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# Mood management theory
**Mood management theory** posits that the consumption of messages, particularly entertaining messages, is capable of altering prevailing mood states, and that the selection of specific messages for consumption often serves the regulation of mood states (Zillmann, 1988a). Mood management theory now belongs to a larger group of theoretical approaches which speak on media content and how it plays a role in mood management. Mood optimization is a current affective state of media mood management.
## History
The idea of selecting media content in the interest of enhancing one\'s states has been proposed by Zillmann and Bryant (1985) and Zillmann (1988a). Initially, the assumptions were referred to as theory of affect-dependent stimulus arrangement, but subsequently gained more prominence under the label of mood management (Knobloch, 2006).
Mood management research may be traced back to Leon Festinger\'s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory. Festinger notes that the human organism tries to establish internal congruity among cognitions such as attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about oneself and the environment. When a person holds two cognitions that are incompatible, dissonance is produced. But such dissonance can be reduced through selective exposure, that is, individuals will seek out information that will reduce the dissonance and avoid information that will increase the already existing dissonance.
Festinger\'s theory was primarily laid out in cognitive terms, addressing exposure choices to persuasive messages. Zillmann and his colleagues thus proposed the mood management theory that attempts to cope with the broadest possible range of message choices such as news, documents, comedies, dramas, tragedies, music performances, and sports. It deals with all conceivable moods rather than a single, specific affective state, such as dissonance (Zillman, 1988b).
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# Mood management theory
## Fundamental assumptions {#fundamental_assumptions}
Based on the hedonistic premise that individuals are motivated for pleasure and against pain, mood management theory states that, to the extent possible, individuals tend to arrange their environment so that good mood (commonly pleasure) is maximized or maintained, and bad mood (commonly pain) is diminished or alleviated. Environmental arrangement can take many forms, including psychically moving away from or avoiding situations that creates negative effect (such as avoiding a stressful traffic jam), or moving toward or selecting situations that result in gratification (such as strolling in a beautiful garden). Moreover, since entertainment provides its audience with the opportunity to symbolically arrange the environment, mood management theory states that people\'s entertainment choices should similarly serve the management of moods (Oliver, 2003).
The specific hypotheses of mood management theory have been summarized as follows by Zillmann (2000):
> The indicated hedonistic objective is best served by selective exposure to material that (a) is excitationally opposite to prevailing states associated with noxiously experienced hypo- or hyperarousal, (b) has positive hedonic value above that of prevailing states, and (c) in hedonically negative states, has little or no semantic affinity with the prevailing states.
Although mood management suggests that individuals\' behaviors often conform to the hedonistic assumption, this theory also makes clear that individuals are not necessarily aware of their motivation. Rather, people are thought to initially arrange their environments in a random fashion, and arrangements that are incidentally made during good moods and that extend or enhance the hedonically positive state leave a memory trace that increases the likelihood for making similar stimulus arrangements under similar circumstances (Zillmann, 1988a, 1988b). In other words, the formation of these preferences is controlled by a mechanism called operant conditioning, which refers to the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior.
## Empirical evidence {#empirical_evidence}
Although its principles relate to the broader realm of mood optimization, mood management theory has largely been applied to entertainment choices. Focusing on viewers\' selection of television entertainment, for example, an experimental study by Bryant and Zillmann (1984) reveals that individuals can overcome boredom or stress through selective exposure to exciting or relaxing television programming respectively. In the context of music exposure, Knobloch and Zillmann (2002) demonstrate that individuals could improve negative moods by electing to listen to highly energetic-joyful music. Also, Wakshlag et al. (1983) reported that participants with increased fear levels preferred films with low victimization scores and with high justice scores. This demonstrates that individuals aim to minimize stimuli which are associated with the source of a negative mood. Bryant and Zillman put on an investigation on how to overcome boredom and stress which examined individuals with boredom or stress by having them complete intellectual exam task with a time limit which caused pressure. This was only part one of the examination, the second part involved the participants watching 1 of the 6 TV programs provided. The six programs consisted of three soothing programs and three simulating programs. The evidenced showed that stressed people spent about the same amount of time on both program types while the people who were bored watched tv that was not relaxing but instead watched excited stimulating TV. Bryant and Zillman state this to be supporting for the mood management hypothesis, on their arousal regulation via media consumption.
## Challenges
The theoretical proposition of mood management theory has been faced with challenges, especially when studying (1) the role that negative moods and burdening feelings play within the entertainment experience; (2) the diversity of individual users, social and cultural situations, and media products on offer, and (3) the new, so-called interactive media and how entertainment can best be conceptualized within them (Vorderer, 2003). Media exposure has recently been one of the options for stimulus arrangements. Four challenges we go through that are mood-altering are Excitatory potential, Absorption potential, Semantic affinity and Hedonic Valence
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# Louisiana Lottery Corporation
The **Louisiana Lottery Corporation** (**LLC**) is a government-run lottery that is used to generate revenue without increasing taxes. The proceeds of the Lottery go to the Minimum Foundation Program that funds public education in Louisiana. The daily activities involved with running the cooperation are handled by the president of the Louisiana Lottery Cooperation. The president is under the supervision of the Lottery\'s nine-member governing board of directors.
The Lottery offers full and part-time employment in a total of 6 different cities in the State of Louisiana. Over half of the Lottery sales are for prize expenses. Not only does the government receive revenue from the Lottery, but businesses do as well. The minimum age to purchase a ticket is 21 years olds. However, to sell or receive a Lottery ticket there is no minimum age.
All drawings are conducted at the Lottery headquarters in downtown Baton Rouge using automated drawing machines, and they are videotaped. Drawings happen every evening (excluding some holidays). The LLC uses three methods to choose random numbers for each of the Lottery\'s games. Before each drawing, the drawing method and machine are selected randomly. There are a total of 7 in-house games that could be played. Winners that are U.S. citizens are subject to Louisiana income tax withholding and can also have federal tax withheld if winnings are \$5,000 or more.
## History
Lotteries have been popular in the United States since the early days of colonialism. In 1868, a group of entrepreneurs began a private business, the Louisiana State Lottery Company. It promised to donate \$40,000 annually for 25 years to Charity Hospital in New Orleans in exchange for the hospital not having to pay taxes. Tickets were sold nationwide to make it the largest lottery in the country. The lottery was noted during its early years of operation for its fairness. The company invited Confederate generals and adopted an elaborate mechanical system for its monthly draws. The player who won the largest prize in its 40-year history was a barber, who took home \$300,000 (about \$30 million today).
After the Civil War, there was a decline in state-sponsored lotteries due to the national backlash against gambling. During the 1890s, Louisiana was the only remaining state operating a lottery, through the Louisiana State Lottery Company. It had a monopoly of legalized gambling that its operations extended outside of state boundaries. The company closed in 1894 after allegations of corruption. It moved to Honduras, ending 22 years later.
The modern Louisiana Lottery Corporation began in 1991, after the 1990 Louisiana legislature proposed a government-run lottery (ACT 1045) as a way to generate revenue without increasing taxes. Due to the Lottery\'s unique operations, the Legislature recognized a corporate structure would suit it best.
Voters also liked the idea, passing a constitutional amendment in 1990 creating the LLC by a 69% to 31% margin. In 2003, voters passed another constitutional amendment to dedicate Lottery proceeds to the Minimum Foundation Program that funds public education in Louisiana.
The president of the Louisiana Lottery Corporation handles the daily activities involved with running the corporation under the supervision of the Lottery\'s nine-member governing board of directors. Board members are appointed to staggered terms from each of Louisiana\'s seven congressional districts; one member is chosen from a list of five candidates submitted by the Louisiana Oil Marketers and Convenience Store Association; and one member is appointed at-large. Each member is appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Louisiana Senate before beginning a four-year term. Louisiana\'s treasurer serves as an ex-officio board member.
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# Louisiana Lottery Corporation
## Operations
To ensure the highest level of accountability, the following have varying degrees of oversight over the corporation, including its budget, drawings and administrative rules.
- Governor of Louisiana
- Joint Legislative Committee on the Budget
- Senate Judiciary B Committee
- House Committee on Administration of Criminal Justice
- Attorney General
- Board of Directors
In addition to an annual \"clean bill of health\" from the Legislative Auditor, the LLC continues to receive national recognition for excellence in financial reporting. The LLC ranks first among jurisdictional lotteries for percentage of revenue transferred to its government. Operating solely from self-generated revenue, the Lottery contributes more than \$100 million yearly to the Minimum Foundation Program that funds public education in Louisiana.
### Staffing and offices {#staffing_and_offices}
The Lottery employs a total of about 140 people (full-time and part-time) in its downtown Baton Rouge headquarters, distribution center, as well as in its regional offices in New Orleans, Lafayette, Alexandria, Shreveport, and Monroe. Regional staff process and pay winning tickets and support Lottery retailers, including training, monitoring product inventory and point-of-sale opportunities, assisting with in-store promotions resolving problems, explain new games and changes, and ensuring compliance with Lottery rules. Operational management functions, including sales, accounting, auditing, marketing, public relations, human resources, security, and information systems, are conducted from the Lottery\'s corporate headquarters. The Lottery\'s distribution center oversees inventory management and instant ticket order fulfillment.
### Distribution of monetary funds {#distribution_of_monetary_funds}
More than half of Lottery sales are reserved for prize expenses. Prizes not claimed are returned to winners in the form of increased payouts on scratch-off tickets. Players have won more than \$2.8 billion in Lottery prizes since the Lottery\'s inception.
The Lottery statute mandates that 35 percent of all Lottery revenue be transferred to Louisiana\'s treasury. Effective July 1, 2004, the Louisiana constitution provides that Lottery proceeds be earmarked for the Minimum Foundation Program, which funds public education in Louisiana. In addition, the first \$500,000 in annual Lottery proceeds are earmarked for the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals-Office of Addictive Disorders to fund problem gambling programs.
As of July 2009, the Lottery has transferred over \$2 billion to Louisiana\'s treasury. In fiscal year 2009, more than \$135.9 million was transferred, which is the highest amount since 1993. The LLC ranks first among U.S. lotteries in percentage of revenue transferred to its government.
More than 2,700 businesses in Louisiana earn a 5 percent commission on the sale of Lottery products as licensed retailers. In addition to revenue from commission, retailers earn an incentive of up 2 percent for cashing winning tickets up to \$600. Retailers are also paid a selling bonus of up to 1 percent on the sale of top-prize winning tickets for Lotto, Easy 5, or Powerball (1% of Louisiana\'s contribution to the jackpot\'s cash value; for Powerball, a minimum bonus of \$25,000). Retailer commission and incentives totaled \$19.7 million in fiscal year 2009.
The Lottery retains less than 10 percent of its revenue to fund operations, including its headquarters, five regional sales offices where players claim winning tickets, technology for generating tickets and conducting drawings, ticket printing, advertising, promotions, and staffing.
The US and Louisiana governments consider winnings from all forms of gaming to be income for tax purposes. By law, the LLC must report winnings from each ticket with a prize value over \$600 to the Internal Revenue Service, and the Louisiana Department of Revenue and Taxation.
Income tax regulations require the LLC to withhold 25 percent federal taxes, and 5 percent Louisiana taxes, from prizes of more than \$5,000. A gambling income statement, W2-G, is mailed to the claimant by January in the year following the payment of the prize. The W2-G is mailed to the address entered on the claim form unless the Lottery is notified of an address change before the W2-G is issued.
### Minimum purchasing age {#minimum_purchasing_age}
According to Louisiana law, Lottery ticket purchasers must be at least 21 years old. Individuals who sell tickets are required to obtain proof of age through a valid current drivers\' license, ID card, passport, or military/federal ID containing a photo and date of birth.
Individuals who are at least 21 can give Lottery tickets to a person under 21 as a gift, although minors must be accompanied by a legal guardian or a family member who is at least 21 to claim a Lottery prize. Underage people can sell Lottery tickets if they meet the minimum employment age of 14, and are employed by a licensed Lottery retailer.
The 21 minimum age requirement to purchase Lottery tickets was changed from 18 in 1998 to coincide with the age requirement for most other forms of gaming in Louisiana, which is one of only four jurisdictions (Arizona, Iowa and Mississippi are the others) that requires ticket purchasers to be at least 21.
### Becoming a retailer {#becoming_a_retailer}
The Lottery licenses retailers to sell all of its products (draw-style and scratch-off tickets.) In selecting retailers for licensure, the LLC considers the applicants\':
- financial responsibility
- integrity
- reputation
- accessibility of the business or activity
- security of the premises
- projected sales volume
- whether sufficient retailers already exist to serve public convenience
Because of the considerable investment of equipment and sales support the Lottery makes for on-line retailers, potential retailers are scrutinized to ensure an adequate return on this investment in making the decision to grant or renew a license.
The following are the minimum qualifications to be considered for a retailer license:
- Current in filings and payment of all taxes, interest, and penalties owed to any political subdivision, including the Louisiana Workforce Commission (formerly the Louisiana Department of Labor), Louisiana Department of Revenue, and the Louisiana Secretary of State.
- Having no conviction of any illegal gambling activity, false statements, false swearing, perjury, or a crime punishable by more than 1 year imprisonment or a fine of more than \$1,000.
- Not a vendor or employee of the corporation or residing in the same household as an officer of the corporation.
- Having never made a false statement of material fact to the corporation.
- Compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
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# Louisiana Lottery Corporation
## Drawings
Drawings for Louisiana-based games are conducted at Lottery headquarters in downtown Baton Rouge. They are videotaped and conducted in a special room secured by alarms and motion detectors. Each drawing is conducted using one of two secure automated drawing machines. Automated drawing machines are stand-alone computers that are essentially random number generators that are completely separate from the system that generates tickets, so the number of winners and where the winning tickets were sold is not known until after the drawing has occurred.
Louisiana-based drawings are held every evening, except on Christmas Day and Easter Sunday, beginning at approximately 9:30 pm, after confirming that client sales have ceased and are verified. Tickets for Lotto, Easy 5, Pick 3, Pick 4, and Pick 5 must be purchased by 9:30 p.m. on draw nights. Powerball tickets must be purchased by 9:00 p.m. on draw nights. The public is welcome to attend any drawing, but must reserve a seat by contacting the Lottery during regular business hours. Drawings for Pick 3, Pick 4 and Pick 5 are held daily, while drawings for Easy 5, Lotto, and Powerball are held only on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Powerball, the Lottery\'s multi-jurisdictional game, is conducted live at 9:59 p.m., Central Standard Time on Mondays, Wednesdays and Saturdays by the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL) at Florida Lottery\'s headquarters in Tallahassee, Florida.
One of three methods in choosing random numbers is used for each of the Lottery\'s games. These are burned on to the \"read only\" memory of a microchip. The microchips are secured in the systems\' central processing unit, and a protective seal makes tampering impossible. Access to the room and machines is reliant upon a dual key and password system from a Lottery drawing official and a legislative auditor. Prior to each drawing, the drawing method and machine are randomly selected.
After both drawings are conducted, the official winning numbers generated by the system are transmitted to Louisiana Public Broadcasting, WLPB, for satellite relay to all participating television stations and are faxed to news media. The Lottery also posts the winning numbers on its Web site following the drawings each night. The LLC discontinued live drawings for its in-house games in 1998, ahead of a current industry trend toward automated drawings.
### How to Claim a Prize {#how_to_claim_a_prize}
- 1\. Prizes of \$600 or less can be claimed at participating Lottery retailers.
- 2\. Non-jackpot prizes under \$510,000 can be claimed at any Lottery office.
- 3\. All prizes can be claimed at Lottery headquarters in Baton Rouge. Powerball prizes over \$510,000 and Lotto jackpots must be claimed at Headquarters.
- 4\. Prizes can also be claimed by signing the winning ticket and mailing it, along with a claim form, to:
: Louisiana Lottery Corporation
: Attn: Prize Validations
: P.O. Box 90010
: Baton Rouge, LA 70879
Draw game prizes must be claimed within 180 days of the drawing in which the prize was won. Scratch-off prizes claims must be made within 90 days after the announced closure of the game. Powerball jackpot winners have 60 days after claiming their prize to select cash or annuity.
The LLC is required to report all prizes greater than \$600 to the IRS and the Louisiana Department of Revenue. For winners with a U.S.-issued Social Security number, prizes of \$5,000 or more are subject to Louisiana income tax withholding, and also have federal tax withheld. Unpaid child support owed by the winner may also be withheld. Annuitized prizes are the property of the winner\'s estate in the event of death.\
Lottery tickets are bearer instruments, which means that the Lottery must pay the holder of a winning ticket presented for payment. Signing the back of the ticket is the single most important thing one can do to help protect themselves from theft and demonstrate ownership of the ticket. Any alteration to a winning ticket worth more than \$600 is cause for an immediate security investigation. Once a winning ticket has been paid, however, it is much more difficult to determine whether another individual was the rightful owner. By law, the Lottery can pay a winning ticket only once.
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# Louisiana Lottery Corporation
## Lottery games {#lottery_games}
### Current in-house games {#current_in_house_games}
#### Pick 3 {#pick_3}
In 1992 the LLC launched its second draw-style game, Pick 3. It lets players choose their own play style and wager to win up to \$500 on a \$1 bet, or \$250 on a 50¢ bet. Players pick any three-digit number on a playslip or choose *Quick Pick*. Pick 3 has four ways to play. By playing a \"straight\", players must match their three digits in exact order to win. By playing a \"box\", players can match their three digits in any order. By playing a \"straight/box\" players combine a 50-cent \"straight\" play and 50-cent \"box\" play. Or, by playing a \"combo\", players can match three digits in any order to win a \"straight\" payout. Bettors can play their numbers up to seven consecutive days. Drawings are held daily except Christmas and Easter, when no Louisiana-based drawings are held.
#### Pick 4 {#pick_4}
The LLC launched Pick 4 on March 1, 1999, with daily drawings. Players pick any four digits, from 0 through 9, or use *Quick Pick* to randomly generate the numbers on up to five different plays on one ticket, after also deciding how to play each number. Players can win up to \$5,000 for a \$1 play or up to \$2,500 for a 50-cent play. Bettors can play their numbers up to seven consecutive days.
#### Pick 5 {#pick_5}
The LLC launched Pick 5 on August 1, 2021, with daily drawings. Players pick any five digits, from 0 through 9, or use *Quick Pick* to randomly generate the numbers on up to five different plays on one ticket, after also deciding how to play each number. Players can win up to \$50,000 for a \$1 play or up to \$25,000 for a 50¢ play. They also win by matching the 5 digits in any order, or matching the first/last 4, 3 or 2 digits, in exact order and position. Bettors can play their numbers up to seven consecutive days.
#### Easy 5 {#easy_5}
Easy 5 was relaunched in 2007, replacing Cash Quest, which replaced the original version of Easy 5 in 1998. It offers players the chance to win a pari-mutuel jackpot of at least \$50,000 for matching 5 numbers from 1 through 37. Any game with at least 2 matches wins; overall odds of winning a prize are 1 in 8.
If a player chooses to use *ezmatch*, the Lottery\'s terminal will print five *ezmatch* numbers on the ticket, along with a corresponding instant prize for each number. Players matching any of the five *ezmatch* numbers to any of the regular Easy 5 numbers on their ticket win the *ezmatch* prize for that number.
#### Louisiana Lotto {#louisiana_lotto}
Louisiana Lotto began in January 1992; it draws 6 numbers from 1 to 42(originally was drawn from 40). In 1995, the LLC began paying Louisiana Lotto jackpots as cash instead of a 20-year annuity. It offers a pari-mutuel jackpot of at least \$500,000 that keeps growing until it is won(originally was \$250,000). In 1998, a \$3 prize level for matching 3 of the 6 numbers was added, decreasing the odds to 1 in 34.4. The game is structured to average \$1,000 and \$50 for the match 5 and match 4 prize levels respectively. Started from August 5, 2020, the LLC added two more numbers, which changed the game\'s matrix from 6/40 to 6/42, increased the starting jackpot prize from \$250,000 to \$500,000, and the match 5\'s prize decreased to an average \$1,000 from \$2,000.
#### Powerball (multi-lottery game) {#powerball_multi_lottery_game}
In 1995, the LLC joined the flagship game operated by MUSL. Powerball jackpots begin at \$20 million, increasing if there is no top-prize winner. The game features a double matrix: 5 of 59, and 1 of 39. The advertised Powerball jackpot represents an estimate of the annuity, which, if chosen, is paid in 30 annual installments that increase by 4 percent yearly. The first installment is paid when the prize is claimed. Winners can instead choose the cash option, which is the cash in the jackpot pool. The cash value represents the amount of money MUSL would have invested to purchase the annuity. In 2001, the *PowerPlay* option was introduced. For an additional \$1 per play, bettors can multiply a non-jackpot prize by up to 5. Before the Powerball drawing, a *PowerPlay* multiplier is randomly selected. The match-5 second prize (five white balls) automatically is a 5x win on a PowerPlay wager. Overall odds are 1 in 35.
In January 2012, Powerball will become a \$2-per-play game; with PowerPlay, \$3.
#### Mega Millions (multi-lottery game) {#mega_millions_multi_lottery_game}
Perhaps surprisingly, Louisiana did not participate in the cross-selling expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball on January 31, 2010. As of April 21, 2024, there are 46 US lotteries; all offer Mega Millions **and** Powerball.
With Powerball becoming a \$2-per-play game in January 2012, Louisiana decided to pursue adding Mega Millions, which has always been \$1 per play; \$2 with the *Megaplier* option (there are no plans to raise the price of a Mega Millions ticket.) Mega Millions became available in Louisiana on November 16, 2011.
