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# Eschenau
**Eschenau** is a town in the district of Lilienfeld in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# 3rd Space Vest
The ForceWear Vest is a haptic suit that was unveiled at the Game Developers Conference in San Francisco in March 2007. The vest was mentioned in several articles about next-generation gaming accessories. The vest was released in November 2007, and reviews of the product have been generally favorable.
The vest uses eight trademarked \"contact points\" that simulate gunfire, body slams or G-forces associated with race car driving. It is unique because unlike traditional force feedback accessories, the vest is directional, so that action taking place outside the players\' field of view can also be felt. A player hit by gunfire from behind will actually feel the shot in his back while he may not be otherwise aware of this using standard visual display cues.
Gaming reporter Charlie Demerjian of The Inquirer said, \"If they can keep the price reasonable and have a few good games, this has a chance of becoming a useful gaming accessory.\" Currently, players have three ways to utilize the vest. Playing games with Direct Integration, such as TN Games\' own 3rd Space Incursion, using the 3rd space game drivers whilst playing a game (drivers currently in Beta 2), or installing specially made mods for a game. The vest works with many games, including *Call of Duty 2: 3rd Space Edition*, *3rd Space Incursion*, *Half-Life 2: Episodes 1 & 2*, *Crysis*, *Enemy Territory Quake Wars*, *Clive Barker\'s Jericho*, *Unreal Tournament 3*, *F.E.A.R.*, *Medal of Honor: Airborne*, *Quake 4* and *Doom 3*
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# Hainfeld
**Hainfeld** is a municipality in the district of Lilienfeld in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Hainfeld is situated on the Gölsen River in the Southeast Lower Austria. It\'s the biggest city in Gölsen Valley (*Gölsental*). The Gölsen River begins in Hainfeld with the merging of *Fliedersbach* and *Ramsaubach* (also called *Innere Gölsen*). Through the city runs the street B18 (also called *Hainfelder Straße*). Highest mountain in the municipality is the *Kirchenberg* (Church Mountain) (924 m, 3,031 ft).
### Municipality of Hainfeld {#municipality_of_hainfeld}
Following settlements are part of the municipality of Hainfeld (in parentheses population size as of January 1, 2017):
- Bernau (161)
- Gegend Egg (93)
- Gerichtsberg (68)
- Gerstbach (56)
- Gölsen (761)
- Gstettl (153)
- Hainfeld (1.968)
- Heugraben (14)
- Kasberg (48)
- Kaufmannberg (19)
- Landstal (28)
- Ob der Kirche (317)
- Vollberg (69)
### Cadastral communities {#cadastral_communities}
Cadastral communities: Gegend Egg, Gölsen, Hainfeld, Heugraben, Kasberg, Landsthal, Ob der Kirche, Saugraben, Vollberg
## History
In ancient times the area of Hainfeld was part of the Roman province *Noricum*. In 1280 Hainfeld was mentioned as a *forum* (market) which indicates a certain importance for the local region.
During the Middle Ages the market was part of the manorialism of Lilienfeld Abbey.
On 30 December 1888 the Austrian politician Victor Adler united some Austro-Hungarian socialist and worker\'s movements and associations to the Social Democratic Workers\' Party of Austria (German: *Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Österreichs, SDAPÖ*) at the party congress in Hainfeld. This was the beginning of the modern Austrian party Social Democratic Party of Austria.
On 26 September 1928 the Lower Austrian State Government endowed Hainfeld with town privileges.
After World War II Hainfeld was the second most destroyed Austrian city behind Wiener Neustadt and part of the Soviet occupation zone in Allied-occupied Austria.
Ferdinand Benischke became to the first mayor after the war from 1945 to 1962.
## Population
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Chrysostomus Wieser (1664--1747), abbot of Lilienfeld Abbey
- Otto Kemptner (1890--1944), augustinian canon
- Arnold Röhrling (1893--1974), composer
- Marianne Zoff (1893--1984), actress and opera singer
## Sister Cities {#sister_cities}
Hainfeld is twinned with Issenheim since 1974
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# 2nd East Anglian Regiment
The **2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester\'s Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire)** was a short-lived infantry regiment of the British Army from 1960 to 1964. Its lineage is continued by the Royal Anglian Regiment.
## History
As a result of the Defence Review, it was announced that the 1st Battalion, Royal Lincolnshire Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment were to merge with the title **2nd East Anglian Regiment (Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire)**. On 20 August 1959 it was announced that approval had been given to include the name of Duchess of Gloucester in the regiment\'s title.
The regiment was formed on 1 June 1960, at Watchet, Somerset. A formation parade was held on 10 July. The regiment moved to Osnabrück, Germany, in 1961, where new colours were presented by the colonel-in-chief in the following year.
On 1 September 1964 the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk Regiment), 2nd and 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment were amalgamated to form a new \"large regiment\" known as the Royal Anglian Regiment. The 2nd East Anglians were redesignated as the 2nd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester\'s Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire) of the new regiment.
## Badges and dress distinctions {#badges_and_dress_distinctions}
All battalions of the East Anglian Brigade wore a common cap badge, with each unit having a distinctive collar badge, coloured lanyard and stable belt. The 2nd East Anglian Regiment wore a collar badge combining elements of the insignia of the two merged regiments: a sphinx and the battle honour Talavera for the Royal Lincolns and Northamptons respectively. A black lanyard, inherited from the Northamptonshire Regiment, was worn. The regiment\'s stable belt combined the colours of those of the two predecessors, dark blue with a buff and dark red stripe. The regiment\'s No.1 Dress uniform was dark blue with scarlet piping and the regimental facing colour was blue.
