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# Sigurlín Margrét Sigurðardóttir
**Sigurlín Margrét Sigurðardóttir** (born 23 April 1964) is the first deaf person to be a member of Alþingi (Iceland\'s parliament), on 1 October 2003 as a then-member of the Icelandic Liberal Party, serving for three months as a replacement for Gunnar Örlygsson while he served a sentence for fishery violations.
In 2007 she left the Liberal Party along with several other members to join the Icelandic Movement -- Living Country.
## Website
- [Sigurlín\'s Blog](http://sms.blog
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# Sophie von Hellermann
**Sophie von Hellermann** (born 1975, Munich) is an artist based in London who gained a fine art degree at the Royal College of Art. She went to art school in London, and stayed because \"It\'s magical.\" She has been inspired by German Romanticism and German Expressionism.
Von Hellermann has shown work internationally in exhibitions including \"Dear Painter... Paint Me\" at the Pompidou Centre in Paris, \"On The Ground\" at Vilma Gold in London, \"Post Modern\" at Greene Naftali in New York, and Margate, England. She was part of 2011\'s \"Spring of September\" annual exhibition in Toulouse.
She also had solo exhibits \"Cold as a Witch\'s Tit\" at Firstsite, Colchester (2013), and \"Play With Fire\" at Vilma Gold (2015). One of her pieces is in the permanent collection of the Tak Room at Hudson Yards as of 2019.
After the lockdown due to COVID-19, she was part of a re-opening exhibit in Berlin in May 2020.
In 2022, von Hellermann was commissioned by Oxford University\'s Jewish Country Houses Project and urKultur to create a site-specific artwork in Schloss Freienwalde, the former home of Walther Rathenau
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# Alberndorf im Pulkautal
**Alberndorf im Pulkautal** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Population
## Twin towns {#twin_towns}
Alberndorf is twinned with Hainburg, Germany.
## Politics
Mayor of the town is Christian Hartmann from the Austrian People\'s Party (ÖVP). Chief Officer is Marion Koran. The town council, consisting of 15 seats, is distributed to following parties after the election 2020: ÖVP 7, HLA 5, SPÖ 1, FPÖ 2
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# John W. Semple
**John W. Semple** is a Canadian Scientist formally at St. Michael\'s Hospital and a Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Toronto. He is currently a Professor of Transfusion Medicine at Lund University in Sweden. He was born in Windsor, Ontario in 1959 and received his PhD in Immunology at Queen\'s University at Kingston, Ontario. In 1991, Semple, along with John Freedman, discovered a T helper cell defect in patients with the bleeding disorder called immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). ITP is a condition of having a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) and most causes appear to be related to antibodies and T cells against platelets. Very low platelet counts can lead to a bleeding diathesis and purpura. The T cell defect was initially shown to be an exaggerated interleukin-2 response when T cells were cultured with platelets in vitro. Subsequently, this cytokine abnormality was shown by others to be responsible for many of the autoimmune mechanisms causing the disorder.). The importance of understanding the T cell defects in ITP is that novel therapies aimed at these cells may significantly benefit patients with ITP
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# Rhiana Griffith
**Rhiana Jade Griffith** (born April 16, 1985) is an Australian former actress and artist.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Griffith was born in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. She began modeling as a child, doing runway work and catalogue advertisements, and eventually progressed from there to television commercials.
From there, she got her first guest-starring role on the Australian medical drama *Children\'s Hospital*, and won her first film role, as Mercia in the 1998 film *15 Amore*. Shortly thereafter, she won Model Quest 98\'s Grand Final for the 12--15 division, and was cast as Jack in the science fiction film *Pitch Black*, a role for which she had to shave off her hair.
Griffith continued to act throughout her teenage years, balancing her career with schooling. She starred in *Desperately Seeking Brandi,* a short film that was broadcast on the Nike website to coincide with the 2000 Sydney Olympic games. Her costars in the film were Brandi Chastain and Oliver Ackland. That same year, she was also a guest-star on the Australian comedy TV series *BackBerner*.
In 2001, she starred in the short film *Search* by director Hannah Hilliard. In 2002, she did a three-month guest-star stint on the popular Australian soap opera *Home and Away* and then guest-starred on an episode of the crime drama *White Collar Blue*. 2003 saw her appearing in a music video by rocker Ben Lee, called \"Running With Scissors,\" directed by Nash Edgerton.
In 2004 she reprised her role as Jack from *Pitch Black* in the animated short film *The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury*. She also auditioned to play the role in the feature film sequel to *Pitch Black*, *The Chronicles of Riddick*. Her casting was backed by producer and star Vin Diesel, but Griffith was told she had to \"toughen up\" for the role. Despite enlisting the aid of a kick-boxing trainer, she had only three weeks to prepare, and the role eventually went to Alexa Davalos.
2004 also saw Griffith embark upon her art career in earnest, with two major solo gallery showings. Her first, *Chrysalis,* was held at the Tighes Hill Gallery in Newcastle, Australia in January 2004. Her second, *A Month in Kaos,* was held at the Surry Hills Cafe 249 art gallery in Sydney, Australia in May 2004. Griffith also acted in another short film, *A Whole New You,* and guest-starred in an episode of the Australian medical drama *All Saints*. As the year came to a close, Griffith portrayed Barbarella in print and television ads promoting the Flickerfest film festival.
In 2005, Griffith held her third art exhibition, a collaboration with her brother, poet Damien Griffith, called *Sibling Revelry*. In conjunction with the art show, they released a limited-edition book of their work, pairing her paintings with his poems. Griffith also contributed to a Wearable Art Festival, and will launch a line of clothing later in 2005. She is working on her second book, a children\'s book, for release in late 2005, and portrayed the starring role of Clare Newell in a short film, *Wrong Answer*, scheduled to be continued in the psychological thriller called *Volunteer*, to be directed by J. D. Cohen, aka Jon Cohen.
Griffith has a daughter, Poppy, born in 2009
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# Tessa Farmer
**Tessa Farmer** (born 1978, Birmingham, UK) is an artist based in London. Her work, made from insect carcasses, plant roots and other found natural materials, comprises hanging installations depicting Boschian battles between insects and tiny winged skeletal humanoids.
Farmer studied at The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art, Oxford, receiving her Bachelor of Arts in 2000 and her Master of Arts in 2003. Subsequent awards include the Vivien Leigh Prize, a sculpture residency in King\'s Wood, Challock, Kent, and a Royal British Society of Sculptors Bursary Award. Her work is in the collections of the Saatchi Gallery and the Ashmolean Museum among others.
In 2007, Farmer was artist in residence at the Natural History Museum and was chosen for the final shortlist of The Times/South Bank Show Breakthrough Award.
In 2015, she won the BSFA Award for Best Artwork 2014, for an installation inspired by The Wasp Factory from Iain Banks.
## Family
Her great-grandfather is Arthur Machen -- author of The Great God Pan, and The White People. Tessa was unfamiliar with Machen\'s work until a member of The Friends of Arthur Machen drew her attention to similarities between some of Machen\'s stories and Tessa\'s own work. Since then, Machen has become an influence in her artwork.
## Selected exhibitions {#selected_exhibitions}
- 2018 Anima Mundi St Ives, \'Out of the Earth\'
- 2018 Leeds Arts University Leeds, \'Zsofia Jakab :Beckoning\'
- 2017 bo
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# Johanne Gonthier
**Johanne Gonthier** (born November 3, 1954, in Montreal, Quebec) is a former Canadian politician who served as a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA) for the riding of Mégantic-Compton from 2007 to 2012. She is the daughter of former MNA Madeleine Bélanger, who represented the same riding from 1983 to 2003. Gonthier represented the Quebec Liberal Party
Prior to entering politics, Gonthier worked in public relations and marketing for 20 years and was the director of the Chambre de Commerce de la région de Mégantic (Lac-Megantic region Chamber of Commerce) from 2003 to 2007. She was narrowly elected in the 2007 election and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Natural Resources and Wildlife, a portfolio held by Claude Béchard, from 2007 to 2008. She was re-elected in 2008 and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Employment and Social Solidarity from 2009 to 2012. She did not run for re-election in 2012
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# Civil List Act 1697
The **Civil List Act 1697** (9 Will. 3. c. 23) was an act of the Parliament of England. This was the first act of Parliament to set the Civil List, although the custom had begun in 1689. The annual amount assigned to King William III and his household was £700,000, an amount that did not change until the beginning of the reign of George III in 1760.
## Legacy
The whole act was repealed by the Customs Law Repeal Act 1825 (6 Geo. 4. c. 105)
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# Thoralf Knobloch
**Thoralf Knobloch** (born 1962 in Bautzen) is a German contemporary painter based in Dresden. In 1994 he completed his studies at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden under Prof. Ralf Kerbach. In 2003 Knobloch received the Vattenfall Europe art award. In 2005 he among others represented Germany at the Prague Biennale. Knobloch is represented by Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden/Berlin, and Wilkinson Gallery, London, where his work was exhibited in 2007 at the opening show of the new gallery space.
His works show ordinary, seemingly trivial moments, observed within the vicinity of the artist and in familiar streets. Once his attention is attracted, the painter cautiously becomes involved with the motif. Often he returns to vary the focus or perspective of the scene. Hereby, his sight is distant, neutral, but not without sympathy. The constant review of his and our perception of what we call reality adds an observative character to his work. This becomes evident especially in works in which Knobloch depicts an identical scene more than once, but from only slightly modified perspectives. The impression of a filmic sequence is generated. Yet, Knobloch's works do not allow the audience to make up a story, which develops logically according to cause and effect. His works appear to be oddly disconnected, deposed of the temporary. By detracting the scene from a temporal sequence, and by this means from any narrative context, Knobloch directs the perception of the audience onto the artwork itself. In most cases, he puts everyday items in the centre of his work. In doing so, the visible is not deposed of its seemingly vacuity. The power of these works comes from the intense uneventfulness of the seen. The audience is bound to fill the silence with its own memory. Thus Knobloch achieves to evoke poetic associations, and this is where the quality of his works lies. His works are not about subjective experience, but about reflection.
## Solo exhibitions (selected) {#solo_exhibitions_selected}
- 2009 *Thoralf Knobloch*, Tony Shafrazi Gallery, NY
- 2009 *Essen, Trinken, Angeln*, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Berlin
- 2008 *Von Wirklichkeit und Wahrheit*, Sparkasse Essen, Essen
- 2007 *Thoralf Knobloch*, Wilkinson Gallery, London
- 2005 *regional & saisonal*, Galerie Gebr. Lehmann, Dresden
- 2004 *Zweifel und Ruhe*, Wilkinson Gallery, London
- 2003 *Landpartie und Kuckucksruf*, Galerie Michael Neff, Frankfurt/Main
- 2003 *Petit Côte*, Vattenfall Europe, Berlin
- 2002 *Streif- & Jagdzüge*, Galerie Gebr
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# Göllersdorf
**Göllersdorf** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
Peter Schidlof (1922--1987), the Austrian-British violist and co-founder of the Amadeus Quartet, was born in Göllersdorf.
## Geography
Göllersdorf lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria about 15 km north-northwest of Stockerau in the valley of the Göllersbach. About a third of the municipality is forested
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# Caralluma edulis
***Caralluma edulis*** is a succulent species in the plant family Apocynaceae, native to India and Pakistan.
The leaves and stem are eaten in North Africa
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# Suzy Merchant
**Suzy Merchant** (born July 26, 1969) most recently served as head basketball coach for the Michigan State University Women\'s Basketball team. She is married to Gary Rakan and has two sons, Tyler Rakan and Brady Rakan.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Saginaw Valley State {#saginaw_valley_state}
After inheriting a team with a losing record, Merchant quickly built the SVSU program into a winner, compiling a 54--29 record during her three-year tenure as head coach. During her first season, the team earned a 15--11 record before going 19--11 in the following year. The latter achievement earned the team a berth into the NCAA Division II Tournament for the second time in school history. In her final season, Saginaw Valley State collected a 20--7 record, and was ranked as high as 15th in the nation during the season.
### Eastern Michigan {#eastern_michigan}
While at EMU, she compiled a record of 147--91 (.618), including three 20-win seasons, three postseason appearances and two Mid-American Conference West Division titles. Merchant\'s 2003--04 Eastern Michigan team claimed the MAC West Division and MAC Tournament championships for the first time in school history, earning the program\'s first-ever bid to the NCAA Tournament en route to a 22--8 record. However, Eastern Michigan stumbled in the first round against eventual sweet sixteener Boston College. She followed that impressive season by winning 23 games in 2004--05, the most in school history. However, a loss in the MAC Tournament semi-final sent EMU to the WNIT where the Eagles fell in the 1st round to eventual semi-finalist Kentucky 79--68.
In 2005--06, the Eagles reached the 20-win plateau for the third consecutive season and won their second MAC West title with a 15--1 conference record, notching the most league wins in school history. Their 22--8 overall record put them into the postseason for the third straight year as the Eagles earned a bid to the WNIT. EMU\'s 1st round opponent, Indiana State, defeated the Eagles 79--57. While on maternity leave for most of her final season at EMU, Merchant\'s Eagles finished second in the MAC West Division with a 10--6 league record and finished 16--13 overall, losing to Kent State 70--56 in the MAC conference semi-finals.
### Michigan State {#michigan_state}
Merchant was named head coach at Michigan State on Monday April 30, 2007. She replaced Joanne P. McCallie who left Michigan State for the head coaching job at Duke University. In her second season, Merchant ousted McCallie\'s #1 seeded Duke Blue Devils in the 2009 NCAA Division I tournament. With her team\'s Big Ten regular-season co-championship in 2014, Merchant becomes MSU\'s first women\'s coach to capture two conference basketball titles. On March 13, 2023 she stepped down as head coach for health reasons.
## Head coaching record {#head_coaching_record}
Missed all but four games of 2006--07 while on maternity leave\
`{{va|**}}`{=mediawiki} Merchant missed 7 games during 2016--17 due to a Medical Leave of Absence
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Merchant began playing basketball during her career at Traverse City High School. She went on to play four seasons at the guard position for Central Michigan University. She was a four-year starter and a 3-year captain
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# Free at Last: Extended Play Remixes
The ***Free at Last -- Extended Play Remixes*** is a remix EP by Christian rap/rock/pop trio dc Talk. The EP was released in the summer of 1994 on the heels of the Grammy Award-winning and platinum-selling album *Free at Last*. The album\'s three main hits were remixed for this release. The \"Extended Play Remixes\" was a three-part series released by ForeFront Records in 1994 with the other two by Audio Adrenaline and Code of Ethics. The series extended into the next year with releases by Geoff Moore and the Distance and Rebecca St. James.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Jesus Is Just Alright (Techno Mix)\" -- 5:28
2. \"Jesus Is Just Alright (Retro Mix)\" -- 6:36
3. \"Luv Is a Verb (Gotee Mix)\" -- 4:32
4. \"The Hardway (Video Mix)\" -- 5:28
## Chart position {#chart_position}
Christian albums are tracked on *Billboard*\'s Top Contemporary Christian album chart. The Top 40 albums were tracked bi-weekly at the time of this release, although it now a weekly tracking. *Free at Last: Extended Play Remixes* opened at No. 36 on the chart tracking the two weeks of August 20, 1994. It left the Top 40 for the next two weeks, but returned to its peak position at No. 35 on September 17. After charting at No. 37 on October 1, it did not chart again.
## Album credits {#album_credits}
- Executive producers -- Dan R
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# Electoral district of Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett and Maranoa
The United pastoral districts of **Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett and Maranoa**, and from 1857 **Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Maranoa, Leichhardt and Port Curtis**, was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales created in 1856 and consisted of the pastoral districts around the early settlements of Moreton Bay; Wide Bay, near Maryborough; the Burnett River, near Bundaberg; and the Maranoa region of South-western Queensland. In September 1856 the pastoral districts around the Leichhardt River in the Gulf of Carpentaria region and Port Curtis (Gladstone) were added to the electorate. The district was abolished for the 1859 election and replaced by the separate districts of East Moreton, West Moreton, Burnett (which included Wide Bay) and Leichhardt (which included Port Curtis), while Maranoa became part of Darling Downs. All of these districts became part of Queensland when it was established as a separate colony in late 1859
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# Tim Lokiec
Łokieć}} `{{Infobox artist
| name = Tim Lokiec
| image = Lokiec-Sad.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Tim Lokiec. ''This Drawing Is Just Very Sad and Pathetic'', 2005, mixed media on paper
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1977
| birth_place = [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| field =
| training = [[Rhode Island School of Design]].<br />[[Columbia University]].
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Tim Lokiec** (pronounced \"lock-itch\") (born 1977) is an artist based in New York City whose 2003 solo debut artworks were praised by The New York Times for their \"remarkable visual and emotional intensity\". In 2004, he was cited by London\'s Frieze Art Fair as being one of the world\'s most exciting artists who were nominated by 200 leading contemporary art galleries in the world. In 2006, the Kantor Feuer Gallery, known for discovering new talent and developing the careers of artists, and ranked as one of the top galleries in the world, held an exhibition of Lokiec\'s work. His works are also exhibited in the now British government-owned Saatchi Gallery. Lokiec did the cover design for Rich Bowering\'s 2011 book *Big Fire at Spahn Ranch*.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Lokiec was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He received his BA from Rhode Island School of Design and his MA from Columbia University.
Lokiec had his first solo show, *Plateau Sigma*, at the LFL Gallery, Chelsea in June 2003. In a review of the show, Roberta Smith commented that the figurative paintings \"achieve a remarkable visual and emotional intensity, even when meaning and intention are hard to fathom.\" She also mentioned his \"marvelous drawings\", which he had been exhibiting previously in other venues and some of which were included in the show. At the same time he was also shown in the ATM Gallery, New York, in a \"noteworthy group show\". Later that year he appeared in another group show, \[*My people were fair\...*\] curated by Bob Nickas, at Team Gallery in New York.
He was shown in the 2004 Frieze Art Fair. In 2005, he was one of three artists in the inaugural exhibition in Zenshi Mikami\'s Zenshi Gallery in Tokyo with two drawings
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# Slovak National Museum
The **Slovak National Museum** (*Slovenské národné múzeum*) is the most important institution focusing on scientific research and cultural education in the field of museology in Slovakia. Its beginnings \"are connected with the endeavour of the Slovak nation for national emancipation and self-determination\".
It is headquartered in Bratislava, however, the Slovak National Museum governs 18 specialized museums, most of which are located outside the city.
## History
The Slovak National Museum (SNM) was established in 1961. Its origins lie in the Matica Slovenská Museum and the Museum of the National House in Martin, which developed the Slovak Museology Society. The first permanent exposition funded from a national collection was opened in Martin in 1908. The museum was building archaeological, ethnographic, historical, numismatic, art historical, creative art and natural science collections. The Slovak National Geographic and History Museum was established in Bratislava in 1924 by the Slovak National Geographic and History Museum Society. The Agricultural Museum, a department of the Czechoslovak Agricultural Museum in Prague, was established in Bratislava the same year. In 1940, the Slovak National Geographic and History Museum and the Agricultural Museum were merged into the Slovak Museum. In 1961, the Slovak Museum and the Slovak National Museum in Martin were merged into the Slovak National Museum, based in Bratislava.
On March 11, 2012, the Krásna Hôrka Castle (part of the SNM), was damaged by a fire started when two children were lighting cigarettes. The fire destroyed the roof but most of the historic collections were undamaged. The castle is expected to reopen in 2018.
## The museum today {#the_museum_today}
The Slovak National Museum is the most important scientific research and cultural education institution, with the largest and best collections in the museological field in Slovakia. The museum is also dedicated to scientific research tasks and publishing activities. Moreover, the SNM is \"a coordination, methodological, professional advisory, statistical, educational and information centre for the whole field of museology in the Slovak Republic.\"
### Building
The Slovak National Museum\'s headquarters are located on Vajanské nábrežie (a river front street in Bratislava\'s Old Town), along with the Natural History Museum. The construction of the building, designed by architect M. M. Harminec, began in July 1925 and was completed in 1928. The museum opened on May 4, 1930
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# Hampstead Academy
**Hampstead Academy** is a private, independent day school situated on a wooded 9 acre campus in southeastern New Hampshire. Established in 1978, Hampstead Academy is approved by the New Hampshire State Department of Education, and Health and Human Services (DHHS), and is fully accredited by New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) and is SEVIS certified. The school serves students in preschool through grade 8.