### Former Louisiana Lottery games {#former_louisiana_lottery_games}
- On March 16, 1997, the LLC began offering the MUSL game *Daily Millions*, which began in 1996. It was drawn daily, including Sundays, and cost \$1 per play. However, MUSL discontinued the game on April 19, 1998, because of unexpectedly rare occurrences of top prize wins.
- The LLC launched the in-house game *Cash Quest* on October 12, 1998, replacing its original version of *Easy 5*. Low sales finally resulted in the game\'s end on September 15, 2007. At that time, the Lottery launched a new version of *Easy 5*.
- On September 9, 2000, the LLC was part of the launch of MUSL\'s *Rolldown*. When no ticket won the top prize, it filtered down to lower prize levels. The game ended in April 2002. Since then, except for Powerball, the LLC has not offered a MUSL game.
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# Louisiana Lottery Corporation
## Lottery games {#lottery_games}
### Scratch-offs {#scratch_offs}
As the name indicates, players scratch off a protective coating on a ticket to find out if they\'re an instant winner. A selection of 30 to 40 scratch-offs featuring Louisiana, holiday, casino, and other themes are introduced yearly. From 1 million to 3 million tickets of each game are printed, with new games launched monthly. Scratch-off prizes have varied from a free ticket to \$1 million. The Lottery offers \$1, \$2, \$3, \$5 and \$10 scratch-off games. In general, higher priced tickets have higher prize values, lower overall odds of winning, more chances to win on a ticket, and higher payout percentages. When the last top prize in a game is claimed, sales cease, and the game is closed
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# German submarine U-128 (1941)
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10,985,423 |
# Mount Normann
**Mount Normann** (54 51 S 36 4 W display=inline,title) is a mountain, 1,240 m (4061 ft), standing 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Smaaland Cove at the south end of South Georgia. The feature has appeared on charts since the 1930s. It was surveyed by the SGS in the period 1951--57, and named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Wilhelm Normann (1870-1939), German chemist, whose work led to the introduction in about 1907 of the hydrogenation process for hardening whale oil
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# Drosendorf-Zissersdorf
**Drosendorf-Zissersdorf** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria
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| 0 |
10,985,447 |
# Cape Disappointment (South Georgia)
**Cape Disappointment** (54 53 S 36 7 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a headland which forms the southern extremity of South Georgia. It was first charted and so named in 1775 by a British expedition under James Cook, who upon reaching this position was greatly disappointed in realizing that South Georgia was an island and he had not reached the continent of Antarctica
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| 0 |
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# Cape Vahsel
**Cape Vahsel** (54 45 S 35 48 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a headland forming the eastern tip of South Georgia. It was roughly charted by Captain James Cook in 1775, remapped by the Second German Antarctic Expedition under Wilhelm Filchner, 1911--12, and named for Captain Richard Vahsel, master of the expedition ship *Deutschland*
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| 0 |
10,985,473 |
# Iris Bay
**Iris Bay** is a small bay immediately south of Muller Point at the east end of South Georgia, lying 6 mi northwest of Cape Vahsel, along the embayment between Cape Vahsel and Cape Charlotte. The name \"Sandwich Bay\", for John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, was given to the whole embayment between Cape Vahsel and Cape Charlotte in 1775 by a British expedition under James Cook. The name was later restricted on maps to the small bay described, since a name for the large embayment was not considered useful. The South Georgia Survey, 1951--52, reported that the name Iris Bay for the same feature is well established in use among the whalers and sealers in South Georgia, and that the name Sandwich Bay is unknown locally, so Iris Bay was approved to conform with local usage
| 139 |
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| 0 |
10,985,494 |
# Cape Charlotte
**Cape Charlotte** (located at 54 32 S 35 54 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a cape that forms the southeast side of the entrance to Royal Bay on the north coast near the eastern end of South Georgia in the Atlantic Ocean. It was discovered in 1775 by a British expedition under Captain James Cook, who named it for Queen Charlotte
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| 0 |
10,985,520 |
# Guy Ouellette
**Guy Ouellette** (born December 13, 1951) is a Quebec politician from Canada, police officer and author. He is the current Member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Chomedey in Laval. Elected as the candidate of the Quebec Liberal Party, he was expelled from the party caucus in October 2018 for purportedly leaking classified information to the then-opposition Coalition Avenir Québec.
Ouellette worked for the Sûreté du Québec police force for over 30 years. He was a police officer, a corporal and a sergeant. He worked for several years in the department of organized crime, and was involved in cases involving biker gangs. He was part of the Carcajou tactical team, which was created in 1995 in the midst of a violent biker gang war and following the death of an 11-year-old boy in Montreal after an explosion that was targeting several members of a biker gang. He also published a book about Hells Angels kingpin Maurice Boucher in 2005.
Ouellette was elected in Chomedey in 2007, replacing Tom Mulcair. He was named parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Public Security, Jacques Dupuis.
Ouellette was arrested on October 25, 2017, by a special police force investigating the leak of confidential documents
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# Cape Harcourt
**Cape Harcourt** (54 29 S 35 58 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a headland on the eastern extremity of Harcourt Island on the north coast of South Georgia, forming the north side of the entrance to Royal Bay. The name dates back to at least 1920 and is now well established. Sacramento Bight lies on the coast between Cape Harcourt and Calf Head
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# St Andrews Bay, South Georgia
**Saint Andrews Bay** is a bight 2 miles (3.2 km) wide, indenting the north coast of South Georgia immediately south of Mount Skittle. Probably first sighted by the British expedition under Cook which explored the north coast of South Georgia in 1775. The name dates back to at least 1920 and is now well established. On charts where abbreviations are used, the name may be abbreviated to St. Andrews Bay.
King penguins form huge breeding colonies, and the one at St Andrews Bay has over 150,000 birds and is (2021) probably the largest in the world. Because of the long breeding cycle, colonies are continuously occupied.
Cook Glacier, which once terminated in the bay, has retreated from the current beach since the 1970s, leaving a lake and gravel beach in its wake. Heaney Glacier and Buxton Glacier also terminate inland from the bay
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# RCA tape cartridge
The **RCA tape cartridge** (labeled the RCA Sound Tape Cartridge) is a magnetic tape audio format that was designed to offer stereo quarter-inch reel-to-reel tape recording quality in a convenient format for the consumer market. It was introduced in 1958, following four years of development. This timing coincided with the launch of the stereophonic phonograph record.
## Specifications
The main advantage of the RCA tape cartridge over reel-to-reel machines is convenience. The user is not required to handle unruly tape ends and thread the tape through the machine before use, making the medium of magnetic tape more friendly to casual users. In addition, since the cartridge carries both supply and take-up reels, the cartridge does not have to be rewound before the tape is removed from the machine and stored. Because of these conveniences, the RCA tape cartridge system did see some success in schools, particularly in student language learning labs.
The same design concept would later be used in the more successful Compact Cassette, introduced by Philips in 1963. Similar to the Compact Cassette, the RCA cartridges are reversible so that either side can be played. An auto-reverse mechanism in some models allows the tape to run continuously. Equal to 8-track tape and Stereo-Pak, the tape runs at a standard speed of 3.75 inches per second (IPS). This is double the speed of the Compact Cassette and half of the top speed of consumer reel-to-reel tape recorders, which usually offer both 3.75 IPS and 7.5 IPS speeds. Such consumer reel-to-reel machines are capable of superior audio performance, but only at the faster speed.
The RCA tape cartridge format offers four discrete audio tracks that provide a typical playtime of 30 minutes of stereo sound per side, or double that for monophonic sound. Some models can also play and record at 1.875 IPS, doubling playing time with a significant reduction in sound quality. This speed was of too low quality for music on these machines, but was acceptable for voice recording.
With two interleaved stereo pairs, the track format and speed of the RCA tape cartridge is the same as that of consumer reel-to-reel stereo tape recorders, which run at 3.75 IPS. It is possible to dismantle the cartridge, spool the tape onto an open reel, and play it on such a machine. In fact, RCA offered an adapter for their Sound Tape Cartridge machines to enable them to both play back and record traditional reels of tape up to 5 inches in reel diameter.
Unlike the Compact Cassette, the RCA tape cartridge incorporates a brake to prevent the tape hubs from moving when the cartridge is not in a player. Small slot windows extend from the tape hubs toward the outside of the cartridge so that the amount of tape visible on each spool can be seen.
## Legacy
Despite its convenience, the RCA tape cartridge was not much of a success. RCA was slow to produce machines for the home market. They were also slow to license pre-recorded music tapes for home playback. Cost was also an issue, with a single cartridge costing US\$4.50 in 1960 (\$`{{Inflation|US|4.50|1960}}`{=mediawiki} with inflation today) compared to a 1,200 foot (365 m) reel of tape, which cost \$3.50 (\$`{{Inflation|US|3.50|1960}}`{=mediawiki} today). The format was advertised nationally by RCA as late as fall 1964 and was continued into model year 1965 production.
The physical tape width and speed of the tape and even the size of the RCA tape cartridge is similar to, though incompatible with, Sony\'s Elcaset system, introduced in 1976. That system also failed to achieve much market acceptance and was soon withdrawn
| 604 |
RCA tape cartridge
| 0 |
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# Maryland Lottery
The **Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Agency (MLGCA)** is an independent agency of the Maryland government. The MLGCA operates the Maryland Lottery and serves as regulator for Maryland\'s casino and sports wagering programs and a number of ancillary gaming programs.
The Lottery offers 10 draw games, instant FAST PLAY games and instant scratch-off tickets. Daily drawings were once shown on Baltimore television station WBAL-TV. Maryland has six privately owned licensed casinos that each offer slot machines and table games. The MLGCA is headquartered in Suite 330 at 1800 Washington Boulevard, in Montgomery Business Park, Baltimore. The minimum age to buy Maryland Lottery tickets is 18, and casino patrons must be at least 21.
## History
In 1972, citizens of Maryland approved a constitutional amendment to begin a government-run lottery. The Maryland Lottery began on January 2, 1973. The Lottery opened its doors for the first time with 94 employees to handle operations, 3,800 sales agents to sell tickets and 51 banks to distribute tickets to agents and handle deposits. Approximately 60% of sales are returned to players, 30% is used for state-funded programs, 7% is used for commissions to retailers, and 3% is given to the Lottery for operating expenses. The first game Twin Win went on sale on May 15, 1973, and the first drawing was May 24, 1973. Scratch-offs, now the Lottery\'s best-selling game, became available on February 10, 1976. *Pick 3* was introduced in July 1976. In April 1983, Pick 4 began. Keno, initially played only at Lottery retailers equipped with monitors, began in January 1993. (Keno expanded to *Keno Bonus* in 1999, and *Keno Super Bonus* in 2009). In September 1995, Maryland introduced *Bonus Match 5*. (It ended in 1998, but returned in 2002). In 1996, Maryland help launched *The Big Game*, which became *Mega Millions* in 2002. (Mega Millions now is offered by 44 lotteries). In March 2012, a Maryland player won a one-third share of the then largest jackpot in American history, \$656 million. In November 2005, the Maryland Lottery signed an \$81 million deal with Scientific Games. As a result, *Racetrax* began in August 2006. *Racetrax* a Tabcorp International product, is a thoroughbred horse racing game. *Racetrax* became *Racetrax Bonus* in August 2009. *Maryland Lotto* was replaced by *Multi-Match* in 2006. Maryland, as part of the January 2010 cross-sell expansion, joined Powerball. In January 2022, the Maryland lottery announced that the 5 card cash game would end on Sunday, February 6, 2022, replacing it with the pick 5 game. As of December 19, 2022, Maryland lottery drawings are conducted using a digital drawing system. Until December 18, 2022, Maryland lottery drawings were conducted using mechanical drawing machines that mix and select numbered balls. On May 6, 2024, the Maryland lottery introduced cash pop with 4 drawings each day.
In 2007, the Maryland government passed a bill allowing 15,000 video lottery terminals in five locations throughout Maryland. The following year, voters passed the referendum, Maryland\'s first casino opened in 2010. As of June 2012, video lottery terminals at the three casinos had generated over \$297 million in revenue. Of that revenue, 49.25% is given to education, 33% is given back to the casino operators, 7% is used for horse racing purses, 5.5% is used for local impact grants, 2.5% is used to help renew the racetracks, 1.75% is given to the Lottery for operational expenses, and 1.5% is given to small businesses.
## Drawings
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Drawing | Drawing days | WBAL broadcast |
+======================+=================+===================+
| Pick 3/4/5 (Mid-day) | Daily | 12:27 pm, M-F\ |
| | | 12:28 pm, Sat-Sun |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Pick 3/4/5 (Evening) | Daily | 7:56 pm, M-Sat\ |
| | | 8:22-8:30 pm, Sun |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Cash Pop (Morning) | Daily | 9 AM, M-Sun\ |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Cash Pop (Midday) | Daily | 1 PM, M-Sun\ |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Cash Pop (Evening) | Daily | 6 PM M-Sun\ |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Cash Pop (Night) | Daily | 11 PM M-Sun |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Bonus Match 5 | Daily | 7:56 pm, M-Sat\ |
| | | 8:22-8:30 pm, Sun |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Multi-Match | Mon & Thur | 11:22 pm |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Mega Millions | Tues & Fri | 11:22 pm |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Cash4Life§ | Daily | 9pm‡ |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
| Powerball | Mon, Wed, & Sat | 11:22 pm |
+----------------------+-----------------+-------------------+
§ Maryland joined the multi-state Cash4Life on January 26, 2016.
‡ Drawing takes place on Livestream.
| 748 |
Maryland Lottery
| 0 |
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# Maryland Lottery
## Gaming Control Commission {#gaming_control_commission}
The Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Commission (MLGCC) serves as an advisory board to the MLGCA. The commission is made up of seven members who are appointed to five-year terms by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. In November 2008, the Commission assumed responsibility for regulating casino gaming in Maryland. In May 2021, with the enactment of the state\'s sports wagering law, the MLGCC also assumed responsibility for regulating sports wagering in Maryland.
: **Commission members:**
- E. Randolph Marriner (chair)
- George L. Doetsch Jr. (Vice Chair)
- F. Vernon Boozer
- Michelle Fager
- Harold E. Hodges
- James J. Stakem
- Jerry E
| 118 |
Maryland Lottery
| 1 |
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# Hound Bay
**Hound Bay** (*Bikjebugten*) is a bay at the base of Barff Peninsula. It is 2.5 mi wide at its mouth and recedes 3 mi, entered between Tijuca Point and Cape Vakop along the north coast of South Georgia. The names \"George Bay\" and \"Hundebugten\" have appeared on charts for this feature. The South Georgia Survey (SGS) of 1951--52 reported that this bay was better known to whalers and sealers as \"Bikjebugten\" (the word Bikje implying any low type canine). The name Hound Bay, proposed by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) is an English form of this name.
## Named features {#named_features}
Rolf Rock is a small isolated rock in Hound Bay, 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) south-southeast of Tijuca Point. It was named by UK-APC, following mapping by the SGS, 1951--52, after the *Rolf*, one of the vessels of the Compañía Argentina de Pesca which participated in establishing the first permanent whaling station at Grytviken, South Georgia, in 1904.
Lönnberg Valley, an ice-free valley, cuts southwest from the base of Hound Bay to Nordenskjöld Glacier, inland. It was surveyed by the SGS between 1951 and 1957, and named by the UK-APC for Professor Einar Lönnberg, a Swedish zoologist.
Cape Vakop is a headland between Hound Bay and Luisa Bay. It was charted by the Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911--12, under Wilhelm Filchner. The name appears on a chart based upon surveys of South Georgia in 1926--30 by Discovery Investigations personnel, but may represent an earlier naming.
## History
On 21 April 1982, the British Special Boat Service was landed at Hound Bay beach from helicopters based on HMS *Endurance*, and attempted to cross to the Argentine positions through Sörling Valley, and into Cumberland East Bay, where they were driven back by snow and ice on 22--24 April
| 301 |
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| 0 |
10,985,589 |
# Jacques Landry
**Jacques Dalma Landry** (born 4 December 1969) is a retired professional Canadian cyclist.
## Life
Landry was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
He represented Canada in the 1992 Olympic Games and the 1996 Olympic Games in the individual road race, where he finished 62nd and 88th
| 48 |
Jacques Landry
| 0 |
10,985,601 |
# Barff Peninsula
**Barff Peninsula** (54 19 S 36 18 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a peninsula forming the east margin of Cumberland East Bay, South Georgia Island. It is 8 mi long and extends northwest from Sörling Valley to Barff Point, its farthest extremity. It was probably first seen by the British expedition under James Cook in 1775. The peninsula as a whole takes its name from Barff Point, which was named for Royal Navy Lieutenant A.D. Barff of `{{HMS|Sappho|1891|6}}`{=mediawiki}, who, assisted by Captain C.A. Larsen, sketched a map of Cumberland Bay in 1906. Barff Point is considered the eastern headland of East Cumberland Bay.
## Named features {#named_features}
The coastline of Barff Peninsula is irregular and marked by indented bays and coves, with headlands and points projecting out into the sea. Many of these features have been charted and named.
Cave Point is a headland lying 0.5 nmi southwest of Barff Point. The name appears to be first used on a 1929 British Admiralty chart.
### Northeast coast to Godthul {#northeast_coast_to_godthul}
North off Barff Point, .25 nmi from the coast, are the Right Whale Rocks, separated from the point by Merton Passage. The name Merton was originally given to the rocks by personnel of *Sappho* in 1906, but was reassigned to the passage by Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel as a result of surveys during the period 1926--30. 1.5 nmi east-southeast off the coast of Barff Point is Alert Rock, a submerged rock marked by breakers. It was charted in 1929 by DI personnel, who named it after the *Alert*, a small motor launch used during the survey.
Continuing east along the coast, the next major feature is Cape Douglas. It was charted by DI in 1926--1930 and probably named after Sir Henry Percy Douglas, a member of the Discovery Committee, 1928--1939. Mills Peak stands inland 1 nmi southwest. Cape Douglas ends at Lucas Point, which marks the west side of a small bay called Rookery Bay, bordered on the east by Rookery Point. The bay and its headlands appear to be first named on a 1930 British Admiralty chart. The Skrap Skerries, a group of small islands and rocks, are situated off the coast just north of Rookery Bay. Martin Valley trends northeast--southwest across the peninsula from Rookery Bay to Cumberland East Bay. It was originally called \"Three Lakes Valley\", but to avoid confusion with Three Lakes Valley on Signy Island, it was renamed by UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1988, after Stephen J. Martin, British Antarctic Survey Station Commander at Grytviken.
East of Rookery Point, Skua Point, first named on a 1930 British Admiralty chart, marks the western extent of Cobblers Cove, a small cove providing an anchorage. Babe Island lies in the entrance to the cove, with The Cut separating the island from Cobblers Cove. Both were charted by DI personnel in 1929, who named the cove \"Pleasant Cove\". The South Georgia Survey (SGS) of 1951--1952 reported that this feature was known to whalers and sealers as *Skomaker Hullet*, because it was first entered in thick fog by a Norwegian gunner who had once been a cobbler. An English form of this name, Cobblers Cove, was approved. To the south, Long Point divides Cobblers Cove from Godthul. It was charted in 1928 by a Norwegian expedition under Harald Horntvedt, then recharted in 1929 by DI personnel, who named the point for Walter Hume Long. O\'Connor Peak stands inland to the west of Long Point.
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# Barff Peninsula
## Named features {#named_features}
### South of Godthul {#south_of_godthul}
Godthul, meaning \"good hollow\" in Norwegian, is a bay 1 mi long entered between Long Point to the north and Cape George to the south. It once served as a whaling station. Szielasko Ice Cap sits on the south edge of the harbor. Briggs Point projects into Godthul from its eastern shore, dividing it from Alsford Bay to the east. The name appears on a DI chart from 1929, and is probably for A.C. Briggs, a member of the DI survey party. Alsford is a small bay between Briggs Point and Cape George, charted by DI in 1929 and named after Stoker W.B. Alsford, of `{{ship|RRS|Discovery}}`{=mediawiki}, a member of the survey party.
Reindeer Valley cuts southwest across the peninsula between the head of Godthul and Sandebugten in Cumberland East Bay. It was surveyed by the SGS between 1951 and 1957, and named by UK-APC because Norwegian whalers introduced reindeer into this part of the island in 1909.
thumb\|upright=1\|right\|The wreck of `{{ship||Bayard|ship|2}}`{=mediawiki} in Ocean Harbour in 2014 Cape George was discovered in 1775 during the second voyage of Captain James Cook, who named it for George III of the United Kingdom. Tucked south of it is Horseshoe Bay, .5 nmi wide, first charted by DI personnel. East-southeast of the cape is a rocky ridge called Nansen Reef, submerged to a depth of about 2 m. It was named after `{{SS|Fridtjof Nansen}}`{=mediawiki}, which struck this reef and sank on 10 November 1906.
Continuing southward, the next major feature is Johannsen Loch, a cove 0.7 nmi long. The name first appears on a DI chart, but may reflect an earlier naming. Ocean Harbour, a former whaling station, sits 1 nmi to the south. Kelp-infested Penguin Bay lies just southeast. Its name first appears on a 1931 British Admiralty chart.
