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# Dodgeson
The **Dodgeson** was an automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by Dodgeson Motors in 1926. The Dodgeson was designed and engineered by John Duval Dodge, son of John Francis Dodge, one of the original Dodge Brothers. The vehicle had a straight-8 rotary valve engine, with 3.2L of displacement, and produced 72 bhp at 3,000 rpm. The engine was supported by a four-point suspension system.
## No production {#no_production}
Only prototypes were produced, and the series never saw production
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# Ercole de Maria
**Ercole de Maria** (? -- c. 1640) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Bologna. He was a pupil of the painter Guido Reni. He was also known as **Ercolino di Guido**. He was awarded a knighthood by Pope Urban VIII, but died young
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# Luigi Quaini
**Luigi Quaini** (1643--1717) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.
## Biography
He was born in Ravenna, and first learned the art of architectural perspective painting from his father, Francesco Quaini, a pupil of Agostino Mitelli. After some training with his father, he became a pupil of Guercino, then of Carlo Cignani (his cousin). There he met a fellow pupil, Marcantonio Franceschini. He became the brother-in-law of the latter, and closely collaborated with him in works at Bologna, Modena, Piacenza, Genoa and Rome. Franceschini supplied the figures and Quaini, the landscapes and architecture. He was named a professor of the Accademia Clementina in Bologna. He traveled to France and England, where he met Charles Le Brun and the engraver Edelinck.
In Rome, he helped compose some of the designs for mosaics in the dome of St. Peter\'s Basilica. Quaini also completed several altarpieces, including a *Visitation* for the church of San Giuseppe at Bologna, a *Pietà* for the church in La Carità, and a *San Nicolò visited by the Virgin* for the church of San Niccolò
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# Diane, Duchess of Württemberg
**Diane, Dowager Duchess of Württemberg** (*née* **Princess Diane of Orléans**; born 24 March 1940) is a French-German painter, sculptor, writer and philanthropist. She is the widow of Carl, Duke of Württemberg, head of the House of Württemberg. She is the fourth daughter and sixth child of Henri, Count of Paris, Orléanist pretender to the throne of France, and his wife, Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza.
## Early life {#early_life}
Diane was born in Petrópolis, Brazil, the fourth daughter and sixth child of the Orléanist claimant to the French throne, Henri, Count of Paris, and his wife, Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza. At the time of her birth, as a claimant to the throne, her father was banned from living in France. Thus, she was born in her mother\'s native Brazil. In 1950, the ban was lifted and the family moved to France. Diane attended the Académie Julian in Paris.
## Career and patronages {#career_and_patronages}
The Duchess became interested in silk painting at the age of 14. She received formal training at the Académie Julian. She worked in a variety of techniques such as silk screen printing, oil painting, stuccowork, glass and wood painting. In 1971, following an illness caused by using lead-based paints, Diane began sculpting. She signs her works as DxDiane. The letter D placed before Diane signifies *Dimanche de Pâques*, the day of her birth. She is a patron of the Smolny Institute of Liberal Arts and Science.
In 1979, the Duchess established an eponymous foundation, \"Diane Herzogin von Württemberg, Prinzessin von Frankreich-Stiftung,\" to aid disadvantaged children.
## Marriage and issue {#marriage_and_issue}
In 1956, on a cruise organized by Queen Frederica of Greece, Diane met Duke Carl of Württemberg, son and heir of Philipp Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg, and his wife, Archduchess Rosa of Austria. In 1957, her brother, Henri, married Carl\'s sister, Marie-Thérèse.
On 21 July 1960, Diane married Carl at Altshausen. The wedding celebrations lasted three days. Diane wore a Dior gown designed by Yves Saint Laurent.
In 1975, Carl succeeded his father as head of the House of Württemberg.
They have six children and sixteen grandchildren:
- *Friedrich* Philipp Carl Franz Maria, Hereditary Duke of Württemberg (Friedrichshafen, 1 June 1961 -- near Ebenweiler, 9 May 2018). He married in Altshausen on 11 November 1993 to Princess Wilhelmine Friederike Pauline Elisabeth *Marie* of Wied (born Munich, 27 December 1973), with issue:
- Wilhelm Friedrich Carl Philipp Albert Nikolaus Erich Maria, Duke of Württemberg (Ravensburg, 13 August 1994), succeeded his grandfather as head of the House of Württemberg in 2022
- Duchess Marie-Amélie Diane Katharina Beatrix Philippa Sophie (Ravensburg, 12 March 1996). She is married to Baron Franz-Ferdinand von Feilitzsch.
- Duchess Sophie *Dorothée* Martina Johanna Henriette Charitas Maria (Ravensburg, 19 August 1997)
- Duchess *Mathilde* Marie-Antoinette Rosa Isabelle (b. Friedrichshafen, 11 July 1962). She married in 1988 to Erich, Prince of Waldburg zu Zeil und Trauchburg (b. 1962), with issue.
- Duke *Eberhard* Alois Nikolaus Heinrich Johannes Maria (b. Friedrichshafen, 20 June 1963). He married in 2011 (divorced in 2016) to Lucia *Desiree* Copf (b. Samedan, 29 December 1969), and married secondly in 2023 Gaby Maier (b. 1970), with issue (from his first marriage).
- Duke *Philipp* Albrecht Christoph Ulrich Maria (b. Friedrichshafen, 1 November 1964). He married in 1991 to Duchess Marie-Caroline in Bavaria, with issue.
- Duke *Michael* Heinrich Albert Alexander Maria (b. Friedrichshafen, 1 December 1965). He married in 2006 to *Julia* Ricarda Storz (b. Munich, 4 April 1965), without issue.
- Duchess Eleonore *Fleur* Juanita Charlotte Eudoxie Marie-Agnès (b. Altshausen, 4 November 1977). She married in 2003 to Count Moritz von Goëss (b. 1966), with issue.
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
### Honours
#### National honours {#national_honours}
- France: Member of the Order of the Legion of Honour, 2010
- : Member of the Decoration of Merit, 2011
#### Foreign honours {#foreign_honours}
- Italy
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit, 2000
- : Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Sylvester
### Awards
- *Prix Européen de la Culture,* 1999
- \"DODO\" Prize for Women, 2003
- Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award, 2005
- Honorary Doctorate, Saint Petersburg State University, 2010
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# Diane, Duchess of Württemberg
## Works
- *I.K.H. Diane Herzogin von Württemberg, Prinzessin von Frankreich* ; Diane Herzogin von Württemberg, Roger Orlik ; Sp-Verlag (2002) `{{ISBN|3-9807873-0-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Kunsthandwerk, Gemälde, Skulpturen* ; Diane von Württemberg ; Ulm : Süddt. Verl.-Ges., 1991
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# Downing-Detroit
The **Downing-Detroit** was an American cyclecar manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by the **Downing Motor Company** from 1913 to 1915. The Downing was offered as two models. The first was a two-passenger air-cooled V-twin engine of 13 hp. The second model was a light car with a water-cooled four-cylinder engine and a three-speed transmission
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# KPZK-FM
**KPZK-FM** (102.5 MHz, better known locally as **Praise 102.5 FM**) plays a gospel format in the Little Rock metropolitan area. It is under ownership of The Last Bastion Station Trust, LLC, though most of its operations are sub-contracted to its former owner, Cumulus Media. The station\'s studios are located with other Cumulus stations in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located in Cabot.
Former sister station KPZK (at 1250 AM), which initially shared its call sign, remained with Citadel Broadcasting (now part of Cumulus Media) when KPZK-FM & another former sister station (now KVLO) were transferred to the trust. KPZK (AM) has simulcast another Cumulus station, KIPR, ever since; it changed its call sign to KFOG in 2019 to warehouse the historic call sign of a Cumulus station in San Francisco.
The choice of KOKY and KPZK for spin-off into the trust was probably made to increase the likelihood that both KOKY and KPZK-FM, which also targets an African American audience, would be sold together to an African American owner; the FCC order that required the divestitures to Last Bastion strongly suggested that the trust seek out minority owners, a process that has not been completed as of 2025 (eighteen years since the ABC Radio sale closed), since many of the station\'s operations continue under the management of Cumulus Media, including its website, on-air operations, engineering, and advertising sales. KOKY and KPZK are the last two stations still owned by Last Bastion, which last sold a station in 2014.
On July 3, 2012, KVLO split from its simulcast with KPZK-FM and changed to an adult hits format
| 271 |
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| 0 |
10,984,716 |
# Sitzendorf an der Schmida
**Sitzendorf an der Schmida** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Sitzendorf an der Schmida lies on the Schmida River. About 6.59 percent of the municipality is forested
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# Agnès Maltais
**Agnès Maltais** (born November 7, 1956) is a Canadian politician from Quebec. She was a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Taschereau in the Quebec City region. She represented the Parti Québécois.
Maltais mostly worked in the theatrical sector being a development agent for Video-Femmes and the director of the Periscope and the la Bordée theaters. She was also a member of the Conseil québécois de théâtre. She was a political activist since 1976 when she obtained a diploma at the Cégep de Sainte-Foy. She was a spokesperson for the YES committee in the 1995 referendum and was involved in the organization of the Fête Nationale concerts and shows in 1991 and 1995.
Maltais was first elected in Taschereau in 1998 and became the Minister of Culture and Communications from 1998 to 2001. She was then named the Delegate Minister of Health, Social Services and Youth protection and Delegate Minister of Employment. Re-elected in 2003, she was the President of the Opposition Caucus. After 9 years in Opposition, the PQ formed a slim minority government after the 2012 election. Maltais immediately entered Cabinet as Minister of Labour, Employment, and Social Solidarity and Minister responsible for the status of women. In this portfolio, she presided over controversial changes to the social assistance system in Quebec, that put the PQ government in conflict with some anti-poverty groups. Maltais was also critical of changes to the EI system announced by the federal Conservative government in Ottawa.
Long identified with the left-wing of the Parti Quebecois, Maltais has been elected 6 times in the inner-city riding of Taschereau in Quebec City. While the riding had been a safe seat for the PQ, it has become much more marginal in recent years as the PQ has become increasingly less and less competitive in the Capital Region. In 2014, Maltais only held onto the riding by 400 votes over her Liberal challenger and hers was the only PQ held seat in the region. She did not run for re-election in 2018.
In 2003, Ms. Maltais became the first openly lesbian member of the National Assembly, when she came out to an audience at Laval University. In 2006, she participated in the International Conference on LGBT Human Rights
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# Intelligence and National Security Alliance
The **Intelligence and National Security Alliance** (**INSA**) is a non-profit, nonpartisan 501(c)(6) professional organization based in Arlington, Virginia for the public and private sector members of the United States Intelligence Community.
## History
INSA was founded in 1979 as the Security Affairs Support Association (SASA) to bring together professionals in the intelligence field, primarily focused on the National Security Agency, and to assist members in staying current on intelligence and national security community issues. SASA\'s headquarters were in Annapolis Junction, Maryland.
## DOD SkillBridge Fellowship {#dod_skillbridge_fellowship}
INSA has a memorandum of understanding with the United States Department of Defense, recognizing it as an official partner of the DOD SkillBridge Program. Beginning in 2022, INSA began welcoming DOD SkillBridge Fellows into the organization.
## Events and IC Outreach {#events_and_ic_outreach}
### William Oliver Baker Award Dinner {#william_oliver_baker_award_dinner}
The William Oliver Baker Award was established by SASA in 1984 to honor achievements in the intelligence sector. The award is named in honor of the first recipient, William O. Baker. To celebrate each award recipient, INSA holds an annual William Oliver Baker Award Dinner.
Year Awardee
------ --------------------------------------
1984 Dr. William O. Baker
1985 Senator Barry Goldwater (R-Az.)
1986 Ambassador Vernon A. Walters
1987 Ambassador Richard Helms
1988 Dr. Edwin H. Land
1989 Admiral Bobby Inman, USN
1990 Dr. Lew Allen
1991 James R. Schlesinger
1992 Dr. Louis W. Tordella
1993 Dr. Albert D. Wheelon
1994 Robert J. Hermann
1995 John N. McMahon
1996 LTG Samuel V. Wilson, USA (Ret.)
1997 Judge William H. Webster
1998 Dr. Jack E. Thomas
1999 Ann Z. Caracristi
2000 William J. Perry
2001 Dr. Sidney D. Drell
2002 Mr. Charles E. Allen
2003 George J. Tenet
2004 Joan A. Dempsey
2005 Lt Gen Brent Scowcroft, USAF (Ret.)
2006 Lt Gen James R. Clapper, Jr., USAF
2007 Admiral William Oliver Studeman, USN
2008 Richard James Kerr
2009 Former Senator John Warner (R-Va.)
2010 Secretary of Defense Robert Gates
2011 Mike McConnell
2012 Arthur L. Money
2013 General Michael V. Hayden
2014 Congressman Dutch Ruppersberger
2015 Congressman Mike Rogers
2016 John E. McLaughlin
2017 Robert Mueller
2018 Stephanie O\'Sullivan
2019 General Keith B. Alexander
2021 Susan M. Gordon
2022 Governor Tom Ridge
2023 LtGen Vincent Stewart
2024 General Paul M. Nakasone
: Baker Award recipients
### Achievement Awards {#achievement_awards}
The INSA Achievement Awards were established in 2010. INSA holds the Achievement Awards annually, granting six awards that differ in their mission and service requirements. The six awards are:
- Richard J. Kerr Government Award
- John W. Warner Homeland Security Award
- Edwin H. Land Industry Award
- Joan A. Dempsey Mentoring Award
- William O. Studeman Military Award
- Sidney D. Drell Academic Award
### Intelligence and National Security Summit {#intelligence_and_national_security_summit}
The Intelligence and National Security Summit is an annual event held by both INSA and the Armed Forces Communications & Electronics Association International (AFCEA). Its purpose is to bring public and private sector leaders together to advance collaborative solutions to critical intelligence and national security challenges. The Summit is a two-day program that features five plenaries and six breakout sessions that examine contemporary issues in intelligence and national security.
### Intelligence and National Security Foundation {#intelligence_and_national_security_foundation}
INSA is affiliated with the Intelligence and National Security Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that raises funds from individuals and organizations across the intelligence community to sponsor scholarships and programming
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# WCDW
**WCDW** (106.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Port Dickinson, New York and serving the Greater Binghamton radio market. The station is owned by Equinox Broadcasting and broadcasts a classic hits radio format.
WCDW has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,200 watts. The stations transmitter is in the Ingraham Hill tower farm, south of Binghamton. It also has FM translators at 101.1 in Endwell, New York (relays the main station), 95.1 in Binghamton, New York (relays HD2), 92.9 in Endicott, New York (relays HD3), and 107.1 in Johnson City, New York (relays HD4).
## History
The station signed on the air in `{{Start date and age|2006|10}}`{=mediawiki}. The original call sign was WRRQ (\"Q107\"). Owned by Equinox Broadcasting, it paired up with an oldies station, WCDW Cool 100, from studios on Upper Court Street in the city of Binghamton. The station ran automated, without any regular on-air staff for several months.
Q107 began broadcasting the local AHL hockey team, the Binghamton Senators, for the 2006-07 season. Justin (Case) MacGregor became the station\'s first on-air personality, hosting a live pregame show called \"Hockey Night In Binghamton\" prior to every Saturday night home game. The Senators did not return to the station for the 2007-08 season.
In February 2007, Tejay Schwartz, a veteran of the Binghamton radio market, became the first morning drive time DJ on Q107. He was joined a month later by radio veterans Steve Shimer (Shimes) on middays and Justin (Case) MacGregor on afternoon drive. In September 2007, Q107 added a contemporary Christian rock show on Sunday mornings from 7 till 9 am.
In December 2007, Tejay left the lineup to rejoin a station across town. Justin shifted to morning drive while Amy Love was added for afternoon drive.
In October 2008, the schedule adjusted again, as Thunder Reynolds joined the staff from crosstown station WAAL for afternoons from 1-4pm. Also added was Josh Evans, who hosted nights from 9 pm till midnight.
Q106.7\'s format was a blend of up-tempo hits of the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, using the slogan \"The 80\'s And More\".
On June 18, 2013, WRRQ switched to a simulcast of classic hits-formatted WCDW 100.5 FM.
On August 16, 2013, WRRQ changed its call letters to WCDW, after 100.5-FM changed its call sign to WDRE, flipping to Alternative Rock.
WCDW is part of the Southern Tier Radio Network, which includes 100.5 The Drive (WVIP) and 95 The Met (WMTT) in Elmira.
On February 2, 2022, WCDW\'s HD4 subchannel changed its format from soft adult contemporary as \"Sunny 107.1\" to classic country as \"107.1 The Bear\"
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# Dudly Bug
The **Dudly** (also known as the **Dudly Bug**) was an American Brass Era, gas-powered cyclecar manufactured in Menominee, Michigan, by the **Dudly Tool Company** from 1913 to 1915. The Dudly had an ash-wood frame, two-seater open model that was originally offered with a two-cylinder air-cooled engine. The 1914 Dudly was offered with a four-cylinder 1.6 L engine.
Approximately 100 Dudly Bug vehicles were manufactured
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# Niccolo Rondinelli
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- --
Triptych with Madonna and Child Enthroned Between the Archangel Michael and Saint Peter by Nicolò Rondinello in Walters Art Museum
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- --
**Niccolò Rondinelli** (c. 1468 -- c. 1520) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Ravenna, where he was born. He was a pupil of the painter Giovanni Bellini. Also called *Nicolo* or *Niccoló Rondinello*. Among his pupils were Baldassare Carrari and Francesco da Cotignola
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# Trapp Family Austrian Relief
**Trapp Family Austrian Relief, Inc.** is an initiative founded by Georg von Trapp and Maria von Trapp of the famous Austrian singing family, the Trapp Family, and was an integral part of the effort to promote the Austria victim theory.
## History
In January 1947, Major General Harry J. Collins turned to Georg von Trapp and Maria von Trapp in Stowe, Vermont, pleading for help for the Austrian people, having seen the residents of Salzburg suffer when he had arrived there with the famed 42nd Rainbow Division after World War II.
After founding the initiative, Georg and Maria von Trapp took on the posts of president and vice-president, while Monsignore Dr. Franz Wasner was appointed treasurer.
## Awards
- In 1949 Pope Pius XII awarded Maria Augusta von Trapp the Benemerenti medal as a recognition for the Trapp Family Austrian Relief Inc.
- On September 29, 2007, Tizzy von Trapp Walker, daughter of Rupert von Trapp, was honoured on behalf of the Trapp Family with the Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer Award in Braunau am Inn within the scope of the 16th Braunau Contemporary History Days, for their work performed and their espousing Austria. Braunau am Inn is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler
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| 0 |
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# List of birds of Vanuatu
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in Vanuatu**. The avifauna of Vanuatu include a total of 189 species, of which nine are endemic, and 10 have been introduced by humans.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Vanuatu.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
- \(A\) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Vanuatu
- \(E\) Endemic - a species endemic to Vanuatu
- \(I\) Introduced - a species introduced to Vanuatu as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
- (Ex) Extinct - a species or subspecies that no longer exists.
\
`{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Wandering whistling-duck, *Dendrocygna arcuata* (A)
- Australian shoveler, *Spatula rhynchotis* (A)
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa*
- Mallard, *Anas platyrhynchos* (I)
- Northern pintail, *Anas acuta* (A)
- Gray teal, *Anas gracilis*
- Hardhead, *Aythya australis*
## Megapodes
Order: Galliformes Family: Megapodiidae
The Megapodiidae are stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet. Distinguishing feature is the large mound that is built by these birds for nesting. Most have brown or black colouring.
