergeant and ended as a captain of the three-year regiment. Photographs of some of these officers and a number of other officers and enlisted men from the 9th can be found at *Indiana Civil War Soldiers, 9th Infantry,*
### Service records {#service_records}
The NPS System includes 816 troop records (three-month) and 2916 troop records (three-year) classified as 9th Regiment, Indiana Infantry. These are not complete listings, and they include a number of apparent duplicates (due to alternate name spellings), but the listings do consist of many useful records. For example, author Ambrose Bierce\'s record of service in the three-year regiment is as follows:
No. Last, First Company Rank_In Rank_Out
----- -------------------- --------- ---------- ------------------
195 Bierce, Ambrose G. C Sergeant First Lieutenant
Other sources such as the Bierce biography by Roy Morris [1](http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32698310), or at least the sources Morris relied on, confirm the accuracy of this particular record.
Other kinds of service documentation that exist include muster rolls, identification discs, and discharge papers. In the case of the 9th, George Bickel\'s documentation is representative. Bickel served in Company C of the three-month regiment and, for a short period, in the three-year regiment before he received a medical discharge. Photos of his identification disc, images of the other documentation such as his three-year regiment service papers and a narrative of Bickel\'s service are available at [2](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235654/http://www.bickel.talkingrelics.com/).
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# 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
## Personnel
### Death records {#death_records}
Records of some 9th\'s troops who died during the war can be found at national cemeteries in states where the 9th served, such as Grafton and Shiloh National Cemeteries.
#### Grafton National Cemetery {#grafton_national_cemetery}
According to the available records, 19 soldiers from the 9th are buried at the Grafton National Cemetery, West Virginia. All of these men were killed in action in what is now West Virginia between the fall of 1861 and the winter of 1861--1862.
Name Rank Date of Death Company Name Rank Date of Death Company
----------------------- --------- ------------------- --------- --------------------- ---------- ------------------- ---------
Abbott, J.A. Private October 3, 1861 C Baldwin, William Private November 5, 1861 G
Bloomer, John M. Private December 21, 1861 G Boyd, Robert F. Corporal November 6, 1861 I
Bunnell, Nathaniel F. Private November 3, 1861 N/A Clark, Thomas M. Private January 30, 1862 D
Cotton, William S. Private January 30, 1862 F Cushman, James Private November 5, 1862 D
Earl, George Private October 31, 1861 B George, Gustavus Private November 16, 1861 E
Gillman, Francis M. Private December 10, 1861 I John, Henry C. Private January 28, 1862 D
Pratt, Henry Private February 2, 1862 E Prew, Allick Private November 7, 1861 F
Rhear, John Private November 21, 1861 F Robey, James N. Private January 21, 1862 F
Snurr, John D. Private February 9, 1862 E Waterman, Josiah C. Private January 24, 1862 F
Williams, John Private January 29, 1862 B
#### Shiloh National Cemetery {#shiloh_national_cemetery}
There are 22 dead buried in Shiloh National Cemetery at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, identified as soldiers from the 9th Indiana Infantry, according to the cemetery\'s records.
Name Rank Company Name Rank Company
--------------------- -------------- --------- --------------------- ---------- ---------
Bear, William S Private E Berlin, Jacob Private C
Bolton, R. Private B Cathcart, Wm. H. Private K
Dolph, Joseph O. Private F Folsom, Alfred E. Private E
Green, George F. Private G Guild, C.L. Corporal G
Hadley, Uriah Private N/A Hitecle, J. Private H
Houghton, James Captain I Lathrop, Robert R. Private E
Miller, Jesse Corporal I Mitchell, James Private H
Ormsby, Martin P. Corporal C Patton, Thomas J. Captain N/A
Redding, J.F. Private G Stretch, William M. Private G
Tantlinger, John S. 1st Sergeant A Thatcher, David Private H
Thomas, W.M. Private G Ungry, Daniel B. Private I
#### Stones River Hazen Brigade Monument {#stones_river_hazen_brigade_monument}
The west face of the Hazen Brigade Monument indicates that Capt. Isaac M. Pettit and 2nd Lt. Henry Kessler were among those from the 9th killed at the Battle of Stones River on December 31, 1862. 113 men from the 9th were killed or wounded in the battle. Capt. A. Johnson of the 9th and a detail of officers selected the location of the monument on a crest located between the railroad and the Nashville Pike. Lt. Edward Crebbin of the 9th supervised the detachment that constructed the monument in 1863.