## Athletics
Hampstead Academy offers in-school and after-school sports activities, including soccer, cross country, swimming, volleyball, basketball, skiing, baseball and golf.
## Enrichment programs {#enrichment_programs}
Throughout the year, after-school enrichment activities are offered. Enrichment programs include SSAT preparation, Improvisational Theater, Drama club, Student Council, Yearbook club, Chinese club, Destination ImagiNation, FIRST LEGO League, STEM, Chess, SeaPerch, Orchestra, Chorus and Instrument lessons
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# Catherine Hunt
**Dame Catherine Reeve Hunt** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|JP}}`{=mediawiki} (née **Hawkins**; 22 December 1854 -- 18 October 1948) was an English politician and activist who was mayor of Colchester, Essex, in 1924--25.
Hunt was born in 1854, the daughter of Charles Henry Hawkins, of Maitlands, Colchester and Sarah Jane, daughter of John Bawtree, of Abberton, Essex. Her father was mayor of Colchester four times (1848--49, 1865--66, 1870--71, 1871--72). She married Dr Edgar Atlee Hunt, her aunt\'s widower, in 1896. Hunt and his first wife, Charlotte Mary Bawtree, were the grandparents of actress Elizabeth Inglis and great-grandparents of American actress Sigourney Weaver.
She was a member of Colchester\'s Town Council from 1918 to 1934, elected its first female alderman, and served as Colchester\'s second female mayor in 1924.
For many years she served as chairman of the Colchester branch of the Soldiers\' and Sailors\' Families Association and the Colchester Local War Pensions Committee. For these services she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours
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# Northport station
**Northport** is a station on the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. It is located at the corner of Larkfield Road and Bellerose Avenue, north of Suffolk CR 11 (Pulaski Road) in East Northport, Suffolk County, New York.
## History
thumb\|left\|upright=1\|View of the overpass and location of the unbuilt second platform Northport station was originally built between May and July 1873 as \"New Northport\" station when the Smithtown and Port Jefferson Railroad was built from Northport Junction to Port Jefferson, New York. The original line, which led directly into a station within Northport Village since April 25, 1868, became the Northport Branch. During that period, the original Northport station was renamed Old Northport station, while at some point in or before 1899, \"New\" Northport station was renamed \"Northport East\" station. Passenger service ended in 1899. Freight service continued until 1985, when the branch was abandoned.
It was designed in a manner similar to stations such as those in Riverhead, Bay Shore, Manhasset, and Mineola. It also served as the south end of a trolley Line into Northport from 1902 to 1924. A freight house from Camp Upton was moved to Northport station in April 1922, after the railroad station there was dismantled. A high-level platform and a pedestrian bridge were added during the late 20th century. Northport station features two large parking lots; the larger lot is adjacent to the platform and the smaller lot is on the opposite side of the track. The pedestrian bridge connects the lots, and is wide enough to accommodate a second track and second platform.
The current station is just east of the Northport Spur, which branched off the main and headed north to the seaport village of Northport, even though the Northport station is in East Northport. Passenger service on the spur ended in 1899, after which the spur was used entirely for freight service, until that also ended in 1978. The track lay abandoned until 1985, when it was torn up in preparation for the unbuilt Babylon--Northport Expressway.
In 2018, the LIRR completed an extensive rehabilitation of the station building, installing brick-paver walkways, new windows, a renovated waiting room, and new signage. A project to replace and upgrade the station platform began in spring 2022 and is expected to be completed in the third quarter of 2023. The reconstructed platform will be heated and capable of melting snow and ice in the winter. As of mid-2023, the western half of the renovated platform was mostly complete, and reconstruction of the eastern half had begun.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
This station has one 12-car-long high-level side platform to the north of the track. East of the station, on the other side of Larkfield Road, is a siding to allow trains to pass each other. The siding converges at [DUKE interlocking](http://thelirrtoday.blogspot.com/2013/04/interlocking-walkthrough-duke.html) and the two switches are maintained by two light signals next to them.
A second platform, for an extension of the siding or a full second track, was originally planned for the station. The pedestrian bridge is wide enough for this extra construction, and the bridge\'s stairway on the far side of the station has a landing on the same level as the unbuilt outbound platform, symmetrical with the landing on the other side which is part of the existing platform. A ticket window was proposed to be established but it has yet to occur.
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M** | Mezzanine | Crossover between platforms |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P**\ | Side platform, doors will open on the left or right `{{access icon}}`{=mediawiki} | |
| Platform level | | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Track **1** | ← `{{rcb|LIRR|Port Jefferson|inline=yes}}`{=mediawiki} toward `{{lirrs|Huntington}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lirrs|Hunterspoint Avenue}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lirrs|Jamaica}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lirrs|Long Island City}}`{=mediawiki}, or `{{lirrs|Penn Station}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{lirrs|Greenlawn}}`{=mediawiki})\ |
| | | `{{0|←}}`{=mediawiki} `{{rcb|LIRR|Port Jefferson|inline=yes}}`{=mediawiki} toward `{{lirrs|Port Jefferson}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{lirrs|Kings Park}}`{=mediawiki}) → |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Ground level | Exit/entrance and parking |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Gallery
<File:Northport> LIRR Station-1.jpg\|View of the Northport station house. <File:Northport> LIRR Station Memorial-2.jpg\|Historic marker, placed by the Chamber of Commerce in 2000. <File:Northport> LIRR.jpg\|Picture taken of the platform from the pedestrian bridge at night
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# Tom Hunter (artist)
**Tom Hunter** (born 1965) is a London-based British artist working in photography and film. His photographs often reference and reimagine classical paintings. He was the first photographer to have a one-man show at the National Gallery, London.
Hunter has shown work internationally in exhibitions, his work is held in a number of public collections and he has had four books published. He has won various awards including an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Hunter was born in Bournemouth, UK. He studied at the London College of Printing and gained an MA from the Royal College of Art in London.
His work has specialised in documenting life in Hackney, depicting local issues and sensationalist news headlines with compositions borrowed from the Old Masters. For instance, his photograph of a squatter, *Woman Reading a Possession Order*, references Johannes Vermeer\'s *Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window.* This photograph won the Kobal Photographic Portrait Award in 1998. Of the photograph, which was shot with a large-format camera and printed using the Ilfochrome process, Hunter said:
> I just wanted to take a picture showing the dignity of squatter life -- a piece of propaganda to save my neighbourhood\....The great thing is, the picture got a dialogue going with the council -- and we managed to save the houses.
While praising both the National Gallery exhibition as a whole and several of the photographs within it, Tim Adams criticized a staged photograph, comparing it unfavorably with the work of Richard Billingham or Graham Smith.
In 2010 Hunter screened *A Palace for Us*, a film he made about the elderly residents of public buildings in Woodberry Down, Manor House, London. Jonathan Jones described it as a \'magical\' work of contemporary art that chronicled the postwar ambition to provide housing for the working class.
He works at the Photography and the Archive Research Centre in London.
In 2019 Hunter showed a series of photographs at Hastings Museum and Art Gallery, of taxi drivers from various other countries that had made Hastings their home, along with works from the museum\'s collection.
## Books
- *Factory Built Homes: Holly Street Estate 1968-1998.* Holly Street Public Arts Trust, 1998. `{{ISBN|978-0953321506}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Tom Hunter.* Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2003. `{{ISBN|978-3-7757-1277-4}}`{=mediawiki}. Edited by White Cube, texts by Michael Bracewell and Paul Shepheard, essays by Jean Wainwright.
- *Tom Hunter: Living in Hell and Other Stories.* Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press; London: National Gallery, 2005. `{{ISBN|9781857093315}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *The Way Home.* Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2012. `{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3456-1}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Le Crowbar.* Stockport: Here Press, 2013. `{{ISBN|978-0-9574724-5-7}}`{=mediawiki}. Edition of 1000 copies.
## Exhibitions
- *Living in Hell and Other Stories,* National Gallery, London.
- *A Journey Home,* Hastings Museum and Art Gallery, Hastings, UK, February--June 2019.
## Awards
- 1998: Kobal Photographic Portrait Award for *Woman Reading a Possession Order.*
- 2004: John Kobal Photographic Book Award 2003 for *Tom Hunter*.
- 2010: Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society
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# Grabern
**Grabern** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria
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# Claudio Randrianantoanina
**Claudio Randrianantoanina** (born 28 July 1987) is a former football player. Born in France, he represented Madagascar at international level.
He is the younger brother of Marco Randrianantoanina
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# Guntersdorf
**Guntersdorf** is a market town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria. The market town of Guntersdorf has an area of 28.42 km2 and about 1,172 inhabitants. The current mayor of Guntersdorf, Mag. Roland Weber took over for Günther Bradac in November 2013.
## Geography
Guntersdorf lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. Only about 1.2 percent of the municipality is forested
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# Xiaoshangqiao
**Xiaoshangqiao** is a place in Henan, China. It is approximately 144 hectares. It was constructed in the late Erligang period and rediscovered in the 1990s
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# Vertigo geyeri
***Vertigo geyeri*** is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.
The specific name *geyeri* is in honor of German zoologist David Geyer (1855--1932).
## Description
The egg-shaped-oval shell measures just 1.7 to. in length and 1.2 mm in width. There are up to five whorls with deep seams. The aperture has four small protrusions (called \"teeth\") (on parietal one columellar and two palatal), it can also have fewer teeth. The colour of the shell is reddish-brown and the surface is shiny. The shell has regular growth striations and is almost smooth.
## Habitat
This species lives in constantly wet, calcareous flush-fens that are fed by tufa-depositing springs. In the British Isles (Ireland and United Kingdom) it often lives in association with black bog-rush *Schoenus nigricans* and yellow sedge *Carex viridula*, in dense short grasses and sedges with little *Sphagnum* moss.
## Distribution and conservation status {#distribution_and_conservation_status}
*Vertigo geyeri* is a boreo-alpine species, probably endemic to Europe. It occurs in the boreal, alpine, continental and Atlantic zones with a range extending from Ireland to Russia. Its populations are scattered and local extinctions of isolated populations can occur. It is mentioned in Annex II of the European Union\'s Habitats Directive.
In the British Isles it is included in the List of United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species, Great Britain (endangered in Great Britain). It occurs in such scattered locations as on Beinn a\' Ghlò in Eastern Scotland, in North Yorkshire, in Cumbria and in Corsydd Môn in Anglesey, where there is a large, low-altitude population in a calcareous fen.
It is considered critically endangered in the Czech Republic, Its conservation status in Czech Republic in 2004-2006 is bad (U2) in report for European Commission in accordance with Habitats Directive. and it occurs in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Sweden and Switzerland
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# Hadres
**Hadres** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Hadres lies in the Pulkau valley in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. About 8.99 percent of the municipality is forested
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# The Man Who Came Early
\"**The Man Who Came Early**\" is a science fiction short story by American author Poul Anderson. Similar in some respects to Mark Twain\'s *A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur\'s Court*, Anderson\'s story sharply differs from Twain\'s in his treatment of the \"primitive\" society in which the time traveller finds himself and his assessment of a modern person\'s chances of survival in such a society.
\"The Man Who Came Early\" was first published in the June 1956 issue of *The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction*. It was reprinted in *The Best from Fantasy and Science Fiction, Sixth Series* and the Anderson collection *The Horn of Time*. In the 2010 collection *Fragile and Distant Suns*, this story is included under the name \"Early Rise\".
## Plot
The story is presented in the first person, related by a Saga-Age Icelander named Ospak Ulfsson. During a violent thunderstorm, an unexplained phenomenon transports the titular 20th-century American US Army MP back in time to Ospak\'s homestead. The American, who becomes known as Gerald \"Samsson\", is an engineering student drafted to serve at Keflavik during the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
Gerald is taken in by Ospak\'s family who assume him to be a shipwreck survivor. Although his engineering background gives him many ideas of how to improve life for the Icelanders (such as advanced sailing vessels), his lack of practical know-how, and his oversophisticated ideas when set against the nature of 10th-century life, lead to none of his suggestions being implemented. Knowledge of 20th-century metallurgy does not endow him with the highly specialised skill needed to work in a 10th-century smithy, and his attempt to do so ends with a costly fiasco. Also, knowing the theory of how to design a large metal bridge is not a sufficient base for constructing a small wooden bridge over a rivulet with medieval carpentry tools.
There is also a whole series of misunderstandings caused by social and cultural differences. Gerald tries to tell the Icelanders that in his country there are no blood feuds because the government takes care of punishing all wrong-doers. However, his listeners have no concept of a vast impersonal government and its law-enforcement agencies; Gerald\'s words, when translated into concepts familiar to his listeners, are taken to mean that all law-enforcement is done by the King in person -- whereupon the amused Icelanders remark that such a King would be too busy to beget an heir. And conversely, when Gerald tells that he had been a military policeman and describes the task of one, they are astonished at what they see as his foolhardy courage of \"offending all the men in the war host\" - since Vikings would absolutely not have tolerated the petty regulation of their dress and personal life which is common for soldiers in a 20th-century army.
Then, Gerald guilelessly mentions that his family owns no land and lives in one apartment of a big house where many other families live - not realizing that he has just plunged his social status sharply down, as in this rural society a landless man is far down the scale. And when he boasts that the United States is a free society, but admits that US citizens may be called up for military service even at harvest time, his shocked hosts conclude that the US is the worst and most monstrous of tyrannies - since in their economy, calling up the farmers in harvest time would doom their families to starvation, unaware that in modern times far fewer people need to farm.
Meanwhile, Gerald and his host\'s daughter fall in love with each other. A rival suitor from a neighboring clan, annoyed at her preference for the \"useless\" foreigner, insults Gerald, who then challenges him to \"fight it out\" - not realizing that in this society, duels between free people are fought with weapons and often to the death, and that fighting bare-handed \"is for slaves\". Trapped in a *holmgang* and about to be cut down, he uses his gun and kills his opponent, which is deemed dishonorable and thus not protected as a lawful killing during the duel.
In order to avert his host becoming entangled in a blood feud, Gerald departs on his own - which leads to his being outlawed and hunted down. When making his last stand, his ammunition runs out (\"his magical weapon failed him\" as the locals see it) but he gives a good account of himself with a sword seized from a fallen opponent, killing several men and permanently injuring a scion of the neighboring clan before being finally killed.
The ending of the story suggests that, in time, Gerald\'s burial barrow would come to be regarded as the tomb of \"an ancient hero\" and that he would in death find the place in Icelandic society which he did not gain in life, and would come to be idolized by those who see the tomb as a relic of a better time, wishing they lived in his age.
## Reception
Steven H Silver has described the story as \"a response to\" L. Sprague de Camp\'s *Lest Darkness Fall*, while Jo Walton states that it is an outright rejection of de Camp.
*Black Gate* considers it \"first rate\", while Paul A. Carter states that, as a \"tale of the modern man displaced in time to a harsh and unforgiving environment which dooms him\", it is \"more sophisticated\" than Nat Schachner\'s \"Master Gerald of Cambray\"
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# Hardegg
**Hardegg** (`{{IPA|de|haʁˈdɛk|-|De-Hardegg.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria. It is situated in the Waldviertel region on the river Thaya, directly on the border with the Czech Republic. The Thaya valley is protected as the Thayatal National Park, adjacent to the Podyjí National Park on the Czech shore.
Since 1975 the municipality comprises the Katastralgemeinden of Hardegg, Felling, Heufurth, Mallersbach, Merkersdorf, Niederfladnitz, Pleissing, Riegersburg, Umlauf (unpopulated, is entirely located within the Thayatal national park and comprises a mere 12 fishermen\'s huts), and Waschbach. Hardegg is often referred to as \"Austria\'s smallest city\": for historical reasons, the municipality has city status (*Stadtrecht*), but Hardegg proper only has 78 inhabitants.
## History
Hardegg Castle in the March of Austria was first mentioned in an 1145 deed, it was acquired by the Counts of Plain about 1187. Hardegg itself is first documented as a town in 1290. Located on the border with the Kingdom of Bohemia, the area was devastated during the Hussite Wars in 1425. In 1483 Hardegg was bequeathed to the Habsburg archdukes of Austria.
Emperor Maximilian I granted Hardegg to his ministeriales of the Prueschenk noble family and elevated them to immediate Counts of Hardegg in 1499. Two years later Count Ulrich purchased the Bohemian County of Kladsko from the Dukes of Münsterberg. From the Thirty Years\' War onwards the castle decayed, until it was acquired by the Khevenhüller dynasty and rebuilt in the late 19th century according to plans designed by Carl Gangolf Kayser. After World War II until the fall of the Iron Curtain, Hardegg was particularly isolated. The only connection to the Czech Republic is via a bridge built in 1874 across the Thaya to the neighbouring village of Čížov (part of the Horní Břečkov municipality) in Moravia.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
The town\'s remote situation was also mirrored in a decreasing number of inhabitants. Its only positive economical factor today is tourism. The highest population ever officially recorded was in 1890 --- a total of 3,209. Ever since, except for the period between 1939 and 1951, the number of inhabitants has been steadily decreasing. This is typical for the Hollabrunn district which has had no population increase since 1980.
In 2001 there were 56 non-agricultural businesses, according to a 1999 census there were 108 farmsteads and forestral businesses. In 2001 the number of economically active persons was 597, the employment ratio was at 40.8%. In Riegerburg there is a former coal mine and Felling is the seat of RM Austria -- Perlmuttdesign, Austria\'s last mother of pearl turnery. In Mallersbach and Niederfladnitz, kaolinite was mined. After the seasonal opening of the Thaya bridge border crossing from Hardegg to Čížov on 12 April 1990, the crossing point was opened hourly throughout the year for pedestrians, cyclists and skiers on 9 May 2006. In July the crossing Felling to Podmyče was opened to pedestrians and cyclists. After the expansion of the European Union\'s Schengen Area, the border may now be crossed anywhere at any time and formal checkpoints are obsolete.
## Politics
As of 2010, Heribert Donnerbauer of the Austrian People\'s Party (ÖVP) is the town\'s mayor. The council comprises 19 seats divided as follows after the 14 March 2010 elections: ÖVP 15, SPÖ 4
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# Geoffrey Kelley
**Geoffrey Kelley** (born February 17, 1955) is a Canadian politician, coach and teacher. He was a member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Jacques-Cartier in Montreal\'s West Island region from 1994 to 2018, representing the Quebec Liberal Party.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Kelley went to the Université de Montréal to study French courses and then obtained a diploma at John Abbott College. He would later obtain a bachelor\'s degree in history and a master\'s degree in modern history of Canada at McGill University. He was then a teacher at Commission scolaire du Lakeshore and a lecturer at various institutions including John Abbott College, Collège Marie-Victorin and McGill University. He was also the political aide for several cabinet ministers including the Minister of Education (1990), the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Public Security (1990--1994) and was a chief of staff of the Deputy Premier and the President of the Treasury Board (1994).
Kelley jumped into politics when he was elected in 1994 in Jacques-Cartier and re-elected in 1998. He served as the Liberal critic in family policy and native affairs. After being re-elected in 2003, he was a backbencher until he was named Minister for Native Affairs in 2005. Despite being re-elected to a fourth term in the 2007 elections, he was not re-appointed to Jean Charest\'s cabinet. He became chair of the Social Affairs Commission. In 2011 he was re-appointed as Minister for Native Affairs.
He announced his retirement in 2018, and was succeeded by his son Greg Kelley in the 2018 election
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# In the Name of My Father – The Zepset – Live from Electric Ladyland
***In the Name of My Father -- The Zepset -- Live from Electric Ladyland*** is a recorded album by Jason Bonham, released in 1997 under the name The Jason Bonham Band. The album consists entirely of cover versions of various songs by English rock group Led Zeppelin, as a tribute to the band\'s drummer, and Bonham\'s late father, John Bonham.