- Melanesian scrubfowl, *Megapodius eremita*
- Vanuatu scrubfowl, *Megapodius layardi* (E)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
## Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
- Australasian grebe, *Tachybaptus novaehollandiae*
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I)
- Metallic pigeon, *Columba vitiensis*
- Mackinlay\'s cuckoo-dove, *Macropygia mackinlayi*
- Pacific emerald dove, *Chalcophaps longirostris*
- Santa Cruz ground dove, *Alopecoenas sanctaecrucis*
- Tanna ground dove, *Alopecoenas ferrugineus* (E)
- Tanna fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus tannensis* (E)
- Rose-crowned fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus regina*
- Red-bellied fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus greyi*
- Claret-breasted fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus viridis*
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica*
- Baker\'s imperial-pigeon, *Ducula bakeri* (E)
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Long-tailed koel, *Eudynamys taitensis*
- Shining bronze-cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx lucidus*
- Fan-tailed cuckoo, *Cacomantis flabelliformis*
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- Glossy swiftlet, *Collocalia esculenta*
- Satin swiftlet, *Collocalia uropygialis*
- White-rumped swiftlet, *Aerodramus spodiopygius*
- Australian swiftlet, *Aerodramus terraereginae*
- Uniform swiftlet, *Aerodramus vanikorensis*
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# List of birds of Vanuatu
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis*
- Black-backed swamphen, *Porphyrio indicus*
- Australasian swamphen, *Porphyrio melanotus*
- White-browed crake, *Poliolimnas cinereus*
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis*
- Ocellated crake, *Micropygia schomburgkii* (A)
## Thick-knees {#thick_knees}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
- Beach thick-knee, *Esacus magnirostris*
## Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
- South Island oystercatcher, *Haematopus finschi* (A)
- Variable oystercatcher, *Haematopus unicolor* (A)
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola* (A)
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Masked lapwing, *Vanellus miles* (A)
- Lesser sand-plover, *Charadrius mongolus* (A)
- Greater sand-plover, *Charadrius leschenaultii*
- Double-banded plover, *Charadrius bicinctus* (A)
- Oriental plover, *Charadrius veredus* (A)
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus*
- Little curlew, *Numenius minutus* (A)
- Far Eastern curlew, *Numenius madagascariensis*
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica*
- Black-tailed godwit, *Limosa limosa* (A)
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata*
- Curlew sandpiper, *Calidris ferruginea* (A)
- Red-necked stint, *Calidris ruficollis* (A)
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos* (A)
- Common sandpiper, *Actitis hypoleucos*
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes*
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
- Common greenshank, *Tringa nebularia* (A)
- Marsh sandpiper, *Tringa stagnatilis* (A)
## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus* (A)
- Parasitic jaeger, *Stercorarius parasiticus* (A)
- Long-tailed jaeger, *Stercorarius longicaudus* (A)
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Silver gull, *Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae* (A)
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Gray noddy, *Anous albivitta*
- Blue-gray noddy, *Anous ceruleus*
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Gray-backed tern, *Onychoprion lunatus* (A)
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus* (A)
- Little tern, *Sternula albifrons* (A)
- Whiskered tern, *Chlidonias hybrida* (A)
- Roseate tern, *Sterna dougallii* (A)
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Common tern, *Sterna hirundo*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
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## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda*
## Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus *Diomedea* have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
- Black-browed albatross, *Thalassarche melanophris* (A)
- Wandering albatross, *Diomedea exulans* (A)
## Southern storm-petrels {#southern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Wilson\'s storm-petrel, *Oceanites oceanicus* (A)
- Black-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta tropica* (A)
- White-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta grallaria* (A)
- Polynesian storm-petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa*
## Northern storm-petrels {#northern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
- Leach\'s storm-petrel, *Hydrobates leucorhous* (A)
- Band-rumped storm-petrel, *Hydrobates castro* (A)
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Southern giant petrel, *Macronectes giganteus* (A)
- Cape petrel, *Daption capense*
- Kermadec petrel, *Pterodroma neglecta* (A)
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica* (A)
- Providence petrel, *Pterodroma solandri* (A)
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata*
- White-necked petrel, *Pterodroma cervicalis*
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis* (A)
- Cook\'s petrel, *Pterodroma cookii* (A)
- Gould\'s petrel, *Pterodroma leucoptera*
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes*
- Pycroft\'s petrel, *Pterodroma pycrofti* (A)
- Vanuatu petrel, *Pterodroma occulta*
- Fairy prion, *Pachyptila turtur*
- Antarctic prion, *Pachyptila desolata* (A)
- Bulwer\'s petrel, *Bulweria bulwerii* (A)
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata* (A)
- Beck\'s petrel, *Pseudobulweria becki* (A)
- Gray petrel, *Procellaria cinerea*
- Flesh-footed shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes* (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacifica*
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna grisea*
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris*
- Christmas shearwater, *Puffinus nativitatis* (A)
- Fluttering shearwater, *Puffinus gavia*
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor* (A)
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra* (A)
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
## Cormorants and shags {#cormorants_and_shags}
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
- Little pied cormorant, *Microcarbo melanoleucos*
- Little black cormorant, *Phalacrocorax sulcirostris* (A)
## Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
- Australian pelican, *Pelecanus conspicillatus* (A)
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## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Great egret, *Ardea alba* (A)
- White-faced heron, *Egretta novaehollandiae* (A)
- Little egret, *Egretta garzetta* (A)
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra*
- Striated heron, *Butorides striata*
- Nankeen night-heron, *Nycticorax caledonicus* (A)
## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Swamp harrier, *Circus approximans*
- Brown goshawk, *Accipiter fasciatus*
- Brahminy kite, *Haliastur indus* (A)
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica*
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Vanuatu kingfisher, *Todirhamphus farquhari* (E)
- Pacific kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sacer*
- Sacred kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sanctus*
- Collared kingfisher, *Todirhamphus chloris*
## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Peregrine falcon, *Falco peregrinus*
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
- Oceanic parrot, *Eclectus infectus* (Ex)
- Large fig-parrot, *Psittaculirostris desmarestii* (A)
- Palm lorikeet, *Vini palmarum*
- Coconut lorikeet, *Trichoglossus haematodus*
- Rainbow lorikeet, *Trichoglossus moluccanus*
## Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
- Cardinal myzomela, *Myzomela cardinalis*
- Vanuatu honeyeater, *Phylidonyris notabilis* (E)
- Dark-brown honeyeater, *Lichmera incana*
## Thornbills and allies {#thornbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acanthizidae
Thornbills are small passerine birds, similar in habits to the tits.
- Fan-tailed gerygone, *Gerygone flavolateralis*
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- South Melanesian cuckooshrike, *Coracina caledonica*
- Polynesian triller, *Lalage maculosa*
- Long-tailed triller, *Lalage leucopyga*
## Whistlers and allies {#whistlers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae
The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.
- Vanuatu whistler, *Pachycephala chlorura*
- Fiji whistler, *Pachycephala vitiensis*
- New Caledonian whistler, *Pachycephala caledonica*
## Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies {#woodswallows_bellmagpies_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae
The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings.
- White-breasted woodswallow, *Artamus leucorynchus*
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## Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.
- Rufous fantail, *Rhipidura rufifrons*
- Streaked fantail, *Rhipidura verreauxi*
- Gray fantail, *Rhipidura albiscapa*
- New Zealand fantail, *Rhipidura fuliginosa*
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Buff-bellied monarch, *Neolalage banksiana* (E)
- Southern shrikebill, *Clytorhynchus pachycephaloides*
- Melanesian flycatcher, *Myiagra caledonica*
## Australasian robins {#australasian_robins}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Petroicidae
Most species of Petroicidae have a stocky build with a large rounded head, a short straight bill and rounded wingtips. They occupy a wide range of wooded habitats, from subalpine to tropical rainforest, and mangrove swamp to semi-arid scrubland. All are primarily insectivores, although a few supplement their diet with seeds.
- Pacific robin, *Petroica pusilla*
## Grassbirds and allies {#grassbirds_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
The family Locustellidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
- Guadalcanal thicketbird, *Megalurulus whitneyi*
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Pacific swallow, *Hirundo tahitica*
- Tree martin, *Petrochelidon nigricans* (A)
## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Red-vented bulbul, *Pycnonotus cafer* (A)
## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies {#white_eyes_yuhinas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
- Silver-eye, *Zosterops lateralis*
- Yellow-fronted white-eye, *Zosterops flavifrons* (E)
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Rusty-winged starling, *Aplonis zelandica*
- Mountain starling, *Aplonis santovestris* (E)
- European starling, *Sturnus vulgaris* (A)
- Common myna, *Acridotheres tristis* (I)
- Jungle myna, *Acridotheres fuscus* (A)
## Thrushes and allies {#thrushes_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
- Song thrush, *Turdus philomelos* (A)
- White-headed island-thrush, *Turdus pritzbueri*
- Vanikoro island-thrush, *Turdus vanikorensis*
## Waxbills and allies {#waxbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
- Common waxbill, *Estrilda astrild* (I)
- Red avadavat, *Amandava amandava* (A)
- Red-browed firetail, *Neochmia temporalis* (I)
- Blue-faced parrotfinch, *Erythrura trichroa*
- Red-throated parrotfinch, *Erythrura psittacea* (I)
- Red-headed parrotfinch, *Erythrura cyaneovirens*
- Chestnut munia, *Lonchura atricapilla* (I)
- Chestnut-breasted munia, *Lonchura castaneothorax* (I)
## Old World sparrows {#old_world_sparrows}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
- House sparrow, *Passer domesticus* (I)
- Eurasian tree sparrow, *Passer montanus* (I)
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## Finches, euphonias, and allies {#finches_euphonias_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well
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# ATR.1 certificate
The **ATR.1 Certificate** is a customs document used in trade between European Union members and Turkey, to benefit from cheaper rates of duty. The legal basis for the use of the certificate is the EU-Turkey Customs Union. Products not included in the customs union are steel, coal and some agricultural products. Many of these are instead included in the EU-Turkey FTA.
The ATR.1 certificate is a status certificate, not a certificate of origin, and certifies that the product has been put in free circulation either in the European Union or in Turkey, having been imported in either country
| 101 |
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# Trento–Malè–Mezzana railway
The **Trento--Malé--Mezzana railway** (*Ferrovia Trento-Malé-Mezzana (FTM)*) is a metre gauge electric railway originally connecting Trento and Malé in Trentino, northern Italy. In 2002 it was extended to the Marilleva ski resort in the Italian Alps and in 2016 to Mezzana. The line has now a total length of 66 km. FTM transports 2 million passengers per year along its 56 km line, including tourists.
## History
In 1891 a proposal for a new railway in Trentino (then part of the Austrian Empire was issued by Paolo Oss Mazzurana, mayor of Trento. Construction began in 1907 and the railway was inaugurated in 1909 as a `{{RailGauge|1000mm}}`{=mediawiki} narrow-gauge tramway, electrified at 800 V DC (converted to 3,000 V DC in 1964).
After the end of World War I, the Trentino was given to Italy, the railway was acquired by the Ferrovie dello Stato, and then established as an independent company in 1936. The line was almost totally rebuilt, shortened by 4 km but assuming the character of a true railway without road-embedded sections. In 1945 it passed under a new public company, *Società Locale Trento Malè*, who controlled it until 2002, when it became part of **Trentino trasporti**.
## Gallery
Image:Ferrovia Trento Malè (Restelli).JPG\|Inauguration of the electric railway in Nave San Felice, Lavis (TN), 1909. Portrait by Renato Restelli. Image:Lavis, stazione tram nel 1915.jpg\|Lavis tramway station in 1915 Image:Cles, stazione tranviaria nel 1955.jpg\|Cles tramway station in 1955 Image:FTM Tw 18.JPG\|An old FiReMa E86 and a new ETi 404 at Trento railway station Image:Mostizzolo ponte ETi 404 20110709.jpg\|A train on Mostizzolo railway bridge Image:Marilleva - stazione ferroviaria
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# Earl (automobile)
The **Earl** was an automobile manufactured in Jackson, Michigan by Earl Motors Incorporated from 1921 to 1923. The Earl was a continuation of the Briscoe. The Model 40 offered both open and closed models with a four-cylinder engine. Approximately 2,000 vehicles were produced. When the Earl debuted in 1921, the tourer cost just \$1285. The company also claimed that \$100 worth of \"extras\", such as linoleum floor boards and carpets front and rear were included in the base price.
Benjamin Briscoe appointed Clarence A. Earl as president of Briscoe Motor Corporation in March 1921. Earl had previously been vice-president of Willys-Overland. Briscoe suddenly left in October of the same year, tired of all the misfortune he had suffered in the automotive field to date. He left his car and company to Earl. Earl then announced to the press that he would be forming Earl Motors and bringing out a new four-cylinder car. This was really just the Briscoe car with small modifications to solve some of its problems, as well as being slightly larger and more powerful.
Earl assumed many problems with the company, not least of which was one and a half million dollars of debt. However, he easily raised more capital from bankers. On the Earl Motors board were several bankers, as well as executives from various supplier firms. Among the latter was George C. Scobie, who had been with Price-Waterhouse and Hayes Wheel Company, and was now vice-president of the new organization. Earl developed disagreements with all these board members over the future path of his company, and resigned in November 1922. He then became president of National. Earl had wanted to become a high-volume producer, while the rest of the board preferred a lower-volume, more fiscally conservative approach.
The bankers and supplier executives now took over the company, with George Scobie as president. They promptly reorganized as the Earl Motor Manufacturing Company in early 1923. The new company was capitalized at one million dollars. Soon, this group failed in pursuing their favored lower-volume approach, taking the company down with them. Early in 1924, servicing rights to the now defunct Earl were sold to Standard Motor Parts Company of Detroit. Total Earl production was approximately 1,900 cars.
## Rarity
There are only a handful of Earl Custom Roadsters left in the world. There have been persistent incorrect reports that an Earl Roadster is on display at the Ella Sharp Museum in Jackson, Michigan. The museum curator has reported that people have driven as far as South Carolina to see the vehicle. However the museum does not have such a vehicle (as of 4 August 2011). Private owners of Earl Roadsters are thought to exist in Jackson
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# Wullersdorf
**Wullersdorf** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Wullersdorf lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. About 4.16 percent of the municipality is forested
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# List of birds of Tonga
This is a list of the bird species recorded in Tonga. The avifauna of Tonga include a total of 88 species, of which two are endemic and five have been introduced by humans. 10 species are globally threatened.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Tonga.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
- \(A\) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Tonga
- (Ex) Extinct - a species which no longer exists
- \(E\) Endemic - a species endemic to Tonga
- \(I\) Introduced - a species introduced to Tonga as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
\
`{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa*
- Northern pintail, *Anas acuta* (A)
## Megapodes
Order: Galliformes Family: Megapodiidae
The Megapodiidae are stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet. All but the malleefowl occupy jungle habitats and most have brown or black colouring.
- Niuafoou scrubfowl, *Megapodius pritchardii* (E)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus*
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I)
- Shy ground dove, *Alopecoenas stairi*
- Many-colored fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus perousii*
- Crimson-crowned fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus porphyraceus*
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica*
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Long-tailed koel, *Eudynamys taitensis*
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- White-rumped swiftlet, *Aerodramus spodiopygius*
- Australian swiftlet, *Aerodramus terraereginae*
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis*
- Black-backed swamphen, *Porphyrio indicus*
- Australasian swamphen, *Porphyrio melanotus*
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis*
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola* (A)
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
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# List of birds of Tonga
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis*
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica*
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- South polar skua, *Stercorarius maccormicki* (A)
- Brown skua, *Stercorarius antarcticus* (A)
- Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus* (A)
- Parasitic jaeger, *Stercorarius parasiticus* (A)
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Gray noddy, *Anous albivitta*
- Blue-gray noddy, *Anous ceruleus*
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Gray-backed tern, *Onychoprion lunatus*
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus*
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda*
## Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus *Diomedea* have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
- Light-mantled albatross, *Phoebetria palpebrata* (A)
- Wandering albatross, *Diomedea exulans*
## Southern storm-petrels {#southern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Black-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta tropica* (A)
- Polynesian storm-petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa*
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Southern giant-petrel, *Macronectes giganteus* (A)
- Cape petrel, *Daption capense*
- Gray-faced petrel, *Pterodroma gouldi*
- Kermadec petrel, *Pterodroma neglecta*
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica*
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata*
- White-necked petrel, *Pterodroma cervicalis*
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis*
- Cook\'s petrel, *Pterodroma cookii* (A)
- Gould\'s petrel, *Pterodroma leucoptera* (A)
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes* (A)
- Stejneger\'s petrel, *Pterodroma longirostris* (A)
- Phoenix petrel, *Pterodroma alba* (A)
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata*
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus*
- Buller\'s shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri* (A)
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna griseus*
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris*
- Christmas shearwater, *Puffinus nativitatis* (A)
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor*
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# List of birds of Tonga
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra*
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- White-faced heron, *Egretta novaehollandiae*
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra*
- Striated heron, *Butorides striata* (A)
## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Swamp harrier, *Circus approximans*
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica*
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Pacific kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sacer*
- Collared kingfisher, *Todirhamphus chloris*
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
- Oceanic parrot, *Eclectus infectus* (Ex)
- Red shining-parrot, *Prosopeia tabuensis* (I)
- Blue-crowned lorikeet, *Vini australis*
## Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
- Wattled honeyeater, *Foulehaio carunculata*
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- Polynesian triller, *Lalage maculosa*
## Whistlers and allies {#whistlers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae
The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.
- Tongan whistler, *Pachycephala jacquinoti* (E)
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Fiji shrikebill, *Clytorhynchus vitiensis*
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Pacific swallow, *Hirundo tahitica*
## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Red-vented bulbul, *Pycnonotus cafer* (I)
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen
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# Rocco Marconi
**Rocco Marconi** (born before 1490 -- 13 May 1529) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Venice and Treviso. He was a pupil of the painter Giovanni Bellini along with Vittore Belliniano and Girolamo Santacroce. His first wife died in 1511. He is known to have joined the Venetian painters\' guild (fraglia) in 1517, and the *Scuola di Sant'Anna* in 1526
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# Estadio Romualdo Bueso
**Estadio Romualdo Bueso** is a football stadium in La Esperanza, Honduras. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Atlético Esperanzano and Lenca Rugby Club. The stadium holds 3,000 people
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Estadio Romualdo Bueso
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# List of birds of Tuvalu
Tuvalu, previously known as the Ellice Islands, is an island country in Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean. It consists of six atolls and three reef islands (islands made of rocks from coral skeletons), with a total land area of 26 km2. Its climate is hot and humid, with annual rainfall varying from 2500--3500 mm. The soil is very weakly developed, consisting mostly of coral sand and calcium carbonate-rich regosols. Vegetation on the islands predominantly consists of coconuts, screw palms, *Casuarina*, creepers, and grass, although some native forest exists. Previously, the islands were likely covered with *Pisonia* woodland.
Thirty-seven species of birds have been recorded on Tuvalu, one of which has been introduced by humans. Thirteen of these species, nine of which are seabirds, breed in the country. The Pacific reef-heron, Pacific imperial-pigeon, and buff-banded rail, along with the introduced red junglefowl, are the remaining breeding species. Nine species of shorebird, eight species of seabird, mallards, and long-railed koels are migratory visitors to the islands. Four species of birds found in Tuvalu are globally threatened; the bristle-thighed curlew, bar-tailed godwit, and gray-tailed tattler are near-threatened, while the Phoenix petrel is endangered. Before the arrival of humans, the birds of the islands may have also included kingfishers, *Acrocephalus* warblers, *Aplonis* starlings, *Prosobonia* sandpipers, and fruit doves. However, higher sea levels at that time might have eliminated fresh water sources on most of the atolls, making them unsuitable for pigeons or starlings.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, `{{Tooltip|genera|plural of genus}}`{=mediawiki} and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of the 2022 edition of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account.
The following codes have been used to show several categories. Species without any tags are commonly occurring native species.
- \(A\) Accidental: a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Tuvalu.
- \(I\) Introduced: a species introduced to Tuvalu as a direct or indirect consequence of human action.
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa*
- Mallard, *Anas platyrhynchos* (A)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica*
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.
- Long-tailed koel, *Urodynamis taitensis*
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general, they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. The buff-banded rail only established a breeding population in 1972.
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis*
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# List of birds of Tuvalu
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings.
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Common ringed plover, *Charadrius hiaticula* (A)
- Semipalmated plover, *Charadrius semipalmatus* (A)
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Some species have highly specialised bills adapted to specific feeding strategies.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis*
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus* (A)
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica*
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes*
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of seabirds consisting of gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. Terns are generally smaller than gulls with more pointed wings and bills, many also having forked tails which help with aerial manoeuvrability.
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Blue-gray noddy, *Anous ceruleus* (A)
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Grey-backed tern, *Onychoprion lunatus* (A)
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus*
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda* (A)
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are a group of medium-sized petrels, characterised by united nostrils with a medium nasal septum and a long outer functional primary flight feather.