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# 2nd East Anglian Regiment
## Battle honours {#battle_honours}
The 2nd East Anglians inherited the battle honours of its two predecessor regiments. The following were chosen to be displayed on the colours: `{{div-col}}`{=mediawiki} *Regimental Colour*
- Blenheim
- Ramillies
- Oudenarde
- Malplaquet
- Louisburg
- Quebec, 1759
- Martinique, 1762
- Havannah
- Martinique, 1794
- Maida
- Douro
- Talavera
- Albuhera
- Badajoz
- Salamanca
- Vittoria
- Pyrenees
- Nivelle
- Orthes
- Toulouse
- Peninsula
- Sobraon
- New Zealand
- Mooltan
- Goojerat
- Punjaub
- Sevastopol
- Lucknow
- South Africa, 1879
- Tirah
- Atbara
- Khartoum
- Modder River
- Paardeburg
- South Africa, 1899-1902
*Queen\'s Colour*
- Mons
- Marne, 1914
- Aisne, 1914\'18
- Messines, 1914, \'17, \'18
- Ypres, 1914,\'15,\'17
- Neuve Chapelle
- Loos
- Somme, 1916,\'18
- Arras, 1917\'18
- Lys
- Hindenburg Line
- Epéhy
- Suvla
- Gaza
- Dunkirk, 1940
- Normandy Landing
- Fontenay le Pesnil
- Antwerp-Turnhout Canal
- Rhineland
- North Africa 1942-43
- Salerno
- Garigliano Crossing
- Anzio
- Cassino II
- Gothic Line
- Italy 1943-45
- Ngakyedauk Pass
- Imphal
- Myinmu Bridgehead
- Burma, 1943--45
The centre badge for the regimental colours was *Below a sprig of three maple leaves each charged with a fleur-de-lys, the Sphinx upon a plinth inscribed \"Egypt\"*. The maple leaves and fleurs-de-lis were the badge of the Northamptonshire Regiment, signifying the regiment\'s service in Quebec in 1758-9 while the sphinx was a badge of the Royal Lincolnshire Regiment. In the lower two corners of the regimental colour were the cypher of the Duchess of Gloucester and the castle and key of Gibraltar with the dates \'Gibraltar 1779-83\' and the motto \'Montis Insignia Calpe\'
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# Tales of the Baroness
***Tales of the Baroness***, a three-part animated short film. Musician Sarah Slean teamed up with video director Nelson Chan of Mary, Day One in this series. It is about a young girl named Georgina hoping to cure a cursed nunnery with her scientific skills, while encountering the legendary Baroness.
The first segment aired May 11, 2007 on *Bravo!FACT Presents*
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# Hohenberg, Lower Austria
**Hohenberg** is a town in the district of Lilienfeld in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Population
Place where Family Weinstabl was born and raised before emigrating to Argentina
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# Jan Boven
**Jan Boven** (born 28 February 1972 in Delfzijl, Groningen) is a road bicycle racer from the Netherlands, who turned professional in 1996, and remained with the same team, Rabobank, until 2008.
His son, Lars Boven is a professional cyclist for UCI WorldTeam `{{UCI team code|ADC}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Hanne Sophie Greve
**Hanne Sophie Greve** (born 14 April 1952 in Tønsberg, Norway) is a Norwegian judge.
She graduated as cand.jur. in (1976) and later (1988) dr. juris at the University of Bergen. She was judge at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg from 1998 to 2004.
Before she was appointed to the position in Strasbourg, she was a judge at Gulating Court of Appeal and was involved in a number of national and international projects where human rights were in focus.
Her doctoral thesis was about refugees from Cambodia, a subject about which she has shown a particular interest and written about on various occasions.
Greve is currently (`{{As of|2007|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) writing a book on an alleged red herring manoeuver originating with Winston Churchill, concerning an allied invasion in 1942 during World War II. Greve is of the opinion that this invasion never was anything other than a distraction, a distraction that cost the lives of several hundred Norwegians, among which the inhabitants of a fiskevær in the Vestlandet region of the country. No date has yet been given for the publication of the book.
On 30 April 2007 Greve stated that Norway has come to be perceived as a haven for international war criminals just like the South American countries after World War II. This statement was given in a TV documentary on Norway\'s TV 2
In 1995 she was awarded the Fritt Ord Award
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# Kaumberg
**Kaumberg** is a town in the district of Lilienfeld in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Erik Thompson
**Erik Thompson** (born July 22, 1959, in La Jolla, California) is an American voice actor and television announcer.
## Career
After starting out as a disc jockey in San Diego and Los Angeles radio, he began pursuing a career in voiceover. Thompson eventually found work as a promotional voice of HBO, which led to promotional announcements and program narration on several other networks.
His work includes narrating the TV series *The Universe* on The History Channel, *Crimes of the Century* on CNN, *World\'s Most Amazing Videos* and many other television series featured on Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, The History Channel, NBC, MSNBC, The Weather Channel, National Geographic Channel, Spike and CNN.
Thompson has performed voice-overs for hundreds of national television and radio commercials, non-broadcast narration, television infomercials, animated voice and web-based content.
As a promotional voice, he has at various times been a fixture of several television networks, including Ion Television, National Geographic Channel, Nat Geo Wild, FX, CBS, NBC, HBO, Animal Planet, Showtime, TBS, Discovery Channel, Investigation Discovery, and others. He also is the promotional voice of several local affiliate stations across the United States
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# Olsen and Johnson
**John Sigvard** \"**Ole**\" **Olsen** (November 6, 1892 -- January 26, 1963) and **Harold Ogden** \"**Chic**\" **Johnson** (March 5, 1891 -- February 26, 1962) were American comedians of vaudeville, radio, the Broadway stage, motion pictures and television. Their shows were noted for their crazy blackout gags and orchestrated mayhem (\"anything can happen, and it probably will\"). Their most famous production was the stage musical (and later movie) *Hellzapoppin*.