The album evolved after Bonham\'s band began performing Led Zeppelin songs at their live shows. Bonham would occasionally tape a show to listen to, and impressed with the results, he decided to record a set live in-studio at Electric Lady Studios in New York City. All proceeds of the album were donated to the John Bonham Memorial Motorcycle Camp and the Big Sisters of Los Angeles.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"In the Evening\" (John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant) -- 7:13
2. \"Ramble On\" (Page and Plant) -- 5:35
3. \"The Song Remains the Same\" (Page and Plant) -- 5:45
4. \"What Is and What Should Never Be\" (Page and Plant) -- 5:15
5. \"The Ocean\" (John Bonham, Jones, Page, and Plant) -- 4:47
6. \"Since I\'ve Been Loving You\" (Jones, Page, and Plant) -- 7:53
7. \"Communication Breakdown\" (Bonham, Page, and Plant) -- 4:57
8. \"Ten Years Gone\" (Page and Plant) -- 7:43
9. \"The Rain Song\" (Page and Plant) -- 2:25
10
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# Vertigo genesii
***Vertigo genesii***, common name the **round-mouthed whorl snail**, is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.
## Shell description {#shell_description}
The shell is very small, ovate, obtuse, indistinctly, spaced striate, glossy purplish brown. The shell has 4½ whorls, that are rather convex, high, rapidly increasing, joined by a somewhat impressed suture, the penult large, almost ventricose. Umbilical opening is moderate.
The aperture is semirotund, nearly quadratic, without any folds. Peristome is scarcely expanded, thickened liplike, bordered with bluish black, the margins are connected by a very weak callus, the right margin is arched at the insertion.
The width of the adult shell is 1.03--1.20 mm, the height is 1.63--2.00 mm.
## Anatomy
The animal body color is raven-black. The tentacles are short, contracted in the middle.
## Distribution and conservation status {#distribution_and_conservation_status}
- IUCN red list - conservation dependent
- It is mentioned in Annex II of the European Union\'s Habitats Directive.
This species occurs in:
- British Isles (in the United Kingdom only): Great Britain. It is endangered in Great Britain and it is listed in List of endangered species in the British Isles.
- Continental Europe: Finland, Germany, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Sweden, and Switzerland
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# Haugsdorf
**Haugsdorf** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria
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# Double Fold
***Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper*** is a non-fiction book by Nicholson Baker that was published in April 2001. An excerpt appeared in the July 24, 2000 issue of *The New Yorker*, under the title \"Deadline: The Author\'s Desperate Bid to Save America\'s Past\". The work details Baker\'s project to uncover what happened to the thousands of books and newspapers that were replaced during the microfilming boom of the 1980s and 1990s. *Double Fold* has been a controversial work and Baker states in the preface that it is not meant to be objective: \"This isn\'t an impartial piece of reporting\" (p. x). *The New York Times* characterized the book as a \"blistering, and thoroughly idiosyncratic, exposé.\"
## Overview
The term \"double fold\" refers to the test used by many librarians and preservation administrators to determine the brittleness of paper. The test consists of folding down the corner of a page, then folding it back in the opposite direction. The action is then repeated until the paper breaks or is about to break. The test yields a fold number. This experiment was used by library officials in some cases to justify withdrawing items from the shelves or replacing them with another format (most often microfilm). Baker describes the double fold test as \"utter horseshit and craziness. A leaf of a book is a semi-pliant mechanism. It was made for non-acute curves, not for origami.\" (p. 157).
Baker argues against the destruction of books and newspapers by institutions that, in his view, should be held responsible for their preservation. He calls attention to the tension between preservation and access, and claims these goals need not conflict: \"Why can\'t we have the benefits of the new and extravagantly expensive digital copy *and* keep the convenience and beauty and historical testimony of the original books resting on the shelves, where they\'ve always been, thanks to the sweat *and* equity of our prescient predecessors?\" (p. 67).
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# Double Fold
## Themes
Baker targets many established institutions in *Double Fold*, including the British Library, the Library of Congress, and the New York Public Library. He accuses these libraries and others of neglecting to preserve the world\'s cultural heritage through their policies of discarding original materials once they\'ve been microfilmed, and of creating cumbersome barriers to scholarship and research in the form of illegible and incomplete microfilm.
Baker\'s also targets the Brittle Books Program, the United States Newspaper Program, the mass deacidification policy practiced by the Library of Congress, and the 1987 film *Slow Fires: On the Preservation of the Human Record* (p. 184).
Baker\'s issue with microfilming is not so much with the process itself (p. 25) but with the disbinding and discarding that often went hand-in-hand with the procedure, including the loss of thousands of volumes of significant 19th- and 20th-century newspapers: the *Brooklyn Eagle*, the *New York Herald Tribune*, the *New York World*, the *Public Ledger*, *The New York Times*, and others. His other problems with microfilm include cost (p. 26), poor image quality (\"edge-blurred, dark, gappy, with text cut off of some pages, faded to the point of illegibility on others,\" p. 14), and frustration with technology (p. 39).
### Thoughts about librarians and preservationists {#thoughts_about_librarians_and_preservationists}
Christened the \"Erin Brockovich of the library world\" by *The New York Times*, Baker places blame on the complete trust placed in librarians (p. 104). *Double Fold* was viewed by many as a scathing indictment of librarians and libraries everywhere. The author takes to task many past and present prominent librarians and preservationists, including Verner W. Clapp, Fremont Rider, Patricia Battin, and Pamela Darling.
Baker displays a distaste for library officials who advanced the notion that thousands of books and newspapers were on the verge of disintegrating: \"Librarians have lied shamelessly about the extent of paper\'s fragility\" (p. 41). He argues that old books and newspapers---even those printed on acidic paper---can survive much longer than many experts predict, and that librarians who claim otherwise are being alarmist and are misguided in their attempts to justify getting rid of books deemed unhealthy. Baker claims that discarding policies at libraries are the result of increasing pressure on librarians to save space on their shelves, although many are reluctant to admit it.
### Conclusions
Baker makes four recommendations in *Double Fold*{{\'s}} epilogue: that libraries should be required to publish lists of discarded holdings on their websites, that the Library of Congress should fund a storage repository building for publications and documents not housed on-site, that some U.S. libraries should be designated to save newspapers in bound form, and that both the United States Newspaper Program and the Brittle Books Programs should be abolished unless they can promise that all conservation procedures will be non-destructive and that originals will be saved.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Double Fold* won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction in 2001, and received positive reviews from *The New York Times*, *Salon*, *The New York Review of Books*, and *Library Journal*.
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# Double Fold
## Response from librarians {#response_from_librarians}
The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) maintained a web page called \"Nicholson Baker, Reviews and Responses\", that compiled letters to editors, reviews, interviews, and articles in response to Baker\'s arguments, including a \"Q and A\" in direct response to the book. In a letter to the editor in *The New York Review of Books*, Shirley K. Baker, a librarian writing on behalf of ARL, stresses that preservation decisions occur in a larger institutional context, and are concerned with more than just microfilm. She writes that \"librarians have used the best knowledge and materials available at any given time to develop a broad array of preservation strategies.\"
In an editorial titled \"Baker\'s Book Is Half-Baked\", published in the May 15, 2001 issue of *Library Journal*, Francine Fialkoff says that Baker \"doesn\'t understand -- and perhaps never will -- that the purpose of libraries is access.\"
In the June 1, 2001 issue of *Library Journal*, Baker responded to librarians in an interview with writer Andrew Richard Albanese. In the interview Baker states that some reviewers of *Double Fold* had misrepresented his opinions and that librarians may be reading these misguided reviews and taking offense without having read the book itself.
Later that year, Baker was invited to speak at the annual American Library Association conference in San Francisco. He called himself a \"library activist\" and reiterated the need for libraries to retain last copies, as well as originals.
Richard Cox, a professor and archivist from the University of Pittsburgh, responded to *Double Fold* with a book of his own; *Vandals in the Stacks: A Response to Nicholson Baker\'s Assault on Libraries* was published in 2002. In 2000, Cox published a critique of *Double Fold* called \"The Great Newspaper Caper: Backlash in the Digital Age\" that appeared in the journal *First Monday*. In both the article and the book, Cox admits that some good could come from public discourse about preservation issues, but maintains that \"the problems are much more complex than Mr. Baker understands or cares to discuss.\" He writes: \"one can believe in the continuing utility of print and the value of maintaining books and some newspapers in their original condition, while recognizing that the ultimate preservation demands requires mechanisms like microfilming and digitization projects,\" and worries that Baker\'s focus on original formats will \"divert the public\'s attention from the greater issues facing the preservation of the books, documents, newspapers, and other artifacts of the past.\"
Marlene Manoff writes: \"Museums and libraries both are wrestling with the need to democratize and to expand their audiences and to find new sources of funding. Both are exploiting new technologies to transform their internal operations and the nature of the materials and services they provide.\" Manoff notes that \"discarding books and newspapers, however serious a problem, is not itself the destruction of history\" but also acknowledges that the call for libraries to take on a stronger role in preserving the historical record is valid.
## American Newspaper Repository {#american_newspaper_repository}
In 1999, Baker founded the American Newspaper Repository in order to save some of the collections being auctioned off by the British Library. A year later, he became the owner of thousands of volumes of old newspapers, including various runs of *The New York Times*, the *Chicago Tribune*, the *New York Herald Tribune*, and the *New York World*. In May 2004, his collection was moved to Duke University, where it is stored on climate-controlled shelves and maintained by the Rare Books and Special Collections division. As part of the gift agreement between the American Newspaper Repository and Duke, the collection is to be kept together in perpetuity, and no disbinding or experimental deacidification is allowed
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# Santa Fe Desert Chorale
The **Santa Fe Desert Chorale** is a 24-voice professional choir in Santa Fe, New Mexico which was founded in 1982.
## History
The Santa Fe Desert Chorale was founded in 1982 by artistic director Lawrence Bandfield. He chose Santa Fe with the belief that the city\'s artistic reputation would provide visibility to the group. Banfield led the Chorale until 1998.
From 1999 to 2004 the director was Dennis Shrock, who had previously been the choral director of the Oklahoma City Philharmonic.
In 2002 they started a year-round program for children (ages 7 to 14), which also holds public performances.
The Santa Fe Desert Chorale did not have a director for their 2008 Summer season, using four prospective directors, as well as three guest conductors. Since 2009, their official director has been Joshua Habermann, who was one of the four finalists tried during the 2008 season. Habermann also directs the Dallas Symphony Chorus.
During the Winter, 2011 season, the Chorale debuted a second group, named Desert Chorale II composed of students from the University of New Mexico, in addition to singers from the main group. Desert Chorale II was formed by Habermann as a means of providing training to singers outside of a university setting.
## Organization
The Desert Chorale holds general concerts during Summer, and holiday concerts in December. They have recorded 13 CDs.
The casting of the chorus changes yearly, with about two thirds returning on any given year. Habermann conducts auditions in New York, Los Angeles, and Dallas, while some musicians send recordings
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# Heldenberg
**Heldenberg** is a small municipality in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria, about 50 km north-west of Vienna. It is most notable for the Heldenberg Memorial.
## Geography
The municipality was created in the 1970s as an administrative unit encompassing the villages *Glaubendorf, Kleinwetzdorf, Grosswetzdorf, Unterthern,* and *Oberthern*. It was named for the *Heldenberg* (literally, *Mountain of Heroes*) memorial site located near Kleinwetzdorf, which was constructed in 1849 by Joseph Gottfried Pargfrieder, an army supplies merchant and land owner, to commemorate heroes of the Austro-Hungarian army.
## Sights
In Glaubendorf, a neolithical circular ditch site was found through aerial photography in the 1980s. The larger of the two structures, which have not been permanently excavated, contains three ditches of 71, 90 and 109 meters in diameter, which have been made visible on the surface by planting different flowers.
The Heldenberg memorial site was renovated in 2005 for a theme exhibition. In addition to the original memorial with sculptures of emperors and military personnel, a reconstruction of a circular ditch site and an automobile museum have been added.
Near the museum, the Viennese Spanish Riding School has established their summer stables
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# The Afghan Campaign
***The Afghan Campaign*** is a historical novel by the American writer Steven Pressfield. It was first published in 2006 by Doubleday. It is the story of Alexander the Great\'s invasion of the Afghan kingdoms (the Afghanistan of today) in 330 BC through the eyes of Matthias (Μαντίθεος in Greek), a young soldier from Macedonia, who narrates the adventures of the Macedonian army against the Eastern warriors. Matthias fights for Alexander the Great\'s infantry confronting ferocious people who, determined to defend their homeland, follow tough war methods.
Many pages of the book are dedicated to Alexander\'s army\'s fight against the Persian Spitamenes (Σπιταμένης in Greek), the *Wolf of the Desert*, whose army follows the barbarian war method contrary to their rivals who make war in array. Pressfield presents the brutalities and ferocities of both parties while he does not omit to refer to the vanity and voraciousness of Alexander the Great who in the last pages of the novel marries the Bactrian Roxane (Ρωξάνη in Greek), daughter of Oxyartes. Having thus safeguarded his rights in the kingdoms of Orient, he sets off to conquer India crossing the mountains of Indian Caucasus. He leaves behind him many thousands of footmen and horsemen (one fifth of his army) to deter the indigenous people from possible insurrections and outbreaks within the conquered land.
## Plot
Young Matthias from Macedonia follows his two older brothers' example and enrolls in Alexander\'s cavalry together with his close friend Lygaios/Lucas (Λυγαίος in Greek). This special convoy departs from Tripoli, Lebanon and after 125 days of marching meets the rear of Alexander\'s army. The hero takes part into his first battle and is shocked by the atrocities of his adversaries and his own people as well. Noteworthy is the fact that the enemy, apart from its guerilla methods, recruits women and children to fight for their freedom.
While marching, Matthias meets Shinar, an Afghan woman who, having abandoned her own people, offers her services as carrier of the Greek army\'s supplies. Nanguali is the barbarian warrior\'s code; its three elements are: honour, revenge and hospitality. Their women\'s honour, if blackened, could be redeemed (turn back into white) only by death. Matthias stands up to Baz, Shinar\'s brother, but fails to reach a compromise and is deceived by Baz, who in the end kills his sister and her baby.
At the end of the story, Matthias is left with nothing -- he has lost his family, friends, health and hope. Instead of returning home (his wife and son having been killed) as initially planned and having nothing to lose, he decides to follow the Greek army in its way to India.
## Reception
The novel was well received by critics who found it a \"vivid, compelling tale about the challenges of the war\", and that through the characters we learn something about human nature
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# Uthukottai
**Uthukottai** is a town in Suburbs of Chennai, one of the taluk headquarters in Thiruvallur District Tamil Nadu, also one of the border towns of Tamilnadu - Andhra Pradesh, located on the banks of the Arani River. This town is the central hub for many nearby towns and villages for their needs of education, markets, shops, businesses, banks, travel, transport and entertainment(Movie Theatres, badminton courts, cricket grounds, Gyms). The town features a channel which helps to direct water from the Krishna River for local irrigation.
The name Uthukottai is a portmanteau of two Tamil words---Uthu(Oottru), or \"water Spring\" and Kottai (Fort), which signifies one of the Muslim Zamindars old fort in the town.
State Highway 51 crosses Uthukottai, situated between Chennai and Tirupati.
## Demography
In the 2001 India census, Uthukkottai had a population of 10,639. Males constituted 50% of the population and females 50%. Uthukkottai had an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 76%, and female literacy was 59%. In 2001 in Uthukkottai, 12% of the population was under 6 years of age.
In the 2011 census, Uthukkottai recorded 12,623 inhabitants(bilingual Tamil-Telugu). Uthukottai is again a hub for educational institutions for the nearby towns and villages, has several schools. Of them, three are matriculation schools and rest are government and government aided school, a teacher training college, and an Arts & Science college for women at Katchur. Uthukottai is easily connected by Chennai City MTC bus. In fact, it is the shortest route to reach Tirupati.
## Education
### Schools in Uthukottai {#schools_in_uthukottai}
- Visweshwara Matriculation Higher Secondary School
- Vivekanada Matriculation Higher Secondary School
- Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School
- Chennai Vidyalaya Matric School
- Vivekananda Vision School (CBSE)
- Government Boys higher secondary school
- Government Girls higher Secondary School
- Kothandaraman Govt
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# Roger Dudman
**Roger Alan Dudman** (15 October 1925 - 12 June 1990) was the Labour mayor of Oxford (England) between 1985 and 1986, succeeding the Conservative Frank Arnold Garside.
The Labour Party remained in office on the Oxford City Council until 1988, when Nellie Dorothy (\"Queenie\") Whorley (later Mrs Comfort) was elected. The period of office of Lord Mayor was for one year and allocated on seniority of serving on Oxford City Council.
Roger Dudman died in 1990 and several local landmarks bear his name posthumously including the Oxford road, Roger Dudman Way, north of Oxford railway station, the site of the Castle Mill student blocks
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# Guy Lelièvre
**Guy Lelièvre** (March 20, 1952 -- March 29, 2021) was a Quebec politician and lawyer. He was the Member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Gaspé. He represented the Parti Québécois from 1994 to 2008.
Lelièvre went to the Université du Québec à Montréal and obtained a bachelor\'s degree in juridical sciences in 1977 and was admitted to the Quebec Bar in 1979, where he practiced law for 15 years. He was also an administration member of several regional associations in the Gaspé region which promote development. He was also an active member of the Parti Québécois since 1990 and was a member of the NO coalition of Charlottetown Accord in 1992.
Lelièvre was first elected in Gaspé in 1994 and re-elected in 1998. He was named from 1999 to 2002 the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of natural resources. He was re-elected in 2003 and 2007 and served as the PQ critic for revenue, public security and information access. He did not seek re-election in 2008
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# Caister (Retreat Conference)
thumb\|Logo of the 2007 Caister event The **Caister Retreat Conference** was a residential Christian revival event held in East Anglia, England, shortly after Easter, on an almost annual basis from 1996 to 2008. The tag line of the event was \"An initiative of Anglican Bishops to encourage Christians in evangelism and spiritual renewal\". It is widely considered to have been a significant movement on the timeline of English Anglo-Catholicism at the turn of the century.
## Origins and background {#origins_and_background}
**Caister** is a generic title for the event, although each year\'s retreat conference had its own individual name, reflecting the theme of the year, and used extensively in publicity and branding. An annual logo was produced, incorporating the year\'s particular title, and large banners of the annual logo were made each year by ecclesiastical embroiderer Wendy Oakeshott.
Although the event was organised by members of the Church of England, participants came from Anglican churches throughout the world, and also from Christian churches of other denominations. The event was of a strongly catholic character, but also attracted members of other Anglican traditions, including a strong charismatic element.
The first Caister event was held in 1996, and took the name \"The Word is Near\". It was held at the Haven Holiday Camp in the village of Caister-on-Sea in Norfolk. Participation was restricted to those who qualified as an ordained bishop, priest, or deacon; or to those who were in training for ordination; or to members of religious communities (monks and nuns). However, from the second year onward (1997) the event was opened up to lay people as well. Attendance varied from year to year, but the retreat conference typically attracted between 500 and 1,000 participants annually.
## List of Caister conferences by year {#list_of_caister_conferences_by_year}
- 1996 - The Word is Near
- 1997 - Stir up the Gift
- 1998 - Sing the Lord\'s Song
- 1999 - Glory to Glory
- 2001 - The Word\'s Alive
- 2002 - Speak the Word Only
- 2004 - Love on the Move
- 2005 - Stand Up for Jesus
- 2007 - Continuing Wonder
- 2008 - Resounding Joy
There was no Caister retreat conference in 2000, 2003, or 2006, owing to the lack of availability of accommodation during the week after Easter in these years, the main holiday season having begun at the holiday camps.
## Content of the event {#content_of_the_event}
Each Caister retreat conference lasted for one working week, Monday to Friday, usually during \'Low Week\' (the week following Easter Week). The daily timetable was always constructed around the same key events: early morning group Bible study, a mid-morning keynote address from a different guest speaker each day, a \'holy hour\' at midday (of corporate silence in the presence of the blessed sacrament, concluding with benediction), a series of afternoon optional seminars (with four or five different seminars offered each afternoon), an evening sung mass with a sermon from one of the bishops in attendance, and a late evening special service, whose format varied from day to day throughout the event, but including services of reflection, of reconciliation, of healing, and of praise.