- Phoenix petrel, *Pterodroma alba* (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus* (A)
- Christmas shearwater, *Puffinus nativitatis* (A)
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni* (A)
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white, or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. They are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for days at a time.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor*
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra* (A)
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and warier. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted
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# Simone Papa the Elder
**Simone Papa the Elder** (1430--1488) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in Naples.
He is said to have been a scholar of Antonio Solario. Of all the Neapolitan painters, he is said to be the one adhering closest to the style of Jan van Eyck. He painted the *Archangel Michael and Saints* found at the Capodimonte Museum. Other works attributed to Simone include an *Annunciation* for the no longer extant church of San Nicola alla Dogana, a *Virgin and savior with saints* for the church of San Lorenzo, and a *St Michael defeating rebel angels* for the church of Santa Maria Nuova
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# List of birds of Samoa
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in Samoa**. The avifauna of Samoa include a total of 100 species, of which 9 are endemic, and 5 have been introduced by humans and 23 are rare or accidental. 13 species are globally threatened.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Samoa.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. Not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
- \(A\) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Samoa
- \(E\) Endemic - a species endemic to Samoa
- \(I\) Introduced - a species introduced to Samoa as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
\
`{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl (*toloa*) {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl_toloa}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa* (*toloa*)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies (*moa*) {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies_moa}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I) (*moavao*)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I) (*lupe palagi*, \"foreign pigeon\")
- Metallic pigeon, *Columba vitiensis* (*fiaui*)
- Shy ground dove, *Alopecoenas stairi* (*tu\'aimeo, tiotala*)
- Tooth-billed pigeon, *Didunculus strigirostris* (E) (*manumea*)
- Many-colored fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus perousii* (*manuma, manulua*)
- Crimson-crowned fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus porphyraceus* (*manutagi, manufili*)
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica* (*lupe*)
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Long-tailed koel, *Urodynamis taitensis* (*aleva*)
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- White-rumped swiftlet, *Aerodramus spodiopygius* (*pe\'ape\'a*)
- Australian swiftlet, *Aerodramus terraereginae*
## Rails (*ve\'a*), gallinules (*manuali\'i*), and coots {#rails_vea_gallinules_manualii_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis* (*ve\'a*)
- Samoan moorhen, *Gallinula pacifica* (E) (*Puna\'e*)
- Australasian swamphen, *Porphyrio melanotus* (*manuali\'i, manusa*)
- White-browed crake, *Poliolimnas cinereus* (*vai*)
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis*
## Plovers and lapwings (*tuli*) {#plovers_and_lapwings_tuli}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola* (A)
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Semipalmated plover, *Charadrius semipalmatus* (A)
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# List of birds of Samoa
## Sandpipers and allies (*tuli*) {#sandpipers_and_allies_tuli}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis* (*tuli*)
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus* (*tuli*)
- Far Eastern curlew, *Numenius madagascariensis* (A)
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica* (*tuli*)
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres* (*tuli*)
- Red knot, *Calidris canutus* (A) (*tuli*)
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata* (A) (*tuli*)
- Red-necked stint, *Calidris ruficollis* (A) (*tuli*)
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba* (A) (*tuli*)
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos* (A) (*tuli*)
- Long-billed dowitcher, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* (A) (*tuli*)
- Common sandpiper, *Actitis hypoleucos* (A) (*tuli*)
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes* (A)
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana* (*tuli, alomalala*)
- Wood sandpiper, *Tringa glareola* (A) (*tuli*)
## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- South polar skua, *Stercorarius maccormicki* (A)
- Brown skua, *Stercorarius antarcticus* (A)
- Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus* (A)
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Laughing gull, *Leucophaeus atricilla* (A)
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus* (*gogo*)
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Blue-gray noddy, *Anous ceruleus* (A) (*laia*)
- White tern, *Gygis alba* (*manusina, gogosina*)
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus* (A) (*gogouli*)
- Gray-backed tern, *Onychoprion lunatus*
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus*
- Little tern, *Sternula albifrons* (A)
- Roseate tern, *Sterna dougallii* (A)
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana* (*gogosina*)
- Common tern, *Sterna hirundo* (A)
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
## Tropicbirds (*tava\'e*) {#tropicbirds_tavae}
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus* (*tava\'e sina*)
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda* (A) (*tava\'e \'ula*)
## Southern storm-petrels (*ta\'i\'o*) {#southern_storm_petrels_taio}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Black-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta tropica* (A)
- Polynesian storm-petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa*
## Shearwaters and petrels (*ta\'i\'o*) {#shearwaters_and_petrels_taio}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica* (A)
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata* (*ta\'i\'o*)
- White-necked petrel, *Pterodroma cervicalis* (A)
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis* (A)
- Gould\'s petrel, *Pterodroma leucoptera* (A)
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes* (A)
- Stejneger\'s petrel, *Pterodroma longirostris* (A)
- Flesh-footed shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes* (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacifica*
- Buller\'s shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri* (A)
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna grisea*
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris*
- Newell\'s shearwater, *Puffinus newelli* (A)
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni* (*ta\'i\'o*)
## Frigatebirds (*atafa*) {#frigatebirds_atafa}
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel* (A) (*atafa*)
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor* (*atafa*)
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## Boobies and gannets (*fua\'o*) {#boobies_and_gannets_fuao}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra* (*fua\'o*)
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster* (*fua\'o*)
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula* (*fua\'o*)
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns (*matu\'u*) {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns_matuu}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- White-faced heron, *Egretta novaehollandiae* (A)
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra* (*matu\'u*)
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica* (*lulu*)
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Pacific kingfisher, *Todiramphus sacer* (A)
- Flat-billed kingfisher, *Todiramphus recurvirostris* (E) (*ti\'otala*)
- Collared kingfisher, *Todiramphus chloris* (A)
## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Peregrine falcon, *Falco peregrinus*
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
- Blue-crowned lorikeet, *Vini australis* (*sega, sega\'ula, segavao*)
## Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
- Samoan myzomela, *Myzomela nigriventris* (E) (*segasegamau\'u*)
- Mao, *Gymnomyza samoensis* (E) (*ma\'oma\'o*)
- Eastern wattled-honeyeater, *Foulehaio carunculatus* (*iao*)
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- Polynesian triller, *Lalage maculosa* (*miti*)
- Samoan triller, *Lalage sharpei* (E) (*mititae*)
## Whistlers and allies {#whistlers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae
The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.
- Samoan whistler, *Pachycephala flavifrons* (E) (*vasavasa*)
## Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.
- Samoan fantail, *Rhipidura nebulosa* (E) (*sau*)
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Samoan flycatcher, *Myiagra albiventris* (E) (*tolai\'ula, tolaifatu*)
## Australasian robins {#australasian_robins}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Petroicidae
Most species of Petroicidae have a stocky build with a large rounded head, a short straight bill and rounded wingtips. They occupy a wide range of wooded habitats, from subalpine to tropical rainforest and mangrove swamp to semi-arid scrubland. All are primarily insectivores, although a few supplement their diet with seeds.
- Pacific robin, *Petroica pusilla* (*tolai\'ula*)
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Pacific swallow, *Hirundo tahitica* (A)
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## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Red-vented bulbul, *Pycnonotus cafer* (I) (*manu palagi*, \"foreign bird\")
## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies {#white_eyes_yuhinas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
- Samoan white-eye, *Zosterops samoensis* (E) (*matapapa\'e*)
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Polynesian starling, *Aplonis tabuensis* (*miti, mitivao*)
- Samoan starling, *Aplonis atrifusca* (E) (*fuia*)
- Common myna, *Acridotheres tristis* (I)
- Jungle myna, *Acridotheres fuscus* (I)
## Thrushes and allies {#thrushes_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
- Samoan island-thrush, *Turdus samoensis* (*tutumalili*) (E)
## Waxbills and allies {#waxbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns
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# Synchrotron Radiation Center
**The Synchrotron Radiation Center** (SRC), located in Stoughton, Wisconsin and operated by the University of Wisconsin--Madison, was a national synchrotron light source research facility, operating the Aladdin storage ring. From 1968 to 1987 SRC was the home of Tantalus, the first storage ring dedicated to the production of synchrotron radiation.
## History
### The Road to SRC: 1953--1968 {#the_road_to_src_19531968}
15 universities formed the Midwest Universities Research Association (MURA) in 1953 to promote and design a high energy proton synchrotron, to be built in the Midwest. With the intent of constructing a large accelerator, MURA purchased a suitable area of land with an underlying flat limestone base near Stoughton, Wisconsin, about 10 miles from the Madison campus of the University of Wisconsin.
MURA\'s first accelerator was a 45 MeV synchrotron, built in a concrete underground \"vault\", mostly for radiation protection purposes. A small electron storage ring, operating at 240 MeV, was designed by Ed Rowe and collaborators as a test facility to study high currents, and construction of this ring started in 1965. However, in 1963 President Johnson had decided that the next large accelerator facility would not be built at the MURA site, but in Batavia, Illinois; this became Fermilab. In 1967 MURA dissolved with the storage ring incomplete and with no further funding. The researchers, feeling teased by fate (and the government backers) named the machine after the mythological figure Tantalus, famed for his eternal punishment to stand beneath a fruit tree with the fruit ever eluding his grasp.
In 1966 a subcommittee of the National Research Council, which had been investigating the properties of synchrotron radiation from the 240 MeV ring, recommended it be completed as a tool for spectroscopy. A successful proposal was made to the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the ring was completed in 1968---the first storage ring dedicated to the production of synchrotron radiation.
With the demise of MURA, a new entity was created to run the facility: the Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC), administered by the University of Wisconsin.
### Tantalus: 1968--1987 {#tantalus_19681987}
Tantalus had a circumference of just over 9 m, and, with an energy of 240 MeV, had a critical energy of slightly under 50 eV. It achieved its first stored beam in March 1968. Initial operations were very difficult, with only about 5 hours per week of usable beam, and currents of less than 1 mA. Initial users came from three groups, who took turns using their commercial monochromators on the one available beamline. On August 7, 1968, this first dedicated storage ring based synchrotron radiation facility produced its first data when Ulrich Gerhardt of the University of Chicago, carried out simultaneous reflection and absorption measurements on CdS over the wavelength range 1100-2700 Å.
In 1972 the building was enlarged to accommodate new beamlines, and by 1973 there were ten ports, and beam currents were up to about 50 mA. A new injector, a 40 MeV microtron, was installed as an injector in 1974, replacing the original MURA accelerator that had been used until that point, and within a year currents exceeded 150 mA, with typically over 30 hours of beam per week. A stored beam of 260 mA was achieved in 1977. In October 1974 the National Science Foundation took over funding from the Air Force.
Initial monochromators were commercial instruments with drawbacks for use at a synchrotron. SRC started a program of instrument development, both to take advantage of the unique properties of synchrotron radiation and to make beamlines available to users without their own instruments. Such users became known as \"general users\", while groups with their own beamlines became known as Participating Research Teams (PRTs). This model has become widely used at other facilities, where PRTs are also denoted Collaborating Access Teams (CATs) and Collaborating Research Groups (CRGs). PRTs have been used extensively by US scientists at US facilities but by 2010 were somewhat out of favor. The CRG in Europe, however, remains as an important and successful means of flexible access.
For two decades Tantalus produced hundreds of experiments and was a testing ground for many synchrotron techniques still in use. Current synchrotron facilities can be very large, while Tantalus was not, and its small building, even after the 1972 expansion, was crowded with equipment and researchers. Users worked in very close quarters and the close proximity combined with the relative isolation of the facility, made cross fertilization of ideas unavoidable. The atmosphere was open, friendly, and informal, although not particularly comfortable physically, The heating system in one washroom did not work, so, to avoid frozen pipes, users just left the door wide open. After someone posted a sign alerting users to the policy, an international contest began, with each person translating the message into their own language. A copy of this sign was included as part of an NSF funding request as evidence of Tantalus\'s growing international impact.
Research during those early years was dominated by optical spectroscopy. In 1971 an IBM research group produced the first photoelectron spectra using Tantalus, a milestone in the development of photoemission spectroscopy as a research tool. The tunability of the radiation allowed researchers to disentangle a material\'s ground-state electronic properties. In the mid-1970s the increasing beam current from the ring gave intensity levels sufficient for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, with a joint Bell Labs--Montana State University group conducting the earliest experiments. As an experimental technique, angle-resolved photoemission developed rapidly and had an important conceptual impact on condensed-matter physics. Gas-phase spectroscopy was another successful field at SRC, starting from early absorption studies of noble gases.
With the new Aladdin storage ring operating, Tantalus was officially decommissioned in 1987, although it was run for six weeks in the summer of 1988 for experiments in atomic and molecular fluorescence. The storage ring was disassembled in 1995, and half the ring, the RF cavity and one of the original beamlines are now in storage at the Smithsonian Institution.
### Aladdin, the early years: 1976--1986 {#aladdin_the_early_years_19761986}
In 1976 SRC submitted a proposal to the NSF for a 750 MeV storage ring as an intense source of VUV and soft x-ray radiation to an energy greater than 1 keV. This proposed ring was named Aladdin. Funding for the new ring was obtained from the NSF, the State of Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF). The final design was a four straight section 1 GeV ring, of 89 m circumference, and construction of some components started in 1978. A new 32,000 sqft building to house the facility started construction in April 1979. The initial target date for first stored beam was October 1980.
The construction phase of Aladdin ended in 1981, but by late 1984 SRC had been unable to complete the commissioning of the facility, with a maximum stored current of 2.5 mA, too little to provide useful light intensities. Accelerator experts reviewing the project recommended the addition of a booster synchrotron at a cost of `{{currency|25 million|US|passthrough=yes}}`{=mediawiki} (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|25|1984|r=2}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}). In May 1985, after a review by L. Edward Temple of the Department of Energy, which recommended still another study period while difficulties were ironed out, NSF director Eric Bloch decided not only against the upgrade, but also against continued funding for Aladdin operations. SRC was kept running with existing NSF funding for Tantalus and funds from WARF. The University of Wisconsin made it clear it would only continue funding Aladdin until June 1986, a situation characterized on campus as the *Perils of Pauline*. Concurrent with these events, the technical issue limiting the machine performance had been solved, and three months after the decision to withdraw NSF funding, currents of 40 mA had been achieved. By July 1986 this had risen to over 150 mA, and NSF funding was restored.
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# Synchrotron Radiation Center
## History
### Closing
National Science Foundation funding stopped in 2011. The University of Wisconsin gave SRC `{{currency|2 million|US|passthrough=yes}}`{=mediawiki} (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|2|2011|r=2}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}) to keep the facility operating until June 2013, while new funding was sought. The biggest budget cutbacks were in education, outreach and support for outside users. By January 2012 the facility had lost about one-third of its staff to retirements and layoffs. In February 2014 the facility director announced that the center would be closing. The final beam run was completed March 7, 2014, after which the process of dismantling and disposing of the equipment began.
### SRC history project {#src_history_project}
A project, completed in 2011, collected oral histories and historical documents related to SRC. These were deposited in the archives of the University of Wisconsin--Madison, and digitized copies of some of the material are available online.
## G. J. Lapeyre award {#g._j._lapeyre_award}
In 1973 the vault that held Tantalus was being enlarged, and during a facility picnic a rainstorm hit and caused the vault to start to flood. Jerry Lapeyre of Montana State University used the lab\'s tractor to build earthworks to divert the water. His efforts led then-director Rowe to create the annual G. J. Lapeyre award to be awarded to \"one who met and overcame the greatest obstacle in the pursuit of their research\". The trophy had an octagonal base representing Tantalus, with a beer can from the lab picnic which preceded the flood, topped by a concrete \"raindrop\".
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# Synchrotron Radiation Center
## Technical description {#technical_description}
### Beamlines
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Name | Port assigned | Source | Energy range (eV unless stated) | Usage |
+===============================+===============+================+=================================+============================+
| 10m TGM | 123 | | 210--800 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 4m NIM | 081 | | 4--62 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 6m TGM | 042 | | 8--200 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Ames-Montana ERG-Seya | 053 | | 5--1,000 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| DCM | 093 | | 1,500--4,000 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| HERMON | 033 | | 62--1,400 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Infrared | 031 | Bending magnet | 650--8,000 cm^−1^ | Infrared spectromicroscopy |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| IRENI | 02 | Bending magnet | 850--5,500 cm^−1^ | Infrared spectromicroscopy |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Mark V Grasshopper | 043 | | 32--900 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Nanotech ES-1 Resist Exposure | 032 | | 1,000--4,000 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Nanotech ES-2 High Flux | 112 | | 1,000--2,400 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Nanotech ES-5 SUSS 200/2M | 121 | | 1000--2200 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Nanotech SAL MOD 4 | 113 | | 1,000--2,400 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| PGM undulator on U3 | 071 | | 8--245 (Branch A)\ | |
| | | | 8--180 (Branch B) | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Stainless Steel Seya | 051 | | 5--35 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| U11 Nanotech EUV Beamline | 111 | | 60--100 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| U2 VLS-PGM | 041 | | 70--2,000 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| U2 Wadsworth | 041 | | 7.8--40 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| U9 VLS-PGM | 091 | | 11.9--270 | |
+-------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Undulator 4m NIM on U1 | 011 | | 5
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# Zellerndorf
**Zellerndorf** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Zellerndorf lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria near Retz and Pulkau. Only about 1.47 percent of the municipality is forested
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# List of birds of Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna is a French overseas collectivity in Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean. It consists of three main islands, Wallis (Uvea), Futuna, and Alofi, along with several offshore islets. These islands have a total land area of 145 km2 and are outside the three main archipelagoes in Western Polynesia: Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. There are 62 species of birds that have been recorded from Wallis and Futuna, out of which five have been introduced by humans. No species are endemic to the collectivity, but there are endemic subspecies of the collared kingfisher, Polynesian triller, Fiji shrikebill, and Polynesian starling. The shy ground dove has been extirpated from the islands, while the blue-crowned lorikeet is locally extinct on Uvea. A now-extinct imperial pigeon, *Ducula david*, was described from subfossil remains on the islands and is thought to have been widespread before the arrival of humans.
Uvea is an eroded volcanic island and the largest of the three, while Futuna and Alofi are composite islands made of volcanic rock and limestone. The latter two islands are only 1.7 km from each other, but over 230 km southwest of Uvea. The main vegetation types found in Wallis and Futuna are wetlands such as mangroves and swamp forests, coastal strand vegetation, coastal forests, littoral forests, lowland rainforests, montane rainforests and cloud forests, and human-altered vegetation like secondary forests and cultivation. Threats to the avifauna of the islands include deforestation caused by agriculture, introduced species, especially rats, and hunting.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of the 2022 edition of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. Species without any of these tags are native and commonly occurring.
- \(A\) Accidental -- a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Wallis and Futuna
- \(I\) Introduced -- a species introduced to Wallis and Futuna as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
- (Ex) Extirpated -- a species that no longer occurs in Wallis and Futuna although populations may exist elsewhere
\
`{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa*
## Megapodes
Order: Galliformes Family: Megapodiidae
The megapodes are chicken-like with large feet and unique mound or burrow nests, in which they use heat generated by the environment to incubate their eggs. All but the malleefowl occupy jungle habitats.
- Melanesian scrubfowl, *Megapodius eremita* (A)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds comprising quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls, grouse, ptarmigans, and junglefowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I)
- Shy ground dove, *Alopecoenas stairi* (Ex)
- Crimson-crowned fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus porphyraceus*
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica*
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# List of birds of Wallis and Futuna
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs.
- Long-tailed koel, *Eudynamys taitensis* (A)
## Swifts
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. They are highly adapted to an aerial life and some are unable to take off from level ground.
- White-rumped swiftlet, *Aerodramus spodiopygius*
- Australian swiftlet, *Aerodramus terraereginae*
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis*
- Black-backed swamphen, *Porphyrio indicus*
- Australasian swamphen, *Porphyrio melanotus*
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis*
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide.
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Masked lapwing, *Vanellus miles* (A)
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Some species have highly specialised bills adapted to specific feeding strategies.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis*
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus*
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica*
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos* (A)
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of seabirds consisting of gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. Terns are generally smaller than gulls with more pointed wings and bills, many also having forked tails which help with aerial manoeuvrability. Both species can be found inland near lakes and rivers, however gulls have adapted well to human presence and can often be found in urban centers.
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus*
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii* (A)
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda*
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are a group of medium-sized petrels, characterised by united nostrils with a medium nasal septum and a long outer functional primary flight feather.
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica* (A)
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata* (A)
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis*
- Gould\'s petrel, *Pterodroma leucoptera* (A)
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes*
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata* (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacifica*
- Buller\'s shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri*
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna grisea*
- Newell\'s shearwater, *Puffinus newelli* (A)
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. They are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for days at a time.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor*
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# List of birds of Wallis and Futuna
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted.
