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# Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
**Leonidas Paraskevopoulos** (*Λεωνίδας Παρασκευόπουλος*; 7 October 1860 -- 16 May 1936) was a Greek military officer and politician. He played a major role in Greece\'s war effort during the First World War, and was the commander-in-chief of the Army of Asia Minor during the Greco-Turkish War (1919--1922). In his later life, he was a member of the Greek Senate and served as its speaker in 1930--32.
## Life
Leonidas Paraskevopoulos was born on 7 October 1860 on the island of Kythnos. His family hailed from Smyrna, Asia Minor.
He entered the Hellenic Military Academy and graduated in November 1881 as an Artillery 2nd Lieutenant. During the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, he served in the expeditionary corps sent to Crete under Colonel Timoleon Vassos. During the First Balkan War of 1912--13, he initially served as the commander of the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, but already at the Battle of Sarantaporo he was appointed with the supervision of the entire artillery establishment of the Army of Thessaly, a post he held until the capture of Thessaloniki.
He then succeeded Konstantinos Kallaris as commander of the 2nd Infantry Division, when the latter was transferred to the Epirus front. There again, however, he was after a few days appointed as Chief of Artillery of the Army of Epirus, playing a crucial role in the successful Battle of Bizani and the capture of Ioannina. In April 1913 he was placed in command of the newly formed 10th Infantry Division, which he led during the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria, from the Battle of Doiran to the area of Pečkovo.
In World War I, Paraskevopoulos became commander of I Army Corps on the Strymon sector on the eastern flank of the Macedonian front in 1917--18, before being appointed commander-in-chief of the Greek Army in October 1918. After World War I, Paraskevopoulos took over direct command of the Greek forces that occupied Smyrna in 1919 in accordance with the Treaty of Sèvres. Under his command, the Hellenic Army successfully extended their occupation zone, from the greater Smyrna area, south to Aydın and north to Bursa.
With the electoral victory of the pro-monarchist United Opposition in November 1920, he was dismissed on 25 November 1920. After the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Paraskevopoulos entered politics. He was appointed to the Greek Senate in 1929 \"on merit\", and served as President of the Senate in 1930--32.
He died on 16 May 1936 in Paris, France, aged 75.
He was awarded Serbian Order of the White Eagle
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# National Motorcycle Museum (UK)
The **National Motorcycle Museum** occupies an 8-acre (32,000 m2) site in Bickenhill, Solihull, England and holds the world\'s largest collection of British motorcycles. In addition to over 1,000 motorcycles, which cover a century of motorcycle manufacture, the museum developed award-winning conference facilities (The National Conference Centre) in 1985. It is located close to the junction of the A45 and the M42, close to Birmingham Airport and the National Exhibition Centre (NEC) Birmingham and attracts over 250,000 visitors a year.
## History
The Museum owes its formation to the drive and ambition of one man, construction entrepreneur and self-made millionaire Mr WR (Roy) Richards, who started collecting good examples of British motorcycles in the 1970s. The museum opened in October 1984 with an initial collection of 350 machines. Roy passed away in 2008 but his work continues under the guardianship of Roy\'s Widow Christine & Son\'s - Simon and Nick Hartland. The Museum collection is curated by Museum Director - James Hewing.
## 2003 Fire
The museum was severely damaged by a fire which broke out shortly before 5pm on 16 September 2003. West Midlands Fire Service investigators concluded that a cigarette thrown away in a designated smoking area was responsible for igniting a pile of cardboard boxes containing old air-conditioning filters. The fire spread very rapidly inside the museum\'s dropped ceilings which, though conforming to safety regulations, lacked a sprinkler system. The building did have smoke detection and fire alarm equipment which contacted the fire service within minutes of the fire starting, but the fire had taken a strong hold before it was discovered on site.
Staff and people attending a conference helped to save more than 300 historic motorcycles, but three of the five exhibition halls were completely burnt out. 120 firefighters were needed to put out the fire which was visible for 15 mi. Fire crews were delayed by rush hour traffic and hindered by an inadequate hydrant on site, but the fire was extinguished after about an hour and a half. Many of the museum\'s rarest and irreplaceable exhibits were destroyed, with the loss of 380 motorcycles. The cost of the fire was estimated at over £14 million.
After fifteen months and a £20 million rebuild which included installation of a £1.2 million sprinkler system, the museum was reopened on 1 December 2004. 150 of the motorcycles that had been destroyed in the fire were fully restored for the re-opening. Many of the fire damaged motorcycles were restored to showroom condition.
## 2014 Burglary
On the evening of 27 August 2014, burglars broke into the museum and stole more than 100 motorcycling competition trophies from a glass-fronted cabinet. The Museum offered a £20,000 reward for information leading to their recovery.
## Exhibits
The motorcycles on display represent examples of well known makes, such as BSA, Triumph and Norton as well as less well known makers including Coventry-Eagle, Montgomery and New Imperial.
### Golden Dream Brough {#golden_dream_brough}
One of the most valuable motorcycles in the world the Brough Superior Golden Dream, which is the only example of George Brough\'s show model for the 1938 Olympia show. Hand-built by Brough and Freddie Dixon, the Golden Dream has two pairs of horizontally opposed cylinders, one above the other, with two longitudinal crankshafts to give vibration free running. The two crankshafts shafts are geared together, with one driving the rear wheel and the other driving the oil pump and magdyno. Two Brough Dream Fours were built but World War II stopped development. The second Brough Dream has a black and chrome finish and is in private ownership.
### Wilkinson Luxury Tourer {#wilkinson_luxury_tourer}
Built by the Wilkinson Sword company before the First World War, the first Wilkinson motorcycles were aimed at military use. Optional accessories included a sidecar complete with Maxim gun, and a steering wheel instead of handlebars. The model displayed in the museum was built in 1912 and is the top-of-the-range four-cylinder water-cooled shaft drive version. Originally air-cooled, the Wilkinson TMC engine was water-cooled from 1911 and described as a 'Luxury Touring Motor Cycle'
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# Suleyman Sani Akhundov
**Suleyman Sani Rzagulu bey oghlu Akhundov** (*Süleyman Sani Rzaqulu bəy oğlu Axundov*; 3 October 1875 -- 29 March 1939), was an Azerbaijani playwright, journalist, author, and teacher. He chose the name Sani (Arabic for \"the second\") to avoid confusion with his namesake, Mirza Fatali Akhundov.
## Life and contributions {#life_and_contributions}
Akhundov was born to a noble family in Shusha (then part of the Russian Empire) and graduated from the Transcaucasian Teachers Seminary (present-day Gori, Georgia) in 1894. He was involved in teaching and journalism for the rest of his life. He was the co-author of the Azeri language textbook *İkinci il* (\"The Second Year\"), which was published in 1906. After Sovietization he served as Minister of Education of Azerbaijani SSR\'s Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast for a short period of time. In 1922, Suleyman Sani Akhundov was chosen the first chairman of the Union of Writers and Poets of Azerbaijan. In 1932, he was awarded an honorary title of the Hero of Labour for his merits in literary and pedagogical activity. Between 1920 and 1930, he was chosen as a member of the Baku Soviet, probationary member of the Executive Committee of Baku, and mesehver of the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR.
## Creativity stories {#creativity_stories}
Akhundov\'s first fictional piece, *Tamahkar* (\"The Greedy One\"), was written in 1899. Between 1912 and 1913 he wrote a pentalogy entitled *Qorxulu nağıllar* (\"Scary Stories\"), which dealt with the theme of poverty and social inequality and therefore became one of the most popular children books later in the Soviet epoch. Works written by the writer after the 1905 Russian Revolution were concerned with social-political problems, highlighting them from the democratic position. In his works written after 1920 he continued with his criticism of patriarchal norms, social backwardness, and despotism of the ruling class, and describes the expectations of people from the newly established political system. Such works as \"Fortune\'s wheel\" (1921), \"Falcon\'s nest\" (1921), \"Love and revenge\" (1922) drama were written by Suleyman Sani Akhundov.
## Legacy
There\'s a street named after Suleyman Sani Akhundov in Baku
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# Bairds Mainfreight Primary School
**Bairds Mainfreight Primary School** is a contributing primary school (years 0--6) in Ōtara, a suburb of Auckland Council, Auckland Region, New Zealand.
The trucking and logistics firm Mainfreight Limited has sponsored the school since 1993. The school benefits from this relationship due to the support Mainfreight gives to it in the area of Information and Communication Technologies, and Alan Duff\'s Duffy Books in Homes programme. Mainfreight\'s philosophy of \"Anything is Possible\" is one that fits with the educational philosophy of the school. In 1997 the school renamed itself from *Bairds Primary School* to its current name
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# Snubbing
**Snubbing** is a type of heavy well intervention performed on oil and gas wells. It involves running the BHA on a pipe string using a hydraulic workover rig. Unlike wireline or coiled tubing, the pipe is not spooled off a drum but made up and broken up while running in and pulling out, much like conventional drill pipe. Due to the large rigup, it is only used for the most demanding of operations when lighter intervention techniques do not offer the strength and durability. The first snubbing unit was primarily designed to work in well control situations to \"snub\" drill pipe and or casing into, or out of, a well bore when conventional well killing methods could not be used. Unlike conventional drilling and completions operations, snubbing can be performed with the well still under pressure (not killed). When done so, it is called hydraulic workover. It can also be performed without having to remove the Christmas tree from the wellhead.
## Rigup
A snubbing rigup is a very tall structure. It consists of a hydraulically powered snubbing unit, which provides the force on a pipe, above a string of multi-layered pressure control components.
At the top of the snubbing unit is the basket, which serves as the control post for the rigup. Below the basket are the hydraulic jacks, which power the pipe into and out of the hole. It consists of two mechanisms for applying force to the pipe in either direction. Each mechanism consists of travelling and stationary slips. The travelling slips are used to move the pipe, while the stationary slips are used to hold the pipe while the travelling slips are repositioned between strokes.
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# Snubbing
## Stripping the pipe {#stripping_the_pipe}
Unlike coiled tubing or wireline, where the wire or tubing is always the same diameter allowing for a single unmoving primary barrier (stuffing box or stripper), snubbing uses a pipe, which will have an enlarged collar at the connection between the joints. Therefore, the pressure control system must be able to accommodate this variable diameter. The stripping rams accomplish this. The first stage of lowering a collar through the stripping system is to close the lower rams so as to seal off the mechanism above from wellbore pressure. The space between the rams can then be bled off allowing the upper rams to be opened. The collar can then pass through the opened upper rams. Once the collar is in between the rams, the upper rams are closed and pressure is equalised either side of the lower rams. The lower rams are then safely opened and the collar is lowered through the rams.
This process is repeated as successive collars are lowered into the well. When pulling out of hole, this procedure is reversed.
Another popular method of stripping tubulars in/out of a wellbore is with the use of an \"Annular\" Blow Out Preventer (BOP). An Annular BOP consists of a natural or synthetic rubber element with encased metal reinforcement sections. A hydraulic piston pushes the annular element up into a concaved cap which forces the element diameter to decrease in size. When the element diameter is closed sufficiently it forms a seal around the body of the pipe. The upset or larger diameter section of a pipe connection can be pulled or pushed through a closed annular element without damage and while still maintaining a gas tight seal.
Annular BOPs come in various sizes and pressure ratings and are ideal for lower pressure gas wells. Generally, the maximum pressure for stripping pipe through an annular is equal to 40% of the maximum static pressure rating dry or 60% if the pipe is lubricated as it is being stripped through the annular.
## Heavy-pipe and light-pipe {#heavy_pipe_and_light_pipe}
Because snubbing is normally done under pressure, initially, the weight of pipe in wellbore is less than the force due to the wellbore pressure. This is described as *light-pipe*: downward force is required on the pipe to force it in against resistance. Once a sufficient amount of pipe has been run into the hole, the weight becomes sufficient to overpower the wellbore pressure and the pipe naturally wants to fall in the hole; this is *heavy-pipe*. At this point, the snubbing mechanism is changed over to the one which provides upward force to hold the pipe and lower it controllably into the well.
When pulling out of hole, upward force is initially used to lift the pipe until the equilibrium point, henceforth downward force is used to prevent wellbore pressure from blowing the light-pipe out of hole.
## Risks
The more complex method of pressure control, as compared to coiled tubing and wireline, naturally invites more opportunity for things to go wrong. One such peril was seen in June 2007 on the Shearwater platform. Snubbing was being used to clean out large pebble, which had entered the well through a collapsed liner. While pulling out of hole, one stripping ram was not opened sufficiently and a collar on the pipe string caught on the ram. The excessive force applied to the pipe caused it to break apart, dropping the string below the failure into the well. In the time it took to prepare to fish out the pipe, the pebbles in the process of being circulated out, settled on the pipe, preventing successful fishing.
Although problems such as the one described above can happen they are extremely rare and always avoidable. In the case above, adequate supervision could have prevented this dramatic consequence of operator error by limiting the hydraulic force allowable to be an applied to a level below what was required to part the pipe string.
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# Snubbing
## Note
Not all Snubbing units are large and time-consuming to rig up. In the Canadian oilfield many companies use small \"Stand Alone\" snubbing units which can be broken down and rigged up in less than 3hrs. These Units consist of 4 segments which can be placed onto 4 separate trucks. These 4 segments consist of the following:
PUMP TRUCK -- The Engine of the truck is used to power the pump (which is a series of valves mounted behind the cab).
` -----> The Pump truck has a trailer which is the MUD TANK`
SNUBBING BASKET -- Once again the trucks engine is used to power the unit\'s hydraulics. The Basket lies on the bed of the truck behind the cab.
ACCUMULATOR TRUCK -- The Accumulator Unit (or Coomie) is run off a PTO that is connected to the trucks engine. The Coomie Unit also pulls a trailer.
` ------> The trailer off the Coomie Unit becomes the CATWALK and PIPE RACKS.`\
` ------> Mounted on the trailer is the TOOL SHED (or JUNK SKID – a small Shipping container full of tools), and also the LMS`\
` (Load Management System), which is used to support the weight of the basket while operational.`
PICKER -- The Picker, is a truck with a small crane (or Picker) on its back. This Picker is used to Rig up the basket. It also tows a trailer.
` ------> The trailer for the Picker is the DOGHOUSE. The Doghouse is then split into the TOILET BLOCK and OFFICE, and the GENERATORS`\
` (GEN-SETS) which provide electrical power to the rig.`\
\
`These units are set up in such a fashion so as to be able to cope with the harsh roads and remote locations required in the Canadian winter.`
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# Snubbing
## Units structures and capacities {#units_structures_and_capacities}
Units varies in strength, there are 95K, 120K, 150K, 170K, 225K, 340K, 460K, 600K The number indicates their working strength in pulling force, and 150K means the unit is capable of pulling maximal 150000 pounds. This is based on the hydraulic force acting on the size of the unit\'s piston size. Also are there more complex special built unit to find as the [CSU 160](http://www.bpc.nl/tl_files/bpc/images/Equipment/CSU%20160.jpg) a special build rig assist unit, and stand alone units like `{{Gallery
| title=
| width=160
| height=170
| align=center
| File:600HWT unit.JPG|Special build containerized stand alone 600K unit in the jungle.
| File:340K unit.JPG|340K unit operational in the field.
| File:600K unit.JPG|600K unit operational in Germany
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# Olesko
**Olesko** (*Олесько*; *Olesko*) is a rural settlement in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast (region) of western Ukraine. It belongs to Busk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: `{{Ua-pop-est2022|1,418}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
It was the seat of the rebbes of Alesk, and also the birthplace of Jan III Sobieski, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
The earliest mentioned Jewish community is in 1500. Olesko was the place of residence of tzadikim in the 19th century. In 1935 its Jewish population was 738.
Until 18 July 2020, Olesko belonged to Busk Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Busk Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.
Until 26 January 2024, Olesko was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Olesko became a rural settlement.
Olesko, kosciol parafjalny. ca 1920 (14212987) (cropped).jpg\|Parish church, circa 1920 Zamek w Olesku, miejsce urodzenia krola Jana III 1934 (14210250) (cropped).jpg\|Castle, 1934 C. k. sad powiatowy i urzad podatkowy w Olesku. 1916 (14213021) (cropped).jpg\|County court and tax office, 1916 Olesko, klasztor oo. kapucynow. ca 1930 (14212977) (cropped)
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# Period of Adjustment
***Period of Adjustment*** (subtitled **High Point is Built Over a Cavern**) is a 1960 play by Tennessee Williams that was adapted in the film version of 1962.
Both the stage and film versions are set on Christmas Eve and tell the gentle, light-hearted story of two couples, one newlywed and the other married for five years, both experiencing pains and difficulties in their relationships. The two male characters are veterans of the Korean War. The younger of the two experiences post traumatic stress (shellshock, battle fatigue, combat stress reaction), and the older man suffers from feelings of inadequacy towards his wife, the daughter of his boss. However, the observance of each other's troubles brings both couples to realize what they have and to reconcile their own relationships.
Williams wrote the first draft of the play in November 1958 \"in a rush of activity partly induced by drugs.\" It was workshopped for a week in December 1958 and officially premiered at the Helen Hayes Theatre on Broadway on November 10, 1960. It was presented directed by George Roy Hill, the stage settings and lighting were by Jo Mielziner, the costumes were by Patricia Zipprodt, General Manager Joseph Harris, and the production stage manager was William Chambers. The play, which Williams subtitled \"a serious comedy,\" was a departure from the playwright\'s usual dark dramas, and was written partly in response to a Hollywood columnist who had asked why his plays were always \"plunging into the sewers.\" Williams responded to the criticism by writing *Period of Adjustment* and arguing, in a piece that was published in *The New York Times*, The play received average reviews and closed March 4, 1961 after 132 performances. The original cast in order of appearance was:
- James Daly as Ralph Bates
- Barbara Baxley as Isabel Haverstick
- Robert Webber as George Haverstick
- Helen Martin as Susie
- Esther Benson as Lady Caroler
- Nancy R. Pollock as Mrs. McGillicuddy
- Lester Mack as Mr. McGillicuddy
- Charles McDaniel as The Police Officer
- Rosemary Murphy as Dorothy Bates
In February 2006, the play was revived at the Almeida Theatre in London
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# Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet
**Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet** PC (29 September 1732 -- 3 August 1804) was an Anglo-Irish politician noted for his extensive recording of parliamentary debates in the late 1760s and early 1770s.
## Early life {#early_life}
Cavendish was the son of Sir Henry Cavendish, 1st Baronet, and his wife Anne (née Pyne), daughter of Henry Pyne and Anne Edgcumbe, and granddaughter of Sir Richard Pyne, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and his wife Catherine Wandesford, a granddaughter of the leading Anglo-Irish statesman Christopher Wandesford. This branch of the Cavendish family descended from Henry Cavendish, illegitimate son of Henry Cavendish of Tutbury Prior, eldest son of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick and elder brother of William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire (the ancestor of the Dukes of Devonshire). The Pyne family were substantial landowners in County Cork, and owned the celebrated Ballyvolane House, and Mogeely Castle, Mogeely.
## Member of Parliament {#member_of_parliament}
He sat in the Irish House of Commons for Lismore from 1766 to 1768 and from 1776 to 1791 (when he was declared not duly elected in the 1790 election). He instead represented Killybegs from 1791 to 1797, also serving as Vice-Treasurer of Ireland and as Receiver-General in Ireland. In 1779 he was admitted to the Irish Privy Council. He again represented Lismore from 1798 to the Act of Union in 1800/01. Cavendish was also a member of the British House of Commons for Lostwithiel between 1768 and 1774.
## Parliamentary diarist {#parliamentary_diarist}
He is chiefly remembered for the enormous amounts of notes he took of the debates in this session of Parliament using Gurney\'s system of shorthand. The 1768 to 1774 Parliament has otherwise been termed the unreported Parliament, making Cavendish\'s notes an important historical source. During this time the reporting of parliamentary debates was forbidden. The notes, which include speeches by Edmund Burke, George Grenville, Lord North and Charles James Fox, are now stored in the British Museum.
Cavendish\'s original notebooks have gone missing but they were all transcribed by a clerk and fifty longhand manuscripts are in the British Library. They have 15,700 pages with nearly 3,000,000 words. There are gaps in these volumes, where the clerk could not decipher Cavendish\'s hand. Cavendish only managed to fill in the gaps for twelve volumes out of fifty. Selections from these volumes were published in two volumes in 1839 and 1841. The debates on American affairs were published by R. C. Simmons and P. D. G. Thomas in the twentieth century.
Cavendish also kept a record of the Irish House of Commons between 1776 and 1789 (currently in the Library of Congress). These amount to thirty-seven longhand volumes (containing more than 2,000,000 words) and forty-five of originally fifty-four shorthand journals.
According to P. D. G. Thomas, \"The fullness and accuracy of both diaries, in so far as that can be established by comparison with other sources, is remarkable\...fewer than 100 omissions have been detected among the 12,000 speeches he noted at Westminster, and he seems to have captured much of the debating verbatim\".
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Cavendish married Sarah Bradshaw, the daughter of Richard Bradshaw and Deborah Thompson, in 1757; they had eight children. In 1792 she was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as **Baroness Waterpark**, in the County of Dublin, in honour of her husband. Cavendish died in August 1804, aged 71, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son Richard. Lady Waterpark died in August 1807, aged 67. The second son, George Cavendish was a politician. The third son, Augustus, who took the surname Bradshaw in order to inherit a legacy from his grandfather, was the defendant in a celebrated criminal conversation action brought by George Frederick Nugent, 7th Earl of Westmeath in 1796, and was required to pay £10000 damages. The Westmeaths later divorced and Augustus married the former Countess. Cavendish\'s daughter, the younger Sarah, married Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Mountnorris
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# Yoshikazu Suo
is a Japanese musician from Tokyo, Japan. He has composed and arranged music for films and dramas, among others
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# Ranger V-770
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# MS Baltic Star
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# Basina of Thuringia
**Basina** or **Basine** (`{{c.}}`{=mediawiki} 438 -- 477) was remembered as a queen of Thuringia in the middle of the fifth century, by much later authors such as especially Gregory of Tours. However, because Gregory described her family\'s kingdom of Thuringia as being on the Gaulish or western side of the river Rhine, it is sometimes thought to be the Civitas Tungrorum, which is now Belgium.
## Biography
Gregory of Tours reported that Childeric I was exiled from Roman Gaul for a period, and during that time he went to the kingdom of Thuringia. When he returned, Basina came with him, although she had allegedly been married to the king there, Bisinus. She herself took the initiative to ask for the hand of Childeric I, king of the Franks, and married him. For as she herself said, \"I want to have the most powerful man in the world, even if I have to cross the ocean for him\".
Childeric and Basina were the parents of the Frankish king Clovis I, who is remembered as the first medieval king to rule Gaul.
According to the *Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium*, the Frankish King Ragnachar, and his brother Richar, from the area of Cambrai were related to Basina.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
In 463, Basina married Childeric I, son of Merovech and his wife, and had the following children:
1. Clovis I (466 -- 511)
2. Audofleda (467 -- 511) -- queen of the Ostrogoths and wife of Theodoric the Great
3. Lantechildis (468 -- ?)
4. Albofledis (470 -- ?).
## Portrayals
Queen Basina of Thuringia is the central antagonist in the 2005 film, *The Brothers Grimm*
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# Eri Kawai
was a Japanese singer from Tokyo, Japan. She graduated from the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music and both composed and sang not only classic but also pop and world music. She was also friends with well-known video game composer Yasunori Mitsuda and had collaborated with him on some of his works. She died on August 4, 2008, at age 43 after being hospitalized as the result of liver cancer
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# Basnig
***Basnig*** or ***balasnig*** are lift nets (*salambaw*) operated by a large outrigger boat called ***Basnigan***. They use a large bag net suspended directly below or beside the ship. This net is attached to multiple temporary booms projecting from the ship\'s outriggers and detachable auxiliary masts. Modern *basnig* typically use generators and electric lights to attract fish and squid. This method is unique to the Philippines. It is common in the Visayas, particularly in the provinces of Capiz and Iloilo.
## Basnigan
Basnigan are usually made up of wood with a small \[\"fuente/pwente\"\] cabin wherein the crew sleeps and also where the ship\'s wheel \[\"timon\"\] is located. It also has outriggers \[katig\] composed of three huge logs and bamboo. They lure fish with gas powered lights during the nightly fishing trips. 24 to 30 person crew boats go to sea in the afternoon and return early the following morning.
Most signal/communications from piloto to makinista and crews are through ringing a bell because of the noise emitted by the machine/engine which is always on because it serves as an engine to run the boat and a generator during the night. Each crew member has individual responsibilities; a Pilot or Piloto is the head of the boat, and has one or two subordinates, Segunda Piloto (2nd Pilot) and sometime Tricera Piloto (3rd Pilot). The Makinista is in charge of the motor and the electrical system, the Timonil is like the driver, the Taong Lambat is in charge of the net in case of damage, the Kusinero is the Cook, and the rest are just crew members.
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# Basnig
## Technique
They use bamboo rods called *sungay* (\"horn\"), each of which has a pulley at the end of the bamboo and cable attached to a net with a weight (*pabigat*)made of molded lead, installed at the bow and stern of the boat, two on both sides on the first section of the boat, two on both sides on the midsection of the boat and two again on the last part of the boat each of the bamboos has a pulley and cable attached to the net with molded lead as weight. They use huge nets and gas powered lights to attract fish after dark. The captain (piloto) of the ship observes the water, fish movements under the boat and estimates how deep the net should go then asks the crew to get ready. During the preparation of releasing the net, the central lights are turned off until those on the bow and stern will remain turned on in order to ensure the fish stays under the boat but move toward the bow and stern. Away from the center where one of the crew will measure the rope using fathoms \[dipa\] and will release the net based on the measurement in a very slow process. After completely releasing the net based on the measurement given by the piloto the piloto will the communicate with the machinist to turn of the lights from stern and bow to the midsection of the boat, in slow manner and in order basis.
The piloto will then communicate with the machinist to turn off the lights from each section. First, the bow and stern then the next section until the only remaining light is the light in the midsection. The Piloto will sometimes use a lid \[saklob\] that looks like a pail with no bottom or a funnel. This makes the light become thinner like a laser effect these will make the group of fish to compress. The piloto will now give the signal to the crew to start pulling the ropes. The basnig has a total of 8 poles, each poles will have at least 3 crew members one to stop the rope and the two crews pulls the rope. When the \[pabigat\] weight/net is already one meter above the water one of the crew will walk through the outrigger to pull the net to the side of the boat usually the right side of the boat then the crews from the left side of the boat will pull the net to the right side of the boat. Then the rest of the net will be pulled up by the crew at the right side of the boat until the catch are visible.
The piloto will then instruct the crew of two who will manually operate a huge fish net to get the fish into the boat. Then a net will be deployed in the middle part of the boat to temporarily put the live fish for separation. After a few minutes the crew will then start the segregation of the fish according to type and will be stored in a Styrofoam box with crushed ice. A basnig catch mostly composed of types of scad fish, mackerel, tuna, sardines, red fish, anchovy, squid and a few other fishes and crustaceans.
Basnig can also be done by two or more smaller boats working together, in which case the vessel carrying the attracting lamp is called the ***lawagan***
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# Erik Schmedes
**Erik Anton Julius Schmedes** (27 August 1868, in Gentofte, Denmark -- 21 March 1931, in Vienna) was an operatic tenor, particularly known for his roles in operas by Richard Wagner. He was a brother-in-law by marriage of Vaslav Nijinsky.
## Career
Schmedes was born into a family of musicians, the most prominent of which was his brother Hakon, a noted violinist and composer. After studying in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, he made his debut as a baritone (following encouragement from Pauline Viardot) in Wiesbaden, in 1891, as the Herald in *Lohengrin*. He continued to sing as a baritone until 1897. However, after further study with August Iffert in Vienna, his Heldentenor emerged. He made his debut as a tenor in 1898, singing the title role in *Siegfried* at the Vienna State Opera. His career remained largely based at that opera house, where he was a Kammersänger and one of the most prominent tenors during the years of Gustav Mahler\'s direction of the company.