The Bishop of Horsham, Bishop Lindsay Urwin OGS, led at least one of the key teaching elements in every Caister event. The series of events was originally proposed by a meeting of Anglo-Catholic bishops chaired by Eric Kemp, Bishop of Chichester, but Bishop Urwin was the chief proponent and key organiser of the initial Caister conference, and remained one of the principal organisers throughout the whole series of events. In each year Bishop Urwin took the key presentation role, partnered for several years with Brother Angelo SSF, a Franciscan friar, in a light-hearted double act style.
## Caister Taster Days {#caister_taster_days}
From 2000 onwards a series of \'Caister Taster Days\' was organised each year. Led by volunteers from the Caister organisational and liturgical teams, these were one-day conferences in regional centres, designed to reflect the style and spirit of the main Caister event. They had a two-fold function in both acting as a local reunion for regular Caister pilgrims, and also allowing new participants to experience something of the Caister routine with a view to possibly joining the following Easter\'s main Caister event.
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# Caister (Retreat Conference)
## Event relocation {#event_relocation}
Following redevelopment of the Caister site by Haven Holidays, the 2007 Caister event had to find a new home. For 2007 and 2008 it was held at Pontins Holiday Camp at Pakefield, in north Suffolk. Despite the change of venue, the event continued to make use of the \"Caister\" generic title, coupled with an event title for the year. That of 2007 was \"Continuing Wonder\". Caister 2008 took place from 31 March - 4 April on the theme of \'Resounding Joy\', and keynote speakers included Bishop Gordon Mursell (Bishop of Stafford), and Mother Winsome CSMV, amongst others. A dozen active Church of England bishops were present for all or part of the event. The participation of a large number of bishops (never fewer than a dozen in any one year) was always a feature of each Caister conference.
## Sponsorship
The Caister event benefited each year from the generous sponsorship of the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament (CBS), many of whose members were also participants. The Superior-General of the Confraternity gave an annual address, and admitted new members during the conference.
The events were further sponsored by the Society of the Holy Cross (SSC). All present were invited to an annual address by the Master of the Society, and there was also a private synod of priests of the Society during each conference. David Houlding, the long-serving Master of the Society, has described the Caister Conferences as \"a real turning point\" in the restoration of the Catholic movement in the Church of England following the divisive period surrounding the debates concerning women\'s ordination, in the early 1990s.
## Termination
Following the 2008 conference Bishop Lindsay Urwin moved from his post as Bishop of Horsham to take up new duties as Administrator of the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham, in Norfolk. Having been the principal organiser, the future of the annual conference was first stated to be unclear; it was subsequently announced that there would be no Caister event in 2009. Although no formal announcement was ever made that the series of events had ended, no further conferences were organised, and the Caister Taster Days also ceased in 2010
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# Kalasadan
**Kalasadan** is a performing arts college in Mumbai, India. It was founded in 1954 by Guru Shri Mani, and currently headed by his children and grandchildren
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# A Tree Grows in Guadalajara
\"**A Tree Grows in Guadalajara**\" is the 22nd episode of the first season of the American television dramedy *Ugly Betty.* It was written by Tracy Poust and Jon Kinnally and directed by Lev L. Spiro. The episode was originally broadcast by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 10, 2007.
*Ugly Betty* centers on Betty Suarez\'s job at the fashion magazine *MODE*, where she works despite not fitting their expectations of female beauty and style. In this episode, Betty accompanies her family on a trip to Mexico and learns more about her mother. Back at *MODE*{{\'}}s New York office, Alexis Meade has a tense reunion with ex-girlfriend Jordan Dunn. Amanda Tanen and Marc St. James disagree over her relationship, and Bradford Meade attempts to recapture his youth.
\"A Tree Grows in Guadalajara\" features guest appearances by Rita Moreno, Justina Machado and Rebecca Gayheart. The initial broadcast of the episode was watched by 9.4 million viewers; it received the second-highest rating for its time slot. The scenes in Mexico have attracted attention from scholars who discussed the episode\'s representation of Mexico, the Suarez family\'s cultural background, and Betty\'s relationship with her mother. \"A Tree Grows in Guadalajara\" received a mixed response from critics, some of whom praised certain lines of its dialogue.
## Plot
Ignacio Suarez returns to Mexico, accompanied by his two daughters, Betty and Hilda, and his grandson Justin, to obtain a United States visa. Betty researches her mother Rosa and their family tree. She learns that her maternal grandmother, Yolanda Salazar, is alive and that she disapproved of her parents\' relationship. Betty takes Hilda to look for a blue house that a *curandera* (\"healer\") predicts holds answers about their mother. Following visions of her crush, Henry Grubstick, Betty finds Yolanda, who is being treated for Alzheimer\'s disease. Yolanda mistakes Betty for her daughter, and apologizes for mistreating Ignacio. Betty is gifted her mother\'s wedding dress, which she gives to Hilda for her upcoming wedding. Ignacio tells them that his visa request was denied and he must remain in Mexico. A waiter recognizes Ignacio for murdering Rosa\'s first husband, Ramiro Vasquez, and sets up a revenge plot.
At the fashion magazine *MODE*, creative director Wilhelmina Slater informs co-editors-in-chief Daniel and Alexis Meade that Jordan Dunn will be the \"Fearless Woman\" feature. Alexis disagrees with the choice to hire her ex-girlfriend. Daniel continues abusing drugs rather than handle his sex addiction. He accompanies Jordan on a bungee jumping photo shoot to make Alexis jealous. Alexis and Jordan reconcile and kiss. While trying to get more pills, Daniel is beaten by two men.
Meanwhile, *MODE* receptionist Amanda Tanen is having a secret relationship with up and coming designer Tavares, who pretends to be gay to advance his career in fashion; Wilhelmina\'s assistant and Amanda\'s friend Marc St. James grows jealous of this. Amanda advises Tavares on his designs, but he publicly mistreats her. Upon discovering them kissing, Marc berates Amanda for pursuing toxic relationships. He exposes Tavares as straight, but no one cares; Amanda ruins Tavares\'s reputation by showing his coconut-shell shirts, a design that Wilhelmina hates. Amanda and Marc reconcile and discover the love dungeon, which former editor-in-chief Fey Sommers had built during her affair with Meade publications CEO Bradford Meade.
Bradford hesitates about finalizing his divorce from his wife Claire Meade. Wilhelmina encourages Bradford to get a makeover to relive his younger days and enlists the help of *MODE*{{\'}}s seamstress, Christina McKinney. Wilhelmina tries to build Bradford\'s ego by ordering Marc to flirt with him, but Bradford realizes he cannot recapture his youth; Wilhelmina says she prefers his refinement compared to his younger and cockier self. Touched by her words, Bradford signs the divorce papers.
## Production
The 43-minute episode was written by Tracy Poust and Jon Kinnally and directed by Lev L. Spiro. The episode was filmed in Los Angeles in April 2007. In the same month, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) announced that Rita Moreno and Justina Machado would guest-star as members of Betty\'s family, and Rebecca Gayheart would play Alexis\' ex-girlfriend. An *Ottawa Sun* writer considered the casting to be part of *Ugly Betty*{{\'}}s promotion for the May sweeps. Prior to the episode airing, *Entertainment Weekly*{{\'}}s Michael Slezak speculated that Gayheart could play Amanda Tanen\'s older sister since he believe she resembled Becki Newton.
*People en Español* erroneously reported that Angélica Vale would reprise her role as Letticia \"Lety\" Padilla Solis from the Mexican telenovela *La fea más bella* for the episode. ABC contacted Vale\'s manager to arrange the guest appearance; Vale described the network\'s directness as odd, saying that Mexican actors were not often reached out to by Hollywood programs. It would have been the first crossover between two *Yo soy Betty, la fea* adaptations, in which Betty Suarez meets Lety while visiting Mexico. However, Vale portrayed an orthodontist\'s receptionist in the following episode, \"East Side Story\", instead.
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# A Tree Grows in Guadalajara
## Themes
The episode\'s portrayal of Mexico received academic attention. Media studies scholar Alex Bevan wrote that *Ugly Betty* treats Mexico as a \"dreamscape\". Bevan identified *curandera*{{\'}}s prophecies, Betty\'s visions, and seemingly coincidental meetings with people from Ignacio\'s past as part of the \"Orientalist tradition of representing the non-Western world\". She considered the episode to be typical of diasporic media, saying they portray Mexico with similar \"openness, spatiality, and dream-like qualities\" used by diasporic cinema to represent the homeland. Film studies scholar Kathleen Rowe Karlyn associated the episode with magic realism because of its unnatural lighting and Betty\'s visions of Henry. Chicana/o studies professors Eliza Rodriguez y Gibson and Tanya González argued that *Ugly Betty* unironically invokes and parodies popular images of Mexico to address sociopolitical issues around immigration. They wrote that the series uses camp by characterizing Mexico through stereotypes.
Scholars discussed the episode\'s representation of nationality. Although the Suarez family has a Mexican background, none of the actors portraying these characters are Mexican or Mexican American. Instead, the show casts Hispanic actors of varying nationalities to establish a broader connection with its Latino/a viewers. Academics noted that during the scenes in Mexico, the Americanness of Betty and her immediate family are emphasized to contrast with their surroundings. Throughout the episode, Betty struggles with Spanish, which represents similar experiences felt by second-generation immigrants. According to Latino studies scholar Isabel Molina-Guzmán, \"A Tree Grows in Guadalajara\" is one of the few instances where *Ugly Betty* uses Betty and Hilda\'s ethnicity for humor; scenes focus on their \"adept acculturation to U.S. society and foreignness in Mexico\", comparable to a fish out of water story.
Betty\'s relationship to her mother was the subject of scholarly analysis. *Yo soy Betty, la fea* includes a mother character, but for the *Ugly Betty* adaptation, Betty\'s mother is shown as dead prior to the series premiere. Latino studies scholar Amara Graf describes Betty and Hilda\'s search for their maternal grandmother as the inverse of La Llorona (\"The Weeping Woman\"), a folk tale about a dead mother looking for her children. According to Graf, Betty and Hilda take on a metaphorical quest to better understand their cultural backgrounds and mother country. Karyln had a different interpretation of the episode, writing that by finding her grandmother and learning more about her mother, Betty grows into her \"own adult identity\" and decides to pursue Henry.
## Broadcast history and release {#broadcast_history_and_release}
\"A Tree Grows in Guadalajara\" received a Nielsen rating of 9.4 million viewers, the second-highest rating for its time slot behind an episode of the reality television series *Survivor*. It was number one for its time slot for women viewers aged 18 to 34 and number two for adults in the same category. The ratings were down from the show\'s previous episode (\"Secretaries\' Day\") which was viewed by 10.7 million people. The following episode (\"East Side Story\") saw a ratings increase to 10.4 million viewers. \"A Tree Grows in Guadalajara\" was included in the season one DVD release in 2007, and made available on iTunes and other streaming video on demand services, including Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, Google Play, and Vudu.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
\"A Tree Grows in Guadalajara\" received a mixed critical response. Alex Strachan, writing for the *Ottawa Sun*, praised the episode as \"funny \... but also sweet and gently charming, without being sentimental or cloying\". Despite his initial apprehension that the storyline around Ignacio\'s citizenship status would be boring, *Entertainment Weekly*{{\'}}s Tanner Stransky enjoyed it and said it became \"a breath of fresh, wholesome air in an otherwise really bitchy, shallow (but totally delicious!) season of television\". Although he enjoyed Amanda and Marc\'s friendship, Stransky dismissed Alexis and Jordan\'s kiss as \"cheap\" and Gayheart\'s acting as incongruent with the show\'s style. *Vulture*\'s Amina Akhtar criticized the fashion, specifically the clothing worn by Hilda and Marc.
Lines from the episode\'s dialogue were highlighted in reviews. Akhtar praised one of Marc and Wilhelmina\'s conversations, citing \"You\'re as dead on the outside as you are on the inside\" as an example. Strachan described Wilhelmina\'s response to Tavares\' heterosexuality, \"Well this is my very first public \'in-ning.\' And while it\'s interesting, I don\'t see how it\'s relevant\", as an example of the show\'s wit and subversion of stereotypes. In a retrospective review of *Ugly Betty*{{\'}}s most notable quotes, Zap2it\'s Andrea Reiher included Marc\'s line, \"Of course, Tavares. Clearly you replaced me with that African queen, I\'m yestergay\'s news\"
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# Selden Motor Vehicle Company
The **Selden Motor Vehicle Company** was a Brass Era American manufacturer of automobiles. The company, founded in 1906, was based in Rochester, New York, and built automobiles from 1907 to 1914 and trucks from 1913 to 1932.
## History
The **Selden Motor Vehicle Company** was founded by George B. Selden, whose 1877 patent was the first U.S. patent of a \"horseless carriage\" which because of numerous later amendments was not granted until 1895. To make the patent more credible, in 1907 Selden built a car on the lines of the 1877 design. This patent would be declared \"unenforceable\" in 1911.
E. T. Birdsall designed the first **Selden**, a 30hp 4-cylinder car placed on the market in June 1907. A car in the \$2,000 to \$2,500 (`{{Inflation|US|2500|1907|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}) price range, the Selden grew from a 109-inch wheelbase car to a 125-inch wheelbase. In 1911 George Selden\'s patent was declared unenforceable, and his factory had a fire that summer. Insurance covered the damages and production continued. Late in 1911, the company was reorganized internally, with Frederick A. Law, formerly with Columbia became designer and plant superintendent. The last Selden passenger cars were built in 1914.
In 1913, the company began production of Selden trucks and this successfully continued until the company\'s sale to the Hahn Motor Truck Company of Hamburg, Pennsylvania in 1930. Hahn and Selden went out of business in 1932. George B. Selden died in 1923.
## Production models {#production_models}
- Selden Model 25
- Selden Model 29
- Selden Model 35
- Selden Model 46
## Advertisements
<File:1909SeldenModel29ad.jpg%7C1909> Selden Model 29 advertisement <File:1910SeldenModel35ad.jpg%7C1910> Selden Model 35 advertisement <File:Selden> 1911-0128.jpg\|1911 Selden Model 46 advertisement <File:SeldenTruckad0820
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# Hohenwarth-Mühlbach am Manhartsberg
**Hohenwarth-Mühlbach am Manhartsberg** is a municipality in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Hohenwarth-Mühlbach lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. About 29.87 percent of the municipality is forested. The Gießgraben has its source near Hohenwarth
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# Caylusea
The plant genus ***Caylusea*** is a small group of plants found in parts of Africa and India. *Caylusea abyssinica* is eaten as a vegetable.
## Selected species {#selected_species}
- *Caylusea abyssinica* Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
- *Caylusea canescens* Webb
- *Caylusea canescens* A.St.-Hil. (IK)
- *Caylusea hexagyna* (Forssk.) M.L.Green
- *Caylusea jaberi* Abedin
- *Caylusea latifolia* P
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# S. Pancharatnam
**Shivaramakrishnan Pancharatnam** (9 February 1934 -- 28 May 1969) was an Indian physicist who did significant work in the field of optics. He is noted for his discovery of a type of geometric phase sometimes known as Pancharatnam phase for polarized beams passing through crystals.
## Biography
He was born in Calcutta in West Bengal, India in 1934. His mother, Sitalaxmi, was C.V. Raman\'s sister, and his father Sivaramakrishnan (Indian Accounts Service) worked in the Indian Accounts Service. He was elected a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences at the early age of 25. He was a reader at the Department of studies in Physics, University of Mysore from 1961--1964. From 1964 until his death in 1969 at the age of 35 he was a Research Fellow of St Catherine\'s College, Oxford, working in association with George William Series. His publications for this period were mainly concerned with the theory of effects found in experiments on optical pumping, e.g. double refraction in a gas due to spin alignment. Professor Series has written an introduction to the life and work of Pancharatnam. He also prepared, for the Proceedings of the Royal Society, the last three papers from notes left by Pancharatnam.
In 1956, Pancharatnam was studying interference figures produced by light waves in crystal plates, under his advisor C. V. Raman, when he discovered the properties of what is now known as the geometric phase, and which predated Michael Berry\'s work on the topic from 1983
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# Belle Sherwin
**Belle Sherwin** (March 20, 1869 -- July 5, 1955) was an American Women\'s rights activist.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Belle Sherwin was born March 20, 1869, in Cleveland, Ohio. She was the daughter of Henry Alden Sherwin, founder of the Sherwin-Williams Company and Frances Mary Smith. Sherwin was never married. Belle graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Wellesley College in 1890 with a Bachelor\'s degree. She briefly taught history at St. Margaret\'s school before going to Oxford University to study history for one year from 1894 to 1895. The Western Reserve University granted her an honorary degree in 1930. Denison University gave her an honorary degree in 1931 and Oberlin College granted her one in 1937.
## Accomplishments
After completing her graduate work at Oxford University in 1894-1895, she returned to the U.S. where she taught 4 years in Boston at St. Margaret\'s and Miss Hersey\'s School for Girls. In 1899, she returned to Cleveland and began her long involvement with voluntary civic and women\'s organizations. Belle returned to Cleveland in 1900 and became the first President of the Consumers League of Ohio. During the first years of this century Sherwin was most active with the Visiting Nurse Association of Cleveland, serving on its board until 1924, and with the Cleveland Consumers\' League, which she had organized in 1900. In 1913 Sherwin was elected a trustee of Wellesley College, a position she served until 1943.
After World War I, Sherwin became the director of the Cleveland Welfare Federation. She was the vice-president of the League of Women Voters from 1921 to 1924 and president from 1924 to 1934, the position which earned her much of her reputation as a dedicated suffragist leader. The administrative, structural, and educational procedures established during this period were largely attributed to her leadership. She was also on the board of the National Urban League, founded in 1918. Sherwin died at home on July 5, 1955 and was interred at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio
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# Mailberg
**Mailberg** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria. First mentioned in records in 1055, **Castle Mailberg** (in German: **Schloss Mailberg**) is owned and run by the Austrian Grand Priory of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta since 1146. It is known for its wine production and now serves as a castle hotel and as Vinothek for the local Winemakers Community \"Mailberg Valley\".
Mailberg is home to several family-owned wineries, the largest being Weingut Hagn. The most notable grape variety to the region of Mailberg is Grüner Veltliner, a white wine variety that in the area surrounding Mailberg develops a more spicy and peppery character. Though primarily known for producing white wines, wine producers also produce red wine. The most prominent red grape variety is Zweigelt, which is grown widely in Austria
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# Shyamali
***Shyamali*** (Bengali: শ্যামলী) is a 1956 Indian Bengali-language romantic drama film directed by Ajoy Kar and stars Kaberi Bose as the title character Shyamali. Uttam Kumar stars in this movie as the male protagonist. The film is based on the novel by same name of Nirupama Devi. The music director of the film was Kalipada Sen. The film was remade in Tamil in 1966 as *Kodimalar*.
## Plot
Shyamali (kabari basu) was a deaf and mute girl. Nobody used to give her much attention. But she was like a normal girl who had dreams in her eyes and feelings in her heart. She also had the dreams of her own family. It was her sister\'s marriage day. Her sister was getting ready. She also dressed up like a bride. Hher father thought that God also wanted that Shayamali should get married and thought he will keep his daughter with him, but the groom (uttam kumar) accepted her. But the groom\'s mother did not accept her. And the separation begins when she gets separated from her husband. She becomes sick, then again he has to bring Shamali to his house again. Then groom\'s mother accepted her.
## Cast
- Uttam Kumar
- Kaberi Bose
- Anubha Gupta
## Soundtrack
The music of the film has been composed by Kalipada Sen. The lyrics was written by Pandit Bhusan and Gauriprasanna Mazumder. `{{Track Listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Mon Mohon Shyam Hamare
| extra1 = pratima Bandyopadhyay
| length1 = 2:02
| title2 = Himo Mandiro Shovito
| extra2 = Sandhya Mukherjee
| length2 = 1:53
| title3 = Chini Go Tare Elo Je
| extra3 = Satinath Mukherjee
| length3 = 2:42
| title4 = Amar E Prem
| length4 = 3:14
| extra4 = Sandhya Mukherjee
| total_length = 7:49
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Reception
The film is based on Nirupama Devi\'s novel of same name. The novel was remade before in theater in 1953 to 1956 under Star Theater banner where also Uttam worked as hero and Sabitri Chatterjee as Shyamali. That Shyamali drama create a record in theater and ran over 486 night show. For the popularity of that drama director Ajoy Kar decided to adapted in film so he made this film which also became a blockbuster hit.