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# 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
## Engagements
Soldiers from the 9th Indiana Infantry were among the first troops of Major General George B. McClellan's Department of the Ohio to enter western Virginia in the spring of 1861. As the first Indiana regiment to depart, the 9th was reviewed by Governor Morton and General McClellan and then departed for Grafton, Virginia (now Grafton, West Virginia), via railroad at midnight on May 29, 1861. Crowds in central Ohio cheered for the troops as the train passed.`{{full citation needed|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
### Battle of Philippi {#battle_of_philippi}
**June 3, 1861.** After some skirmishes at Grafton, one of the first land battles of the Civil War, the Battle of Philippi, took place in Philippi, Barbour County, in what is now West Virginia.`{{NoteTag|See [[Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861)]] for an article on a small battle which occurred in [[Fairfax County, Virginia]], between the Virginia (Confederate) Warrenton Rifles militia company and a company of the 2d U.S. Cavalry Regiment on June 1, 1861, two days before the [[Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)|Battle of Philippi]].}}`{=mediawiki} The battle began when a Federal battery started lobbing shells into a camp of around 825 and surprised Confederate recruits who had been asleep. In response, the Confederates ran, thus earning the battle the name "Philippi Races." After the battle, the 9th camped on the same hill where the battery was located.
Ambrose Bierce mentioned being at Philippi Races. He had enlisted as a private in Company C. Years later, in 1903, Bierce revisited the town. He recalled that visit and the battle in a 1904 piece written for the Eighth Annual Reunion of the 9th Indiana, noting that the Union battery involved \"did nothing worse than take off a young Confederate\'s leg.\"
### Battle of Laurel Mountain {#battle_of_laurel_mountain}
**July 7--11, 1861.** The Battle of Laurel Mountain, also known as Laurel Hill, pitted 3,500 forces under Union Brigadier General Thomas A. Morris against what Morris perceived to be superior forces of 4,000 under Confederate Brigadier General Robert S. Garnett. McClellan had ordered Morris to occupy Garnett while McClellan\'s own force of 5,000 attacked 1,300 men under Lt. Col. John Pegram at Rich Mountain.
As part of Morris\' brigade, the 9th Indiana, taking cover behind trees, exchanged fire with Confederates, who were behind breastworks. Tiring of the stalemate that ensued, the Union troops charged the breastworks and did \"well enough, considering the hopeless folly of the movement,\" according to Ambrose Bierce. After Corporal Dyson Boothroyd of the 9th\'s Company A was wounded in the neck and paralyzed during the charge, Bierce carried Boothroyd \"fully 20 rods\" (100 m) under enemy fire to safety, only to see him die later, according to an *Indianapolis Journal* reporter\'s account. Garnett and his forces retreated to the Cheat River, 10 miles to the northeast. The 9th along with the rest of Morris\' brigade (including the Seventh Indiana and the 14th Ohio) pursued Garnett to Corrick\'s Ford.
### Battle of Corrick\'s Ford {#battle_of_corricks_ford}
**July 12--14, 1861.** Heavy rains complicated Garnett\'s retreat, resulting in a wagon train becoming mired in the mud at Corrick\'s Ford, located east of Philippi near St. George (now St. George, West Virginia). By July 13, 1861, the bulk of Garnett\'s troops had moved north of Job\'s Ford, near Parsons on the Cheat River. During their retreat, they had crossed the river numerous times to evade the Union forces. To ensure the escape of most of his forces, Garnett ordered the 23rd Virginia Infantry to make a stand in a laurel thicket on the east side of Shaver\'s Fork at Corrick\'s Ford. He stayed with this regiment and used the wagon train in the mud as a decoy. This planned ambush ultimately failed. Morris\' brigade successfully attacked and displaced the 23rd, and a member of the Seventh Indiana managed to shoot Garnett in the spine, killing him.
### Battle of Cheat Mountain {#battle_of_cheat_mountain}
**September 12--16, 1861.** Morris asserts that the 9th was in Elkwater on September 12 and was not engaged during Lee\'s attack, but another source states that a column of Lee\'s attacked Elkwater on or about September 12, and that the Unionists drove them off with no difficulty. Bierce didn\'t mention this attack in any of his surviving writings.