Schmedes sang frequently at Bayreuth from 1899 through 1906. He also appeared at the Metropolitan Opera in the 1908--09 season, singing in *Die Walküre* (with Johanna Gadski, Olive Fremstad, and Louise Homer), *Tiefland* (the United States premiere, opposite Emmy Destinn), *Parsifal*, *Götterdämmerung* (conducted by Arturo Toscanini), and *Tristan und Isolde* (conducted by Mahler).
Although he primarily sang roles from the Wagnerian repertoire, Schmedes was also an admired interpreter of Florestan in Beethoven\'s *Fidelio* and the title role of Hans Pfitzner\'s *Palestrina*. During his career, he sang 1,130 performances of forty-two roles and recorded for several companies, including Gramophone and Pathé, from 1900 to 1911.
## Legacy
The Heldentenor recorded excerpts from *Der Evangelimann*, *Die Walküre*, *Lohengrin*, *Das Rheingold*, *Siegfried*, *Pagliacci*, *Die Meistersinger*, *Rienzi*, *Dalibor*, *Cavalleria rusticana*, *Tristan und Isolde*, *Parsifal*, *Otello*, *Carmen*, *Il trovatore*, *Lucia di Lammermoor*, *Faust*, *Tannhäuser*, *Norma*, *Die Rose vom Liebesgarten*, *Pique-dame*, *Der Templer und die Jüdin*, *Rigoletto*, *Guillaume Tell*, *Le prophète*, *Manon*, *Le muette de Portici*, *Die Königin von Saba*, *Samson et Dalila*, *Götterdämmerung*, *Iphigénie en Tauride*, *Werther*, and, in Italian, *Tosca*. He is heard in Volume I of EMI\'s *The Record of Singing*, in an excerpt from *Tiefland*.
Often regarded as a greater actor than singer, Schmedes appeared in two films, the more notable of which was Paul Czinner\'s 1919 silent *Inferno*, which is considered a lost film.
Schmedes\' last performance was in 1924 in the title role of Wilhelm Kienzl\'s *Der Evangelimann*. When he retired from the stage, he became a voice teacher in Vienna. Among his pupils were Maria Müller and Anny Konetzni.
Erik Schmedes is a character in the 2012 novel, *Death and the Maiden: A Max Liebermann Mystery*, by Frank Tallis
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# Stenostiridae
**Stenostiridae**, or the **fairy flycatchers**, are a family of small passerine birds proposed as a result of recent discoveries in molecular systematics. They are also referred to as stenostirid warblers.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
This new clade is named after the fairy flycatcher, a distinct species placed formerly in the Old World flycatchers. This is united with the \"sylvioid flycatchers\": the genus *Elminia* (formerly placed in the Monarchinae) and the closely allied former Old World flycatcher genus *Culicicapa*, as well as one species formerly believed to be an aberrant fantail.
- Genus *Stenostira* -- fairy \"warbler\" or fairy \"flycatcher\"
- Fairy flycatcher, *Stenostira scita*
- Genus *Elminia* (includes *Trochocercus*)
- African blue flycatcher, *Elminia longicauda*
- White-tailed blue flycatcher, *Elminia albicauda*
- Dusky crested flycatcher, *Elminia nigromitrata*
- White-bellied crested flycatcher, *Elminia albiventris*
- White-tailed crested flycatcher, *Elminia albonotata*
- Genus *Chelidorhynx* (formerly in *Rhipidura*)
- Yellow-bellied fantail, *Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus*
- Genus *Culicicapa*
- Grey-headed canary-flycatcher, *Culicicapa ceylonensis*
- Citrine canary-flycatcher, *Culicicapa helianthea*
Other African or Asian species might conceivably fall into this novel clade. The tit-flycatchers (*Myioparus*) are apparently true flycatchers morphologically somewhat convergent to *Stenostira*.
The Stenostiridae as a whole are related to penduline tits, titmice and chickadees. All these appear to be closer to the Sylvioidea than to other Passerida, but this is not robustly supported by the available data and they might constitute a distinct, more basal superfamily
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# 2006 RH120
**`{{mp|2006 RH|120}}`{=mediawiki}** is a tiny near-Earth asteroid and fast rotator with a diameter of approximately 2--3 meters that ordinarily orbits the Sun but makes close approaches to the Earth--Moon system around every twenty years, when it can temporarily enter Earth orbit through temporary satellite capture (TSC). Most recently, it was in Earth orbit from July 2006 to July 2007, during which time it was never more than 0.0116 AU from Earth. As a consequence of its temporary orbit around the Earth, it is currently the second smallest asteroid in the Solar System with a well-known orbit, after 2021 GM1. Until given a minor planet designation on 18 February 2008, the object was known as **6R10DB9**, an internal identification number assigned by the Catalina Sky Survey.
## Discovery
was discovered on 14 September 2006 by Eric Christensen with the 27 in Schmidt camera of the Catalina Sky Survey in Arizona. \"6R10DB9\" was the Catalina Sky Survey\'s own discovery designation for this object, which usually would only be used on the MPC\'s Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page (NEOCP) until an IAU designation was applied, if the object was classified as a minor object. It was added on 14 September to the NEOCP and subsequently removed with the explanation that it \"was not a minor planet\". Preliminary orbital calculations indicated it was captured by Earth\'s gravity from solar orbit of a period of about 12 months, which is similar to that of many spent rocket boosters dating to the Apollo program of the 1960s and early 1970s. 6R10DB was assigned the designation `{{mp|2006 RH|120}}`{=mediawiki} on 18 February 2008.
## Origin
Some controversy existed regarding the origin of the object. Upon discovery, it was not given a formal name because its spectrum was consistent with the white titanium-oxide paint used on Saturn V rockets, which meant it could be an artificial object. Precedents for this exist: J002E3 is currently thought to be the third-stage Saturn S-IVB booster from Apollo 12 and was in an almost identical orbit, and 6Q0B44E, discovered a month earlier, was also thought to be artificial. Its status as a satellite was also debated, with A. W. Harris of the Space Science Institute commenting, \"Claiming some bit of fluff in a temporary looping orbit to be a \'satellite\', with all the baggage that term carries, is mere hype\". Radar observations strongly suggest that the object is a natural body.
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# 2006 RH120
## Orbit
Analysis has shown that solar-radiation pressure is perturbing its motion perceptibly. However, Paul Chodas in JPL\'s Solar System Dynamics Group suspects that the perturbations are consistent with expectations for a rocky object but not with old flight hardware. One hypothesis is that the object is a piece of lunar rock ejected by an impact.
made four Earth orbits of about three months each with perigee (closest approach to Earth) on 11 September 2006, 3 January 2007, 25 March 2007, and 14 June 2007. During the 12-month capture from July 2006 to July 2007 when it was inside of Earth\'s hill sphere, it stayed within 0.0116 AU of Earth. It was ejected after the 14 June 2007 perigee when it dipped inside the Moon\'s orbit to a distance of 276840 km. `{{mp|2006 RH|120}}`{=mediawiki} became an Apollo-class asteroid in June 2007 as it was escaping Earth\'s hill sphere. Though it was outside of Earth\'s hill sphere, the geocentric orbital eccentricity was not greater than 1 until 17 September 2007.
It is now in solar orbit as an Amor-class asteroid with an orbit completely outside of Earth\'s orbit. As of 2022, this object is 1.7 AU from Earth on the other side of the Sun and will not be less than 1 AU from Earth until March 2025.
### Future events {#future_events}
Around 18 August 2028 (±3 days) it will pass Earth with a relative velocity of 136 m/s and will then pass Earth with a relative velocity of 784 m/s around 9 October 2028 as it speeds up for a November 2028 perihelion passage (closest approach to the Sun and when an object moves fastest in its orbit). For comparison, on 13 April 2029, asteroid 99942 Apophis will pass Earth at a relative speed of 7.4 km/s.
2006 RH120 has a 1-in-200 (0.5%) chance of Earth impact on 8 February 2044 and would impact with a harmless 1 kiloton of energy if it did impact. (The Chelyabinsk meteor released about 440 kt of energy.) JPL Horizon\'s nominal orbit has the asteroid passing 0.009 AU from Earth on 9 January 2044 (30 days before the virtual impactor). As a result of a 281 day observation arc and radar observations, JPL\'s solution accounts for non-gravitational forces as the multi-decade motion of a very small object is greatly affected by solar heating.
+------------------+--------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------+
| Date | Impact\ | JPL Horizons\ | NEODyS\ | MPC\ | Find_Orb\ | uncertainty\ |
| | probability\ | nominal geocentric\ | nominal geocentric\ | nominal geocentric\ | nominal geocentric\ | region\ |
| | (1 in) | distance (AU) | distance (AU) | distance (AU) | distance (AU) | (3-sigma) |
+==================+==============+=====================+=====================+=====================+=====================+==============+
| 2044-02-08 09:07 | | | | | | |
+------------------+--------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------+
: 2044 Virtual impactor
`{{multiple image | align = left| direction = horizontal | width = 280
| header = Animation of 2006 RH120 orbit
| image1 = Animation of 2006 RH120 orbit around Earth 20060401-20071101.gif
| caption1 = Around Earth from April 2006 to November 2007
| image2 = Animation of 2006 RH120 orbit around Earth 1978-2020.gif
| caption2 = Around Earth from 1978 to 2020
| image3 = Animation of 2006 RH120 orbit around Sun 1600-2500.gif
| caption3 = Around Sun from 1600 to 2500
| footer ={{legend2| Yellow| Sun}}{{·}}`{=mediawiki}`{{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}`{=mediawiki}{{·}}`{{legend2| Darkkhaki| Moon}}`{=mediawiki}{{·}}`{{legend2|Magenta|2006 RH120}}`{=mediawiki} }}
## 14 June 2007 perigee {#june_2007_perigee}
On 14 June 2007, `{{mp|2006 RH|120}}`{=mediawiki} made its fourth and last perigee of the most recent Earth encounter. It was 0.72 lunar distances at closest, with an apparent magnitude of 18.5--19.0. Astronomers at JPL Goldstone in California made radar astrometry measurements on 12, 14 and 17 June 2007.
is listed as part of the Near-Earth Object Human Space Flight Accessible Targets Study (NHATS)
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# Shashi Shrestha
**Shashi Shrestha** (Nepali: शशी श्रेष्ठ) is a Nepalese politician, Central Committee member of Janamorcha Nepal (Amik Sherchan faction). She was appointed as Minister of State for Health and Population on April 29, 2007.
Shrestha is the head of the Janamorcha-supported All Nepal Women\'s Association
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# Vaughan and Violins
***Vaughan and Violins*** is a 1959 album by Sarah Vaughan, orchestrated and conducted by Quincy Jones.
## Reception
In a review of a compilation release of Vaughan and Violins and Vaughan with Voices (1964), Dave Nathan of AllMusic awarded the album four and a half stars and said that \"these sessions catch Sarah Vaughan at her magnificent best. There may be claims of overdoing it or garishness. But her set of pipes and her willingness to use them dramatically, and sometimes coyly, to bring out the best of everything she sings brushes aside such criticisms as unjustified. Classic standard or novelty tune, she had full command of the vocal art.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Please Be Kind\" (Sammy Cahn, Saul Chaplin) -- 3:15
2. \"The Midnight Sun Will Never Set\" (Dorcas Cochran, Quincy Jones, Henri Salvador) -- 2:50
3. \"Live for Love\" (Paul Misraki, Carl Sigman) -- 3:23
4. \"Misty\" (Johnny Burke, Erroll Garner) -- 3:02
5. \"I\'m Lost\" (Otis René) -- 3:40
6. \"Love Me\" (John Lehmann, John Lewis) -- 3:12
7. \"That\'s All\" (Alan Brandt, Bob Haymes) -- 3:31
8. \"Day by Day\" (Sammy Cahn, Axel Stordahl, Paul Weston) -- 3:10
9. \"Gone with the Wind\" (Herbert Magidson, Allie Wrubel) -- 3:28
10. \"I\'ll Close My Eyes\" (Buddy Kaye, Billy Reid) -- 3:40
11
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# Picket (military)
`{{war}}`{=mediawiki}
A **picket** (archaically, **picquet** \[variant form *piquet*\]) is a soldier, or small unit of soldiers, placed on a defensive line forward of a friendly position to provide timely warning and screening against an enemy advance. It can also refer to any unit (e.g. a scout vehicle, surveillance aircraft or patrol ship) performing a similar function. A picket guarding a fixed position may be known as a **sentry** or **guard**.
## Origins
Picket (Fr. *piquet*, a pointed stake or peg, from *piquer*, \'to point or pierce\'), is thought to have originated in the French Army around 1690, from the circumstance that an infantry company on outpost duty dispersed its musketeers to watch, with a small group of pikemen called *piquet* remaining in reserve. It was in use in the British Army before 1735 and probably much earlier.
## Usage
*Picket* now refers to a unit (either naval or army) maintaining a watch. This may mean a watch for the enemy, or other types of watch e.g. fire picket. This can be likened to the art of sentry keeping.
A **staggered picket** consists of, for example, two soldiers where one soldier is relieved at a time. This is so that on any given picket one soldier is fresh, having just started the picket, while the other is ready to be relieved. Although each soldier is required to maintain watch for the full duration of a shift, halfway through each shift a new soldier is put on watch.
Historically it was used extensively in Zachary Taylor\'s army during the Mexican-American War, as described by Samuel Chamberlain
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# Redlands College
**Redlands College** is an independent non-denominational Christian co-educational primary and secondary day school, located in the Redland City suburb of Wellington Point, Queensland, Australia. The college caters for approximately 1,300 students from P to Year 12 and is operated by an association formed by members of the Churches of Christ in Australia.
## History
Redlands College first opened in February 1988 with 91 students in Years 1--8, housed in demountable buildings. The college commenced its permanent building program in its first year, with facilities for primary and secondary students and administration.
In 2007 the college was divided into three separate yet integrated schools - the Junior School (Prep to Year 5), the Middle School (Years 6--9) and the Senior School (Years 10--12).
## Principals
Allan Todd founded Redlands College in 1988 and faithfully served the college as Headmaster until the end of 2013. In 2014 Mark Bensley was appointed Principal and led the college for three years until the close of 2016. Andrew Johnson was appointed Principal in 2017 and continues to serve in this role.
## Facilities
Redlands College is situated on an 8 ha site at Wellington Point. The facilities are architecturally designed for the Queensland climate. The college has a variety of specialised facilities to meet the needs of Junior, Middle and Senior school students. In addition, a number of larger facilities are shared by the whole school community, including a modern sports centre, a 25 m heated indoor swimming pool, three ovals, a large resource library, a number of computer labs, an expressive arts building, science centre and multi-purpose hall.
## Technology
Redlands College was an early adopter of the iPad Program as a teaching and learning tool; launched in 2011. In late 2011 Redlands College became an Apple Distinguished School and in 2017 fulfilled the requirements to become an accredited eSmart School with The Alannah and Madeline Foundation.
## Curriculum
From Prep to Grade 12, Redlands College\'s curriculum includes mandatory religious studies classes.
In Prep to Year 2 the focus is on language and literacy skills and mathematics. In Years 3 to 5, units of work may take a language focus or be developed around a Science or Humanities and Social Science concept or topic. ICT is integrated in Junior School classrooms.
In Middle School Year 6 and 7 students undertake a range of compulsory subjects which enable students to gain grounding in essential areas as well as experiencing the range of elective subjects the college offers. In Years 8 and 9, students can select from a range of specialist elective subjects. This helps them explore the options in preparation for Senior School.
The Senior School (Years 10 to 12) curriculum provides an extensive range of subjects. In Years 11 and 12, students may pursue an academic program or a Vocational Education & Training program.
## Co-curricular {#co_curricular}
Students (aged 14 and over) may choose to participate in The Duke of Edinburgh\'s Award, Bronze, Silver and Gold Awards.
The Redlands College Performance Music program, serving the Junior, Middle and Senior Schools comprises instrumental and vocal tuition; and instrumental and choral ensembles.
Redlands College is a part of the Bayside District Sports association, which is a member of Metropolitan East School Sport.
## Criticism
In 2014, Redlands College was criticised for requesting the transfer of practicum teachers on the basis of them wearing hijabs.
In 2016, a former second grade teacher was jailed as a convicted pedophile; and a senator condemned the school for threatening a parent with a lawsuit, who requested detailed explanations as to why a year two teacher suddenly left the school. The staff member in question had resigned from the college prior to the college being informed of the allegations, which were already in the hands of the police. In 2017 a Report from the Committee of Privileges was entered into Hansard
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# Unate function
A **unate function** is a type of boolean function which has monotonic properties. They have been studied extensively in switching theory.
A function $f(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$ is said to be **positive unate** in $x_i$ if for all possible values of $x_j$, $j\neq i$
$$f(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{i-1},1,x_{i+1},\ldots,x_n) \ge f(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{i-1},0,x_{i+1},\ldots,x_n).\,$$ Likewise, it is **negative unate** in $x_i$ if
$$f(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{i-1},0,x_{i+1},\ldots,x_n) \ge f(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{i-1},1,x_{i+1},\ldots,x_n).\,$$ If for every $x_i$ *f* is either positive or negative unate in the variable $x_i$ then it is said to be **unate** (note that some $x_i$ may be positive unate and some negative unate to satisfy the definition of unate function). A function is **binate** if it is not unate (i.e., is neither positive unate nor negative unate in at least one of its variables).
For example, the logical disjunction function *or* with boolean values used for true (1) and false (0) is positive unate. Conversely, Exclusive or is non-unate, because the transition from 0 to 1 on input x0 is both positive unate and negative unate, depending on the input value on x1.
Positive unateness can also be considered as passing the same slope (no change in the input) and negative unate is passing the opposite slope\...
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# Great Douk Cave
**Great Douk Cave** is a shallow cave system lying beneath the limestone bench of Ingleborough in Chapel-le-Dale, North Yorkshire, England. It is popular with beginners and escorted groups, as it offers straightforward caving, and it is possible to follow the cave from where a stream emerges at a small waterfall to a second entrance close to where it sinks 600 yd further up the hill. It lies within the Ingleborough Site of Special Scientific Interest.
## Description
The main entrance is in a large collapsed depression, at the bottom of which is the scaffolded entrance to Great Douk Pot, and at the south-eastern end is the obvious entrance to the cave from which a waterfall issues.
The cave can be entered by climbing up the waterfall, or crawling through an open bedding above. To the left, a low passage leads to where the Southerscales Pot stream flows out of a short sump. Straight on is easy walking, passing under Little Douk Pot, an alternative pothole entrance, and 70 m beyond beneath another skylight to the surface. Eventually a pleasant succession of cascades is met, and the passage passes through areas of fine flowstone. Soon after an oxbow passage, which by-passes a low crawl in the stream, the passage bifurcates.
The main way is to the left, which lowers to a flat-out bedding with the main water entering from a small passage on the left. Straight ahead the passage chokes, but a hole in the roof enters a dry bedding which leads to a junction. Turning left leads to the Middle Washfold entrances.
## History
Great Douk must have been known for a very long time, but the first reference to it may be found in John Hutton\'s Addendum to the second edition of Thomas West\'s *Guide to the Lakes* published in 1780. Hutton and party explored the cave for some 50 yd beyond the Little Douk Pot window. Thereafter a visit to the entrance at least, seems to have been on every passing tourist\'s schedule, featuring, for example, in the 1853 edition of *Garnett\'s Craven Itinerary*.
In 1850, Howson in his guidebook to Craven reported that it was possible to penetrate beyond Little Douk for \"about seven hundred yards\", and the Balderstons in *Ingleton: Bygone and Present* published in 1888 described how the cave can be explored to where \"the subterranean river is found to have its branches like a subaerial stream\" -- i.e. to within a 100 yd of the exit at Middle Washfold. The connection with Middle Washfold was made on 1 August 1936 by Norman Thornber and E. J. Douglas of the British Speleological Association and F. King of the Northern Cavern and Fell Club. The connection with Middle Washfold Sink was made by members of the University of Leeds Speleological Society (ULSA) in February 1966.
The connection with Southerscales Pot was made in 1966 by members of the Cave Diving Group following the exploration of Southerscales Pot by ULSA. In 2021 Great Douk gained a fifth entrance when a surface shakehole collapsed into the stream passage below.
## Etymology
*Douk* features a number of times in the names of caves and locations in the Yorkshire Dales, including Low Douk on Ireby Fell, Douk Gill Cave near Horton in Ribblesdale, Dowkabottom Cave in Littondale, and High Douk Cave near Great Douk Cave. One meaning of the term offered by Smith in his 1961 *The Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire*, with reference to Dowkabottom, is *\"damp, wet, mist\"*, but William Carr in an 1828 book on the dialect of Craven gives the meaning as *\"To bathe, to duck\"*.
The first known publication in which the cave was referred to as \'Great Douk Cave\', as opposed to \'Douk Cave\' as in earlier publications, was Harry Speight\'s 1892 *The Craven and North-West Yorkshire Highlands*, although William Stott Banks refers to \"great and little Douk\" in his 1866 *Walks in Yorkshire*.
## Gallery
<File:entrance2_great_douk_cave_yorkshire.jpg%7CThe> bottom waterfall entrance <File:squeeze1_great_douk_cave_yorkshire.jpg%7CSqueezing> past flowstone in the main stream passage <File:squeeze2_great_douk_cave_yorkshire.jpg%7CLow> passage close to the connection with Middle Washfold Cave <File:exit_great_douk_cave_yorkshire
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# John Heth
**Captain John Heth** (1798 -- April 30, 1842) was a Virginian naval officer and businessman in the coal mining industry.
## Biography
Heth was born in 1798 at Black Heath estate in Chesterfield County, Virginia. He was the son of Colonel Henry \"Harry\" Heth, who had fought in the American Revolutionary War and established himself in the coal business in Virginia, and Nancy Hare Heth. He was named for his father\'s brother, Lt. John Heth, who had also fought in the Revolutionary War and afterwards settled in the Richmond area.
### War of 1812 {#war_of_1812}
John Heth served in the volunteer forces of Virginia as an officer in the U.S. Navy in the War of 1812, achieving the rank of Captain. On January 15, 1815, he was captured with Commodore Stephen Decatur Jr., the commander of the U.S. frigate President and taken to Bermuda with Decatur and his crew as a prisoner of war. With two others, Captain Heth escaped from Bermuda in an open boat.
### Coal Industry {#coal_industry}
After the war, Heth operated the Black Heath coal pits near present-day Midlothian, a business inherited from his father, who died in 1821. Under his management, the mines expanded and eventually became the standard coal of the U.S. Navy. In 1832, he petitioned the Virginia General Assembly to form the first coal mining corporation in the state, and succeeded, despite protests, the following year. After two serious fatal accidents from explosions in 1839 and 1844, the Black Heath pits were closed until 1938.
### Family and children {#family_and_children}
Captain Heth married Margaret L. Pickett (1801-1850) of Richmond on May 15, 1822. Pickett was the sister of Robert Pickett, who, with his wife Mary, was the father of Confederate general George Pickett. They had 11 children between 1823 and 1842, including future Confederate Major General Henry Heth, who was born at Black Heath in 1825.\<
Their 11 children included:
- Margaret Helen Heth (1823-1855), married to Thomas Lynch Hamilton
- Ann Eliza Heth (1824-1825)
- Henry \"Harry\" Heth (1825-1899), married Harriet C. \"Teny\" Selden (1834-1907) and had three children
- Lavinia Randolph Heth (1827-1865), married Julien Harrison (1827-1877) and had seven children
- Elizabeth Chevallie Heth (1829-1904), married Thomas Vaden and had seven children
- John Randolph Heth (1834-1890)
- Catherine \"Kitty\" Heth (1834-1912), married John Cringan Maynard
- Caroline Kemble Heth (1835-1859), married Walter K. Martin
- Mary Ann Heth (1837-1920)
- Beverley Stockton Heth (1839-1927)
- Fanny Cadwallader Heth (1842-?)
## Death
Heth died on April 30, 1842, at Norwood Plantation in Powhatan County, Virginia, and was buried there
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# Industrial agriculture
`{{farming}}`{=mediawiki} **Industrial agriculture** is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of crops and animals and animal products like eggs or milk. The methods of industrial agriculture include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide. Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits and vegetables available in supermarkets are produced in this way.
## Historical development and future prospects {#historical_development_and_future_prospects}
Industrial agriculture arose hand in hand with the Industrial Revolution in general. The identification of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus (referred to by the acronym NPK) as critical factors in plant growth led to the manufacture of synthetic fertilizers, making possible more intensive types of agriculture. The discovery of vitamins and their role in animal nutrition, in the first two decades of the 20th century, led to vitamin supplements, which in the 1920s allowed certain livestock to be raised indoors, reducing their exposure to adverse natural elements. The discovery of antibiotics and vaccines facilitated raising livestock in concentrated, controlled animal feed operations by reducing diseases caused by crowding. Chemicals developed for use in World War II gave rise to synthetic pesticides. Developments in shipping networks and technology have made long-distance distribution of agricultural produce feasible.
Agricultural production across the world doubled four times between 1820 and 1975 (it doubled between 1820 and 1920; between 1920 and 1950; between 1950 and 1965; and again between 1965 and 1975) to feed a global population of one billion human beings in 1800 and 6.5 billion in 2002. During the same period, the number of people involved in farming dropped as the process became more automated. In the 1930s, 24 percent of the American population worked in agriculture compared to 1.5 percent in 2002; in 1940, each farm worker supplied 11 consumers, whereas in 2002, each worker supplied 90 consumers. The number of farms has also decreased, and their ownership is more concentrated. For example, in the 2000s, the price of farmland in the United States increased due to the Midwest farming crisis. The number of small- and medium-scale farming operations decreased due to the increased production and farmland costs. This forced farmers to find alternatives by taking advantage of new products of industrial agriculture such as financialization.
Financialization takes place through the process of ongoing monetization. An example of monetization involves financial institutions expanding and gain authority in the market. Financialization affects all aspects of farm operations, including the structure of the work, the value of it and the social organizations. Farmers turned to land availability in the Brazilian Cerrado through the help of investors and other capital gaining methods needed for financialization. investors wanted to get involved because the investment appears low-risk with high rewards. For example, investors would gain inside information on the market in Brazil. In the article *Financialization of work, value, and social organization among transnational soy farmers in the Brazilian Cerrado* Ofstehage gives examples of how industrialized farming has evolved into a management model.
A management model entails the structure and rules that ensure work of management is completed. Work is reliant on outsourcing in order to complete labor farming tasks, but is also an essential part in the way management and financial work is completed. Social value system of farming changed when using a management model. Farmers have to take into consideration the division between good and bad farming tactics under the new management model. Many farmers were reluctant to mobilize because of the effect this would have on their family business. The separation between the management styles of farmers comes down to two approaches; farming as a lifestyle versus farming solely for profit. In the Brazilian Cerrado the farming model is strictly based on increased profit margins which dictates decisions involving management and labor related work.
In the U.S., four companies produce 81 percent of cows, 73 percent of sheep, 57 percent of pigs, and produce 50 percent of chickens, cited as an example of \"vertical integration\" by the president of the U.S. National Farmers\' Union. In 1967, there were one million pig farms in America; as of 2002, there were 114,000 with 80 million pigs (out of 95 million) produced each year on factory farms, according to the U.S. National Pork Producers Council. According to the Worldwatch Institute, 74 percent of the world\'s poultry, 43 percent of beef and 68 percent of eggs are produced this way.
### British agricultural revolution {#british_agricultural_revolution}
The British agricultural revolution describes a period of agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. This in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution. How this came about is not entirely clear. In recent decades, historians cited four key changes in agricultural practices, enclosure, mechanization, four-field crop rotation and selective breeding, and gave credit to a relatively few individuals.
- Overton, Mark. [Agricultural Revolution in England 1500 -- 1850](http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/agricultural_revolution_01.shtml) (September 19, 2002), BBC.
- Valenze, Deborah. *The First Industrial Woman* (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 183.
- Kagan, Donald. *The Western Heritage* (London: Prentice Hall, 2004), p. 535--9.
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# Industrial agriculture
## Challenges and issues {#challenges_and_issues}
The challenges and issues of industrial agriculture for global and local society, for the industrial agriculture sector, for the individual industrial agriculture farm, and for animal rights include the costs and benefits of both current practices and proposed changes to those practices. This is a continuation of thousands of years of the invention and use of technologies in feeding ever growing populations.