Comedy teams traditionally had a straight man and a stooge. However, Olsen and Johnson both took on the comic role, goodnaturedly chuckling their way through the steady barrage of gunshots, explosions, props plummeting to earth, intrusions from other performers, and input from the audience.
## Early career {#early_career}
Ole Olsen and Chic Johnson began as musical entertainers: Ole (pronounced \"OH-lee\") played the violin and Chic (pronounced \"chick\") played ragtime piano. They met in 1914 when Olsen hired Johnson to replace the pianist in his College Four quartet. Ole and Chic hit it off immediately and joined forces for a vaudeville act. No joke was too old, no song too corny for Ole and Chic, and the two engaging comics became a minor sensation in the Midwest. Radio enlarged their audience and led to appearances in early talkie movies for Warner Bros. and two more minor features for Republic Pictures. The movies of the 1930s, though, were much too confining for Olsen and Johnson\'s special brand of nut humor. Ole and Chic recited their lines and played off each other well, but their scripts were too formal, leaving the team little room for their nonsensical comedy. During the summer of 1932, they were featured each week on NBC\'s (radio) Red Network\'s *Fleischmann\'s Yeast Hour*. Based on surviving samples, Rudy Vallee did not interact with them on-air. The intense and fast-paced segments were titled \"The Padded Cell of the Air\". As 1932 was a presidential election year, they nominated Mickey Mouse for president. The \"Padded Cell\" segments are clearly a predecessor of *Hellzapoppin*, the revue they mounted in 1938.
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# Olsen and Johnson
## *Hellzapoppin*
Although Olsen and Johnson were a leading act in vaudeville, their greatest achievement was their \"legitimate theater\" production of *Hellzapoppin*. Assembled and produced by Olsen and Johnson, *Hellzapoppin* opened at New York\'s 46th Street Theatre on September 22, 1938, and ran for 1,404 performances, transferring to the Winter Garden Theatre mid-run.
The show had its start in a revue called *Monkey Business* wherein the team began developing their signature style of observing and commenting on the lunacy taking place around them. The gags and comic premises were borrowed from classic variety entertainment, but Olsen and Johnson put an original spin on the material through their inspired improvisation in live performance.
Described as a rule-breaking exercise in hysteria, *Hellzapoppin* was a comic amalgam of the best---or worst---of vaudeville and burlesque. It gloried in the broadest type of comedy, with no sketch too lowbrow to be included. Technically a musical because it included a score by lyricist Charles Tobias and composer Sammy Fain, it was best known for its crazy combination of comedy acts, which included clowns, midgets, and animals. Stylistically, the show consistently broke the fourth wall, using cast members planted in the audience or in the aisles, and zany audience-participation gags. It also made heavy use of prop comedy, including rubber snakes, breakaway pants and skirts, clotheslines filled with laundry, and even electric buzzers hidden inside some of the theater seats.
Sophisticated Broadway audiences were unprepared for such chaos: stray props came out of nowhere, comic characters in the audience disrupted the action, Olsen and Johnson dashed on and off the stage in crazy costumes and indulged in cheerfully earthy humor, chorus girls lost their skirts, and vaudeville acts did their trick specialties. The show never played the same way twice. On some nights songs would be preempted by jokes, and on others jokes would be interrupted by songs.
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# Olsen and Johnson
## Olsen and Johnson at Universal Pictures {#olsen_and_johnson_at_universal_pictures}
In 1941, Universal Pictures decided to commit *Hellzapoppin\'* to film (unlike the musical, including an apostrophe in the title), with plenty of crazy and sometimes innovative gags. A cab driver literally goes to hell, with Olsen and Johnson as his reluctant passengers. A serious song by Robert Paige and Jane Frazee is interrupted when a title card crashes on the screen, advising one Stinky Miller to go home. Man-chasing Martha Raye pursues Mischa Auer, who finds himself suddenly stripped down to his underwear and running a mock track meet. The film goes out of frame, and Olsen and Johnson try to correct the problem themselves. The action is interrupted by scenes from someone *else\'s* movie, and Olsen and Johnson complain to the projectionist. Despite Universal\'s insistence on a then-customary romance and a \"serious plot,\" somewhat diluting the Olsen and Johnson onslaught, *Hellzapoppin*\' is still fresh and funny. Copyright issues involving the original stage production have forced the film version out of general circulation in the United States, although a European DVD has been released.
The film version treated the show as a work in progress: Olsen and Johnson step out of the picture, stop the action to interact with the audience, and sabotage their own show-within-the-movie by using optical movie effects. This creative use of the film medium got *Hellzapoppin*\' listed by theyshootpictures.com as one of the 1,000 most innovative films ever made.
Pleased with the film\'s boxoffice performance, Universal signed the team for three more features. *Crazy House* (1943) had Olsen and Johnson running amok through the Universal studio and evacuating the staff, including Universal regulars Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce, Johnny Mack Brown, Leo Carrillo, and Andy Devine. When Olsen and Johnson present themselves at the head office with the announcement \"Universal\'s most sensational comedy team outside!\", the studio chief replies, \"Oh, Abbott and Costello! Send them right in!\" The chief refuses to deal with Olsen and Johnson again, so Ole and Chic decide to make their own movie. The cast of *Crazy House* includes many of Universal\'s stars and featured players: Allan Jones, Shemp Howard, Robert Paige, Franklin Pangborn, and Martha O\'Driscoll, among others.