## Remakes
The movie was remade in Tamil in 1966 as *Kodimalar* starring Muthuraman and Vijayakumari in lead role
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# Port Vauban
thumb\|right\|upright=2\|Port Vauban from the Fort Carré, with the Antibes city on the right and the *quai des milliardaires* on the left. **Port Vauban** is a French yachting harbor located in Antibes on the French Riviera. Originally a natural harbor in use since before the Roman Empire, the port was fortified by Sébastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban, later Marquis de Vauban, King Louis XIV\'s military engineer.
Port Vauban now serves as the home of the Yacht Club d\'Antibes and is the largest marina (in terms of total tonnage of the boats and yachts moored there) in the Mediterranean Sea. Some of the world\'s largest and most lavishly appointed yachts have Port Vauban as their home port, including Russian oil businessman Roman Abramovich\'s 86 m *Ecstasea* and his gift to fellow Russian businessman Eugene Shvidler (*Le Grand Bleu*). Co-founder of Microsoft Paul Allen\'s yacht *Octopus* is a regular visitor to the harbor.
In the early part of the 20th century, Port Vauban also accommodated numerous seaplanes and a seaplane manufacturer.
As of 2012, typical rates for a berth in Port Vauban are between €1m to €1.4m
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# Maissau
**Maissau** is a municipality in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
The Villages of the municipality are: Eggendorf am Walde, Grübern, Gumping, Klein-Burgstall, Limberg, Maissau, Oberdürnbach, Reikersdorf, Unterdürnbach and Wilhelmsdorf
| 34 |
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| 0 |
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# Nappersdorf-Kammersdorf
**Nappersdorf-Kammersdorf** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Nappersdorf-Kammersdorf lies in the hills of the Weinviertel in Lower Austria northeast of Hollabrunn, about 70 km north of Vienna on the way from Hollabrunn to Laa an der Thaya. About 7.05 percent of the municipality is forested
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# Caylusea abyssinica
***Caylusea abyssinica*** is a plant species found in East Africa.
The edible aerial parts are used as a vegetable in Tanzania and Ethiopia
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Caylusea abyssinica
| 0 |
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# Akagawa Motoyasu
(died March 1567) was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period. Motoyasu was the son of Akagawa Fusanobu, the former head of the Akagawa clan. Motoyasu became the head of the Akagawa clan following the death in battle of his older brother, Akagawa Narihide. He also became one of the 18 generals of the Mori Clan, and was a close adviser to Mōri Takamoto, the head of the Mōri clan.
Motoyasu was imprisoned in his home under suspicion of the sudden death of Mōri Takamoto. He was later forced to commit suicide with his adopted son Akagawa Matasaburō in 1567. The heir to the Akagawa clan was named Akagawa Nobuyuki, Motoyasu\'s nephew. Motoyasu was also known by his court title `{{nihongo|'''Sakyō-no-suke'''|左京亮}}`{=mediawiki}
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# John Beckwith (British businessman)
**Sir John Lionel Beckwith**, CBE (born 19 March 1947) is a British businessman.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
John Beckwith was born on 19 March 1947. He was educated at Harrow School.
He is reportedly a \"sport fanatic\" and, as of 2011, had run four marathons.
He is the uncle of socialite Tamara Beckwith.
## Career
Beckwith qualified as a Chartered Accountant with Beresford Lye & Co, then worked at Arthur Andersen & Co from 1969 to 1971. In 1971, together with his brother Peter, he established the London and Edinburgh Trust PLC which they soon made one of the United Kingdom\'s top ten real estate companies. Beckwith served as chairman until 1993.
In 1986, Beckwith founded Rutland Trust PLC, a diversified corporate finance, venture capital and insurance broking group, where he served as chairman until 1991. In 1993, Beckwith founded the private investment company Pacific Investments PLC. In 2007, Rutland Trust PLC merged with August Equity Trust PLC to form New Star Private Equity Investment Trust PLC.
## Philanthropy
Beckwith is Founder and President of Youth Sport Trust, an independent charity devoted to changing young people\'s lives through sport. He is a Vice President of the Royal National Institute of Blind People. He is a Patron of the Teenage Cancer Trust and was a member of the Development Board of the Cancer Relief Macmillan Fund (later Macmillan Cancer Support).
Beckwith established the Sir John Beckwith Charitable Trust in 1987 with the announced aim of helping a broad spectrum of charitable bodies. Between April 1993 and April 2010, the Trust made donations totalling £6.87 million across a range of educational, sports, arts, medical and community organisations.
## Political activity {#political_activity}
Beckwith is a major Conservative Party donor and gave £250,000 to the party during the 2019 United Kingdom general election campaign.
## Honours
In 1996, Beckwith was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and in 2002 he was knighted for his service to youth sports. In 2000 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree (*Hon DLitt*) by Loughborough University
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# Pernersdorf
**Pernersdorf** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Pernersdorf lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. Only about 1.06 percent of the municipality is forested
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# Diane Lemieux
**Diane Lemieux** (born September 22, 1961) is a Canadian politician and administrator who serves as the president and chief executive officer of the Commission de la construction du Québec.
Her early activist experiences involved advocating for women\'s rights, first for sexual assault victims, then in her role as president of the Conseil du statut de la femme (1996-1998). Following that, she was a member of the Assemblée nationale du Québec (National Assembly of Quebec) (1998-2007) for nearly 10 years, under the governments of Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry.
She left political life for a brief stint in the private sector. After a year with Vision Globale, she returned to public service as the director of the Office of the Mayor and president of the executive committee of the city of Montreal.
In 2011, she stepped down from this position and became the president and chief executive officer of the Commission de la construction du Québec (CCQ).
## Biography
After graduating from the Faculty of Law of the Université de Sherbrooke in 1983, she began her professional life, first through a social commitment to women\'s issues, with a particular focus on sexual assault victims. From 1986 to 1996, she was the coordinator and spokesperson for the Centres d'aide et de lutte contre les aggressions à caractère sexuel (CALACS) (Quebec Coalition of Sexual Assault Centres).
She was the chairperson of the Sexual Assault Task Force from 1994 to 1995 and instigated a large research project on the legal treatment reserved for sexually assaulted women. She received Quebec\'s Prix de la justice award in 1991 for this research.
In 1996, she became the youngest woman to chair Conseil du statut de la femme. She held this position until 1998, when she was elected in the Montreal riding of Bourget for the Parti Québécois. She was reelected in 2003 and 2007.
Diane Lemieux was a member of the Assemblée nationale du Québec (National Assembly of Quebec) for nearly 10 years. First, under Lucien Bouchard\'s government, she was the minister of state for Labour and Employment from 1998 to 2001. Under Bernard Landry, she held the position of minister of state for Culture and Communications from 2001 to 2003. During this mandate, she asked the National Assembly to adopt Bill 104, an Act to amend the Charter of the French Language.
Following the election of Jean Charest\'s government in 2003, she sat in the opposition as chairperson of the Committee on Economy and Labour from 2003 to 2004. She became the first woman to hold the position of parliamentary leader of the official opposition from 2004 to 2007. She ended her political career as an MNA as the house leader of the second opposition group after the elections of 2007.
In 2008, she worked in the private sector, where she became vice president for business development at Vision Globale, a Quebec company in the film and TV industry. A year later, she returned to public service, joining the ranks of Union Montréal, the political party of the mayor in office, Gérald Tremblay. She ran for borough councillor in Ahuntsic-Cartierville, but her bid was unsuccessful. She then held the position of director of the Office of the Mayor and president of the executive committee of the city of Montreal.
In 2011, she became the first woman to hold the position of president and chief executive officer of the Commission de la construction du Québec (CCQ) . In November 2015, her mandate was renewed until 2021.
Diane Lemieux arrived at the CCQ at a time of turmoil. The CCQ was on the verge of two major interventions: the abolition of union hiring and the establishment of a commission of inquiry into the construction industry. She worked to improve the integrity of the organization with an eye to contributing to the stability of the entire industry, which she explained during her testimony at the Commission sur l\'octroi et la gestion des contrats publics dans l\'industrie de la construction (Commission of Inquiry on the Awarding and Management of Public Contracts in the Construction Industry).
In June 2012, the 600 administrative employees of the CCQ represented by the Syndicat des employés professionnels et de bureau (SEPB-Québec), who had been without a collective agreement since December 2009, went on strike. The strike lasted a little over two months. The employees were back to work on August 8, 2012 after signing a tentative agreement.
In the first year of her mandate, following [Bill 15](http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2011C17F.PDF) (Anti-Corruption Act), employees with investigative powers in the Commission de la construction du Québec had to be disaffiliated from the Syndicat des employés professionnels et de bureau (SEPB-Québec), affiliated to a trade union representing construction workers. This act amended section 65 of Act R-20, a change whose goal was to avoid any appearance of conflict of interest.
Diane Lemieux declared that this initiative was \"unusual but necessary, in order to establish -- or rather re-establish -- the CCQ's credibility and integrity\". Employees and executives with investigative powers have considerable authority; they can, among other things, freely access all construction sites in Quebec and require any construction company to produce documents. Now affiliated with the Syndicat du personnel d'enquête de la Commission de la construction du Québec (SPECCQ), these employees signed their first collective agreement on October 30, 2014.
As head of the CCQ, Diane Lemieux took on two important issues for the future of the industry which had not seen much progress until then: access for women to construction trades and the fight against intimidation on construction sites.
Under her leadership, the CCQ has seen many changes, notably the establishment of the Carnet référence construction (to replace union hiring) and revised investigative methods.
Diane Lemieux is also active in her immediate environment and in the business sector. She is a member of the board of directors of the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and chairs the board of directors of TOHU
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# Clay v. United States
***Clay v. United States***, 403 U.S. 698 (1971), was Muhammad Ali\'s `{{Refn|group=Footnote|name=first|The petitioner changed his name to "Muhammad Ali" for religious reasons. "Cassius Clay" was his birth name and that was the name under which he was called for induction and later prosecuted.}}`{=mediawiki} appeal of his conviction in 1967 for refusing to report for induction into the United States military forces during the Vietnam War. His local draft board had rejected his application for conscientious objector classification. In a unanimous 8--0 ruling (Thurgood Marshall recused himself due to his previous involvement in the case as a U.S. Department of Justice official), the United States Supreme Court reversed the conviction that had been upheld by the Fifth Circuit.
The Supreme Court found the government had failed to properly specify why Ali\'s application had been denied, thereby requiring the conviction to be overturned: \"the court said the record shows that \[Ali\'s\] beliefs are founded on tenets of the Muslim religion as he understands them.\"
## Background
In 1964, Ali failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-standard. With the escalation of the Vietnam War, the test standards were lowered in November 1965 and Ali was reclassified as 1-A in February 1966, which meant he was now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army. When notified of this status, he declared that he would refuse to serve in the U.S. Army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector. Ali stated that \"War is against the teachings of the Holy Qur\'an. I\'m not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger.\" He also said \"We are not to be the aggressor but we will defend ourselves if attacked.\" Ali also famously said in 1966: \"I ain\'t got no quarrel with them Viet Cong.\" and \"Why should they ask me to put on a uniform and go ten thousand miles from home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people in Vietnam while so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like dogs and denied simple human rights?\"
Ali appealed his local (Louisville, Kentucky) draft board\'s rejection of his application for conscientious objector classification. The Justice Department, in response to the State Appeal Board\'s referral for an advisory recommendation, concluded, contrary to a hearing officer\'s recommendation, that Ali\'s claim should be denied, and that Ali did not meet any of the three basic tests for conscientious objector status. The Appeal Board then denied Ali\'s claim, but without stating its reasons.
In early 1967, Ali changed his legal residence to Houston, Texas, where his appeal to be reclassified as a Muslim minister was denied 4--0 on February 20. He appeared for his scheduled induction into the U.S. Armed Forces in Houston on April 28. As expected, he refused three times to step forward at the call of his name. An officer warned him he was committing a felony punishable by five years in prison and a fine of \$10,000. Once more, Ali refused to budge when his name was called. As a result, on that same day, the New York State Athletic Commission suspended his boxing license and the World Boxing Association stripped him of his title. Other boxing commissions followed suit. He was indicted by a federal grand jury on May 8 and convicted in Houston on June 20 of the criminal offence of violating the Selective Service laws by refusing to be drafted. The trial jury was composed of six men and six women, all of whom were white. The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction and denied an appeal on May 6, 1968.
In the U.S. Supreme Court, the government conceded the invalidity of two of the grounds for denial of Ali\'s claim given in its letter to the appeal board, but argued that there was factual support for the third ground.
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# Clay v. United States
## Opinion of the Court {#opinion_of_the_court}
The Supreme Court decision was handed down on June 28, 1971. The Supreme Court held that, since the appeal board gave no reason for the denial of a conscientious objector exemption to petitioner, and it was impossible to determine on which of the three grounds offered in the Justice Department\'s letter that board relied, Ali\'s conviction must be reversed. The *Eugene Register-Guard*, reporting on the Court\'s record, cited \"\...the boxer\'s beliefs \'are surely no less religiously based\' than those in previous cases.\" The Court incorporated *Welsh v. United States*, in which the Court had ruled that \"moral and ethical objection to war was as valid as religious objection, thus broadening the qualifications.\"
Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong provide an account of the development of the decision in their 1979 book *The Brethren*. According to that account, Justice Marshall had recused himself because he had been U.S. Solicitor General when the case began, and the remaining eight justices initially voted 5 to 3 to uphold Ali\'s conviction. However, Justice John Marshall Harlan II, assigned to write the majority opinion, became convinced that Ali\'s claim to be a conscientious objector was sincere after reading background material on Black Muslim doctrine provided by one of his law clerks. Justice Harlan concluded that the claim by the Justice Department had been a misrepresentation. Harlan changed his vote, tying the vote at 4 to 4. A deadlock would have resulted in Ali being jailed for draft evasion and, since no opinions are published for deadlocked decisions, he would have never known why he had lost. A compromise was proposed by Justice Potter Stewart, in which Ali\'s conviction would be reversed, citing a technical error by the Justice Department. This gradually won unanimous assent from the eight voting justices, all of whom, with Justice Marshall\'s recusal, were white
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# Posh and Becks
**Posh and Becks** is a widely used nickname for the British celebrity supercouple Victoria Beckham (born 1974, née *Adams*, \"Posh Spice\" of the Spice Girls) and David Beckham (born 1975, a footballer and former England captain). *Posh & Becks* is also the title of a book about the couple by Andrew Morton.
The pair started dating in 1997, which led to the use of the term by the popular media. Their celebrity wedding took place on 4 July 1999, and the home in Hertfordshire, England, that they bought shortly afterwards has been nicknamed by the media as \"Beckingham Palace\" (a portmanteau of Buckingham Palace and the name Beckham). They have four children: sons Brooklyn Joseph Beckham, Romeo James Beckham, and Cruz David Beckham; and daughter Harper Seven Beckham.
\"Posh and Becks\" as a phrase was included in the Collins *Concise English Dictionary* in 2001. The term \"Posh and Becks\" is commonly used by newspapers and other media, especially in headlines, and has become a well-known phrase within UK popular culture. The term \"Posh and Becks\" has also found its way into rhyming slang, referring to \"sex\"
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# Pulkau
**Pulkau** (*Pulkava*) is a city in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Population
## People
- Walter Ullmann, Jewish historian, born here
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| 0 |
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# Internationalist Communist Left
**Internationalist Communist Left** (*Enternasyonalist Komünist Sol*) was a small left communist group in Turkey. It held the following positions: The rejection of parliamentarianism and social democracy, the rejection of trade unionism, the rejection of all forms of nationalism, and the defense of internationalism. The group dissolved itself in January 2009 and has joined International Communist Current, forming the section of this organization in Turkey. The section publishes the bi-monthly newspaper **Dünya Devrimi** (*World Revolution*)
| 78 |
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# S Club 7 discography
This is the discography of British pop group S Club. The group went on to release 14 singles, 4 studio albums and 3 compilation albums throughout their career. The group formed in 1998 and rose to prominence starring in their own musical-comedy BBC television series, *Miami 7* (1999); in North America, the show was titled *S Club 7 in Miami* and ran for four seasons on Nickelodeon and Fox Family. The show is widely thought to have inspired a generation of teenage TV musicals, including *High School Musical* and *Glee*. Over the five years they were together, S Club had four UK number-one singles, one UK number-one album, a string of hits throughout Europe, including a top ten single in the United States, Asia, Latin America, and Africa, and went on to sell over 10 million albums worldwide. Their first album, *S Club*, had a strong 1990s pop sound, similar to many artists of their time. However, through the course of their career, their musical approach changed to a more dance and R&B sound which is heard mostly in their final album, *Seeing Double*.
The concept and branding of the original S Club 7 is credited to Simon Fuller---the man who auditioned the Spice Girls---who was their manager through 19 Entertainment. S Club were signed to Polydor Records, and won two BRIT Awards (2000) for British Breakthrough Act and for Best British Single (2002). In 2001, the group earned the Record of the Year award. Group member Paul Cattermole departed the group in 2002, citing \"creative differences\", and the group changed its name from S Club 7 to simply S Club. Their second to last single reached number-five on the UK charts, but their final studio album failed to make the top ten. After Cattermole\'s departure, the group fought-against many rumours presuming that they were about to split. However, on 21 April 2003, during a live onstage performance, S Club announced that they were intending to disband.
On 26 July 2023, for the first time in 20 years, S Club released new material in the form of a single, titled \"These Are the Days\", in memory of Cattermole---who unexpectedly died in April 2023.
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# S Club 7 discography
## Albums
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |
+=====================================================================================+===========================================================================================================================+======================+======+
| UK\ | AUS\ | BEL\ | FRA\ |
| | Peaks in Australia: | | |
| | | | |
| | - All except noted: | | |
| | - *7*, *Sunshine*, \"You\" and \"Say Goodbye\"/\"Love Ain\'t Gonna Wait for You\": `{{cite Ryan|page=241}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| *S Club* | - Released: 4 October 1999 | 2 | 17 |
| | - Label: Polydor | | |
| | - Formats: CD, cassette, digital download, streaming, LP | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| *7* | - Released: 12 June 2000 | 1 | 56 |
| | - Label: Polydor | | |
| | - Formats: CD, cassette, digital download, streaming, LP | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| *Sunshine* | - Released: 26 November 2001 | 3 | 62 |
| | - Label: Polydor | | |
| | - Formats: CD, cassette, digital download, streaming, LP | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| *Seeing Double* | - Released: 25 November 2002 | 17 | --- |
| | - Label: Polydor | | |
| | - Formats: CD, cassette, digital download, streaming | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| \"---\" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
: List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart\ | |
| | | positions | |
+=====================================================================================+======================================================================+=====================================+=====+
| UK\ | IRE\ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----+
| *Don\'t Stop Movin\'* | - Released: 17 December 2002 (US only) | colspan=\"2\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | |
| | - Label: Interscope | | |
| | - Formats: CD, streaming | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----+
| *Best: The Greatest Hits of S Club 7* | - Released: 2 June 2003 | 2 | 22 |
| | - Reissued: 4 May 2015 | | |
| | - Label: Polydor | | |
| | - Formats: CD, cassette, VHS, DVD, digital download, streaming, LP | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----+
| *Essential S Club 7* | - Released: 9 July 2021 | 35 | --- |
| | - Label: Spectrum | | |
| | - Formats: 3×CD | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----+
| *Don\'t Stop Movin\' Megamix* | - Released: 3 November 2023 | --- | --- |
| | - Label: S Club Entertainment | | |
| | - Formats: Digital download, streaming | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----+
| \"---\" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----+
: List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
### Video albums {#video_albums}
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Certifications |
+=========================+================================+======================+
| *It\'s An S Club Thing* | - Released: 22 November 1999 | - BPI: Platinum |
| | - Label: Polydor | |
| | - Formats: VHS | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *S Club Party Live* | - Released: 17 December 2001 | - BPI: 3× Platinum |
| | - Label: Polydor | |
| | - Formats: VHS, DVD | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Don\'t Stop Movin*\' | - Released: 25 November 2002 | |
| | - Label: Polydor | |
| | - Formats: DVD | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Carnival* | - Released: 25 November 2002 | - BPI: Gold |
| | - Label: Polydor | |
| | - Formats: VHS, DVD | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Dance the S Club Way* | - Released: 28 April 2003 | |
| | - Label: Polydor | |
| | - Formats: VHS, DVD | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Best: The Greatest\ | - Released: 2 June 2003 | |
| Hits of S Club 7* | - Label: Polydor | |
| | - Formats: VHS, DVD | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| | | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
## Singles
### As lead artist {#as_lead_artist}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | |
+=====================================================================================+======+======================+======+======+
| UK\ | AUS\ | BEL\ | FRA\ | GER\ |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Bring It All Back\" | 1999 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"S Club Party\" | | 2 | 2 | 19 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Two in a Million\" | | 2 | 25 | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| | | | --- | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Reach\" | 2000 | 2 | 38 | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Natural\" | | 3 | 45 | 52 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Never Had a Dream Come True\" | | 1 | --- | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Don\'t Stop Movin{{\'-}}\" | 2001 | 1 | 2 | 43 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Have You Ever\" | | 1 | 49 | 58 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"You\" | 2002 | 2 | 71 | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Alive\" | | 5 | 30 | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Say Goodbye\" | 2003 | 2 | 75 | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Love Ain\'t Gonna Wait for You\" | | | | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"These Are the Days\" | 2023 | --- | --- | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"---\" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory
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# Emmanuel Thibault
**Emmanuel Thibault** (born 1974) is a French dancer.
After early studies with Max Bozzoni, he was admitted to the Paris Opera Ballet School and was educated there.