> *\[W\]hen hunter-gatherers with growing populations depleted the stocks of game and wild foods across the Near East, they were forced to introduce agriculture. But agriculture brought much longer hours of work and a less rich diet than hunter-gatherers enjoyed. Further population growth among shifting slash-and-burn farmers led to shorter fallow periods, falling yields and soil erosion. Plowing and fertilizers were introduced to deal with these problems---but once again involved longer hours of work and degradation of soil resources(Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth, Allen and Unwin, 1965, expanded and updated in Population and Technology, Blackwell, 1980.).*
While the point of industrial agriculture is lower cost products to create greater productivity thus a higher standard of living as measured by available goods and services, industrial methods have side effects both good and bad. Further, industrial agriculture is not some single indivisible thing, but instead is composed of numerous separate elements, each of which can be modified, and in fact is modified in response to market conditions, government regulation and scientific advances. So the question then becomes for each specific element that goes into an industrial agriculture method or technique or process: What bad side effects are bad enough that the financial gain and good side effects are outweighed? Different interest groups not only reach different conclusions on this, but also recommend differing solutions, which then become factors in changing both market conditions and government regulations.
### Society
The major challenges and issues faced by society concerning industrial agriculture include:
Maximizing the benefits:
- Cheap and abundant food
- Convenience for the consumer
- The contribution to our economy on many levels, from growers to harvesters to processors to sellers
while minimizing the downsides:
- Environmental and social costs
- Antibiotic resistance
- Damage to fisheries
- Cleanup of surface and groundwater polluted with animal waste
- Increased health risks from pesticides
- Increased ozone pollution via methane byproducts of animals
- Global warming from heavy use of fossil fuels
#### Benefits
An example of industrial agriculture providing cheap and plentiful food is the U.S.\'s \"most successful program of agricultural development of any country in the world\". Between 1930 and 2000 U.S. agricultural productivity (output divided by all inputs) rose by an average of about 2 percent annually causing food prices paid by consumers to decrease. \"The percentage of U.S. disposable income spent on food prepared at home decreased, from 22 percent as late as 1950 to 7 percent by the end of the century.\"
#### Liabilities
##### Economic
Economic liabilities for industrial agriculture include the dependence on finite non-renewable fossil fuel energy resources, as an input in farm mechanization (equipment, machinery), for food processing and transportation, and as an input in agricultural chemicals. A future increase in energy prices as projected by the International Energy Agency is therefore expected to result in increase in food prices; and there is therefore a need to \'de-couple\' non-renewable energy usage from agricultural production. Other liabilities include peak phosphate as finite phosphate reserves are currently a key input into chemical fertilizer for industrial agriculture.
##### Environment
Industrial agriculture uses huge amounts of water, energy, and industrial chemicals; increasing pollution in the arable land, usable water and atmosphere. Herbicides, insecticides, fertilizers and animal waste products are accumulating in ground and surface waters. \"Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture are remote from fields and farms. Nitrogen compounds from the Midwest, for example, travel down the Mississippi to degrade coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems---for example, the rapidly developing resistance among pests is rendering our arsenal of herbicides and insecticides increasingly ineffective.\". Chemicals used in industrial agriculture, as well as the practice of monoculture, have also been implicated in Colony Collapse Disorder which has led to a collapse in bee populations. Agricultural production is highly dependent on bee pollination to pollinate many varieties of plants, fruits and vegetables.
##### Social
A study done for the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment conducted by the UC Davis Macrosocial Accounting Project concluded that industrial agriculture is associated with substantial deterioration of human living conditions in nearby rural communities.
Future increase in food commodity prices, driven by the energy price rises under peak oil and dependency of industrial agriculture on fossil fuels is expected to lead to increase in food prices which has particular impacts on poor people. An example of this can be seen in the 2007--2008 world food price crisis. Food price increases have a disproportionate impact on the poor as they spend a large proportion of their income on food.
##### Vulnerability against shocks {#vulnerability_against_shocks}
Industrial agriculture is very reliant on a steady stream of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. If this supply of inputs would be disrupted by conflict or large catastrophes, this would decrease yields in industrial agriculture considerably. It has been estimated that this could result in a drop of 35-48 % for agricultural yields globally, and up to 75 % in highly industrialized areas like Central Europe.
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# Industrial agriculture
## Animals
\"Concentrated animal feeding operations\" or \"intensive livestock operations\", can hold large numbers (some up to hundreds of thousands) of animals, often indoors. These animals are typically cows, hogs, turkeys, or chickens. The distinctive characteristics of such farms is the concentration of livestock in a given space. The aim of the operation is to produce as much meat, eggs, or milk at the lowest possible cost and with the greatest level of food safety.
Food and water are supplied in place, and artificial methods are often employed to maintain animal health and improve production, such as therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents, vitamin supplements and growth hormones. Growth hormones are not used in chicken meat production nor are they used in the European Union for any animal. In meat production, methods are also sometimes employed to control undesirable behaviours often related to stresses of being confined in restricted areas with other animals. More docile breeds are sought (with natural dominant behaviours bred out for example), physical restraints to stop interaction, such as individual cages for chickens, or animals physically modified, such as the de-beaking of chickens to reduce the harm of fighting. Weight gain is encouraged by the provision of plentiful supplies of food to animals breed for weight gain.
The designation \"confined animal feeding operation\" in the U.S. resulted from that country\'s 1972 Federal Clean Water Act, which was enacted to protect and restore lakes and rivers to a \"fishable, swimmable\" quality. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations, along with many other types of industry, as point source polluters of groundwater. These operations were designated as CAFOs and subject to special anti-pollution regulation.
In 17 states in the U.S., isolated cases of groundwater contamination has been linked to CAFOs. For example, the ten million hogs in North Carolina generate 19 million tons of waste per year. The U.S. federal government acknowledges the waste disposal issue and requires that animal waste be stored in lagoons. These lagoons can be as large as 7.5 acre. Lagoons not protected with an impermeable liner can leak waste into groundwater under some conditions, as can runoff from manure spread back onto fields as fertilizer in the case of an unforeseen heavy rainfall. A lagoon that burst in 1995 released 25 million gallons of nitrous sludge in North Carolina\'s New River. The spill allegedly killed eight to ten million fish.
The large concentration of animals, animal waste and dead animals in a small space poses ethical issues to some consumers. Animal rights and animal welfare activists have charged that intensive animal rearing is cruel to animals. As they become more common, so do concerns about air pollution and ground water contamination, and the effects on human health of the pollution and the use of antibiotics and growth hormones.
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), farms on which animals are intensively reared can cause adverse health reactions in farm workers. Workers may develop acute and chronic lung disease, musculoskeletal injuries, and may catch infections that transmit from animals to human beings. These types of transmissions, however, are extremely rare, as zoonotic diseases are uncommon.
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# Industrial agriculture
## Crops
The projects within the Green Revolution spread technologies that had already existed, but had not been widely used outside of industrialized nations. These technologies included pesticides, irrigation projects and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer.
The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of what some referred to as \"miracle seeds.\" Scientists created strains of maize, wheat and rice that are generally referred to as HYVs or \"high-yielding varieties.\" HYVs have an increased nitrogen-absorbing potential compared to other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes. Norin 10 wheat, a variety developed by Orville Vogel from Japanese dwarf wheat varieties, was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars. IR8, the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by the International Rice Research Institute, was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named \"Peta\" and a Chinese variety named \"Dee Geo Woo Gen.\"
With the availability of molecular genetics in Arabidopsis and rice the mutant genes responsible (*reduced height(rh)*, *gibberellin insensitive (gai1)* and *slender rice (slr1)*) have been cloned and identified as cellular signaling components of gibberellic acid, a phytohormone involved in regulating stem growth via its effect on cell division. Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield.
HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides and fertilizers. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform HYVs. One criticism of HYVs is that they were developed as F1 hybrids, meaning they need to be purchased by a farmer every season rather than saved from previous seasons, thus increasing a farmer\'s cost of production.
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# Industrial agriculture
## Sustainable agriculture {#sustainable_agriculture}
The idea and practice of sustainable agriculture has arisen in response to the problems of industrial agriculture. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability and prosperous farming communities. These goals have been defined by a variety of disciplines and may be looked at from the vantage point of the farmer or the consumer.
### Organic farming methods {#organic_farming_methods}
Organic farming methods combine some aspects of scientific knowledge and highly limited modern technology with traditional farming practices; accepting some of the methods of industrial agriculture while rejecting others. Organic methods rely on naturally occurring biological processes, which often take place over extended periods of time, and a holistic approach; while chemical-based farming focuses on immediate, isolated effects and reductionist strategies.
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture is an example of this holistic approach. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Fed aquaculture (e.g. fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive (e.g. seaweed) and organic extractive (e.g. shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (bio-mitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices)
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# Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War
During the Spanish Civil War, most European countries followed a policy of non-intervention to avoid potential escalation or expansion of the war to other states. This policy led to the signing of the **Non-Intervention Agreement** in August 1936 and the setting up of the **Non-Intervention Committee**, which first met in September. Primarily arranged by the French and British governments, the committee included the Soviet Union, Fascist Italy, and Nazi Germany. Ultimately, the committee had the support of 27 states.
A plan to control materials coming into Spain was put forward in early 1937, effectively subjecting the Spanish Republic to severe international isolation and a *de facto* economic embargo. The plan was mocked by German and Italian observers as amounting to immediate and decisive support for the Spanish Nationalist faction. The subject of foreign volunteers in Spain was also much discussed by the European powers, but with little result; although agreements were signed late in the war, they were conducted outside the committee. Efforts to stem the flow of war materials to Spain were largely unsuccessful, with foreign involvement in the war proving instrumental to its outcome. Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union consistently broke the Non-Intervention Agreement, and France occasionally did so. Britain for the most part remained faithful to the agreement.
## Non-Intervention Agreement {#non_intervention_agreement}
Italy and Germany supported the Spanish Nationalists from the outset of the Spanish Civil War. The Soviet Union began supporting the Spanish Republicans four months later. Non-intervention and the Non-Intervention Agreement were proposed in a joint diplomatic initiative by the governments of France and the United Kingdom. It was part of the policy of appeasement of European fascism, and was aimed at preventing a proxy war in Spain from escalating into a European-wide conflict.
On 3 August 1936, Charles de Chambrun, the French ambassador to Italy, presented the French government\'s non-intervention plan, and Galeazzo Ciano promised to study it. The British quickly accepted the plan in principle. The following day, the plan was presented to Konstantin von Neurath, the foreign minister of Germany, by André François-Poncet. The German position was that such a declaration was not needed, but discussions could be held on preventing the spread of the war to the rest of Europe if the Soviet Union participated. It was mentioned at the meeting of the French with Neurath that both countries were already supplying the parties in the war: France aiding the Republicans, and Germany the Nationalists. A similar non-intervention plan was proposed by the French to the Soviet Union. On 6 August, Ciano confirmed Italian support in principle. Despite a *Pravda* claim that 12,145,000 Rbls had already been sent by Soviet workers to Spain, the Soviet government likewise agreed in principle if Portugal was included, and if Germany and Italy stopped aid immediately.
On 7 August 1936, France unilaterally declared non-intervention. Draft declarations had been put to the German and Italian governments. Such a declaration had already been accepted by the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, which renounced all traffic in war material, direct or indirect. The Portuguese foreign minister, Armindo Monteiro, was also asked to accept but held his hand. An ultimatum was put to Yvon Delbos by the British to halt French exports to Spain, or Britain would not be obliged to act under the Treaty of Locarno if Germany invaded. On 9 August, exports were duly suspended. However, collections for food, clothing and medical supplies to the Spanish Republicans continued. On 9 August, the Germans falsely informed the British that \"no war materials had been sent from Germany and none will\". During the blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar by the Spanish Republican Navy, one German Junkers was captured when it came down in Republican territory, which was explained as \"merely a transport aircraft\". Its release would be required before Germany signed the Non-Intervention Pact. Portugal accepted the pact on 13 August unless its border was threatened by the war.
There was popular support in the United Kingdom and France for the pact. In the UK, the socialist Labour Party was strongly for it, while the left in France wanted direct aid to the Republicans. By October 1937, the Labour Party would reject non-intervention. Initially, the British Trades Union Congress (TUC) was split. Its leaders Walter Citrine and Ernest Bevin used their block votes at the TUC Congress in September 1936 to pass motions supporting non-intervention. thus making it the official TUC policy. But they soon backtracked under pressure from the LSI and the International Federation of Trade Unions, and by June 1937, Citrine, Bevin and the TUC repudiated non-intervention.
The \"Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Breaches of the Non-Intervention Agreement in Spain\", composed of a panel of distinguished personalities, met in London and issued a report secretly sponsored by the Comintern. Both the British and French governments were aware that events in Spain could spiral into a Second World War. France was reliant on British support for non-intervention. Léon Blum, the socialist prime minister of France, feared that openly backing the Republic would lead to civil war and a fascist takeover in his country, and would not in the end bring the outcome he hoped for in Spain.
On 5 August 1936, the United States made it known that it would follow a policy of non-intervention but did not announce it officially. Its isolationism on the Spanish war would later be identified by Under-Secretary of State Sumner Welles as a disastrous decision. Five days later, the Glenn L. Martin Company enquired whether the U.S. government would allow the sale of eight bombers to the Spanish Republican Air Force; the response was negative. The U.S. also confirmed it would not take part in mediation attempts, including one by the Organization of American States.
Mexico soon became the first state to support the Republicans openly. On 15 August, the United Kingdom banned exports of war material to Spain. Neurath agreed to the pact but also suggested that volunteers---many of whom would eventually form the International Brigades---should be included. Italy similarly agreed and signed on 21 August after a determined diplomatic offensive by Britain and France. The surprising reversal of views has been put down to the growing belief that countries could not abide by the agreement anyway. German Admiral Erich Raeder urged his government to either back the Nationalists completely and bring Europe to the brink of war, or abandon the Nationalists and sign the agreement which the Germans did on 24 August.
The Soviet Union was keen not to be left out. On 23 August, it acceded to the Non-Intervention Agreement, which was followed by a decree from Stalin banning exports of war material to Spain, thereby bringing the Soviets into line with the Western powers. Soviet foreign policy considered Collective security against German fascism a priority, and the Comintern had expressed a similar position in 1934. The Soviets walked a fine line between (a) cooperating with France and Great Britain, and (b) not being seen as hindering the world revolution and communist ideals. This mid-1930s period was also the time of the first significant trials of the Old Bolsheviks during the Great Purge. Soviet press and opposition groups were firmly against non-intervention in Spain, and non-intervention could hardly have been further from the Soviet goal of spreading the revolution.
Shortly after the agreement was signed, the Non-Intervention Committee was created to uphold the agreement\'s principles. However, the double-dealing of the Germans and Soviets soon became apparent. The agreement removed the need for a declaration of neutrality, which would have granted the Nationalists and Republicans control over neutrals in the areas they controlled, and had little legal standing. In the United Kingdom, the rationale for non-intervention was partly based on an exaggerated assessment of German and Italian preparedness for war.
Many historians argue that the British policy of non-intervention was a product of the Establishment\'s anticommunism. Scott Ramsay instead argues that Britain demonstrated a \"benevolent neutrality\" and was simply hedging its bets, avoiding favouring one side or the other. Its goal was that in a future European war, Britain would enjoy the \'benevolent neutrality\' of whichever side won in Spain. The British government was also concerned about the far right and ultimately concluded that no desirable basis of government was possible in Spain because of the present polarisation.
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# Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War
## Non-Intervention Committee {#non_intervention_committee}
The ostensible purpose of the Non-Intervention Committee (1936--1939) was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties of the Spanish Civil War, as was articulated in the Non-Intervention Agreement.
The committee first met in London on 9 September 1936 and was attended by all European countries with the exception of Switzerland, whose policy of neutrality prohibited even intergovernmental action. It was chaired by William Morrison, Britain\'s Financial Secretary to the Treasury. The meeting was concerned mostly with procedure. Charles Corbin represented the French, Dino Grandi represented the Italians and Ivan Maisky represented the Soviets. Germany was represented by Ribbentrop (with Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck as deputy) but left the running to Grandi although they found working with him difficult. Portugal, whose presence had been a Soviet requirement, was not represented. There was little faith in the committee\'s effectiveness since the British and French were no doubt aware of the continued shipment of arms to the Nationalists from Italy and Germany. Britain protested twice to the Italians, once in response to Italian aircraft landing in Majorca, the other pre-emptively over any significant change in the Mediterranean. Stanley Baldwin, the British prime minister, and Blum both attempted to halt global exports to Spain and believed it in Europe\'s best interests. Soviet aid to the Republic was threatened in the committee. The Soviet aid began to flow once it was clear that the Non-Intervention Agreement was not preventing Italian and German aid to the Nationalists. `{{rquote|right|It would have been better to call this the Intervention Committee, for the whole activity of its members consisted in explaining or concealing the participation of their countries in Spain.|[[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] in his memoirs.<ref>Heydecker, Leeb (1975). p. 174.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} The second meeting took place on 14 September 1936. It established a subcommittee to be attended by representatives of Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union and Sweden to deal with the day-to-day running of non-intervention. Among them, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy dominated, perhaps worryingly so. Soviet non-military aid was revived but not military aid. Meanwhile, the 1936 meeting of the League of Nations began, beset with not only the Spanish problem but also the review of the Abyssinia Crisis. It was much weakened but still spoke out in favour of worldwide peace. There, Anthony Eden convinced Monteiro to have Portugal join the Non-Intervention Committee. Álvarez del Vayo spoke out against the Non-Intervention Agreement and claimed that it put the rebel Nationalists on the same footing as the Republican government and that as the official government, the Republic had the right to buy arms. On 28 September, Portugal was represented on the committee for the first time, and the Earl of Plymouth replaced Morrison as British representative. A member of the Conservative Party, he often adjourned meetings to the benefit of the Italians and Germans, and the committee was accused of an anti-Soviet bias. In Geneva, Maxim Litvinov once again confirmed Soviet support, based on the suggestion it would avoid war. However, the Soviet government remained hostile to the idea and supported Álvarez\'s view that non-intervention was illegal.
On 12 November 1936, significant changes were put in place to the functioning of the committee with the ratification of plans to post observers to Spanish frontiers and ports to prevent breaches of the agreement. That had been delayed by Italian and German demands for air transport to be included, which was perhaps a delaying tactic because of the impossibility to doing so effectively. Russian military aid now being transported to Spain were noticed. France and Britain split on whether to recognise Franco\'s forces as a belligerent, as the British wanted, or to fail to do, as the French wanted. On 18 November, that was subsumed by the news that the Italian and the German governments had recognised the Nationalists as the true government of Spain. A British bill preventing exports of arms to Spain by British ships from anywhere was signed. Yvon Delbos requested mediation; at the same time, the Republic appealed to the Council of the League of Nations for assistance. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, who was also approached, ruled out U.S. interference with the words \"\[there should be\] no expectation that the United States would ever again send troops or warships or floods of munitions and money to Europe\". On 4 December, France and Britain approached Italy, Germany, Russia and Portugal to request mediation. An armistice would be called, a commission sent to Spain and, after a plebiscite, a government featuring those uninvolved in the war (such as Salvador de Madariaga) would be established. The considerable number of German soldiers in Spain, at least 5,000, was now clear, but Italy and Germany were opposed to isolated discussion of the matter.
On 10 December 1936, Álvarez put the Republic\'s case to the League of Nations, further demanding that the League condemn the Italian and German decision to recognise the Nationalists. He pointed to the risk of the Spanish war spreading and suggested that the Non-Intervention Committee was ineffective. That charge was denied by Lord Cranborne and Édouard Viénot, the British and French representatives respectively, who appealed to the League to endorse the mediation plan. The League condemned intervention, urged its council\'s members to support non-intervention and commended mediation. It then closed discussion on Spain, leaving it to the committee. The mediation plan, however, was soon dropped. Britain and France continued to consider and to put forward plans to prevent foreign volunteers outside the committee.
On 6 January 1937, the first opportunity after the winter break, both houses of the U.S. Congress passed a resolution banning the export of arms to Spain Those opposed the bill, including American socialists, communists and many liberals, suggested that the export of arms to Germany and Italy should be halted also under the Neutrality Act of 1935 since foreign intervention constituted a state of war in Spain. Cordell Hull continued to doubt the extent of German and Italian operations, despite evidence to the contrary. The Soviets met the request to ban volunteers on 27 December, Portugal on 5 January, and Germany and Italy on 7 January. Adolf Hitler authored the German declaration. On 10 January, a further request that volunteering be made a crime was made by Britain and France to Germany. There continued to be uneasiness about the scale, limitations and outcomes of German intervention in Spain. On 20 January, Italy put a moratorium on volunteers, and on 25 January Germany and Italy agreed to support limitations to prevent volunteers, believing that supplies to the Nationalists were now sufficient. In that meeting, both the Germans and Italian spoke as if their men in Spain were genuine volunteers. *The Spanish Civil War (Non-Intervention) Act, 1937* was signed into law on 24 February by the Irish and provided penalties for exporters of war material and for service in the military forces of a belligerent, and it restricted travel to Spain. Soviet war aid continued to reach Spain through the Mediterranean. Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia continued to believe a European war was not in their best interests; non-intervention, however, would have left both sides with the possibility of defeat, which Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union, in particular, were keen to avoid.
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# Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War
## Non-Intervention Committee {#non_intervention_committee}
### Control plan {#control_plan}
Observers were posted to Spanish ports and borders, and both Ribbentrop and Grandi were told to agree to the plan, significant shipments already having taken place. Portugal would not accept observers although it agreed to personnel attached to the British embassy in Lisbon. The cost of the scheme was put at £898,000; Britain, France, Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union would each pay 16%; the other 20% would be met by the other 22 countries. Zones of patrol were assigned to each of the four states; an International Board was set up to administer the scheme. The setting up of the scheme took until April. For the Republicans, that seemed like adding insult to injury since the wholesale transfer of arms to the Nationalists would now be policed by the very countries supplying them. Despite accusations that 60,000 Italians were now in Spain and Grandi\'s announcement that he hoped that no Italian volunteer would leave until the war was over, the German delegation appears to have hoped the control plan was effective. There were Italian assurances that Italy would not break up non-intervention.
In May 1937, the committee noted two attacks on the patrol\'s ships in the Balearic islands by Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft, the first on the Italian cruiser `{{ship|Italian cruiser|Barletta||2}}`{=mediawiki} and the second on the German cruiser *Deutschland*. The latter resulting in German retaliation against the city of Almeria. It iterated calls for the withdrawal of volunteers from Spain, condemned the bombing of open towns, and expressed approval of humanitarian work. Germany and Italy said they would withdraw from the committee and the patrols unless it could be guaranteed that there would be no further attacks. Early June saw the return of Germany and Italy to the committee and patrols. Italy\'s reticence about operations in Spain was dropped. By contrast, it continued to be a crime in Germany to mention German operations. Following attacks on the German cruiser `{{ship|German cruiser|Leipzig||2}}`{=mediawiki} on 15 and 18 June (attributed by Germany to Republicans but denied by them), Germany and Italy once again withdrew from patrols but not from the committee. That prompted the Portuguese government to remove British observers on the Spanish-Portuguese border.
Discussions on patrols remained complicated. Britain and France offered to replace Germany and Italy in patrols of their sections, but the last two believed that the patrols would be too partial. Germany and Italy requested land controls to be kept and belligerent rights to be given to the Nationalists, so that rights of search could be used by both the Republicans and Nationalists to replace naval patrols. The French considered abandoning border controls, or perhaps abandoning non-intervention. However, the French were reliant on the British, who wished to continue with patrols. Britain and France thus continued to labour over non-intervention; although they judged it effective, some 42 ships were estimated to have escaped inspection between April and the end of July. The air route had not been covered. The Nationalists\' debt to Germany reached 150 million Reichsmark. On 9 July, the Dutch ambassador suggested for Britain to draft a compromise. Lord Plymouth called the \"compromise plan for the control of non-intervention\". Naval patrols would be replaced by observers in ports and ships, and land control measures would be resumed. Belligerent rights would not be granted until substantial progress was made on volunteer withdrawal. The French were furious and considered that Britain was moving towards Germany and Italy. Grandi demanded the discussion of belligerent rights before volunteer rights; Maisky insisted for volunteers to be discussed first.
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# Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War
## Non-Intervention Committee {#non_intervention_committee}
### Conference of Nyon and onwards {#conference_of_nyon_and_onwards}
In 1937, all powers were prepared to give up on non-intervention. Ciano complained to his government that Italian forces in Italy were ready but not being used; the Soviet Union was not prepared to discuss belligerent rights; Delbos was considering proposing mediation by Roosevelt and the Pope and simultaneously preparing French war plans; and Britain\'s new prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, saw securing a friendship with the Italian Benito Mussolini as a top priority. Eden confided he wished Franco to win and so Italian and Germany involvement would be scaled back; Chamberlain considered Spain a troublesome complication to be forgotten. By the end of July 1937, the committee was in deadlock, and the aims of a successful outcome to the Spanish Civil War was looking unlikely for the Republic. Unrestricted Italian submarine warfare began on 12 August. The British Admiralty believed that a significant control effort was the best solution of four that were put forward in response to attacks on British shipping. On 27 August, the committee decided that naval patrols did not justify their expense and would be replaced, as planned, with observers at ports.
The Conference of Nyon was arranged in September 1937 for all parties with a Mediterranean coastline by the British despite appeals by Italy and Germany for the committee to handle the piracy and other issues the conference was to discuss. It decided that French Navy and the British Royal Navy fleets would patrol the areas of sea west of Malta and attack any suspicious submarines. Warships that attacked neutral shipping would be attacked. On 18 September, Juan Negrín requested for the League of Nations\' Political Committee to examine Spain and demanded an end to non-intervention. Eden claimed that non-intervention had stopped a European war. The League reported on the Spanish situation by noting the \"failure of non-intervention\". On 6 November, the committee met once again with a plan to recognise the Nationalists as belligerents once significant progress had been made was finally accepted, which was caused partly by Eden\'s patience. The Nationalists accepted on 20 November and the Republicans on 1 December. The former suggested 3,000 would be a reasonable number, which was really the number of sick and unreliable Italians whom Franco wished to withdraw. That was countered by British suggestions that 15,000 or 20,000 might be enough. The talks were subsumed by bilateral Anglo-Italian discussions. In trying to protect non-intervention in the Anglo-Italian meetings, which he grudgingly did, Eden would end up resigning from his post in the Foreign Office. On 17 March 1938, France reopened the border to arms traffic to the now-weakened Republic. Between mid-April and mid-June, 21 British seamen were killed by attacks on British shipping in Spanish waters as well as several Non-Intervention Committee observers.
On 27 June 1938, Maisky agreed to send of two commissions to Spain, enumerate foreign volunteer forces and bring about their withdrawal. That was estimated to cost £1,750,000 to £2,250,000, which was borne by member countries of the committee. The Nationalists wished to prevent the fall of the favourable Chamberlain government in the United Kingdom and so were seen to accept the plan. With much bemoaning, the Republicans also accepted the plan. The Nationalists demanded belligerent rights and then withdrawals of 10,000 from each side, which amounted to a rejection of the plan. Following the Munich Agreement, which was judged by Chamberlain to have been a success, Britain would host similar mediation in Spain. Negrín would propose the removal of the International Brigades, most of whom were now Spaniards, at the last meeting of the League of Nations, thereby showing his contempt for the committee. Similarly, Italians would leave Spain under the Anglo-Italian agreement, not through the committee.
Britain and France recognised the Nationalist government on 27 February 1939. Clement Attlee criticised the way it had been agreed, calling it \"a gross betrayal\... two and a half years of hypocritical pretence of non-intervention\". U.S. ambassador to Spain Claude Bowers had a similarly harsh assessment of the Non-Intervention Committee. When summoned back to Washington, D.C. in March 1939, he labeled the committee \"a shameless sham, cynically dishonest, in that Germany and Italy were constantly sending soldiers, planes, tanks, artillery, and ammunition into Spain without an interference or real protest from the signatories of the pact
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# Lab Architecture Studio
**LAB Architecture Studio** was a firm of architects and urban designers based in Melbourne, Australia with international offices in London and Shanghai.