- White-faced heron, *Egretta novaehollandiae* (A)
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra*
## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks and strong talons to hunt their typical prey of small vertebrates, although some species have other, highly specialized diets.
- Swamp harrier, *Circus approximans* (A)
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are long-legged and lightly built owls with characteristic heart-shaped faces.
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica*
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are small to large birds with large bills and a carnivorous diet.
- Pacific kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sacer*
- Sacred kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sanctus*
- Collared kingfisher, *Todirhamphus chloris*
## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They feed on a variety of prey and generally inhabit open country, although some live in forests.
- Aplomado falcon, *Falco femoralis* (A)
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Old World parrots are brightly coloured birds with strong, hooked beaks and zygodactyl feet. They are found in a variety of habitats and mostly eat fruit and seeds.
- Blue-crowned lorikeet, *Vini australis*
## Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and inhabit a range of habitats with flowering plants.
- Eastern wattled honeyeater, *Foulehaio carunculatus*
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are mostly insectivorous passerines found in Asia, Africa, and Australia.
- Polynesian triller, *Lalage maculosa*
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are medium-sized insectivorous flycatchers which hunt by sallying.
- Fiji shrikebill, *Clytorhynchus vitiensis*
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are passerine birds that live in a variety of habitats in Asia and Africa. They are generally dark-colored, but some species have bold, bright, iridescent plumage.
- Polynesian starling, *Aplonis tabuensis*
- Common myna, *Acridotheres tristis* (I)
- Jungle myna, *Acridotheres fuscus* (I)
## Waxbills and allies {#waxbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short and thick, but pointed, bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns
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# Strategic service management
**Strategic service management** (**SSM**) is a business strategy that aims to optimize the post-sales service that a company provides, by synchronizing service parts and resources forecasting, service partners, workforce technicians, and service pricing. Benefits of strategic service management can include:
- Increased revenue through the servicing of manufactured products that may be experiencing decreased sales
- Increased customer loyalty through improved post-sale service performance
- Heightened asset accountability and tracking
- Increased worker productivity
- More knowledgeable workers to prevent common mistakes
Using strategic service management, Avaya reduced service parts inventory from \$250 million to \$160 million, Sun Microsystems saved \$40 million in the first year, and Dell grew service revenues over 20% in one year
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# WSOX
**WSOX** (96.1 FM, \"96.1 SOX\") is a commercial radio station licensed to serve Red Lion, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Cumulus Media through licensee Radio License Holding SRC, LLC and broadcasts a classic hits format. The station\'s service contour includes the metro areas of York, Harrisburg, Lebanon, Gettysburg and Lancaster, Pennsylvania, as well as the northern suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland. Its broadcast tower is located near Red Lion at (39 54 16.7 N 76 34 46.6 W).
WSOX uses HD Radio, and simulcasts the talk radio programming of sister station WSBA on its HD2 subchannel. The HOPE FM branded christian radio programming is broadcast on the station\'s HD3 subchannel, which is simulcast on three FM translators.
## History
The Federal Communications Commission granted John M. Norris a construction permit for the station on July 22, 1959, with the WGCB-FM call sign. The station was granted its first license on August 1, 1960. WGCB-FM aired a christian radio format.
The station\'s license was voluntarily assigned to Red Lion Broadcasting Company, Inc., effective May 23, 1963.
In 1969, Red Lion Broadcasting lost a landmark First Amendment case (Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC), after the station refused to grant free on-air time for a journalist to rebutt the claims made against him by an on-air evangelist.
In August 1997, the station\'s license was transferred from Thomas H. Moffit Sr. to Pioneer Broadcasting Corporation, followed by a call sign change to WTHM-FM on December 5, 1997. On July 1, 1998, the call sign was changed to WSOX. In March 2003, the license was transferred from Pioneer Broadcasting Corporation to Lancaster-York Broadcasting, LLC (owned by Brill Media) and four months later, in July 2003, the license was transferred from Lancaster-York Broadcasting, LLC to Susquehanna License, LLC, which was owned by Susquehanna Radio Corporation.
On October 31, 2005, Cumulus Media announced the creation of a new private partnership, Cumulus Media Partners, LLC, formed with Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and Thomas H. Lee Partners, to purchase Susquehanna Radio Corporation for approximately \$1.2 billion. The purchase was completed on May 5, 2006, at which time the license for WSOX was transferred to Radio License Holding SRC, LLC., a licensee of Cumulus Media Partners Susquehanna Corporation.
## Translators
The following three translators are licensed to Hope Christian Church of Marlton, Inc, and simulcast the programming of HOPE FM (owned by Calvary Chapel of Marlton) broadcast on WSOX-HD3:
## Signal note {#signal_note}
WSOX is short-spaced to three other stations: WHUR-FM *96.3 WHUR* (licensed to serve Washington, D.C.), WCTO *Cat Country 96 & 107* (licensed to serve Easton, Pennsylvania), and WWIN-FM *Magic 95.9* (licensed to serve Glen Burnie, Maryland).
WSOX and WCTO operate on the same channel and the distance between the stations\' transmitters is 78 miles as determined by FCC rules. The minimum distance between two Class B stations operating on the same channel according to current FCC rules is 150 miles.
WSOX and WHUR-FM operate on first adjacent channels (96.1 & 96.3) and the distance between the stations\' transmitters is 71 miles as determined by FCC rules. The minimum distance between two Class B stations operating on first adjacent channels according to current FCC rules is 105 miles.
WSOX and WWIN-FM also operate on first adjacent channels (95.9 & 96.1) and the distance between the stations\' transmitters is 48 miles as determined by FCC rules. The minimum distance between a Class B station (WSOX) and a Class A station (WWIN-FM) operating on first adjacent channels according to current FCC rules is 70 miles.
WSOX uses a directional antenna to reduce its signal toward the south-southwest, in the direction of WHUR-FM and WWIN-FM
| 608 |
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# Ziersdorf
**Ziersdorf** is a town in the district of Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Ziersdorf lies in the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. About 18.76 percent of the municipality is forested.
It consists of the villages Dippersdorf, Fahndorf, Gettsdorf, Großmeiseldorf, Hollenstein, Kiblitz, Radlbrunn, Rohrbach and Ziersdorf
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| 0 |
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# Engler (automobile)
The **Engler** was an American cyclecar manufactured in Pontiac, Michigan by the **W.B. Engler Cyclecar Company** from 1914 to 1915. The Engler was a two-seater cyclecar that used a DeLuxe air-cooled, a 1.2L two-cylinder engine. The vehicle had a friction transmission and belts, and cost \$385 (`{{Inflation|value=385|start_year=1914|index=US|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki})
| 50 |
Engler (automobile)
| 0 |
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# Index of articles related to Hong Kong
| 8 |
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# Index of Macau-related articles
Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Macau include:
## 0-9
- June 24
- December 20
## A
- A-Ma Temple
- Age of Discovery
- Aircraft hijacking
- Air Koryo
- Air Macau
- Ponte da Amizade
- List of assassinated people
- Assembleia Municipal das Ilhas
- Assembleia Municipal de Macau
- Associação dos Radioamadores de Macau
- Aureo Castro Nunes e Castro
## B
- Baiyue
- Macao Basic Law
- Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo
- Dines Bjørner
## C
- Cantonese
- Cantonese opera
- Canidrome (Macau)
- Card game
- Casino Lisboa, Macau
- Cathedral Parish (Freguesia da Sé)
- Catholic religious institutions, associations, and communities in Macau
- Chief Executive
- Chief Executive of Macau
- China
- List of China administrative regions by population density
- China proper
- Chinese character
- Chinese Domain Name Consortium
- Chinese language
- Chinese Peruvian
- Chinese spoken language
- China Travel Service Building, Macau
- Chinese white dolphin
- Church of the United Brethren in Christ
- City-state
- List of national coats of arms
- List of colonial governors in 1706
- List of colonial governors in 1758
- Commission Against Corruption
- Communications in Macau
- Concelho
- Constitution of the People\'s Republic of China
- Cotai
- Cotai Strip
- List of countries by continent
- List of country calling codes
- Rua do Cunha
- Kristang language (Cristão)
- Kristang people (Cristão)
- Culture of Macau
## D
- Fernao Pires de Andrade
- Demographics of Macau
- Dragon boat race
- Driving on the left or right
## E
- East Asia
- Economy of Macau
- Education in Macau
- Elections in Macau
- EVA Air
## F
- Jose dos Santos Ferreira
- List of films set in Macau
- Flag of Macau
- List of flags by number of colors
- Free port
- Freguesia (Macau)
- Functional constituency
## G
- Gambling in Macau
- Geography of Macau
- Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho
- Governor of Macau
- Macau Grand Prix
- Greyhound racing
- Guangdong
## H
- Hac Sa Beach
- Hippodromo
- History of China
- History of Hong Kong
- History of Macau
- History of Portugal
- Edmund Ho
- Stanley Ho
- Homosexuality in China
- Hong Kong
- Hong Kong International Airport
- Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge
- Hopewell Highway Infrastructure Ltd
## I
- Lists of incumbents
- ISO 3166-1:MO
- ISO 3166-2:MO
- Immigration to Macau
## J
- Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse
## K
- Kun Iam Temple
- Kwang-Chou-Wan
- Kirwitzer, Wenzeslas Pantaleon
## L
- Leon Lai
- Land borders
- Languages of China
- Legal age to purchase alcoholic beverages
- Liang Fa
- Library of Congress Country Studies
- List of bridges and tunnels in Macau
- Lu Muzhen
## M
- .mo
- Macanese (disambiguation)
- Macanese cuisine
- Macanese language
- Macanese people
- Macau
- *Macao* (1952 film)
- Macao Daily News
- Macau (game)
- Macau International Airport
- Macau Jockey Club
- Macau Peninsula
- Macau Tower
- Mainland China
- Matsu (goddess)
- MGM Grand Macau
- Military of Macau
- List of mobile country codes
- Monetary Authority of Macau
- List of movies set in Hong Kong
- Municipalities of Macau
- Municipality of Macau
- Municipality of the Islands
- Music of Macau
## N
- Na Tcha Temple
- Gallery of national flags
- Northern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists
- Freguesia de Nossa Senhora de Fátima
- Freguesia de Nossa Senhora do Carmo
- Chinese numerals
- *Nanhaipotamon*
| 614 |
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| 0 |
10,984,953 |
# Index of Macau-related articles
## O
- List of official languages
- Our Lady of Fatima
- Our Lady of Fatima Parish, Macau
- Our Lady Carmo Parish
## P
- Pacific Century Cyberworks
- List of cities and parishes in Macau
- Harry Smith Parkes
- Pataca
- People\'s Republic of China
- Administrative divisions of the People\'s Republic of China
- Political divisions of Portugal
- Lists of political parties
- List of political parties in Macau
- Politics of Macau
- Portas do Cerco
- Portugal
- Portuguese Creole
- Portuguese language
- Province of China
- Public Security Police Force of Macau
- Puxi
- Pyongyang
## Q
-
## R
- Michelle Reis
- Republic of China
- Rotary International
- Ruins of St. Paul
## S
- Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide
- Sam Kai Vui Kun
- Ponte de Sai Van
- St. Anthony Parish (Freguesia de Santo Antonio)
- St. Francisco Xavier Parish (Freguesia de São Francisco Xavier)
- St. Lawrence Parish (Freguesia de São Lourenco)
- St
| 177 |
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| 1 |
10,984,954 |
# Index of Tibet-related articles
This is a **list of topics related to Tibet**.
Those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on *Related changes* in the sidebar
| 33 |
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| 0 |
10,984,981 |
# Pierre Marsan
**Pierre Marsan** (born June 29, 1948 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Quebec politician. He was the member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Robert-Baldwin for the Quebec Liberal Party.
Marsan went to the Université du Québec à Montréal and obtained a bachelor\'s degree in business administration and would add a master\'s degree in health administration at Université de Montréal. He was a guest teacher in the faculty of administration at the Université de Montréal and was a director in hospital services at the Hotel-Dieu\'s Saint-Jérôme Hospital. He was the general manager at the Montreal Heart Institute and the Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur. He was an assistant director at Santa Cabrini Hospital. He was also a board member for several institutions including the Montreal Heart Institute, the Epic Foundation, the Hôpital du Sacré Coeur Foundation and the president of the Association of Canadian Teaching Hospitals.
Marsan was first elected in Robert-Baldwin in 1994 and was in charge of the electoral campaign program Pour un Quebec en Santé in 1998. He was re-elected for a third term in 2003 and was the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Health and Social Services and then the Secretary to Jean Charest. He was re-elected for a fourth term in 2007 and named the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Immigration and Cultural Communities.
## Political career {#political_career}
### Fundraising controversy {#fundraising_controversy}
On September 16, 2013, a journalist revealed a letter circulating in the Association sépharade de la banlieue ouest de Montréal signed by Pierre Marsan and his chief electoral officer, Aimé Bensoussan. The letter solicited contributions from members of the association, reminding them that the local Jewish community benefited from generous contributions, including a daycare permit, while the Liberals were in power.
The Parti québécois and the Coalition Avenir Québec strongly reacted to the event, claiming that this added to a long list of recent instances of corruption within the Quebec Liberal Party, which has favoured Liberal contributors in daycare permit attributions and other types of financial compensations.
Pierre Marsan formally apologised for his \"clumsy\" gesture. Party leader Philippe Couillard qualified the incident as \"unacceptable\", declaring that such practices will never again take place in the party.
On September 17, 2013, the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec, Jacques Drouin, declared that there would be an inquiry in the constituency of Robert-Baldwin following these events, upon which Pierre Marsan and Aimé Bensoussan would be called
| 405 |
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# Altenburg, Lower Austria
**Altenburg** is a municipality in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria.
It is the location of the important 12C Benedictine Altenburg Abbey
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| 0 |
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# Rowneybury House
**Rowneybury House** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|aʊ|n|i|b|ər|i}}`{=mediawiki} is a house in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, England.
The property on which Rowneybury stands was part of Pishiobury before being divided in the 1880s. It was owned by Hertfordshire County Council and used as a home for children with disabilities. The original property had two upper floors, and a cellar under the majority of the main building. After lying empty for several years, it was purchased from the Council and renovated. In 1999, the property was purchased by the footballer David Beckham and his wife Victoria Beckham for £2.5 million. The property became dubbed \"Beckingham Palace\" by the press as a portmanteau of their surname and Buckingham Palace. They spent around £3 million on refurbishment, including a maze designed by James Gardner, in the grounds. In 2001, Victoria Beckham made a virtual tour of the mansion available online.
The property was put up for sale by the Beckhams in 2013. The house, with 17 acre of grounds, was bought by the insurance tycoon Neil Utley, chairman of Hastings Direct, and Narmali Utley for £11.35 million in 2014.
**Rowneybury Cottage**, near the entrance to the estate on Harlow Road, is a Grade II listed building. This timberframed house, dating from the late 16th-century to early 17th-century, was listed in 1981
| 214 |
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10,985,049 |
# List of birds of New Caledonia
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in New Caledonia**. The avifauna of New Caledonia include a total of 226 species, of which 28 are endemic, and 13 have been introduced by humans.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for New Caledonia.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories.
- \(A\) Accidental -- a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in New Caledonia
- \(E\) Endemic -- a species endemic to New Caledonia
- \(I\) Introduced -- a species introduced to New Caledonia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
- \(N\) Native -- a species naturally found in New Caledonia that was not introduced by human actions
- (Ex) Extirpated -- a species that no longer occurs in New Caledonia although populations exist elsewhere
- (Ext) Extinct -- a species formerly endemic or native to New Caledonia, that is now extinct
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Wandering whistling-duck, *Dendrocygna arcuata* (A)
- Canada goose, *Branta canadensis* (A)
- Australian shoveler, *Spatula rhynchotis* (A)
- Muscovy duck, *Cairina moschata* (I)
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa* (N)
- Mallard, *Anas platyrhynchos* (I)
- Gray teal, *Anas gracilis* (A)
- Brown teal, *Anas chlorotis* (A)
- Hardhead, *Aythya australis* (N)
## Megapodes
Order: Galliformes Family: Megapodiidae
Megapodes or scrubfowl are grouse-like birds that live on the forest floor. They have stocky proportions and large feet (\'Megapode\' means \'large foot\' in Latin). They usually lay their eggs in a mound of warm compost or in a geothermally active area to incubate them, from which the chicks hatch fully developed and independent. Three extinct species are known from New Caledonia-one also known from Tonga, and the other two, one from the Isle of Pines and the other from the Loyalty Islands, are both undescribed.
- Pile-builder megapode, *Megapodius molistructor* (Ext)
- Loyalty Islands megapode, *Megapodius* species (Ext)
- Île des Pins megapode, *Megapodius* species (Ext)
## Sylviornithids
Order: Pangalliformes Family: Sylviornithidae
The Sylviornithidae are an extinct group of stem-galliform birds that includes *Sylviornis* and *Megavitiornis*. They are sometimes erroneously called giant scrubfowl or giant megapodes.
- New Caledonian giant scrubfowl, *Sylviornis neocaledoniae* (Ext)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Indian peafowl, *Pavo cristatus* (I)
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
- Ring-necked pheasant, *Phasianus colchicus* (I)
- Wild turkey, *Meleagris gallopavo* (I)
## Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
- Australasian grebe, *Tachybaptus novaehollandiae* (N)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I)
- Metallic pigeon, *Columba vitiensis*
- Spotted dove, *Streptopelia chinensis* (I)
- Pacific emerald dove, *Chalcophaps longirostris* (N)
- Zebra dove, *Geopelia striata* (I)
- Red-bellied fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus greyi* (N)
- Cloven-feathered dove, *Drepanoptila holosericea* (E)
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica* (N)
- New Caledonian imperial-pigeon, *Ducula goliath* (E)
- Kanaka pigeon, *Caloenas canacorum* (Ext)
- New Caledonian ground dove, *Pampusana longitarsus* (Ext)
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# List of birds of New Caledonia
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Long-tailed koel, *Urodynamis taitensis* (N)
- Channel-billed cuckoo, *Scythrops novaehollandiae* (A)
- Shining bronze-cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx lucidus* (N)
- Fan-tailed cuckoo, *Cacomantis flabelliformis* (N)
## Nightjars and allies {#nightjars_and_allies}
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
- New Caledonian nightjar, *Eurostopodus exul* (E)-possibly extinct
- White-throated nightjar, *Eurostopodus mystacalis* (N)
## Owlet-nightjars {#owlet_nightjars}
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Aegothelidae
The owlet-nightjars are small nocturnal birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are insectivores which hunt mostly in the air. Their soft plumage is a mixture of browns and paler shades.