To the south, prominent Tijuca Point forms the northwest side of the entrance of Hound Bay on the north coast of South Georgia. The name Penguin Point was probably applied to this feature by DI personnel in 1930. Following the SGS, it was recommended that the name be altered to avoid confusion with other features named for penguins. The name Tijuca Point was given by UK-APC for `{{ship||Tijuca|barque|2}}`{=mediawiki}, a three-masted barque built at Nantes in 1866
| 384 |
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| 1 |
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# Cumberland East Bay
`{{OSM Location map
| lat=-54.817
| lon=-36.6
| zoom=7
| float = right
| width = 245
| height = 300
| caption =
| minimap = file
|mini-file=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg
|mini-width=120
|mini-height=120
|minipog-x=98
|minipog-y=53
|scalemark =125
| mark-lat1=-54.283
| mark-lon1=-36.433
| label1 = Cumberland East Bay
| label-pos1 = right
| label-offset-x1=
| label-offset-y1=
| mark-title1=Cumberland East Bay
| mark-size2 = 0
| mark-lat2=-54.517
| mark-lon2=-36.5
| label2 = SOUTH GEORGIA
| label-pos2 = top
| label-color2=grey
| mark-title2=South Georgia
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Cumberland East Bay** is a bay forming the eastern arm of Cumberland Bay, South Georgia. It is entered between Sappho Point on Thatcher Peninsula and Barff Point on Barff Peninsula. It is nearly 3 mi wide, and extends 8 mi in a southeast direction.
## History
This feature was first surveyed by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901--04, who named it \"South Bay\". It was remapped during 1926--29 by Discovery Investigations personnel and renamed \"East Cumberland Bay\", which is more descriptive of its geographic position. The shortened form \"East Bay\" was simultaneously used. Following the South Georgia Survey, 1951--52, the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee proposed that the name be altered to Cumberland East Bay and that all other names be rejected. This change brings together information about the whole of Cumberland Bay in one place in indexes, and will avoid confusion with East Bay in Prince Olav Harbour, South Georgia.
On 22--24 April 1982, during the Falklands War, the British Special Boat Service attempted to cross Cumberland East Bay. They had landed in Hound Bay, and traversed the Sörling Valley, but were prevented from attacking Argentine positions by incessant ice and snow.
## Major features {#major_features}
Many features within the bay have been individually charted and named by various Antarctic expeditions and surveys.
### Western coast {#western_coast}
The western headland of the bay is Sappho Point on Thatcher Peninsula. Working south along the west coast, the next major feature is King Edward Cove, approximately 4 km southwest. South of that, the glacial plain Hestesletten extends from inland out to the coast. Moraine Fjord forms the west head of the bay, separated from it by Greene Peninsula. Nordenskjöld Glacier flows into the head of the main portion of Cumberland East Bay.
### Eastern coast {#eastern_coast}
The bay is defined to the east by Barff Peninsula, culminating in Barff Point to the north. Along that coast, the small cove Sandebugten forms the west end of Reindeer Valley. The name \"Sandebugten\" appears on a 1929 British Admiralty chart but probably was applied earlier by Norwegian whalers operating from South Georgia
| 439 |
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# Cumberland West Bay
**Cumberland West Bay** is a bay forming the western arm of Cumberland Bay, South Georgia. It is entered southward of Larsen Point, where it is 2.5 mi wide and extends 7 mi in a southwest direction. It is separated from Cumberland East Bay by Thatcher Peninsula. Papua Beach is situated on its southeast shore.
This feature was first surveyed by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901--04, who named it \"West Bay\". It was remapped during 1926--29 by Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel and renamed \"West Cumberland Bay\". The shortened form West Bay was simultaneously used. Following the South Georgia Survey, 1951--52, the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee proposed altering the name to Cumberland West Bay and rejecting all other names. This change brings together information about the whole of Cumberland Bay together in indexes.
## Named features {#named_features}
Cumberland West Bay has a complex coastline, many of whose features have been charted and individually named. They are described here beginning at the north on the west coast of the bay and proceeding southwest.
### Northwest coast {#northwest_coast}
The headland Larsen Point forms the west side of the entrance to Cumberland Bay. It was named for Captain Carl Anton Larsen, who visited Cumberland Bay in the *Jason* in 1893--94. The Crutch is a saddle-shaped col on a ridge located 1.5 nmi northwest of Larsen Point. It was charted and descriptively named by DI personnel in the period 1925--1929. Jason Island, named for the ship, is located 1 nmi north of Larsen Point.
Allen Bay is a semi-circular bay 0.5 nmi wide, lying 1 nmi west-northwest of Larsen Point in the northern part of Cumberland West Bay. It was charted in 1926 by DI personnel on the *Discovery* and was named by them, probably for H. T. Allen, a member of the Discovery Committee at that time.
The next notable feature is Jason Harbour, which has several named features.
Southwest of Jason Harbour, Enten Bay shallowly indents the coast. The name \"Entenbucht\" (duck bay) seems to have been first used on a 1907 chart of Cumberland Bay by Dr. A. Szielasko, of the Norwegian whaler *Fridtjof Nansen*, who published an account of his natural history observations made at Cumberland Bay during the previous year. Enten Bay\'s east side is marked by Doubtful Point. Tweeny Point lies 1 nmi southwest of Doubtful Point. Both of these points were first named on a 1929 British Admiralty chart.
Continuing to the west is another small bay, Carlita Bay. It was initially named Horseshoe Bay, probably during the survey of Cumberland West Bay by HMS *Dartmouth* in 1920. This name was later accepted for a bay close south of Cape George, less than 15 mi away. In 1957, UKAPC renamed the feature after the *Carlita*, a whale catcher built in 1907 and owned by the Compañía Argentina de Pesca. Islet Point, first named on the 1929 Admiralty chart for the islet just off the point, marks the east side of the entrance to Carlita Bay.
### Southeast coast {#southeast_coast}
Mercer Bay, a small bay marked by Geikie Glacier at its head, sits at the southwest end of Cumberland West Bay. The bay appears on a sketch map of Cumberland Bay by Lieutenant S. A. Duse of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, and is first used on a chart based upon survey work by DI personnel in 1926--30. It was probably named for Lieutenant Commander G. M. Mercer, Royal Naval Reserve, captain of the DI research ship *William Scoresby*. To the east, Teie Point separates Mercer Bay from Harpon Bay. Teie Point was named by UK-APC for the sailing vessel *Teie*, owned by Tonsberg Hvalfangeri. To the east of Teie Point is 1 nmi wide Harpon Bay, first mapped by the SAE and named by UK-APC for the cargo vessel *Harpon*, built in 1897, which had been used by the Compañía Argentina de Pesca
| 647 |
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| 0 |
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# Tom Stuifbergen
**Tom Stuifbergen** (born 26 September 1988) is a Dutch former professional baseball pitcher. His repertoire included a fastball that ranged from high 80s to low 90s, a changeup and a curveball. He is 6\' 4\" and 240 lbs. and speaks two languages: English and Dutch.
Stuifbergen was represented by CSE Sports & Entertainment. He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, and at the Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament, in Italy in September 2019.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Stuifbergen played for the Amsterdam Pirates in the Netherlands before signing as an undrafted free agent with the Twins on 16 August `{{Baseball year|2006}}`{=mediawiki}. In `{{Baseball year|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, he was 0-0 with a 2.19 earned run average and nine strikeouts in 12.1 innings for the Gulf Coast League Twins. Injuries did not allow him to pitch in `{{Baseball year|2008}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Dutch National Team {#dutch_national_team}
Stuifbergen made his debut for the Netherlands National Baseball Team on 11 July 2006 against Italy in the European Baseball Championship. Stuifbergen was the winning pitcher, throwing six shutout innings with three strikeouts, five hits and one base on balls. In his second start for the Netherlands national baseball team at the Haarlemse Honkbalweek (English: Haarlem Baseball Week) against Japan, he threw 4.2 innings and gave up four earned runs with one strikeout, eight hits and one walk.
In November, he played in the 2006 Intercontinental Cup where the team was runner-up to Cuba. Stuifbergen pitched 7.1 innings in 4 appearances. His record was 2-1 with three strikeouts, three walks, nine hits and three earned runs and a 3.68 ERA.
In the 2009 World Baseball Classic, he started the Netherlands\' second game against the favored Dominican Republic. He pitched 4 innings, had three strikeouts, and allowed no runs. The Dutch went on to win the game, their second of the 2009 WBC, to advance to the second round.
He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, at the Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament in Italy in September 2019, and at the 2019 WBSC Premier12
| 344 |
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| 0 |
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# Jason Peak
**Jason Peak** (54 11 S 36 37 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a peak, 675 m high, lying 1 mi west of Jason Harbour on the north coast of South Georgia. The name appears to be first used on a 1929 British Admiralty chart
| 46 |
Jason Peak
| 0 |
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# Fortuna Bay
**Fortuna Bay** (54 07 S 36 48 W display=inline, title) is a bay 3 mi long and 1 mi wide. Its entrance is defined by Cape Best on the west and Robertson Point to the east, near Atherton Peak on the north coast of South Georgia. It was named after the *Fortuna*, one of the ships of the Norwegian--Argentine whaling expedition under C.A. Larsen which participated in establishing the first permanent whaling station at Grytviken, South Georgia, in 1904--05. The Second German Antarctic Expedition (SGAE) under Wilhelm Filchner explored Fortuna Bay in 1911--12. Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel charted the area during their 1929--30 expedition.
Ocean Harbour, 22 miles (35 km) to the southeast, was formerly known as \"New Fortuna Bay\", but its name was changed in order to avoid confusion with Fortuna Bay.
## Named features {#named_features}
Numerous features on and around Fortuna Bay have been named and charted by various Antarctic expeditions and research groups.
The west side of Fortuna Bay\'s entrance is marked by Cape Best, whose name dates back to at least 1912. Just southeast of the cape on the same coast is Illusion Point. Just over 3.7 kilometres (3.7 km) south of Cape Best sits Anchorage Bay, charted by DI personnel and named because it provides good anchorage. On the south side of Anchorage Bay sits Peruque Point. Whistle Cove lies at the southwest end of Fortuna Bay. Further southwest, not on the bay itself, Breakwind Ridge rises 860 m high.
The east side of Fortuna Bay\'s entrance is marked by Robertson Point, a name that was established at least as far back as 1920. It sports a small knoll known as The Bump, charted and named by DI personnel. A small group of rocks called the Fortuna Rocks extend across the east side of the bay entrance, first charted by the SGAE. Small Bay indents the shore on the east side of Fortuna Bay. One kilometer (1 km) south of Small Bay is Hodson Point.
Illusion Point, Peruque Point, and Whistle Cove on the west side, and Small Bay and Hodson Point on the east side were all first charted on a 1931 British Admiralty chart
| 364 |
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| 0 |
10,985,690 |
# Eggenburg
**Eggenburg** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Population
## Gallery
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Johann Zelebor (1819--1869), naturalist, illustrator, and zoologist
- Maria Teschler-Nicola (born 1950), human biologist, anthropologist and ethnologist
- Burkhard Stangl (born 1960), a composer and musician, mainly plays guitar and electronics,
- Karl-Heinz Lehner (born ca. 1975), an Austrian operatic and concert bass-baritone
| 67 |
Eggenburg
| 0 |
10,985,716 |
# 2007–08 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
The **2007--08 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating** was a series of international invitational competitions in the first half of the 2007--08 season. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men\'s singles, ladies singles, pairs, and ice dancing over six events. Skaters earned a certain number of points per placement and the top six scoring skaters or teams at the end of the series qualified for the 2007--08 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final, held in Turin, Italy.
The Grand Prix series set the stage for the 2008 European Figure Skating Championships, the 2008 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, the 2008 World Junior Figure Skating Championships, and the 2008 World Figure Skating Championships, as well as each country\'s national championships. The Grand Prix series began on October 25, 2007 and ended on December 16, 2007.
The Grand Prix is organized by the International Skating Union. Skaters compete for prize money and for a chance to compete in the Grand Prix Final. The corresponding series for Junior-level skaters was the 2007--08 ISU Junior Grand Prix.
## Qualifying
Skaters who reached the age of 14 by July 1, 2007 were eligible to compete on the senior Grand Prix circuit. The top six skaters/teams from the 2007 World Figure Skating Championships were seeded and were guaranteed two events. Skaters/teams who placed 7th through 12th were also given two events, though they were not considered seeded.
Skaters who medaled at the 2006--07 Junior Grand Prix Final or the 2007 World Junior Championships were guaranteed one event. Medaling at both guaranteed only one invitation.
The host country was allowed to send three skaters/teams of its choosing in each discipline. The remaining spots were filled from the top 75 skaters/teams in the 2006--07 Season\'s Best list. The International Skating Union published the list of invitations on June 8, 2007.
## Schedule
The series was composed of six events leading to the Grand Prix Final.
Date Event Location
------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------------
October 26--28 2007 Skate America Reading, Pennsylvania, United States
November 1--4 2007 Skate Canada International Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
November 8--11 2007 Cup of China Harbin, China
November 15--18 2007 Trophée Éric Bompard Paris, France
November 22--25 2007 Cup of Russia Moscow, Russia
Nov. 29 -- Dec. 2 2007 NHK Trophy Sendai, Japan
December 13--16 2007--08 Grand Prix Final Turin, Italy
| 392 |
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| 0 |
10,985,716 |
# 2007–08 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
## Medal summary {#medal_summary}
+---------------+------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| Event | Date | Discipline | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+===============+============+=============+:=================:+:====================:+:===================:+
| Skate America | October 27 | Pairs | Jessica Dubé /\ | Pang Qing /\ | Vera Bazarova /\ |
| | | | Bryce Davison | Tong Jian | Yuri Larionov |
+---------------+------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | | Men | Daisuke Takahashi | Evan Lysacek | Patrick Chan |
+---------------+------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | October 28 | Ice dancing | Tanith Belbin /\ | Nathalie Péchalat /\ | Federica Faiella /\ |
| | | | Benjamin Agosto | Fabian Bourzat | Massimo Scali |
+---------------+------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | | Ladies | Kimmie Meissner | Miki Ando | Caroline Zhang |
+---------------+------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | | | | | |
+---------------+------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
+--------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Event | Date | Discipline | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+==============+============+=============+:===================:+:====================:+:==================:+
| Skate Canada | November 3 | Pairs | Aliona Savchenko /\ | Jessica Dubé /\ | Yuko Kawaguchi /\ |
| | | | Robin Szolkowy | Bryce Davison | Alexander Smirnov |
+--------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| | | Ladies | Mao Asada | Yukari Nakano | Joannie Rochette |
+--------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| | November 4 | Ice dancing | Tessa Virtue /\ | Anna Cappellini /\ | Pernelle Carron /\ |
| | | | Scott Moir | Luca Lanotte | Mathieu Jost |
+--------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| | | Men | Brian Joubert | Kevin van der Perren | Jeffrey Buttle |
+--------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| | | | | | |
+--------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
+--------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| Event | Date | Discipline | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+==============+=============+=============+:================:+:====================:+:===================:+
| Cup of China | November 9 | Pairs | Pang Qing /\ | Keauna McLaughlin /\ | Jessica Miller /\ |
| | | | Tong Jian | Rockne Brubaker | Ian Moram |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | November 10 | Ladies | Kim Yuna | Caroline Zhang | Carolina Kostner |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | | Ice dancing | Tanith Belbin /\ | Oksana Domnina /\ | Federica Faiella /\ |
| | | | Benjamin Agosto | Maxim Shabalin | Massimo Scali |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | | Men | Johnny Weir | Evan Lysacek | Stéphane Lambiel |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| | | | | | |
+--------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
+----------------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Event | Date | Discipline | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+======================+=============+=============+:====================:+:=================:+:===================:+
| Trophée Eric Bompard | November 17 | Ice dancing | Isabelle Delobel /\ | Jana Khokhlova /\ | Meryl Davis /\ |
| | | | Olivier Schoenfelder | Sergei Novitski | Charlie White |
+----------------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| | | Men | Patrick Chan | Sergei Voronov | Alban Préaubert |
+----------------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| | | Ladies | Mao Asada | Kimmie Meissner | Ashley Wagner |
+----------------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| | | Pairs | Zhang Dan /\ | Pang Qing /\ | Maria Mukhortova /\ |
| | | | Zhang Hao | Tong Jian | Maxim Trankov |
+----------------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Event | Date | Discipline | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+===============+=============+=============+:=================:+:====================:+:====================:+
| Cup of Russia | November 24 | Ladies | Kim Yuna | Yukari Nakano | Joannie Rochette |
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| | | Pairs | Zhang Dan /\ | Aliona Savchenko /\ | Yuko Kawaguchi /\ |
| | | | Zhang Hao | Robin Szolkowy | Alexander Smirnov |
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| | | Men | Johnny Weir | Stéphane Lambiel | Andrei Griazev |
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| | November 25 | Ice dancing | Oksana Domnina /\ | Nathalie Péchalat /\ | Anna Zadorozhniuk /\ |
| | | | Maxim Shabalin | Fabian Bourzat | Sergei Verbillo |
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| | | | | | |
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
| Event | Date | Discipline | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+============+=============+=============+:====================:+:====================:+:=================:+
| NHK Trophy | November 30 | Pairs | Aliona Savchenko /\ | Keauna McLaughlin /\ | Jessica Dubé /\ |
| | | | Robin Szolkowy | Rockne Brubaker | Bryce Davison |
+------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
| | December 1 | Ice dancing | Isabelle Delobel /\ | Tessa Virtue /\ | Jana Khokhlova /\ |
| | | | Olivier Schoenfelder | Scott Moir | Sergei Novitski |
+------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
| | | Ladies | Carolina Kostner | Sarah Meier | Nana Takeda |
+------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
| | December 2 | Men | Daisuke Takahashi | Tomáš Verner | Stephen Carriere |
+------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
| | | | | | |
+------------+-------------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
+------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| Event | Date | Discipline | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+==================+=============+=============+:===================:+:=================:+:====================:+
| Grand Prix Final | December 15 | Ice dancing | Oksana Domnina /\ | Tanith Belbin /\ | Isabelle Delobel /\ |
| | | | Maxim Shabalin | Benjamin Agosto | Olivier Schoenfelder |
+------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| | | Men | Stéphane Lambiel | Daisuke Takahashi | Evan Lysacek |
+------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| | | Pairs | Aliona Savchenko /\ | Zhang Dan /\ | Pang Qing /\ |
| | | | Robin Szolkowy | Zhang Hao | Tong Jian |
+------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| | | Ladies | Kim Yuna | Mao Asada | Carolina Kostner |
+------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
## Medal standings {#medal_standings}
| 858 |
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| 1 |
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# 2007–08 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
## Points
After the final event, the NHK Trophy, the six skaters/teams with the most points advanced to the Grand Prix Final. The point system was as follows:
Placement Points (Singles/Dance) Points (Pairs)
----------- ------------------------ ----------------
1st Place 15 points 15 points
2nd Place 13 points 13 points
3rd Place 11 points 11 points
4th Place 9 points 9 points
5th Place 7 points 7 points
6th Place 5 points 5 points
7th Place 4 points
8th Place 3 points
If a pairs team competed in more than two events, the teams who scored below them in their non-scoring competition did not automatically move up in gaining points. For example, if Team A placed second below Team B, and it was Team B\'s non-scoring event, Team A still earned 13 points, not 15.
Skaters were required to compete in two events in order to qualify for the Final.
### Final points {#final_points}
Skaters in **bold** qualified for the Grand Prix Final.