## Directors
Peter Davidson after graduating from Bachelor of Architecture in 1980 from the NSW Institute of Technology, Sydney, moved to London in 1981 where he became editorial assistant for the journal International Architect. Whilst running his own practice for ten years, Davidson was also teaching at various institutions, including the Architectural Association School of Architecture where he met fellow design director of LAB Donald Bates. Davidson suffered a severe stroke in 2010 and has no involvement with Lab Architecture Studio.
Donald Bates completed his bachelor\'s degree of Architecture in 1978 from the University of Houston, Texas and received his masters of Architecture in 1983 at the Cranbrook Academy of Art. Bates was the associate architect to Daniel Libeskind for the Berlin: city edge competition entry as well as the Berlin Museum extension Competition entry, now also known as the Jewish Museum Berlin. After business partner Peter Davidson suffered a severe stroke in 2010, Bates was accused of forgoing his partner\'s physical, emotional and financial well-being. Quoted in The Age, Nina Libeskind referred to Bates\' \"Cynical opportunism and expediency\". In 2012 Bates was appointed chair of architectural design at the University of Melbourne.
## Awards
### International awards {#international_awards}
- 2008 Mipim AR Future Project Award, commended
- 2003 FX International Interior Design awards London, Best Museum category
- 2007 Cityscape Architectural Review Awards, Commercial Built and Community Future Category, Shortlist
- 2003 Kenneth Brown Award Hawaii Commendation for Asia Pacific Architecture
- 2005 Urban Land Institute, Award for Excellence: Asia Pacific USA Best Public Project
- 2006 Chicago Athenaeum International Architecture Awards, USA
### Australian National Architecture Awards {#australian_national_architecture_awards}
- 2003 Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design
- 2003 Interior Architecture Award
- 2007 RAIA National Award for International Architecture
### RAIA Victorian Awards {#raia_victorian_awards}
- 2003 Victorian Architecture Medal
- 2003 Marion Mahony Griffin Award for Interior Architecture
- 2003 Melbourne Prize
- 2003 Joseph Reed Award for Urban Design
### Other Awards {#other_awards}
- New Award Australia
- 2003 Interior Design Awards Australia
- 2003 Australian Institute of Landscape Architecture --- Award for Design Excellence
- 2003 Dulux Interior Colour Award (2003)
- 2003 Public Domain Award for Sustainability
- 2005 Governor of Victoria Export Awards Commendee
- 2005 Property Council of Australia, Victorian Division Australia, State winner and Best Public Building
- 2006 MBA National Building & Construction Award, Export award under \$25m
- 2006 Australian Stone Architectural Awards, Best Civic Project
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# Lab Architecture Studio
## Notable projects {#notable_projects}
### Federation Square {#federation_square}
Completed in 2002, Federation Square is situated on a 3.6 hectare corner site bound by Flinders and Swanston Streets in Melbourne, Australia. With a building footprint of 45,000 square metres the precinct incorporates commercial, civic and cultural programs. Along with a wide variety of restaurants, bars and cafes and retail spaces larger institutions represented include the Ian Potter Centre (NGV), the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI), Melbourne headquarters for SBS (Australian TV channel) and the Melbourne Visitor Centre.
In 1997 an international design competition was launched by the Victorian Government with a focus of creating new civic space for Melbourne, connecting Flinders Street to the Yarra River and enhancing the cultural attributes of the city. Five designs were shortlisted from the 177 entries. The winning design of Bates Smart Architects and Lab Studio Architects was announced in July 1997. When the competition was won, Federation Square was their first building project.
The main plaza can accommodate up to 25000 people. The outdoor amphitheatre plays host to a variety of festivals and concerts as well as broadcasting cultural events such as the annual Tropfest and sporting events such as the AFL (Australian Football League) Grand Final.
Federation Square was met with widespread disapproval, the architects receiving hate mail from people who loathed the design.
### Mixed-use and offices {#mixed_use_and_offices}
SOHO Shangdu Beijing, China (2004--07) Site area: 2.2ha Gross floor area: 170,000m2 Type: commercial, residential + retail
Riyadh Business Center Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2005) Site area: 3.9ha Gross floor area: 87,000m2 Type: offices, hotel, retail
Tatweer Towers Dubai (2006) Site area: 7.6ha Gross floor area: 1,500,000m2 Type: commercial offices, residential, hotel + retail
Zovie Towers Tianjin, China (2007-) Site area: 2.7ha Gross floor area: 223,710m2 Type: commercial office, residential, retail, hotel + business club
Guardian Towers Abu Dhabi (2007--09) Site area: 0.7ha Gross floor area: 50,000m2
## Gallery
Image:Australian Centre for the Moving Image.jpg\|Federation Square, Melbourne Image:Guardian towers ground view 1 - lab architecture studio
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# Thai Honda F.C.
**Thai Honda Football Club** (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลไทยฮอนด้า) was a Thai defunct football club last played in the Thai League 2 and sponsored by Honda Motorcycle Thailand. The club was dissolved at the end of the 2019 season.
## History
Honda Motorcycle Thailand, or A.P. Honda, started to send teams in the Samut Prakan Cup for the first time in 1971, by having factory employees play. In 2000, they established a football club \"Thai Honda Ladkrabang Football Club\". The club was promoted to Thai League 1. Some notable players for Thai Honda Ladkrabang were Prasert Choei-taisong, Tripob Chuenchuklin, and Thongchai Kuenkuntod. They were led by head coach Chalermwoot Sa-ngapol. In the next two years, the club was relegated to play in a lower league. To combat this, they changed their management to Phaya Insee Lat Krabang Company Limited on 22 January 2015. The first act of the company was inviting Masami Taki, a Japanese football coach, to cooperate with the club service system and manage the youth development program for the success of the club.
In 2019 Thai Honda decided to dissolve the club due to financial problems.
## Crest history {#crest_history}
Thai Honda F.C. add text **LADKRABANG** into their logo in 2017 because Thai Honda factory was located in Ladkrabang and they changed their logo\'s background color from white to gold in 2017. In 2018 they decided to change the name of the club back to their original name \"Thai Honda\".
## Stadium
72nd Anniversary Stadium (Min Buri) is a home stadium of Thai Honda Football Club since 2007. The stadium holds 10,000 people.
### Stadium and locations {#stadium_and_locations}
Coordinates Location Stadium Year
------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------
Min Buri, Bangkok 72nd Anniversary Stadium (Min Buri) 2007--2010
Lat Krabang, Bangkok King Mongkut\'s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Stadium 2010
Min Buri, Bangkok 72nd Anniversary Stadium (Min Buri) 2011
Lat Krabang, Bangkok King Mongkut\'s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Stadium 2012--2014
Min Buri, Bangkok 72nd Anniversary Stadium (Min Buri) 2015--2019
## Season-by-season record {#season_by_season_record}
Season League
------------ --------------- ---- ---- ----
Division P W D L
2004--2005 DIV 1
2006 TPL 22 4 9
2007 TPL 30 7 8
2008 DIV 1 30 9 7
2009 DIV 1 30 8 12
2010 DIV 1 30 11 7
2011 DIV 1 34 6 6
2012 DIV 2 Bangkok 34 21 8
2013 DIV 2 Bangkok 26 11 6
2014 DIV 2 Bangkok 26 21 4
2015 DIV 1 38 16 9
2016 DIV 1 26 14 10
2017 T1 34 8 4
2018 T2 28 8 8
2019 T2 34 13 12
----------- ------------ ---------- -----------
Champions Runners-up Promoted Relegated
----------- ------------ ---------- -----------
## Club achievements {#club_achievements}
- **Thai Division 1 League**
- **Winner:** 2016
- Runner-up: 2005
- **Regional League Division 2**
- Runner-up: 2014
- **Regional League Bangkok Area Division**
- **Winner:** 2012, 2014
- **Khǒr Royal Cup (Tier 3) (ถ้วย ข.)**
- **Winner:** 2004
- **Khor Royal Cup (Tier 4) (ถ้วย ค.)**
- **Winner:** 2003
- **Ngor Royal Cup (ถ้วย ง
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# Kittu
***Kittu*** (*కిట్టు*) is a 2006 traditionally animated Indian feature film. It is the first animated film to be made in the Telugu language. It won the National Film Award and is also credited with AP state award (Nandi Award) as second best children\'s film 2006.
## Production
It was produced by Bhargava Kodavanti, of Bhargava Pictures and directed by B. Sathya and released on 21 July 2006. The film is approximately 125 minutes long.
## Awards
+------+---------------------------+------------------------------+--------+---------------------+
| Year | Name of Competition | Category | Result | Recipient |
+======+===========================+==============================+========+=====================+
| 2008 | Nandi Awards 2006 | Second Best Children\'s Film | | *Kittu* |
+------+---------------------------+------------------------------+--------+---------------------+
| | 54th National Film Awards | Best Animated Film | | Bhargava Kodavanti\ |
| | | | | B
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# Bishopsgate (Low Level) railway station
**Bishopsgate (Low Level)** was a railway station opened by the Great Eastern Railway (GER) on 4 November 1872 alongside the company\'s first London terminus, `{{rws|Bishopsgate}}`{=mediawiki}, which stood on a viaduct (and thus became also known as Bishopsgate (High Level)). The newer station was on a lower route, leading south-west, which the GER was building to its future Liverpool Street terminus and was situated on Quaker Street, on the eastern side of Shoreditch High Street (now in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets but then in the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green) near Bishopsgate.
Situated initially in a brick-lined cutting, the station was covered by two curving roofs and the platforms were accessed by stairs down from the ticket office, which stood on a bridge above the London end of the station.
The station was initially opened as a relief station for the high-level terminus when it became unable to cope with the increasing demand. Between November 1872 and January 1874 the station, acting as a temporary terminus, handled traffic off the Enfield and Walthamstow lines. Early in 1874 the first four platforms at Liverpool Street station opened, and Bishopsgate (Low Level) station became a normal through station.
After the full opening of Liverpool Street in November 1875, the \"high level\" original Bishopsgate station closed to passengers and the name of Bishopsgate (Low Level) was simplified to **Bishopsgate**. The high-level terminus reopened as a converted goods station in 1881 known as *Bishopsgate goods yard*, and had a subway linking it to the passenger station.
On 6 August 1889 there was an accident between Bishopsgate and Liverpool Street when a passenger service ran into the back of a stationary empty coaching stock train. An inquiry was unable to determine the exact cause of the crash due to conflicting witness statements.
A further two running lines were added in 1891, and two platform faces subsequently added. A second ticket office was opened in Commercial Street to serve these platforms. These lines were built through the lower levels of the original Bishopsgate station. In November 1893 the station became one of the first on the Great Eastern Railway to be lit by electricity supplied by the company\'s nearby Norton Folgate power station.
In 1902--3 the overall roofs were demolished and replaced by awnings.
Bishopsgate station was closed on 22 May 1916 with other inner-suburban stations on the GER line through the East End of London. Today little remains of the low-level station except two derelict platforms, visible from trains on the approach into Liverpool Street main line station. The arches on the south platform were decorated in 2012 with panels displaying the flags of nations competing in the London Olympic Games that summer.
In 2010 Shoreditch High Street railway station was opened on the East London line, parallel to, above, and immediately to the north of the old Bishopsgate station
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# Separator (oil production)
The term **separator** in oilfield terminology designates a pressure vessel used for separating well fluids produced from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components. A separator for petroleum production is a large vessel designed to separate production fluids into their constituent components of oil, gas and water. A separating vessel may be referred to in the following ways: **Oil and gas separator**, **Separator**, **Stage separator**, **Trap**, **Knockout vessel** (Knockout drum, knockout trap, water knockout, or liquid knockout), **Flash chamber** (flash vessel or flash trap), **Expansion separator** or **expansion vessel**, **Scrubber** (gas scrubber), **Filter** (gas filter). These separating vessels are normally used on a producing lease or platform near the wellhead, manifold, or tank battery to separate fluids produced from oil and gas wells into oil and gas or liquid and gas. An oil and gas separator generally includes the following essential components and features:
1. A vessel that includes (a) primary separation device and/or section, (b) secondary \"gravity\" settling (separating) section, (c) mist extractor to remove small liquid particles from the gas, (d) gas outlet, (e) liquid settling (separating) section to remove gas or vapor from oil (on a three-phase unit, this section also separates water from oil), (f) oil outlet, and (g) water outlet (three-phase unit).
2. Adequate volumetric liquid capacity to handle liquid surges (slugs) from the wells and/or flowlines.
3. Adequate vessel diameter and height or length to allow most of the liquid to separate from the gas so that the mist extractor will not be flooded.
4. A means of controlling an oil level in the separator, which usually includes a liquid-level controller and a diaphragm motor valve on the oil outlet.
5. A back pressure valve on the gas outlet to maintain a steady pressure in the vessel.
6. Pressure relief devices.
Separators work on the principle that the three components have different densities, which allows them to stratify when moving slowly with gas on top, water on the bottom and oil in the middle. Any solids such as sand will also settle in the bottom of the separator. The functions of oil and gas separators can be divided into the primary and secondary functions which will be discussed later on.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Classification of oil and gas separators {#classification_of_oil_and_gas_separators}
### By operating configuration {#by_operating_configuration}
Oil and gas separators can have three general configurations: **vertical**, **horizontal**, and **spherical**. Vertical separators can vary in size from 10 or 12 inches in diameter and 4 to 5 feet seam to seam (S to S) up to 10 or 12 feet in diameter and 15 to 25 feet S to S. Horizontal separators may vary in size from 10 or 12 inches in diameter and 4 to 5 feet S to S up to 15 to 16 feet in diameter and 60 to 70 feet S to S. Spherical separators are usually available in 24 or 30 inch up to 66 to 72 inch in diameter. Horizontal oil and gas separators are manufactured with monotube and dual-tube shells. Monotube units have one cylindrical shell, and dual-tube units have two cylindrical parallel shells with one above the other. Both types of units can be used for two-phase and three-phase service. A monotube horizontal oil and gas separator is usually preferred over a dual-tube unit. The monotube unit has greater area for gas flow as well as a greater oil/gas interface area than is usually available in a dual-tube separator of comparable price. The monotube separator will usually afford a longer retention time because the larger single-tube vessel retains a larger volume of oil than the dual-tube separator. It is also easier to clean than the dual-tube unit. In cold climates, freezing will likely cause less trouble in the monotube unit because the liquid is usually in close contact with the warm stream of gas flowing through the separator. The monotube design normally has a lower silhouette than the dual-tube unit, and it is easier to stack them for multiple-stage separation on offshore platforms where space is limited. It was illustrated by Powers *et al* (1990) that vertical separators should be constructed such that the flow stream enters near the top and passes through a gas/liquid separating chamber even though they are not competitive alternatives unlike the horizontal separators.
### By function {#by_function}
The three configurations of separators are available for two-phase operation and three-phase operation. In the two-phase units, gas is separated from the liquid with the gas and liquid being discharged separately. Oil and gas separators are mechanically designed such that the liquid and gas components are separated from the hydrocarbon steam at specific temperature and pressure according to Arnold *et al* (2008). In three-phase separators, well fluid is separated into gas, oil, and water with the three fluids being discharged separately. The gas--liquid separation section of the separator is determined by the maximum removal droplet size using the Souders--Brown equation with an appropriate K factor. The oil-water separation section is held for a retention time that is provided by laboratory test data, pilot plant operating procedure, or operating experience. In the case where the retention time is not available, the recommended retention time for three-phase separator in API 12J is used. The sizing methods by K factor and retention time give proper separator sizes. According to Song *et al* (2010), engineers sometimes need further information for the design conditions of downstream equipment, i.e., liquid loading for the mist extractor, water content for the crude dehydrator/desalter or oil content for the water treatment.
### By operating pressure {#by_operating_pressure}
Oil and gas separators can operate at pressures ranging from a high vacuum to 4,000 to 5,000 psi. Most oil and gas separators operate in the pressure range of 20 to 1,500 psi. Separators may be referred to as low pressure, medium pressure, or high pressure. Low-pressure separators usually operate at pressures ranging from 10 to 20 up to 180 to 225 psi. Medium-pressure separators usually operate at pressures ranging from 230 to 250 up to 600 to 700 psi. High-pressure separators generally operate in the wide pressure range from 750 to 1,500 psi.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Classification of oil and gas separators {#classification_of_oil_and_gas_separators}
### By application {#by_application}
Oil and gas separators may be classified according to application as test separator, production separator, low temperature separator, metering separator, elevated separator, and stage separators (first stage, second stage, etc.).
Test separator: A test separator is used to separate and to meter the well fluids. The test separator can be referred to as a well tester or well checker. Test separators can be vertical, horizontal, or spherical. They can be two-phase or three-phase. They can be permanently installed or portable (skid or trailer mounted). Test separators can be equipped with various types of meters for measuring the oil, gas, and/or water for potential tests, periodic production tests, marginal well tests, etc.\
Production separator: A production separator is used to separate the produced well fluid from a well, group of wells, or a lease on a daily or continuous basis. Production separators can be vertical, horizontal, or spherical. They can be two-phase or three-phase. Production separators range in size from 12 in. to 15 ft in diameter, with most units ranging from 30 in. to 10 ft in diameter. They range in length from 6 to 70 ft, with most from 10 to 40 ft long. In small onshore oilfield applications, a production separator can be integrated in a vapor-tight tank package.\
Low-temperature separator: A low-temperature separator is a special one in which high-pressure well fluid is jetted into the vessel through a choke or pressure reducing valve so that the separator temperature is reduced appreciably below the well-fluid temperature. The temperature reduction is obtained by the Joule--Thomson effect of expanding well fluid as it flows through the pressure-reducing choke or valve into the separator. The lower operating temperature in the separator causes condensation of vapors that otherwise would exit the separator in the vapor state. Liquids thus recovered require stabilization to prevent excessive evaporation in the storage tanks.\
Metering separator: The function of separating well fluids into oil, gas, and water and metering the liquids can be accomplished in one vessel. These vessels are commonly referred to as metering separators and are available for two-phase and three-phase operation. These units are available in special models that make them suitable for accurately metering foaming and heavy viscous oil.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Primary functions of oil and gas separators {#primary_functions_of_oil_and_gas_separators}
Separation of oil from gas may begin as the fluid flows through the producing formation into the well bore and may progressively increase through the tubing, flow lines, and surface handling equipment. Under certain conditions, the fluid may be completely separated into liquid and gas before it reaches the oil and gas separator. In such cases, the separator vessel affords only an \"enlargement\" to permit gas to ascend to one outlet and liquid to descend to another.
### Removal of oil from gas {#removal_of_oil_from_gas}
Difference in density of the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons may accomplish acceptable separation in an oil and gas separator. However, in some instances, it is necessary to use mechanical devices commonly referred to as \"mist extractors\" to remove liquid mist from the gas before it is discharged from the separator. Also, it may be desirable or necessary to use some means to remove non solution gas from the oil before the oil is discharged from the separator.
### Removal of gas from oil {#removal_of_gas_from_oil}
The physical and chemical characteristics of the oil and its conditions of pressure and temperature determine the amount of gas it will contain in solution. The rate at which the gas is liberated from a given oil is a function of change in pressure and temperature. The volume of gas that an oil and gas separator will remove from crude oil is dependent on (1) physical and chemical characteristics of the crude, (2) operating pressure, (3) operating temperature, (4) rate of throughput, (5) size and configuration of the separator, and (6) other factors.
Agitation, heat, special baffling, coalescing packs, and filtering materials can assist in the removal of nonsolution gas that otherwise may be retained in the oil because of the viscosity and surface tension of the oil. Gas can be removed from the top of the drum by virtue of being gas. Oil and water are separated by a baffle at the end of the separator, which is set at a height close to the oil-water contact, allowing oil to spill over onto the other side, while trapping water on the near side. The two fluids can then be piped out of the separator from their respective sides of the baffle. The produced water is then either injected back into the oil reservoir, disposed of, or treated. The bulk level (gas--liquid interface) and the oil water interface are determined using instrumentation fixed to the vessel. Valves on the oil and water outlets are controlled to ensure the interfaces are kept at their optimum levels for separation to occur. The separator will only achieve bulk separation. The smaller droplets of water will not settle by gravity and will remain in the oil stream. Normally the oil from the separator is routed to a coalescer to further reduce the water content.
### Separation of water from oil {#separation_of_water_from_oil}
The production of water with oil continues to be a problem for engineers and the oil producers. Since 1865 when water was coproduced with hydrocarbons, separation of valuable hydrocarbons from disposable water has challenged and frustrated the oil industry. According to Rehm *et al* (1983), innovation over the years has led from the skim pit to installation of the stock tank, to the gunbarrel, to the freewater knockout, to the hay-packed coalescer and most recently to the Performax Matrix Plate Coalescer, an enhanced gravity settling separator. The history of water treating for the most part has been sketchy and spartan. There is little economic value to the produced water, and it represents an extra cost for the producer to arrange for its disposal.
Today, oil fields produce greater quantities of water than they produce oil. Along with greater water production are emulsions and dispersions which are more difficult to treat. The separation process becomes interlocked with a myriad of contaminants as the last drop of oil is being recovered from the reservoir. In some instances it is preferable to separate and to remove water from the well fluid before it flows through pressure reductions, such as those caused by chokes and valves. Such water removal may prevent difficulties that could be caused downstream by the water, such as corrosion which can be referred to as being a chemical reactions that occurs whenever a gas or liquid chemically attacks an exposed metallic surface. Corrosion is usually accelerated by warm temperatures and likewise by the presence of acids and salts.
Other factors that affect the removal of water from oil include hydrate formation and the formation of tight emulsion that may be difficult to resolve into oil and water. The water can be separated from the oil in a three-phase separator by use of chemicals and gravity separation. If the three-phase separator is not large enough to separate the water adequately, it can be separated in a free-water knockout vessel installed upstream or downstream of the separators.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Secondary functions {#secondary_functions}
### Maintenance of optimum pressure on separator {#maintenance_of_optimum_pressure_on_separator}
For an oil and gas separator to accomplish its primary functions, pressure must be maintained in the separator so that the liquid and gas can be discharged into their respective processing or gathering systems. Pressure is maintained on the separator by use of a gas backpressure valve on each separator or with one master backpressure valve that controls the pressure on a battery of two or more separators. The optimum pressure to maintain on a separator is the pressure that will result in the highest economic yield from the sale of the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons.
### Maintenance of liquid seal in separator {#maintenance_of_liquid_seal_in_separator}
To maintain pressure on a separator, a liquid seal must be effected in the lower portion of the vessel. This liquid seal prevents loss of gas with the oil and requires the use of a liquid-level controller and a valve.
## Methods used to remove oil from gas {#methods_used_to_remove_oil_from_gas}
Effective oil-gas separation is important not only to ensure that the required export quality is achieved but also to prevent problems in downstream process equipment and compressors. Once the bulk liquid has been knocked out, which can be achieved in many ways, the remaining liquid droplets are separated from by a demisting device. Until recently the main technologies used for this application were reverse-flow cyclones, mesh pads and vane packs. More recently new devices with higher gas-handling have been developed which have enabled potential reduction in the scrubber vessel size. There are several new concepts currently under development in which the fluids are degassed upstream of the primary separator. These systems are based on centrifugal and turbine technology and have additional advantages in that they are compact and motion insensitive, hence ideal for floating production facilities. Below are some of the ways in which oil is separated from gas in separators.
### Density difference (gravity separation) {#density_difference_gravity_separation}
Natural gas is lighter than liquid hydrocarbon. Minute particles of liquid hydrocarbon that are temporarily suspended in a stream of natural gas will, by density difference or force of gravity, settle out of the stream of gas if the velocity of the gas is sufficiently slow. The larger droplets of hydrocarbon will quickly settle out of the gas, but the smaller ones will take longer. At standard conditions of pressure and temperature, the droplets of liquid hydrocarbon may have a density 400 to 1,600 times that of natural gas. However, as the operating pressure and temperature increase, the difference in density decreases. At an operating pressure of 800 psig, the liquid hydrocarbon may be only 6 to 10 times as dense as the gas. Thus, operating pressure materially affects the size of the separator and the size and type of mist extractor required to separate adequately the liquid and gas. The fact that the liquid droplets may have a density 6 to 10 times that of the gas may indicate that droplets of liquid would quickly settle out of and separate from the gas. However, this may not occur because the particles of liquid may be so small that they tend to \"float\" in the gas and may not settle out of the gas stream in the short period of time the gas is in the oil and gas separator. As the operating pressure on a separator increases, the density difference between the liquid and gas decreases. For this reason, it is desirable to operate oil and gas separators at as low a pressure as is consistent with other process variables, conditions, and requirements.
### Impingement
If a flowing stream of gas containing liquid, mist is impinged against a surface, the liquid mist may adhere to and coalesce on the surface. After the mist coalesces into larger droplets, the droplets will gravitate to the liquid section of the vessel. If the liquid content of the gas is high, or if the mist particles are extremely fine, several successive impingement surfaces may be required to effect satisfactory removal of the mist.
### Change of flow direction {#change_of_flow_direction}
When the direction of flow of a gas stream containing liquid mist is changed abruptly, inertia causes the liquid to continue in the original direction of flow. Separation of liquid mist from the gas thus can be effected because the gas will more readily assume the change of flow direction and will flow away from the liquid mist particles. The liquid thus removed may coalesce on a surface or fall to the liquid section below.
### Change of flow velocity {#change_of_flow_velocity}
Separation of liquid and gas can be effected with either a sudden increase or decrease in gas velocity. Both conditions use the difference in inertia of gas and liquid. With a decrease in velocity, the higher inertia of the liquid mist carries it forward and away from the gas. The liquid may then coalesce on some surface and gravitate to the liquid section of the separator. With an increase in gas velocity, the higher inertia of the liquid causes the gas to move away from the liquid, and the liquid may fall to the liquid section of the vessel.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Methods used to remove oil from gas {#methods_used_to_remove_oil_from_gas}
### Centrifugal force {#centrifugal_force}
If a gas stream carrying liquid mist flows in a circular motion at sufficiently high velocity, centrifugal force throws the liquid mist outward against the walls of the container. Here the liquid coalesces into progressively larger droplets and finally gravitates to the liquid section below. Centrifugal force is one of the most effective methods of separating liquid mist from gas. However, according to Keplinger (1931), some separator designers have pointed out a disadvantage in that a liquid with a free surface rotating as a whole will have its surface curved around its lowest point lying on the axis of rotation. This created false level may cause difficulty in regulating the fluid level control on the separator. This is largely overcome by placing vertical quieting baffles which should extend from the bottom of the separator to above the outlet. Efficiency of this type of mist extractor increases as the velocity of the gas stream increases. Thus for a given rate of throughput, a smaller centrifugal separator will suffice.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Methods used to remove gas from oil {#methods_used_to_remove_gas_from_oil}
Because of higher prices for natural gas, the widespread reliance on metering of liquid hydrocarbons, and other reasons, it is important to remove all nonsolution gas from crude oil during field processing. Methods used to remove gas from crude oil in oil and gas separators are discussed below:
### Agitation
Moderate, controlled agitation which can be defined as movement of the crude oil with sudden force is usually helpful in removing nonsolution gas that may be mechanically locked in the oil by surface tension and oil viscosity. Agitation usually will cause the gas bubbles to coalesce and to separate from the oil in less time than would be required if agitation were not used.
### Heat
Heat as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another results in a difference in temperature. This reduces surface tension and viscosity of the oil and thus assists in releasing gas that is hydraulically retained in the oil. The most effective method of heating crude oil is to pass it through a heated-water bath. A spreader plate that disperses the oil into small streams or rivulets increases the effectiveness of the heated-water bath. Upward flow of the oil through the water bath affords slight agitation, which is helpful in coalescing and separating entrained gas from the oil. A heated-water bath is probably the most effective method of removing foam bubbles from foaming crude oil. A heated-water bath is not practical in most oil and gas separators, but heat can be added to the oil by direct or indirect fired heaters and/or heat exchangers, or heated free-water knockouts or emulsion treaters can be used to obtain a heated-water bath.