Both *Hellzapoppin*\' and *Crazy House* had been very expensive productions, on a par with Universal\'s popular Abbott and Costello comedies. For the remaining two films on Olsen and Johnson\'s contract, the studio decided to economize, using its salaried contract players and less elaborate staging and settings. In *Ghost Catchers* (1944), Ole and Chic help singer Gloria Jean make her Carnegie Hall debut despite strange happenings in a spooky old house. *See My Lawyer* (1945) was a patchwork of vaudeville acts, with Olsen and Johnson noticeably absent from most of the proceedings.
## Other Broadway productions {#other_broadway_productions}
Olsen and Johnson kept working on the Broadway stage during the 1940s, making occasional trips to Hollywood to fulfill their movie commitments.
Olsen and Johnson\'s shows were so popular that the team franchised them, with road companies headlining similar vaudeville acts and comedians. The 1942 road company of *Hellzapoppin* starred Jay C. Flippen and Happy Felton in the Olsen and Johnson roles. The 1949 Australian revival of *Hellzapoppin* starred Don de Leo and George Mayo (as \"Olsen and Johnson\").
In December 1941, Olsen and Johnson returned to Broadway with a new revue, *Sons O\' Fun*, which offered the same frenzied assortment of old gags and new songs. After this show had run its course, Olsen and Johnson mounted yet another variation on *Hellzapoppin*, this one titled *Laffing Room Only* (1944). Their final Broadway show was the 1950 production *Pardon Our French*, introducing their \"discovery,\" French singer Denise Darcel. Unlike the previous Olsen and Johnson hits, *Pardon Our French* ran only three months, closing on January 6, 1951. However, Olsen and Johnson continued to perform in tours and revivals, including a 1959 production at Flushing Meadows in Queens, NY, called \"Hellz-a-Splashin\': An Aqua-cade.\"
## Television
In 1949 NBC Television hired Olsen and Johnson to star in an ambitious variety show, *Fireball Fun for All*, sponsored by Buick and its Fireball 8 engine. It was hard to adapt Olsen and Johnson\'s unpredictable, prop-laden humor to a rigid time slot. Surviving kinescopes of the expensive, short-lived show demonstrate just how hard everyone tried to recapture the old, large-scale *Hellzapoppin* magic under the limitations of live television. At least the series reflected on the stars\' achievement: they had now performed in every form of popular entertainment. The team tried TV again, appearing semi-regularly on NBC\'s *All-Star Revue*. Their last regular TV series was ABC\'s 1957 children\'s series *Popsicle Five Star Comedy*. Seen Saturday evenings, the brief series also featured ventriloquists Paul Winchell and Senor Wences and cartoonist-storyteller Bob Bean.
Olsen and Johnson continued to preside over rowdy revues into the 1950s, mostly in Las Vegas.
On June 21, 1953, they appeared together as the \"mystery guests\" on *What\'s My Line?*. Every time the blindfolded panelists guessed the *wrong* comedy team, Johnson glared at them with mock anger and silent epithets.
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# Olsen and Johnson
## Library of gags {#library_of_gags}
Olsen and Johnson used hundreds of gag props and mechanical devices over the course of their partnership. As vaudevillians they safeguarded some of these specialties by submitting detailed descriptions and diagrams to National Vaudeville Artists, Inc.\'s Protected Material Department, \"extensively used for years by the creators of gags, routines, skits, stunts, and unique specialties.\" Fellow vaudeville comedian Fred Allen described the procedure in his memoir:
\"Any member could protect his act. All he had to do was to enclose a copy of his material in a sealed envelope and deliver it to the N.V.A. office. The envelope was placed in the Protected Material files. Later, if a plagiarist was brought to bay, the act preferred charges, the sealed envelope was opened, and the N.V.A. officials dispensed justice. Hundreds of acts protected their material through this service. After Albee\'s death, vaudeville started over the hill and took the N.V.A. club with it.\"
The N.V.A. office finally discontinued the Protected Material Department on September 15, 1947, \"owing to lack of space.\" The originators of the material were invited to claim it in person; after 30 days the N.V.A. would dispose of the files left unclaimed. Ole Olsen remembered the storehouse of gags contained in the files, and purchased all of the remaining material that had been abandoned.
Olsen had long been a collector of theatrical memorabilia. In June 1947 he paid \$5,000 (\$71,703 in 2025) for the entire published and unpublished material \-- 40 years\' worth \-- of author James Madison. *Madison\'s Budget* was a regularly published compendium of jokes, sketches, and song lyrics sold to vaudevillians at one dollar per issue. Olsen also bought the effects of stage producer Ned Wayburn, including many Will Rogers monologues.
By the 1950s Olsen had compiled a comprehensive library of venerable gag material, storing it on his property in Malvern, Long Island. He valued the library at \$250,000 (\$2,845,186 in 2025) and made it available to professional writers in 1957. This was front-page news for *Variety*, which described the \"humor library\" as containing \"over 3,000 volumes, including the original Joe Miller books and a complete collection of *Punch*. All gags are cross-filed. Olsen will let would-be humorists look at it by the hour at the following rates: \$100 per hour for all you can tape record; \$50 per hour for all you can write down; and \$25 an hour for all you can remember.\"
## Philanthropy
Olsen and Johnson raised money for any number of charities. Entertainment historian Joe Laurie, Jr. paid tribute to the team in 1947: \"Olsen and Johnson have played hundreds of benefits for all sorts of causes. They never say no to a plea for help. They\'ll empty their last \[gun\] cartridge for a pal. They are always ready to fire a fusillade of fun for any charity. They have the ability to win the hearts and confidence of all with whom they associate. I like Olsen and Johnson because they are loyal to each other, to their families and friends. They are nutty but nice!\"
## Final years {#final_years}
In the late 1950s illness forced Chic Johnson to retire from the hectic show-business lifestyle, while Ole Olsen continued to work as a solo performer. When Milton Berle was hosting NBC\'s *Jackpot Bowling*, Olsen was on hand to play straight to Berle\'s antics. This was actually a surprise for Olsen, as his live comic routine was interrupted by Ralph Edwards and a *This Is Your Life* tribute. The flabbergasted Olsen greeted family and friends, with frequent breaks for time-honored O & J sight gags. The final guest was Chic Johnson, who ran on-camera in his familiar stage costume and joyfully reunited with his old friend and partner.