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Points | Men | Ladies | Pairs | Ice dance |
+========+=================================================+======================================================+========================================================================+====================================================================+
| 30 | **Daisuke Takahashi**\ | **Kim Yuna**\ | **Zhang Dan / Zhang Hao** | **Isabelle Delobel / Olivier Schoenfelder**\ |
| | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} **Johnny Weir** | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} **Mao Asada** | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} **Tanith Belbin / Benjamin Agosto** |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 28 | | **Kimmie Meissner** | **Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy**\ | **Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir**\ |
| | | | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} **Jessica Dubé / Bryce Davison**\ | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} **Oksana Domnina / Maxim Shabalin** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} **Pang Qing / Tong Jian** | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 26 | **Patrick Chan**\ | **Carolina Kostner**\ | **Keauna McLaughlin / Rockne Brubaker** | **Nathalie Péchalat / Fabian Bourzat** |
| | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} **Evan Lysacek** | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} **Yukari Nakano** | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 24 | **Stéphane Lambiel** | **Caroline Zhang** | | **Jana Khokhlova / Sergei Novitski** |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 22 | **Kevin van der Perren** | Sarah Meier\ | **Yuko Kawaguchi / Alexander Smirnov** | Anna Cappellini / Luca Lanotte\ |
| | | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Miki Ando\ | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Federica Faiella / Massimo Scali |
| | | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Joannie Rochette | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 20 | Stephen Carriere\ | | Maria Mukhortova / Maxim Trankov | Meryl Davis / Charlie White |
| | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Jeffrey Buttle | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 19 | | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 18 | Tomáš Verner\ | Ashley Wagner\ | | Pernelle Carron / Mathieu Jost |
| | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Alban Préaubert | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Emily Hughes | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 17 | | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 16 | | Nana Takeda\ | Jessica Miller / Ian Moram\ | Anna Zadorozhniuk / Sergei Verbillo\ |
| | | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Fumie Suguri | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Tiffany Vise / Derek Trent\ | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Sinead Kerr / John Kerr\ |
| | | | `{{flagicon|UKR}}`{=mediawiki} Tatiana Volosozhar / Stanislav Morozov\ | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Ekaterina Bobrova / Dmitri Soloviev |
| | | | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Anabelle Langlois / Cody Hay | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 15 | Brian Joubert\ | | | |
| | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Andrei Griazev | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14 | Sergei Davydov | Mira Leung | | Kristin Fraser / Igor Lukanin |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 13 | Sergei Voronov | | | Alexandra Zaretski / Roman Zaretski |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | Christopher Mabee\ | | Li Jiaqi / Xu Jiankun | |
| | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Jeremy Abbott\ | | | |
| | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Ryan Bradley | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 11 | Alexander Uspenski | Laura Lepistö\ | Vera Bazarova / Yuri Larionov | |
| | | `{{flagicon|HUN}}`{=mediawiki} Júlia Sebestyén | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | Takahiko Kozuka\ | | | Anastasia Grebenkina / Vazgen Azrojan\ |
| | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Yannick Ponsero | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Kimberly Navarro / Brent Bommentre |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | | Kiira Korpi | Amanda Evora / Mark Ladwig\ | Allie Hann-McCurdy / Michael Coreno\ |
| | | | `{{flagicon|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} Zhang Yue / Wang Lei | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Kaitlyn Weaver / Andrew Poje |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | | Jelena Glebova\ | | |
| | | `{{flagicon|GEO}}`{=mediawiki} Elene Gedevanishvili\ | | |
| | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Beatrisa Liang | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | Vaughn Chipeur\ | | Ksenia Krasilnikova / Konstantin Bezmaternikh\ | Katherine Copely / Deividas Stagniūnas\ |
| | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Sergei Dobrin\ | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Meeran Trombley / Laureano Ibarra | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Ekaterina Rubleva / Ivan Shefer\ |
| | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Kensuke Nakaniwa | | | `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Nelli Zhiganshina / Alexander Gazsi |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | | | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | Karel Zelenka | Alissa Czisny\ | Adeline Canac / Maximin Coia\ | |
| | | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Nina Petushkova | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Laura Magitteri / Ondřej Hotárek\ | |
| | | | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Meagan Duhamel / Craig Buntin\ | |
| | | | `{{flagicon|EST}}`{=mediawiki} Maria Sergejeva / Ilja Glebov | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | Andrei Lutai\ | Lesley Hawker\ | | Huang Xintong / Zheng Xun\ |
| | `{{flagicon|CZE}}`{=mediawiki} Pavel Kaška\ | `{{flagicon|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} Fang Dan\ | | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Julia Zlobina / Alexei Sitnikov |
| | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Shawn Sawyer | `{{flagicon|HUN}}`{=mediawiki} Viktória Pavuk\ | | |
| | | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Alexandra Ievleva | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | Kevin Reynolds\ | Susanna Pöykiö\ | | Chris Reed / Cathy Reed\ |
| | `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Jamal Othman | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Mai Asada\ | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Zoé Blanc / Pierre-Loup Bouquet\ |
| | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Gwendoline Didier | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Barbora Silná / Dmitri Matsjuk\ |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Carolina Hermann / Daniel Hermann |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Prize money {#prize_money}
The total prize money is \$180,000 per individual event and \$272,000 for the Final. All amounts are in U.S. dollars. Pairs and dance teams split the money
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# François Ouimet
**François Ouimet** (born August 20, 1959 in Montreal, Quebec) is a former Quebec politician and lawyer. He is the former Member of National Assembly for the riding of Marquette in Montreal. He represented the Quebec Liberal Party.
Ouimet studied at the Université de Montréal and obtained a bachelor\'s degree in Canadian literature. He also received a bachelor\'s degree in civil law and common law at McGill University. In 1989 he was admitted to the Quebec Bar, the Canadian Bar and the Montreal Bar. He was a lawyer between 1990 and 1994 before jumping to provincial politics. He was a commissioner and president of the Catholic School Board of Montreal.
Ouimet was first elected in Marquette in 1994 and re-elected in 1998, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2012 and 2014. He served as opposition critic in primary and secondary education, justice and government services. Ouimet was re-elected in 2003 and was named the Chair of the Territorial Planning Commission. He was re-elected again in 2007 and named parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport. He was asked by the Liberal Party leader to step aside in the 2018 election. He retired from politics after 24 years in the National Assembly
| 200 |
François Ouimet
| 0 |
10,985,737 |
# Gars am Kamp
**Gars am Kamp** is a market town at the Kamp river (Kamptal) in the district of Horn, region Waldviertel in the Austrian state Lower Austria with 3,542 inhabitants (2016).
## History
Gars was between 1075 - 1095, during the reign of the House of Babenberg, a former capital of ancient Austria.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Gars was a traditional summer resort (*Sommerfrische*). At the end of the 20th century, the climatic health resort (*Luftkurort*) of Gars experienced another boom thanks to Willi Dungl\'s health tourism
| 91 |
Gars am Kamp
| 0 |
10,985,739 |
# Antarctic Bay
**Antarctic Bay** is a bay 1 mi wide which recedes southwest 4 mi, entered between Antarctic Point and Morse Point on the north coast of South Georgia. It was probably first sighted by a British expedition under James Cook in 1775, and was explored in 1902 by members of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, under Otto Nordenskiöld, who named it for their ship, the *Antarctic*. An alternative (defunct) name for it was **Woodward Harbour** (Mount Woodward is nearby).
The Guides are two tussock-covered islands lying off the east side of the entrance to Antarctic Bay
| 97 |
Antarctic Bay
| 0 |
10,985,744 |
# Rotational diffusion
**Rotational diffusion** is the rotational movement which acts upon any object such as particles, molecules, atoms when present in a fluid, by random changes in their orientations. Although the directions and intensities of these changes are statistically random, they do not arise randomly and are instead the result of interactions between particles. One example occurs in colloids, where relatively large insoluble particles are suspended in a greater amount of fluid. The changes in orientation occur from collisions between the particle and the many molecules forming the fluid surrounding the particle, which each transfer kinetic energy to the particle, and as such can be considered random due to the varied speeds and amounts of fluid molecules incident on each individual particle at any given time.
The analogue to translational diffusion which determines the particle\'s position in space, rotational diffusion randomises the orientation of any particle it acts on. Anything in a solution will experience rotational diffusion, from the microscopic scale where individual atoms may have an effect on each other, to the macroscopic scale.
## Applications
Rotational diffusion has multiple applications in chemistry and physics, and is heavily involved in many biology based fields. For example, protein-protein interaction is a vital step in the communication of biological signals. In order to communicate, the proteins must both come into contact with each other and be facing the appropriate way to interact with each other\'s binding site, which relies on the proteins ability to rotate. As an example concerning physics, rotational Brownian motion in astronomy can be used to explain the orientations of the orbital planes of binary stars, as well as the seemingly random spin axes of supermassive black holes.
The random re-orientation of molecules (or larger systems) is an important process for many biophysical probes. Due to the equipartition theorem, larger molecules re-orient more slowly than do smaller objects and, hence, measurements of the rotational diffusion constants can give insight into the overall mass and its distribution within an object. Quantitatively, the mean square of the angular velocity about each of an object\'s principal axes is inversely proportional to its moment of inertia about that axis. Therefore, there should be three rotational diffusion constants - the eigenvalues of the rotational diffusion tensor - resulting in five rotational time constants. If two eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor are equal, the particle diffuses as a spheroid with two unique diffusion rates and three time constants. And if all eigenvalues are the same, the particle diffuses as a sphere with one time constant. The diffusion tensor may be determined from the Perrin friction factors, in analogy with the Einstein relation of translational diffusion, but often is inaccurate and direct measurement is required.
The rotational diffusion tensor may be determined experimentally through fluorescence anisotropy, flow birefringence, dielectric spectroscopy, NMR relaxation and other biophysical methods sensitive to picosecond or slower rotational processes. In some techniques such as fluorescence it may be very difficult to characterize the full diffusion tensor, for example measuring two diffusion rates can sometimes be possible when there is a great difference between them, e.g., for very long, thin ellipsoids such as certain viruses. This is however not the case of the extremely sensitive, atomic resolution technique of NMR relaxation that can be used to fully determine the rotational diffusion tensor to very high precision. Rotational diffusion of macromolecules in complex biological fluids (i.e., cytoplasm) is slow enough to be measurable by techniques with microsecond time resolution, i.e. fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
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# Rotational diffusion
## The diffusion equation and the rotational diffusion constant {#the_diffusion_equation_and_the_rotational_diffusion_constant}
To model the diffusion process, consider a large number of identical rotating particles. The orientation of each particle is described by a unit vector $\hat{n}$; for example, **$\hat{n}$** might represent the orientation of an electric or magnetic dipole moment. Let *f*(*θ, φ, t*) represent the probability density distribution for the orientation of $\hat{n}$ at time *t*. Here, *θ* and *φ* represent the spherical angles, with *θ* being the polar angle between $\hat{n}$ and the *z*-axis and *φ* being the azimuthal angle of $\hat{n}$ in the *x-y* plane.
Fick\'s second law of diffusion, applied to angular diffusion, states that in the absence of an external torque on the particles, the evolution of *f*(*θ, φ, t*) obeys
$$\frac{1}{D_{\mathrm{rot}}} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} = \nabla^{2}_{\theta\phi} f.$$
Here $D_\mathrm{rot}$ is the angular diffusion coefficient, whose units are rad^2^/s. `{{refn|group=lower-alpha|This version of the angular diffusion equation assumes spherical symmetry. In a non-symmetric situation, a tensor analog applies.<ref name="ZhangDiffusionTensor">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zi-Tong |last2=Zhao |first2=Xin |last3=Cao |first3=Bing-Yang |title=Diffusion Tensors of Arbitrary-Shaped Nanoparticles in Fluid by Molecular Dynamics Simulation |journal=Scientific Reports |date=12 December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=18943 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55042-9 |pmid=31831762 |pmc=6908649 |bibcode=2019NatSR...918943Z }}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
This equation contains the angular Laplace operator $\nabla^{2}_{\theta\phi}$, which can be written
$$\nabla^{2}_{\theta\phi}f = \frac{1}{\sin\theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\left( \sin\theta \frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta} \right) +
\frac{1}{\sin^{2} \theta} \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \phi^{2}}.$$
### Solution of the diffusion equation {#solution_of_the_diffusion_equation}
This partial differential equation may be solved using the method of separation of variables by expanding $f(\theta, \phi, t)$ in spherical harmonics $Y^{m}_{l}(\theta,\phi).$
Since spherical harmonics satisfy the identity
$$\nabla^{2}_{\theta\phi} Y^{m}_{l}(\theta,\phi) = -l(l+1) Y^{m}_{l}(\theta,\phi),$$.
the solution may be written
$$f(\theta, \phi, t) = \sum_{l=0}^{\infty} \sum_{m=-l}^{l} C_{lm} Y^{m}_{l}(\theta, \phi) e^{-t/\tau_{l}}$$,
where *C~lm~* are constants (which depend on the initial distribution $f(\theta, \phi, 0)$) and the time constants are
$$\tau_{l} = \frac{1}{D_{\mathrm{rot}}l(l+1)}$$.
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# Rotational diffusion
## Two-dimensional rotational diffusion {#two_dimensional_rotational_diffusion}
A sphere rotating around a fixed axis will rotate in two dimensions only and can be viewed from above the fixed axis as a circle. In this example, a sphere which is fixed on the vertical axis rotates around that axis only, meaning that the particle can have a θ value of 0 through 360 degrees, or 2π Radians, before having a net rotation of 0 again.
These directions can be placed onto a graph which covers the entirety of the possible positions for the face to be at relative to the starting point, through 2π radians, starting with -π radians through 0 to π radians. Assuming all particles begin with single orientation of 0, the first measurement of directions taken will resemble a delta function at 0 as all particles will be at their starting, or 0th, position and therefore create an infinitely steep single line. Over time, the increasing amount of measurements taken will cause a spread in results; the initial measurements will see a thin peak form on the graph as the particle can only move slightly in a short time. Then as more time passes, the chance for the molecule to rotate further from its starting point increases which widens the peak, until enough time has passed that the measurements will be evenly distributed across all possible directions.
The distribution of orientations will reach a point where they become uniform as they all randomly disperse to be nearly equal in all directions. This can be visualized in two ways.
1. **For a single particle with multiple measurements taken over time.** A particle which has an area designated as its face pointing in the starting orientation, starting at a time t~0~ will begin with an orientation distribution resembling a single line as it is the only measurement. Each successive measurement at time greater than t~0~ will widen the peak as the particle will have had more time to rotate away from the starting position.
2. **For multiple particles measured once long after the first measurement**. The same case can be made with a large number of molecules, all starting at their respective 0th orientation. Assuming enough time has passed to be much greater than t~0~, the molecules may have fully rotated if the forces acting on them require, and a single measurement shows they are near-to-evenly distributed.
### Basic equations {#basic_equations}
For rotational diffusion about a single axis, the mean-square angular deviation in time $t$ is
: $\left\langle\theta^2\right\rangle = 2 D_r t$,
where $D_r$ is the rotational diffusion coefficient (whose units are radians^2^/s). The angular drift velocity $\Omega_d = (d\theta/dt)_{\rm drift}$ in response to an external torque $\Gamma_{\theta}$ (assuming that the flow stays non-turbulent and that inertial effects can be neglected) is given by
: $\Omega_d = \frac{\Gamma_\theta}{f_r}$,
where $f_r$ is the frictional drag coefficient. The relationship between the rotational diffusion coefficient and the rotational frictional drag coefficient is given by the Einstein relation (or Einstein--Smoluchowski relation):
$$D_r = \frac{k_{\rm B} T}{f_r}$$,
where $k_{\rm B}$ is the Boltzmann constant and $T$ is the absolute temperature. These relationships are in complete analogy to translational diffusion.
The rotational frictional drag coefficient for a sphere of radius $R$ is
: $f_{r, \textrm{sphere}} = 8 \pi \eta R^3$
where $\eta$ is the dynamic (or shear) viscosity.
The rotational diffusion of spheres, such as nanoparticles, may deviate from what is expected when in complex environments, such as in polymer solutions or gels. This deviation can be explained by the formation of a depletion layer around the nanoparticle.
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# Rotational diffusion
## Two-dimensional rotational diffusion {#two_dimensional_rotational_diffusion}
### Langevin dynamics {#langevin_dynamics}
Collisions with the surrounding fluid molecules will create a fluctuating torque on the sphere due to the varied speeds, numbers, and directions of impact. When trying to rotate a sphere via an externally applied torque, there will be a systematic drag resistance to rotation. With these two facts combined, it is possible to write the Langevin-like equation:
$\frac{dL}{dt} = {I}\, \cdot \frac{d^2{\theta}}{dt^2} = - {\zeta}^{r} \cdot \frac{d{\theta}}{dt} + TB(t)$
Where:
- *L* is the angular momentum.
- $\frac{dL}{dt}$ is torque.
- *I* is the moment of inertia about the rotation axis.
- *t* is the time.
- *t*~0~ is the start time.
- *θ* is the angle between the orientation at *t*~0~ and any time after, *t*.
- *ζ*^r^ is the rotational friction coefficient.
- *TB(t)* is the fluctuating Brownian torque at time *t*.
The overall Torque on the particle will be the difference between:
$TB(t)$ and $({\zeta}^{r} \cdot \frac{d{\theta}}{dt})$.
This equation is the rotational version of Newtons second equation of motion. For example, in standard translational terms, a rocket will experience a boosting force from the engine while simultaneously experiencing a resistive force from the air it is travelling through. The same can be said for an object which is rotating.
Due to the random nature of rotation of the particle, the *average* Brownian torque is equal in both directions of rotation. symbolised as:
$\left \langle TB(t) \right \rangle = 0$
This means the equation can be averaged to get:
$\frac{d \left \langle L \right \rangle}{dt} = - {\zeta}^{r} \cdot \left \langle \frac{d{\theta}}{dt} \right \rangle = -\frac{\zeta^r}{I} \left \langle L \right \rangle$
Which is to say that the first derivative with respect to time of the average Angular momentum is equal to the negative of the Rotational friction coefficient divided by the moment of inertia, all multiplied by the average of the angular momentum.
As $\frac{d \left \langle L \right \rangle}{dt}$ is the rate of change of angular momentum over time, and is equal to a negative value of a coefficient multiplied by $\left \langle L \right \rangle$, this shows that the angular momentum is decreasing over time, or decaying with a decay time of:
${\tau{_L}} = \frac{I}{\zeta^r}$.
For a sphere of mass *m*, uniform density *ρ* and radius *a*, the moment of inertia is:
$I = \frac{2ma^2}{5} = \frac{8{\pi}{\rho}a^5}{15}$.
As mentioned above, the rotational drag is given by the Stokes friction for rotation:
${\zeta^r} = 8\pi\eta a^3$
Combining all of the equations and formula from above, we get:
${\tau{_L}} = \frac{\rho a^2}{15\eta} = \frac{3}{10}\tau_p$ where:
- $\tau_p$ is the momentum relaxation time
- *η* is the viscosity of the Liquid the sphere is in.
### Example: Spherical particle in water {#example_spherical_particle_in_water}
Let\'s say there is a virus which can be modelled as a perfect sphere with the following conditions:
- Radius (a) of 100 nanometres, *a* = 10^−7^m.
- Density: *ρ* = 1500 kg m^−3^
- Orientation originally facing in a direction denoted by *π*.
- Suspended in water.
- Water has a viscosity of *η* = 8.9 × 10^−4^ Pa·s at 25 °C
- Assume uniform mass and density throughout the particle
First, the mass of the virus particle can be calculated:
$m = \frac {4\rho\pi a^{3}} {3} = \frac {4 \times 1500 \times \pi \times (10^{-7})^3} {3} = 6.3 \times 10^{-18} \mathrm{kg}$
From this, we now know all the variables to calculate moment of inertia:
$I = \frac {2ma^{2}} {5} = \frac {2 \times (6.3\times10^{-18}) \times (10^{-7})^2} {5} = 2.5 \times 10^{-32} \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m}^2$
Simultaneous to this, we can also calculate the rotational drag:
$\zeta^{r} = 8 \pi \eta a^{3} = 8 \times \pi \times (8.9\times10^{-4}) \times (10^{-7})^3 = 2.237 \times 10^{-23} \mathrm{Pa} \cdot \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{m}^3$
Combining these equations we get:
$\tau_L = \frac {I} {\zeta^r} = \frac {2.5 \times 10^{-32} \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m}^2} {2.2 \times 10^{-23} \mathrm{Pa} \cdot \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{m}^3} = 1.1 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{Pa}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{-1}$
As the SI units for Pascal are kg⋅m^−1^⋅s^−2^ the units in the answer can be reduced to read:
$\tau_L = 1.1 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{s}$
For this example, the decay time of the virus is in the order of nanoseconds.
| 700 |
Rotational diffusion
| 3 |
10,985,744 |
# Rotational diffusion
## Smoluchowski description of rotation {#smoluchowski_description_of_rotation}
To write the Smoluchowski equation for a particle rotating in two dimensions, we introduce a probability density P(θ, t) to find the vector u at an angle θ and time t. This can be done by writing a continuity equation:
${\partial P(\theta,t)\over\partial t} = - {\partial j(\theta,t)\over\partial \theta}$
where the current can be written as:
$j(\theta,t) = - D^r {\partial P(\theta,t)\over\partial \theta}$
Which can be combined to give the rotational diffusion equation:
${\partial P(\theta,t)\over\partial t} = D^r {\partial^2 P(\theta,t)\over\partial \theta^2} = D^rP(\theta,t)$
We can express the current in terms of an angular velocity which is a result of Brownian torque T~B~ through a rotational mobility with the equation:
$j_B(\theta,t) = \dot{\theta}_B P(\theta,t)$
Where:
- $\dot{\theta}_B = \mu^rT_B$
- $T_B = - {\partial V_B \over \partial \theta}$
- $V_B(\theta,t) = k_BT \ln P(\theta,t)$
The only difference between rotational and translational diffusion in this case is that in the rotational diffusion, we have periodicity in the angle θ. As the particle is modelled as a sphere rotating in two dimensions, the space the particle can take is compact and finite, as the particle can rotate a distance of 2π before returning to its original position
$P(\theta + 2\pi , t ) = {P(\theta,t)}$
We can create a conditional probability density, which is the probability of finding the vector u at the angle θ and time t given that it was at angle θ~0~ at time t=0 This is written as such:
$P(\theta,0 \mid \theta_0) = \delta (\theta - \theta_0)$
The solution to this equation can be found through a Fourier series:
$P(\theta,t\mid\theta_0) = \frac {1} {2\pi} \left [1+ 2\sum_{m=1}^\infty e^{-D^rm^2t}\cos m(\theta - \theta_0) \right ] = \frac{1}{2\pi} \Theta_3 (\frac {1}{2} (\theta - \theta_0), e^{-D^rt})$
Where $\Theta_3(z,\tau)$ is the Jacobian theta function of the third kind.
By using the equation
$\Theta_3(z,\tau) = (-i\tau)^{-1/2}\exp\biggl(\frac{z^2}{i\pi\tau}\biggl) \Theta_3 \biggl(\frac{z}{\tau}, - \frac{1}{\tau}\biggl)$
The conditional probability density function can be written as :
$P(\theta,t \mid \theta_0) = \frac {1}{\sqrt{4\pi D^rt}} \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \exp \left [- \frac{(\theta-\theta_0-2n\pi)^2}{4D^rt} \right ]$
For short times after the starting point where t ≈ t~0~ and θ ≈ θ~0~, the formula becomes:
$P(\theta,t \mid \theta_0) \approx \frac {1}{\sqrt{4\pi D^rt}} \exp \left [ - \frac{(\theta-\theta_0)^2} {4D^rt} \right ] + \cdots$
The terms included in these are exponentially small and make little enough difference to not be included here. This means that at short times the conditional probability looks similar to translational diffusion, as both show extremely small perturbations near t~0~. However at long times, t » t~0~ , the behaviour of rotational diffusion is different to translational diffusion:
$P(\theta,t \mid \theta_0) \approx \frac{1}{2\pi}, t \rightarrow \infty$
The main difference between rotational diffusion and translational diffusion is that rotational diffusion has a periodicity of $\theta + (2 \pi) = \theta$, meaning that these two angles are identical. This is because a circle can rotate entirely once before being at the same angle as it was in the beginning, meaning that all the possible orientations can be mapped within the space of $2 \pi$. This is opposed to translational diffusion, which has no such periodicity.