### Centrifugal force {#centrifugal_force_1}
Centrifugal force which can be defined as a fictitious force, peculiar to a particle moving on a circular path, that has the same magnitude and dimensions as the force that keeps the particle on its circular path (the centripetal force) but points in the opposite direction is effective in separating gas from oil. The heavier oil is thrown outward against the wall of the vortex retainer while the gas occupies the inner portion of the vortex. A properly shaped and sized vortex will allow the gas to ascend while the liquid flows downward to the bottom of the unit.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Flow measurements {#flow_measurements}
The direction of flow in and around a separator along with other flow instruments are usually illustrated on the Piping and instrumentation diagram, (P&ID). Some of these flow instruments include the Flow Indicator (FI), Flow Transmitter (FT) and the Flow Controller (FC). Flow is of paramount importance in the oil and gas industry because flow, as a major process variable is essentially important in that its understanding helps engineers come up with better designs and enables them to confidently carry out additional research. Mohan *et al* (1999) carried out a research into the design and development of separators for a three-phase flow system. The purpose of the study was to investigate the complex multiphase hydrodynamic flow behaviour in a three-phase oil and gas separator. A mechanistic model was developed alongside a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulator. These were then used to carry out a detailed experimentation on the three-phase separator. The experimental and CFD simulation results were suitably integrated with the mechanistic model. The simulation time for the experiment was 20 seconds with the oil specific gravity as 0.885, and the separator lower part length and diameter were 4-ft and 3-inches respectively. The first set of experiment became a basis through which detailed investigations were used to carry out and to conduct similar simulation studies for different flow velocities and other operating conditions as well.
## Flow calibration {#flow_calibration}
As earlier stated, flow instruments that function with the separator in an oil and gas environment include the flow indicator, flow transmitter and the flow controller. Due to maintenance (which will be discussed later) or due to high usage, these flowmeters do need to be calibrated from time to time. Calibration can be defined as the process of referencing signals of known quantity that has been predetermined to suit the range of measurements required. Calibration can also be seen from a mathematical point of view in which the flowmeters are standardized by determining the deviation from the predetermined standard so as to ascertain the proper correction factors. In determining the deviation from the predetermined standard, the actual flowrate is usually first determined with the use of a master meter which is a type of flowmeter that has been calibrated with a high degree of accuracy or by weighing the flow so as to be able to obtain a gravimetric reading of the mass flow.
Another type of meter used is the transfer meter. However, according to Ting *et al* (1989), transfer meters have been proven to be less accurate if the operating conditions are different from its original calibrated points. According to Yoder (2000), the types of flowmeters used as master meters include turbine meters, positive displacement meters, venturi meters, and Coriolis meters. In the U.S., master meters are often calibrated at a flow lab that has been certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, (NIST). NIST certification of a flowmeter lab means that its methods have been approved by NIST. Normally, this includes NIST traceability, meaning that the standards used in the flowmeter calibration process have been certified by NIST or are causally linked back to standards that have been approved by NIST. However, there is a general belief in the industry that the second method which involves the gravimetric weighing of the amount of fluid (liquid or gas) that actually flows through the meter into or out of a container during the calibration procedure is the most ideal method for measuring the actual amount of flow. Apparently, the weighing scale used for this method also has to be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as well.
In ascertaining a proper correction factor, there is often no simple hardware adjustment to make the flowmeter start reading correctly. Instead, the deviation from the correct reading is recorded at a variety of flowrates. The data points are plotted, comparing the flowmeter output to the actual flowrate as determined by the standardized National Institute of Standards and Technology master meter or weigh scale.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Controls and features {#controls_and_features}
### Controls
The controls required for oil and gas separators are liquid level controllers for oil and oil/water interface (three-phase operation) and gas back-pressure control valve with pressure controller. Although the use of controls is expensive making the cost of operating fields with separators so high, installations has resulted in substantial savings in the overall operating expense as in the case of the 70 gas wells in the Big Piney, Wyo sighted by Fair (1968). The wells with separators were located above 7,200 ft elevation, ranging upward to 9,000 ft. Control installations were sufficiently automated such that the field operations around the controllers could be operated from a remote-control station at the field office using the Distributed Control System. All in all, this improved the efficiency of personnel and the operation of the field, with a corresponding increase in production from the area.
### Valves
The valves required for oil and gas separators are oil discharge control valve, water-discharge control valve (three-phase operation), drain valves, block valves, pressure relief valves, and emergency shutdown valves (ESD). ESD valves typically stay in open position for months or years awaiting a command signal to operate. Little attention is paid to these valves outside of scheduled turnarounds. The pressures of continuous production often stretch these intervals even longer. This leads to build up or corrosion on these valves that prevents them from moving. For safety critical applications, it must be ensured that the valves operate upon demand.
### Accessories
The accessories required for oil and gas separators are pressure gauges, thermometers, pressure-reducing regulators (for control gas), level sight glasses, safety head with rupture disk, piping, and tubing.
### Safety features {#safety_features}
Oil and gas separators should be installed at a safe distance from other lease equipment. Where they are installed on offshore platforms or in close proximity to other equipment, precautions should be taken to prevent injury to personnel and damage to surrounding equipment in case the separator or its controls or accessories fail. The following safety features are recommended for most oil and gas separators.
High- and low-liquid-level controls: High- and low liquid-level controls normally are float-operated pilots that actuate a valve on the inlet to the separator, open a bypass around the separator, sound a warning alarm, or perform some other pertinent function to prevent damage that might result from high or low liquid levels in the separator.\
High- and low-pressure controls: High- and low pressure controls are installed on separators to prevent excessively high or low pressures from interfering with normal operations. These high- and low-pressure controls can be mechanical, pneumatic, or electric and can sound a warning, actuate a shut-in valve, open a bypass, or perform other pertinent functions to protect personnel, the separator, and surrounding equipment.\
High- and low-temperature controls: Temperature controls may be installed on separators to shut in the unit, to open or to close a bypass to a heater, or to sound a warning should the temperature in the separator become too high or too low. Such temperature controls are not normally used on separators, but they may be appropriate in special cases. According to Francis (1951), low-temperature controls in separators is another tools used by gas producers which finds its application in the high-pressure gas fields, usually referred to as \"vapour-phase\" reservoirs. Low temperatures obtainable from the expansion of these high-pressure gas streams are utilized to a profitable advantage. A more efficient recovery of the hydrocarbon condensate and a greater degree of dehydration of the gas as compared to the conventional heater and separator installation is a major advantage of low-temperature controls in oil and gas separators.\
Safety relief valves: A spring-loaded safety relief valve is usually installed on all oil and gas separators. These valves normally are set at the design pressure of the vessel. Safety relief valves serve primarily as a warning, and in most instances are too small to handle the full rated fluid capacity of the separator. Full-capacity safety relief valves can be used and are particularly recommended when no safety head (rupture disk) is used on the separator.\
Safety heads or rupture disks: A safety head or rupture disk is a device containing a thin metal membrane that is designed to rupture when the pressure in the separator exceeds a predetermined value. This is usually from 1 1/4 to 1% times the design pressure of the separator vessel. The safety head disk is usually selected so that it will not rupture until the safety relief valve has opened and is incapable of preventing excessive pressure buildup in the separator.
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# Separator (oil production)
## Operation and maintenance considerations {#operation_and_maintenance_considerations}
Over the life of a production system, the separator is expected to process a wide range of produced fluids. With break through from water flood and expanded gas lift circulation, the produced fluid water cut and gas-oil ratio is ever changing. In many instances, the separator fluid loading may exceed the original design capacity of the vessel. As a result, many operators find their separator no longer able to meet the required oil and water effluent standards, or experience high liquid carry-over in the gas according to Power *et al* (1990). Some operational maintenance and considerations are discussed below:
### Periodic inspection {#periodic_inspection}
In refineries and processing plants, it is normal practice to inspect all pressure vessels and piping periodically for corrosion and erosion. In the oil fields, this practice is not generally followed (they are inspected at a predetermined frequency, normally decided by an RBI assessment) and equipment is replaced only after actual failure. This policy may create hazardous conditions for operating personnel and surrounding equipment. It is recommended that periodic inspection schedules for all pressure equipment be established and followed to protect against undue failures.
### Installation of safety devices {#installation_of_safety_devices}
All safety relief devices should be installed as close to the vessel as possible and in such manner that the reaction force from exhausting fluids will not break off, unscrew, or otherwise dislodge the safety device. The discharge from safety devices should not endanger personnel or other equipment.
### Low temperature {#low_temperature}
Separators should be operated above hydrate-formation temperature. Otherwise hydrates may form in the vessel and partially or completely plug it thereby reducing the capacity of the separator. In some instances when the liquid or gas outlet is plugged or restricted, this causes the safety valve to open or the safety head to rupture. Steam coils can be installed in the liquid section of oil and gas separators to melt hydrates that may form there. This is especially appropriate on low-temperature separators.
### Corrosive fluids {#corrosive_fluids}
A separator handling corrosive fluid should be checked periodically to determine whether remedial work is required. Extreme cases of corrosion may require a reduction in the rated working pressure of the vessel. Periodic hydrostatic testing is recommended, especially if the fluids being handled are corrosive. Expendable anode can be used in separators to protect them against electrolytic corrosion. Some operators determine separator shell and head thickness with ultrasonic thickness indicators and calculate the maximum allowable working pressure from the remaining metal thickness. This should be done yearly offshore and every two to four years onshore.
### Solids separation {#solids_separation}
Sand and other solids from upstream will tend to settle out in the bottom of the separators. If allowed to accumulate the solids reduce the volume available for oil/gas/water separation reducing efficiency. The vessel may be taken offline and drained down and the solids removed by digging out by hand. Or water sparge pipes in the base of the separator used to fluidize the sand which can be drained from the drain valves in the base
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# Target (New Zealand TV series)
**Target** was a New Zealand consumer advice show. It was hosted by Carly Flynn and Brooke Howard-Smith. The show ran for 14 seasons from 1999 to 2012, and remained one of New Zealand\'s highest rated factual programs and had won one Qantas Media Award.
Former hosts included Leanne Malcolm, Ian Orchard, Greg Boyed and Janet Wilson.
## Hidden camera trials {#hidden_camera_trials}
This has been a major part of the show since the launch of *Target* in 1999. It is used to reveal trades people and shops misconduct and illegal behaviour, including urinating in showers.
### Retail trials {#retail_trials}
In these trials, young actors under the age of 18 are sent into a store to purchase an item restricted to persons aged 18 or over, such as cigarettes, pornographic material and alcohol. The actor is given an expired EFTPOS card or less change than required to purchase the item, so they do not purchase the items in question. (To avoid legal consequences to *Target* and the actor since the trials are not legally-sanctioned controlled purchase operations).
In the 2009 Christchurch liquor trial, there was a record broken for the youngest ever actor used in the trial: a 10-year-old girl, who was allowed to buy alcohol.
### Hidden camera house trials {#hidden_camera_house_trials}
*Target* has its own hidden camera house, which is located in a different area of New Zealand each season. The house has hidden cameras throughout and is used to send various tradesmen there to carry out work. The tradesmen are left in the home alone while the occupant of the house goes out. Jobs can range from repairing appliances in the home to building, electrical or plumbing work. The test is not only to see the standard of the work carried out but also the actions of the worker, whether they wander into rooms of the house they have no reason to be in, and whether the worker acts in a professional manner.
In March 2011, the house that *Target* uses for filming in Tauranga was uncovered by an electrician who had been called to fit a power point in the bedroom. The electrician started the job but quickly suspected something was out of the ordinary when he noticed a diary lying open next to where he was working, bikinis on the bed, and photographs of women. He also found a hidden camera in a smoke alarm. He left the job immediately and phoned his lawyer who advised him not to continue. This event has not aired yet.
In May 2012 a hidden camera trial was aired revealing a carpet cleaner performing an indecent act in the actor\'s home. Within minutes of the occupant leaving the house, the tradesman was filmed sniffing various items of clothing in a laundry basket and later spraying perfume onto a pair of woman\'s underwear. He then turns on the household computer, visiting a pornography website, and begins masturbating into a pair of the actor\'s underwear. The tradesman performs this act at least twice during the segment. This particular episode focused around this one hidden camera trial with trials of other carpet cleaners not aired. Neither the company the carpet cleaner worked for was named, nor was the tradesman. The matter was referred to the New Zealand Police and the tradesman was charged with burglary and wilfully accessing a computer. The tradesman was fired from his job and granted name suppression.
### Restaurant trials {#restaurant_trials}
Some trials have involved an actor visiting a restaurant or other food service place and while dining there taking a sample of the food purchased. The sample is sent to a lab for analysis. The standard of the service and any hygiene practices are also examined.
The 16 June 2009 edition of the consumer show featured a hidden camera segment assessing the hygiene standards of eight Auckland cafes, and claimed chicken from Cafe Cézanne contained high levels of faecal coliforms. TV3 released a statement on behalf of production company Top Shelf Productions admitting food samples from the cafes were incorrectly coded and they were unable to confirm which one had produced the contaminated food. Subsequently, the owners of Cafe Cézanne has started legal proceedings against Top Shelf Productions.
### Service/repair trials {#servicerepair_trials}
These trials were more common in the earlier seasons. A fault is created in an appliance, such as a TV set, microwave, or DVD player, and the item is then taken to repair outlets. When the appliance is returned to the actor, the presenters then check to see whether the appliance has actually been repaired and the standard of the repair, as well as the time taken to repair the appliance and the cost.
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# Target (New Zealand TV series)
## Hidden camera trials {#hidden_camera_trials}
### Other trials {#other_trials}
The other trials have included taxis, LPG bottle fills, children\'s visits to Santa (2006 Christmas Special) and standards of services such as public toilets.
## Product check {#product_check}
Every week the *Target* test family test a chosen product. In this test about 5 brands of a particular product are tested by the family. The test is done by placing each brand on a colour-coded dish, with the family members unaware of what brand they are testing. Food items are usually taken to a lab to run other tests on the product as well. The test family are used for most product checks, but for some products a group of students or experts in a particular industry may be used. The test family changes every year and is typically a nuclear family with mostly teenage children. The first and most well-recognized test family were the Coombs, who were the test family for three years.
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# Target (New Zealand TV series)
## Shame on you {#shame_on_you}
Introduced in the 2007 series, Brooke follows up on personal stories by consumers that have been ripped off, poorly dealt with or misled about a certain product. Some stories are not hard luck stories, but just stories that cover wider issues and interviewing experts or affected parties. The dodgy operator is named.
## What\'s Up With That? {#whats_up_with_that}
An occasional feature on the show. What\'s Up With That? looks at issues consumers may face. For example, one week a segment was covered on paying a fee for a cancelled appointment. Another example was retailers selling items marked as \'Not for Individual Sale\' individually.
## Seconds Anyone {#seconds_anyone}
Part of the 2008 series, each week Jeanette looked at buying a particular item second hand. An expert told consumers what to look for, how much to expect to pay and which brands were the best to choose from.
## Things That Hack You Off {#things_that_hack_you_off}
A segment in the 2006 series, it covered anything that most likely annoyed the consumer, from slow service or poor service to parking fines.
## Know Your Rights {#know_your_rights}
This was regular segment in all of the earlier seasons from 1999 to 2003. A role play was done with two actors who would get into a different situation each week and would then ask what their rights were in this situation. The screen would then cut to David Russell from the Consumers Institute, who would explain what the consumer\'s rights were in this situation. The role play would continue, and as various points were raised, again David would explain the consumer\'s rights.
In the early seasons of *Target*, the show partnered with the Consumer\'s Institute, offering discounted *Consumer* magazine subscriptions.
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# Target (New Zealand TV series)
## Controversies
### Broadcasting standards breaches {#broadcasting_standards_breaches}
In June 2008, *Target* was found to have breached broadcasting standards of privacy and fairness by covertly filming four caregivers in a private residence without their informed consent. The Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) upheld a complaint stating that the hidden camera footage---captured under deceptive circumstances and later broadcast---was an offensive intrusion into the caregivers\' reasonable expectation of privacy and seclusion. The Authority ruled that there was insufficient public interest to justify the breach, particularly as some caregivers had performed competently. TVWorks, the broadcaster, was ordered to broadcast a statement summarising the decision. The ruling clarified that hidden camera footage in private settings must meet strict thresholds of consent or public interest to comply with broadcasting standards.
Also in June 2008, the BSA upheld another complaint against *Target* for breaching accuracy standards in an August 2007 segment about formaldehyde levels in imported clothing. The episode compared "total" formaldehyde test results (including bound formaldehyde) with international safety limits that apply only to "free" formaldehyde---an invalid comparison that significantly exaggerated the risks. The programme also claimed, without credible sourcing, that exposure to 20 parts per million could cause cancer. The Authority ruled that the item misled and unnecessarily alarmed viewers, and ordered TVWorks to broadcast a corrective statement and pay \$4,000 to the Crown.
In May 2010, *Target* was found to have breached broadcasting standards following a June 2009 hidden camera investigation that falsely reported food contamination at Café Cézanne in Ponsonby, Auckland. The programme incorrectly stated that a chicken sandwich from the café tested positive for faecal coliforms, a serious health allegation. Despite being alerted to discrepancies before airing, the broadcaster, TVWorks, failed to verify the claim, and a subsequent on-air apology also inaccurately suggested the café could still have been the source. The BSA upheld complaints of inaccuracy and unfairness, ordered a public correction and apology across television, radio, and print, and imposed \$28,068.75 in legal costs to the complainants and \$10,000 in costs to the Crown
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# Rickman Godlee
**Sir Rickman John Godlee, 1st Baronet** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|KCVO}}`{=mediawiki} (15 February 1849 -- 18 April 1925) was an English surgeon. In 1884 he became one of the first doctors to surgically remove a brain tumor, founding modern brain surgery.
## Early life {#early_life}
Godlee was born in Upton, Essex, to a Quaker family, the second son of Rickman Godlee (1804--1871), a barrister at Middle Temple, and Mary Godlee (née Lister), daughter of Joseph Jackson Lister. He was thus a nephew of Joseph Lister --- whose biography he later wrote.
He was educated at a school in Tottenham and took his B.A. at University College, London before he began his medical education.
An expert draughtsman, and whilst still at University College, London, he was employed to make the original plates for Richard Quain\'s *Anatomy* --- which in 1920 he presented to the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
## Medical career {#medical_career}
He was admitted a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1872 and four years later was elected to the fellowship, having in the meantime won gold medal at both his Bachelor and Master of Surgery examinations at the University of London.
After periods as house surgeon and house physician at University College Hospital, London, he moved to Edinburgh to practise the new surgical techniques being developed there by his uncle, Joseph Lister. On his return to London, he was appointed assistant surgeon at Charing Cross Hospital and to a similar position at the North Eastern Hospital for Children. After a period as assistant surgeon at University College Hospital, he became surgeon at Brompton Hospital, London, where he made advances in surgery of the chest.
At the Epileptic Hospital, Regent\'s Park on 25 November 1884, he became the first to perform a surgical primary removal of a brain tumor after physician Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848-1901) had diagnosed the location using neurological findings alone.
In 1885 he was appointed surgeon at University College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Clinical Surgery there in 1892. He served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons from 1911 to 1913 and of the Royal Society of Medicine from 1916 to 1918.
He was appointed Surgeon to the Household of Queen Victoria and Surgeon Ordinary to Edward VII and to George V, created a baronet \'of Whitchurch in the County of Oxford\' on 6 July 1912 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 1914 New Year Honours.
## Family life {#family_life}
He married Juliet Mary Seebohm, a daughter of Frederic Seebohm, in 1891. After his retirement in 1920 they moved from London to Coombe End, Whitchurch-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, where he died at the age of 76 on 18 April 1925.
## A tribute in *The Times* {#a_tribute_in_the_times}
The author of his obituary in *The Times* wrote:
\"Rickman Godlee was a remarkable man. His Quaker upbringing and ancestry left their marks upon him. Scrupulously honest in thought and conscientious in detail, he took nothing for granted that he had not himself investigated. Quiet in manner, reserved in character, and rather sarcastic, he was apt to be under-estimated in early life by those who only knew him superficially. His sterling worth came to be recognised later, and he showed himself a firm but dignified and courteous ruler during his term of office as President of the Royal College of Surgeons. He was not only a good surgeon and a fine artist, but he was a linguist, a carpenter, a poet, a botanist, an ornithologist, and an oarsman, while his great knowledge of books made him an admirable honorary librarian at the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society of Medicine. ... Lister\'s Life could only have been written by Godlee, whose veneration for his uncle was unbounded. He alone knew the minute details of his life and practice, for as a young man he was usually left in charge of the patients on whom Lister had operated in private. With access to his papers and letters, and from personal recollections, he could remember the simple life led by members of the Society of Friends, which is so charming a feature of his *Life of Lord Lister*
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# Censorship in Belarus
**Censorship in Belarus**, although prohibited by the country\'s constitution, is enforced by a number of laws. These include a law that makes insulting the president punishable by up to five years in prison, and another that makes criticizing Belarus abroad punishable by up to two years in prison.
Freedom of the press in Belarus remains extremely restricted. State-owned media are subordinated to the president and harassment and censorship of independent media are routine. The government subjects both independent and foreign media to systematic political intimidation, especially for reporting on the deteriorating economy and human rights abuses. Journalists are harassed and detained for reporting on unauthorized demonstrations or working with unregistered media outlets. Journalists have been killed in suspicious circumstances. Most local independent outlets regularly practice self-censorship.
Reporters Without Borders ranked Belarus 154th out of 178 countries in its 2010 Press Freedom Index. In the 2011 Freedom House *Freedom of the Press report*, Belarus scored 92 on a scale from 10 (most free) to 99 (least free), because the Lukashenko regime systematically curtails press freedom. This score placed Belarus 9th from the bottom of the 196 countries included in the report and earned the country a \"Not Free\" status. In 2021, after a year-long purge on independent media by Lukashenko regime, the country dropped down to the 158th place in the PFI rating.
## Registration and state control on the media {#registration_and_state_control_on_the_media}
The Ministry of Information of Belarus was established in 2001 and serves as Belarus\' media regulator. Licensing and registration procedures are opaque and politicized. Since 2009 all media outlets, including websites, need to register or face blockage. Independent publications have been forced to use foreign-based internet domains. Outlets that \"threaten the state\'s interests\" can also be denied accreditation and shut down.
The government established in February 2009 a Public Coordination Council in the Sphere of Mass Information, aimed at the coordination of interaction of state management, public associations, and other organizations carrying out activities in the sphere of mass information; maintenance of correct application of the law on mass media and other legislation in the sphere of mass information; consideration of the questions as issues from applications to the law on mass media.
Since December 2014, websites can be blocked without a court order after two warnings within 12 months. Mass media status was expanded, and liability for contents was widened to include user comments.
A state commission was established in August 2014 to evaluate whether media outlets contain \"extremist\" materials, possible to a ban under a 2007 counter-extremism law.
During the 2020 Belarusian protests, the Belarusian edition of *Komsomolskaya Pravda* newspaper failed to print three editions, and *Narodnaja Volya* failed to print one newspaper edition (both newspapers had a contract with the government-controlled printing house). The Belarusian Association of Journalists said that the real cause was not technical troubles but an attempt to block information about the protests and violations of human rights. Two other independent newspapers (*Belgazeta* and *Svobodnye Novosti*) were also unable to print new editions in Belarus. New editions of *Komsomolskaya Pravda* and *Narodnaja Volya* were printed in Russia, but the state network of newsstands, \"Belsoyuzpechat\'\", refused to take them for sale. These newspapers also reported that the post service delayed the delivery by subscription.
In January 2021, *Brestskaya Gazeta* was forced to stop issuing printed newspapers. In July 2021, the *Nasha Niva* newspaper was forced to stop activity in Belarus after arrests of its editors. In July 2021, Maladziechna-based *Rehiyanalnaya hazieta* (*Рэгіянальная газета*, *Regional newspaper*) announced that it was forced to stop issuing printed newspapers after searches and interrogation of its employees. In June 2021, the national postal service Belposhta refused to distribute *Novy Chas* by subscription, and in August 2021, *Novy Chas* announced that it was forced to stop issuing printed newspapers due to the refusal of all companies to publish it.
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# Censorship in Belarus
## State control over broadcast media {#state_control_over_broadcast_media}
The state maintains a virtual monopoly on domestic broadcast media, only the state media broadcasts nationwide, and the content of smaller television and radio stations is tightly restricted. The government has banned most independent and opposition newspapers from being distributed by the state-owned postal and kiosk systems, forcing the papers to sell directly from their newsrooms and use volunteers to deliver copies, but authorities sometimes harass and arrest the private distributors.
The Russian media is allowed to transmit television programming, sell newspapers and conduct journalistic activities in Belarus (though some Russian journalists have been expelled by the Belarusian government), thus giving some members of the public, typically those in large cities with many Russian residents, access to an alternative point of view in the Russian language (nearly all Belarusians understand and most of them speak Russian). Several opposition media outlets broadcast from nearby countries to provide Belarusians alternative points of view. This includes the Belsat TV station and European Radio for Belarus (Eŭrapéjskaje Rádyjo dla Biełarúsi).
In 2014--2015, dozens of freelance journalists were fined for working with foreign media (including Belarusian-language media based in the EU) without official state accreditation from the Foreign Ministry, against Article 22.9(2) of the Belarusian Code on Administrative Offence. Journalists were fined several hundreds of euros for having published through foreign media, rather than based on the content of their work.`{{clarify|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Computer equipment was also seized. The journalists fined had published on Polish-based Belsat TV, Deutsche Welle. Procedural guarantees, including the hearing of witnesses in court, were reportedly not followed by Belarusian authorities, but appeals were rejected. The prosecution of freelancers was condemned by the Belarusian Association of Journalists, which deemed it a gross violation of the standards of freedom of expression, as well as by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and by the European Federation of Journalists (EFJ). Since April 2014, 38 freelance journalists have been fined €200-500, totalling over €8,000 - some of them being repeatedly prosecuted and fined.
In 2012, the Belarusan largest state network MTIS stopped broadcasting Euronews for unknown reasons. Euronews was the last independent TV channel available in Belarus.
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# Censorship in Belarus
## Charges, attacks and threats against journalists {#charges_attacks_and_threats_against_journalists}
### 2010s
In 2014 the media environment in Belarus remained extremely restrictive. More than 20 journalists were questioned, warned or fined in 2014 for \"illegal production and distribution of media products\". Many were targeted for contributing without accreditation to foreign-based media in Poland and Lithuania. Some foreign journalists were refused accreditation at the Ice Hockey World Championships. Some were turned back at the border, others were required to obtain a separate accreditation to cover non-sport-related issues.
Arbitrary detention, arrests and harassment of journalists are the norm in Belarus. Anti-extremism legislation targets independent journalism, including materials deemed contrary to the honour of the President of Belarus. Independent reporting is deterred by the threat of closure of media outlets.
Censorship in Belarus, although prohibited by the country\'s constitution, is enforced by a number of laws. These include a law that makes insulting the president punishable by up to five years in prison, and another that makes criticizing Belarus abroad punishable by up to two years in prison.
- The Belarusian journalist Andrzej Poczobut has been repeatedly charged with defamation against the President since 2011. In September 2013 the State Prosecutor dropped all charges for lack of evidence and released him from a 3-year suspended sentence.
- In May 2014 the wife of Babruysk-based blogger Aleh Zhalnou was prosecuted for alleged violence against a police officer. Their son was then sentenced to three years in a penal colony and a \$5,000 fine for violence against a traffic police officer. Zhalnou himself has faced over a dozen trials, was repeatedly summoned by the police, and had his professional equipment (cameras) confiscated several times.
- In November 2014 the journalist Alyaksandr Alesin of the independent newspaper *Belarys i rynok* was detained by the State Security Committee (KGB) and then charged with espionage and treason, after he had written about military issues concerning the Russo-Ukrainian War.