### Battle of Greenbrier River {#battle_of_greenbrier_river}
**October 3--4, 1861.** Bierce did mention the fighting at Greenbrier River, which he called a \"reconnaissance in force.\" A Union force of 5,000 under Joseph J. Reynolds exchanged artillery fire with a Confederate force of 2,000 under H.R. Jackson remaining at Camp Bartow to guard the Staunton-Parkersburg Pike. The Confederates succeeded in defending the road because their artillery was well placed, protected and effective. During a 1903 visit to the site, Bierce noted Union graves, most of which had been opened, with the bodies relocated to the National Cemetery at Grafton. He observed that some graves had been apparently overlooked. There were also between 80 and 100 graves behind the Confederate earthworks that were neglected.
One of the bodies initially buried at Greenbrier River was that of J.A. Abbott of Bierce\'s company. After a 1909 visit to the area, Bierce recounted the manner of Abbott\'s death, although he did not personally witness it: \"He was lying flat upon his stomach and was killed by being struck in the side by a nearly spent cannon-shot that came rolling in among us. The shot remained in him until removed. It was a solid round-shot, apparently cast in some private foundry, whose proprietor, setting the laws of thrift above those of ballistics, had put his \'imprint\' upon it; upon it: it bore, in slightly sunken letters, the name \'Abbott.\'\"
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# 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
## Engagements
### Battle of Camp Allegheny {#battle_of_camp_allegheny}
**December 13, 1861.** The 9th formed part of a brigade under their old regimental commander, now Brigadier General Robert H. Milroy, that attacked Col. Edward Johnson\'s forces protecting the Staunton-Parkersburg Pike. They exchanged fire for a good portion of that morning, and the Confederates managed to force a Union retreat back to the Cheat Mountain camps.
The 9th participated in building the Union fortification at the summit of Cheat Mountain during the winter of 1861, according to Bierce, who said the following after a visit in 1909: \"Here we slew the forest and builded us giant habitations (astride the road from Nowhere to the southeast) commodious to lodge and army and fitly loopholed for discomfiture of the adversary. The long logs that it was our pride to cut and carry! The accuracy with which we laid them one upon another, hewn to the line and bulletproof. The Cyclopean doors that we hung, with sliding blots fit to be the \'mast of some great admiral!\' And when we had \'made the pile complete\' some marplot of the Regular Army came that way and chatted a few moments with our commander, and we made an earthwork away off on one side of the road (leaving the other side to take care of itself) and camped outside it in tents! But the Regular Army fellow had not the heart to suggest the demolition of our Towers of Babel, and the foundations remain to this day.\"
### Battle of Shiloh {#battle_of_shiloh}
**April 6--7, 1862.** The Department of the Ohio was converted to the Army of the Ohio in March 1862. Don Carlos Buell led this Army until he was relieved of command after the Battle of Perryville in October 1862. The Shiloh Union order of battle indicates that the 9th was a part of William \"Bull\" Nelson\'s Fourth Division and William B. Hazen\'s 19th Brigade after the conversion. `{{command structure
|name= 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
|date= From March 1862
|parent= 19th Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Ohio
|subordinate= Companies A through K
}}`{=mediawiki} Three of Buell\'s divisions---Nelson\'s, Thomas L. Crittenden\'s and Alexander M. McCook\'s---arrived on the evening of April 6 to reinforce Ulysses S. Grant\'s Army of West Tennessee, which happened to be located on the west bank of the Tennessee River at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, during the battle. Under fire, two small steamers ferried Buell\'s 30,000 troops across the Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing.
Bierce described what the 9th saw of Pittsburg Landing that evening in vivid detail in \"What I Saw of Shiloh.\" After an exhausting march from the village of Savannah, Tennessee, through swamps and jungle to the banks of the Tennessee opposite the landing, the 9th waited to be ferried across to the western side. Once on a steamer riding precariously low in the water under the weight of the troops, the 9th had a closer view of two Union gunboats, the *Lexington* and the *Tyler*. These gunboats had taken advantage of the high river bank and the opportune location of the mouth of a bayou to lob shells at the enemy from a protected vantage point on the river, effectively silencing Confederate small arms fire as much as a mile away. After debarking, the 9th passed through the chaos and carnage evident from the first day\'s battle. They pushed past fearful soldiers who were trying to escape by boarding the steamers for the trip back to the east bank. Men with bayonets kept those attempting to flee off the boats, and if not initially successful, subsequently threw them into the water.