Johnson died in 1962; Olsen, less than a year later. The two partners had always been close and their final resting places (in Las Vegas) are adjacent.
## Revivals
Theatrical producer Alexander H. Cohen had long remembered *Hellzapoppin*: \"I was an 18-year-old stagestruck college student when *Hellzapoppin* opened, and I studied it like a textbook. I saw it 19 times during its run on Broadway.\" It was Cohen\'s fond hope to produce *Hellzapoppin* himself, and he purchased the rights \"from the estate of Olsen and Johnson\" in 1966. Within the year Cohen mounted a revival at Expo 67, the World\'s Fair at Montreal, featuring comics Soupy Sales and Will B. Able (Willard S. Achorn) ; the show closed after only a few performances. Cohen\'s plans for a Broadway opening were tabled in favor of a network-television special. A one-hour *Hellzapoppin* starring Jack Cassidy, Ronnie Schell, and Lynn Redgrave was aired by ABC-TV in 1972.
Cohen had been impressed by Lynn Redgrave in the TV special, and signed her to appear opposite Jerry Lewis in a Broadway revival, scheduled for Sunday night, February 13, 1977. There was turmoil behind the scenes, however, as comedy star Lewis dominated the production and had serious arguments with producer Cohen, co-star Redgrave, and writer-adaptor Abe Burrows. Cohen abruptly closed the show after its out-of-town tryouts, and canceled both the Broadway engagement and an opening-night TV spectacular, forfeiting a million-dollar payment from NBC.
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# Olsen and Johnson
## Legacy
Olsen and Johnson\'s comedy style has often been imitated (most successfully by *Rowan and Martin\'s Laugh-In*).
## Films
- *Oh Sailor Behave!* (Warner Bros., 1930) (68 minutes)
- *Fifty Million Frenchmen* (Warner Bros., 1931) (68 minutes)
- *Gold Dust Gertie* (Warner Bros
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# The Finches
**The Finches** is an American folk pop band, founded in San Francisco, California.
The band released their debut album *Human Like a House* on January 30, 2007. In February 2008, Aaron Morgan moved from The Finches. John Garmon (drums) and Gerry Saucedo (bass) joined the group. They are a trio.
## Membership
Band lineup (as of May 2010):
- Cam Jones: Drums, backup vocals
- Gerry Saucedo: Bass, vocals
- Carolyn Pennypacker Riggs: Guitar, lead vocals
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# Mahlon Hoagland
**Mahlon Bush Hoagland** (October 5, 1921 -- September 18, 2009) was an American biochemist who discovered transfer RNA (tRNA), the translator of the genetic code.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Mahlon Bush Hoagland was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1921 to Hudson Hoagland and Anna Hoagland. Hudson was an American physiologist who was known for co-founding the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology with Gregory Pincus. Mahlon Hoagland graduated from The Hill School in 1940 and attended Williams College, and in 1948 received his M.D. from Harvard Medical School with intentions of becoming a pediatric surgeon. After a bout with tuberculosis, Hoagland was forced to change career directions and became involved with research.
After graduating from Harvard Medical School he, his daughter Judith and his wife Elizabeth Stratton Hoagland lived in the home of designer Louise Kenyon and her family. Kenyon was part of the Folly Cove Designers and Hoagland worked with them in Annisquam for several years while he commuted to Boston for work.
Hoagland took a research position at Massachusetts General Hospital in the lab of Paul Zamecnik, where he researched and detailed the role of transfer RNA in forming proteins. He was working with Zamecnick and Elizabeth Keller when he discovered the initial steps of protein synthesis.
From 1953 to 1967, Hoagland served as an associate professor of microbiology at Harvard Medical School. In 1967, upon leaving Harvard he was appointed professor in the biochemistry department at the Dartmouth Medical School. In 1970, Hoagland became scientific director of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, retiring in 1985 after 15 years in the directorship.
### Work
By the time Hoagland had joined Huntington Laboratories, his colleagues there were well known for their work in protein synthesis. In the early 1950s, Hoagland and his associates were able to show that polypeptide synthesis occurs on ribosomes. They did this by giving a rat injections of radioactive amino acids, waiting for a defined period of time, extracting the liver, and examining sub-cellular fractions for radioactivity. He found that after longer periods of times (hours, days) radioactively labeled proteins were present in all subcellular fractions. However, if they allowed less time to pass, radioactivity was found in only certain particles, which they deemed the sites of proteins synthesis. These particles were named ribosomes.
During their experiments with rat liver cells, Hoagland and Zamecnik noticed that in the presence of ATP, amino acids associate with heat soluble RNA, which was later named transfer RNA (tRNA). This amino acid and tRNA complex was later called aminoacyl-tRNA. Hoagland\'s major contribution to the laboratory was in his work with amino acid activating enzymes. He discovered that certain enzymes were required to activate amino acids so they could associate with tRNA molecules and eventually be incorporated into new protein molecules. These enzymes were named aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Incidentally, this lab\'s discovery of tRNA supported the theory of complementarity (molecular biology) proposed by Watson and Crick.
He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1976.
Mahlon Hoagland\'s other work involved the carcinogenic effects of beryllium, biosynthesis of coenzyme A, as well as liver regeneration and control.