### 2020s {#s_1}
Several cases of obstruction of journalistic work by the government were reported before the 2020 presidential election. In Mahilioŭ, Deutsche Welle collaborating journalist Aliaksandr Burakoŭ was arrested on August 5. He was accused of disorderly conduct. Estonian ERR journalist Anton Alekseev reported that he was forced to stop making videos of paddy wagons in the centre of Minsk, being threatened by the possibility of arrest. Anton Trafimovich of Radio Liberty was arrested on July 15 while streaming online, and his nose was broken during the arrest; after quick release, he tried to testify damage, but was arrested again near the hospital. Several other journalists were arrested more than once during the electoral campaign. On July 20, it was estimated that over 40 journalists had been arrested in Belarus in the last two months.
During the 2020 Belarusian protests in August after the election, several independent journalists were arrested in different cities of Belarus. According to a statement by the Belarusian Association of Journalists, on August 10 the internal troops and other government forces deliberately shot rubber bullets at the independent journalists in Minsk (including Tut.by and *Nasha Niva*), who wore special well-visible jackets and had personal IDs. The *Nasha Niva* editor-in-chief (also wearing a jacket) disappeared during the night, but he managed to send a SOS-SMS to his wife, meaning that he was arrested. His fate was unknown as of 13:30 of local time, and the *Nasha Niva* site did not have an update for many hours after his presumed arrest. He was released on August 12. Several journalists, including foreigners, were slightly injured during the suppression of the protests. A rubber bullet hit the plastic ID of Getty Images\' photojournalist Michal Fridman. Several Russian journalists from both official media and Internet projects were arrested, but quickly released. On August 11, it was reported that the policemen and other government agents forcibly took away memory cards from many journalists covering protests in Minsk and Hrodna and forced them to delete photos or sometimes crushed their cameras (including Tut.by, *Nasha Niva* and the Associated Press). Journalists from the *onliner.by* web portal were arrested in Minsk, and their camera was crushed, but they were quickly released. The Russian service of the BBC reported that three of their journalists were beaten by the government forces and one of the accreditation IDs was taken away, but the journalists were not arrested. Russian journalist Nikita Telizhenko was heavily beaten in Belarusian jail: he was arrested in Minsk and sent to Zhodzina because of overcrowding of jails in Minsk; in Zhodzina he was beaten on the kidneys, legs and neck, but he was soon released at the request of the Russian embassy. On August 12, Belsat journalist Jauhien Merkis was arrested in Homiel while covering the protests. Despite the fact that he was there as a journalist, the next day the local court sentenced him to 15 days in jail for \"participation in an unauthorized mass event\". He was soon freed, but on 21 August was arrested again and given 5 days in jail. Arrested Russian journalist Artyom Vazhenkov was reported to be accused of mass rioting, with a sentence of up to 15 years of prison in Belarus. A journalist from the *hrodna.life* web portal, Ruslan Kulevich from Hrodna, arrested on August 11, was released on August 14 with fractures of both hands. Belsat journalist Stanislau Ivashkevich, arrested on August 9 in Minsk while covering the election process, claimed that he was forced to go between the lines of some government troopers who beat everyone with heavy police batons. Belsat journalists Dzmitry Kazakevich and Vyachaslau Lazaraŭ, and independent journalist Ihar Matsveeŭ, were arrested in Viciebsk on August 9 while covering the protests. Kazakevich was sentenced to 10 days in jail; Lazaraŭ (operator) was released in 8 hours, but all the videos he made were deleted; Matsveeŭ awaited trial as of August 12. Radio Liberty (*Svaboda*) journalist Vital\' Cyhankoŭ (be) was arrested with his wife in Minsk on August 12; his wife claimed she was threatened with a pistol. A Russian journalist from *meduza.io*, Maksim Solopov, was beaten and arrested in Minsk on August 9/10, his fate was unknown for nearly two days, but he was released at the request of the Russian embassy. The union of journalists of Russia condemned the use of violence against journalists as unlawful. In Babruysk, a journalist from \"*Babruyski kur\'yer*\", Andrey Shobin, was fined for \"violation of procedure of holding mass events\". In Brest, two journalists, Stanislaŭ Korshunaŭ from Tut.by and Siarhei Nikrashevich from *Brestskaya Gazeta*, were arrested. Another journalist (Yauhen Nikalayevich of *media-polesye.by*) was arrested in Pinsk. `{{external media
| float =
| width =
| image1 = [https://baj.by/sites/default/files/event/text-images/2020/photo_2020-08-27_18-11-44.jpg Detention of journalists (Minsk, 27 August)]
}}`{=mediawiki} On 27 August, about 50 journalists were taken to the local police department when the anti-Lukashenko protest rally started. They were detained for several hours and their documents and smartphones were checked. Four journalists refused to give access to their mobile devices, and were charged with \"participation in an unauthorized mass event\". Swedish photojournalist Paul Hansen was deported from Belarus and banned from Belarus for five years. The Belarusian Association of Journalists demanded that this case was investigated, claiming that the article 198 of the Criminal Code (\"Obstruction of the legitimate professional activities of a journalist\") should be applied. On 29 August, the accreditation of several foreign journalists was revoked; they worked for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Associated Press, Reuters, BBC, ARD, Radio France Internationale, Deutsche Welle and Current Time TV.
On 1 September, six journalists from Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper, Tut.by web portal and BelaPAN news agency who covered the protest rally of students in Minsk were detained, initially to check their documents. Later they were charged with \"participation in an unauthorized mass event\". It was reported that they wore well-visible jackets and had personal IDs. They were also charged with coordination of the protests.
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# Censorship in Belarus
## Charges, attacks and threats against journalists {#charges_attacks_and_threats_against_journalists}
### 2020s {#s_1}
On 18 February 2021, two Belarusian journalists from Polish-based Belsat TV, Katsyaryna Andreeva and Darya Chultsova were sentenced to two years of prison for live coverage of mass protests.
In May 2021, Reporters Without Borders estimated that more than fifty independent journalists had been forced into exile since the 2020 election and twelve had been imprisoned.
In May 2021, news site Tut.by, which was read by circa 40% of internet users in Belarus, was blocked and several of its journalists were detained. In July 2021, the *Nasha Niva* news site was blocked and the editors were detained. The editorial office of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Minsk was searched with doors being broken, and the homes of several of its journalists were also searched. Coverage of these attacks on independent media by state-run TV channels is considered to be an attempt to intimidate people. According to Current Time TV, state-run media made false accusations about the activities of journalists and invented evidences of their guilt without any trial. Amnesty International condemned the attack on NGOs by Belarusian authorities.
On June 29, 2021, the website of the independent media outlet Belarusian Investigative Center was blocked. In October 2022, according to the Minsk city prosecutor\'s office, information products of the Belarusian Investigative Center, as well as logos containing the abbreviation \"BIC\" and the words \"Belarusian Investigative Center\" were recognized as \"extremist materials\".
In July 2021, registrations of the Belarusian Association of Journalists, the Press Club Belarus and the Belarusian branch of PEN International were revoked as a part of an attack on NGOs.
On 13 August 2021, all content of Tut.by and a new project of its journalists, Zerkalo.io, was declared extremist by the Central district court of Minsk.
As of September 9, 2021, chief editors of the Belarusian biggest independent media are detained and face criminal charges: Marina Zolotova (Tut.by), Irina Levshina (BelaPAN) and Jahor Marcinovič (*Nasha Niva*).
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# Censorship in Belarus
## Charges, attacks and threats against journalists {#charges_attacks_and_threats_against_journalists}
### Journalists killed {#journalists_killed}
- Alexander Chulanov, sports correspondent for the National State Television, was found dead (having been hit with a blunt object) in his apartment in Minsk on March 1, 1994.
- Dzmitry Zavadski, a cameraman for ORT, disappeared on July 7, 2000. The last time he was seen was at the Minsk National Airport. On March 14, 2002, Valery Ignatovich and Maxim Malik, former members of a special police unit, were convicted and sentenced to life in prison for his abduction. His family claimed that real responsibility lay with the government (the same claim was made by two former employees of the Prosecutor General\'s Office and was validated by the United States Department of State) and that they were just scapegoats. He was declared dead on November 28, 2003.
- Mykhailo Kolomyets, founder of the Ukrainian News Agency was found hanged near Maladzyechna on October 30, 2002.
- Veronika Cherkasova, a reporter for *Solidarnost*, was stabbed to death in her apartment in Minsk on October 20, 2004.
- Vasily Grodnikov, a journalist working for *Narodnaja Volya*, was found dead with a head wound in his apartment in Minsk on October 17, 2005.
- Aleh Byabenin, founder of Charter 97, was found hanged on September 3, 2010, in an area outside Minsk. While authorities claimed it was a suicide, the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) considered it reasonably certain that he was murdered in direct reprisal for his journalistic work.
## Self-censorship {#self_censorship}
The Ministry of Information gave warning to 34 media outlets in 2015 alone. Since an outlet receiving two warnings in a year can be closed, the Belarusian Association of Journalists sees this as a way to encourage self-censorship.
The enormous amount of the defamation fines and payments to officials that can be inflicted by courts also encourages self-censorship.
In 2010 the President issued decree #60 which \"provides for registration of all Internet resources, creation of black lists of the web-sites access to which should be blocked, and a number of other restrictive measure\". Even if not all of these are used, after that \"some popular Internet-media became more cautious and softened their criticism of the government\".
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# Censorship in Belarus
## Internet censorship {#internet_censorship}
In 2006, 2007, and 2008 Reporters Without Borders (RWB) listed Belarus as an \"Internet enemy\". In 2009 Belarus moved to RWB\'s countries \"under surveillance\" list where it remained in 2010 and 2011. In 2012 Belarus was moved back to the RWB list of Internet Enemies.
The OpenNet Initiative classified Internet filtering in Belarus as selective in the political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas in November 2010.
The Belarus government has moved to second- and third-generation controls to manage its national information space. Control over the Internet is centralized with the government-owned Beltelecom managing the country\'s Internet gateway. Regulation is heavy with strong state involvement in the telecommunications and media market. Most users who post online media practice a degree of self-censorship prompted by fears of regulatory prosecution. The president has established a strong and elaborate information security policy and has declared his intention to exercise strict control over the Internet under the pretext of national security. The political climate is repressive and opposition leaders and independent journalists are frequently detained and prosecuted.
A new media law that took effect in February 2009 requires domestic and international websites to register with the Information Ministry or be blocked. In August 2010, the Prosecutor General\'s Office announced its intention to toughen criminal penalties for the dissemination of slanderous information through the Internet. Since 2007, Internet cafe owners have been required to keep records of their customers' identities and the websites they visit, facilitating inspection by the security services.
On January 6, 2012, a law took effect requiring that all commercial websites selling goods or services to Belarusian citizens to be operated from within the country and under a .by domain name. Moreover, those who provide internet access (including ISPs and Wi-Fi hotspot operators) must register all users, and they must also censor websites on a blacklist covering pornography and other extremist websites.
Bloggers and online journalism used to be almost free, although limited to a very narrow audience; the government has started censoring the web too, since internet penetration has started growing.
In March 2014 Beltelecom blocked the *Nasha Niva* newspaper website -- possibly as a test for the upcoming 2015 presidential elections.
On August 8, 2020, the Internet site *afn.by* (Agency of Financial News) was blocked by the Ministry of Information for unknown reasons.
On August 9, 2020, during the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and later, protests against Lukashenko-reelection, the Internet in Belarus was partially blocked. According to the government officials, the reason was heavy DDoS-attack, but the independent IT specialists claimed that Belarusian state Internet monopoly Beltelecom and affiliated state agencies deliberately used deep packet inspection (DPI) technology or traffic shaping.
On 21 August, 72 or 73 web sites were blocked in Belarus, including several independent news portals (Radio Liberty/Free Europe in Belarus, *svaboda.org*, *by.tribuna.com* sport news, *euroradio.fm*, *belsat.eu*, *gazetaby.com*, *the-village.me/news* and others), electoral sites of Tsepkalo and Babaryko, \"Golos\" and \"Zubr\" platforms, *spring96.org* human rights portal, several VPN services. Euroradio.fm was ranked 118th most popular site in Belarus, svaboda.org --- 133rd, gazetaby.com --- 148th, belsat.eu --- 158th, tribuna.com --- 167th, udf.by --- 318th.
On 28 August, the *Nasha Niva* and *naviny.by* news web sites were blocked in Belarus.
On 18 May 2021, the most popular independent news site Tut.by was *de facto* closed by the government: its Internet domain was blocked, the servers were shut off, the main office was sealed. Tut.by management was accused of tax evasion and 15 employees were detained including journalists unrelated to financial issues of the company. On October 28, 2021, all 32 languages versions of Deutsche Welle websites have been blocked in Belarus.
### Attacks on Wikipedians {#attacks_on_wikipedians}
On 11 March 2022, GUBOPiK, the Belarusian *Main Directorate for Combatting Organized Crime and Corruption*, detained Wikipedia editor Mark Bernstein in Minsk. Pro-government Telegram channels published a video recording of Bernstein\'s detention and accused him of spreading fake \"anti-Russian\" information in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on *Wikipedia*.
On 7 April 2022, a local court in Brest sentenced active Wikipedia user Pavel Pernikaŭ to 2 years of prison for 3 edits in Wikipedia about censorship of Belarus and deaths during 2020 protests: 2 edits in Russian and 1 edit in Belarusian (Taraškievica). He was found guilty of \"committing acts that discredit the Republic of Belarus\" (article 369-1 of the Criminal Code of Belarus).
## Cyber-attacks {#cyber_attacks}
DDoS cyberattacks were reported, in the run-up to the 2015 Presidential election, to the websites of the websites of BelaPAN news agency (Belapan.com and Naviny.by) and web portal Tut.by, after they published a critical article about students ordered to attend official events. The Belarusian Association of Journalists expressed concern.
- In July 2014 the EuroBelarus website reported a cyberattack, possibly related to its coverage of the war in Ukraine.
- On 19 December 2014 several Belarusian websites were blocked, including Belapan.by, Naviny.by, Belaruspartisan.org, Charter97.org, Gazetaby.com, Zautra.by, UDF.by. The block extended within 2015.
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# Censorship in Belarus
## Music censorship {#music_censorship}
In the past few years, many Belarusian musicians and rock bands have been unofficially banned from radio and television, have had their concert licenses revoked, and have had their interviews censored in the media. Researchers Maya Medich and Lemez Lovas reported in 2006 that \"independent music-making in Belarus today is an increasingly difficult and risky enterprise\", and that the Belarusian government \"puts pressure on 'unofficial' musicians - including 'banning' from official media and imposing severe restrictions on live performance.\"
Belarus government policies tend to divide Belarusian musicians into pro-government \"official\" and pro-democracy \"unofficial\" camps. Economic barriers have been placed against various artists, leading to self-censorship
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# Aretalogy
An **aretalogy** (*Αρεταλογία*), from ἀρετή (aretḗ, "virtue") + -logy,or aretology (from ancient Greek aretê, \"excellence, virtue\") in the strictest sense is a narrative about a divine figure\'s miraculous deeds where a deity\'s attributes are listed, in the form of poem or text, in the first person. The equivalent term in Sanskrit is *ātmastuti*. There is no evidence that these narratives constituted a clearly defined genre but there exists a body of literature that contained praise for divine miracles. These literary works were usually associated with eastern cults.
## Usage
Often each line starts with the standard \"I am ...\". Usually, aretalogies are self praising. They are found in the sacred texts of later Egypt, Mesopotamia and in Greco-Roman times. Aretalogies of Isis would be recited every day by an aretalogist who would have to memorise a huge list of attributes which they would have to recite (Priests and priestesses of Isis had equal rank in the temple). The aretalogies of ancient Egypt provide some the most complete information extant about their deities. Aretalogies are found as early as the Coffin Texts. In a Ptolemaic aretalogy, Isis says about herself: `{{blockquote|<poem>
I am Isis, ruler of every land.
I was taught by Hermes (Thoth) and with Hermes devised letters, both hieroglyphic and demotic, that all might not be written with the same.
I gave laws to mankind and ordained what no one can change.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara S. Lesko|title=''The Great Goddesses of Egypt''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb3F7roWPvsC&q=%22I+am+Isis%2C+ruler+of+every+land%22&pg=PA196|publisher=(Univ. of Oklahoma)|pages=196|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8061-3202-0}}</ref>
</poem>}}`{=mediawiki}
In the Greco-Roman world, aretologies represent a religious branch of rhetoric and are a prose development of the hymn as praise poetry. Asclepius, Isis, and Serapis are among the deities with surviving aretologies in the form of inscriptions and papyri. The earliest records of divine acts emerged from cultic hymns for these deities, were inscribed in stones, and displayed in temples. The Greek *aretologos* (ἀρετολόγος, \"virtue-speaker\") was a temple official who recounted aretologies and may have also interpreted dreams.
By extension, an aretology is also a \"catalogue of virtues\" belonging to a person; for example, Cicero\'s list and description of the virtues of Pompeius Magnus (\"Pompey the Great\") in the speech *Pro Lege Manilia*. Aretology became part of the Christian rhetorical tradition of hagiography.
In an even more expanded sense, aretology is moral philosophy which deals with virtue, its nature, and the means of arriving at it. It is the title of an ethical tract by Robert Boyle published in the 1640s. Other scholars also consider literature that involve the praise of wisdom as aretology
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# Luděk Navara
**Luděk Navara** (born 26 April 1964) is a Czech non-fictional author, publicist and historian.
## Biography
Navara was born on born 26 April 1964 in Brno. He graduated at Faculty of Civil Engineering of Brno University of Technology and later in history at Faculty of Philosophy of Masaryk University. Since 1995, he has been editor by newspaper MF Dnes. He cooperates also with Czech Television in Brno. His predominant coverage of history and journalism are crimes of Communism and Nazism, and expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia. In 2009, together with Miroslav Kasáček, he founded the Civic Association Memory, which maps communist totalitarianism in the Czech Republic, especially in the South Moravian Region. The civic association Paměť initiated the establishment of the Freedom Trail and the Iron Curtain Gate to Freedom Memorial near Mikulov
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# Ernst Biberstein
**Ernst Emil Heinrich Biberstein** (or Bieberstein) (15 February 1899 -- 8 December 1986) was an SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel), member of the SD and commanding officer of Einsatzkommando 6. He was born **Ernst Schzymanowski** or Szymanowski.
## Early life {#early_life}
Ernst Biberstein was born **Ernst Szymanowski** in Hilchenbach, Province of Westphalia. His early education was at Mülheim. He was a private in World War I from March 1917 to 1919. Upon discharge, he studied theology from March 1919 through 1921 and became a Protestant pastor on 28 December 1924. In 1935 he entered the `{{Interlanguage link multi|Reichskirchenministerium|de|3=Reichsministerium für die Kirchlichen Angelegenheiten}}`{=mediawiki} and was later transferred to the Reichssicherheitshauptamt.
## Nazism
Biberstein joined the Nazi Party in 1926 and the SS on 13 September 1936 (membership number 272692). From March through October 1940 he was again a soldier. On 1 June 1941, Biberstein became head of the Gestapo office in Opole. There, he was complicit in the deportations of Jews. The same year, he changed his surname from Szymanowski to the supposedly original name, Biberstein. After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, he was assigned command of Einsatzkommando 6 in June 1942.`{{Better source needed|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## Nuremberg and later life {#nuremberg_and_later_life}
Biberstein was a defendant at the Einsatzgruppen Trial during the Nuremberg Trials. His trial began in September 1947 and ended on 9 April 1948. At his arraignment, along with all other defendants, he pleaded not guilty on all charges. Einsatzkommando 6 was charged with having executed some two to three thousand people. It was brought to light that at Rostow, Biberstein had personally supervised the execution of some 50 to 60 people. The victims were stripped of valuable articles (and partially of clothes), gassed, and left in a mass grave. He was also present at executions where victims were made to kneel at the edge of a pit and killed with a submachine gun.
Biberstein was ultimately found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. His sentence was reviewed by the \"Peck Panel\", and later commuted to life imprisonment in 1951. Biberstein was denied parole several times. In 1958, the Federal Foreign Office filed parole applications on the behalf of all four inmates still serving time in Landsberg Prison. Biberstein was denied parole, but the board unanimously voted for his life sentence and that of the other three to be commuted to time served. The commutations became official on 6 May 1958, and Biberstein was released three days later. He temporarily returned to the clergy, and died in 1986 in Neumünster.
## In media {#in_media}
Biberstein was portrayed in the 1978 NBC Holocaust television miniseries by Edward Hardwicke
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# Francis Fitzherbert, 15th Baron Stafford
**Francis Melfort William Fitzherbert, 15th Baron Stafford** DL (born 13 March 1954) is an English politician, educator and landowner, who had a seat in the House of Lords from 1986 until the reform of the House of Lords which took effect in 2000. He serves as the Chancellor of Staffordshire University and in a number of other roles.
## Biography
Stafford belongs to the Roman Catholic landed gentry family of Fitzherbert, whose most famous member was Maria Fitzherbert, the first (unrecognised) wife of King George IV. He was educated at Farleigh School, Ampleforth College, the University of Reading and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.
Stafford is the eldest son of Basil Fitzherbert, 14th Baron Stafford, by his marriage to Morag Nada Campbell. On his father\'s death in 1986 he inherited the Barony of Stafford and the Swynnerton Park estate near Stone, Staffordshire. He lost his seat in the House of Lords under the House of Lords Act 1999. He was a director of Tarmac Industrial Products and has been a non-executive director of the Mid-Staffordshire Mental Health Foundation and a Governor of Harper Adams University since 1990. In 1993, he was Pro-Chancellor of Keele University. He was the High Sheriff of Staffordshire for 2005, making him the first peer to serve as a High Sheriff since 1371: while English peers all sat in the House of Lords they could not also serve the Crown as a High Sheriff.
He now serves as the Chancellor of Staffordshire University and has been a Deputy Lieutenant for the same county since 1993.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Stafford married Katherine Mary Codrington on 28 June 1980. They have two sons and two daughters:
- Hon Benjamin John Basil Fitzherbert (born 8 November 1983), heir apparent to the barony. He married Georgina Hewlett, a granddaughter of Thomas Clyde Hewlett, Baron Hewlett, on 10 December 2011.
- Hon Toby Francis Fitzherbert (born 27 March 1985)
- Hon Teresa Emily Fitzherbert (born 15 June 1987), married Andrew J. Byrne on 30 May 2015.
- Hon Camilla Rose Jane Fitzherbert (born 19 December 1989), engaged in 2018 to Harry M. M. Taylor
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# David Asscherick
**David Asscherick** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|ʃ|ə|r|ɪ|k}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Respell|ASH|ə|rik}}`{=mediawiki}) is a speaker/director for Light Bearers Ministry and has been featured on 3ABN and Hope Channel. He is also the former pastor of the Troy Seventh-day Adventist Church in Troy, Michigan and Kingscliff Seventh-day Adventist church in Chinderah, New South Wales, Australia (2014-2020).
A former punk rocker, David became a Seventh-day Adventist Christian at the age of 23 and went on to become a pastor, co-founder of ARISE and author of God in Pain
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# Percy Cox (cricketer)
**Percy Ince Cox** (16 September 1878 at the Foster Hall Plantation, Saint Joseph, Barbados -- 1918 at Princes Town, Trinidad) was a West Indian cricketer. He toured with the first West Indian side to England in 1900 aged 21.
He made his debut in important matches playing for Barbados as an 18-year-old against Priestley\'s side and Lord Hawke\'s team in 1896-97.
In the 1899-1900 Inter-Colonial Tournament final he scored 70 and 6-39 in the match. Despite this he was originally only selected as a reserve for the 1900 team but gained his place when others dropped out. He was described before the tour as \"Twenty-one years of age. Steady bat, fair field, and fair change bowler; member of the Wanderers\". He was one of the successes of the tour being 3rd in the batting averages and also took useful wickets. He had useful scores in each of the first three matches against strong opposition. Later in the tour he scored 142 against Surrey and then 5-44 against Liverpool and District. Wisden reported that \"Cox bowled well against Derbyshire and Liverpool and District, and was more than once useful as a change. He should develop into a fine all-round cricketer in course of time\" and \"Cox especially should develop into a really fine batsman, as he is quite young the experience he gained on the tour must in the future be of immense assistance to him\".
In 1901 he moved to Trinidad playing for them in the 1900-01 Tournament and then played for the combined West Indies against Bennett\'s side in 1901-02. He played in all 4 matches against a weak Jamaica side in 1905-06 but had no success and was not selected for the 1906 tour to England.
His elder brothers Hampden and Allan also played for Barbados
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# ¡Viva! Vaughan
***¡Viva! Vaughan*** is a 1965 studio album by Sarah Vaughan, orchestrated and conducted by Frank Foster, and produced by Quincy Jones.
## Reception
The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden awarded *¡Viva! Vaughan* three and a half stars and said \"Vaughan is in great voice throughout the date and the material is generally first-rate, except for the bland \"Night Song\"\...Unfortunately, the bossa nova selections (\"The Boy From Ipanema\" and \"Quiet Nights\") are burdened with pedestrian string arrangements that date the music as much as the generally uninspired Latin percussion. It\'s likely that this lack of focus confused the record-buying public as to what type of music this was and caused it to be overlooked
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# Frans Van Cauwelaert
**Frans Van Cauwelaert** (10 January 1880 -- 17 May 1961), was a Belgian Roman Catholic politician and lawyer.
Van Cauwelaert was born at Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Lombeek. He was a member of the Flemish movement, Professor of psychology at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven), mayor of Antwerp (1921--1932), and co-founder of the daily journal *De Standaard*.
He fought for using Dutch at the University of Ghent, together with the Socialist Camille Huysmans and the liberal Louis Franck. In 1911 they proposed a bill to the Belgian parliament, which originated from Lodewijk De Raet for the usage of Dutch at the University of Ghent instead of French.
Frans Van Cauwelaert was a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives from 1910 until his death in 1961. He was appointed Minister of State in 1931. In the government led by Charles de Broqueville, Van Cauwelaert was minister for Commerce, Middle Class and Foreign Trade (January--June 1934) and Minister of Agriculture and Economical Affairs (June--November 1934). Van Cauwelaert then served in the government led by Georges Theunis as the minister of Agriculture and the Middle class and as minister of Public Works (November 1934 -- January 1935), until he resigned due to a financial scandal. From 1939 to 1954, he served as President of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. During the Second World War Van Cauwelaert mainly lived in New York . He carried out assignments for the Belgian government in exile in South America and in England . In New York, Van Cauwelaert also thought about post-war European unification and corresponded about it with prominent European thinkers such as Robert Schuman and Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi . In his letters, Van Cauwelaert opposed unbridled European unification, with a full place for Germany. In his view, a unified Europe should keep Germany out and focus primarily on the transatlantic allies England and especially the United States . This anti-German attitude is not surprising, since Van Cauwelaert already had to flee from the German aggression against Belgium during the First World War. He then wrote in full wartime with the enemy image of Nazi Germany in mind. Van Cauwelaert judged that only a united Europe could restrain warlike Germany, but that Germany itself should not be part of that political union.
He died in Antwerp.
His youngest son Jan became a Catholic bishop and died aged 102 as one of the oldest bishops in the Church
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# Smart transducer
A **smart transducer** is an analog or digital transducer, actuator, or sensor combined with a processing unit and a communication interface.
As sensors and actuators become more complex, they provide support for various modes of operation and interfacing. Some applications require additionally fault-tolerant and distributed computing. Such functionality can be achieved by adding an embedded microcontroller to the classical sensor/actuator, which increases the ability to cope with complexity at a fair price. Typically, these on-board technologies in smart sensors are used for digital processing, either frequency-to-code or analog-to-digital conversations, interfacing functions and calculations. Interfacing functions include decision-making tools like self-adaption, self-diagnostics, and self-identification functions, but also the ability to control how long and when the sensor will be fully awake, to minimize power consumption and to decide when to dump and store data.
They are often made using CMOS, VLSI technology and may contain MEMS devices leading to lower cost. They may provide full digital outputs for easier interface or they may provide quasi-digital outputs like pulse-width modulation. In the machine vision field, a single compact unit that combines the imaging functions and the complete image processing functions is often called a smart sensor.