The conditional probability of having the angle be θ is approximately $\frac {1}{2\pi}$ .
This is because over long periods of time, the particle has had time rotate throughout the entire range of angles possible and as such, the angle θ could be any amount between θ~0~ and θ~0~ + 2 π. The probability is near-evenly distributed through each angle as at large enough times. This can be proven through summing the probability of all possible angles. As there are 2π possible angles, each with the probability of $\frac {1}{2\pi}$ , the total probability sums to 1, which means there is a certainty of finding the angle at some point on the circle
| 628 |
Rotational diffusion
| 4 |
10,985,746 |
# Alexander Filimonov (Cossack)
**Aleksandr Petrovich Filimonov** (*Александр Петрович Филимонов*; `{{OldStyleDate|14 September|1866|2 September}}`{=mediawiki} -- 4 August 1948) was the first Ataman of the anti-Bolshevik Kuban People\'s Republic from 1917 to 1919.
On 25 October 1917, he was elected Ataman. In December, in an effort to counter Bolshevism in the Kuban, Filimonov supported the formation of two volunteer units, one under Galaev and another under Viktor Pokrovsky.
He and his Kuban Cossacks joined the White Army during the Russian Civil War, but after disagreements with Anton Denikin, he stepped down as Ataman in December 1919, and emigrated to Yugoslavia
| 98 |
Alexander Filimonov (Cossack)
| 0 |
10,985,748 |
# Cape Constance
**Cape Constance** (54 3 S 36 59 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a cape that marks the northern tip of the peninsula between Antarctic Bay and Possession Bay on the north coast of South Georgia. Cape Constance was named in about 1912, after Constance Greene Allardyce, wife of Sir William L. Allardyce, Governor of the Falkland Islands, 1904--15
| 60 |
Cape Constance
| 0 |
10,985,751 |
# Five Are Together Again
***Five Are Together Again*** (published 1963) is a children\'s novel in *The Famous Five* series by Enid Blyton. It was first published by Hodder and Stoughton and in its first edition illustrated by Eileen Soper.
This is the 21st and last complete novel to feature the Famous Five and was published 21 years after their first adventure *Five on a Treasure Island*.
## Plot introduction {#plot_introduction}
The children are supposed to be staying at Kirrin Cottage, but as soon as George\'s parents\' maid Joanna catches scarlet fever, the Five are sent to live with an old friend, called Tinker, and his famous scientist father, who first appeared in *Five Go to Demon\'s Rocks* (1961). When top secret papers belonging to the scientist go missing, it is left up to the children to find the thief. There are some circus folk camping in Tinker\'s field. Five then head to the castle in the moor near Tinker\'s field.
The Five suspect Mr.Wooh, a genius working in the circus, because Mr.Wooh was famous for being very fast at arithmetic calculations. Therefore, they planned to hide the rest of the papers at Kirrin Island. Initially, Julian and Dick decided to go to the island. However, George goes there without anyone\'s notice and traps Mr.Wooh and another accomplice there, deserted on the island. The Five then log a case against them. The next day, Tinker finds eventually that Charlie the Chimp is the thief trained by Mr.Wooh
| 247 |
Five Are Together Again
| 0 |
10,985,754 |
# Pye Chamberlayne
**Edward Pye Chamberlayne, Jr.** (March 7, 1938 -- October 21, 2006), known professionally as **Pye Chamberlayne**, was an American radio journalist who spent most of his career with UPI Audio, later known as the UPI Radio Network.
## Early life {#early_life}
Chamberlayne was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia. His father was the *New York Herald Tribune* bureau chief in Paris.
## Career
In 1960, Chamberlayne receiver a bachelor\'s degree in English from the University of Virginia. His first job in journalism was as a stringer for the *Richmond News Leader*. After graduating, he moved to Paris and worked for the Agence France-Presse.
Chamberlayne later returned to the United States and worked for The Associated Press in Milwaukee. From 1962 until 1966, he covered the White House for UPI Audio. He returned to the company in 1969 after a short break and worked there until his retirement in 1999.
Chamberlayne covered every American presidential election from 1964 to 1992, with his coverage of the 1972 election being featured in the non-fiction book *The Boys on the Bus*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chamberlayne and his wife had at least one son, Edward Pye Chamberlayne III, who served in the United States Army during the Iraq War. Chamberlayne died of a heart attack at his home on October 21, 2006
| 219 |
Pye Chamberlayne
| 0 |
10,985,761 |
# Köprülü Canyon
**Köprülü Canyon** (*Köprülü Kanyon*) is a canyon and a National Park in the Province of Antalya, Turkey. Covering an area of 366 km2, it was established as a national park by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on December 12, 1973.
## History
Within the park are the ruins of the ancient Greco-Roman city of Selge, as well as the intact Eurymedon Bridge, called Oluk Köprü in Turkish.
## Geography
The park is situated inside the province of Antalya in the district of Manavgat. The canyon is located 92 km northeast from Antalya City. The canyon\'s walls are as high as 100m (328 feet) and stretch for 14 km along the Köprü River
| 116 |
Köprülü Canyon
| 0 |
10,985,773 |
# Amphibious Construction Battalion 1
**Amphibious Construction Battalion ONE** (ACB1 or ACB-1 or PHIBCB 1 or PHIBCB One) is an amphibious construction battalion in the United States Navy based in Coronado, California, and last in type unit. Amphibious Construction Battalion TWO was its sister unit based in Little Creek, Virginia.
## Mission
ACB-1\'s primary mission is to provide Ship to Shore transport of combat cargo, bulk fuel and water, and tactical camp operations supporting Amphibious Ready Group, Marine Expeditionary Force, Brigade sized operations, Combined/Joint Logistics Over the Shore (C/JLOTS), and Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) Operations.
## History
**World War II -- 104th Naval Construction Battalion**
ACB-1 was originally commissioned at Camp Peary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 16 July 1943, as the 104th Naval Construction Battalion and was sent to Camp Endicott, Gulfport, Mississippi. During World War II CBs sent to the Pacific were attached to one of the four Amphibious Corps: I, III, and V were U.S. Marine Corps (under Admiral Nimitz, CINCPOA, Pearl Harbor) while VII Amphibious Corps was U.S. Army (under General MacArthur, SWPA, Brisbane, Australia). During WWII there were five battalions tasked with pontoons, barges and the building of ship to shore causeways: CBs 70, 81, 111, 128, and 302. The 104th was attached to VII Amphibious group in 1943 and sent to Gamadodo Center, Naval Base Milne Bay at Milne Bay, New Guinea; Australia in 1944; and Leyte-Samar Naval Base at Leyte, Philippine Islands, 1945. During these two years, the 104th completed numerous land based construction projects ranging from an airfield on Los Negros Island, in the Admiralties, to Naval Air Station Cubi Point on island of Leyte in the Philippines. The battalion was eventually deactivated in Dec 1945.
In January 1947, the 104th was reactivated and first began their Amphibious mission when the unit was tasked with \"the assembly and placement of pontoon structures, beach rehabilitation, harbor development, salvage, and training of reservist in these operations\". In October 1950, it was recognized by the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Forrest Sherman, that the 104th and 105th NCBs had specialized capabilities that separated them from the other Naval Construction Battalions and were re-designated Amphibious Construction Battalion One and Two.
**Korean War -- Amphibious Construction Battalion ONE**
During the Korean War several detachments were deployed to the Western Pacific in support of amphibious operations. In the September 1950, invasion of Inchon a pontoon causeway was brought into Inchon Harbor on D-Day plus 1 to be used a tide level landing. General Douglas MacArthur came ashore over this pier on D plus 2.
A month after 15 September 1950, landing at Inchon, ACB-1 moved to the east coast of Korea and again supported the 1st Marine Division. This time they landed at the port city of Wonsan as part of the 1st Marine Division\'s shift from the Inchon-Seoul area to the northeast coast of Korea. While the Marines moved north to positions in the Chosin Reservoir area, the Seabees built piers and unloaded ships.
- On 21 September 1950 a detachment from ACB 1 went into Seabee history. Aerial reconnaissance reported eight locomotives trapped by broken rail lines in the Yong Dong Po switch yard eight miles North of Inchon. The 10 Seabees, led UT Chief Bloomer, volunteered to attempt to liberate the engines from behind enemy lines. Adjacent to the switch yard was a Kirin Beer Brewery where the Seabees liberated cases of beer to be returned to the South also. They fired the engines and repaired the rails as they went returning to American lines. UTC Donald T. Bloomer, CM1 Welton N. Horn and CM2 Gordon K. Barnett received a letter of commendation with a ribbon and the combat \"V\" from the Admiral of the 7th Fleet for bravery in the exploit. The engines were turned over to the U.S. Army Transportation Corps.
Operation Crippled Chick: The assignment to build the emergency landing strip behind enemy lines on Yo Do island, fell to ACB-1s Detachment George. Led by Lt. T.E. Rowe, Detachment George was composed of one warrant machinist, six chief petty officers and 69 Seabee enlisted men. Six of these Seabees had landed at Inchon two years earlier. The seabees named the runway Briscoe Field for the Commander of the fleet Admiral Robert P. Briscoe
**Vietnam**
ACB 1 was the first CB to deploy to Vietnam as a component of Task Force 90 \"Passage to Freedom\" in 1954. That year an agreement was reached in Geneva recognizing the Communist government of North Vietnam which allowed for people residing in the North to move South before 15 May 1955. Both ACBs were assigned to TF-90. Nine years later, in 1964 ACB 1 would return as the first CB in the Vietnam War.
**Gulf War -- Somalia -- Persian Gulf**
In August 1990, PHIBCB ONE was the first Naval Construction Force (NCF) unit to deploy to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Shield. The Battalion assisted in the successful offload of the ships from Maritime Prepositioning Squadron TWO and Maritime Prepositioning Squadron THREE in support of the First Marine Expeditionary Force and provided some limited technical support to other joint units operating in the area.
On 10 December 1992, ACB-1 arrived at Mogadishu as part of the Naval Support Element in Somalia. Within a short time ACB-1 unloaded five of the Marines\' Maritime Pre-positioning Force ships, refurbished the port, and provided fuel and water for military forces in Somalia.
In August 1994 and again in August 1995, the command deployed the Offload Preparation Party (OPP) for Maritime Prepositioning Squadron TWO in support of Operation Vigilant Warrior and Operation Vigilant Sentinel in the Persian Gulf due to the threat of resurgence of Iraqi aggression. In each case the personnel returned home after a couple months but were in a 48hr standby until March 1996.
**Iraq War**
The Battalion was the first Naval Construction Force unit to deploy during Operation Desert Shield.
Most recently, in January 2003, ACB-1/2 was deployed to Kuwait Naval Base, Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Moving over 1200 ST of cargo, on nine C-5 Galaxy aircraft, the PHIBs constructed the largest Logistics Support Area (LSA) in ACB history, housing over 4,500 personnel. Additionally, ACBs were instrumental with the complete download of 13 MPF ships encompassing three MPSRONs. ELCAS-M was also deployed to move thousands of ammo containers from ship to shore. A small detachment from ACB-1 also moved forward in Iraq to assist the NMCBs with the anchoring of a floating bridge.
In 2005 ACB 1 took part in the U.S. military\'s Operation Unified Assistance response to the Indian Ocean tsunami.
## Unit Awards {#unit_awards}
In recognition of outstanding services rendered in the Korean War, personnel of the Battalion received three Bronze Stars, eight Navy Commendations with Combat \"V\"s, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Korean Presidential Unit Citation, and numerous letters of recognition for meritorious services. During the Vietnam War, the Battalion was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal, and the Meritorious Unit Commendation. Additionally, the command was awarded a Secretary of the Navy, John Howard Dalton, Letter of Commendation for meritorious service from 1994 to 1996
| 1,190 |
Amphibious Construction Battalion 1
| 0 |
10,985,774 |
# Sisters Eagle Airport
**Sisters Eagle Airport** `{{Airport codes|||6K5}}`{=mediawiki} is a public airport located one mile (1.6 km) north of Sisters in Deschutes County, Oregon, USA. There are some subdivisions with direct access to the airport. It is also used for wildfire aircraft support
| 44 |
Sisters Eagle Airport
| 0 |
10,985,782 |
# Upasana Vaduthala
**Vaduthala** is a very old place in Arookutty in Alappuzha district in the state of Kerala, India, 50 km from the Kochi International Airport.
## Facilities
There were many Shopping complexes including Hotel Adayadance, Vaduthala Jama-ath Higher Secondary School, Vaduthala Central Juma Masjid, SBI Arookutty, Nadvathul Islam society which is located less than 1 km from the Vaduthala Junction.
## About the Nadvathul Islam society {#about_the_nadvathul_islam_society}
\"Nadvathul Islam\" (Regd) Vaduthala has been Registered under the Travancore -- Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable societies Registration Act, XII of 1955 vide registration No. 11 / 1963, dated 28.05.1963. though the society has received registration on 1963 but it was started in 1938 itself with a small Mosque. The place has the Nadvathul Islam orphanage, the Nadvathul Islam U.P SCHOOL, the Nadvathul Islam English school and the Nadvathul Islam Madrasa
| 140 |
Upasana Vaduthala
| 0 |
10,985,788 |
# The Living Tree (song)
\"**The Living Tree**\" was written by Catherine Feeney and Nikki Lamborn of the band Never the Bride, who recorded the song for their 2002 album *Surprise*. It was a Top 40 hit for Shirley Bassey in 2007. Feeney and Lamborn invited Bassey to record the song; they had left a copy of their recording at her gym in Monaco with a note saying they knew it was a song for her.
In 2005, Bassey topped the bill in her home town of Cardiff at the Royal Variety Performance and premiered her version of \"The Living Tree\". The song was frequently performed live in 2006 and included in the set of the 2006 UK tour. In early 2007, she made an appearance on the British TV show *The Dame Edna Treatment* and performed \"The Living Tree\" and a comic duet version of \"Big Spender\" with Dame Edna Everage.
The CD single included seven versions of the song and CD-ROM tracks of the video. The first video track is taken from her live performance at the 2006 Faenol Festival in North Wales, features Bassey introducing the song. The video, on track 9, uses animation interwoven with a live performance of the track during this concert. The video was directed by Oliver Moss and produced by Andrew Brassington. The single was released worldwide as a digital download, on 7 May 2007, on the iTunes Stores. The single peaked at #37 on the UK Singles Chart, making a record for Bassey of being the only artist to be active in the UK singles charts for more than 50 years.
The song was released on the 2007 studio album *Get the Party Started*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"The Living Tree\" (Radio edit) -- 3:49
2. \"The Living Tree\" -- 5:00
3. \"The Living Tree\" (Shaken and Stirred mix) -- 3:28
4. \"The Living Tree\" (Stuart Critchon mix) -- 3:49
5. \"The Living Tree\" (Superbass Vocal mix) -- 4:03
6. \"The Living Tree\" (Shaken and Stirred Club mix) -- 7:23
7. \"The Living Tree\" (Superbass Extended Vocal mix) -- 5:14
8. \"The Living Tree\" (Video spoken intro) -- 1:16
9
| 360 |
The Living Tree (song)
| 0 |
10,985,800 |
# Cape Buller
**Cape Buller** (53 59 S 37 22 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a rugged headland forming the west side of the entrance to the Bay of Isles on the north coast of South Georgia. It was discovered and named in 1775 by a British expedition under James Cook.
Macdonald Cove sits just to the west of Cape Buller on the north coast of the island. The cove is 2.5 nmi south-southeast of the Welcome Islands and has important fossil occurrences on its periphery. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1982 after David I.M. Macdonald, a British Antarctic Survey geologist in charge of field work on South Georgia, 1975--76 and 1976--77.
Sitka Bay sits west of Macdonald Dove, 1 nmi west of Cape Buller. The names Sitka Bay and **Buller Bay** have both appeared for this feature on maps for many years. Following a survey of South Georgia in 1951 and 1952, the South Georgia Survey reported that this feature is known locally as Sitka Bay, and the name is approved on that basis
| 179 |
Cape Buller
| 0 |
10,985,805 |
# Irnfritz-Messern
**Irnfritz-Messern** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Population
## Tourism
Irnfritz-Messern is perhaps best known for its *Eislaufplatz* where people come to ice skate during the winter months. It is also home of the Schloss Wildberg
| 45 |
Irnfritz-Messern
| 0 |
10,985,814 |
# Right Whale Bay
**Right Whale Bay** is a bay 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, entered between Craigie Point and Nameless Point along the north coast of South Georgia Island. The bay is named for the southern right whales found in the area. South Georgia has historically been well known for whaling. The bay is linked to Morsa Bay on the island\'s south coast by a mountain pass called Ernesto Pass.
## Notable features {#notable_features}
The northwest side of the bay\'s entrance is called Nameless Point. It was charted and probably named by Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel in 1930.
Cairns Cove is a small cove on the west side of Right Whale Bay. It was charted and named Haste Cove by DI, but that name was withdrawn by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1959. Following a hydrographic survey from HMS *Owen*, 1960--61, the cove was named after Petty Officer Peter T. Cairns, a member of the survey group. Mount Regulator rises 655 m high and stands 1 nmi inland to the west of Cairns Cove. Black Point is also on the west side of the bay.
Binder Beach is a moraine beach at the head of Right Whale Bay. The name first appeared on a chart based upon a survey by DI personnel in 1930. Bloor Reef, located off Binder Beach, dries with the tide. It was named by the UK-APC for Leading Seaman Vincent T. Bloor, who assisted in the survey of Right Whale Bay in April 1961.
Cairns Shoal is a small area of shoal lying 0.6 nmi west of Craigie Point in the east part of Right Whale Bay. Like Cairns Cove, it was named by UK-APC for Petty Officer Peter T. Cairns.
Barber Cove is a small, rock-strewn cove in the bay\'s eastern part, bounded by Bluff Point to the west and Craigie Point to the east. It was initially named Scott Bay on a chart based upon a 1930 survey by DI personnel; the origin of this name is unknown. It was renamed Barber Cove by the UK-APC in 1963, for Leading Seaman John M. Barber of HMS *Owen*. The name Craigie Point is an established name dating back to about 1912. The name Bluff Point first appears on a DI chart
| 379 |
Right Whale Bay
| 0 |
10,985,829 |
# Cape North (South Georgia)
**Cape North** is a headland marking the northernmost point of South Georgia, near the west end of the island. This name was first applied to the northwest tip of South Georgia on a map by Captain James Cook in 1775. Since 1912 it has become established for the northernmost point of the island, which is in keeping with the geographical position implied by the name
| 70 |
Cape North (South Georgia)
| 0 |
10,985,844 |
# Church Bay, South Georgia
**Church Bay** is a bay 4.5 nmi wide, indenting the north coast of South Georgia between Low Rock Point and Cape North. It is separated from Schlieper Bay by the Scree Gap.
It was roughly charted by Discovery Investigations personnel in the period 1925--1930 and surveyed by the South Georgia Survey, 1951--1957. The name is well established in local use
| 65 |
Church Bay, South Georgia
| 0 |
10,985,868 |
# Japons
**Japons** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria
| 15 |
Japons
| 0 |
10,985,878 |
# Durham Central Park
**Durham Central Park** is an arts-themed, community-focused, municipal park in downtown Durham, North Carolina. It is located at 502 Foster Street, and is the site of the newly opened Pavilion at Durham Central Park which hosts the Durham Farmers\' Market.
## Features of Durham Central Park {#features_of_durham_central_park}
Interesting sites at Durham Central Park include:
- The Rhein Medall Community Art Award Winning Pieces, on temporary exhibition in the Park
- The Bridge over South Ellerbe Creek, crafted by local artisans---at the corner of Foster and Hunt
- The Grace Garden and the Butterfly Gardens and Nature Trail---on the East End of the Garden
- The Great Lawn
## The Pavilion at Durham Central Park {#the_pavilion_at_durham_central_park}
A recent addition to this downtown park is the Pavilion at Durham Central Park. The Pavilion opened with a grand celebration on April 7, 2007. The Pavilion at Durham Central Park hosts the Durham Farmers\' Market every Saturday morning during the Spring, Summer, and Fall. The Pavilion at Durham Central Park is also available for private parties or outdoor events via [Durham Central Park, Inc.](http://www.durhamcentralpark
| 184 |
Durham Central Park
| 0 |
10,985,882 |
# Schlieper Bay
**Schlieper Bay** is a bay 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, entered between Romerof Head and Weddell Point along the south coast of South Georgia. It is separated from Church Bay by the Scree Gap. Schlieper Bay was named between 1905 and 1912 after the director of the Compañía Argentina de Pesca.
British scientists aboard the *Undine* visited the bay in 1911, while surveying South Georgia\'s coast.
According to *Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea* 20,000 seals breed in Schlieper Bay.
Whalers and other visitors inadvertently brought rats to South Georgia, which put bird populations at risk, as the rats stole and ate their eggs. After rat eradication efforts were carried out in the Schlieper Bay scientists found a nest of South Georgia pipits, with five chicks. The South Georgia pipit is the world\'s most southerly songbird.