During the night of April 6 and the early morning of the 7th, Buell positioned Nelson\'s division closest to the river of all the troops under his command. By the time daylight came, Buell had directed Nelson to advance toward William J. Hardee\'s corps. Assuming the enemy had retreated all the way to Corinth, Bierce\'s platoon at one point advanced up an incline over open ground to strengthen the skirmish line, only to discover that Confederate forces in the woods on the far side had been waiting quietly to open fire upon them. Once they did, \"a dozen of my brave fellows tumbled over like tenpins.\" Bierce\'s platoon made a retreat back across the field to rejoin the rest of the regiment.
The 9th spent the remainder of the battle positioned behind the Union guns (at first lying face down, trying to avoid being killed by the enemy\'s own artillery) and countering the flanking movements of several succeeding lines of Confederate infantry, which eventually retreated when Union reinforcements arrived.
### Siege of Corinth {#siege_of_corinth}
**April 29-May 30, 1862**
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# 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
## Engagements
### Battle of Perryville {#battle_of_perryville}
**October 8, 1862**
### Battle of Stones River {#battle_of_stones_river}
**December 30--31, 1862, and January 1--3, 1863**. On December 31, the 9th as part of Hazen\'s brigade defended the left flank of the Union line at Round Wood, now known as \"Hell\'s Half Acre\" because of the intensity of the battle at this location. Hazen\'s forces were the only part of the original line to hold, despite a number of attacks by Breckenridge\'s division and reinforcements from Polk\'s corps. 113 men from the 9th were killed or wounded during this battle.
### Battle of Chickamauga {#battle_of_chickamauga}
**September 19--20, 1863**. Colonel Isaac C.B. Suman\'s official report described the 9th\'s activities before and during this battle. Ambrose Bierce, then a 2nd Lieutenant, documents the ferocity and sheer brutality of the battle in his famous short story \"Chickamauga\"
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# Heidelberger Schicksalsbuch
The **Heidelberger Schicksalsbuch** is a parchment manuscript, completed in the 1490s in Regensburg, kept in Heidelberg University library as **Cod. Pal. germ. 832**. On 271 folia it treats topics of astrology and magic. A functional paper astrolabe is inserted on fol. 103 and into the back cover
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# Red hill (salt making)
**Red Hill** is an archaeological term in Britain for a small mound with a reddish colour found in the coastal and tidal river areas of East Anglia and Essex. Red Hills are formed as a result of generations of salt making, deriving their colour from the rubble of clay structures used in the salt-making process that have been scorched red by fires used to evaporate sea water to make salt cakes. They date from the Bronze Age, Iron Age and into the Roman period.
## Archaeological investigation {#archaeological_investigation}
Small red mounds had been a noticeable feature of the coastal landscape in Essex and East Anglia for many centuries, but the first archaeological investigation into Red Hills and their function was not until 1879, when William Stopes excavated a group of them near Peldon, on the Essex mainland opposite Mersea Island. Originally Stopes thought that the mounds were Medieval in date, and were used for producing alkalis for glass making. However other investigations, such as that by John Christopher Atkinson, who compared them to similar mounds in Yorkshire, saw the mounds as prehistoric or Roman in date.
In 1906 the Essex Archaeological Society and Essex Field Club created the *Red Hills Exploration Committee* to identify the purpose, age and extent of the Red Hills, undertaking excavations at Langenhoe and Goldhanger, and later in 1909 at Canewdon on the River Crouch. Conclusions as to the exact nature of the type of activity carried out at the Red Hills were still lacking however, with archaeologist Flinders Petrie suggesting that the sites were where kelp and seaweed had been burned in order to create alkali solutions for soap and glass, whilst other archaeologists suggested pottery kilns. However some early comparisons to salt-processing sites in Brittany in the early Twentieth century lead to tentative suggestions that salt was at the heart of the Red Hills\' purpose, with further excavations in Britain of sites similar to the Red Hills of Essex and East Anglia at Ingoldmells in Lincolnshire and Hook in Hampshire choosing this interpretation over the alkali explanation.
Ernest Linder\'s 1937--1941 excavations of Red Hills at Canvey Island in South Essex began to draw upon salt-making as the main suggestion for what had been occurring at these mounds. During the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s further excavations were carried out around Southend-on-Sea and Canvey Island in South Essex, around the Dengie peninsula and Maldon in central Essex, and around Harwich and the Blackwater and Colne estuaries in North-East Essex. Red Hills and salt making at Salthouse (Norfolk) were also described by Hoskins. During these investigations much information was gathered both on the date and purpose of the Red Hills.