Smart sensors are a crucial element in the phenomenon Internet of Things (IoT). Within such a network, multiple physical vehicles and devices are embedded with sensors, software and electronics. Data will be collected and shared for better integration between digital environments and the physical world. The connectivity between sensors is an important requirement for an IoT innovation to perform well. Interoperability can therefore be seen as an consequence of connectivity. The sensors work and complement each other.
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# Smart transducer
## Improvement over traditional sensors {#improvement_over_traditional_sensors}
The key features of smart sensors as part of the IoT that differentiate them from traditional sensors are:
- Small size
- Self-validation and self-identification
- Low power requirements
- Self-diagnosis
- Self-calibration
- Connection to the Internet and other devices
The traditional sensor collects information about an object or a situation and translates it into an electrical signal. It gives feedback of the physical environment, process, or substance in a measurable way, and signals or indicates when change in this environment occurs. Traditional sensors in a network of sensors can be divided in three parts: one, the sensors; two, a centralized interface where the data is collected and processed; and three, an infrastructure that connects the network, like plugs, sockets and wires.
A network of smart sensors can be divided in two parts; (1) the sensors, and (2) a centralized interface. The fundamental difference with traditional sensors, is that the microprocessors embedded in the smart sensors already process the data. Therefore, less data has to be transmitted and the data can immediately be used and accessed on different devices. The switch to smart sensors entails that the tight coupling between transmission and processing technologies is removed.
### Digital traces {#digital_traces}
Within a digital environment, actions or activities leave a digital trace. Smart sensors measure these activities in the physical environment and translate this into a digital environment. Therefore, every step within the process becomes digitally traceable. Whenever a mistake is made somewhere in a production process, this can be tracked down using these digital traces. As a result, it will be easier to track down inefficiencies within a production process and simplify process innovations, because one can easier analyze what part of the production process is inefficient. Due to the fact that all the information is digitized, the company is exposed to cyber attacks. To protect itself from these information breaches, ensuring a secure platform is crucial.
### Layered modular architecture of digital sensors {#layered_modular_architecture_of_digital_sensors}
The term layered modular architecture is a combination between the modular architecture of the physical components of a product with the layered architecture of the digital system. There is a contents layer, a service layer, a network layer ((1) logical transmission, (2) physical transport), and a device layer ((1) logical capability, (2) physical machinery). Starting at the device layer, the smart sensor itself is the physical machinery, measuring its physical environment. The logical capacity refers to operating systems, which can be Windows, MacOS or another operating system that is used to run the platform on. At the network layer, the logical transmission can consist of various transmission methods; Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, Zigbee and RFID. For smart sensors, physical transport is not necessary, since smart sensors are usually wireless. Yet charging wires and sockets are still commonly used. The service layer is about the service that is provided by the smart sensor. The sensors are able to process the data themselves. Therefore, there is not one specific service of the sensors because they process multiple things simultaneously. They can for example signal that certain assets need to be repaired. The content layer would be the centralised platforms, that are created and used to gain insights and create value.
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# Smart transducer
## Usage across industries {#usage_across_industries}
### Insurance
Traditionally, insurance companies tried to assess the risk of their clients by looking over their application form, trust their answers and then simply cover it with a monthly premium. However, due to asymmetric information, it was difficult to accurately determine risk of a certain client. The introduction of smart sensors in the insurance industry is disrupting the traditional practice in multiple ways. Smart sensors generate a large amount of (big) data and affects the business models of insurance companies as follows.
Smart sensors in client's homes or in wearables help insurance companies to get much more detailed information. Wearables can for example monitor heart-related metrics, location-based systems like security technologies, or smart thermostats can generate important data of your house. They can use this information to improve risk assessment and risk management, reduce asymmetric information, and ultimately reduce costs.
Additionally, if clients agree upon providing this data of sensors in their homes, they can even get a discount on their premium. This approach of trading information in return for special deals is called bartering and it is one form of data monetization. Data monetization is the act of exchanging information-based products and services for legal tender or something of perceived equivalent value. In other words, data monetization is exploiting opportunities to generate new revenues. Another form of data monetization, which insurers regularly use nowadays, is selling data to third parties.
### Manufacturing
One of the recent trends in manufacturing is the revolution of Industry 4.0, in which data exchanging and automation play a crucial role. Traditionally, machines were already able to automate certain small tasks (e.g. open/close valves). Automation in smart factories go beyond these easy tasks. It increasingly includes complex optimization decisions that humans typically make. For machines to be able to make human decisions, it is imperative to get detailed information, and that's were smart sensors come in.
For manufacturing, efficiency is one of the most important aspects. Smart sensors pull data from assets to which they are connected and process the data continuously. They can provide detailed real-time information about the plant and process and reveal performance issues. If this is just a small performance issue, the smart factory can even solve the problem itself. Smart sensors can predict defects as well, so rather than fixing a problem afterwards, maintenance workers can prevent it. This all leads to outstanding asset efficiency and reduces downtime, which is the enemy of every production process.
Smart sensors can also be applied beyond the factory. For example sensors on objects like vehicles or shipping containers can give detailed information about delivery status. This affects both manufacturing and the whole supply chain.
### Automotive
The last couple of years, the automotive industry has been challenging their 'old' ecosystems. Several new technologies like smart sensors play a crucial role in this process. Nowadays, these sensors only enable some small autonomous features like automatic parking services, obstacle detection and emergency braking, which improves security. Although a lot of companies are focused on technologies that improve cars and work towards automation, complete disruption of the industry has not yet been reached. Yet, experts expect that autonomous cars without any human interference will dominate the roads in 10 years.
Smart sensors generate data of the car and their surroundings, connect them into a car network, and translate this into valuable information which allows the car to see and interpret the world. Basically, the sensor works as follows. It has to pull physical and environmental data, use that information for calculations, analyze the outcomes and translate it into action. Sensors in other cars have to be connected into the car network and communicate with each other.
However, smart sensors in the automotive industry can also be used in a more sustaining way. Car manufacturers place smart sensors in different parts of the car, which collects and shares information. Drivers and manufacturers can use this information to transform from scheduled to predictive maintenance. Established firms have a strong focus on these sustaining innovations, but the risk is that they do not see new entrants coming and have difficulties to adapt. Therefore, making a distinction between a disruptive and sustaining innovation is important and brings different implications to managers
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# Roy Hamilton
**Roy Hamilton** (April 16, 1929 -- July 20, 1969) was an American singer. By combining semi-classical technique with traditional black gospel feeling, he brought soul to Great American Songbook singing.
Hamilton\'s greatest commercial success came from 1954 through 1961, when he was Epic Records\' most prolific artist. His two most influential recordings, \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\" and \"Unchained Melody\", became Epic\'s first two number-one hits when they topped the Billboard R&B chart in March 1954 and May 1955, respectively. Hamilton became the first solo artist in the label\'s history to have a US top-ten pop hit when \"Unchained Melody\" peaked at No. 6 in May 1955.
## Early life {#early_life}
Roy Hamilton was born Leesburg, Georgia, to Evelyn and Albert Hamilton, where he began singing in church choirs at the age of six. In the summer of 1943, when Hamilton was fourteen, the family migrated north to Jersey City, New Jersey in search of a better life. There, he sang with the Central Baptist Church Choir, New Jersey\'s most famous African American church choir. At Lincoln High School, he studied commercial art and was gifted enough to place his paintings with a number of New York City galleries.
In February 1947, seventeen-year-old Hamilton took his first big step into secular music, winning a talent contest at the Apollo Theater. But nothing came of it. \"I couldn\'t get a break,\" Hamilton recalled. \"I really had nothing different to offer. They were seeking blues singers at the time, and I didn\'t know any blues at all.\" So, to support himself while he developed the different sound and singing style he wanted, Hamilton worked as an electronics technician during the day, and an amateur heavyweight boxer at night, with a record of six wins and one defeat.
In 1948, Hamilton joined the Searchlight Gospel Singers and also studied light opera, working with New Jersey voice coach J. Martin Rolls for more than a year. Hamilton continued to perform gospel with the Searchlight Singers, in churches and at gospel concerts, until 1953 when the group broke up and each member went off in his own direction. Hamilton headed back into pop music. But this time, he felt he finally had something different to offer.
In 1948, when Hamilton was 19, he married Corene Hamilton, with whom he had five children, Rodothas Jr., Allan, Carolyn, Charnette, and Tyrone. They divorced in 1960. Hamilton later married Myrna Hamilton, with whom he had 2 sons, Roy Hamilton Jr. and Ray Hamilton. Both sons are actively involved in the music and entertainment industry.
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# Roy Hamilton
## Music career {#music_career}
### Epic beginning and career rise (1953--1956) {#epic_beginning_and_career_rise_19531956}
In mid-1953, Hamilton was discovered singing in a Newark, New Jersey night club, The Caravan, by Bill Cook, who became his manager. Cook was the first African American radio disc jockey and television personality on the East Coast. Cook made a demo tape of Hamilton\'s singing and brought it to the attention of Columbia Records. Columbia was impressed enough to sign Hamilton to their rhythm and blues subsidiary, Okeh Records. On November 11, 1953, Hamilton made his first recordings for the label in New York City. The session produced Rodgers and Hammerstein\'s \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\" from the musical *Carousel*. The tune, one of the few secular numbers that Hamilton knew at the time, had been his live-performance specialty since 1947. But before it was released, Columbia had second thoughts and placed Hamilton with their newly-launched \"pop\" subsidiary label Epic. In the early 1950s, there were only two black male singers who were widely accepted by white audiences as mainstream pop stars: Nat King Cole and Billy Eckstine. Epic saw that same kind of \"crossover\" star potential in Hamilton, placing a nearly full-page ad in the January 23, 1954 edition of Billboard magazine which read, \"a great new voice makes news with a great song! Roy Hamilton, You'll Never Walk Alone...\" In spite of poor musical backing, Hamilton\'s performance on \"Walk Alone\" is sensational and is the primary reason why it topped the Billboard R&B chart for eight weeks and became a national US Top-30 hit. His follow-up single, \"If I Loved You\", was another Rodgers and Hammerstein tune from Carousel. Although not as big a hit for Hamilton as \"Walk Alone\", it still reached number four on the US R&B chart.
On the evening of July 24, 1954, Hamilton appeared on the bill of \"Star Night\", a concert package at Chicago\'s Soldier Field starring Perry Como, Nat King Cole and Sarah Vaughan. Since he was the newcomer on the bill, Hamilton was given the least amount of time to perform: six minutes, to perform two songs. Hamilton\'s plan was to perform \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\", the only song he was known for at the time, and its bouncy b-side. But Perry Como squashed that plan when he announced during afternoon rehearsal that \"Walk Alone\" was going to be his closing number that night. Hamilton, forced into performing a \"Walk Alone\" replacement on the spot, decided on \"Ebb Tide\", a song that had been a hit for Vic Damone a few months earlier---a song that Hamilton himself hadn\'t yet recorded. That evening, for his second and final number, Hamilton unveiled his gospel-tinged version of \"Ebb Tide\" before a Soldier Field audience of 82,000. By the time he had finished singing and exited the stage, all 82,000 people were on their feet, applauding, stomping and chanting for more. Changing in his dressing room, Hamilton had to be summoned back out on stage to quiet the crowd. He returned to the stage to witness that even some of his fellow performers---Nat Cole, Sarah Vaughan and orchestra leader Ray Anthony---had joined in the ovation. On July 28, four days after his \"Star Night\" triumph, Epic Records had Hamilton record, \"Ebb Tide\". It became his third straight hit.
On Saturday night, September 11, 1954, Hamilton made his national television debut on CBS\'s *Stage Show*, hosted by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey. But the national television appearance that put Hamilton\'s career on the fast track to crossover success was the one he made on the night of March 6, 1955, when he sang \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\" on CBS\'s top-rated *Ed Sullivan Show*. In reviewing his performance, Variety magazine summed up Hamilton\'s new way of singing the Great American Songbook by writing: \"Hamilton made good with his single, \'You\'ll Never Walk Alone\', which he endowed with the values of a spiritual.\"
Ten days after the *Sullivan Show* appearance, Epic, in a rushed attempt to cover singer Al Hibbler\'s version of \"Unchained Melody\", set up a recording session for Hamilton. The resulting single was shipped within five days. Two months later, in the May 18, 1955 issue of Down Beat magazine, Hamilton was named \"Vocalist of the Year\". Meanwhile, in Billboard magazine\'s May 21, 1955 issue, Hamilton\'s gospel-tinged \"Unchained Melody\" had taken over the top spot on the R&B chart while, on the pop chart, it had reached the number six spot. It was the second number-one R&B hit of his career as well as the first, and only, top-ten US pop hit of his career.
On the heels of his \"Unchained Melody\" success, Hamilton recorded the following Great American Songbook singles in succession: Vincent Youmans\' \"Without a Song\" (#77 US pop), Jimmy McHugh\'s \"Cuban Love Song\", Rodgers and Hammerstein\'s \"Everybody\'s Got a Home But Me\" (#42 US pop), from the musical *Pipe Dream*, and Frank Loesser\'s \"Somebody Somewhere\", from the musical *The Most Happy Fella.*
### Retirement and comeback (1956--1962) {#retirement_and_comeback_19561962}
In mid-1956, Hamilton, developing what was described as a \"lung condition\" bordering on tuberculosis, announced an indefinite retirement from show business, citing both physical and mental exhaustion When he resumed his career over a year later, Hamilton could no longer generate hit singles performing pop standards because, overnight, rock and roll had become the record industry\'s predominant commercial force. So, in late 1957, Epic coaxed Hamilton into recording \"Don\'t Let Go\", an R&B rocker produced by Otis Blackwell, the man who had written two of the biggest number-one hits of Elvis Presley\'s career: \"Don\'t Be Cruel\" and \"All Shook Up\". By early 1958, \"Don\'t Let Go\" had become the second US top-15 pop hit of Hamilton\'s career and the first top-40 hit ever recorded in stereo.
In 1959, Hamilton appeared, in a cameo role, in the Filipino motion picture produced by People\'s Pictures *Hawaiian Boy* where he sings \"Unchained Melody\".
Hamilton\'s last hit record, \"You Can Have Her\" (the song spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 12, while reaching No. 6 on Billboard\'s Hot R&B Sides chart.), came in 1961, and was followed by the album *Mr. Rock And Soul* (1962). The Epic label treated Hamilton as a major star and issued sixteen albums by him.
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# Roy Hamilton
## Music career {#music_career}
### Later years (1963--1969) {#later_years_19631969}
By the mid-1960s, Hamilton\'s career declined while recording with MGM and then RCA.
In January 1969, in Memphis, Tennessee, Hamilton made the final recordings of his career. The tracks were laid down at record producer Chips Moman\'s American Sound Studio, at the same time Elvis Presley was recording there. Songs released from those Hamilton sessions were cover versions of James Carr\'s \"The Dark End of the Street\", Conway Twitty\'s \"It\'s Only Make Believe\", and Angelica, a Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil song that had been submitted to Presley, but which he then turned over to Hamilton.
## Death
In early July 1969, Hamilton suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage at his home in New Rochelle, New York. He was taken to New Rochelle General Hospital where he lay in a coma for more than a week. On July 20, 1969, he was removed from life support and died. Hamilton was 40 years old. Some connected his earlier illness that caused his retirement to his death, although a connection was never proven.
In a 2017 documentary for the BBC, Hamilton's son Roy Hamilton Jr. revealed that Elvis Presley sent Roy\'s wife, Myrna, a rose every day Hamilton was in the hospital. When Hamilton died from complications of his stroke, Presley sent Myrna flowers for the following six months.
At the time of his death, Hamilton was heavily in debt, forcing him, a week before he died, to borrow heavily on his insurance policy to pay off back taxes. This prompted his widow, Myrna, to publicly seek funds for his burial. Elvis Presley is said to have covered Hamilton's outstanding medical bills and funeral costs. At Hamilton\'s funeral service, messages of condolence sent by Presley, Mahalia Jackson and B.B. King were read out to the mourners.
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# Roy Hamilton
## Legacy
Hamilton was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2010.
Hamilton was Epic Records\' first star, giving the company its first number-one hit of any kind, \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\", which topped the Billboard R&B chart for eight weeks in 1954. A year later, he gave the label its second number-one hit of any kind when his version of \"Unchained Melody\" topped the Billboard R&B chart for three weeks. Also, with \"Unchained Melody\", Hamilton became the first solo artist to deliver a top-ten pop hit for Epic.
Hamilton was the singer who inspired Sam Cooke, then a gospel music star, to switch over to secular music. Hamilton was also the one to whom Cooke first submitted his early pop-song compositions.
Hamilton\'s distinctive sound was a big influence on Elvis Presley\'s ballad singing. As author Fred L. Worth noted, \"Elvis greatly admired Hamilton\'s singing ability and style and performed a number of his ballads in Hamilton\'s style.\" Also, The Righteous Brothers emulated Hamilton\'s style to create their blue-eyed soul sound. This is particularly evident in the duo\'s cover versions of his hits \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\", \"Ebb Tide\" and \"Unchained Melody\".
Hamilton\'s \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\" disc was brought in from the US by a sailor friend of Gerry and the Pacemakers leader Gerry Marsden. As a result, the band recorded a UK version of the song which became the anthem for Liverpool Football Club, sung by the crowd before every home game. The sailor friend noted that Marsden \"puts very similar inflections into the song, trying to get it very similar to Roy Hamilton\'s version.\"
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# Roy Hamilton
## Discography
### Singles
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| Year | Titles (A-side, B-side)\ | Label & number | Chart positions | |
| | Both sides from same album except where indicated | | | |
+==============+=========================================================================+================+=================+====+
| *Billboard*\ | US R&B | | | |
| Hot 100 | | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1954 | \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\"\ | Epic 9015 | \- | 1 |
| | b/w \"I\'m Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (Over You)\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"If I Loved You\"\ | Epic 9047 | \- | 4 |
| | b/w \"So Let There Be Love\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Ebb Tide\"\ | Epic 9068 | \- | 5 |
| | b/w \"Beware\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Hurt\"\ | Epic 9086 | \- | 8 |
| | b/w \"Star Of Love\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1955 | \"I Believe\"\ | Epic 9092 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"If You Are But a Dream\" (from *Roy Hamilton*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Unchained Melody\"\ | Epic 9102 | 6 | 1 |
| | b/w \"From Here To Eternity\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Forgive This Fool\"\ | Epic 9111 | 30 | 10 |
| | b/w \"You Wanted To Change Me\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"A Little Voice\"\ | Epic 9118 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"All This Is Mine\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Without a Song\"\ | Epic 9125 | 77 | \- |
| | b/w \"Cuban Love Song\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Everybody\'s Got A Home\"\ | Epic 9132 | 42 | \- |
| | b/w \"Take Me With You\" (from *Roy Hamilton*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1956 | \"Walk Along With Kings\"\ | Epic 9147 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"There Goes My Heart\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Somebody Somewhere\"\ | Epic 9160 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Since I Fell for You\" (from *Roy Hamilton*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"I Took My Grief To Him\"\ | Epic 9180 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Chained\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1957 | \"A Simple Prayer\"\ | Epic 9203 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"A Mother\'s Love\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"So Long\"\ | Epic 9212 | \- | 14 |
| | b/w \"My Faith, My Hope, My Love\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"To the Aisle\"\ | Epic 9224 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"That Old Feeling\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"(All of a Sudden) My Heart Sings\"\ | Epic 9232 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"I\'m Gonna Lock You in My Heart\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1958 | \"Don\'t Let Go\"\ | Epic 9257 | 13 | 2 |
| | b/w \"The Right To Love\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Crazy Feelin\'\"\ | Epic 9268 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"In A Dream\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Jungle Fever\"\ | Epic 9274 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Lips\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Wait For Me\"\ | Epic 9282 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Everything\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Pledging My Love\"\ | Epic 9294 | 45 | \- |
| | b/w \"My One and Only Love\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1959 | \"It\'s Never Too Late\"\ | Epic 9301 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Somewhere Along the Way\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"I Need Your Lovin\'\"\ | Epic 9307 | 62 | 14 |
| | b/w \"Blue Prelude\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Time Marches On\"\ | Epic 9323 | 84 | \- |
| | b/w \"Take It Easy, Joe\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"On My Way Back Home\"\ | Epic 9342 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"A Great Romance\" (from *At His Best*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1960 | \"The Ten Commandments\"\ | Epic 9354 | \- | \- |
| | Original B-side: \"Nobody Knows the Trouble I\'ve Seen\"\ | | | |
| | Later B-side: \"Down by the Riverside\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"The Clock\"\ | Epic 9390 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"I Get The Blues When It Rains\" (from *Have Blues Must Travel*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Nobody Knows the Trouble I\'ve Seen\"\ | Epic 9372 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Down by the Riverside\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"I Get The Blues When It Rains\"\ | Epic 9373 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\"\ | Epic 9374 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"My Story\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Cheek to Cheek\"\ | Epic 9375 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Something\'s Gotta Give\" (from *Why Fight The Feeling*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Blow, Gabriel, Blow\"\ | Epic 9376 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Sing You Sinners\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Never Let Me Go\"\ | Epic 9398 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"A Lover\'s Prayer\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Lonely Hands\"\ | Epic 9407 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Your Love\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1961 | \"You Can Have Her\"\ | Epic 9434 | 12 | 6 |
| | b/w \"Abide With Me\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"You\'re Gonna Need Magic\"\ | Epic 9443 | 80 | \- |
| | b/w \"To The One I Love\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"No Substitute For Love\"\ | Epic 9449 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Please Louise\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"There We Were\"\ | Epic 9466 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"If (They Made Me a King)\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1962 | \"Don\'t Come Cryin\' To Me\"\ | Epic 9492 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"If Only I Had Known\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"I\'ll Come Running Back to You\"\ | Epic 9520 | 110 | \- |
| | b/w \"Climb Ev\'ry Mountain\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"I Am\"\ | Epic 9538 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Earthquake\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1963 | \"Let Go\"\ | MGM 13138 | 129 | \- |
| | b/w \"You Still Love Him\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Midnight Town-Daybreak City\"\ | MGM 13157 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Intermezzo\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"The Sinner\"\ | MGM 13175 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Theme From \'The V.I.P.\'s\'\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1964 | \"There She Is\"\ | MGM 13217 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"The Panic Is On\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Unchained Melody\"\ | MGM 13247 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Answer Me My Love\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"You Can Count On Me\"\ | MGM 13291 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"She Make Me Wanna Dance\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1965 | \"Sweet Violet\"\ | MGM 13315 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"A Thousand Tears Ago\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Heartache (Hurry On By)\"\ | RCA 8641 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Ain\'t It The Truth\" (from *The Impossible Dream*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Tore Up Over You\"\ | RCA 8705 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"And I Love Her\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1966 | \"The Impossible Dream (The Quest)\"\ | RCA 8813 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"She\'s Got A Heart\" (Non-album track) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Walk Hand in Hand\"\ | RCA 8960 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Crackin\' Up Over You\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1967 | \"I Taught Her Everything She Knows\"\ | RCA 9061 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Lament\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"So High My Love\"\ | RCA 9171 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"You Shook Me Up\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Let This World Be Free\"\ | Capitol 2057 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Wait Until Dark\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| 1969 | \"The Dark End of the Street\"\ | AGP 113 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"100 Years\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"Angelica\"\ | AGP 116 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"Hang-Ups\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"It\'s Only Make Believe\"\ | AGP 125 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"100 Years\" | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
| | \"The Golden Boy\"\ | Epic 10559 | \- | \- |
| | b/w \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\" (from *Roy Hamilton\'s Greatest Hits*) | | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------+----+
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
| 1,656 |
Roy Hamilton
| 4 |
10,980,945 |
# Roy Hamilton
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
Album Music arranged and conducted by Year Label
----------------------------- --------------------------------- ------ -------
*With All My Love* Neal Hefti 1958 Epic
*Why Fight the Feeling?* Neal Hefti 1959 Epic
*Come Out Swingin{{\'}}* Marion Evans 1959 Epic
*Have Blues Must Travel* Marion Evans 1959 Epic
*Spirituals* Chuck Sagle 1960 Epic
*Soft \'n\' Warm* Marion Evans 1960 Epic
*Only You* Sammy Lowe 1961 Epic
*Mr. Rock and Soul* Sammy Lowe and Frank Hunter 1962 Epic
*Warm Soul* Marty Manning 1963 MGM
*Sentimental Lonely & Blue* Dick Hyman 1964 MGM
| 95 |
Roy Hamilton
| 5 |
10,980,945 |
# Roy Hamilton
## Discography
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
Album Year Label
----------------------------------------- ------ ------------
*You\'ll Never Walk Alone* -- 10\" LP 1954 Epic
*The Voice of Roy Hamilton* -- 10\" LP 1955 Epic
*Roy Hamilton* 1956 Epic
*You\'ll Never Walk Alone* 1957 Epic
*The Golden Boy* 1957 Epic
*Roy Hamilton at His Best* 1960 Epic
*You Can Have Her* 1961 Epic
*Roy Hamilton\'s Greatest Hits* 1962 Epic
*Roy Hamilton\'s Greatest Hits, Vol. 2* 1963 Epic
*The Impossible Dream* 1966 RCA Victor
## Filmography
- 1958: *Let\'s Rock*, appeared as himself
- 1959: *Hawaiian Boy*, appeared as himself
| 98 |
Roy Hamilton
| 6 |
10,980,948 |
# Laxton, Digby and Longford Township
The united **Townships of Laxton, Digby and Longford** were a municipality in the northern part of what is now Kawartha Lakes in the Canadian province of Ontario.
The former **Township of Longford**, was surveyed in 1861 by Brookes Wright Gossage, as one of ten townships sold to the Canadian Land and Emigration Company. Longford was the only one of the townships within Victoria County. In 1867 John Thomson purchased by auction the right to cut timber in the township, from the Canadian Land and Emigration Company, to supply timber for his mill at Longford Mills, named for the township. Thomson later purchased the township outright from the Company.
The former township should not be confused with the extant Longford Township, a township wholly owned by Longford Reserve Limited, and contains no permanent inhabitants. The extant township is adjacent to the former (populated) township.
The old Digby fire tower was situated on rocky outcropping straight north of the village of Uphill, where the old fire trail used to exist, along the former alignment of the Victoria Rd. The tower was de-commissioned in the late 1960s. The area now is mostly swamp, but can be accessed on a newer private road to the west.
The township is also home to a few ghost settlements from the bygone logging/ farming era of the 19th century. These include: Ragged Rapids and the eastern part of Uphill
| 238 |
Laxton, Digby and Longford Township
| 0 |
10,980,950 |
# Biltema
**Biltema** is a Swedish chain of retail stores, specializing in tools, car supplies and leisure products. Founded in 1963 in Linköping, Sweden, Biltema also has stores in Finland, Norway and Denmark. The company is owned privately by founder Sten Åke Lindholm, through Dutch company Biltema BV.
## History
In 1963 the company was established under the name \"General Partnership Biltema\". Their business was mail order sales of automotive parts and accessories. Initially, the company was operated from a small basement in Linköping, Sweden. After a year, the firm expanded their mail-order business with a small shop, also in the same basement.
The policy of buying directly from the manufacturer led Biltema to investigate where the various products were made. In the late 1970s, the company began building strategic sourcing contacts around the world.
In 1976, sales rose, and the company moved to Torvinge near Linköping. The store then expanded to about 2,700 square meters in the early 1980s. In 1983, Biltema opened its first store outside Sweden in Norway, followed by one in Finland in 1985
| 178 |
Biltema
| 0 |
10,980,956 |
# Earls Court Boat Show
The **Earls Court Boat Show** was first held in December 2007 at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre. This venue had previously hosted the long-established London Boat Show until its move to London\'s ExCeL Exhibition Centre in 2004.
The new commercial Earls Court Show is entirely separate from the London Boat Show.
The 2007 Earls Court Boat Show took place between 1--9 December 2007. It was the 50th boat show to be held in the exhibition centre.
In 2008, the show rebranded as the **Sail, Power & Watersports Show at Earls Court**
| 96 |
Earls Court Boat Show
| 0 |
10,980,958 |
# Harvey J. Kaye
**Harvey J. Kaye** (born October 9, 1949) is an American historian. He has written and edited over a dozen books, many of which focus on the radical tradition in American history and thought.