During the Falklands War (1982), the British magistrate and other civilians and military present in Grytviken were removed from South Georgia, but another 15 Britons remained beyond Argentine reach. The losses suffered at Grytviken prevented Argentina from occupying the rest of the island, with Schlieper Bay, along with Bird Island base and field camps at Lyell Glacier and St. Andrews Bay, remaining under British control
| 207 |
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| 0 |
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# Dance Like Nobody's Watching (EP)
Dance Like Nobody\'s Watching}} `{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox album
| name = Dance Like Nobody's Watching
| type = ep
| artist = [[Suburban Legends]]
| cover = File:Dance Like Nobody's Watching (EP).jpg
| alt =
| released = May 12, 2006
| recorded = January 2006
| studio =
| genre =
* [[Pop rock]]
* [[funk]]
| length = 22:34
| label =
| producer = Dennis Hill
| prev_title = [[Season One (Suburban Legends album)]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = Dance Like Nobody's Watching: Tokyo Nights
| next_year = 2007
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Music ratings
| rev1 = ''[[Absolute Punk]]''
| rev1score = 75%<ref>[http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=184466 AbsolutePunk review]</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} ***Dance Like Nobody\'s Watching*** is a six-track EP released by American ska/pop band Suburban Legends, released on May 12, 2006. The EP signaled a drastic change in the band\'s sound, which also followed major lineup changes following the departure of lead vocalist Tim Maurer and trumpet player Aaron Bertram, and the untimely death of trombonist Ryan Dallas Cook. The band\'s previous release, *Rump Shaker*, was a poppy ska punk release, whereas *Dance Like Nobody\'s Watching* largely abandoned the ska influence in favor of a funk/disco-influenced sound, which would feature heavily in their following release, *Infectious* in 2007, and somewhat on 2008\'s *Let\'s Be Friends*, which featured a few ska tracks. The sudden genre change alienated some of the band\'s fanbase. This genre change was largely abandoned in favor of the band\'s original ska-influenced style with the release of *Going on Tour* in 2010 and *Day Job* in 2012.
The EP\'s first five tracks are all-new, funk/disco-influenced pop rock, with a soft, melancholy piano rock version of \"Bright Spring Morning,\" a track from the group\'s 2003 album, *Rump Shaker*. This version of the song was first performed at the band\'s October 28, 2005, performance at iMusicast in Oakland, the first show after trombonist Ryan Dallas Cook\'s death.
The band performed \"Come Back Home\" on G4\'s *Attack of the Show!* on April 28, 2006, in promotion of the EP.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Come Back Home\" -- 3:46
2. \"This Cherry\" -- 3:55
3. \"Hey DJ\" -- 3:30
4. \"Mean Girl\" -- 3:19
5. \"Golden Touch\" -- 3:31
6. \"Bright Spring Morning\" -- 5:13
## Personnel
- Vincent Walker -- vocals
- Brian Klemm -- lead guitar
- Derek Lee Rock -- drums
- Mike Hachey -- bass guitar
- Brian Robertson -- trombone
- Luis Beza -- trumpet
- Phillip Inzerillo -- trombone
## *Dance Like Nobody\'s Watching: Tokyo Nights* {#dance_like_nobodys_watching_tokyo_nights}
***Dance Like Nobody\'s Watching: Tokyo Nights*** is a full-length Japan-only album released by Suburban Legends, and was released on March 21, 2007. It contains the original EP (with slightly re-ordered track listing), a cover song, two new songs (which later appeared on the band\'s full-length album *Infectious*) and songs from the album *Rump Shaker*, remixed and complete with a new vocal track from Vince Walker, as well as new horn and synthesizer tracks. The album is Japan exclusive but trombone player and webmaster Brian Robertson has hinted the album may be available on iTunes for download in the future.
A cover of Katteni-Shindobatto by Southern All Stars was recorded for the album, but did not make it onto the final release due to publishing issues. It was sung entirely in Japanese by Vince Walker.
### Track listing {#track_listing_1}
1. \"This Cherry\"
2. \"Hey DJ\"
3. \"Come Back Home\"
4. \"Mean Girl\"
5. \"Golden Touch\"
6. \"Dancing Machine\"
7. \"You Told Me That\"
8. \"Bed of Roses\"
9. \"Up All Night\"
10. \"Powerful Game\"
11
| 602 |
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| 0 |
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# Sizwe Banzi Is Dead
***Sizwe Banzi Is Dead*** (originally produced and published as: ***Sizwe Bansi is Dead***) is a play by Athol Fugard, written collaboratively with two South African actors, John Kani and Winston Ntshona, both of whom appeared in the original production. Its world première occurred on 8 October 1972 at the Space Theatre, Cape Town, South Africa. Its subsequent British première won a London Theatre Critics Award for the Best Play of 1974. Its American première occurred at the Edison Theatre, in New York City, on 13 November 1974. It has been ranked among the best plays ever made by *The Independent*, where it was described as a \"deceptively light and humane play that outlasts the apartheid era.\"
## Plot synopsis {#plot_synopsis}
The play opens in the photography studio of a man named Styles. The studio is located in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. After reading a newspaper article on an automobile plant, Styles tells a humorous story to the audience about an incident that occurred when he worked at the Ford Motor Company.
Styles continues to read the paper and talks about his photography studio. His musings are interrupted when a customer, Sizwe Banzi, arrives. He asks to have his picture taken, but when Styles asks him for his deposit and name, Sizwe hesitates, then says his name is Robert Zwelinzima. Styles asks Sizwe what he will do with the photo, and Sizwe tells him he will send it to his wife. When the picture is taken, the moment is frozen into what the photograph will look like. It comes to life and Sizwe dictates the letter to his wife that will accompany the photo.
In the letter, Sizwe tells his wife that Sizwe Banzi is dead. He writes that when he arrived in Port Elizabeth from their home in King William's Town, he stayed with a friend named Zola who tried to help Sizwe find a job. His employment search was unsuccessful; as a result, he was told by the authorities that he must leave in three days. Sizwe went to stay with Zola's friend, Buntu.
The play returns to the present time. Staying at Buntu's house, Sizwe tells Buntu about his problems --- unless a miracle happens, he will have to leave town in three days. Buntu is sympathetic to the problem and suggests he work in the mines in King William's Town. Sizwe rejects the idea as too dangerous. Buntu decides to take him out for a treat at Sky's place, a local bar.
The focus switches back to Sizwe as he continues to compose the letter to his wife. He describes his experiences at Sky's shebeen, where he was served alcohol by a woman in a respectful manner.
The scene shifts to the outside of Sky's after Sizwe and Buntu have been drinking. Buntu decides that he needs to get home to go to work tomorrow. He goes into an alley to relieve himself and finds a dead man there. Sizwe wants to report the body to the police. Buntu rejects the idea, but he retrieves the dead man's identity book to find his address. Buntu finds that the man, named Robert Zwelinzima, has a work-seeker's permit --- the very thing that Sizwe needs to stay in town. They take the book. At Buntu's house, Buntu switches the photographs in the books. He proposes that they burn Sizwe's book --- effectively making him dead --- and have Sizwe adopt the dead man's identity so he can stay in Port Elizabeth. Sizwe is unsure about the plan; in particular, he worries about his wife and children. Buntu contends that they can remarry. After much discussion, Sizwe agrees to the switch.
Sizwe finishes dictating the letter to his wife. In it, he tells her that Buntu is helping him get a lodger's permit. The scene shifts back to Styles' photography studio; Sizwe is getting his picture taken.
## Critical account of play\'s genesis {#critical_account_of_plays_genesis}
According to Marie Rose Napierkowski, in *Drama for Students* (Detroit: Gale, 2006; *eNotes.com*):
> The genesis of *Sizwe Bansi Is Dead* can be traced to Fugard's experiences as a law clerk at the Native Commissioner's Court in Johannesburg. At that time it was required that every black and colored citizen over the age of sixteen carried \[sic\] an identity book that restricted employment and travel within the country. In court, Fugard saw the repercussions of this law: blacks were sent to jail at an alarming rate. Although these restrictions are specifically South African, critics have noted that the play's greater theme of identity is universal. Critics and scholars have also observed that *Sizwe Bansi Is Dead* contains elements of absurdism, especially its sparse setting and surreal subject matter.
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# Sizwe Banzi Is Dead
## Production history {#production_history}
In 1972, Fugard directed the play\'s world premiere in Cape Town, followed the next year by a staging at London\'s Royal Court Theatre, which transferred to the Ambassadors, with Kani as Styles and Buntu and Ntshona as Robert/Sizwe. There, it won The London Theatre Critics award. After six previews, the Broadway production, presented in repertory with *The Island*, opened on 13 November 1974 at the Edison Theatre, where it ran for 159 performances. Kani and Ntshona jointly won Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Play for their performances in both *Sizwe Banzi Is Dead* and *The Island*. They reunited for the production staged at the Royal National Theatre in London in 2007. That year the play was translated into French by Marie-Hélène Estienne for a version staged by Peter Brook at the Barbican Centre.
## Adaptation
A television adaptation appeared on *BBC2 Playhouse* in March 1974
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# Max Busnelli
**Max Busnelli** (born 14 December 1975) is a racing car driver from Italy. He drove two races for the Italian A1 Team
| 25 |
Max Busnelli
| 0 |
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# Wilson Harbour
**Wilson Harbour** is a bay 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide and 3 miles (4.8 km) long, between Kade Point and Cape Demidov along the south coast of South Georgia. This coast was roughly charted by a Russian expedition under Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in 1819. Wilson Harbour was named about 1912, probably for J. Innes Wilson, who sketched some of the inland portions of the island at about that time
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| 0 |
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# Dubowitz syndrome
\| image = Autosomal recessive - en.svg \| caption = This condition is inherited via autosomal recessive manner \| pronounce = \| field = \| complications = \| onset = \| duration = \| types = \| causes = \| risks = \| diagnosis = \<rarediseases.org\>The diagnosis is usually based upon clinical determination made by a geneticist (dysmorphologist) or physician. \| differential = \| prevention = \| treatment = Due to this rare syndrome and no known cures or treatments take into consideration that these people may develop slower than others and may need more specialized attention and personal care. One on one care may be appropriate in some cases to best fit their personal needs. \| medication = \| prognosis = \| frequency = \| deaths = }}
**Dubowitz syndrome** is a rare genetic disorder characterized by microcephaly, stunted growth, and a receding chin. Symptoms vary among patients, but other characteristics include a soft, high-pitched voice, partial webbing of the fingers and toes, palate deformations, genital abnormalities, language difficulties, and an aversion to crowds. The pathogenesis of the disease is yet to be identified, and no medical tests can definitively diagnose the disease. The primary method of diagnosis is to identify facial phenotypes. Since it was first described in 1965 by English physician Victor Dubowitz, over 140 cases have been reported worldwide. Although the majority of cases have been reported from the United States, Germany, and Russia, the disorder appears to affect both genders and all ethnicities equally.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
Microcephaly is a characteristic in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal due to improper development of the brain. It is caused by genetic disorders, infections, radiation, medications or alcohol use during pregnancy. Defects in the growth of the cerebral cortex lead to many of the features associated with microcephaly.
Microcephaly has a vast range of prognoses: some patients experience little to very intellectual disability and can reach regular age-appropriate milestones. Others may experience severe intellectual disability and neuromuscular side effects.
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# Dubowitz syndrome
## Genetics
Although the pathology of Dubowitz syndrome is unknown, it is a heritable autosomal recessive disorder. Parents of people with Dubowitz syndrome are sometimes related, and there have been several cases of it occurring in monozygotic twins, siblings, and cousins. There is great variability in symptoms between cases, especially in intelligence. Although there is much evidence that Dubowitz syndrome is genetic, the symptoms are similar to fetal alcohol syndrome. Further studies are needed to determine whether alcohol influences whether Dubowitz syndrome manifests in people who are genetically vulnerable. Breakdown of chromosomes is known to occur.
### Growth hormone {#growth_hormone}
Dubowitz syndrome is accompanied by a deficiency in growth hormone. People with Dubowitz syndrome have stunted growth, and growth hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary of the brain. The main function of the anterior pituitary is to increase height during development. Other functions include regulating the immune system, increasing calcium retention, increasing muscle mass and stimulating gluconeogenesis. A deficiency in growth hormone may be caused by genetic mutations, malformations of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland during development, or damage to the pituitary. In Dubowitz syndrome, the cause is likely the underlying mutations or disruption of brain structures during development. Growth hormone deficiency also correlates with low levels of IgG antibodies, a condition found in Dubowitz patients.
### DNA repair defect {#dna_repair_defect}
A fibroblast cell line developed from a patient with Dubowitz syndrome was found to be hypersensitive to ionizing radiation and several other DNA damaging agents due to a defect in the repair of DNA double strand breaks. The DNA repair defect was traced to mutations in the DNA ligase IV *LIG4* gene. This finding suggests that the molecular basis for at least a subset of Dubowitz syndrome cases is a DNA ligase IV defect.
### Relationship to Smith--Lemli--Opitz syndrome {#relationship_to_smithlemliopitz_syndrome}
Researchers are investigating the genetic similarities between Dubowitz syndrome and Smith--Lemli--Opitz syndrome (SLOS). Patients with SLOS and Dubowitz syndromes have many of the same abnormalities, and the two disorders are hypothesized to be linked. Two characteristics of SLOS are a low cholesterol level and a high 7-Dehydrocholesterol level. Cholesterol is essential for several bodily functions, including maintaining cell membrane structure, embryogenesis, and synthesis of steroid and sex hormones. Impaired cholesterol synthesis or transport may account for most of the symptoms of both SLOS and Dubowitz syndrome. Although only a few patients with Dubowitz syndrome have been identified with altered cholesterol levels, researchers are exploring whether Dubowitz syndrome, like SLOS, is linked to a defect in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.
The pathology of Dubowitz syndrome is still unclear because of its rarity and the wide array of associated symptoms. Several studies have focused on different aspects of the disorder to try to find its exact cause and expression. One study examined the specific oral features in one patient. Another found abnormalities in the brain, such as corpus callosum dysgenesis, an underdeveloped anterior pituitary and a brain stalk with an ectopic (misplaced) posterior pituitary.
## Diagnosis
There is no definitive test available for this condition. The diagnosis is based on the constellation of typical clinical features.
## Management
There is currently no specific treatment for this condition. Management is supportive.
In particular there is currently no known method of correcting microcephaly. However, there are a variety of symptomatic treatments that help to counter some of its adverse effects, such as speech and occupational therapies, as well as medication to control seizures and hyperactivity.
## Epidemiology
This condition is rare with \~200 cases reported between 1965 and 2018.
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# Dubowitz syndrome
## History
This condition was first reported in 1965
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# Langau
**Langau** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria
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Langau
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# Bomford Peak
**Bomford Peak** (54 8 S 37 38 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is, at 1,140 m the highest peak located centrally on the peninsula between Wilson Harbour and Cheapman Bay on the south side of South Georgia. It was surveyed by the South Georgia Survey (SGS) in the period 1951--57 and named for Captain Anthony G. Bomford, Royal Engineers, senior surveyor of the SGS, 1955--56
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| 0 |
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# The EPs of RP
***The E.P.s of R.P.*** is a compilation of the anarcho-punk band Rudimentary Peni, released on LP in 1987 on Corpus Christi Records. It contains both of the band\'s first two 7-inch EPs, *Rudimentary Peni* and *Farce*. In 1994, it was reissued on CD on the band\'s own Outer Himalayan Records.
Tracks 1-12 were taken from the *Rudimentary Peni* 7-inch EP, recorded at Street Level in 1981 and released in August that year. Tracks 13-22 were from the *Farce* 7-inch EP, recorded at Southern Studios, London, in 1982, engineered by John Loder, produced by Penny Rimbaud and Rudimentary Peni, and released on Crass Records in July of that year.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic wrote that \"these releases were throttling and brash, shamelessly self-explanatory, and fond of intense speed shifts as they tottered over a pre-grindcore method of handling near chaos.\" *Trouser Press* thought that the record contains \"some mini-masterworks of alienated vitriol.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Media Person\"
2. \"Him Hymn\"
3. \"Blind Dogs\"
4. \"B-Ward\"
5. \"Crazy Chain\"
6. \"The Gardener\"
7. \"Teenage Time Killer\"
8. \"Hearse\"
9. \"Dead Living\"
10. \"Black President\"
11. \"Tower of Strength\"
12. \"Play\"
13. \"Sacrifice\"
14. \"Cosmetic Plague\"
15. \"Subdued Violence\"
16. \"Only Human\"
17. \"The Bile Ball\"
18. \"Farce\"
19. \"Bloody Jellies\"
20. \"Mice Race\"
21. \"Defined By Age\"
22. \"Zero Again\"
23
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# Cheapman Bay
**Cheapman Bay** is a bay 4 mi wide, indenting the south coast of South Georgia close west of King Haakon Bay. The name **Cheapman Strand** was given to a feature in this vicinity by an American sealing expedition which visited South Georgia in 1877--78. The name was recorded as **Chapman Strand** and applied to this bay by Matthews in 1931. **Langestrand** (long beach) has been used locally for the beach at the head of the bay and appeared for the bay itself on a British Admiralty chart of 1931. However, the South Georgia Survey, 1951--52, reported that \"Langestrand\" is a descriptive term, not a placename, and is applied by sealers to at least four other beaches in South Georgia. To avoid confusion, the name Cheapman Bay has been approved for this feature and all other names rejected
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# John Wesley University
**John Wesley University** was a private interdenominational Christian college in High Point, North Carolina. In 2018, the university merged into Piedmont International University in Winston-Salem.
## Background
Known for many years as John Wesley College, the college changed its name to Laurel University in 2011 and John Wesley University in June 2016.
Some students lived on the rural campus, while others commuted. Classes were offered in person and online.
The university contained schools of management and ministry and created North Carolina\'s first state-accredited online MBA program using avatar technology with a virtual business internship experiences for students.
## History
John Wesley University was the oldest undergraduate theological education institution in North Carolina. It started in fall 1903 as the **Greensboro Bible and Training School** in Greensboro as a result of a revival held by Revs. Seth Rees and Charles Weigle. The school closed abruptly after the 1931 spring semester owing to insurmountable financial difficulties.
Following an all-night prayer service with well-known former Methodist Episcopal Church South evangelist Jim H. Green (1880-1955), the group decided to reopen the **Greensboro Bible and Literary Institute** on January 15, 1932 in the same facilities with many of the same teachers and students. The new name was **People\'s Bible School.**
The revamped school, which started with four faculty (from the previous institute) and 18 students, was later known as **John Wesley College** (1956), **Laurel University** (2011), and **John Wesley University** (2016). This college distributed the *People\'s Herald* periodical, later *The Crusader*. The college remained non-denominational while promoting a distinctively Wesleyan-Holiness view on entire sanctification, with fellow Methodist Evangelist John R. Church as its first board chairman.
The college was influential in the founding of the People\'s Methodist Church, which later merged with the Evangelical Methodist Church. A small \"chain of tabernacles\" was created so ministry students would have inexpensive venues to preach and conduct revival services during the Great Depression.
## Accreditation
John Wesley University was accredited with the Commission on Accreditation of The Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), an institutional accrediting body recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), and the United States Department of Education. Graduates of the Christian Elementary Education program are eligible for certification with the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI).
The Bachelor of Arts in Management & Business Ethics and the Master of Business Administration---two degrees offered by the School of Management---were licensed by the University of North Carolina Office of General Administration.
## Academics
John Wesley University offered Associate, Bachelor, Master\'s, and doctoral degrees. Some bachelor\'s degree programs were designed specifically for adults to be completed at home or one night a week at school.
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# John Wesley University
## Athletics
John Wesley University was a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) and competed at the Division 1 level. Sports offered included:
:\*Men\'s Soccer
:\*Women\'s Soccer
:\*Women\'s Softball
:\*Women\'s Volleyball
In 2014, operating as Laurel University - school leadership made a decision to bring athletics on to the campus in order to boost low enrollment and create a campus culture. In the beginning stages the university chose Men\'s/Women\'s Soccer and Lacrosse. After trying a few different approaches and looking for coaches, the school hired its first soccer coach Zachary Pierce.
Pierce is a native of High Point, North Carolina, who thrived as youth player with the 75 High Point Stars, and as a four-year varsity starter at Ledford High School. In college, Pierce played for Johnson & Wales University and Louisburg College; after college, Pierce played briefly over overseas for a German club team Schwäbisch Hall. Returning from Europe and re-settling in High Point, Coach Pierce has been heavily involved with youth soccer for 20 years and remains a sought after, highly respected coach in the triad. During his youth coaching career Pierce garnered a winning record of 336-52-15, winning multiple cross state club titles.
As Laurel University\'s head men\'s coach, Pierce single-handedly built a thriving program in a short 6 months. He actively recruited 80 student - athletes to compete in the NAIA & NCCAA D1 Southern States Conference. Along with recruitment and team building, Pierce solely negotiated usage of AJ Stadium for home matches, and the local Hartley YMCA for training facilities. In the university\'s inaugural year, Pierce assumed the NAIA Southern States Conference game schedule from Virginia Intermont, whose campus closed. The inaugural season produced a hard earned record 5-12, with a varsity program and team composed entirely of freshman and playing NAIA powerhouses: Southern Wesleyan University, Salem International, The Cumberlands University, West Virginia Tech, Columbia International, St. Andrews University, High Point University and others. Pierce left the University after the first year. Later the program thrived under Pierces\'s former assistant Coach Golding
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# Death Church
***Death Church*** is the first studio album by British anarcho-punk band Rudimentary Peni. It was released in 1983 on Corpus Christi Records. The recording and mixing took place at Southern Studios in April 1983 and was engineered by John Loder. \"Rotten to the Core\" is a direct verbal attack against John Lydon and Joe Strummer, accusing them of being hypocrites.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- The vinyl release denotes tracks 1-11 as \"The Corpus Christi Side\", which then lists tracks 12-21 as \"The Rudimental Human Side\".