- New Caledonian owlet-nightjar, *Aegotheles savesi* (E)-possibly extinct
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- White-throated needletail, *Hirundapus caudacutus* (A)
- Glossy swiftlet, *Collocalia esculenta* (N)
- Satin swiftlet, *Collocalia uropygialis* (N)
- White-rumped swiftlet, *Aerodramus spodiopygius* (N)
- Australian swiftlet, *Aerodramus terraereginae* (N)
- Uniform swiftlet, *Aerodramus vanikorensis* (A)
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- New Caledonian rail, *Gallirallus lafresnayanus* (E)-possibly extinct
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis* (N)
- Dusky moorhen, *Gallinula tenebrosa* (N)
- New Caledonian gallinule, *Porphyrio kukwiedei* (Ext)
- Australasian swamphen, *Porphyrio melanotus* (N)
- White-browed crake, *Poliolimnas cinereus* (A)
- Baillon\'s crake, *Zapornia pusilla* (A)
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis* (N)
## Thick-knees {#thick_knees}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
- Beach thick-knee, *Esacus magnirostris* (N)
## Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
- South Island oystercatcher, *Haematopus finschi* (A)
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola* (N)
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva* (N)
- Masked lapwing, *Vanellus miles* (N)
- Siberian sand plover, *Anarhynchus mongolus* (A)
- Lesser sand-plover, *Charadrius mongolus* (N)
- Greater sand-plover, *Charadrius leschenaultii* (A)
- Double-banded plover, *Charadrius bicinctus* (A)
- Semipalmated plover, *Charadrius semipalmatus* (A)
- Oriental plover, *Charadrius veredus* (A)
- Hooded plover, *Thinornis cucullatus* (N)
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus* (N)
- Little curlew, *Numenius minutus* (A)
- Far Eastern curlew, *Numenius madagascariensis* (A)
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica* (N)
- Black-tailed godwit, *Limosa limosa* (A)
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres* (N)
- Great knot, *Calidris tenuirostris* (A)
- Red knot, *Calidris canutus* (A)
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata* (N)
- Curlew sandpiper, *Calidris ferruginea* (A)
- Red-necked stint, *Calidris ruficollis* (N)
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba* (N)
- Latham\'s snipe, *Gallinago hardwickii* (A)
- New Caledonian snipe, *Coenocorypha neocaledonica* (Ext)
- Terek sandpiper, *Xenus cinereus* (N)
- Common sandpiper, *Actitis hypoleucos* (N)
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes* (N)
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana* (N)
- Common greenshank, *Tringa nebularia* (N)
- Marsh sandpiper, *Tringa stagnatilis* (A)
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## Buttonquail
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
- New Caledonian buttonquail, *Turnix novaecaledoniae* (E)-possibly extinct
## Pratincoles and coursers {#pratincoles_and_coursers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
- Australian pratincole, *Stiltia isabella* (A)
## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- South polar skua, *Stercorarius maccormicki* (A)
- Brown skua, *Stercorarius antarcticus* (N)
- Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus* (A)
- Parasitic jaeger, *Stercorarius parasiticus* (A)
- Long-tailed jaeger, *Stercorarius longicaudus* (N)
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Silver gull, *Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae* (N)
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus* (N)
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus* (N)
- Blue noddy, *Anous ceruleus* (A)
- Gray noddy, *Anous albivitta* (N)
- White tern, *Gygis alba* (N)
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus* (N)
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus* (N)
- Little tern, *Sternula albifrons* (N)
- Australian fairy tern, *Sternula nereis* (N)
- White-winged tern, *Chlidonias leucopterus* (A)
- Whiskered tern, *Chlidonias hybrida* (N)
- Roseate tern, *Sterna dougallii* (N)
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana* (N)
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii* (N)
- Lesser crested tern, *Thalasseus bengalensis* (A)
## Kagus
Order: Eurypygiformes Family: Rhynochetidae
The kagu or cagou is a long-legged grey bird found only in the dense mountain forests of New Caledonia. It is almost flightless. It builds a ground nest of sticks and lays a single egg. It is vulnerable to rats and cats which are introduced species on the island, hence it is now threatened with extinction. The remote habitat and rarity of this species mean that little is known of its habits. It formerly had a relative, the lowland kagu, which was about 15% larger. This died out after the first human contact with the island.
- Kagu, *Rhynochetos jubatus* (E)
- Lowland kagu, *Rhynochetos orarius* (Ext)
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus* (N)
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda* (N)
## Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus *Diomedea* have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
- Buller\'s albatross, *Thalassarche bulleri* (A)
- Black-browed albatross, *Thalassarche melanophris* (A)
- Light-mantled albatross, *Phoebetria palpebrata* (A)
- Royal albatross, *Diomedea epomophora* (A)
- Wandering albatross, *Diomedea exulans* (A)
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## Southern storm-petrels {#southern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Wilson\'s storm-petrel, *Oceanites oceanicus* (A)
- White-faced storm-petrel, *Pelagodroma marina* (A)
- White-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta grallaria* (A)
- Black-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta tropica* (A)
- New Caledonian storm-petrel, *Fregetta lineata* (E)
- Polynesian storm-petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa* (N)
## Northern storm-petrels {#northern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
The northern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Band-rumped storm-petrel, *Hydrobates castro* (A)
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Southern giant-petrel, *Macronectes giganteus* (A)
- Northern giant-petrel, *Macronectes halli* (A)
- Cape petrel, *Daption capense* (A)
- Kermadec petrel, *Pterodroma neglecta* (A)
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica* (N)
- Providence petrel, *Pterodroma solandri* (A)
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata* (N)
- White-necked petrel, *Pterodroma cervicalis* (A)
- Bonin petrel, *Pterodroma hypoleuca* (N)
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis* (N)
- Cook\'s petrel, *Pterodroma cookii* (A)
- Gould\'s petrel, *Pterodroma leucoptera* (N)
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes* (N)
- Fairy prion, *Pachyptila turtur* (A)
- Antarctic prion, *Pachyptila desolata* (A)
- Bulwer\'s petrel, *Bulweria bulwerii* (A)
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata* (N)
- Gray petrel, *Procellaria cinerea* (A)
- Parkinson\'s petrel, *Procellaria parkinsoni* (A)
- Streaked shearwater, *Calonectris leucomelas* (A)
- Flesh-footed shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes* (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus* (N)
- Buller\'s shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri* (A)
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna griseus* (N)
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris* (N)
- Fluttering shearwater, *Puffinus gavia* (N)
- Little shearwater, *Puffinus assimilis* (N)
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni* (N)
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel* (N)
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor* (N)
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra* (N)
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster* (N)
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula* (N)
- Australasian gannet, *Morus serrator* (N)
## Cormorants and shags {#cormorants_and_shags}
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
- Little pied cormorant, *Microcarbo melanoleucos* (N)
- Great cormorant, *Phalacrocorax carbo* (N)
- Little black cormorant, *Phalacrocorax sulcirostris* (N)
## Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
- Australian pelican, *Pelecanus conspicillatus* (A)
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## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Australasian bittern, *Botaurus poiciloptilus* (Ex)
- Black-backed bittern, *Ixobrychus dubius* (N)
- Great egret, *Ardea alba* (A)
- Intermediate egret, *Ardea intermedia* (N)
- Eastern cattle egret, *Ardea coromanda* (N)
- White-faced heron, *Egretta novaehollandiae* (N)
- Little egret, *Egretta garzetta* (N)
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra* (N)
- Pied heron, *Egretta picata* (A)
- Cattle egret, *Bubulcus ibis* (A)
- Striated heron, *Butorides striata* (A)
- Nankeen night-heron, *Nycticorax caledonicus* (N)
## Ibises and spoonbills {#ibises_and_spoonbills}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
- Glossy ibis, *Plegadis falcinellus* (N)
- Royal spoonbill, *Platalea regia* (A)
## Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
- Osprey, *Pandion haliaetus* (N)
## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Swamp harrier, *Circus approximans* (N)
- Brown goshawk, *Accipiter fasciatus* (N)
- New Caledonia goshawk, *Accipiter haplochrous* (E)
- Powerful goshawk, *Accipiter efficax* (Ext)
- Gracile goshawk, *Accipiter quartus* (Ext)
- Black kite, *Milvus migrans* (N)
- Whistling kite, *Haliastur sphenurus* (N)
- White-bellied sea-eagle, *Haliaeetus leucogaster* (A)
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Australasian grass-owl, *Tyto longimembris* (N)
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica* (N)
- New Caledonian barn owl, *Tyto letocarti* (Ext)
## Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- New Caledonian boobook, *Ninox cf. novaeseelandiae* (Ext)
## Hornbills
Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucerotidae
An extinct hornbill from the genus *Rhyticeros* has been found on Lifou Island in the Loyalty Islands. The fossil is about 30,000 years old. The species has not been described yet and it is unclear whether it was found only on the Loyalty Islands or on them and New Caledonia proper.
- Lifou hornbill, *Rhyticeros* species (Ext)
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Sacred kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sanctus* (N)
## Bee-eaters {#bee_eaters}
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
- Rainbow bee-eater, *Merops ornatus* (N)
## Rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
- Dollarbird, *Eurystomus orientalis* (A)
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## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Nankeen kestrel, *Falco cenchroides* (A)
- Peregrine falcon, *Falco peregrinus* (N)
## Cockatoos
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Cacatuidae
Cockatoos are large parrots that are usually white and often have colorful crests. They are distributed over Australia, Papua New Guinea and parts of Indonesia, the Solomon Islands and the Philippines. A fossil of a cockatoo has recently been discovered in New Caledonia, but is yet to be described.
- New Caledonian cockatoo, *Cacatua* sp. (Ext)
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
- Horned parakeet, *Eunymphicus cornutus* (E)
- Ouvea parakeet, *Eunymphicus uvaeensis* (E)
- New Caledonian parakeet, *Cyanoramphus saissetti* (E)
- New Caledonian lorikeet, *Vini diadema* (E)-probably extinct
- Coconut lorikeet, *Trichoglossus haematodus* (N)
- Rainbow lorikeet, *Trichoglossus moluccanus* (N)
- Rose-ringed parakeet, *Psittacula krameri* (I)
## Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
- New Caledonian myzomela, *Myzomela caledonica* (E)
- Cardinal myzomela, *Myzomela cardinalis* (N)
- Barred honeyeater, *Gliciphila undulata* (E)
- Dark-brown honeyeater, *Lichmera incana* (N)
- Crow honeyeater, *Gymnomyza aubryana* (E)
- New Caledonian friarbird, *Philemon diemenensis* (E)
## Thornbills and allies {#thornbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acanthizidae
Thornbills are small passerine birds, similar in habits to the tits.
- Fan-tailed gerygone, *Gerygone flavolateralis* (N)
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- Black-faced cuckooshrike, *Coracina novaehollandiae* (A)
- South Melanesian cuckooshrike, *Coracina caledonica* (N)
- Polynesian triller, *Lalage maculosa* (A)
- Long-tailed triller, *Lalage leucopyga* (N)
- New Caledonian cuckooshrike, *Analisoma analis* (E)
## Whistlers and allies {#whistlers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae
The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.
- Vanuatu whistler, *Pachycephala chlorura* (N)
- New Caledonian whistler, *Pachycephala caledonica* (E)
- Golden whistler, *Pachycephala pectoralis* (N)
- Rufous whistler, *Pachycephala rufiventris* (N)
## Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies {#woodswallows_bellmagpies_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae
The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings.
- White-breasted woodswallow, *Artamus leucorynchus* (N)
- Dusky woodswallow, *Artamus cyanopterus* (A)
## Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.
- Streaked fantail, *Rhipidura verreauxi* (E)
- Gray fantail, *Rhipidura fuliginosa* (N)
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Southern shrikebill, *Clytorhynchus pachycephaloides* (N)
- Melanesian flycatcher, *Myiagra caledonica* (N)
## Crows, jays, and magpies {#crows_jays_and_magpies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
- New Caledonian crow, *Corvus moneduloides* (E)
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## Australasian robins {#australasian_robins}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Petroicidae
Most species of Petroicidae have a stocky build with a large rounded head, a short straight bill and rounded wingtips. They occupy a wide range of wooded habitats, from subalpine to tropical rainforest, and mangrove swamp to semi-arid scrubland. All are primarily insectivores, although a few supplement their diet with seeds.
- Yellow-bellied robin, *Eopsaltria flaviventris* (E)
## Grassbirds and allies {#grassbirds_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
The family Locustellidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
- New Caledonian thicketbird, *Megalurulus mariei* (E)
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Pacific swallow, *Hirundo tahitica* (N)
- Welcome swallow, *Hirundo neoxena* (N)
- Tree martin, *Petrochelidon nigricans* (A)
## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Red-vented bulbul, *Pycnonotus cafer* (I)
## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies {#white_eyes_yuhinas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
- Large Lifou white-eye, *Zosterops inornatus* (E)
- Green-backed white-eye, *Zosterops xanthochrous* (E)
- Small Lifou white-eye, *Zosterops minutus* (E)
- Silvereye, *Zosterops lateralis* (N)
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Striated starling, *Aplonis striata* (E)
- European starling, *Sturnus vulgaris* (A)
- Common myna, *Acridotheres tristis* (I)
## Thrushes and allies {#thrushes_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
- New Caledonian island-thrush, *Turdus xanthopus* (E)
- White-headed island-thrush, *Turdus pritzbueri* (N)
- Vanikoro island-thrush, *Turdus vanikorensis* (Ex)
## Waxbills and allies {#waxbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
- Common waxbill, *Estrilda astrild* (I)
- Blue-faced parrotfinch, *Erythrura trichroa* (A)
- Red-throated parrotfinch, *Erythrura psittacea* (E)
- Chestnut-breasted munia, *Lonchura castaneothorax* (I)
- Java sparrow, *Padda oryzivora* (Ex)
## Old World sparrows {#old_world_sparrows}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects
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# Neonatal nursing
**Neonatal nursing** is a sub-specialty of nursing care for newborn infants up to 28 days after birth. The term neonatal comes from neo, \"new\", and natal, \"pertaining to birth or origin\". Neonatal nursing requires a high degree of skill, dedication and emotional strength as they care for newborn infants with a range of problems. These problems vary between prematurity, birth defects, infection, cardiac malformations and surgical issues. Neonatal nurses are a vital part of the neonatal care team and are required to know basic newborn resuscitation, be able to control the newborn\'s temperature and know how to initiate cardiopulmonary and pulse oximetry monitoring. Most neonatal nurses care for infants from the time of birth until they are discharged from the hospital.
## Levels of the neonatal nursery {#levels_of_the_neonatal_nursery}
There are four different levels of nurseries where a neonatal nurse might work. The updated classification of neonatal levels by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) includes a Level IV.
- **Level I** consists of caring for healthy newborns. Level I nurses are now uncommon in the United States. Healthy babies typically share a room with their mother, and both patients are usually discharged from the hospital quickly.
- **Level II** provides intermediate or special care for premature or ill newborns. At this level, infants may need special therapy provided by nursing staff, or may simply need more time before being discharged.
- **Level III**, the Neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU), treats newborns who cannot be treated in the other levels and are in need of high technology to survive, such as breathing and feeding tubes. Nurses comprise over 90 percent of the NICU staff.
- **Level IV** includes all the skills of the level III but involves the extensive care the most critically and complex newborns. This facility will have 24-hour resident neonatologists and surgeons. They are involved with intricate surgical repairs like congenital cardiac issues and acquired malformations.
## Safety precautions and careful measures {#safety_precautions_and_careful_measures}
Over many years, research and evidence-based practice regimes have been incorporated into everyday nursing protocols to eliminate human error. Due to neonatal nurses\' long shifts and busy schedules, nurse tiredness is the number one reason leading to a lack of attention, causing human errors. To prevent this from continuously happening, safety checks and measures are put into place so nurses can provide the most optimal care. Some of these practices include extensive interviews to confirm that those being hired are qualified and willing to continue to learn throughout their careers so they can be the best nurses possible. Strong communication skills are key in any nursing practice; notifying your team members of changes in your patients\' status will save their lives. One nurse cannot be at the hospital at all times, so every healthcare member must use teamwork and collaboration to keep each other up to date and to keep their patients alive. Some other key measures include following old protocols and adapting to and utilizing new protocols, checking labels frequently and multiple times before administering a drug, the need for a high attention span, and completing rounds regularly every shift. These are just a few of the safety measures that neonatal nurses must follow to provide the best care.
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# Neonatal nursing
## Changes in neonatal care {#changes_in_neonatal_care}
Neonatal care became a specialty in the United States in 1960 and in that same year, the first NICU was established in the United States. There have been some major changes in Neonatal Care over the past 120 years. Some of these changes include the invention of the incubator, changes in respiratory care and the development of surfactants.
### The incubator {#the_incubator}
An incubator is a plastic dome-shaped machine designed as a crib that regulates a newborn infant\'s body temperature. The incubator is designed to allow the temperature to be adjusted according to the state of the baby\'s current body heat. A range of five types of incubators all serve different purposes in the neonatal intensive care unit. The closed-box incubator is used to prevent infection that could be contracted the outside of the box; it filtrates the air and keeps the moisture fresh. The double-walled incubator keeps heat inside the box. Servo-controlled incubators are controlled by skin detectors which are designed to recognize the loss or gain of body heat and make adjustments to maintain the correct temperature. The open box incubator produces heat from beneath the baby to keep it warm. Portable incubators transport the newborn to and from different parts of the hospital. In 1880, Dr. Tarnier was convinced that the maintenance of internal temperature was key to the premature infant\'s survival. This led him to introduce the first human incubator. Inspired by chicken eggs hatching in an incubator, he asked a zoo keeper to design a similar incubator for premature infants. Dr. Delee expanded the use and function of the incubator by incorporating an oxygen chamber and an electric controlled thermostat which allowed the incubator to be transported in ambulances.\
### Respiratory care {#respiratory_care}
Administration of oxygen assists and generates oxygen intake for neonates. Oxygen administration began with a metal forked device in the nostrils, and it is now administered through thin plastic tubes in the nostrils, also known as nasal cannula. The first ventilation of an infant was in 1961 in a positive pressure situation, and mechanical ventilation was improved in 1971. Mechanical ventilation is the process in which a machine, attached to the patient, regulates breathing by pumping air in and out of the lungs. Another type of breathing mechanism used is the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask which attaches to the face to help with breathing. These masks were first used in 1973 as an alternate less invasive form of support.
### Surfactants
A surfactant allows a substance to get \"wet\" to help another substance dissolve. In 1910, the first study of the use of surfactants on infants took place in Japan. Surfactant therapy since has improved the infant mortality rate by 50%. Surfactants combined with the least invasive respiratory therapy (bubble CPAP or nasal CPAP) has greatly improved the infant mortality rate in the US.
### Family involvement (United States) {#family_involvement_united_states}
In the later 70s, family involvement in treatment became a major addition to patient treatment plans. This decade allowed for upgrades in visiting hours. Hours were expanded and siblings and fathers were encouraged to assist the mother in physical treatment. Many studies showed that with the higher frequency of family interaction such as bottle feeding, skin-to-skin contact, and overall baby holding, and support allowed for patients to have overall major health improvements which eventually lead to a decreasing need for ventilators and quicker discharge rates.
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# Neonatal nursing
## Qualifications and requirements {#qualifications_and_requirements}
### United States {#united_states}
Healthcare institutions have varying entry-level requirements for neonatal nurses. Neonatal nurses are Registered Nurses (RNs), and therefore must have an Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN) or Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree. Some countries or institutions may also require a midwifery qualification. Some institutions may accept newly graduated RNs who have passed the NCLEX exam; others may require additional experience working in adult-health or medical/surgical nursing.
Some countries offer postgraduate degrees in neonatal nursing, such as the Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) and various doctorates. A nurse practitioner may be required to hold a postgraduate degree. The National Association of Neonatal Nurses recommends two years\' experience working in a NICU before taking graduate classes.
As with any registered nurse, local licensing or certifying bodies as well as employers may set requirements for continuing education.
There are no mandated requirements to becoming an RN in a NICU, although neonatal nurses must complete the Neonatal Resuscitation Program. Some units prefer new graduates who do not have experience in other units, so they may be trained in the specialty exclusively, while others prefer nurses with more experience.
Intensive care nurses receive intensive didactic and clinical orientation, in addition to their general nursing knowledge, to provide highly specialized care for critical patients. Their competencies include the administration of high-risk medications, management of high-acuity patients requiring ventilator support, surgical care, resuscitation, advanced interventions such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy procedures, as well as chronic-care management or lower acuity cares associated with premature infants such as feeding intolerance, phototherapy, or administering antibiotics. NICU RNs undergo annual skills tests and are subject to additional training to maintain contemporary practice.
### Europe
The first step to qualify is to complete a nursing degree. To gain entry into a nursing degree, it is required to have at least GCSE (A-C) in English, Mathematics and a science-based subject, and two to three A-levels with one being in a biological science.
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
Neonatal nurses must complete a 3-year degree program in nursing or midwifery and be either a RN(adult), RN(child) or a RM. Once a registered practitioner, they can work in special care and some high dependency areas. It is a requirement to complete a recognized neonatal intensive care course to become qualified in specialty (QIS) to care for intensive care babies and to supervise other nurses.
### Australia
In Australia, a neonatal nurse first needs to be a Registered Nurse (RN) or Midwife.
Two years of nursing experience are needed, as is practical experience and employment in the neonatal unit before being eligible to undertake postgraduate studies in neonatal nursing. This usually requires undertaking a Graduate Diploma Degree in Clinical Nursing.
## Neonatal nursing across the globe and mortality rates {#neonatal_nursing_across_the_globe_and_mortality_rates}
> Though different countries require different qualifications and have different resources, the end goal is the same. To decrease neonatal mortality rates and to provide beneficial and life-saving care. Studies are constantly being done around the globe comparing and trying to understand neonatal mortality rates in different regions. Due to more recent funding to provide life-saving methods and more time and money for data analysis, the global neonatal mortality rate has decreased by nearly 51 percent between the years of 1990 and 2017. Efforts made by researchers and neonatal nurses around the globe are continuing daily to decrease mortality rates every year.
## Academy of Neonatal Nursing {#academy_of_neonatal_nursing}
The Academy of Neonatal Nursing was founded in 2001 and serves as a professional organization for neonatal nurses. Nurses who belong to the organization have the ability to locate continued education, apply for scholarships and awards, and receive other benefits. They can also receive the academy\'s healthcare journal, *Neonatal Network*.