## Education
Kaye received a B.A. at Rutgers University in 1971. During his undergraduate years, he participated in a six-month study abroad program at the National University of Mexico. He then won a scholarship to the London School of Economics and Political Science within the University of London. He majored in International Relations and Latin American Studies, and earned his M.A. in 1973. He returned to the United States to complete his Ph.D. at Louisiana State University in 1976.
## Career
Kaye\'s first book, *The British Marxist Historians*, was published in 1984 (it was reissued in 2022). In it he analyzes the writings of Maurice Dobb, Rodney Hilton, Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawm, and E.P. Thompson. Kaye then edited anthologies of the works of two other British leftist historians, George Rudé and Victor Kiernan. Kaye\'s 1992 volume, *The Education of Desire: Marxists and the Writing of History*, won the Deutscher Memorial Prize.
Next, he shifted focus to America\'s progressive and radical roots, with two books on the author of *Common Sense*, specifically, *Thomas Paine: Firebrand of the Revolution* (2000) and *Thomas Paine and the Promise of America* (2005). He later wrote about the era of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in *The Fight for the Four Freedoms* (2014) and *FDR on Democracy* (2020).
Kaye has appeared as a commentator on current affairs programs such as *Bill Moyers Journal*, *Moyers & Company*, *The Thom Hartmann Program*, *The Hill\'s Rising* web series, *The Majority Report with Sam Seder*, and *That\'s Jacqueline! Life & Politics Gloves Off*. Kaye was a frequent guest on the listener-supported podcast, *The David Feldman Show*.
Kaye has taught many years at the University of Wisconsin--Green Bay (UW-Green Bay), where he is the Ben & Joyce Rosenberg Professor Emeritus of Democracy and Justice Studies. He is also the Founding Director of the University\'s Center for History and Social Change. His 2015 commencement address at UW-Green Bay was covered in the news. He hosts the Harvey J. Kaye State of Democracy Speaker Series at the university, which has invited speakers such as Democratic Party presidential candidate Marianne Williamson. Kaye served as an advisor to Williamson\'s 2024 presidential campaign.
Kaye was an Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer (2007-2013), and was a member of *The Nation* magazine\'s 2014 Progressive Honor Roll.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kaye was born in Englewood, New Jersey. He and his wife Lorna live in Green Bay, Wisconsin
| 436 |
Harvey J. Kaye
| 0 |
10,980,985 |
# Bexley Township
The **Township of Bexley** (Population 1305 c.1996) was a municipality located in the northern half of the former Victoria County, now the city of Kawartha Lakes, in the Canadian province of Ontario.
## History
Bexley\'s history can be traced back to Indian villages established at the end of the Portage Road, a long historic trail that ended at the site of St. Mary\'s, on the western shore of Balsam Lake\'s West Bay. The villages flourished and faded for at least a century prior to the arrival of Samuel de Champlain on his tour with the Hurons. Various tribes used the site up until 1760, when English fur traders established a trading post at the site.
Victoria County was opened to settlement in 1821, but Bexley remained unchanged for over a decade due to its northern position within the county, which meant it was surveyed at some point in the early 1830s. The first settler was Admiral Vansittart, who was given a grant of one thousand acres (4 km^2^) of land on the west shores of Balsam Lake in 1834. His cousin, Nicholas Vansittart, Chancellor of the Exchequer - known commonly as Lord or Baron Bexley - was a colleague of John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon, after whom Eldon Township is named. Bexley\'s principal population centre - Coboconk - was founded in 1851 and continues to thrive off summer tourism from recreational cottagers.
## Geography
According to the 1996 Canadian census, the last prior to the amalgamation of Victoria County, the township has a total area of 123.05 km2. Like most of the city of Kawartha Lakes, Bexley is mostly rural. A few established communities dot the landscape, and the shores of Balsam and Silver Lakes are surrounded by seasonal cottages, while the remainder is mostly swamp, or forest. Farming is sparse in the region as the soil is very thin (About 2 inches on average). While Bexley lies almost entirely within the Paleozoic limestone region of southern Ontario, the small portion of the Gull River valley north of Silver Lake lying within the township is within the Precambrian Canadian Shield region.
## Demographics
As of the 1996 census, there were 1305 people, 540 households and 390 families residing in the township. The population density was 10.61 people per square kilometre (/mi^2^). The racial makeup of the county was 1.9% Chinese, 0.8% Black Canadian, and the remaining 97.3% Caucasian.
There were 540 households and 390 families, out of which 92.31% were married or common-law couples, and 7.69% were single parent families. 27.78% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household value was \$143,198 (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|CA|143198|1996|r=-2|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|CA}}`{=mediawiki}).
The population was spread out, with 5.0% under the age of 4, 11.1% from 5 to 14, 8.8% from 15 to 24, 36.4% from 25 to 54, 15.7% from 55 to 64, and 22.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.5 years. For every 100 females there were 101.5 males.
The median per capita income for the township was \$21,002 (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|CA|21002|1996|r=-2|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|CA}}`{=mediawiki}). Males had a median income of \$23,682 (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|CA|23682|1996|r=-2|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|CA}}`{=mediawiki}) versus \$18,009 (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|CA|18009|1996|r=-2|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|CA}}`{=mediawiki}) for females.
In the population over 25, 14.7% had less than a grade nine education. 57.1% had at least a high school diploma or equivalent. 29.8% graduated from a non-university post-secondary institute, and 7.9% completed university.
## Communities
- Coboconk
- St
| 576 |
Bexley Township
| 0 |
10,980,987 |
# René König
**René König** (5 July 1906 -- 21 March 1992) was a German sociologist. He was very influential on West German sociology after 1949.
## Biography
Born in Magdeburg, he 1925 took up Philosophy, Psychology, Ethnology, and Islamic Studies at the Universities of Vienna and Berlin. He gained his doctorate (*Dr. phil.*) 1930 at the Berlin University. As an enemy of the Nazis, he could not obtain his post-doctoral degree (*Habilitation*) in the Reich, so he emigrated to Switzerland in 1937 and passed the examination at the university of Zürich, 1938. By then, he was strongly influenced by Émile Durkheim, Maurice Halbwachs, and Marcel Mauss. 1949, he was called to the chair of Sociology at Cologne University, where he built up what was to be known later as the \"Cologne School\" (*Kölner Schule*) and established the *Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie*. He never left this university, in spite of several calls, and became Professor Emeritus in 1974, dying at Cologne 1992.
He never gave up cultural studies writing the first sociology of fashion, but at the same time he was a German pioneer of empirical methods, as against the ideological biases of many contemporal colleagues.
He played as well an important role in the International Sociological Association. He was the fifth president of ISA (1962-1966).
Besides, he was en engaged liberal writer and essayist, and translated the novelist Giovanni Verga from the Italian into German.
The René König Society (*René-König-Gesellschaft*) is publishing a complete edition of his writings
| 251 |
René König
| 0 |
10,981,008 |
# Somerville Township
The **Township of Somerville** was a municipality located in the north-eastern corner of the former Victoria County, now the city of Kawartha Lakes
| 26 |
Somerville Township
| 0 |
10,981,029 |
# World Series of Birding
The **World Series of Birding** is an annual birding competition organised by the New Jersey Audubon Society since 1984. Participating teams compete to identify the greatest number of bird species by sight or sound in a 24-hour period. The event is run as a way of drawing attention to birding as a sport, the migration of birds, and as a fundraiser for conservation efforts. The event is primarily run within New Jersey however some parts of the competition are run internationally over the internet.
There are three levels of competition, each designed to accommodate teams of differing ages and expertise.
- Bird Conservation Challenge (Level I): teams of 3--6 members, all at least 18 years of age. This is the primary competitive event of the World Series of Birding. Teams are required to create a webpage introducing their team, their cause, and give information about how people may pledge to the team.
- New Jersey Audubon Ambassador Challenge (Level II): teams of any size and age. Intended for teams competing for fun and as a means to raise funds for the New Jersey Audubon Society.
- Zeiss Youth Birding Challenge (Level III): teams of 3--6 members, all of age 6--8. Intended to engage school children in competitive birding. This challenge is split into 4 divisions based on school grade and different rules apply for each division.
## Awards
There are a series of awards offered for the Level I and Level III challenges. They each support different achievements and ways of competing. There are no awards for the Level II challenge as this is a non-competitive challenge intended for fun and raising money for the New Jersey Audubon Society.
The awards for the Level I challenge are only eligible for teams with all members above 19 years of age and can be won by teams competing from any area of New Jersey. The awards are as follows:
- Urner-Stone Cup - 1st place. Presented to the team with the highest overall number of species.
- Stone Award - 2nd place. Presented to the team with the second-highest overall number of species.
- Stearns Award - 3rd place. Presented to the team with the third-highest overall number of species.
- Big Stay Award. Presented to the team with the highest number of species identified from a single location.
- Wakefern Food Corp./ShopRite LGA Award. Presented to the team with the highest species \"par\" for a single county. The team\'s total is compared to a set \"par\" value, and the team with the highest percentage of the \"par\" wins the award.
- Cape May County Award. Presented to the team with the highest total species within Cape May County.
- Cape Island Cup. Presented to the team with the highest total species south of the Cape May Canal.
- Carbon Footprint Challenge. Presented to the team with the highest total species with zero carbon footprint (i.e. the team travels by foot, bicycle, rowing, etc.)
The awards for the Level III challenge are given based on division, which is based on school grade. They are as follows:
- Zeiss Youth Division A Challenge. Presented to the team with the highest total species within Elementary School Grades 1 through 5.
- Zeiss Youth Division B Challenge. Presented to the team with the highest total species within Middle School Grades 6 through 8.
- Zeiss Youth Division C - Peter Dunne Future Leaders in Birding Award. Presented to the team with the highest total species within High School Grades 9 through 12.
- Zeiss Youth Division D - Carbon Free Kids Award. Presented to the team with the highest total species in Grades 6 through 12 with zero carbon footprint.
No award offered in the World Series of Birding involves a cash prize. The competition is primarily intended as an awareness and fundraising event for bird conservation.
| 647 |
World Series of Birding
| 0 |
10,981,029 |
# World Series of Birding
## History
The idea for the World Series of Birding came from Pete Dunne, one of America\'s foremost authors on birding and natural history, and currently the director of the Cape May Bird Observatory. The first World Series of Birding was held on May 19, 1984, and the winning team included Dunne, David Sibley (author of the renowned The Sibley Guide to Birds), the late Pete Bacinski (former director of NJ Audubon\'s Owl Haven Nature Center and Sandy Hook Bird Observatory), Bill Boyle (author of *A Guide to Bird Finding in New Jersey*), and the legendary Roger Tory Peterson (inventor of the modern field guide) and was sponsored by Bird Watcher\'s Digest. Their total included 201 species, including a fork-tailed flycatcher---a tropical species rarely seen anywhere in the United States, let alone New Jersey.
Since the first competition, the World Series has been held annually on a date between May 9 and May 19, which coincides with the height of the spring bird migration through New Jersey. Winning tallies have ranged from a low of 182 species in 1985 to a high of 231 species in 2003 for the team sponsored by Nikon Sport Optics and the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club (DVOC). The event has steadily gained in popularity over the years; in 1984, 13 teams took part, compared with over 60 in 2006. Over the years, the World Series of Birding has raised more than \$9,000,000 for bird conservation.
In 2007, filmmaker Jason Kessler released his documentary, [\"Opposable Chums: Guts & Glory at The World Series of Birding,\"](http://www.opposablechums.com) which covered both the history and logistics of the event.
In 2022, Birdability's "Team Nuthatch" became the first ever team in World Series' history to be composed entirely of disabled birders.
| 295 |
World Series of Birding
| 1 |
10,981,029 |
# World Series of Birding
## Strategies
Most teams that compete throughout the entire state start at midnight in the northern part of the state. During pre-daylight hours, teams often visit sites such as the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge that are home to certain kinds of owls, rails, and bitterns that are difficult to hear or see during the day. At daybreak, many teams find themselves in the far northern reaches of New Jersey attempting to find species such as purple finch and common raven that are difficult to find farther south. Between 5--10 a.m., teams often pick up the majority of the species they will see all day. Afterwards, teams typically make their way into the central and southern parts of the state to places such as the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge at Brigantine, Cape May, and Belleplain State Forest. After dusk, teams continue to search for the nocturnal species they may have missed at the start of the day but must be at the \"finish line\" at Cape May Point State Park by midnight, or face stiff penalties.
Crucial to the success of any serious World Series effort is scouting for species in the days and weeks prior to the event. Most teams will have staked out desirable species (often nesting birds that can be reliably found on the day of competition) in advance to minimize the time they have to spend looking for any one species in particular. Additionally, teams should maximize the number of different habitats they visit (e.g., saltwater marshes, Canadian Zone woodlands, pine forests, beaches, etc.), as different species frequent different habitats. Finally, teams should plan their route to maximize time spent birding and minimize time spent driving.
For more information on route planning and strategy, see Pete Dunne\'s \"Blueprint for a Big Day,\" the World Series of Birding Discussion Forum, and the scouting notes of the Nikon/DVOC team that has won the World Series five out of the last eight years. All can be found under External Links.
## Identifying bird species {#identifying_bird_species}
In order for a species to be counted as identified, the bird must be found alive, wild, and unrestrained. Wild birds that are sick, injured, or oiled may also be counted. Eggs do not count as birds. Identified species are logged using the eBird online bird database platform from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. This allows teams to record written descriptions, photographs, and audio recordings of identified species. Birds must be identified by at least two team members, and 95% of all birds recorded by a team must be identified by all members of the team. Exceptions to this 95% rule apply to team members who are legally blind (who are not counted when identifying non-vocalizing birds) and members who communicate primarily through American Sign Language (who are not counted when identifying birds that are heard only). The use of online resources and apps is restricted solely to confirming identifications made by team members, thus the skill of individual birders at identifying species is important for teams to succeed in the competition.
## Number of species identified {#number_of_species_identified}
The total number of bird species identified by each team can vary widely due to a number of factors, such as weather and atmospheric conditions, the experience and skill of team members, and the location of birding. In the past, teams competing in New Jersey have been able to identify within the range of 48 to 229 unique species, averaging 165 species. In 2020 when the competition was opened to other states along the Atlantic Flyway, the total number of unique species identified in that year\'s competition was 357. Since 1984, a total of 330 unique species of bird have been identified in New Jersey through the World Series of Birding
| 632 |
World Series of Birding
| 2 |
10,981,032 |
# Trinidad and Tobago Airline Pilots Association
The **Trinidad and Tobago Airline Pilots Association** is a trade union in Trinidad and Tobago with members in the former BWIA and Tobago Express, now Caribbean Airlines. The Trinidad and Tobago Airline Pilots Association (TTALPA) is the registered, Recognised Majority Union and bargaining unit for Pilots in Trinidad and Tobago. TTALPA was officially registered in 1972 under the Trade Unions Ordinance and pursuant to the provision of Section 86(1) of the Industrial Relations Act 1972.
TTALPA is a membership organisation and as such, is funded by the dues paid by its members. Persons who hold a Trinidad & Tobago Pilots Licence are eligible for membership in TTALPA and this includes helicopter pilots.
TTALPA has 4 committees and 1 advisory committee which focus on the wide spectrum of technical and professional issues that face pilots as a profession.
1\. Air Safety & Training Committee
The Airline Safety and Training Committee's (AS&T) core mandate is to improve air safety, ensure that all safety complaints and investigations result in the improvement of safety levels, improve the working environment of the individual pilot considering environmental aspects and contribute to the development of prevention policies. AS&T monitors the application of any safety recommendations put forth by the airline, identifies and communicates unsafe events and promotes the development of safety programmes. It is currently chaired by First Officer Aleena Ali.
Negotiations Committee
The Negotiations Committee was formed to spearhead negotiations for the Collective Agreement between Caribbean Airlines Limited (CAL) and TTALPA's members. Both parties to this agreement recognise their common interest in the promotion of the business of CAL and declare jointly and separately that they will use their best efforts to protect and further the well-being of the company. TTALPA agrees that it will cooperate with CAL, support its efforts to ensure full productivity and will lend support in its efforts to eliminate waste and to improve efficiency and maintain its levels of safety. Both parties recognise also the need to ensure that adequate productivity is maintained by the pilots.
Hotel Committee
Members of this committee work together with Caribbean Airlines Limited (CAL) to review hotel selection and ensure that they meet with the necessary safety requirements. The committee also supervises the sections of the Collective Bargaining Agreement with regard to restful lodging, ancillary services, crew lounges and transportation of pilots, to which they, CAL, must comply. Chaired by Larry Imamshah
Prefbid Committee
The Preferential Bidding (PrefBid) Committee is tasked with reviewing schedules put out by the airline to ensure that their contractual compliance is met. This committee meets as necessary to investigate and discuss any grievances that may arise pertaining to scheduling and to arrive at potential areas of agreement in the flight bidding process and help improve efficiency in pilot schedules. The PrefBid Committee acts in an advisory role to TTALPA member pilots regarding scheduling issues and is also charged with the implementation and fair practices of a preferential bidding system
Professional Standards Committee
The Professional Standards Committee promotes and maintains the highest degree of professional conduct among TALPA pilots. The main goal of this Committee is to enhance the margin of safety in daily flight operations, which is the primary concern and responsibility. It will also protect and enhance the standing of the profession including address problems of a professional or ethical nature involving pilots; resolve cases of pilot misconduct that affect flight deck safety and/or professionalism; resolve conflicts between pilots that may affect flight deck professionalism, etc
| 583 |
Trinidad and Tobago Airline Pilots Association
| 0 |
10,981,040 |
# William Westwood, 1st Baron Westwood
**William Westwood, 1st Baron Westwood** OBE (28 August 1880 -- 13 September 1953), was a British trade unionist and Labour politician.
Westwood was the son of William Westwood of Dundee, Scotland. He was national supervisor of the Ship Constructors\' and Shipwrights\' Association (now part of GMB Union) from 1913 to 1929 and its general secretary from 1929 to 1945 as well as chief industrial adviser from 1942 to 1945. He was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1920. On 29 January 1944 he was raised to the peerage as **Baron Westwood**, of Gosforth in the County of Northumberland. He then served in the Labour government of Clement Attlee as a lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) between 1945 and 1947 and was also chairman of the Mineral Development Committee under the Ministry of Fuel and Power from 1946 to 1949.
Lord Westwood married firstly Margaret, daughter of William Young, in 1905. After her death in 1916 he married secondly Agnes Helen, daughter of James Downie, in 1918. She died in 1952. Lord Westwood survived her by a year and died in September 1953, aged 73. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son from his first marriage, William
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# TTT Senior Staff Association
The **TTT Senior Staff Association** was a trade union in Trinidad and Tobago that organised senior staff at TTT, the Trinidad and Tobago Television service. TTT was merged into the National Broadcasting Network (NBN) and was later closed
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# Fenelon Township
The **Township of Fenelon** was a municipality in present-day Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, Canada. The township was named after François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon (missionary) (1641--79) who was a missionary in New France, establishing a mission on the Bay of Quinte.
The community of Cambray within the township was named after Cambrai in France, where François Fénelon (1651--1715), younger brother of the missionary, was archbishop
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10,981,074 |
# St. Sava Serbian Orthodox School, Adelaide
**St. Sava Serbian Orthodox School** is located in the suburb of Kilkenny in Adelaide, Australia. On the same land there is a hall for concerts when Serbian singers come to Adelaide, a bar, half a basketball court for kids to have a friendly game and there is also a church. The name of the whole complex is named after the Serbian saint, Saint Sava
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# Richard Lodge
Sir **Richard Lodge** (20 June 1855 -- 2 June 1936) was a British historian.
He was born at Penkhull, Staffordshire, the fourth of eight sons and a daughter of Oliver Lodge (1826--1884), later a china clay merchant at Wolstanton, Staffordshire, and his wife, Grace (née Heath) (1826--1879). His siblings included Sir Oliver Lodge (1851--1940), physicist; Eleanor Constance Lodge (1869--1936), historian and principal of Westfield College, London; and Alfred Lodge (1854--1937), mathematician.
Lodge matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1874, graduating with a B.A. in 1877, and becoming a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1878. He was Professor of History at the University of Glasgow from 1894 to 1899, and then Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh from 1899 to 1925. During his time at Edinburgh, he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the university and was a founder of the Edinburgh University Settlement charity, which established houses for students and fellows to live amongst the poor of the city. He was a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and, in due course, became its president (1929--1933). He was knighted in 1917.
Lodge died on 2 June 1936 aged 80; he was buried at Holywell Cemetery, Oxford.
## Publications
Lodge's many publications included a biography of Cardinal Richelieu in 1896. He also notably contributed in 1901 *The Close of the Middle Ages 1273-1494*, Period III of Rivington\'s \"Periods of European History\" series, which ran to several editions
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# Mariposa Township, Ontario
The **Township of Mariposa** was a municipality located in the southwest corner of the former Victoria County, now the city of Kawartha Lakes, in the Canadian province of Ontario. The other municipal neighbours of Mariposa are Ops and Fenelon on the east, Eldon on the north, Brock on the west, and Scugog on the south, with the latter two located in the Durham Regional Municipality. The former township includes the communities of Little Britain, Manilla, Mariposa, Valentia, and Oakwood. Today, most of the former township is represented in the City of Kawartha Lakes by the Ward 8 Councillor, John Pollard, and Ward 4 Councillor Andrew Veale.
## History
Mariposa is the Spanish word for \"butterfly\" (see mariposa). No record or even legend persists to explain through what whim of early officialdom a backwoods township was so named. The Mariposa township was surveyed in 1820 and formally attached to Durham County, Newcastle District in 1821. In shape, it was originally a rectangle, nine miles from east to west and fifteen from north to south. There was added to it later, however, a broken southern front on Lake Scugog, now known as concessions A, B, C, and D, Mariposa, but formerly attached to the township of Cartwright, which now lies entirely on the south side of the lake. Its superficial area is 75,102 acres. The land surface is moderately undulating, with a very immature drainage system. The chief stream, the Mariposa Brook, (also known variously as Big Creek, Black Creek, Davidson\'s Creek, and West Cross Creek) rises in swamps near Manilla on the western boundary, flows eight miles northeast to about Lot 18, Concession 13, then turns directly south until it passes Little Britain on Concession 4, and finally turns, east to pass out of the township on the 3rd Concession and empty into the Scugog River in Ops. The meagre flow and gentle current of even this main stream and the consequent lack of any considerable water power is beyond doubt the explanation for the absence of any outstanding village in Mariposa. The soil, however has always surpassed in richness that of any other township in Victoria. Once the heavy timber had been removed, it held, as it still holds, an easy leadership in agricultural prosperity in the former Victoria County.
This well-known fertility of the township resulted in the blocking of general settlement until nearly a decade after the major immigration into Emily. For the Canada Company secured large concessions here; George Strange Boulton of Port Hope, the Family Compact member for Durham, arranged for a rich grant to himself.
For many years, Mariposa was visited annually by these economic parasites, who came in to inspect and invest for speculation, but not to occupy the land. At last in 1827, S. Patterson, of Markham, Ontario, settled near the modern Manilla. Others who located prior to 1830 on land near Manilla which they purchased from the Canada Company at from \$1.50 to \$2.00 per acre were the Ewings, McLeods, Houghs, McPhersons, Pillings, and Winters. Just before and during 1831, a large contingent of Scotch settlers, chiefly from Argyleshire, poured in along the Eldon boundary on the north. Amongst the families who overflowed on the south side of the line were the Blacks, Calkins, Campbells, Charltons, Copelands, Grants, Irishes, Kinnells, McCrimmons, McCuaigs, McGinnisses, McLeans, Ringlands, Spences and Wicks. In 1831, also, the Edwards and Williams families took up land along the western boundary and one Samuel Dix built his cabin in the hardwood forest near the site of modern Oakwood. His nearest neighbours on the east were at Purdy\'s Mills (now Lindsay), nearly nine miles away. In this same year, when actual settlers began to increase and set about the improvement of the land, the swarm of speculators became so \'numerous and importunate that the Land Office refused to grant any further locations without an express pledge of settlement. Fortunately, men were not lacking to undertake such pledges. For the next three years, there was a steady immigration of settlers of the very best type, chiefly Canadian born pioneers of the second generation whose fathers had hewn out prosperity in the front townships of Northumberland County and in the former Ontario County townships of Whitchurch and Markham. Most of these families settled in the centre of the township, along the Mariposa Brook. Amongst them were the Armitages, Bacons, Bunnells, Davidsons, DeGeers, Delongs, Dundases, Haights, Hubbells, Lakes, Lloyds, Marks, Minthorns, McNeils, McWilliams, O\'Brien\'s, Penroses, Piersons, Pogues, Readers, Richardsons, Roadhouses, Taylors, Tifts, Waites and Weldons. From 1834 to 1837 a few more families drifted in each year. Prominent amongst those who settled in the eastern part of the township were William Brown, William Bowes, and John Cruse, a Quaker. For many years yet there was little or no communication between the Canadian born settlers in the centre of Mariposa and their Scotch neighbours on the northern border, for a deep tract of difficult forest, held by speculators, intervened. There were likewise very few early settlers in the extreme south of the township.
These pioneers in Mariposa came in from the south and southwest and not via Peterborough, Cavan, or Emily. Supplies were first obtained from Newmarket, then from Prince Albert, on Lake Scugog, and finally from Port Perry. Trade was not opened up with Lindsay until very much later. In the beginning, the nearest post office for the receipt and despatch of mails was at Butcher\'s Point on Lake Simcoe. Then Prince Albert was for a short time the closest centre for mail, until \"Mariposa\" post office was opened at what is now Manilla.
By 1850 the population of the township had risen to 1863, only 269 fewer than in 1920. The harvest of that year included 70,000 bushels of wheat, 41,000 bushels of oats, 14,000 bushels of peas, 33,000 bushels of potatoes, 31,000 bushels of turnips, 38,900 pounds (ca. 18 t) of maple sugar, 10,500 pounds (ca. 5 t) of wool, and 4,000 pounds (1.81 t) of butter. This represented, however, only a small portion of the effort of that day, for the great task of each farmer was still the conquest of a virgin forest of oak and maple. Such crops as were exported were teamed in the winter time south to a village (now deserted) called Port Hoover, on the north shore of Lake Scugog, thence across the lake to Caesarea, in Scugog, and south by road to Port Whitby, on Lake Ontario.
Municipal organization in the early thirties was very slight. Louis Winters was the first tax collector and E. R. Irish the first Township Clerk. The personnel of the Magistrate\'s Court for Mariposa and Eldon combined comprised Messrs. Irish, Ewing, Williams, and Calkins. Samuel Davidson represented Mariposa at Peterborough on the first Council of Colborne District in 1842.
The first Township Council after the Municipal Act of 1849 included:
- Reeve, John Jacobs;
- Councillors, Samuel Davidson, Obadiah Rogers, Robert Whiteside, and William Ramsey;
- Clerk, A. A. McLaughlin;
- Treasurer, James Thorndyke.
A *Business Directory of Canada* published in 1850, gives the following names in Mariposa:
Coulter\'s Corners (now Manilla)
- Mary Douglas, Postmistress;
- George Smith, merchant;
- L. McKinnon, carpenter;
- D. McLean, carpenter
Oakwood:
- A. A. McLauchlin, Postmaster and inn keeper;
- Thomas Marks, inn keeper.
The Dominion census of 1911 throws interesting light on the population of Mariposa. The chief racial strains represented were:
- English, 2,321
- Irish, 733
- Scottish, 646
The denominational subdivisions were as follows:
- Methodists, 2,678
- Presbyterians, 757
- Anglicans, 125
- Christians, 114
- Baptists, 43
- Roman Catholics, 28
The population of Mariposa has fallen off remarkably during the last generation. From 1871 to 1920, it dropped from 5363 to 3132, a loss of 2231 or over 41 per cent.
The assessed value of real and personal property within the township was set at \$2,480,675 in 1886 and at \$3,722,995 in 1920. This latter figure is greater than the assessment of Eldon and Emily combined, and more than twice the total value of Somerville, Bexley, Laxton, Carden, Digby, Dalton and Longford.
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