At the age of fifteen, Thibault joined the Paris Opera, thereupon becoming a student of the ballerina Noëlla Pontois, with whom he continues to work to this day. Appointed Soloist (sujet) at the age of seventeen, he was appointed Principal (premier danseur) following the Internal Promotion Contest (Concours interne de promotion) on December 23, 2004.
Since 2004, Thibault has been working closely with the première danseuse Myriam Ould-Braham, and has danced with her all over Europe.
## Awards
- Silver Medal, Concours international de danse de Paris -- 1990
- Gold, Eurovision Young Dancers\' Competition, Helsinki -- 1991
- Prix Espoir, Association pour le Rayonnement de l'Opéra de Paris (AROP) -- 1994
- Silver Medal -- Varna Competition (date unknown), Prix de l'AROP -- 2002
- Léonide Massine Prize (with Myriam Ould-Braham) -- 2005.
## Principal roles {#principal_roles}
- The Faun in Jerome Robbins\'s 'The Four Seasons';
- 'Le Spectre de la rose' by Michel Fokine, staged by Pierre Lacotte;
- Puck in John Neumeier\'s 'Midsummer Night\'s Dream';
- Grand pas de Trois in 'Paquita' by Marius Petipa, staged by Pierre Lacotte;
- Bronze Idol, in 'La Bayadère', staged by Rudolf Nureyev;
- Grand pas de trois in Act I of 'The Swan Lake', staged by Rudolf Nureyev;
- The Bluebird, in 'The Sleeping Beauty' by Marius Petipa, staged by Rudolf Nureyev;
- Peasant Pas de deux in 'Giselle' by Jules Perrot, staged by Patrice Bart;
- Mercutio in 'Romeo and Juliet', choreography by Rudolf Nureyev;
- Basilio in 'Don Quixote', staged by Rudolf Nureyev; The Bluebird in Carla Fracci\'s Staging of \"The Sleeping Beauty\" at the Rome Opera; Prince Désiré in the Inoue Ballet Foundation\'s staging of \"The Sleeping \*Beauty\" at Tokyo, the Prince in the Inoue Ballet Foundation\'s staging of \"Cendrillon\" at Tokyo; Colas in Frederick Ashton\'s staging of \"La Fille mal gardée\" for the Paris Opera.
## Films
- Serge Peretti, le dernier des Italiens, film by Dominique Delouche (Le Tambourin)
- Paquita, Grand pas de trois, Act I (Paris Opera Ballet, Lacotte), with Mlles. Daniel and Hurel
- The Swan Lake, Grand pas de trois, Act I (Paris Opera Ballet, Nureyev) with Mlles. Daniel and Gilbert
- Jewels, Pas de trois, Emeralds Section (Paris Opera Ballet, Balanchine) with Mlles. Abbagnato and Daniel
| 406 |
Emmanuel Thibault
| 0 |
10,984,283 |
# Ravelsbach
**Ravelsbach** is a municipality in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Ravelsbach lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. Only about 4.25 of the municipality is forested
| 33 |
Ravelsbach
| 0 |
10,984,310 |
# Retz
**Retz** is a town with a population of 4,168 in the Hollabrunn District in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Retz is located in the north western Weinviertel in Lower Austria. The municipality\'s area covers 45,01 km^2^. 11.83 percent of this area is forested. Cadastral municipalities are Hofern, Kleinhöflein, Kleinriedenthal, Obernalb, Retz and Unternalb.
thumb\|left\|upright=3.0\|Panoramic photography of the city
## History
### Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
In the area around the present-day *Anger* (Meadow) of Retz a village was formed, which was first mentioned in 1180 as „Rezze" (Slavic; meaning *small creek*).
Rudolf von Habsburg awarded Count Berthold of Rabenswalde (1278--1312) shire and sovereignty of Hardegg as a fiefdom. The count did not stay for long in Hardegg, and moved to Retz, where he founded the monastery of the Dominican Order (called *Dominikanerkloster*). The monastery was finished in 1295. Finally he founded the city of Retz around 1300.
Around 1343 the preacher Franz von Retz was born. He reformed the Dominican Order, taught at the University of Vienna, was their Dean for five times, and also represented the university at the Council of Pisa. He died on September 8, 1427, in Vienna.
In 1425, the Hussites conquered Retz (November 25), and only a few days later, Schrattenthal and Pulkau. The city was destroyed and many people were killed. A chronicle from Klosterneuburg reported of 6000 captives, among them Count Heinrich of Maidburg (Hardegg), who were led to Prague. Nearly 8000 men were said to be slain and over 30 Catholic churches destroyed. In 1431 the Hussites came to raid Retz for a second time.
In 1467 the Burgerspitalkapelle (\"Citizens\' Hospital Chapel\"), located between the Verderberhaus and the *Znaimer Tor*, was consecrated. It was secularized in 1783. Today it serves as a museum for the South Moravian gallery.
After the reconstruction of the city Retz was conquered by Matthias Corvinus on October 10, 1486, after a six-day siege. Until 1492 Retz belonged to his dominion. During that time the city received the privileges concerning the trade of wine which were responsible for its future wealth. Also as a consequence of these privileges the huge and multi-storied wine cellar system was built. Today it is used for guided tours and serves as the location for a Christmas market during Advent.
### 16th and 17th century {#th_and_17th_century}
From 1568 to 1569 the former church on the main square was transformed into the city\'s town hall by implementing an intermediate ceiling. In the first floor the *Marienkapelle* was built. The cabinetmaker Jakob Barth of Retz was working for over 30 years on the carvings.
In 1576, the *Sgraffitohaus* was built. In 1928, the overpainted paintings were discovered and uncovered again.
The eye-catching *Verderberhaus* originates to the year 1583. It has its name from a family named *Verderber* which was a very wealthy family in Retz at that time. The family acquired the building in 1848.
The Thirty Years\' War brought destruction to the town, and also did the Swedes under Lennart Torstensson, who set up his headquarters in Schrattenthal.
Between 1660 and 1670 the castle of the Suttner-Gatterburg family was built. Today it is home to the bicycle museum of Retz. During the shootings for the TV series *Julia - eine außergewöhnliche Frau* between 1998 and 2002, the fictional police station was situated there.
In 1680 the bubonic plague came to the town. The *Pestsäule* on the main square still recalls this dramatic event.
After 1696 it was permitted to build buildings higher than the city\'s defensive wall. This was the reason for the Dominican Order to increase the size of their monastery by a third story.
### 18th and 19th century {#th_and_19th_century}
In the years 1701 to 1713 the spire was revamped in the baroque style. Between 1721 and 1728 the church as a whole was enlarged, rebuilt, and revamped in the baroque style. The altarpiece showing Saint Stephen, painted by Leopold Kupelwieser, dates from the year 1852.
The first windmill in Retz was entirely built out of wood in 1772. Later, a second windmill, built out of stone, was erected nearby. The second windmill is not used as a windmill anymore, and now serves as a residential house.
In 1831 the wooden windmill was removed and a new windmill was built on the same spot. This is still one of the town\'s landmarks today, for it is the only fully functional windmill left in Austria. There was also a bricklayer from Lesná u Znojma (South Moravia) involved in this project. He used the knowledge he acquired to build a windmill in his hometown, which was later inherited by the son of the miller of Retz. In 1927, the windmill was shut down. Not far from the windmill the Kalvarienberg is located. It was erected in the years 1727--37 by Jakob Seer.
On November 1, 1871, Retz was connected to the international railway system by the Austrian Northwestern Railway.
In 1896, a Jewish house of prayer was built, which does not exist anymore. The local post office dates from the year 1897.
## Politics
Mayor of the town is Helmut Koch, chief officer is Andreas Sedlmayer. In the municipal council there are 25 seats and the distribution of mandates after the municipal council election from March 6, 2005 is as follows: ÖVP 16, SPÖ 8, Greens 1, other parties no seats.
### Twin cities {#twin_cities}
Retz is twinned with the following cities:
- Rötz, Germany
- Hainburg, Germany
- Znojmo, Czech Republic
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# Retz
## Main sights {#main_sights}
### Historical buildings {#historical_buildings}
- *Hauptplatz* (main square) with *Pranger* (pillory), town hall, *Verderberhaus* and *Sgraffitohaus*. Beneath the *Hauptplatz* is the extensive wine cellar system
- *Gatterburg castle*
- *Dominikanerkirche* and monastery (Dominican church)
- Parish church Saint Stephen
- Windmill of Retz
- Calvary
- Military cemetery built in 1979 where all German soldiers who fell in the Weinviertel are buried together since then
### Museums
- *Fahrradmuseum* (bicycle museum) at *Gatterburg castle*
- *Retzer Erlebniskeller* (\"Adventure wine cellar\"), one of the biggest cellar systems in Mitteleuropa
- Museum Retz (museum of local history and South Moravian gallery)
## Events
- *Weintage* (\"Wine days\") - annual, 10 days from Corpus Christi on
- *Weinlesefest* (\"Grape harvest festival\") - annual, Friday to Sunday on the last weekend of September
- *Kürbisfest im Retzer Land* (\"Pumpkin festival\") in the region around Retz
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
Retz is a traditional trading city and is best known for its dealing in wines.
There are 206 non-agricultural workplaces as of 2001, and 315 agricultural workplaces as of 1999. The number of gainful persons is 1,709 according to the census of 2001. The activity rate was 42.08 percent.
### Transportation
Retz has a station on the Nordwestbahn, with regular scheduled traffic to Vienna but also to Znojmo in Czech Republic.
### Inhabitant growth {#inhabitant_growth}
According to the 2001 census, Retz has 4,168 inhabitants. Back in 1991, there were 4,284 inhabitants, in 1981 4,333, and 4,927 inhabitants in 1971
| 251 |
Retz
| 1 |
10,984,340 |
# Cayratia
***Cayratia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Vitaceae. It consists of species of vine plants, typical of the tribe Cayratieae. Some of them are used by humans, and they are found in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, Australia, and islands of the Pacific Ocean.
Within the Vitaceae, *Cayratia* is most closely related to *Tetrastigma* and *Cyphostemma*. As previously configured, the genus *Cayratia* was found not be monophyletic (for example, *C. japonica* was moved to *Causonis* being distinct from *Cayratia pedata*, the type species).
## Species
*Plants of the World Online* currently includes: `{{div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki}
1. *Cayratia acris* (F.Muell.) Domin
2. *Cayratia acuminata* (A.Gray) A.C.Sm.
3. *Cayratia albifolia* C.L.Li
4. *Cayratia anemonifolia* (Zipp. ex Miq.) Suess.
5. *Cayratia apoensis* (Elmer) Quisumb.
6. *Cayratia calcicola* Domin
7. *Cayratia cambodiana* Gagnep.
8. *Cayratia cardiophylla* Jackes
9. *Cayratia cardiospermoides* (Planch. ex Franch.) Gagnep.
10. *Cayratia ceratophora* Gagnep.
11. *Cayratia cheniana* L.M.Lu & J.Wen
12. *Cayratia ciliifera* (Merr.) Chun
13. *Cayratia coi* J.Wen & Boggan
14. *Cayratia cordifolia* C.Y.Wu ex C.L.Li
15. *Cayratia cumingiana* (Turcz.) Galet
16. *Cayratia cuneata* Domin
17. *Cayratia daliensis* C.L.Li
18. *Cayratia debilis* (Baker) Suess.
19. *Cayratia delicatula* (Willems) Desc.
20. *Cayratia emarginata* Trias-Blasi & J.Parn.
21. *Cayratia fugongensis* C.L.Li
22. *Cayratia gracilis* (Guill. & Perr.) Suess.
23. *Cayratia hayatae* Gagnep.
24. *Cayratia ibuensis* (Hook.f.) Suess.
25. *Cayratia imerinensis* (Baker) Desc.
26. *Cayratia irosinensis* (Elmer) Galet
27. *Cayratia lanceolata* (C.L.Li) J.Wen & Z.D.Chen
28. *Cayratia lineata* (Warb.) Merr. & L.M.Perry
29. *Cayratia longiflora* Desc.
30. *Cayratia medoensis* C.L.Li
31. *Cayratia megacarpa* (Lauterb.) Merr. & L.M.Perry
32. *Cayratia melananthera* Gagnep.
33. *Cayratia menglaensis* C.L.Li
34. *Cayratia mollissima* (Wall.) Gagnep.
35. *Cayratia nervosa* (Planch.) Suess.
36. *Cayratia novemfolia* (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Burkill ex Suess.
37. *Cayratia palauana* (Hosok.) Suess.
38. *Cayratia palmata* Gagnep.
39. *Cayratia pedata* (Lam.) Gagnep.\
**type species**
40. *Cayratia pellita* Gagnep.
41. *Cayratia polydactyla* (Miq.) Galet
42. *Cayratia reticulata* (M.A.Lawson) Mabb.
43. *Cayratia ridleyi* Suess.
44. *Cayratia roxburghii* (Planch.) Gagnep.
45. *Cayratia saponaria* (Seem. ex Benth.) Domin
46. *Cayratia schumanniana* (Gilg) Suess.
47. *Cayratia seemanniana* A.C.Sm.
48. *Cayratia setulosa* (Diels & Gilg) Suess.
49. *Cayratia sonneratii* Gagnep.
50. *Cayratia thalictrifolia* (Planch.) Suess.
51. *Cayratia timorensis* (DC.) C.L.Li
52. *Cayratia triternata* (Baker) Desc
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Cayratia
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# Retzbach
**Retzbach** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Retzbach lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. About 6.34 percent of the municipality is forested
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Retzbach
| 0 |
10,984,382 |
# Bunić, Croatia
**Bunić** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Бунић}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village in Lika, Croatia, located in the Udbina municipality, between Korenica and Lički Osik. The population is 133 (census 2011).
## History
The 1712--14 census of Lika and Krbava registered 2,058 inhabitants, of whom 2,051 were Vlachs, and 7 were \"Turks\".
In 1743 Ernst Laudon an Austrian generalisimo built a church to commemorate his children who died and were buried in Bunić and in 1746 he planted an oak forest now called by his name.
The place was heavily damaged in the Second World War by the Croatian Ustashe who expelled and erased most Serbs, and greatly damaged the church
| 107 |
Bunić, Croatia
| 0 |
10,984,394 |
# Rob Zombie discography
The discography of American vocalist, film director, screenwriter, and film producer Rob Zombie consists of seven studio albums, four compilation albums, two remix albums, three live albums, one video album, 23 singles, and eight promotional singles. Zombie first rose to fame as a member of the heavy metal band White Zombie, with whom he released four studio albums; the group disbanded in 1998. Opting to continue making music as a solo artist, Zombie began working on his debut solo studio album that would come to be known as *Hellbilly Deluxe: 13 Tales of Cadaverous Cavorting Inside the Spookshow International* (1998). The project became a commercial success for Zombie, entering the top five of the *Billboard* 200 in the United States and selling over three million copies in the United States alone. The album spawned three singles, all of which were used extensively in films and video games following their release. Zombie released remixed versions of songs from his debut studio album on *American Made Music to Strip By* (1999), which peaked inside the top forty in the United States.
More than three years after the release of *Hellbilly Deluxe*, Zombie released his second studio album *The Sinister Urge* (2001). The album became his second top ten debut in the United States, with first week sales exceeding that of its predecessor. The album spawned one official single, though four promotional singles were released for radio airplay in the United States. He released the compilation album *Past, Present & Future* in 2003, composed of songs from his time with White Zombie along with music from his first two studio albums and soundtrack appearances. The album became Zombie\'s third to sell over one million copies worldwide, and remains his final album to do so. Zombie\'s third studio album, *Educated Horses* (2006), featured a shift in musical style and became his second to reach the top five of the *Billboard* 200 chart. *Educated Horses* sold over 500,000 copies in the United States since its release. Following the release of *Educated Horses*, Zombie released his first official greatest hits album, *The Best of Rob Zombie* (2006). The album was re-released only months later under the title *The Best of Rob Zombie: 20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection*.