## Works
- Hoagland, MB et al. \"A soluble ribonucleic acid intermediate in protein synthesis."*Journal of Biological Chemistry*. 1958 Mar; 231(1):241-57.
- Hoagland, M.B. *Toward the Habit of Truth: A life in Science*. New York: Norton, 1990.
- Dodson, Bert, and Mahlon Hoagland. *The Way Life Works: The Science Lover\'s Illustrated Guide to How Life Grows, Develops, Reproduces, and Gets Along*. New York: Times Books, 1995
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# The Left Handed Gun
***The Left Handed Gun*** is a 1958 American Western film and the film directorial debut of Arthur Penn, starring Paul Newman as Billy the Kid and John Dehner as Pat Garrett.
The screenplay was written by Leslie Stevens from a teleplay by Gore Vidal, which he wrote for the television series *The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse* 1955 episode \"The Death of Billy the Kid\", in which Newman also played the title character. Vidal revisited and revised the material for the 1989 TV movie titled *Billy the Kid*. The title refers to the belief that Billy the Kid was left handed, and he shoots left-handed in the film, though this was a false conclusion drawn from a reversed photograph. The film attempts to portray Billy the Kid as a misunderstood youth who got mixed up in a cattle war and was dragged down by the hostile population of New Mexico.
## Plot
Drifter William Bonney, known as \"Billy the Kid\", befriends a cattle boss named John Tunstall, who is known as \"The Englishman\". Tunstall is murdered by corrupt rival cattlemen led by the local sheriff in the Lincoln County War. Bonney plans to avenge the crime by hunting down those responsible and killing them in provoked gunfights. His violent actions endanger his surviving friends and the territorial amnesty proclaimed by New Mexico Territory governor Lew Wallace. Billy\'s former friend, Pat Garrett, becomes a sheriff and sets out to hunt him down.
Billy\'s worshipful companion, Moultrie, lionizes Billy\'s actions, fueling a series of dime novels that transform Bonney into a legend. Billy is disgusted with his fictionalization, and he rejects Moultrie. Embittered, Moultrie betrays Bonney to Garrett. In a final showdown, Garrett ambushes and kills the exhausted Bonney, who faces his nemesis unarmed in the hopes of ending his own life.
## Cast
- Paul Newman as Billy The Kid
- Lita Milan as Celsa
- John Dehner as Pat Garrett
- Hurd Hatfield as Moultrie
- James Congdon as Charlie Bowdre
- James Best as Tom Folliard
- Colin Keith-Johnston as John Tunstall
- John Dierkes as Alexander McSween
- Robert Anderson (credited as Bob Anderson) as Hill
- Wally Brown as Deputy Moon
- Ainslie Pryor as Joe Grant
- Martin Garralaga as Saval
- Denver Pyle as Ollinger
- Paul Smith as Smith
- Nestor Paiva as Pete Maxwell
- Jo Summers as Bride
- Robert Foulk as Sheriff Brady
- Anne Barton as Mrs. Hill
- George Bell as Deputy
- Joe Bell as Peddler
- Orlando Beltran as Mexican Farmer
- George Berkeley
- Lane Chandler as Townsman on Street with Mason
- Mary Lou Clifford as Gypsy woman
- Stephen Coit as Alexander Ganz, Photographer
- Cecil Combs as Deputy
- Jess Franco as Young Gypsy Man
- Terry Frost as Angry Townsman
- Robert Griffin as Morton
- Norman Leavitt as General Store Clerk
- Eve McVeagh as Mrs. McSween
- Tina Menard as Mexican Woman
- Boyd \'Red\' Morgan as Soldier
- Tessie Murray as Gypsy Woman
- Joseph V. Perry as Clerk
- Stephanie Pond-Smith
- Henry Rowland as Man on Street with Deputy
- Oreste Seragnoli as Priest
- Morgan Shaan as Man in Crowd
- Dan Sheridan as Bucky
- Fred Sherman as Clerk
- Jorge Treviño as Ramírez
- Glen Turnbull as Sergeant
- Ernesto Zambrano as Old Gypsy Man
## Reception
The film was a flop in the United States, but was praised by French film critics for its bold experimentation with the stereotyped American Western genre. In 1961 it won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association
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# Kleinzell
**Kleinzell** is a town in the district of Lilienfeld in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Kleinzell is the third largest municipality in the district of Lilienfeld with a size of about 93.09km². Kleinzell is situated in the Halbachtal in the Gutenstein Alps about 55 kilometres southwest of Vienna and 25 kilometres south of Sankt Pölten. The municipal area is mountainous, the highest mountains include the Reisalpe (1399m) and the Hochstaff (1305m).
The proportion of forest in the municipal area is very high at 84.7%. 11.9% are permanent settlement areas.
Kleinzell can be reached from the north (Gölsental) and from the south (Kalte Kuchl) via the L133. In the east, the L132 leads to Ramsau via the Dürrholzer Kreuz.
### Municipal structure {#municipal_structure}
Kleinzell is divided into the following settlements (in parentheses population size as of January 1, 2021):
- Außerhalbach (87)
- Ebenwald (31)
- Innerhalbach (96)
- Kleinzell (640)
## Population
## Sights
The small parish church in Kleinzell was built in the 14th Century. It is stately perched on top of the hill. Fifty-six stairs lead up to the parish built in honor of Mary\'s Assumption into heaven. The wooden altar was created by Linz sculptor Ludwig Linzinger in 1897 as part of the neo-Gothic renovations. The relief shows the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the announcement made by the Angel Gabriel saying that she would conceive and become the mother of Jesus. Cross ribbed ceiling. Artistically carved, wooden Stations of the Cross hang on the walls. The oldest bell in the district tolls every Saturday at noon as a reminder that once sirens blared warning the villagers of impending bomb attacks. The refurbished chamber organ was built by Ignaz Gatto \"The Elder\" in AD 1750.