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# Red hill (salt making)
## Description and purpose {#description_and_purpose}
### Description
Over 300 Red Hills have been identified so far, mostly along the Essex and Norfolk coasts, with others in Suffolk and Kent. The vast majority of Red Hills are located on low-lying coastal flats in tidal estuaries and in back-waters like Hamford Water between Harwich and Walton-on-the-Naze in Essex. They take the form of low mounds, ranging in size from about 200 square metres (equivalent to a 16m diameter circle) to a hectare (equiv. to a 115m diameter circle). William Stopes identified one on Mersea Island near the Strood Channel which was 30 acres in size, but acknowledged that it may have consisted of more than one mound. The height of many mounds has been much truncated by ploughing, with others located close to rivers and the sea either being eroded away or covered with alluvial silt, but an average sized mound at Peldon in Essex, 0.2 acres in size, still stands at a height of roughly 1.3m (meaning a volume of about 1000 cu metres, equivalent to 1500 tons of earth).
The strata of the mounds is made up of tips of briquetage (broken fragments of fired clay from hearths, evaporation pans and other salt-making furniture which give the mound its red colouration), ash, charcoal and unfired clay. Most have large pits cut into the ground around them that have been lined with clay to produce a water-tight tank.
### Features
Several structures relating to salt production are found at Red Hills, whose purpose in the process is inferred from archaeological analysis and from analogies to Medieval and more recent techniques for obtaining sea salt.
#### Settling tanks {#settling_tanks}
Rows of oval clay-lined pits dug into the alluvium around the Red Hills are interpreted as tanks for holding sea water. These tanks are usually in groups, with those found at Red Hills at Goldhanger, Maldon, and at Leigh Beck at Canvey Island consisting of groups of three. Most tanks are between 1 and 2m in diameter, and around 1m deep, with a potential holding capacity of over 1000 litres.
#### Hearths
*In situ* hearths are relatively rare at Red Hill sites. Parts of hearth substructures were found at the Red Hills on Osea Road near Maldon and at Tollesbury in Essex, whilst the first identifiable hearth was found at Peldon close to the central settling tank in a group of three. This consisted of a subrectangular 1.8m x 0.8m clay walled structure, surviving to 0.4m high, with evidence of multiple firings. Other hearths containing Roman tile have been found at Leigh Beck on Canvey Island, and others have been located at Red Hills along Fenn Creek near South Woodham Ferrers.
#### Flues
Flue ducts for directing hot gas from fires to heat chambers have been found at some sites, but are very rare. At the *Goldhanger VIII* Red Hill nine flues and two *fire-floors* on top of the Red Hill mound, suggesting that they post-date most of the activity on the site.
#### Briquetage
*Briquetage* refers to the broken fragments of clay structures found in great quantities at Red Hill sites. Much of this material is locally made and of a crude quality, suggesting that it was expedient. Although some of the clay appears to have been fired in a kiln, much of it is bonfire-made. The redness of the material is created during its use, as the iron oxide content of the clay is converted to red iron ferric oxide in an atmosphere containing a surplus of oxygen. Some briquetage has lost its red colouration during its use as part of the salt evaporation furniture, turning grey, purple or brown. 90 per cent of briquetage consists of flat faced rectangular slabs of varying sizes, which can be reconstructed into large, rectangular clay vessels and trays. Some examples from Langenhoe and Peldon have decorated rims.
Other examples of briquetage include pedestals and *T-shapes*, believed to have held the rectangular clay vessels above fires, triangular *fire-bars* 20--40 cm in size that may suspended vessels above fires, triangular or plectrum-shaped wedges and long clay rods of unknown purposes, and *pinch-props*, small lumps of briquetage that have a flat base and at least one other facet, possibly used to mend clay vessels.