1. \"¼ Dead\"
2. \"Blissful Myth\"
3. \"The Psycho Squat\"
4. \"Rotten to the Core\"
5. \"Poppycock\"
6. \"Cosmic Hearse\"
7. \"The Cloud Song\"
8. \"Vampire State Building\"
9. \"Blasphemy Squad\"
10. \"When You are a Martian Church\"
11. \"Pig in a Blanket\"
12. \"Inside\"
13. \"Nothing but a Nightmare\"
14. \"Flesh Crucifix\"
15. \"Slimy Member\"
16. \"Love is Not\"
17. \"Radio Schizo\"
18. \"Happy Farm\"
19. \"Alice Crucifies the Paedophiles\"
20. \"Army of Jesus\"
21
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# Sylvain Pagé
**Sylvain Pagé** (born January 9, 1961) is a Canadian businessman and politician. Pagé is the current Member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Labelle in the Laurentians, elected in 2001. He is a member of the Parti Québécois.
Born in Mont-Laurier, Quebec, Pagé received a certificate in business management at HEC Montréal in 1980. He was the founder of Boutique Plein Air and worked for 17 years for that company. He was also an insurance broker in the Outaouais region.
Pagé was a chair of the *OUI mouvement* in the 1980 referendum on sovereignty. He was also a board member of the Mont-Laurier business association and a columnist for CFLO-FM. He also acted in a production of *12 Hommes en colère* in 2004 and was the regional chair of the United Way campaign in 2005.
Pagé was elected in a by-election in 2001 and named the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Youth, Tourism, Recreation and Sport from 2001 to 2003. He was re-elected in 2003 and was the critic in regions, sport, and recreation. He was re-elected in 2007 and is the current critic for wildlife, parks, and tourism
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# Cycling at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's individual road race
These are the official results of the **Women\'s Individual Road Race** at the **1992 Summer Olympics** in Barcelona, Spain. The race over 81 kilometres was held on July 26, 1992. There were a total number of 58 competitors, with one non-starter.
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK FINAL TIME
------ ------- -------------
**2:04:42**
**2:05:02**
**2:05:03**
4\. ---
5\. ---
6\. ---
7\. ---
8\. ---
9\. ---
10\. ---
11\. ---
12\. ---
13\. ---
14\. ---
15\. ---
16\. ---
17\. ---
18\. ---
19\. ---
20\. ---
21\. ---
22\. ---
23\. ---
24\. ---
25\. ---
26\. ---
27\. ---
28\. ---
29\. ---
30\. ---
31\. ---
32\. ---
33\. **2:05:13**
34\. ---
35\. **2:05:26**
36\. **2:05:33**
37\. **2:05:46**
38\. ---
39\. **2:05:58**
40\. **2:08:13**
41\. **2:09:42**
42\. ---
43\. ---
44\. ---
45\. **2:14:10**
46\. **2:15:42**
47\. **2:21:32**
48\. **2:23:52**
49\. ---
50\. **2:29:22**
51\. ---
52\. ---
53\. **2:38:38**
54\
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# Detron Smith
**Detron Nigel Smith** (born February 25, 1974) is an American former professional football player who was a fullback in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Denver Broncos. He played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies and was selected by the Broncos in the third round of the 1996 NFL draft. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 1999.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Smith was a consensus Texas Top 100 selection at Lake Highlands High School in Dallas, Texas and was rated the second-best fullback prospect in the Southwest, receiving a perfect score of 10 points on Max Emfinger\'s Blue Chip List. During his career at Lake Highlands, he carried the ball 181 times for 1,351 yards (7.5 yards per carry) and scored 15 touchdowns.
Smith was primarily a blocking back during his career at Texas A&M, creating holes for future NFL running backs Rodney Thomas, Greg Hill, and Leeland McElroy. He rushed 57 times for 184 yards (3.2 yards per carry) and one touchdown, while catching 33 passes for 300 yards (9.1 yards per catch) with a long of 35 yards. Smith also returned five kickoffs for 54 yards. During his first two years at A&M (1992--93), Smith\'s running backs coach was his future Broncos offensive coordinator and current Denver Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak. Smith made a key block on a McElroy touchdown in the 1993 game against Texas that secured the Southwest Conference title for the Aggies.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Smith was the first blocking fullback selected when he was drafted in the third round (65th overall) of the 1996 NFL draft by the Denver Broncos, and the second true fullback behind only Tampa Bay\'s Mike Alstott. In April 2002, after six seasons in Denver, Smith was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars. However, he was released before making an appearance and played for the Indianapolis Colts in 2002 and 2003. He was released by the Colts in early 2004.
During his tenure in the NFL, Smith was known as a high energy player who would sacrifice his body on blocking and special teams alike. With both the Broncos and Indianapolis Colts, Smith instantly became a fan favorite with his big hits on special teams and willingness to do the little things. In total, he played in 113 games over 8 seasons, highlighted by his selection to the Pro Bowl 1999 and two Super Bowl rings won with the Broncos (Super Bowl XXXII in 1997 and Super Bowl XXXIII in 1998)
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# Bankie Banx
**Bankie Banx** (born **Clement Ashley Banks**; 1953 in Anguilla) is a reggae singer, known as the \"Anguillan Bob Dylan\".
## Career
Banks\'s musical career dates back to 1963, when he built his first guitar. He formed his first band in 1967, taking inspiration from the UK top 40 hits that a local radio station transmitted from a frigate moored off the coast of the island.
Bankie\'s first number one hit in 1977 was \"Prince of Darkeness\" and followed that with several chart topping songs over the next few years. With the release of his first album *Roots and Herbs* in 1978, recorded with his band, The Roots and Herbs, Banks pioneered reggae music in the Eastern Caribbean.
Following the releases of the album, *Where I and I Abide*, Bankie became the first performer from Anguilla to appear at Reggae Sunsplash, in 1983 and he appeared again in 1992. He was featured during a live Moonsplash performance in the ground-breaking reggae documentary *Cool Runnings*. Following his success has Reggae Sunsplash 1983, Bankie and his band The Roots & Herbs toured extensively in the Caribbean before heading to Europe. Discord prior to the Europe trip caused the band to change form, and several founding members left the band including Ras B, Iwandai I and Irino. The band spent three years in Europe and garnered a strong fan-base while there. Bankie returned to be with his family after the death of his younger sister.
Bankie spent the late 1980s in New York City and worked with musicians including Junior Jazz, Robert Manos, Robert Mansfield. Bankie Banx and The New York Connection were regulars on the East Coast music scene and had strong followings in Boston, New York and New Hampshire. Bankie continued to return to Anguilla for annual performances and started the Moonsplash Music Festival in 1991, staged in the grounds of his own bar, *The Dune Preserve*. Moonsplash has become one of the premier music festivals in the Eastern Caribbean and has featured internationally revered artists. Artists who have appeared at the Dune Preserve include David Bryan of Bon Jovi, Jimmy Buffett, Rita Marley, Richie Havens, The Bacon Brothers, Black Uhuru, Freddie McGregor, Peter Cetera, Third World, Culture, Steel Pulse, David Hinds, Tarrus Riley, Duane Stephenson, Marcia Griffiths, Derrick Morgan, Roots & Herbs, Buju Banton, Gramps Morgan, Anthony B, Burning Spear, The Wailers Band, Inner Circle (reggae band), Toots & the Maytals, Benjy Myaz, Alana Davis, Junior Jazz, Orange Grove, Corey Stoot, Onaje Allan Gumbs and John Mayer. The bar was destroyed by Hurricane Lenny in 1999, but Banks rebuilt it and Moonsplash went ahead again in 2000.
Bankie has made several international television appearances, including a recurring role on the Fox sitcom *Key West* and a February 2011 guest concert appearance on *The Bachelor*, and has been featured on the soundtrack for the award-winning independent film *Southie*.
Bankie\'s sound has been described as a cross between Bob Marley and Bob Dylan, and his music a blend of folk, reggae, R&B and jazz. He is often called the \"Anguillan Bob Dylan\", and indeed has played with Dylan himself.
In Summer 2005, Bankie started the Project Stingray music and arts education program on Anguilla. Bankie\'s fall tour of the United States supported awareness and raised funds for the Stingray Program. Through his fund-raising efforts Bankie was able to donate 30 brand new guitars to the Stingray Program during the Cultural and Arts Fair at Moonsplash 2006. During a Jimmy Buffett charity event hosted by Bankie Banx at The Dune Preserve, Bankie raised over one hundred thousand for local charities.
In 2006, Bankie released his music video promo for \"Big Chief\", taken from his 2003 album, *Chariots of Steel*. The video told the story of a young island boy discovering his roots and was shot on location in Anguilla. Scenes were also shot in neighbouring St. Martin. The video was made by Driftwood Pictures, and was produced by Yoni Gal, directed by Trishul Thejasvi and Production Managed by Karsten Hansen.
Bankie\'s next studio album, *The News*, was released on 15 September 2009. The first single from the album, \"King of the Dune\", was released 18 August 2009 on iTunes.
On 17 January 2012, Bankie released his latest studio album, entitled *Just Cool*.
It has also been said by writers such as Lasana M. Sekou that while Bankie is widely known for his music and unique singing voice and generally not thought of as a writer of verse, Bankie is undoubtedly one of Anguilla\'s \"accomplished poets.\" The poetry of Bankie Banx can be found in the new anthology *Where I See The Sun -- Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla* (2015).
## Albums
- *Roots and Herbs* (1978) Banx Music
- *Where I and I Abide* (1982) Banx Music
- *Soothe Your Soul* (1982) Redemption Records
- *Terrestrial Spirits* (1989) Urban Country/Banx Music
- *Island Boy* (1991) Urban Country/Banx Music
- *Mighty Wind* (1996) Urban Country/Banx Music
- *Still In Paradise* (1999) Banx Music
- *Chariots Of Steel* (2003) Banx Music
- *The News: Live From The 4th World* (2009) Banx Music
- *Just Cool* (2012) Banx Music
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# Bankie Banx
## TV and film {#tv_and_film}
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
- 2015 The presidents Award 13th annual St
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# Cape Nuñez
**Cape Nuñez** (54 16 S 37 25 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a headland forming the southwest extremity of Nuñez Peninsula on the south coast of South Georgia. The name dates back to at least 1912 and was probably given by whalers who frequented this coast.
**Nuñez Peninsula** (54 15 S 37 21 W) is a rocky and comparatively snow-free peninsula, 5 mi long, lying between Queen Maud Bay and Jossac Bight on the south coast of South Georgia. The feature was known to early whalers and sealers on South Georgia. It was surveyed by the South Georgia Survey in the period 1951--1957, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in association with Cape Nuñez, the southwest extremity of the peninsula
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# Meiseldorf
**Meiseldorf** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria
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# Renalto Alves
**Renalto Alves** is a Brazilian actor, cinematographer and director. He was born in 1950 in Paranavaí in Paraná
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# John Howard Hinton
Howard Hinton}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox person
| name = J. H. Hinton
| image = John Howard Hinton and John Angell James.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Hinton in 1840 in the crowd at the conference. To the right is [[John Angell James]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1791
| birth_place = [[Oxford]], England
| death_date = 1873
| death_place = [[Bristol]], England
| death_cause =
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| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for = Writing
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = Minister
| title =
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}}`{=mediawiki} **John Howard Hinton** (23 March 1791 -- 11 December 1873) was an English author and Baptist minister who published, along with many other works, *The History and Topography of the United States of North America* together with his brother Isaac Taylor Hinton (1799-1847). He is the father of surgeon James Hinton, grandfather of mathematician and science fiction author Charles Howard Hinton and ancestor of Nobel laureate Geoffrey Hinton.
## Life
John Howard Hinton was born in Oxford in 1791 to James Hinton (1761--1823) and Ann Hinton. His Father, James Hinton, was a pastor in Oxford, and ran a school. Hinton was taught at his father\'s school where he became friends with Edward Steane. Hinton first preached in Reading, afterwards became pastor of a Baptist church in London, and was distinguished as an independent and original preacher, and a zealous advocate for liberty in religion and politics, for example arguing that it was the church\'s responsibility to punish \"violations of morality\", such as lying, whereas the state should limit itself to enforcing \"offences against society\" (which might encompass the former, such as theft).
For many years Hinton was a joint secretary of the Baptist Union with his lifelong friend Edward Steane.
In 1840 he attended the World\'s Anti-Slavery Convention where he was captured in a group painting just in front of Isaac Crewdson.
In 1865 he published the sixth and last volume of his sermons. He is thought to view God as not necessarily good but a being who deserves adoration irrespective of his works.
Hinton died in 1873 in Bristol.
## Works
- [Memoir of William Knibb, Missionary in Jamaica](https://books.google.com/books?id=E74NAAAAQAAJ&q=william+knibb+hinton), 1847, accessed April 2009
- The Theological Works of Rev. John Howard Hinton, MA, in 6 volumes
- A Biographical Portraiture of the Late Rev. James Hinton, M.A. Pastor of a congregational church in the city of Oxford
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# Langlands classification
In mathematics, the **Langlands classification** is a description of the irreducible representations of a reductive Lie group *G*, suggested by Robert Langlands (1973). There are two slightly different versions of the Langlands classification. One of these describes the irreducible admissible (*g*, *K*)-modules, for *g* a Lie algebra of a reductive Lie group *G*, with maximal compact subgroup *K*, in terms of tempered representations of smaller groups. The tempered representations were in turn classified by Anthony Knapp and Gregg Zuckerman. The other version of the Langlands classification divides the irreducible representations into L-packets, and classifies the L-packets in terms of certain homomorphisms of the Weil group of **R** or **C** into the Langlands dual group.
## Notation
- *g* is the Lie algebra of a real reductive Lie group *G* in the Harish-Chandra class.
- *K* is a maximal compact subgroup of *G*, with Lie algebra *k*.
- ω is a Cartan involution of *G*, fixing *K*.
- *p* is the −1 eigenspace of a Cartan involution of *g*.
- *a* is a maximal abelian subspace of *p*.
- Σ is the root system of *a* in *g*.
- Δ is a set of simple roots of Σ.
## Classification
The Langlands classification states that the irreducible admissible representations of (*g*, *K*) are parameterized by triples
: (*F*, σ, λ)
where
- *F* is a subset of Δ
- *Q* is the standard parabolic subgroup of *F*, with Langlands decomposition *Q* = *MAN*
- σ is an irreducible tempered representation of the semisimple Lie group *M* (up to isomorphism)
- λ is an element of Hom(*a*~*F*~, **C**) with α(Re(λ)) \> 0 for all simple roots α not in *F*.
More precisely, the irreducible admissible representation given by the data above is the irreducible quotient of a parabolically induced representation.
For an example of the Langlands classification, see the representation theory of SL2(R).
## Variations
There are several minor variations of the Langlands classification. For example:
- Instead of taking an irreducible quotient, one can take an irreducible submodule.
- Since tempered representations are in turn given as certain representations induced from discrete series or limit of discrete series representations, one can do both inductions at once and get a Langlands classification parameterized by discrete series or limit of discrete series representations instead of tempered representations. The problem with doing this is that it is tricky to decide when two irreducible representations are the same
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# Newark Bay (South Georgia)
**Newark Bay** is a bay 3 miles (4.8 km) long, entered at the southeast end of Fanning Ridge, along the south coast of South Georgia. The presence of this bay seems to have been first noted in 1819 by a Russian expedition under Bellingshausen, who roughly charted a small inlet in this approximate position. The name dates back to about 1927 and has become established for the feature
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# Langham baronets
The **Langham Baronetcy**, of Cottesbrooke in the County of Northampton, is a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 7 June 1660 for John Langham, Member of Parliament for the City of London in 1654 and for Southwark in 1660 and 1661. The second Baronet was Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire and Northampton while the third Baronet sat for Northampton. The seventh Baronet was Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire. The tenth Baronet represented St Germans in the House of Commons. The thirteenth Baronet was a photographer, ornithologist and entomologist and served as High Sheriff of County Fermanagh in 1930.
The family seat now is Tempo Manor, near Tempo, County Fermanagh. It was previously Cottesbrooke Hall, near Creaton, Northamptonshire, which they sold in the mid-19th century.
## Langham baronets, of Cottesbrooke (1660) {#langham_baronets_of_cottesbrooke_1660}
- Sir John Langham, 1st Baronet (1584--1671)
- Sir James Langham, 2nd Baronet (1621--1699)
- Sir William Langham, 3rd Baronet (c. 1625--1700)
- Sir John Langham, 4th Baronet (c. 1670--1747)
- Sir James Langham, 5th Baronet (c. 1696--1749)
- Sir John Langham, 6th Baronet (c. 1698--1766)
- Sir James Langham, 7th Baronet (1736--1795)
- Sir William Langham, 8th Baronet (1771--1812)
- Sir William Henry Langham, 9th Baronet (c. 1796--1812)
- Sir James Langham, 10th Baronet (1776--1833)
- Sir James Hay Langham, 11th Baronet (1802--1893)
- Sir Herbert Hay Langham, 12th Baronet (1840--1909)
- Sir (Herbert) Charles Arthur Langham, 13th Baronet (1870--1951)
- Sir John Charles Patrick Langham, 14th Baronet (1894--1972)
- Sir James Michael Langham, 15th Baronet (1932--2002)
- Sir John Stephen Langham, 16th Baronet (born 1960)
The heir apparent is the present holder\'s son Tyrone Denis James Langham (born 1994)
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# Pernegg
**Pernegg** is a town located in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria
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# Rocky Bay (South Georgia)
**Rocky Bay** is a small bay situated immediately north of Ducloz Head along the south coast of South Georgia. Many rocks lie in the bay and at its entrance, such as Skontorp Rock. The presence of this bay seems to have been first noted in 1819 by Admiral Thaddeus Bellingshausen who roughly charted a small inlet in this approximate position. The name was in use prior to 1930 and was probably applied by sealers and whalers working in the area
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# Naval Base Coronado
**Naval Base Coronado** (**NBC**) is a consolidated Navy installation encompassing eight military facilities in southern California, stretching from San Clemente Island, located 70 miles west of San Diego, to Mountain Warfare Training Camp Michael Monsoor and Camp Morena, located 60 miles east of San Diego.
## Organization
In 1997, Naval Base Coronado was created, incorporating eight separate Naval installations under one Commanding Officer. Those facilities include: Naval Air Station North Island (NASNI); Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB); Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach (NOLFIB); Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island (NALFSCI); Silver Strand Training Complex (SSTC), formerly known as the Naval Radio Receiving Facility; Mountain Warfare Training Camp Michael Monsoor (MWTCMM); Camp Morena; and the Remote Training Site, Warner Springs (RTSWS).
These eight facilities encompass more than 57,000 acres (230 km^2^) and make NBC the largest command in the southwest region of the U.S.
Employing over 36,000 military and civilian personnel, NBC accounts for over 30% of the Region\'s total workforce, and has the largest workforce in San Diego County.
## Bases
Naval Air Station North Island (32.699167 -117.215278 type:landmark_region:US-CA_source:enwiki name=Naval Air Station North Island): NASNI is located at the north end of Coronado Island in San Diego Bay and is the home port of several aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. The installation also hosts nearly all of the Pacific Fleet\'s helicopter squadrons, several fixed-wing squadrons, multiple Naval Air Reserve activities and is home to both the Fleet Readiness Center Southwest (formerly Naval Aviation Depot North Island) and the headquarters for Commander, Naval Air Forces. It is part of the largest aerospace-industrial complex in the United States Navy, the 57,000-acre (230 km^2^) Naval Base Coronado in San Diego County, California.\
Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (32.67547 N 117.160649 W region:US-CA_type:landmark name=Naval Amphibious Base Coronado): NAB is a major shore command, supporting 27 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on base population is 5,000 military personnel (including Reserve personnel) and 7,000 military student personnel.\
Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach (32 33 48 N 117 06 42 W name=Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach): Formerly known as Naval Air Station Imperial Beach, NOLF IB is a facility for helicopters, situated on 1,204 acres (5 km^2^) approximately 14 miles (23 km) south of San Diego and within the city limits of Imperial Beach, California. It is referred to locally as \"Ream Field.\" It is known as \"The Helicopter Capital of the World\".\
Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island (33 01 22 N 118 35 19 W type:airport_region:US name=Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island): SCI, also known as **Frederick Sherman Field**, is a military airport located on San Clemente Island.\
Silver Strand Training Complex (32.596389 -117.128056 region:US-CA_type:landmark name=Silver Strand Training Complex): SSTC, located between Imperial Beach and Coronado is the premier training facility for the U.S. Military special forces.\
SERE Training Facility Warner Springs: Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training for U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps flight crews, Naval Special Warfare, Marine Corps Force Recon and Marine Corps Special Operations personnel is conducted at the U.S. Navy\'s training site in Warner Springs, located in the Cleveland National Forest. The facility is one of two such facilities in the U.S. Navy, with an east coast counterpart facility located in Maine. It is in a remote area near the community of Warner Springs in the northeastern San Diego County, at an elevation of about 3200 feet. The Camp consist of a headquarters area with an administrative building, several staff barracks building, a wastewater treatment plant, and a training compound.\
Camp Michael Monsoor Mountain Warfare Training Facility: MWTF, formerly known as the La Posta Mountain Warfare Training Facility, located 50 miles east of San Diego, near the city of Campo, in San Diego County, is a 1,063 acres (4 km^2^) training facility used by the Naval Special Warfare Center.\
Camp Morena (32 42 38 N 116 31 3 W type:landmark_dim:420 name=Camp Morena): Located north of Lake Morena County Park, near Campo, San Diego County, California.