## Politics
The Kleinzell municipal council has 15 seats, which are divided as follows (2020 Lower Austria local elections):
- 11 seats: Österreichische Volkspartei Kleinzell
- 2 seats: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs und Parteifreie
- 2 seats: FPÖ und Unabhängige
## Public facilities {#public_facilities}
Kleinzell has a kindergarten and a primary school.
## Personalities
This is also the hometown of Gertrude Kerschner. Her life story can be found in \"Through Innocent Eyes - The Chosen Girls of the Hitler Youth
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# Steve Gage
**Steven Glen Gage** (born May 10, 1964) is an American former professional football safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins from 1987 to 1988. He played college football at the University of Tulsa and was selected in the sixth round of the 1987 NFL draft
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# History of Falkenberg
The **history of Falkenberg** is, to a smaller or larger extent, known since the late 13th century, when the town starts to appear in written sources. The town might have taken over the position as a local power center from a location in Stafsinge. It was then Danish, and would remain so up till 1645, with some minor interruptions. From the 14th century and on to the Northern Seven Years\' War (1563-1570) a second town, *Ny-Falkenberg* (*New Falkenberg*) was located close to the town. The fort from which the fiefdom had been run was destroyed by Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson\'s troops in 1434, and would not be rebuilt, hence marking the end of the fiefdom. The town gained its market rights in 1558.
Better infrastructure in the latter part of the 19th century, meant that the town break a long period of stagnation and see some substantial growth. The industrialisation process started at the late 19th/early 20th century. In the 20th century the town has continued to growth, both in terms of population and size. For the first time it has come to include areas on the southern strand of river Ätran.
## The middle ages {#the_middle_ages}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| Year | Population |
+=========================================================================================================================================+============+
| 1770 | 551 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1810 | 636 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1850 | 953 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1854 | 941 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1890 | 1 760 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1910 | 4 452 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1930 | 5 604 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1950 | 8 667 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1970 | 13 476 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1995 | 18 308 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| **Source** (mainly):\ | |
| *[CyberCity](https://web.archive.org/web/20061001092514/http://www.historia.su.se/urbanhistory/cybcity/stad/falkenberg/befolkning.htm)* | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
In the late 13th century, the Danish king built a fort on the southern strand of river Ätran. It was given the name Falkenberg (*Falcon* + *mountain*), and would late give the town its name. It is not known wherefrom the fort got its name. What is known is that falconry has taken place in the area. Notes in Hallandia antiqua et hodierna, pointing out a specific hill as the *Falcon mountain*, is unverified.
The northern strand of the river was from time to time Norwegian or Swedish. There a trading centre known as *Ätraby* developed. Its church Saint Lawrence church, was built at around 1300. The settlement might have developed in competition with an earlier power center in Stafsinge. The settlement might have existed in 1256, as Haakon IV of Norway destroyed a market town (*Kaupstadh*) at river Ätran. Whether this market town was Falkenberg or the earlier power center is unknown.
Several royal meeting took place in or around Falkenberg in the late 13th/early 14th century. On these meetings marriages were negotiated. It was from Falkenberg that Christopher issued the market town rights for Halmstad.
The fort was destroyed by the men of Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson in 1434 and was not rebuilt. However, the trading centre took over its name. From the 14th century and on to the Northern Seven Years\' War (1563-1570) a second town, *Ny-Falkenberg* (*New Falkenberg*), was located close to the town. Its main street was located where *Tröingevägen* is today, north east of the hospital.
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# History of Falkenberg
## Modern period (-1860) {#modern_period__1860}
Year Mayor
----------- ------------------------------------
1444 Herman Röde
1446 Peder Bengtsen
dead 1592 Carl Jacobsen
1658-1664 Mickel Lauritzsson
1664-1680 Johan Larsson
1680-1686 Antonius (Tönnis) Gertsson Lubinus
1686-1705 Hans Gertsson Lubinus
1705-1709 Germund Skeppsgård
1709-1730 Gustav Dahlberg
1730-1748 Söhren Söhrensson
1748-1767 Johan Falckman
1767-1776 Arvid N. Boman
1776-1795 Peter Wallin
1795-1826 Johan Lagergren
1826-1853 Lars Bergström
1853-1912 Anders Magnus Lundberg
1912-1932 Bernt Wilmer Bengtsen
Falkenberg was, together with the rest of the county, ceded to Sweden in the mid 17th century. By then, it had been heavily affected by the many wars which since the 13th century had ravaged the county. Christer Bonde, president of the Swedish National Board of Trade described it as a *\"minor stain\"*, after his tour of inspection in the conquered territories. He was not alone. Several other notes from this time mentions the town in similar, unfavourable, words. The town had then, and would for quite some time, about 200 people, mainly working with farming. Farming and fishing continued to be the major trade in the town into the mid 19th century.
The Swedish state had an intention to limit the number of towns with the right to trade internationally (Sw. *stapelstäder*). Hence, the town lost these rights in 1660, had them returned in 1679 (during the Scanian War), and finally lost them again in 1724. A long battle with the state about the rights ensued. It would take until 1866 before the town regained the rights.
In 1660 the down suffered a major fire, in which 16 of the houses was lost. It was followed by several fires in the first half of the 18th century (1706, 1708, 1718, 1725, 1732 and 1743). As a result of all these fires, thatched roofs were forbidden. They were often replaced with brick roofs. The last major fire took place in 1841.
A register of the townspeople\'s occupations in 1737 reveals two bakers, a glassmaker, a gold smith, a gloves maker, a hat maker, a wheel maker, a copper smith, a potter, a mason, a painter, , three shoemakers, two tailors, a butcher, three smiths, four lumbermen, a weaver, four inn owners, twelve seamen and fishers and twelve workers. From the 18th century and onwards more and more potteries were built, the most well known Törngrens krukmakeri.