### Purpose
The interpretation of these features as salt-making sites comes from the discovery of these features and artefacts associated with them. The briquetage and signs of burning at all Red Hills are taken as evidence that intensive use of fires took place on the sites. Red Hills are found in close proximity to sources of salt water, and since Red Hills have clay-lined tanks for holding liquids associated with them, this is seen as an important fluid used in the activities which took place at the mounds. The charcoal, red-scorching, and fired clay briquetage is seen as evidence that fires and heating took place at the mounds, and so, since some of the briquetage has traces of green-glaze on its surfaces caused by the vitrification of clay with salt acting as a fluxing agent, the suggestion that salt water, stored in the water-tight tanks, was being heated in clay trays to obtain salt as the end product is seen as the most likely purpose of the Red Hills. Other industrial activities such as pottery making and metal working are seen as less likely due to the lack of any supporting evidence for such processes.
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# Red hill (salt making)
## Function
Red Hills are located on low-lying land close to marshes, estuaries and tidal bays, with rivers such as the Crouch and Roach, which have low freshwater outflows, having Red Hills far inland along their tidal estuaries. Use of the Red Hill sites is believed to have been seasonal, with activity occurring from Spring until the end of Summer. The drier conditions of Spring allow for the construction of the clay structures for the season (which if constructed in damp conditions would have cracked when fired), and the collection of fire-wood. Analysis of the charred remains of fire-wood from Red Hills sites suggests that coppiced wood was used in the fires at the site, an activity that in itself required careful management over time.
Sea-water may have been collected in tidally-fed sun pans cut into tidal channels to allow for solar evaporation in the initial stages of the process, although no such features have been positively identified. Instead, sea water seems to have been collected in the clay-lined settling tanks, which were submerged by the high-tide or were filled manually when the tide was lower. The depth of these tanks suggests that they were designed to allow the alluvial mud and other unwanted solids in the water to settle to the bottom, to be emptied out later. As this settling procedure could take several hours, having more than one tank allowed for them to be at different stages of the settling process, meaning that salt making could continue with little down-time.
Sea-water contains around 3.5 percent solids on average, 2.7 percent being salt, with 96.5ccs of sea-water having to be evaporated in order to obtain 2.7 g of salt. This would have been done by transferring water from the tanks to large rectangular trays suspended over fires that would have evaporated off the water. For the first batch of water the tray would have been filled before the fire was lit, to reduce the risk of cracking, after which water would have been constantly added from the tanks whilst salt crystals would have been constantly ladled out. Lime and gypsum hard-scale would form first, as pan-scale at the base of the trays. Then, as the salt content in the trays rose from 2.7 per cent to 28 it would start to form crystals in the boiling water (meaning that 90ccs out of an original 100ccs of water would have needed to evaporate before salt crystals form).
Removing crystals before all of the water had evaporated from the tray was the intention, as it meant that impurities would have been left in the tray and the process could be continued all day without having to close the evaporation process down whilst salt was collected. In theory the tray vessel could have been topped up with water roughly one hundred times before the concentration of the bittern impurities and pan-scale left behind became too high. The salt crystals ladled out of the trays would have been placed in drying vessels and baskets close to a source of heat. From this \"salt cakes\" would be created, ready for transportation
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# Zombies from The Beyond
***Zombies from The Beyond*** is an American musical comedy with book, music, and lyrics by James Valcq. It opened Off-Broadway on October 11, 1995, at the Players Theatre. The show examines American ideals and foibles during the era of President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a tone that is often parodistic and sometimes genuinely satiric, all following closely the structural form of grade-B space paranoia films that were popular during the 1950s.
## History
*Zombies from The Beyond* opened to virtually unanimous acclaim from the New York and out of town critics in October 1995 and appeared poised to become a sleeper success. Often commented upon was the deadpan performing style of the material, which seemed to heighten the humor by playing against camp values, and the surprising score which was not rock and roll, but rather an homage to the adult pop sounds of the 1950s such as Perry Como, Patti Page, and Doris Day. Despite the enthusiastic critical response, the show faced severe competition from several high-powered star vehicles that opened within two weeks of its own opening, and the out-of-the-way location of its theatre was another drawback. By Christmas the show had closed.
Shortly thereafter, the show was published by Dramatists Play Service and the cast album was released on Original Cast Records. *Zombies from The Beyond* has been produced in cities including Chicago, Houston, St. Louis, New Orleans, Detroit, and Minneapolis. Regional, stock, and university productions continue to be done every year. Some notable productions include The Blowing Rock Stage in North Carolina (1997), which featured original cast members Claire Morkin, Matt McClanahan, and Jeremy Czarniak directed by author James Valcq, and the Philadelphia production at Society Hill Playhouse (1997), also directed by Valcq.
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