## Swastika-shaped barracks {#swastika_shaped_barracks}
A barracks building on the Naval Amphibious Base resembles a swastika symbol from the air. This was realized shortly after the 1967 groundbreaking, but no action was taken as the building was in a no-fly zone that would not be seen by passengers of commercial airlines. In 2007, members of the public noticed the shape in aerial views of Google Earth and the Navy announced plans to spend \$600,000 on "camouflage" landscaping and rooftop adjustments. (exact co-ordinates 32.67657 N 117
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# Undine Harbour
**Undine Harbour** (-54.0400 -37.9626 name=Undine Harbour) is a small bay at the head of the embayment between Cape Paryadin and Cape Chaplin on the south coast of South Georgia. `{{TOC limit|2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Location
Undine Harbour is near the west end of South Georgia, to the south of a narrow isthmus that separates it from the Inner Bay of Elsehul on the north coast. It lies between Matthews Point to the west and O\'Connor Island to the east. It forms the innermost bay in the larger Adventure Bay, which lies between Cape Paryadin to the west and Chaplin Head to east. Grassolm is an island in Adventure Bay. Johan Harbour is to the west of Undine Harbour. Coal Harbour and Frida Hole are to the east.
## Exploration and name {#exploration_and_name}
On 12 March 1823 Captain James Weddell with his two vessels, the *Jane* and the *Beaufoy* anchored in `{{anchor|Adventure Bay}}`{=mediawiki}Adventure Bay, South Georgia, touching land for the first time in five months. He wrote that \"it was not a country the most indulgent\", but they did find some bitter green herbs which helped to prevent scurvy, and they found abundant young albatrosses that provided excellent fresh meat. Weddell wrote, however, that the meat was \"not sufficiently firm to be compared with that of any domestic fowl.\" Weddell\'s expedition left in the middle of April, heading for the Falkland Islands, where they spent the winter.
Undine Harbour, with Johan Harbour, Coal Harbour, and Frida Hole, may form part of the feature called \"Adventure Bay\" by James Weddell, 1823, and \"Discovery Bay\" by Discovery Investigations (DI), 1929. The recommended name Undine Harbour, after the sealing ship *Undine* of the Compañía Argentina de Pesca, has been consistently used for this bay since about 1912.
## Features
Features of the bay include, from west to east:
### Matthews Point {#matthews_point}
. A point forming the west side of the entrance to Undine Harbor. It was charted in the period 1926-30 by Discovery Investigations personnel and named for L. Harrison Matthews, British zoologist, member of the staff of the Discovery Investigations, 1924--35, who worked at South Georgia in 1924-27.
### Survey Isthmus {#survey_isthmus}
. A narrow isthmus about 39 m high separating Elsehul and Undine Harbor. The name appears to first be used on a 1931 British Admiralty chart.
### Hope Valley {#hope_valley}
. A valley extending east-northeast for nearly 3 nmi from the head of Undine Harbor. It was charted and named \"Tal der Hoffnung\" by a German expedition under Ludwig Kohl-Larsen 1928--29. An English form of the original name is approved.
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# Undine Harbour
## Western features {#western_features}
Features to the west of the bay include, from west to east,
### Cape Paryadin {#cape_paryadin}
. A cape which forms the southernmost point of the west tip of South Georgia. Discovered in 1775 by a British expedition under Cook. The cape was resighted in 1819 by a Russian expedition under Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, who named it for Ya. Poryadin, navigator on the *Vostok*. The spelling \"Paryadin\" for the cape has become established through long usage.
### Andrews Rocks {#andrews_rocks}
. A small group of rocks 0.5 nmi east of Cape Paryadin. The rocks are bare of vegetation and awash in heavy seas. The name Andrews Islands was probably given by Lieutenant Commander J.M. Chaplin, Royal Navy, of the *Discovery* during his survey of the area in 1926. The South Georgia Survey (SGS) of 1955--56 reported that \"rocks\" is a more suitable descriptive term for this group.
### Olsen Rock {#olsen_rock}
. A rock lying 0.5 nmi southeast of Cape Paryadin. Charted by Discovery Investigations personnel in 1926-27. Surveyed by the SGS in the period 1951-57, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Søren Olsen, gunner of the South Georgia Whaling Company at Leith Harbour, 1926--30, 1933--39 and 1945-53.
### Laurie Point {#laurie_point}
. The east extremity of a small island which lies close to shore and marks the south side of the entrance to Johan Harbour. It was surveyed by the SGS, 1956--57, and named by the UK-APC for A.H. Laurie, member of the scientific staff of the Discovery Investigations Marine Station at Grytviken, in 1930--31, who also worked on the *William Scoresby* in 1929-30 and on *Discovery II* in 1930.
### Saluta Rocks {#saluta_rocks}
. A group of rocks 1 nmi east of Laurie Point. The name \"Mutt and Jeff\" was probably given by Lieutenant Commander J.M. Chaplin of the *Discovery* during his survey of the Undine Harbour area in 1926. The SGS, 1955--56, reported that the name is misleading; there are not two rocks as implied, but a group. The rocks were renamed by the UK-APC for the Saluta, a transport of the South Georgia Whaling Co. for many years.
### Johan Harbour {#johan_harbour}
. A small bay 0.5 nmi southwest of Undine Harbour. The name \"Johann Harbour\" was used on a chart resulting from a survey of this area by Discovery Investigations personnel in 1926-27. The SGS reported in 1957 that \"Johan\" is the correct spelling of the name, which is well known locally.
### Begg Point {#begg_point}
. A point forming the northeast side of the entrance to Johan Harbor. Surveyed by the SGS, 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC for Captain Sinclair Begg, Master of the whaling transport *Coronda*, 1933--40; Master of the *Southern Opal*, 1945--46; Manager on *Southern Harvester*, 1946--47; and Manager of the South Georgia Whaling Company station at Leith Harbour, 1947-51.
### Hard Head {#hard_head}
. A high tussock-topped headland 0.2 nmi south of Matthews Point on the west side of the approach to Undine Harbour. Surveyed by personnel on HMS Owen in 1960-61 and given this descriptive name by the UK-APC.
### Birdie Rocks {#birdie_rocks}
. A group of rocks lying south of Undine Harbor between Begg Point and Saluta Rocks, off the west end of South Georgia. The name appears to be first used on a 1929 British Admiralty chart.
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# Undine Harbour
## Eastern features {#eastern_features}
Features to the east of the bay include, from west to east,
### Bill Inlet {#bill_inlet}
. A small inlet lying immediately east of Undine Harbor. The name appears to be first used on a 1929 British Admiralty chart.
### Coal Island {#coal_island}
. A small tussock-covered island with off-lying rocks marking the west side of the entrance to Coal Harbor, near the west end of South Georgia. Charted by Discovery Investigations personnel on the *Discovery* during the period 1926-30, and by HMS *Owen* in 1960-61. Named by the UK-APC in 1963 in association with Coal Harbor.
### Coal Harbor {#coal_harbor}
. A small bay 0.5 nmi east of Undine Harbor. The name Coaling Harbor, given in about 1912, suggests a possible early use of the bay by sealers and whalers. The name was shortened to Coal Harbor by Discovery Investigations personnel.
### Frida Hole {#frida_hole}
. A small bay lying 0.5 nmi southeast of Coal Harbor. Probably named by early whalers or sealers who used the bay as an anchorage.
### Grassholm
. An island 1 nmi south of Frida Hole. The name Em Island was given for this feature, probably by Discovery Investigations personnel who surveyed this coast in 1926. The SGS, 1951--52, reported that this feature is known to whalers and sealers as \"Grassholmen,\" and that Em Island is unknown locally. The indefinite form of the name has been approved.
### Chaplin Head {#chaplin_head}
. A headland between Undine Harbor and Schlieper Bay. Charted by Discovery Investigations in 1926, when the hill above the headland was called \"Sharp Peak.\" Following the SGS, 1951--57, renamed Chaplin Head after Lieutenant Commander John M. Chaplin, Royal Navy (1888-1977), survey officer in *Discovery*, 1925--27, and in charge of a hydrographic survey party in South Georgia, 1928-30
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# Joe Arlauckas
**Joseph John Arlauckas** (born July 20, 1965) is an American former professional basketball player of Lithuanian descent. During his playing career, he played at the power forward position. In 2018, he was named one of the 101 Greats of European Basketball.
Arlauckas is well-known for holding the record for the most points scored in a modern-era single EuroLeague game, including only games played since the 1991--92 season. He scored 63 points in a FIBA European League (EuroLeague) game, while playing with the Spanish club Real Madrid, in a game against the Italian club Virtus Bologna. The game took place during the 1995--96 season, and occurred on February 26, 1996. Radivoj Korać holds the overall all-time EuroLeague (FIBA European Champions Cup) single-game scoring record, at 99 points scored, counting all games played since the competition began during the 1958 season.
## Early years {#early_years}
Arlauckas was born on July 20, 1965, in Rochester, New York. He was born to an immigrant father from Lithuania, and to an Italian American mother. Arlauckas attended Thomas Jefferson High School, in Rochester, where he played high school basketball.
## College career {#college_career}
Arlauckas played four years of college basketball in the NCAA Division I, at Niagara University, with the Purple Eagles. He attended school and played there from 1983 to 1987. During his college career, he was a three-time All-North Atlantic Conference (NAC)Second Team selection (1985, 1986, 1987).
Arlauckas was inducted into the Niagara Athletics Hall of Fame in 1992. He was inducted into the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC)\'s Hall of Fame in 2019.
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# Joe Arlauckas
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### NBA career {#nba_career}
Arlauckas was drafted with the 74th pick of the 1987 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings, along with their first round draft pick Kenny Smith. In his first season in the NBA, the Kings had a poor regular season record of 24--58 (6th place of the Midwest Division), which started with Hall-of-Famer Bill Russell\'s brief stint as the Kings\' head coach (during which time the Kings had a record of 17--41).
During his sole season in the National Basketball Association, Arlauckas appeared in nine games, averaging four points per game, in roughly 10 minutes of play per game.
### Europe
On December 14, 1987, Arlauckas was cut by the NBA\'s Kings. He then went to Italy, where he played for 6 months of time in the Italian top-tier level LBA with Snaidero Caserta. He went on to have a highly successful career playing in Spain (one exact decade), playing in the Spanish top-tier level ACB League.
In Spain, he played with Caja de Ronda, Taugrés, and Real Madrid, winning several individual and team accolades; with the latter, he formed one of European basketball\'s most fearsome front courts, along with center Arvydas Sabonis, and he notably won the championship of the top-tier level European league, the FIBA European League (EuroLeague), with Real Madrid, in 1995, against Olympiacos. With Real Madrid, he also won the 2nd-tier level European league, the FIBA EuroCup (FIBA Saporta Cup), during the 1996--97 season.
On February 26, 1996, Arlauckas scored 63 points, a record in the modern era of the EuroLeague, against Kinder Bologna in Italy. Real Madrid won the game, by a score of 115--96. In six seasons out of ten played in Spain, Arlauckas averaged more than 20 points per game. He scored 7,543 points in the Liga ACB, for a scoring average of 20.7 points per game.
He retired in 2000, at the age of 35, after playing two years in Greece -- playing one season apiece with the Greek top-tier level Basket League clubs AEK Athens and Aris Thessaloniki.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
After he retired from playing basketball, Arlauckas became a sports commentator, working for EuroLeague TV
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# Ketelbrug
The **Ketelbrug** is bridge spanning the Ketel-lake between the Noordoostpolder and the Eastern Flevopolder in the Dutch province of Flevoland. The motorway A6 runs over it.\
A part of it is a Bascule bridge.
The 800 m bridge was opened on 15 June 1970.
The Ketelbrug had a lot of accidents. One of those was when the warning lights didn\'t flash and the bridge went up. Ketelbrug had its warning lights replaced.
From Ketelbrug you will be able to see Zwolse-Hoek (Urk), and Kamperhoek
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# Röhrenbach
**Röhrenbach** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria
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# Drygalski Fjord
**Drygalski Fjord** is a bay 1 mi wide which recedes northwestwards 7 mi, entered immediately north of Nattriss Head along the southeast coast of South Georgia. It was charted by the Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911--12, under Wilhelm Filchner, and named for Professor Erich von Drygalski, the leader of the First German Antarctica Expedition, 1901--03.
According to L. Harrison Matthews, Drygalski Fjord might have been the place where Anthony de la Roché spent two weeks during his stay in the island in April 1675.
## Named locations {#named_locations}
Nattriss Head, a small but prominent rock headland, marks the south side of the entrance to Drygalski Fjord. Like the fjord, it was charted by Filchner\'s expedition. It was originally named Nattriss Point for E.A. Nattriss, shipping officer to the Discovery Committee, following survey by Discovery Investigations personnel in 1927. It was later renamed Nattriss Head to avoid confusion with Nattriss Point on Saunders Island in the South Sandwich Islands.
Brandt Cove is a cove on the south side of the fjord, 1 nmi north of the head of Larsen Harbour. It was surveyed by the South Georgia Survey in the period 1951--57, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for American economist Karl Brandt. Mount Mair sits south of Brandt Cove, separating it from Larsen Harbour.
Trendall Crag is a mountain crag overlooking the north side of the fjord at the southeast end of South Georgia. Surveyed by the South Georgia Survey (SGS) from 1951 to 1957 by a research group led by English explorer Duncan Carse, it was named after Alec Trendall, an English geologist who took part in the SGS expedition. The crag has an elevation of 1005 m
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# Röschitz
**Röschitz** is a village in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria
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# Cayo (film)
***Cayo*** is a 2005 Puerto Rican film directed by Vicente Juarbe and written by Ineabelle Colón and Pedro Muñiz. The film also stars Roselyn Sánchez.
## Plot
The film follows the life of Iván, a former Vietnam War veteran (who later becomes a New York City police officer) who returns to his childhood home island of Culebra in Puerto Rico, after he is diagnosed with cancer. Married to his longtime love, Julia, he tries to reconnect with his former best friend, Kike, who has estranged himself from the couple after Julia broke his heart and married Iván instead.
## Cast
- Roselyn Sánchez as Young Julia
- Ivan Camilo as Kike
- Raul Carbonell, Jr
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# Tracy Brabin
**Tracy Lynn Brabin** (born 9 May 1961) is a British politician who has been the Mayor of West Yorkshire since the office was established on 10 May 2021. She was previously the Member of Parliament (MP) for Batley and Spen from 2016 to 2021 under the Labour and Co-operative banner.
Born in Batley, Brabin was an actress and television writer prior to entering politics, appearing in several British soap operas including *Coronation Street*, *Doctors*, *EastEnders*, *Casualty* and *Emmerdale*. She was elected for Batley and Spen in an October 2016 by-election after the murder of previous incumbent Jo Cox.
She was appointed as Shadow Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport by Jeremy Corbyn in January 2020, succeeding former Deputy Labour Leader Tom Watson. In April 2020, new Labour Leader Keir Starmer removed Brabin from the shadow cabinet and appointed her Shadow Minister for Cultural Industries.
She resigned as an MP after winning the 2021 West Yorkshire mayoral election. Her resignation triggered a by-election, which Labour\'s Kim Leadbeater won. She is the first ever woman to serve as a metro-mayor.
She won a second term in the 2024 West Yorkshire mayoral election.
## Early life {#early_life}
Brabin was born in Batley in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and educated at Heckmondwike Grammar School. She studied drama at Loughborough University and gained a Master of Arts degree in screenwriting from the London College of Communication of the University of the Arts London in 2001.
## Arts career {#arts_career}
### Television
Brabin played clumsy waitress Sandra opposite David Jason in *A Bit of a Do*, Tricia Armstrong in *Coronation Street* from 1994 to 1997, and Ginny in three series of Richard Harris\'s *Outside Edge*. She appeared in *EastEnders* as Roxy Drake, *The Ghost Hunter* as Mrs Oliver, *Love + Hate* as Gaynor, and in an episode of *Midsomer Murders* (\"Dead Letters\", 2006).
In 2008, she appeared in a series of commercials for supermarket chain Sainsbury\'s playing Sarah, a mother-of-two and Sainsbury\'s employee who does her weekly shopping at the store. In 2014, she appeared as Lyndsey Bernstein in *Law & Order: UK*, Pam in *Undeniable*, and as Carole in *Emmerdale*.
### Film
In *Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After* (1992), Brabin played Sarah, Duchess of York. In 2012, she played Maggie, a mother who comes to realise she is one of a race of aliens, in artist Shezad Dawood's first feature, the sci-fi art-house film *Piercing Brightness*.
### Theatre
Brabin played Linda, Sharon and Annie in Simon Beaufoy\'s play *The Full Monty*, an adaptation of his screenplay for the film, directed by Sheffield Theatre\'s Daniel Evans. The play opened at the Sheffield Lyceum to excellent reviews, followed by a national tour and a West End run at the Noël Coward Theatre. The production was nominated for the Best New Comedy at the Laurence Olivier Awards in 2014. Brabin\'s previous theatre performances include the lead role in Shelagh Stevenson\'s *The Long Road* at Curve in Leicester directed by Adel Al Salloum and Joy in *Meat* written by Jimmy Osbourne for London\'s 503 Theatre.
### Writing
Brabin has written for *Heartbeat*, *Family Affairs*, *Crossroads*, *The Story of Tracy Beaker*, and *Hollyoaks*, on which she worked for two years. She has written for *Shameless* for Company Pictures and for three series of *Seacht* -- nominated for Best Youth Programme Irish Film and Television Awards in 2011. With her mentor Elizabeth Karlsen, the producer of *Made in Dagenham*, she was involved on the romantic comedy feature *Father August* for the prestigious *She Writes* programme, with Minkie Spiro attached to direct. Brabin wrote an episode of *Doctors* which was screened in December 2012.
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# Tracy Brabin
## Political career {#political_career}
Brabin publicly endorsed the Labour Party at the 1997 general election, writing an article for the Labour-supporting *Daily Mirror* newspaper explaining that her father-in-law had died on a hospital trolley while waiting to see a doctor. In May 1998 she appeared in a party political broadcast for the Labour Party, appealing for people to join it. In March 2005, Brabin was the lead member of a group of nine actors to write to *The Observer* explaining that while they continued to oppose the Blair government\'s military intervention in Iraq, they still \"strongly support the re-election of a Labour government\". She canvassed for the Labour Party in the Kirklees council election in 2012.
When Jo Cox was selected as Labour candidate for Batley and Spen, Brabin joined her campaign against the closure of libraries in the constituency.
### Parliamentary career {#parliamentary_career}
In August 2016, Brabin said that she was considering standing in the Batley and Spen by-election, caused by Cox\'s murder. On 19 September, she was shortlisted along with Labour activist Jane Thomas. Brabin was selected at a meeting on 23 September. The Conservative Party, Liberal Democrats, Green Party and UKIP did not field candidates as a mark of respect to Cox. On 20 October 2016, Brabin was elected with an increased majority of around 10,000. She was then sworn in on 24 October.
Brabin made her maiden speech in the House of Commons on 2 November, paying tribute to her predecessor, whom she described as \"inspirational\". The speech won applause from fellow MPs.
Brabin retained the seat in the 2017 general election, with a majority of just under 9,000 over the Conservative Party candidate. On 3 July 2017 she was appointed as Shadow Early Years Minister by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn.
Brabin was re-elected as the MP for Batley & Spen in the 2019 General Election, with a majority of 3,525. She was appointed as Shadow Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport in January 2020 after the previous holder, Tom Watson stood down at the 2019 general election. She was replaced as Shadow Culture Secretary in Keir Starmer\'s Shadow frontbench announcement but made Shadow Minister for Cultural Industries.
In March 2021, a teacher at Batley Grammar School showed cartoons depicting Muhammad, the founder of Islam, from the French satirical magazine *Charlie Hebdo* during a religious studies lesson. This led to protests. The school apologised and suspended the teacher involved. The teacher was allegedly placed in police protection after receiving death threats. Brabin responded to this by stating that she condemned the threats towards the teacher, welcomed the apology given by the school, and urged \"all involved to work together and calm the situation\".
### Mayor of West Yorkshire {#mayor_of_west_yorkshire}
Brabin was the Labour Party\'s nomination for the inaugural Mayor of West Yorkshire in the 2021 election. As a result, she stood down from her frontbench role to focus on her mayoral campaign, with Alison McGovern taking over her responsibilities. The mayoralty includes powers over transport, crime and planning in the region of 2.3 million people, which includes the cities of Leeds, Bradford and Wakefield.
In the election, held on 6 May 2021, Brabin won 43% of the first-round vote, failing to secure a majority, and 59.8% of transfer second-round votes, with the closest challenger being Matthew Robinson of the Conservative Party. This made her the first woman to be elected as a metro mayor. Upon taking office, she became entitled to the style of Mayor. Brabin follows two former Labour MPs -- Andy Burnham and Steve Rotheram in Greater Manchester and the Liverpool City Region respectively -- representing their regions as mayor, while Dan Jarvis, mayor of the Sheffield City Region, has concurrently remained the member of parliament for Barnsley Central. However, Brabin had to resign her Batley and Spen seat, triggering a by-election, as Electoral Commission rules make the police and crime responsibilities in the role incompatible with being an MP.
Brabin stood for a second term in the 2024 West Yorkshire mayoral election, and retained the position.
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