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# Neonatal nursing
## Apgar scoring {#apgar_scoring}
All nurses working in a birthing center have an important role in assessing the newborn immediately after birth. The assessment of the neonate\'s appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (in response to unpleasant stimuli such as bulb suctioning the pharynx), activity (muscle tone and/or movement), and respiratory effort via the Apgar scoring system is essential to guide the baby\'s care (see Understanding the Apgar scoring system). The nurse is often directly responsible for assigning the Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes of life. Each of the five assessment areas is given a score of 0, 1, or 2. The maximum score possible is 10. Scores of 7 or above are considered normal for full-term newborns. If the total score is below 7, or any area is scored 0 at 5 minutes of life, resuscitation efforts and scoring should continue every 5 minutes until 20 minutes of life. At 10 minutes neonates with an Apgar score of 3 or lower are at risk of having neurological dysfunctions and cerebral palsy in the future although there is no guarantee. Despite how every individual\'s case varies; as time goes by with the score not improving the risk becomes higher. However, there are numerous other factors to take into consideration when determining future complications, an Apgar score cannot do it alone.
Beyond assessing the five components that make up the Apgar score, it\'s essential to understand its meaning. The Apgar score assigned at 1 minute of life reflects how the fetus tolerated the in utero environment and/or the labor and delivery process. All subsequent Apgar scores reflect the newborn\'s response to interventions during the transition from intrauterine to extra-uterine life. There are, however, multiple different factors that can impact the Apgar score which include anesthesia, gestational age and initial lower oxygen. These nursing interventions include keeping the baby warm, stimulating the baby to breathe, giving breaths to the baby who isn\'t breathing well, and performing chest compression if needed
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# Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
L-**Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase** (AGAT; `{{EC number|2.1.4.1}}`{=mediawiki}) is the enzyme that catalyses the transfer of an amidino group from L-arginine to glycine. The products are L-ornithine and glycocyamine, also known as guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine and its phosphorylated form play a central role in the energy metabolism of muscle and nerve tissues. Creatine is in highest concentrations in the skeletal muscle, heart, spermatozoa and photoreceptor cells. Creatine helps buffer the rapid changes in ADP/ATP ratio in muscle and nerve cells during active periods. Creatine is also synthesized in other tissues, such as pancreas, kidneys, and liver, where amidinotransferase is located in the cytoplasm, including the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, of the cells that make up those tissues.
## Function
L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase catalyses the first, which is also the committed step in the formation of creatine. The second step of the process, producing the actual creatine molecule, occurs solely in the cytosol, where the second enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), is found. The creatine is then transported through the bloodstream and taken up through sodium-dependent creatine transporters by cells that require creatine.
## Structure
The crystal structure of AGAT was determined by Humm, Fritsche, Steinbacher, and Huber of the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany in 1997. X-ray examinations of the structure reveal a novel symmetry with fivefold pseudosymmetry of beta beta alphabeta modules. The overall structure of the molecule resembles a basket with handles. The active site lies at the bottom of a long, narrow channel and includes a Cys-His-Asp catalytic triad. The intermediate structure involves the amidino group temporarily covalently bonding to the Cys residue on the catalytic triad, while the His residue takes part in general acid/base catalysis, meaning it acts as a proton donator/receiver itself.
## Reaction
The actual reaction catalyzed by AGAT is the synthesis of guanidinoacetate from arginine and glycine, with ornithine as a byproduct. The guanidinoacetate produced is then combined with *S*-Adenosyl-L-methionine, a reaction catalyzed by GAMT, to produce creatine and *S*-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine. The mechanism by which the AGAT catalyzes this committed step follows a ping-pong mechanism, and involves the transferring of an amidino group to the Cys407 residue on the protein from L-arginine, which leaves as L-ornithine. The His303 residue then extracts a proton from glycine, which then picks up the amidino group from Cys407 in exchange for a proton to become guanidinoacetate and renew the catalyst.
## Regulation of expression and activity {#regulation_of_expression_and_activity}
The formation of guanidinoacetate is normally the rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis. Consequently, the AGAT reaction is the most likely control step in the pathway, a hypothesis that is supported by a great deal of experimental work. Most important in this respect is the feedback repression of AGAT by creatine, the end-product of the pathway. Cyclocreatine, N-acetimidoylsarcosine, and N-ethylguanidinoacetate display repressor activity like creatine as well. L-Arginine and guanidinoacetate have only \"apparent\" repressor activity. They exert no effect on AGAT expression by themselves but are readily converted to creatine, which then acts as the true repressor. It has been suggested that AGAT activity in tissues is regulated in a number of ways including induction by growth hormone and thyroxine, inhibition of the enzyme by ornithine, and repression of its synthesis by creatine.
Sex hormones may regulate the activity of AGAT. Treatment of male rats with testosterone propionate increases AGAT activity. In contrast, estrogen treatment decreases AGAT activity and induces weight loss. It is currently unclear whether the changes in the level of AGAT transcript results from altered mRNA stability or enhanced transcriptional rate. If estrogen-mediated alteration results from transcriptional regulation, the site of estrogen action is yet to be determined.
GATM expression within the mouse placenta has been shown to be imprinted meaning only the maternal copy of *GATM* is expressed . Due to this it is thought that GATM acts as a growth suppressor within the placenta.
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# Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
### Deficiency
In 2000, The American Journal of Human Genetics reported two female siblings, aged 4 and 6 years, with intellectual disability and severe creatine deficiency in the brain. Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the first step of creatine synthesis, resulting in the formation of guanidinoacetate, which is a substrate for creatine formation. In two female siblings with intellectual disability who had brain creatine deficiency that was reversible by means of oral creatine supplementation and had low urinary guanidinoacetate concentrations, Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency was identified as a new genetic defect in creatine metabolism. It is one of three cerebral creatine deficiencies.
Patients with brain creatine deficiency present nonspecific neurologic symptoms, including intellectual disability, language disorders, epilepsy, autistic-like behavior, neurologic deterioration, and movement disorders. A deficiency in AGAT results in a creatine deficiency in the body. The treatment for this is creatine supplements since the body cannot make the creatine on its own. The positive results of creatine treatment (in AGAT deficiencies) and the observation that fetal and early postnatal development are normal in these patients support the hypothesis that earlier diagnosis and treatment can substantially improve the final prognosis of these diseases. Brain 1H-MRS examination is a reliable and minimally invasive technique to assess brain creatine disorders. Because of its limited availability and high cost, the 1H-MRS technique cannot be proposed for all children whose clinical condition suggests the diagnosis of brain creatine depletion.
AGAT deficiency is, along with GAMT and creatine transporter defect, one of three inborn errors of the creatine biosynthesis/transport pathway. The prevalence of these defects is unknown, however they have been observed to occur in high frequency in intellectually disabled children. The actual genetic mutation associated with AGAT involves a tryptophan codon being converted to a stop codon at residue 149.
### Heart failure {#heart_failure}
Microarray analysis from one report shows a significant decrease in myocardial arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) gene expression during the late-stage heart failure. This suggests that the reduced AGAT may correlate with loss of heart function. Increase of AGAT expression in the myocardium after heart failure due to increase in creatine synthesis was associated with favorable outcome
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# Brunn an der Wild
**Brunn an der Wild** is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
Brunn an der Wild lies in the Waldviertel in Lower Austria, about 11 km west of Horn, Austria. About 27.47 percent of the municipality is forested
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# TIG1
**Tazarotene-induced gene-1** (**TIG1**) is a protein which has been implicated as a putative tumor suppressor. It is structurally similar to the protein latexin, which has also been shown to demonstrate some tumor suppression activity (Liang et al., 2007). TIG1 is thought to be a transmembrane protein, and its mechanism of tumor suppression is largely unknown.
## Structure
The amino acid sequence of the protein TIG1 is as follows:
> N terminus-Met-Gln-Pro-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Leu-Pro-Ala-Pro-Trp-Ser-Gly-Pro-Arg-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro-Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Pro-Asp-Asp-Pro-Gly-Gln-Pro-Gln-Asp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Gln-Lys-Ala-Arg-Ala-Ala-Leu-His-Phe-Phe-Asn-Phe-Arg-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro-Ser-Ala-Leu-Arg-Val-Leu-Ala-Glu-Val-Gln-Glu-Gly-Arg-Ala-Trp-Ile-Asn-Pro-Lys-Glu-Gly-Cys-Lys-Val-His-Val-Val-Phe-Ser-Thr-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Asn-Pro-Glu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Gln-Glu-Gly-Glu-Gly-Arg-Leu-Gly-Lys-Cys-Ser-Ala-Arg-Val-Phe-Phe-Lys-Asn-Gln-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Thr-Ile-Asn-Val-Thr-Cys-Thr-Arg-Leu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Gln-Gln-Glu-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Tyr-Lys-Gln-Met-Lys-Gln-Leu-Lys-Asn-Pro-Leu-Glu-Ile-Val-Ser-Ile-Pro-Asp-Asn-His-Gly-His-Ile-Asp-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Leu-Ile-Trp-Asp-Leu-Ala-Phe-Leu-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Val-Met-Trp-Glu-Met-Thr-Thr-Gln-Val-Ser-His-Tyr-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Gln-Leu-Thr-Ser-Val-Arg-Gln-Trp-Val-Arg-Lys-Thr-C terminus.
TIG1 is a transmembrane protein which contains a hyaluronic acid binding motif. This particular motif suggests that it may increase cell-to-cell contact in cells which express TIG1 (Jing et al., 2002). TIG1 is predicted to contain a membrane anchor at the N-terminus. TIG1 contains two faces: the first face contains homology to the protein latexin, and the second contains a broad basic patch. The basic face is thought to be an interaction surface. Supporting the idea of a protein interaction surface, TIG1 also contains a cis-peptide bond between isoleucine-122 and proline-123 on a protruding loop that lies on its basic face (Aagard et al., 2005). Latexin and TIG1 have approximately 30 percent homology based on primary structure; however, their three-dimensional structures are thought to be much more similar (Liang et al., 2007). Both latexin and TIG1 are thought to have descended from a common progenitor. TIG1 also shares homology with another protein, ovacalyxin-32, although the evolutionary and functional relationship between the two proteins is unclear (Gautron et al., 2001).
## Function
TIG1\'s specific functions are still being elucidated. Latexin is a structurally similar protein to TIG1. Latexin is the only mammalian carboxypeptidase inhibitor, although TIG1\'s proteolytic activity remains unexplored. Using a selective subtractive differential gene display, Jing and colleagues discovered that TIG1 expression was absent from malignant prostate carcinoma cell lines but present in benign tumor lines. When highly malignant prostate cancer cells were transfected with TIG1, decreased *in vitro* invasiveness was measured using an extracellular matrix migration assay over a period of 48 hours. This same group of scientists performed another experiment in which TIG1 expression was restored in mice that were homozygous for the deletion of the TIG1 gene. Although the restoration of TIG1 did not prevent tumor growth in these mice, the average size of the tumors showed a 2.4-fold decrease (Jing et al., 2006).
## Regulation
The promoter of TIG1 is silenced by hypermethylation in gastric cancer. Promoter hypermethylation is a common mechanism for silencing tumor suppression genes. During carcinogenesis, methylation begins at the CpG island of the promoter and gradually works its way to the transcription start site, at which point it inhibits transcription of TIG1 (So et al., 2006). Additionally, the CpG promoter hypermethylation of TIG1 has also been demonstrated as an important event in the carcinogenesis of prostate adenocarcinoma (Cho et al., 2007)
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# UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey
The **UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey** or **UKIDSS** is an astronomical survey conducted using the WFCAM wide field camera on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Survey observations were commenced in 2005.
UKIDSS consists of five surveys covering a range of areas and depths, using various combinations of five near-infrared filters.
## Description
UKIDSS as a large-scale near infrared survey follows 2MASS and anticipates the VISTA telescope in the Southern hemisphere. It aims to cover 7500 square degrees of the Northern sky. Four particular areas of investigation for UKIDSS are: \"the coolest and nearest brown dwarfs, high-redshift dusty starburst galaxies, elliptical galaxies and galaxy clusters at redshifts 1 \< *z* \< 2, and the highest-redshift quasars, at *z* = 7\".
The UKIDSS data become available online to the ESO community immediately upon entering the [WFCAM Science Archive (WSA)](http://surveys.roe.ac.uk/wsa/), and are then released to the world 18 months later.
## Surveys
Of the five surveys in UKIDSS, two are directed towards Galactic targets and three are optimized for extra-Galactic observations. The surveys are described here in decreasing order of area. The letters refer to spectral regions; e.g. JHK is a combination of near-infrared filters, more or less synonymous with \"the near-infrared\".
### Large Area Survey (LAS) {#large_area_survey_las}
The LAS (extra-Galactic) covers an area of 4000 square degrees in YJHK to a depth of K = 18.4. This area has previously been covered at optical wavelengths in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. While the high Galactic latitudes covered by the LAS make it suitable for observations of sources outside the Milky Way, the survey also targets Galactic sources, incorporating a second pass in J to measure proper motions of nearby stars.
### Galactic Plane Survey (GPS) {#galactic_plane_survey_gps}
The GPS (Galactic) covers an area of 1800 square degrees in JHK to a depth of K=19.0, with 300 square degrees also covered through a narrow-band H~2~ filter. The motivation for the GPS is to obtain a clearer view of the Galactic Plane than is possible at optical wavelengths, due to absorption by material in the disk of the galaxy.
### Galactic Clusters Survey (GCS) {#galactic_clusters_survey_gcs}
The GCS (Galactic) covers an area of 1400 square degrees in JHK to a depth of K=18.7. The area is distributed over ten open star clusters with the aim of measuring the mass function in a variety of Galactic environments.
### Deep Extragalactic Survey (DXS) {#deep_extragalactic_survey_dxs}
The DXS (extra-Galactic) covers an area of 35 square degrees in JK to a depth of K=21.0 with 5 square degrees also imaged in H. The survey fields are at high Galactic latitudes with low extinction, and are chosen to overlap with deep observations made at other wavelengths.
### Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) {#ultra_deep_survey_uds}
The UDS (extra-Galactic) covers an area of 0.77 square degrees within the XMM-LSS field (which is contained within the DXS) in JHK to a depth of K=23.0. This is the deepest near-infrared survey yet conducted over such an area of sky, with the aim of studying the formation and evolution of galaxies in the early Universe
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# Nicole Ménard
**Nicole Ménard** (born December 27, 1948, in Saint-Constant, Quebec) is a Quebec politician. She was the Quebec Liberal Party member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Laporte in the Montérégie region from 2007 to 2022, serving as Minister of Tourism when her party was in power.
She studied at the École des hautes études commerciales de Montréal and the *Centre international de recherches et d\'études en management* in business administration and strategic management before taking an Advanced Executive Program at Northwestern University in Chicago.
Menard has worked at the Bank of Montreal since 1967 and was the director of the bank\'s regional division in Montreal North. She has been the vice-president of the bank since 1995. She has headed several foundations and received several awards for her work.
Menard was elected as MNA member for Laporte replacing former Finance Minister Michel Audet, who did not seek a re-election in the 2007. She was named parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade, portfolios currently held by Raymond Bachand. She was also parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Tourism and, following the 2008 election, she was promoted to Bachand\'s position in the Cabinet
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# Fairbanks Street station
**Fairbanks Street station** is a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line C branch in Brookline, Massachusetts, located in the median of Beacon Street. Fairbanks station has two side platforms serving the line\'s two tracks. It is not accessible, although a wheelchair lift allows accessible transfer between the two elevations of the two halves of Beacon Street at the station. The MBTA plans to consolidate Fairbanks Street and the nearby Brandon Hall station into a single accessible combined station by the end of 2026.
Track work in 2018--19, which included replacement of platform edges at several stops, triggered requirements for accessibility modifications at those stops. Design work for Fairbanks Street and seven other C Branch stations was 15% complete by December 2022. Designs shown in February 2024 called for Fairbanks Street and Brandon Hall stations to be consolidated into a single station between their present locations. Accessible ramps to the north side of Beacon Street would be built at Lancaster Terrace and Mason Path. In May 2024, the Federal Transit Administration awarded the MBTA \$67 million to construct accessible platforms at 14 B and C branch stops including the combined station. `{{As of|June 2024}}`{=mediawiki}, construction is expected to be complete in fall 2026
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# List of birds of Niue
There are 57 species of birds that have been recorded on Niue, of which one has been introduced by humans. Two species are globally threatened. Niue is an island country in the South Pacific, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand.
There are no endemic species surviving today but there are endemic subspecies of the Polynesian triller and Polynesian starling. There are 15 breeding species of which eleven are landbirds and four are seabirds. Studies of fossil birds suggest that Niue\'s avifauna was formerly more diverse. Birds recorded from subfossil remains predating Polynesian settlement of the island include the Niue night heron (*Nycticorax kalavikai*), Tongan megapode (*Megapodius pritchardii*) and the Niue rail (*Gallirallus huiatua*).
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Niue. There are unconfirmed reports of the red-tailed tropicbird (*Phaethon rubricauda*), Pacific black duck (*Anas superciliosa*) and sharp-tailed sandpiper (*Calidris acuminata*) but these are not included in the list.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
- \(A\) Accidental -- a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Niue
- \(I\) Introduced -- a species introduced to Niue as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
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## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa* (A)
- Mallard, *Anas platyrhynchos* (A)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Many-colored fruit dove, *Ptilinopus perousii*
- Crimson-crowned fruit dove, *Ptilinopus porphyraceus*
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica*
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Long-tailed koel, *Eudynamys taitensis*
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- White-rumped swiftlet, *Aerodramus spodiopygius*
- Australian swiftlet, *Aerodramus terraereginae*
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis*
- Australasian swamphen, *Porphyrio melanotus* (A)
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis*
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## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis* (A)
- Far Eastern curlew, *Numenius madagascariensis* (A)
- Eurasian curlew, *Numenius arquata* (A)
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica* (A)
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos* (A)
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Kelp gull, *Larus dominicanus* (A)
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Blue-gray noddy, *Anous ceruleus*
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
## Southern storm-petrels {#southern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- White-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta grallaria*
- Polynesian storm-petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa*
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Southern giant-petrel, *Macronectes giganteus* (A)
- Kermadec petrel, *Pterodroma neglecta*
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica*
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata*
- White-necked petrel, *Pterodroma cervicalis*
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis*
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes*
- Phoenix petrel, *Pterodroma alba*
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata*
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus*
- Buller\'s shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri*
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna grisea*
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris*
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor* (A)
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra* (A)
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
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## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- White-faced heron, *Egretta novaehollandiae* (A)
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra* (A)
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica*
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
- Blue-crowned lorikeet, *Vini australis*
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- Polynesian triller, *Lalage maculosa*
## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Red-vented bulbul, *Pycnonotus cafer* (A)
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen
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# Mühlkreis Autobahn
The **Mühlkreis Autobahn** (A7) is an Autobahn (motorway) in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. It runs 27 km from the West Autobahn and the city of Linz to the Mühlviertel in the north, where it ends near the small municipality of Unterweitersdorf. Construction started in the early 1960s, however the plans of a motorway connecting Linz with České Budějovice in Czechoslovakia were never carried out and in 1982 the extension finally discontinued. Due to the increasing traffic volume after the fall of the Iron Curtain, a continuation will be provided by the Mühlviertler Schnellstraße expressway to Leopoldschlag at the Czech border, which was expected to open in 2015, but as of 2022, nothing has come of it
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# Nelson Graves
**Nelson Zwinglius Graves** (August 10, 1880 -- March 31, 1918) was an American cricketer, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Graves was one of the Philadelphian cricketers that played from the end of the 19th century through the early years of the next. He played a total of 34 first-class matches.
Graves was born in Philadelphia, the second son of Nelson Z. Graves Sr. (1849-1930), a successful paint and varnish manufacturer, and his wife Ida Johnson Graves (1850-1939). By 1901 the Graves family were residing in an estate in Germantown at Manheim Street and Wissahickon Avenue close to the Germantown Cricket Club.