He released his first live album, *Zombie Live*, in 2007. He officially returned to music nearly three years later with the release of his fourth studio album, *Hellbilly Deluxe 2: Noble Jackals, Penny Dreadfuls and the Systematic Dehumanization of Cool* (2010). It became his fourth top ten on the *Billboard* 200, reaching number eight on the weekly chart. The album saw a decline in sales from his previous releases, selling just over 200,000 copies in the United States. He released the *Icon* compilation album that same year, though it failed to chart on any chart worldwide. Zombie released his fifth studio album, *Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor* in 2013. The album became his fifth top ten on the *Billboard* 200, though went on to become his lowest selling album to date. His latest album *The Lunar Injection Kool Aid Eclipse Conspiracy* reached the No.1 on the Billboard\'s Top Album Sales chart, his only album to do so.
| 532 |
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# Rob Zombie discography
## Albums
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | |
+===================================================================================+===========================================================+======================+======+======+
| US\ | AUS\ | AUT\ | CAN\ | FIN\ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| *Hellbilly Deluxe* | - Released: August 25, 1998 | 5 | 37 | 42 |
| | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, cassette, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| *The Sinister Urge* | - Released: November 13, 2001 | 8 | 46 | --- |
| | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, cassette, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| *Educated Horses* | - Released: March 28, 2006 | 5 | 44 | --- |
| | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, cassette, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| *Hellbilly Deluxe 2* | - Released: February 2, 2010 | 8 | 23 | 72 |
| | - Label: Roadrunner | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| *Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor* | - Released: April 23, 2013 | 7 | 36 | 38 |
| | - Label: Zodiac Swan | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| *The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser* | - Released: April 29, 2016 | 6 | 8 | 40 |
| | - Label: Zodiac Swan | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| *The Lunar Injection Kool Aid Eclipse Conspiracy* | - Released: March 12, 2021 | 9 | 10 | 23 |
| | - Label: Nuclear Blast | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, cassette, digital download, streaming | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"---\" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart. | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+------+
: List of albums, with selected details, chart positions, sales and certifications
### Live albums {#live_albums}
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+=================================+======================================+======================+
| US\ | | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Zombie Live* | - Released: October 23, 2007 | 57 |
| | - Label: Geffen | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Spookshow International: Live* | - Released: February 24, 2015 | 118 |
| | - Label: T-Boy | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Astro-Creep: 2000 Live* | - Released: March 30, 2018 | --- |
| | - Label: T-Boy | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+
: List of albums, with selected details, chart positions, sales and certifications
### Remix albums {#remix_albums}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | |
+===================================================================================+======================================+======================+=====+=====+
| US\ | US Dance\ | UK\ | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| *American Made Music to Strip By* | - Released: October 26, 1999 | 38 | --- | 179 |
| | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| *Mondo Sex Head* | - Released: August 6, 2012 | 45 | 2 | --- |
| | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"---\" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart. | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
: List of albums, with selected details, chart positions, sales and certifications
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | |
+===================================================================================+======================================+======================+=====+=====+
| US\ | AUS\ | UK\ | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| *Past, Present & Future* | - Released: September 23, 2003 | 11 | 88 | 165 |
| | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| *The Best of Rob Zombie: 20th Century\ | - Released: October 10, 2006 | 166 | --- | --- |
| Masters The Millennium Collection* | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| *Icon* | - Released: October 5, 2010 | --- | --- | --- |
| | - Label: Geffen | | | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| *Essential* | - Released: June 16, 2014 | --- | --- | --- |
| | - Label: Universal | | | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"---\" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart. | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
: List of albums, with selected details, chart positions, sales and certifications
### Video albums {#video_albums}
+----------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+==================================+============================+======================+
| US\ | | |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------+
| *The Zombie Horror Picture Show* | - Released: May 19, 2014 | 57 |
| | - Label: Universal | |
| | - Format: DVD, blu-ray | |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------+
: List of albums, with selected details, chart positions, sales and certifications
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| 1 |
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# Rob Zombie discography
## Singles
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | |
+===========================================================================================================================+=======+======================+=======+=====+
| US\ | US\ | US\ | CAN\ | UK\ |
| Bub.\ | Alt.\ | Main.\ | Rock\ | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Dragula\" | 1998 | 16 | 27 | 6 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Living Dead Girl\" | 1999 | --- | 22 | 7 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Superbeast\" | | --- | --- | 26 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Feel So Numb\" | 2001 | --- | 18 | 10 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Demon Speeding\" | | --- | --- | 13 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Never Gonna Stop (The Red Red Kroovy)\" \* | 2002 | --- | 23 | 11 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Two-Lane Blacktop\" | 2003 | --- | --- | 39 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"American Witch\" \* | 2006 | --- | 32 | 12 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Let It All Bleed Out\" \* | | --- | --- | 29 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Foxy Foxy\" | | --- | 26 | 8 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"What?\" | 2010 | --- | --- | 29 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Sick Bubblegum\" | | --- | --- | 30 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown\" | 2013 | --- | --- | 15 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"We\'re An American Band\" | | --- | --- | 8 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Well, Everybody\'s Fucking in a U.F.O.\" | 2016 | --- | --- | 20 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"In the Age of the Consecrated Vampire We All Get High\" | | --- | --- | 14 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"Helter Skelter\" (with Marilyn Manson) | 2018 | --- | --- | --- |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"The Triumph of King Freak (A Crypt of Preservation and Superstition)\" | 2020 | --- | --- | 18 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"The Eternal Struggles of the Howling Man\" | 2021 | --- | --- | --- |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
| \"---\" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart. \"\*\" denotes promotional only single. | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+-------+-----+
## Music videos {#music_videos}
Title Year Director(s)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------------------------
\"Dragula\" 1998 Rob Zombie
\"Living Dead Girl\" (Psycho version)
\"Living Dead Girl\" 1999 Joseph Kahn & Rob Zombie
\"Superbeast\" Rob Zombie
\"Dead Girl Superstar\" (Animated) 2001
\"Feel So Numb\" Rob Zombie
\"Never Gonna Stop (The Red, Red Kroovy)\" 2002
\"Demonoid Phenomenon\" 2003
\"Return of the Phantom Stranger\"
\"Spookshow Baby\"
\"Call of the Zombie\" 2005
\"Perversion 99\"
\"How to Make a Monster\"
\"Meet the Creeper\"
\"The Ballad of Resurrection Joe and Rosa Whore\"
\"What Lurks on Channel X\"
\"The Beginning of the End\"
\"Foxy Foxy\" 2006
\"American Witch\"
\"American Witch\" (Animated) David Hartman
\"The Lords of Salem\" (Animated)
\"Mars Needs Women\" 2010
\"Sick Bubblegum\"
\"Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown\" 2013 Rob Zombie
\"We\'re an American Band\"
\"Ging Gang Gong De Do Gong De Laga Raga\" (Live) 2015
\"Well, Everybody\'s Fucking in a U.F.O
| 502 |
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# Akai Terukage
was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period. The onetime lord of Tatebayashi Castle in Kōzuke Province, he later became a retainer of the Utsunomiya clan
| 29 |
Akai Terukage
| 0 |
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# Schrattenthal
**Schrattenthal** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria
| 15 |
Schrattenthal
| 0 |
10,984,459 |
# Seefeld-Kadolz
**Seefeld-Kadolz** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Seefeld-Kadolz lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria in the Pulkau valley. About 4.72 percent of the municipality is forested
| 37 |
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| 0 |
10,984,468 |
# Isola Comacina
**Isola Comacina** is a small wooded island of Italy's Lake Como, administratively a part of the commune of Ossuccio. It is located close to the western shore of the Como arm of the lake in front of a gulf known as *Zoca de l\'oli*, a Lombard name referring to the local small-scale production of olive oil. In the late 6th century (c. 587) the island was a remaining Roman stronghold under Francio, a subordinate of Narses; though the areas surrounding Lake Como were entirely controlled by the Lombards. The island was besieged for a good deal of time by the Lombards under Authari who released Francio to flee back to Narses\' capital at Ravenna. The Lombards found the island to contain \"many riches\" deposited for safekeeping by local Roman loyalists.
The island was invaded in 1169 by Frederick Barbarossa and soldiers from the town of Como. In 1175, Vidulfo, the Bishop of Como, cursed the island with the following words, \"The bells will never ring, the rocks will never be placed one over the other, nobody will do here the work of the publican, the punishment a violent death.\"
In 1919 the island was given to Belgium, in homage to King Albert I. The island was returned the following year.
Pietro Lingeri built three houses on the island in 1939. His idea was to turn the island into a colony for artists. The houses were built in a rationalist style, made from local materials and without much decoration.
The island now consists of a restaurant, cafe, a collection of archaeological sites and the three artist houses
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# Chichibabin
**Chichibabin** (*Чичибабин*) is a Russian surname
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# Valentine de Saint-Point
**Valentine de Saint-Point** (*née* **Anna Jeanne Valentine Marianne Glans de Cessiat-Vercell**; 16 February 1875, Lyon -- 28 March 1953, Cairo) was a French writer, poet, painter, playwright, art critic, choreographer, lecturer and journalist. She is primarily known for being the first woman to have written a futurist manifesto. Additionally, she was also active in Parisian salons and the associated literary and artistic movements of the Belle Epoque. Her writings and performances of *La Métachorie* demonstrated her theory of \"a total fusion of the arts.\" Performed veiled, it is an exploration of the body\'s relationship to nature and geometric archetypes that govern physical form and movement. Finding a similar universality in Islamic art, she converted to Islam and moved to Alexandria where she also became involved in Middle Eastern politics, writing prolifically as an advocate for Egyptian and Syrian independence from French rule. She died at the age of 78. Her Muslim name was Ruhiyya Nur al-Din and she is buried next to the Imam al-Shafii.
## Early life {#early_life}
Valentine is the only child of Alice de Glans de Cessiat and Charles-Joseph Vercell, and is by maternal descent a great-grandniece of the poet Alphonse de Lamartine. The pseudonym \"de Saint-Point,\" which she took when she entered the literary world, refers to a small town in Mâconnais, in the Cluny area where a castle of her famous ancestor was located. In 1883, her father died. Alice de Glans de Cessiat then returned to Mâcon with her daughter, who grew up there surrounded by her grandmother and her tutor.
In 1893, Valentine married Florian Théophile Perrenot, a professor 14 years her senior, whom she would follow as he was transferred. The following year, he was appointed to Lons-le-Saunier, where Valentine met Charles Dumont, professor of philosophy and colleague of her husband, who would become her lover and second husband later on. In 1897, Perrenot was appointed to Corsica, the first meeting between Valentine and the Mediterranean. A final transfer took Perrenot to Niort, where he died in the summer of 1899.
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# Valentine de Saint-Point
## Move to Paris {#move_to_paris}
The 24-year-old widow moved to Paris where she reestablished her relationship with Charles Dumont, future minister of the Third Republic. The couple married 20 June 1900 at City Hall in Paris\'s 1st arrondissement. In 1902, she organized a literary salon where she rubbed shoulders with Gabriele D\'Annunzio, who nicknamed her \"the muse purple\", Rachilde, Natalie Clifford Barney, Paul Fort, Gabriel Tarde, who saw her as \"an amiable madness of nature,\" Alphonse Mucha and Auguste Rodin, for whom she posed, as well as other artists and politicians. Her friendship with the famous sculptor had importance in his artistic life, as evidenced by their correspondence. He called her the \"goddess of the flesh of his inspiration in marble\". She celebrated his work with poems (*The Thinker* and *His Hands* published in Poems of Pride in 1908) and an article, *The dual Personality of Auguste Rodin*, published in La Nouvelle Revue in November 1906. Rodin was often the guest of honor at her parties, contributing by his presence to make them prestigious.
In 1903, during a seance, which were in vogue at the time, she met Ricciotto Canudo, an Italian poet and writer born in Bari in 1877. Canudo was also the review director for Europe Artiste and Monjoie; which was a critical element in regards to Cubist studies. Additionally, Ricciotto Canudo became the author of the Manifesto of Cerebrist Art. Shortly thereafter, she filed for divorce, which was delivered on 20 January 1904. Several reasons for the divorce were circulated, including the fact that she posed almost nude for Mucha and Rodin, and the courtship of Canudo. The applicant said that she wanted to pursue her artistic vocation, and that she wanted to live independently. As Valentine de Saint-Point was heavily inspired by the innovational works of Canudo and Marinetti, she began her Futurist practice before the wave of Futurism spread between 1909 and 1914. Valentine had developed her own practice within Futurism by taking inspiration from Canudo\'s idea of it being \"conceptual, eroticized, and sensual,\" and Marinetti\'s idea of it being \"destructive, provocative, and energetic.\" She took the name of Valentine Saint-Point and began a common-law relationship with Canudo, who actively supported her literary debut.
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# Valentine de Saint-Point
## Literary debut {#literary_debut}
In January 1905 she published an article in The New journal entitled, *Lamartine Unknown* (*Lamartine Inconnu*), the title of which alluded to her poetic lineage. Following this she published her first collection of poetry, *Poems of the Sea and the Sun* which had been inspired by her trip to Spain with Canudo the previous year. In 1906, *A Love*, the first part of a trilogy, was well received by critics. She began her collaborations with several magazines such as *The Artist Europe*, *The Mercury*, *The New Review*, *The Age*, *La Plume*, and *Gil Blas*, whose founder was the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. *Incest* which appeared at the beginning of the year 1907 collected mixed reactions from the public and critics. The theme of a mother initiating her son to physical love was the most controversial. The year 1909 was dedicated to theater. 28 May, Valentine Theatre Arts presents a one-act drama, *The Fallen* which was published by *The New Review*. Criticism was harsh, but the work was the first part of her dramatic trilogy *The Theater of Women*. In 1910 she published *A woman and desire*, an unacknowledged autobiographical confession that enabled her to express a few truths about female psychology and women\'s roles in society. In 1911, she moved into a studio at 19 rue de Tourville where her art would become denser and its most popular. She participated for the first time in the Salon des Indépendants, where she exhibited paintings and woodcuts until 1914.
On 17 February 1912, she inaugurated her \'Apollonian\' parties, which were reported in the press. Rachilde gave a reading of his play, *The Seller of Sunshine* and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti recited poems. Others who were present included, Philippe Berthelot, Saint-Pol-Roux, Boccioni, Gino Severini, Canudo, Florent Schmitt, Countess Venturini, and Mendes-Cattule.
In addition to her artistic works, Valentine de Saint-Point wrote pieces which discuss the ironic themes of love and death. To further elaborate, some of her writings compare and contrast the themes of love beside, what was at the time, a theoretical debate on the death of the avant-garde movement. Both her and Tommaso Marinetti are well known futurist artists who gave their hand at writing, particularly texts which spoke against love. There has been debate in regards to whether the writings are literal or theoretical, therefore these writings have incited a non-historical approach to examining such works. The works of Saint-Point and Marinetti have caused a stir amongst literary and art historians, in an attempt to determine the relationship between death and life in the study of the avant-garde.
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# Valentine de Saint-Point
## Connection to Futurism {#connection_to_futurism}
In 1912 she published the *Manifesto of Futurist Woman*, which Saint-Point wrote in response to the misogynist ideas in Marinetti\'s *Manifesto of Futurism*. It was read on 27 June at the Salle Gaveau, surrounded by the figureheads of the movement. The manifesto begins with the statement, \"Humanity is mediocre. The majority of women are neither superior nor inferior to the majority of men. They are all equal. They all merit the same scorn.\"
Although she joined the Futurists in celebrating the virtues of virility, she also wrote:
> It is absurd to divide humanity into men and women. It is composed only of femininity and masculinity. Every superman, every hero, no matter how epic, how much of a genius, or how powerful, is the prodigious expression of a race and an epoch only because he is composed at once of feminine and masculine elements, of femininity and masculinity: that is, a complete being\...
> It is the same way with any collectivity and any moment in humanity, just as it is with individuals. The fecund periods, when the most heroes and geniuses come forth from the terrain of culture in all its ebullience, are rich in masculinity and femininity. Those periods that had only wars, with few representative heroes because the epic breath flattened them out, were exclusively virile periods; those that denied the heroic instinct and, turning toward the past, annihilated themselves in dreams of peace, were periods in which femininity was dominant. We are living at the end of one of these periods. What is most lacking in women as in men is virility.
> That is why Futurism, even with all its exaggerations, is right.
Saint-Point advocated the concept of the woman-warrior, as opposed to the traditional sentimental feminine ideals such as the \"good mother,\" and she conceptualized the \"Überwoman\" (*sur-femme*), as a counterpart to the Nietzschean Übermensch (*surhomme*). She also addressed the theme of lust, described by Saint-Point as \"a force\". Saint-Point would develop this theme into a second manifesto, the *Futurist Manifesto of Lust (Manifeste futuriste de la luxure)*, which was published a year later. These writings, translated throughout Europe, were a sensation and put women at the center of the debates of the Futurist movement, which was increasingly popular. In this the *Futurist Manifesto of Lust*, she considered two main directions of women\'s existential choices in futurism. It also maintained that women represent the great galvanizing principle and that \"lust when viewed without moral preconceptions and as an essential part of life\'s dynamism, is a force\". For Saint Point, the synthesis of the sensory and the sensual leads to the liberation of the spirit. But true to her intellectual independence, Saint-Point declared in January 1914 in *Hansard*: \"I am not a futurist, and I\'ve never been, I do not belong to any school.\" Her thoughts on futurism, however, was said to have been enriched by Canudo\'s conceptual, eroticized, and sensual perspective and Marinetti\'s destructive and provocative view.
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# Valentine de Saint-Point
## Métachorie
In May 1913 *Theatre of the Women* was published in Canudo\'s arts magazine *Montjoie!,* which published articles and drawings by many of the leading artists of the time. This work, which presented an independent conceptualization of female avant-garde aesthetics, was intended as a trilogy but was never finished. Saint-Point would continue to develop her ideas on theater and dance, which would eventually become *La Métachorie,* which she called \"a total fusion of the arts.\" Saint-Point\'s first exhibition of *Métachorie* took the form of a live performance on 20 December 1913 at the Theatre-Léon Poirier (Comédie des Champs-Elysées) in Paris. The show was a combination of light, sound, dance, and poetry. Saint-Point was almost nude, as she only wore silk veil pieces around portions of her body and face. The aim of her costumes was to create abstract, geometric shapes, so that her movements were the primary concern of the audience, rather than the emotion of her face; this was something that was particularly important to her, as the Futurists were not interested in the idea of expressing sentimentality or emotion within their works. The music was taken from Florent Schmitt\'s La Guerre dans les airs, Debussy\'s Demoiselle élue, Satie\'s Les pantines dansent and Hymne au soleil, and Pratella\'s La guerra. The program consisted of four sections: Poèmes d\'amour, Poèmes d\'atmosphère, Poèmes panthéistes, Poèmes de guerre. Initially, the stage was cast in penumbre. A dark figure was visible against a cabalistic emblem. Other signs in the form of shapes (a triangle, rectangle, circle, trapezium, parallelogram, octagon, and polyhedron) were projected onto the backdrop as the poem progressed.
In October 1916, she published an article of the same name in *Montjoie!.* In it, she wrote:
> I write my dance graphically as an orchestral score. And if wanting to create a dance really essential, I expressed the general spirit of my poems by a natural geometric stylization is that geometry is the science of lines, that is to say, the essence of all visual arts, like arithmetic is the science of numbers, that is to say the very essence of rhythmic arts: music and poetry. \... in the Métachorie, is the idea which is the essence, the soul. Dance and music are suggested by it, we can say that Métachorie form a living organism, whose idea is the soul, the skeleton dance, music and flesh.
In 1917, Saint-Point presented *Métachorie* at New York\'s Metropolitan Opera House. Saint Point is also noted for wearing masks, which has been interpreted as her way of shifting the focus away from her face to her body during her performances.
## First World War {#first_world_war}
At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Ricciotto Canudo, Guillaume Apollinaire, and Blaise Cendrars appealed to other foreign artists living in Paris to join the French army. Canudo enlisted in the army and fought in Macedonia. Saint-Point joined the ranks of the Red Cross, and worked as secretary to Rodin. In 1916 she left France in the company of Vivian Postel du Mas and Daniel Chennevière (Dane Rudhyar). They went to Spain where they spend the summer months with the artist community based in Barcelona around Albert Gleizes, Francis Picabia and others. In November 1916 they set sail for the United States. Saint-Point was considering the possibility of establishing centers of dance inspired by her choreographic work, and gave a series of conferences across the country on Auguste Rodin, who had died shortly before.
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# Valentine de Saint-Point
## Move to the Mediterranean {#move_to_the_mediterranean}
In 1918, she returned to France after a stay in Morocco, where she had converted to Islam. Back in Paris, the world she knew was gone, including her ties with old friends. Canudo had been wounded in the forehead and their relationship turned into friendship. Between 1919 and 1924, she made several trips to Corsica, where between her reading, including Helena Petrovna Blavatsky\'s *The Secret Doctrine*, and meditating, Saint-Point attempted to create a College of Elites who would work towards the formation of a \'Mediterranean spirit,\' or a merger the west and east. The project failed. Saint-Point\'s mother died in Macon in 1920, severing her last link with Burgundy. Then in 1923, Canudo died. In 1924 she published her last novel, *The Secret*. She was almost fifty years old at this time and nothing remained to connect her to France.
At the end of 1924, accompanied by Vivian Postel du Mas and Jeanne Canudo, the widow of her former lover, Saint-Point moved to Cairo where her fame had preceded her. She joined a group of young writers and essayists, who organized debates, conferences and theatrical events. She wrote for various newspapers such as Liberty, and lectured. Along with Jeanne Canudo, she created a \"center idéiste\" which combines elements of her \"College of Elites\". End of 1925, she launched the publication of the *Phoenix, a review the East\'s rebirth* which cast a critical eye on Western policies in the Near and Middle East. She took up the causes of the Muslim world and Arab nationalism, challenging European imperialism and the cultural hegemony of the West.
In 1927 she wrote the preface of a book on Saad Zaghloul, and in 1928, *The Truth About Syria by a witness* was published in France. Saint-Point\'s political writings generated fierce feuds within the Francophone community. She was accused of working against the interests of France and of being a spy in the pay of the Bolsheviks. Meanwhile, conferences organized by the \"center idéiste\" ended several times in violent disputes, which exasperated the Egyptian authorities and prompted them to expel Canudo Jeanne and Vivian Postel du Mas. While she was in Jerusalem in 1928, after spending two months in Lebanon to treat her health which had been shattered by the attacks to which she had been subjected, she was informed that she would be banned from returning to Egypt. She appealed to Philippe Berthelot, secretary general of the Quai d\'Orsay. Eventually, the Ambassador in Cairo persuaded the authorities to allow her to remain in Egypt, but in return she would have to cease all political activities. In 1930 she became friends with René Guénon who just moved to Cairo.
The end of her life was spent in the study of religion and meditation, while living in destitution, giving occasional consultations on dowsing and acupuncture. She died 28 March 1953 and is buried in the cemetery of El-Imam Leissi in Muslim tradition and as the Rawhiya Nour el-Deen (\"zealot of divine light\").
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# Valentine de Saint-Point
## Exhibitions
Saint-Point\'s work was included in the 2021 exhibition *Women in Abstraction* at the Centre Pompidou.
## Monographs (Theses and Essays) {#monographs_theses_and_essays}
- Bentivoglio, Mirella and Zoccoli, Franca. *Women Artists of Italian Futurism: Almost Lost to History*, Arts Midmarch Press, New York, 1997.
- Contarini, Silvia, \"Valentine de Saint-Point: du Futurisme à l\'anticolonialisme\", in *Modernity and Modernism in the Mediterranean World* (eds Luca Somigli and Domenico Pierpaolo), Legas, Toronto, 2006, 293--304.
- Le Bret, Henri. *Essay on Valentine de Saint-Point*, Aloes, Nice, 1923.
- Mallette, Karla. *Textuality and Sexuality in Italian Futurism*, Amherst MA, 1985.
- Moore, Nancy Gaye. *Valentine de Saint-Point: \"La Femme Integrale\" and her quest for a modern tragic theater in Agony of Messalina (1907) and La Métachorie (1913)*, Dissertation for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Field of Theatre and Drama, Evanston, Illinois, 1997.
- Reboul, Jacques. *Notes on the morality of a \"harbinger\", Valentine de Saint-Point*, Eugene Figuiere, Paris, 1912.
- Richard de la Fuente, Veronique. *Valentine de Saint Point, a poet in the forefront and Futuristic méditerranéiste*, Edition Albères, Ceret, 2003.
- Sina, Adrien (editor and curator). *Feminine Futures: Performance, Dance, War, Politics And Eroticism*, Les Presses du réel, Dijon, 2011. Catalog of exposition, New York, Italian Cultural Institute, 3 November 2009 -- 7 January 2010. Texts in French, English, Italian, German. `{{ISBN|978-2-84066-351-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- Verdier, Abel. *Seeking the truth*, Paris, 1978.
- Zouari, Fawzia. *The caravan of dreams* (fictional biography), Olivier Orban, Paris, 1990
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# Akaike Nagatō
was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period who served the Sagara clan of southern Kyūshū and held the court title of `{{nihongo|'''Izu no Kami'''|伊豆守}}`{=mediawiki}. The lord of Akaike Castle in Higo Province, Akaike achieved fame at the fight at Ōkuchi Castle in 1568, when he defeated the forces of Shimazu Yoshihiro at the Battle of Dō-ga-saki
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# Marie Malavoy
**Marie Malavoy** (born March 23, 1948, in Berlin, Germany) is a Canadian politician and teacher. She was a member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Taillon in the Montérégie region for the Parti Québécois. Following the PQ victory in 2012, Malavoy entered the cabinet as Minister of Education.
Malavoy attended the Collège Marie de France, earning a bachelor\'s degree in philosophy. She later attended the Université de Montréal, earning a second bachelor\'s degree, and later a master\'s degree in social service, also earning a diploma in pastoral studies. She attended the Université de Sherbrooke and worked there from 1977 to 1992, and from 1999 to 2006 as a teacher, vice-dean and dean of the Faculty of Humanities. In the community, she worked for the Comité de protection de la Jeunesse, the Centre des Services sociaux en Estrie and for several associations promoting social equality and the status and condition of women. She was a member for the No committee for the Charlottetown Accord in 1992. She has been a member of the Parti Québécois since 1979 and was the first vice-president and national executive committee chair of the party from 2000 to 2005.
Malavoy first entered politics in 1994 and was elected in the riding of Sherbrooke where she was briefly the Minister of Culture and Communications in the Jacques Parizeau cabinet. She had to step down from her position on November 25, 1994, as it was found that she had illegally voted during the Quebec Referendum in 1980 as well as other federal and provincial elections since she was not a Canadian citizen at the time. After an eight-year retirement from politics, she was elected in Taillon in a by-election, succeeding the former minister Pauline Marois. She was re-elected in the 2007 elections. After being the critic for municipal affairs during the first parliamentary session, she was named the critic for education after reports that Diane Lemieux, who held the portfolio during the spring session, would retire from politics following a disagreement with Marois, who was named the PQ leader in July 2007
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# Daniel Samper Pizano
**Daniel Samper Pizano** (born 8 June 1945) is a Colombian lawyer, journalist, and prolific writer.
## Career
Samper attended the Gimnasio Moderno, where he began writing in the student newspaper *El Aguilucho*. At the age of 19 he worked for the Colombian newspaper *El Tiempo* as a reporter. After graduating from high school, Samper studied law in the Pontifical Xavierian University and later attended graduate school for journalism at the University of Kansas, United States. He was also awarded the Nieman Fellowship by Harvard University. Since then he has been an editor, columnist and author of some 38 books, TV and movie screenwriter and winner of numerous recognitions and awards in Colombia and abroad; Among these, the Maria Moors Cabot prize awarded by Columbia University, the \"Rey de España\" prize and has won the Colombian \"Simón Bolívar Prize for Journalism\" three times. His writings are notable for his wide-ranging and soft sense of humor, combined with a degree of social criticism. He writes a column for El Tiempo, entitled \"Cambalache\" (colloquialism meaning \"Exchange\") and the magazine *Carrusel* with a humor section called \"Postre de notas\", as well as various articles for Colombian magazines such as *El Malpensante*, *Revista Semana* and *Gatopardo*. In Colombia, Samper is also considered the father of Colombian investigative journalism for his work as a reporter with the El Tiempo newspaper.
Since 1986 Samper has resided in Madrid; he was an editor of the Spanish magazine *Cambio 16*. He is also a member of the Academia Colombiana de la Lengua. As a TV screenwriter, he wrote scripts for the Colombian TV series *Dejémonos de vainas* during the 1980s and 1990s.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Daniel was born in Bogotá on 8 June 1945 to Andrés Samper Gnecco and Helena Pizano Pardo, the eldest of five children, his other siblings were, Ernesto, José Gabriel, Juan Francisco, and María Fernanda. He married Cecilia Ospina Cuéllar, with whom he had three children, Juanita, María Angélica, and Daniel. He later divorced and married Pilar Tafur in 1974
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# Lily Ann Granderson
**Lily Ann Granderson** (c. 1816-1889), was an American educator. She was born a slave in Virginia in 1816. She has also been known as Milla Granderson. She was a pioneering educator who taught other enslaved people how to read and influenced the founding of Jackson State University.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lily Ann Granderson\'s grandmother was a free woman of Native American descent. After she died, Granderson\'s mother was sold into slavery at three years of age. Little is known about Granderson\'s father, except that he was a white man from one of the First Families of Virginia (FFV). Later, after she had given birth to Granderson, her mother moved to Kentucky where Granderson was enslaved doing domestic work. Granderson and the master\'s family became close, and the master\'s children even taught her how to read and write, a common method used by enslaved people to gain literacy.
When her master died, Granderson was shipped down to Mississippi where she was sold to another enslaver. On this plantation, Granderson worked in the fields, causing her to fall ill. She requested to be removed from the field and placed somewhere where the work would not put a strain on her health. The slave master granted her permission to work in the kitchen at his home. In this position, Granderson was required to make a trip into town from the plantation every day, as the slave master\'s home was not located directly on the plantation but in town. It was during this time that Granderson opened up her school for enslaved peoples.
## Contributions and legacy {#contributions_and_legacy}
Granderson used her trips into town to start her school for slaves. It was against the law in Mississippi to educate slaves out of fear of rebels and runaways. To get around this law, Granderson held classes late at night, when enslaved children could sneak out to attend class. Class size was limited to twelve children at a time. After the children had learned how to read and write, they \"graduated,\" making room for twelve more children. Granderson operated this class for about seven years without being discovered.
Word eventually got out about this late-night class for slaves, but there was not a penalty for Granderson\'s actions. Although there was a law against the education of slaves, there was a loophole in this Mississippi law that applied to Granderson\'s case. While it was against Mississippi law for white people and free slaves to educate another slave, the law did not forbid enslaved people from educating other enslaved people. As a result of this, Granderson recovered from this setback and opened a Sabbath school in addition to her late-night school. Through her efforts, hundreds of students became literate and were able to use their literacy to acquire freedom.
She is also accredited with heavily influencing the creation of what is today Jackson State University (formerly known as Natchez Seminary). At 54 years of age, she became one of the first African-Americans to open an account at the Freedman\'s Bank.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Granderson was married to Oliver Granderson and had two children. After her death in 1889, she was buried in Natchez City Cemetery
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# William L. Van Deburg
**William L. Van Deburg** (born May 8, 1948) was the Evjue-Bascom Professor of Afro-American Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has written on antebellum slavery, on the history of black nationalism, and on contemporary African-American popular culture. Van Deburg retired from teaching in 2008 and is currently professor emeritus.
## Education
Born and raised in Kalamazoo, Michigan, Van Deburg graduated from Central High School in 1966. He received his B.A. *cum laude* with Honors in History from Western Michigan University in 1970 and was awarded a National Defense Education Act Fellowship to attend graduate school. He earned a Ph.D. in American History from Michigan State University in 1973, submitting a dissertation entitled: *Rejected of Men: The Changing Religious Views of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass.*
## Career
After training with Russel B. Nye, a contributor to the development of American popular culture studies, at Michigan State, Van Deburg began teaching at the University of Wisconsin--Madison. Since 1973, he has worked to develop the field of Black Popular Culture Studies within the academy, utilizing pulp fiction, black cast film, and popular music as historical sources. He was chair of Wisconsin\'s Afro-American Studies department from 1981 to 1984 and was appointed Evjue-Bascom Professor in 2003.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Articles
- \"Ulrich B. Phillips: Progress and the Conservative Historian,\" *Georgia Historical Quarterly* 55 (Fall 1971): 406-416 reprinted in *Ulrich Bonnell Phillips: A Southern Historian and His Critics*, ed. John David Smith and John C. Inscoe (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1993).
- \"Frederick Douglass: Maryland Slave to Religious Liberal,\" *Maryland Historical Magazine* 69 (Spring 1974): 27-43 reprinted in *By These Hands: A Documentary History of African American Humanism*, ed. Anthony B. Pinn (New York: New York University Press, 2001).
- \"William Lloyd Garrison and the Pro-Slavery \'Priesthood\',\" *Journal of the American Academy of Religion* 43 (June 1975): 224--237.
- \"Slave Drivers and Slave Narratives: A New Look at the \'Dehumanized Elite\',\" *Historian* 35 (August 1977): 717-732.
- \"Elite Slave Behavior During the Civil War: Black Drivers and Foremen in Historiographical Perspective,\" *Southern Studies* 16 (Fall 1977): 253--269.
- \"The Development of Black Historical Studies in American Higher Education,\" *Canadian Review of American Studies* 11 (Fall 1980): 175--191.
- \"No Mere Mortals: Black Slaves and Black Power in American Literature, 1967-80,\" *South Atlantic Quarterly* 83 (Summer 1984): 297--311.
- \"The Battleground of Historical Memory: Creating Alternative Culture Heroes in Postbellum America,\" *Journal of Popular Culture* 20 (Summer 1986): 49--62.
- \"Villains, Demons, and Social Bandits: White Fear of the Black Cultural Revolution,\" in *Media, Culture, and the Modern African American Freedom Struggle*, ed. Brian Ward (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001).
### Books
- *The Slave Drivers: Black Agricultural Labor Supervisors in the Antebellum South* (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1979; New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
- *Slavery and Race in American Popular Culture* (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
- *New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
- *Black Camelot: African-American Culture Heroes in Their Times, 1960-1980* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
- *Hoodlums: Black Villains and Social Bandits in American Life* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)
### Edited Collections {#edited_collections}
- *[Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan](https://books.google.com/books?id=A7QUCgAAQBAJ)* (New York: New York University Press, 1997).
- *African American Nationalism* in the Schomburg Studies on the Black Experience series (Ann Arbor: ProQuest, 2005).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Van Deburg is married (1989--present) to Diane Sommers, an artist and systems analyst. He was previously married (1967--1988) to Alice J. Honeywell, an editor. His family includes two daughters and two sons. He lives in Lake Oswego, Oregon
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# The Island (play)
***The Island*** is a play written by Athol Fugard, John Kani, and Winston Ntshona.
The apartheid-era drama, inspired by a true story, is set in an unnamed prison clearly based on South Africa\'s notorious Robben Island prison, where Nelson Mandela was held for twenty-seven years. *The Island* focuses on two cellmates, one whose successful appeal means that his release draws near and one who must remain in prison for many years to come. They spend their days performing futile physical labour and nights rehearsing in their cell for a performance of Sophocles\' *Antigone* in front of the other prisoners. One takes the part of Antigone, who defies the laws of the state to bury her brother, and the other takes the part of her uncle Creon, who sentences her to die for her crime of conscience. The play draws parallels between Antigone\'s situation and the situation of black political prisoners. Tensions arise as the performance approaches, especially when one of the prisoners learns that he has won an early release and the men\'s friendship is tested.
## Structure
The play has four scenes. It opens with a lengthy mimed sequence in which John and Winston, two cell mates imprisoned on Robben Island, shovel sand in the scorching heat, dumping the sand at the feet of the other man, so that the pile of the sand never diminishes. This is designed to exhaust the body and the morale of the prisoners. Later scenes include a play within a play, as Winston and John perform a condensed two-person version of *Antigone* by Sophocles.
## History
The play was first performed in Cape Town, at a theatre called The Space, in July 1973. In order to evade the draconian censorship in South Africa at the time (plays dealing with prison conditions, etc., were prohibited), the play premiered under the title, *Die Hodoshe Span*. It was next staged at the Royal Court Theatre in London, with John Kani and Winston Ntshona portraying John and Winston respectively. The Broadway production, presented in repertory with *Sizwe Banzi Is Dead*, opened on 24 November 1974 at the Edison Theatre, where it ran for 52 performances.
In an unusual move, Kani and Ntshona were named co-Tony Award nominees (and eventual co-winners) for Best Actor in a Play for both *The Island* and *Sizwe Banzi Is Dead*.
Over the next thirty years, Kani and Ntshona periodically performed in productions of the play. Notable among them were the Royal National Theatre in 2000, reported at the time as their final production, although they went on to star at the Old Vic in 2002 and the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 2004.
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# The Island (play)
## Plot
John and Winston share a prison cell on an unnamed Island. After another day of hard labour and having been forced to run while shackled and then beaten, they return to their cell. They tend each other\'s wounds, share memories of times at the beach and rehearse for the prisoner-performed concert which is imminent. They are going to perform a scene from an abridged version of *Antigone* by Sophocles. John will play Creon and Winston will play Antigone.
When he sees himself in his costume, Winston tries to pull out of playing a female role, fearing he will be humiliated. John is called to the governor\'s office. He returns with news that his appeal was successful and his ten-year sentence has been commuted to three years: he will be free in three months. Winston is happy for him. As they imagine what leaving prison and returning home will be like, Winston begins to unravel. He doubts why he ever made a stand against the regime, why he even exists. Having said it, he experiences a catharsis, and accepts that he must endure.
The final scene is their performance of *Antigone*. After John-as-Creon sentences Winston-as-Antigone to be walled up in a cave for having defied him and done her duty towards her dead brother, Winston pulls off Antigone\'s wig and yells \"Gods of Our Fathers! My Land! My Home! Time waits no longer. I go now to my living death, because I honored those things to which honour belongs\". The final image is of John and Winston, chained together once more, running hard as the siren wails.
## Characters
- John has been imprisoned for belonging to a banned organization.
- Winston, we find out later was imprisoned for burning his passbook in front of the police. This was a serious crime, as the passbook was used to segregate and control the South African people.
- Hodoshe, an unseen character: he is referred to and represented by the sound of a prison whistle. He is a symbol of the apartheid state and racist rule. The literal translation for Hodoshe is \"carrion fly\" (as mentioned in the play), a large green fly.
## Themes
- Racial segregation
- Obedience and civil disobedience
- Brotherhood
- Freedom -- bodily freedom, freedom of conscience and freedom of the mind
- Memory, imagination, and the transformative power of performance
- Individual vs State
- Mental liberation vs Physical liberation
## Language
Although the play is in English, Afrikaans and Xhosa words are spoken as well
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# Dingle CBS
**Dingle CBS** (*Meánscoil na mBráithre Críostaí* in Irish) was a secondary School in the County Kerry town of Dingle. It opened in 1846 by the Christian Brothers. The school closed at the end of the 2006/07 school year
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# Francesco Rustici
**Francesco Rustici**, called **Il Rustichino** (Siena, 1592 -- Siena, 1626) was an Italian painter active in Siena. He worked on commissions for the local churches as well as from the Grand-Dukes of Tuscany. In his work he shows a preference for nocturnal effects which reveals the influence of Caravaggio and his followers, the so-called Caravaggisti.
## Life
Francesco Rustici was born in Siena in 1592 as the scion of an artistic family. His father Vincenzo Rustici as well as his uncle Cristoforo Rustici and his mother\'s brother Alessandro Casolani were all prominent painters active in Siena.
He trained with his father who was the chief collaborator in the workshop of his brother-in-law Alessandro Casolani. Casolini himself was influenced by the work of Domenico Beccafumi. While working in his father\'s workshop, Francesco Rustici\'s hand was initially difficult to distinguish from that of his father. His precocious talent was spotted by Giulio Mancini, a local physician, art collector and art dealer who mentioned the young artist in his *Considerazioni sulla pittura* (\'Thoughts on painting\'), written between 1617 and 1621. It is believed that the artist spent time in Rome in the period 1624-1625. In Rome he deepened his study of other Caravaggisti such as the Dutchman Gerrit van Honthorst.
Towards the end of his life he received commissions from Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria who commissioned *The death of Saint Mary Magdalene* and *The death of Lucretia*. He was also in contact with Lorenzo Magalotti, an important personage in the organization of the cultural projects of the Barberini.
## Work
The known oeuvre of Francesco Rustici is not numerous. His early works show the influence of his father and of Alessandro Casolani who painted in the Sienese Mannerist style. Later he came under the influence of the style of Caravaggio. This is visible in the realistic and warm humanity with which he rendered his subjects.
Another important influence on his work was Gerrit van Honthorst, who was known for his mastery of nocturnal effects, which had earned him in Italy the nickname \'Gherardo delle Notti\' (\"Gerard of the nights\"). Rustici\'s handling of light followed the Dutch-Flemish model of van Honthorst and blended it with a wholly Tuscan form of Classicism. Rustichino painted a number of paintings which used the devise of the dark scene lit up by a single light source that was so favoured by tenebrists to create dramatic *chiaroscuro* effects. Rustichino\'s style appears generally to have been closer to the style of Orazio Gentileschi, particularly in his use of bright and lively colours. However, he did not entirely embrace the naturalism of Gentileschi
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# Akamatsu Norifusa
(1559 -- August 18, 1598) was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods. Akamatsu clan was the *shugo daimyō* of Harima Province. His father was Akamatsu Yoshisuke.
Norifusa was defeated during Toyotomi Hideyoshi\'s Chugoku Offensive. He surrendered, becoming Hideyoshi\'s vassal; in subsequent years he was granted landholdings scattered around Okishio castle and Sumakichi (in Awa Province).
Under Hideyoshi\'s command, he saw action at the Battle of Shizugatake (1583) and the Invasion of Shikoku (1585)
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