Graves began his first-class career for the Gentlemen of Philadelphia on September 14, 1894. This match was played on the Germantown Cricket Club ground against a team of Players of United States of America. Graves scored no runs in the two-day match which ended in a draw. As he was only 14 years old at the time, Graves\' poor showing is hardly surprising. Four years later, Graves again played with the Philadelphians, this time against Sir Pelham Warner\'s touring side. This time he was one of the opening batsmen, though his performance in the loss still left something to be desired. Graves played in several other series against touring English sides while attending the University of Pennsylvania. He then joined the Philadelphian cricket team in England in 1903. It was against Lancashire on July 6 of that year that Graves reached his highest run total. In the first innings at Old Trafford, he made only 19 runs but in the second he helped the Philadelphians to their nine wicket victory with a 103 not out. This score took 105 minutes to achieve and included 9 fours. His second highest first-class score came a month earlier against Nottinghamshire with a 62 not out. His highest recorded scores came during non-first class matches. One came during a match against Scotland on the same tour. This match saw Graves reach a score of 107. In 1898 he hit 128 against Canada.
Graves continued his international career during a tour of the Marylebone Cricket Club in the United States. The side played two matches against the Philadelphians in 1905. He also joined the Philadelphian tour of England in 1908. In his last first-class match against Kent County Cricket Club on August 27, Graves only managed 7 runs in the first innings and 4 in the second.
After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, Graves entered his father\'s varnish business, N. Z. Graves Inc., where at his death he was the head of purchasing and managed a factory. Graves died of meningitis in Germantown, Pennsylvania, on March 31, 1918, at the age of 37
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# List of birds of Guam
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in Guam**. The avifauna of Guam includes a total of 146 species as of August 2021, according to *Bird Checklists of the World*. Of them, eight have been introduced by humans and 32 are rare or accidental. 3 species are endemic, of which one is extinct and two are extinct in the wild though their reintroductions are either in progress or planned. Five species have been extirpated.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (English and scientific names) are those of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories of occurrence.
- \(A\) Accidental -- a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Guam
- (End) Endemic -- a species entirely confined to Guam in its natural distribution
- \(E\) Extinct -- a recent bird that no longer exists
- (EW) Extinct in the wild -- a species which only exists in captive breeding programs
- \(I\) Introduced -- a species introduced to Guam as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
- (Ex) Extirpated -- a species that no longer occurs in Guam although populations exist elsewhere
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## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Tundra swan, *Cygnus columbianus* (A)
- Garganey, *Spatula querquedula* (A)
- Northern shoveler, *Spatula clypeata* (A)
- Gadwall, *Mareca strepera*
- Eurasian wigeon, *Mareca penelope*
- American wigeon, *Mareca americana*
- Eastern spot-billed duck, *Anas zonorhyncha* (A)
- Mallard, *Anas platyrhynchos*
- Northern pintail, *Anas acuta* (A)
- Green-winged teal, *Anas crecca*
- Common pochard, *Aythya ferina* (A)
- Tufted duck, *Aythya fuligula*
- Greater scaup, *Aythya marila* (A)
- Surf scoter, *Melanitta perspicillata* (A)
## Megapodes
Order: Galliformes Family: Megapodiidae
The Megapodiidae are stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet. All but the malleefowl occupy jungle habitats and most have brown or black coloring.
- Micronesian scrubfowl, *Megapodius laperouse* (Ex)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls, and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Blue-breasted quail, *Coturnix chinensis* (I)
- Black francolin, *Francolinus francolinus* (I) (Ex?)
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I)
- Philippine collared-dove, *Streptopelia dusumieri* (I)
- White-throated ground dove, *Alopecoenas xanthonurus*
- Mariana fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus roseicapilla* (Ex)
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.
- Chestnut-winged cuckoo, *Clamator coromandus* (A)
- Long-tailed koel, *Urodynamis taitensis* (A)
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- White-throated needletail, *Hirundapus caudacutus* (A)
- Uniform swiftlet, *Aerodramus vanikorensis*
- Mariana swiftlet, *Aerodramus bartschi*
- Caroline Islands swiftlet, *Aerodramus inquietus*
- Pacific swift, *Apus pacificus*
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## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. The Guam rail was formerly extinct in the wild but has been reintroduced to Rota and Cocos Island near Guam.
- Guam rail, *Gallirallus owstoni* (End)
- Eurasian moorhen, *Gallinula chloropus*
- Eurasian coot, *Fulica atra* (A)
- White-browed crake, *Poliolimnas cinereus* (Ex)
## Stilts and avocets {#stilts_and_avocets}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
- Black-winged stilt, *Himantopus himantopus*
## Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
- Eurasian oystercatcher, *Haematopus ostralegus* (A)
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola*
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Lesser sand-plover, *Charadrius mongolus*
- Greater sand-plover, *Charadrius leschenaultii*
- Kentish plover, *Charadrius alexandrinus*
- Common ringed plover, *Charadrius hiaticula*
- Little ringed plover, *Charadrius dubius*
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis*
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus*
- Little curlew, *Numenius minutus*
- Far Eastern curlew, *Numenius madagascariensis*
- Eurasian curlew, *Numenius arquata*
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica*
- Black-tailed godwit, *Limosa limosa*
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Great knot, *Calidris tenuirostris*
- Red knot, *Calidris canutus* (A)
- Ruff, *Calidris pugnax*
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata*
- Curlew sandpiper, *Calidris ferruginea*
- Temminck\'s stint, *Calidris temminckii* (A)
- Long-toed stint, *Calidris subminuta*
- Red-necked stint, *Calidris ruficollis*
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Dunlin, *Calidris alpina*
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos*
- Long-billed dowitcher, *Limnodromus scolopaceus*
- Latham\'s snipe, *Gallinago hardwickii* (A)
- Common snipe, *Gallinago gallinago*
- Swinhoe\'s snipe, *Gallinago megala*
- Terek sandpiper, *Xenus cinereus*
- Wilson\'s phalarope, *Phalaropus tricolor* (A)
- Common sandpiper, *Actitis hypoleucos*
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes*
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
- Common greenshank, *Tringa nebularia*
- Marsh sandpiper, *Tringa stagnatilis*
- Wood sandpiper, *Tringa glareola*
- Common redshank, *Tringa totanus*
## Pratincoles and coursers {#pratincoles_and_coursers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
The pratincoles have short legs, very long pointed wings, and long forked tails. Their most unusual feature for birds classed as waders is that they typically hunt their insect prey on the wing like swallows.
- Oriental pratincole, *Glareola maldivarum*
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with gray or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Black-headed gull, *Chroicocephalus ridibundus*
- Laughing gull, *Leucophaeus atricilla* (A)
- Slaty-backed gull, *Larus schistisagus* (A)
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Little tern, *Sternula albifrons*
- Gull-billed tern, *Gelochelidon nilotica* (A)
- White-winged tern, *Chlidonias leucopterus*
- Whiskered tern, *Chlidonias hybrida*
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Common tern, *Sterna hirundo*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
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## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda*
## Northern storm-petrels {#northern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
The northern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Leach\'s storm-petrel, *Hydrobates leucorhous*
- Matsudaira\'s storm-petrel, *Hydrobates matsudairae*
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Juan Fernandez petrel, *Pterodroma externa*
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata*
- Streaked Shearwater, *Calonectris leucomelas*
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus*
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris*
- Newell\'s shearwater, *Puffinus newelli* (A)
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white, or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor*
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra*
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.
- Yellow bittern, *Botaurus sinensis*
- Black bittern, *Botaurus flavicollis* (A)
- Gray heron, *Ardea cinerea*
- Great egret, *Ardea alba*
- Intermediate egret, *Ardea intermedia*
- Little egret, *Egretta garzetta*
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra*
- Cattle egret, *Bubulcus ibis*
- Chinese pond-heron, *Ardeola bacchus* (A)
- Striated heron, *Butorides striata*
- Black-crowned night-heron, *Nycticorax nycticorax*
## Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
- Osprey, *Pandion haliaetus*
## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.
- Gray-faced buzzard, *Butastur indicus* (A)
- Chinese goshawk, *Accipiter soloensis*
- Black kite, *Milvus migrans*
## Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- Short-eared owl, *Asio flammeus*
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. An attempt to reintroduce the Guam kingfisher is in the planning stage as of early 2020.
- Common kingfisher, *Alcedo atthis* (A)
- Guam kingfisher, *Todirhamphus cinnamominus* (End) (EW)
- Mariana kingfisher, *Todirhamphus albicilla* (A)
- Belted kingfisher, *Megaceryle alcyon* (A)
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## Rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colorful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating.
- Dollarbird, *Eurystomus orientalis* (A)
## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Eurasian kestrel, *Falco tinnunculus*
- Peregrine falcon, *Falco peregrinus*
## Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
- Micronesian myzomela, *Myzomela rubratra* (Ex)
## Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.
- Rufous fantail, *Rhipidura rufifrons* (Ex)
## Drongos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark gray in color, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.
- Black drongo, *Dicrurus macrocercus* (I)
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Guam flycatcher, *Myiagra freycineti* (E)
## Crows, jays, and magpies {#crows_jays_and_magpies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
- Mariana crow, *Corvus kubaryi*
## Reed warblers and allies {#reed_warblers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The family Acrocephalidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
- Nightingale reed warbler, *Acrocephalus luscinia* (E)
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Barn swallow, *Hirundo rustica*
## White-eyes {#white_eyes}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull color like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast, or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
- Bridled white-eye, *Zosterops conspicillatus* (Ex)
- Rota white-eye, *Zosterops rotensis* (End)
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Micronesian starling, *Aplonis opaca*
## Old World flycatchers {#old_world_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
The Old World flycatchers form a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.
- Narcissus flycatcher, *Ficedula narcissina* (A)
## Waxbills, munias, and allies {#waxbills_munias_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The members of this family are small passerine birds native to the Old World tropics. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns.
- Chestnut munia, *Lonchura atricapilla* (I)
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## Old World sparrows {#old_world_sparrows}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown, or gray birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
- Eurasian tree sparrow, *Passer montanus* (I)
## Wagtails and pipits {#wagtails_and_pipits}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country
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# Vrabnitsa, Sofia
Vrbnica}} **Vrabnitsa** (*Връбница* `{{IPA|bg|ˈvrɤbnit͡sɐ|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district of Sofia, located in the western part of the Sofia municipality. It has a population of 47,417. It consists of the following neighbourhoods -- Moderno Predgradie (meaning Modern Suburb) (Модерно Предградие), Vrabnitsa (Връбница) & Obelya (Обеля)
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# List of birds of the Marshall Islands
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in the Marshall Islands**. The avifauna of the Marshall Islands include a total of 109 species, of which 3 have been introduced by humans.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for the Marshall Islands.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
- \(A\) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in the Marshall Islands
- \(I\) Introduced - a species introduced to the Marshall Islands as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
- (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in the Marshall Islands although populations exist elsewhere
\
`{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Snow goose, *Anser caerulescens* (A)
- Cackling goose, *Branta hutchinsii* (A)
- Garganey, *Spatula querquedula* (A)
- Northern shoveler, *Spatula clypeata*
- Eurasian wigeon, *Mareca penelope* (A)
- Northern pintail, *Anas acuta*
- Green-winged teal, *Anas crecca* (A)
- Canvasback, *Aythya valisineria* (A)
- Tufted duck, *Aythya fuligula* (A)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls, grouse, ptarmigan, and junglefowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Kosrae fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus hernsheimi*
- Micronesian imperial-pigeon, *Ducula oceanica*
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Long-tailed koel, *Urodynamis taitensis*
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- Pacific swift, *Apus pacificus*
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- White-browed crake, *Poliolimnas cinereus* (A)
## Stilts and avocets {#stilts_and_avocets}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
- Black-winged stilt, *Himantopus himantopus* (A)
- Pied stilt, *Himantopus leucocephalus* (A)
- Black-necked stilt, *Himantopus mexicanus* (A)
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## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola*
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Lesser sand-plover, *Charadrius mongolus*
- Greater sand-plover, *Charadrius leschenaultii* (A)
- Common ringed plover, *Charadrius hiaticula* (A)
- Semipalmated plover, *Charadrius semipalmatus* (A)
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis*
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus*
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica*
- Black-tailed godwit, *Limosa limosa*
- Hudsonian godwit, *Limosa haemastica* (A)
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Red knot, *Calidris canutus* (A)
- Ruff, *Calidris pugnax* (A)
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata*
- Curlew sandpiper, *Calidris ferruginea* (A)
- Red-necked stint, *Calidris ruficollis* (A)
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Dunlin, *Calidris alpina* (A)
- Little stint, *Calidris minuta* (A)
- Buff-breasted sandpiper, *Calidris subruficollis* (A)
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos*
- Long-billed dowitcher, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* (A)
- Latham\'s snipe, *Gallinago hardwickii* (A)
- Common snipe, *Gallinago gallinago* (A)
- Spotted sandpiper, *Actitis macularia* (A)
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes*
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incanus*
- Greater yellowlegs, *Tringa melanoleuca* (A)
- Common greenshank, *Tringa nebularia* (A)
- Lesser yellowlegs, *Tringa flavipes* (A)
- Marsh sandpiper, *Tringa stagnatilis* (A)
- Wood sandpiper, *Tringa glareola*
## Pratincoles and coursers {#pratincoles_and_coursers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long pointed bills which curve downwards.
- Oriental pratincole, *Glareola maldivarum* (A)
## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus*
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Laughing gull, *Leucophaeus atricilla* (A)
- Franklin\'s gull, *Leucophaeus pipixcan* (A)
- Ring-billed gull, *Larus delawarensis* (A)
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Blue-gray noddy, *Anous ceruleus*
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Gray-backed tern, *Onychoprion lunatus*
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus* (A)
- Little tern, *Sternula albifrons*
- Gull-billed tern, *Gelochelidon nilotica* (A)
- White-winged tern, *Chlidonias leucopterus* (A)
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Common tern, *Sterna hirundo*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda*
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## Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus *Diomedea* have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
- Laysan albatross, *Phoebastria immutabilis*
- Black-footed albatross, *Phoebastria nigripes*
- Short-tailed albatross, *Phoebastria albatrus*
## Southern storm-petrels {#southern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern-storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Wilson\'s storm-petrel, *Oceanites oceanicus*
## Northern storm-petrels {#northern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
The northern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Leach\'s storm-petrel, *Hydrobates leucorhous*
- Band-rumped storm-petrel, *Hydrobates castro*
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Kermadec petrel, *Pterodroma neglecta*
- Providence petrel, *Pterodroma solandri*
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata*
- Juan Fernandez petrel, *Pterodroma externa*
- Bonin petrel, *Pterodroma hypoleuca*
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis*
- Cook\'s petrel, *Pterodroma cookii*
- Stejneger\'s petrel, *Pterodroma longirostris*
- Bulwer\'s petrel, *Bulweria bulwerii*
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata*
- Streaked shearwater, *Calonectris leucomelas*
- Flesh-footed shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes*
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus*
- Buller\'s shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri*
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna griseus*
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris*
- Christmas shearwater, *Puffinus nativitatis*
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor*
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra*
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra*
- Cattle egret, *Bubulcus ibis*
## Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- Short-eared owl, *Asio flammeus*
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Sacred kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sanctus*
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Barn swallow, *Hirundo rustica*
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## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Red-vented bulbul, *Pycnonotus cafer* (I)
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Common myna, *Acridotheres tristis* (Ex)
## Old World sparrows {#old_world_sparrows}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects
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# Grandes Unités Françaises
**Grandes Unités Françaises** (full title: *Guerre 1939-1945 Les Grandes Unités Françaises*) is a monumental six-volume (the fifth volume is actually composed of four separate works) World War II order of battle and military unit history reference compiled by the historical service of the chief of staff of the French Army. The volumes were published in Paris by the Imprimerie Nationale.
The volumes progress chronologically through the war, are divided by sections devoted to each corps or division of the French Army, and detail, day-by-day, the subordination of the units, their sub-units, location of the command posts, and the actions of the units.
The volumes are written in French, but the tabular organization of much of the information allows the volumes to be used by any researcher familiar with French Army terminology of World War II. The entire series runs to thousands of pages; Part 2 of Volume 5 alone has 1,422 pages.
The volumes, their content, and their publication date are:
: Volume 1. 1940: Corps, Fortified Regions, and Groups. 1967.
: Volume 2. 1940: Infantry Divisions, Light *Chasseur* Divisions, and North African Divisions. 1967.
: Volume 3. 1940: Colonial Divisions, African Divisions, Light Infantry Divisions, Polish Divisions, Light Cavalry Divisions, Armored Divisions, Spahi Brigades, Defensive and Fortified Sectors, and Fortress Divisions. 1967.
: Volume 4. November 1942 -- July 1944: French forces in North Africa, French Expeditionary Corps in Italy, subordinate divisions of these corps, and the operations on Corsica and Elba. 1970.
: Volume 5, Part 1. August 1944 -- May 1945: 3rd Algerian, 4th Moroccan, 9th Colonial, and 27th Alpine Divisions. 1972.
: Volume 5, Part 2. August 1944 -- May 1945: 1 March, 2nd Moroccan, 10th Infantry, 14th Infantry, 1st Armored, 2nd Armored, and 5th Armored Divisions. 1975.
: Volume 5, Part 3. August 1944 -- May 1945: I and II Corps. 1976.
: Volume 5, Part 4. Maps to accompany Volume 5, Parts 1 through 3. 1976.
: Volume 6. August 1944 -- May 1945: The Atlantic and Alpine Fronts. 1980.
Among order of battle researchers and enthusiasts, the volumes are often referred to as the *GUF*, or sometimes, the *LGUF*
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# Johanne Morasse
**Johanne Morasse** (born March 12, 1957, in Duparquet, Quebec) is a Quebec politician and teacher. She was a Member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Rouyn-Noranda--Témiscamingue in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region from 2007 to 2008. She represents the Parti Québécois.
Morasse holds a bachelor\'s degree in political science from Université Laval. She went to the University of British Columbia and obtained a master\'s degree in forestry. She also went to study in Finland and received a doctorate in forestry and agriculture from the University of Helsinki.
She worked at the Faculty of Forestry and Geometrics at the Université Laval as a teacher, lecturer and research assistant. She also worked as a teaching assistant at the University of British Columbia. She was also a forestry engineer consultant and the Director of the Centre technologique des résidus industriels (Industrial Residual Technology Center). She was also an administration member at the Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue and was treasurer of the Regional Economique Development Council of the Abitibi-Témiscamingue.
Morasse won the seat in the 2007 elections by defeating Liberal incumbent MNA Daniel Bernard.
## Election results {#election_results}
\|- `{{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal|row}}`{=mediawiki} \|Liberal \|Daniel Bernard \|align=\"right\"\|10,358 \|align=\"right\"\|42.30 \|align=\"right\"\| +9.64 `{{CANelec|QC|PQ|'''Johanne Morasse'''|8,604|35.14| +2.03}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CANelec|QC|ADQ|Paul-Émile Barbeau|4,111|16.79| -10.05}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CANelec|QC|QS|Guy Leclerc|1,413|5.78| -1.61}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|} `{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Quebec general election]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CANelec|QC|PQ|'''Johanne Morasse'''|9,481|33.11|}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{Canadian party colour|QC|Liberal|row}}`{=mediawiki} \|Liberal \|Daniel Bernard \|align=\"right\"\|9,352 \|align=\"right\"\|32.66 \|align=\"right\"\| `{{CANelec|QC|ADQ|Mario Provencher|7,687|26.84|}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CANelec|QC|QS|France Caouette|2,117|7
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# Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges (consul 265 BC)
**Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges** was Roman consul in 265 BC, and died of wounds received in battle at Volsinii, where he had been sent to help put down a revolt. There is some uncertainty as to his identity.
## Controversy
Traditionally the consul of 265 has been identified as the same Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges who had previously been consul in 292 and 276 BC. This Gurges was the son of Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus, and is usually regarded as the father of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus. Livy describes Verrucosus as the grandson of Rullianus, and thus the son of Gurges, but passages in Plutarch and Pliny referring to Verrucosus as the great-grandson of Rullianus imply the existence of an intervening generation. Although Verrucosus is said to have served as an augur for sixty-two years at the time of his death in 203 BC, and thus would have been at least a young man in 265, the interval between his first consulship, in 233 BC, and that of Gurges, in 292, supports the hypothesis that he was Gurges\' grandson, rather than his son.
If Verrucosus was the grandson of the consul of 292 and 276 BC, then one hypothesis holds that the Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges who was consul in 265 was the son of the Gurges who had been consul in 292 and 276; he would also be the father of Verrucosus, and make the latter the great-grandson of Rullianus, as described by Plutarch and Pliny. This view was suggested by Karl Julius Beloch and Attilio Degrassi. An alternative hypothesis, however, holds that there was only one Gurges, who was consul in 292, 276, and 265, and that Verrucosus was the son of another Fabius Maximus, perhaps the Quintus Fabius who, as curule aedile in 266 BC, insulted the envoys of Apollonia in Epirus, and was given over to the people of Apollonia for punishment, only to be returned by them unharmed. This Fabius would have been the son of Gurges, and had his public career cut short by his own indiscretion. This view was suggested by the *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology*, and later followed by Münzer
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# Doll (manga)
is a science fiction *josei* (targeted towards women) manga by Mitsukazu Mihara. Appearing as a serial in the Japanese manga magazine *Feel Young* from 1998 to 2002, the thirty-three chapters of *Doll* were collected into six bound volumes by Shodensha and published from August 2000 to August 2002. Taking place in the future, the plot focuses on relationships between people and the eponymous androids; the series has an overarching plot that follows an illegal reprogrammer of Dolls and his revenge against the corporation which creates them. One of the characters, the corporation that manufactures the Dolls, and the concept of the Dolls appeared earlier in Mihara\'s short manga `{{nihongo|"The Sunflower Quality Of An Integrated Circuit"|集積回路のヒマワリ|}}`{=mediawiki} (1995), later collected in *IC in a Sunflower* (1997).
In 2003, Tokyopop licensed the series for an English-language translations in North America and the United Kingdom, publishing the series from August 2004 to October 2005. The series has received several positive reviews from English-language critics, and the first volume placed in ICv2\'s list of the top 100 best-selling graphic novels for July 2004. In 2011, Tokyopop\'s North American branch stopped publication and returned its manga licenses.
## Plot
Set in the future, *Doll* centers around relationships between humans and the eponymous androids---created by Kaoru and Motohiko Kirishima and manufactured by SG Corporation. During the development of the \"Sterol-2\" Doll, Kaoru\'s mental condition begins to deteriorate; after attempting to retain a copy of her mind and memories in a prototype of a Doll, Motohiko realizes his mistake of trying to replace his wife. Retiring from the corporation to care for her, he leaves behind eight other prototypes, which are seen throughout the series: a nameless male Doll, who was the constant companion for a woman and cremated with her by her greedy stepson; Chocolat, a maid who was discovered in a trash heap by an elderly farming community; Honey, a secretary loyal to the SG Corporation president; Cherry, the maid to an award-winning, bulimic writer; Vanilla, a maid to an elderly man and his unfaithful, younger wife; the sexaroid Veronica, one of two Dolls built for sexual intercourse, and her unnamed partner; and S, who hunts down illegally reprogrammed Dolls for SG Corporation.
*Doll* also focuses on Ichiro, a reprogrammer of Dolls who was abused by his stepmother and stepsiblings. Chosen to become the next president of SG Corporation, he was castrated by his beloved Doll on the orders of his jealous relatives. His Doll, the only one who had shown him kindness, was then destroyed. No longer the successor, Ichiro studied all the aspects of the Doll business. At eighteen years old, he left and began to reprogram Dolls illegally, seeking revenge on SG Corporation. Years later, Ichiro finds the unnamed sexaroid, after Veronica is destroyed by a sadistic owner. Ichiro reprograms the sexaroid to mimic human emotions, and the sexaroid becomes Ichiro\'s companion.
They eventually find and purchase Vanilla, who acts as if she suffers from psychological trauma. While on a date with the sexaroid, Vanilla recovers her memories of having been ordered to bury her master\'s corpse by her mistress. Meanwhile, Ichiro is captured by agents of the SG Corporation. Learning of this, the sexaroid leaves to rescue him, against the wishes of another reprogrammer, Psycho Candy. Captured, tagged for destruction, and reunited with Ichiro, the sexaroid finds himself ordered by Ichiro to switch places with him and escape. Ichiro then gives the sexaroid a name, Itsuki. With Itsuki\'s tag for destruction, Ichiro is killed at the moment his father finally recognizes him. *Doll* concludes with SG Corporation\'s scandal and subsequent bankruptcy, as Motohiko and his wife are content with knowing that they left Dolls in the world, while Vanilla and Itsuki live together in a house purchased by Ichiro.
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# Doll (manga)
## Development
The character Vanilla, the concept of the Dolls, and SG Corporation first appeared in Mitsukazu Mihara\'s earlier short manga `{{nihongo|"The Sunflower Quality Of An Integrated Circuit"|集積回路のヒマワリ|}}`{=mediawiki} (1995), later collected in *IC in a Sunflower* (1997). *Doll* began as \"the simple notion of humans vs. robots\". Although she often uses Lolita fashion---a clothing style influenced by the Rococo style and the Victorian and Edwardian eras---in her character designs as a way to convey the duality of her characters, she felt that the fashion failed to give the manga depth. She then centered the plots on the psychological aspects. As Mihara has expressed an interest in exploring the impact of the childhood environment on a person, especially his or her relationships with parents, the stories in *Doll* involve the eponymous androids and family life. Each short story contains an independent theme; \"A Maid Servant\", for example, takes its inspiration from a book about aging fears, and \"miseducation\" serves as the theme for a story about cram school, inspired by a book about the inadequacy of solely teaching theories.
The overarching plot of *Doll* started with the second volume; she envisioned a prodigy burdened by \"parental pressure\" and a Doll to heal the psychological pain. She explained that while her flaws may appear in the human characters, her \"hopes for perfection\" may appear in the Dolls. The Dolls, however, never developed consciousness, with the remodeled Dolls only capable of mimicking human emotion---in contrast to the typical progression of other stories in the genre. Mihara never considered making the androids capable of emotion, wishing for the narrative to center on the human characters.
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# Doll (manga)
## Release
Written and illustrated by Mitsukazu Mihara, the thirty-three chapters of *Doll* appeared as a serial in the Japanese *josei* (targeted towards women) manga magazine *Feel Young*, from 1998 to 2002. The chapters were collected into six bound volumes by Shodensha and published from August 10, 2000, to August 8, 2002.
In 2003, Tokyopop licensed *Doll* for an English-language translation in North America and the United Kingdom. The series was published from August 10, 2004, to October 11, 2005; the first volume was also published as a limited-edition hardcover on May 11, 2004. Tokyopop\'s North American branch stopped publishing on May 31, 2011, with its manga licenses returned. *Doll* has also been translated into German by Tokyopop Germany.
### Volume list {#volume_list}
- List 30: \"Promise\"
- List 31: \"Father\"
`| ChapterListCol2 = `
- List 32: \"Itsuki\"
- List 33: \"Home\"
`| Summary =`
}} `{{Graphic novel list/footer}}`{=mediawiki}
## Reception
The first volume of *Doll* debuted at the 73rd spot on ICv2\'s list of the top 100 best-selling graphic novels for July 2004 with an estimated 1,394 copies sold.
*Doll* has received several positive reviews from English-language critics. About.com\'s Deb Aoki placed it on her list of recommended horror manga. According to Aoki, Mihara\'s stories proved to be haunting, despite not following the traditional model of gory horror stories. While finding Mihara\'s art well-done, yet \"not especially memorable\", Patrick King of *Animefringe* wrote that Mihara\'s focus on the social effects of the Dolls and their environments greatly contributed to the appeal of the series. *Sequential Tart*{{\'}}s Sheena McNeil wrote that *Doll* examines the relationships between androids and people on \"a much more serious and realistic level\" than Clamp\'s *Chobits*. In follow-up reviews, she wrote that the series conveyed \"a sense of reality that is unsettling and the stories are harsh reads---being violent and/or tragic.\" According to her, *Doll* simultaneously examines the meaning of humanity and modern-day fears surrounding the possibility of such androids. She also wrote that Mihara\'s \"jaw-dropping beautiful\" artwork contrasted well with the characters\' misery. Jason Thompson, in *Manga: The Complete Guide*, wrote that childbirth and family served as the manga\'s themes. According to him, Mihara\'s character designs and artwork complemented the stories nicely. Conversely, Anime News Network\'s Liann Cooper reviewed the hardcover edition of *Doll* with mixed feelings: according to her, the stories mostly lacked entertainment value, and had artwork that failed to catch the reader\'s eye, but she praised the presentation. She concluded that the hardcover edition would only appeal to \"avid collectors\"
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# List of birds of French Polynesia
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in French Polynesia**. The avifauna of French Polynesia include a total of 175 species, of which 41 are endemic, 15 have been introduced. Of these, 35 species are globally threatened.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for French Polynesia.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
- \(A\) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in French Polynesia
- \(E\) Endemic - a species endemic to French Polynesia
- \(I\) Introduced - a species introduced to French Polynesia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
- (Ex) Extinct
- (Ext) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in French Polynesia although populations exist elsewhere
\
`{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Northern shoveler, *Spatula clypeata*
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa*
- Northern pintail, *Anas acuta* (A)
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus* (I)
- Ring-necked pheasant, *Phasianus colchicus* (I)
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia* (I)
- Marquesas ground dove, *Alopecoenas rubescens* (E)
- Polynesian ground dove, *Alopecoenas erythropterus* (E)
- Zebra dove, *Geopelia striata* (I)
- Gray-green fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus purpuratus* (E)
- Raiatea fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus chrysogaster* (E)
- Makatea fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus chalcurus* (E)
- Atoll fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus coralensis* (E)
- Rapa fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus huttoni* (E)
- White-capped fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii* (E)
- Red-moustached fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus mercierii* (E) (Ext)
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica* (I)
- Polynesian imperial-pigeon, *Ducula aurorae* (E)
- Marquesas imperial-pigeon, *Ducula galeata* (E)
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Long-tailed koel, *Eudynamys taitensis*
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- Polynesian swiftlet, *Aerodramus leucophaeus* (E)
- Marquesan swiftlet, *Aerodramus ocistus* (E)
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Astolfo\'s rail, *Gallirallus astolfoi* (E) (Ext)
- Tahiti rail, *Gallirallus pacificus* (E) (Ext)
- Marquesan swamphen, *Porphyrio paepae* (E) (Ext)
- Miller\'s rail, *Zapornia nigra* (E) (Ext)
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis*
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## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola* (A)
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Masked lapwing, *Vanellus miles* (A)
- Semipalmated plover, *Charadrius semipalmatus* (A)
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis*
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus* (A)
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica* (A)
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- White-winged sandpiper, *Prosobonia leucoptera* (E) (Ex)
- Moorea sandpiper, *Prosobonia ellisi* (E) (Ex)
- Tuamotu sandpiper, *Prosobonia parvirostris* (E)
- Ruff, *Calidris pugnax* (A)
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata* (A)
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Buff-breasted sandpiper, *Calidris subruficollis* (A)
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos*
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes*
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
- Willet, *Tringa semipalmata* (A)
- Lesser yellowlegs, *Tringa flavipes* (A)
## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- South polar skua, *Stercorarius maccormicki* (A)
- Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus* (A)
- Parasitic jaeger, *Stercorarius parasiticus* (A)
- Long-tailed jaeger, *Stercorarius longicaudus* (A)
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Laughing gull, *Leucophaeus atricilla* (A)
- Franklin\'s gull, *Leucophaeus pipixcan* (A)
- Ring-billed gull, *Larus delawarensis* (A)
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Blue-gray noddy, *Anous cerulea*
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Gray-backed tern, *Onychoprion lunatus*
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus* (A)
- Roseate tern, *Sterna dougallii*
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana* (A)
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-billed tropicbird, *Phaethon aethereus* (A)
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda*
## Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus *Diomedea* have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
- Gray-headed albatross, *Thalassarche chrysostoma* (A)
- Buller\'s albatross, *Thalassarche bulleri*
- Salvin\'s albatross, *Thalassarche salvini* (A)
- Chatham albatross, *Thalassarche eremita* (A)
- Black-browed albatross, *Thalassarche melanophris* (A)
- Light-mantled albatross, *Phoebetria palpebrata* (A)
- Royal albatross, *Diomedea epomophora*
- Wandering albatross, *Diomedea exulans*
## Southern storm-petrels {#southern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Wilson\'s storm-petrel, *Oceanites oceanicus* (A)
- White-faced storm-petrel, *Pelagodroma marina* (A)
- White-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta grallaria*
- Black-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta tropica* (A)
- Polynesian storm-petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa*
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## Northern storm-petrels {#northern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
- Leach\'s storm petrel, *Hydrobates leucorhous*
- Band-rumped storm-petrel, *Hydrobates castro* (A)
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Southern giant-petrel, *Macronectes giganteus* (A)
- Northern giant-petrel, *Macronectes halli* (A)
- Cape petrel, *Daption capense* (A)
- Gray-faced petrel, *Pterodroma gouldi* (A)
- Kermadec petrel, *Pterodroma neglecta*
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica*
- Murphy\'s petrel, *Pterodroma ultima*
- Providence petrel, *Pterodroma solandri*
- Henderson petrel, *Pterodroma atrata*
- Soft-plumaged petrel, *Pterodroma mollis* (A)
- White-headed petrel, *Pterodroma lessonii* (A)
- Mottled petrel, *Pterodroma inexpectata* (A)
- Juan Fernandez petrel, *Pterodroma externa*
- Hawaiian petrel, *Pterodroma sandwichensis* (A)
- White-necked petrel, *Pterodroma cervicalis*
- Black-winged petrel, *Pterodroma nigripennis*
- Cook\'s petrel, *Pterodroma cookii* (A)
- Gould\'s petrel, *Pterodroma leucoptera*
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes*
- Stejneger\'s petrel, *Pterodroma longirostris* (A)
- Pycroft\'s petrel, *Pterodroma pycrofti* (A)
- Phoenix petrel, *Pterodroma alba*
- Blue petrel, *Halobaena caerulea*
- Bulwer\'s petrel, *Bulweria bulwerii*
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata*
- Gray petrel, *Procellaria cinerea* (A)
- White-chinned petrel, *Procellaria aequinoctialis* (A)
- Parkinson\'s petrel, *Procellaria parkinsoni* (A)
- Pink-footed shearwater, *Ardenna creatopus* (A)
- Flesh-footed shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes* (A)
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus*
- Buller\'s shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri* (A)
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna griseus* (A)
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris* (A)
- Christmas shearwater, *Puffinus nativitatis*
- Townsend\'s shearwater, *Puffinus auricularis*
- Rapa shearwater, *Puffinus myrtae*
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor*
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra*
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
- Abbott\'s booby, *Papasula abbotti* (Ext)
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Great blue heron, *Ardea herodias* (A)
- Great egret, *Ardea alba* (A)
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra*
- Cattle egret, *Bubulcus ibis* (A)
- Striated heron, *Butorides striata*
## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Swamp harrier, *Circus approximans* (I)
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica*
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## Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- Great horned owl, *Bubo virginianus* (I)
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Marquesas kingfisher, *Todirhamphus godeffroyi* (E)
- Society kingfisher, *Todirhamphus veneratus* (E)
- Mangareva kingfisher, *Todirhamphus gambieri* (E)
- Chattering kingfisher, *Todirhamphus tuta*
## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Peregrine falcon, *Falco peregrinus*
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
- Raiatea parakeet, *Cyanoramphus ulietanus* (E) (Ex)
- Black-fronted parakeet, *Cyanoramphus zealandicus* (E) (Ex)
- Kuhl\'s lorikeet, *Vini kuhlii* (E)
- Blue lorikeet, *Vini peruviana* (E)
- Ultramarine lorikeet, *Vini ultramarina* (E)
## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Tahiti monarch, *Pomarea nigra* (E)
- Maupiti monarch, *Pomarea pomarea* (E) (Ex)
- Eiao monarch, *Pomarea fluxa* (E) (Ex)
- Nuku Hiva monarch, *Pomarea nukuhivae* (E) (Ex)
- Iphis monarch, *Pomarea iphis* (E)
- Ua Pou monarch, *Pomarea mira* (E)
- Marquesas monarch, *Pomarea mendozae* (E)
- Fatuhiva monarch, *Pomarea whitneyi* (E)
## Reed warblers and allies {#reed_warblers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for \"warblers\". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
- Southern Marquesan reed warbler, *Acrocephalus mendanae* (E)
- Rimatara reed warbler, *Acrocephalus rimatarae* (E)
- Society Islands reed warbler, *Acrocephalus musae* (E) (Ex)
- Tahiti reed warbler, *Acrocephalus caffer* (E)
- Moorea reed warbler, *Acrocephalus longirostris* (E)
- Northern Marquesan reed warbler, *Acrocephalus percernis* (E)
- Tuamotu reed warbler, *Acrocephalus atyphus* (E)
- Mangareva reed warbler, *Acrocephalus astrolabii* (E) (Ex)
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Bank swallow, *Riparia riparia*
- Barn swallow, *Hirundo rustica*
- Tahiti swallow, *Hirundo tahitica* (E)
## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Red-vented bulbul, *Pycnonotus cafer* (I)
## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies {#white_eyes_yuhinas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
- Silvereye, *Zosterops lateralis* (I)
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# List of birds of French Polynesia
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Common myna, *Acridotheres tristis* (I)
## Old World flycatchers {#old_world_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
- Northern wheatear, *Oenanthe oenanthe*
## Weavers and allies {#weavers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae
The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.
- Black-headed weaver, *Ploceus melanocephalus* (I)
## Waxbills and allies {#waxbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
- Common waxbill, *Estrilda astrild* (I)
- Red-browed firetail, *Neochmia temporalis* (I)
- Chestnut-breasted munia, *Lonchura castaneothorax* (I)
## Old World sparrows {#old_world_sparrows}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Old World sparrow are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
- House sparrow, *Passer domesticus* (A)
## Wagtails and pipits {#wagtails_and_pipits}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
- White wagtail, *Motacilla alba*
## Tanagers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Thraupidae
The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly coloured. They are seed eaters, but their preference tends towards fruit and nectar. Most have short, rounded wings
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# Visco Grgich
**Visco Grgich** (January 19, 1923 -- December 26, 2005) was a professional American football lineman who played in the All-America Football Conference and the National Football League. He played seven seasons for the San Francisco 49ers.
## Biography
Visco Grgich was originally drafted by the Chicago Bears in the 1946 NFL draft. Grgich was known as a tough and sometimes vicious two-way lineman who loved to intimidate Norm Van Brocklin. Grgich was also known for his rousing pep talks prior to games and was even brought back by Coach Frank Albert to give pep talks after his playing days were through. At the end of his pep talk, Grgich would say \"This is the way you\'ve gotta do it!\" and would promptly deliver a forearm shiver to the nearest door, wall or even one of the wooden support posts in Kezar Stadium which was rumoured to be felt throughout Kezar Stadium. He is distinguished as being the first Yugoslav to play in the National Football League.
Grgich\'s playing career was ended by a knee injury in 1952, at which time he became a car salesman until former coach Buck Shaw demanded he turn to coaching. Grgich became the head football coach at Oakdale High School, in Oakdale, California in 1957 and 1958. He later became the offensive line coach for several years at Oakdale High School.
In 1985, Visco and other Grgich family members competed on an episode of Family Feud against the Hatfield family.
Grgich taught drivers education at Oakdale High School until he retired in 1986. As a teacher he was greatly loved by his many students who quickly learned you could derail a day\'s instruction at the mere mention of the San Francisco 49ers, at which time Grgich would bring out old reel movies of San Francisco 49ers games from his playing days. In 1982 his students raised money to pay his way to Detroit to watch his beloved San Francisco 49ers play the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XVI. Visco continued to live in the Oakdale, California area until he was moved to Dale Commons assisted-living facility in Modesto, California shortly prior to his wife Grace, the country and western singer known as \"Sioux City Sue,\" died in 2001. Visco and Sue had 4 children, Steve, Vikki, Toni and Mike. Visco died Monday December 26, 2005 at a Modesto, California hospital
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# Burgschleinitz-Kühnring
**Burgschleinitz-Kühnring** is a market town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria.
## Geography
The municipal area is part of the historic Waldviertel region, stretching along extended forests on the northeastern rim of the Manhartsberg ridge. It comprises the cadastral communities of Amelsdorf, Burgschleinitz, Buttendorf, Geiersdorf, Harmannsdorf, Kühnring, Matzelsdorf, Reinprechtspölla, Sachsendorf, Sonndorf, and Zogelsdorf.
## History
About 1130 Hadmar I of Kuenring, a *ministerialis* in the service of the Babenberg margrave Leopold III of Austria had a fortress erected at the site of the present-day Kühnring parish church. According to tradition, his ancestors had already erected a chapel here, which was consecrated by Bishop Altmann of Passau in 1083.
In 1612 a Baroque castle was erected in the nearby village of Harmannsdorf, which became known as the residence of Nobel laureate Bertha von Suttner (1843--1914). Here she wrote large parts of her novel *Die Waffen nieder!* (*Lay Down Your Arms!*), published in 1889
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