Salmon fishing has in all likelihood been carried out in river Ätran since ancient times. It is mentioned from the 16th century and onwards. Hallandia antiqua et hodierna describes it as the best in Halland. The good fishing-waters draw many Englishmen to the town in the 19th. This early tourism is described in *Days in Falkenberg - A Record of Sport in Sweden*, a book written in 1884 by A. M. Wilkinsson, a lawyer from London. Among those fishing were Sir Hyde Parker and a son to Thomas Babington Macaulay. At the end of the 19th century the town gained about one fifth of its revenue from the fishing. Nowadays the revenue from the fishing is estimated to be of the order of five million SEK.
The Falkenberg Bridge was built in the mid 18th century. The current town hall (Falkenbergs town hall) was built in 1826, although earlier town halls had existed at the same spot.
It was suggested in the early 1860s that the town should have a town council. Up until then the decisions had been made at assemblies, where all those attending and with a right to vote could do so. After some early opposition the town council was introduced in 1865.
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# History of Falkenberg
## The town starts to grow (1860-) {#the_town_starts_to_grow_1860_}
From the 1820s and onwards action had been taken to improve the state of the Port of Falkenberg. In the mid 19th century the need for a better harbour became desperate. Hallands Ångbåtsaktiebolag (*Halland Steamboat Inc.*) had begun traffic along the westcoast, but refused to stop in Falkenberg, due to the poor state of the port. At the same time the importance of the port grew, as it was needed for the export of timber from the inland. The maximum depth in the harbour was 9 ft, and it was only 6 ft at the quay. Hence, the boats often had to anchor at some distance out at sea, where the goods were transferred to smaller boats, which were able to use the harbour.
The limited depth was caused by sand drifting towards the harbour, due to underwater streams. In order to increase the depth a dredge was bought, at a cost of 9 000 Swedish riksdaler. Over the coming decades the dredge struggled to keep the depth. In 1890 the port once again lost the steamboat traffic. In 1909--1910 the northern wharf was extended and in the end of 1910 money was put up to build a 2,000 meter long breakwater and to extend the southern wharf. These projects took until 1926 to finish. These works proved successful, as the depth was increased to five meters and the dredge could be rented out.
The first plans for a railway between Falkenberg and Halmstad were discussed in 1881. As a result, Mellersta Hallands järnväg AB was formed, seated in Falkenberg. The stock company was successful in issuing stocks. With support by the Halland County Council and the state it would not only build the track, but also extend it to Varberg.
The work on the railway began in 1884, and in 1885 it reached Falkenberg. Two different stretches were suggested; one longer, northern, which would pass through the upper parts of Storgatan and Marknadsgatan; one short, southern, which would pass Tullkammaregatan and Storgatan. The latter alternative was cheaper and was chosen. As a consequence, the railway would pass through the remains of the old fort. The railway proved to be an economic success. When it was nationalised in 1895, it gave the town a return of 58 725 Swedish kronor on a 130 500 kronor investment.
The first telegraph station was opened in 1869. The town was connected to the national telephone grid in 1894. As the communications became better and better, the town gained a stronger role as the chief town for the surrounding countryside.
AB. Dan. Lundgrens leather factory was founded in 1834, and was for a long time one of the largest companies in the town. Bryggeriaktiebolaget Falken was founded in 1896, and has since been one of the largest employers in the town. Doktorspromenaden (The Doctor\'s Walk) was constructed in 1862.
The registers tell about barber-surgeons in the towns since the 17th century. From 1849 it had a town medical officer. The county council granted money for a cottage hospital in 1878, which was inaugurated four years later. The hospital facilities grew in numbers in the early 20th century, and in 1911 the county council decided to make it a general hospital, with a capacity of 34 beds.
The Herting mansion was bought by the town in 1901. The purchase was motivated by plans to build a hydro power plant; plans that were realized a few years later. The power plant has since been expanded step by step. Initially the power was too low to keep up with the demand, and the electricity had to be rationed. The problem was rectified by said expansions, as well as with the purchase of electricity from the Yngeredsfors power station, upstreams Ätran.
Following the threat of a cholera epidemic in 1892 an epidemic hospital was built in 1897. The building was used until 1925. It does nowadays belong to the Falkenbergs gymnasieskola and is known as the *yellow villa*. The building could not always host all the patients, and in those cases the Herting Sawmill was used to cater for the rest. Between 1925 and 1950 the epidemic hospital was located at Tallgläntan, however from 1933 and onwards it was for children only.
The 20th century has seen the town develop as a beach resort, in particular along Skrea Strand. By 1914 it had 14 cabins, by 1928 it had increased to 300 and nowadays there are about 1,600. From the 1930s and onwards some restaurants and a hotel has been established in the area to cater for the needs of the tourists.
The town begun to expand administratively in 1907 when Herting was incorporated, albeit with protests from Skrea, to which it had previously belonged. Further incorporation took place in 1936--1937, when Arvidstorp, become a part of the town. In that case the feelings had been the opposite, as Arvidstorp had struggled for over 20 years to become part of the town. In 1950 a minor part of Vinberg was transferred to the town and in 1951-1952 the incorporation of Skrea took place. As a result of the 1971 municipal reform the town is now the seat of Falkenberg Municipality. A new town hall was built in 1960.
Falkenbergs Football Club was founded in 1894 as the town\'s first major sports club. It was followed in 1906 by Falkenberg Women Gymnastics Club. Falkenberg Arena was built in 1921. Falkenbergs FF was founded in 1928 and Falkenbergs BTK in 1925. In the 1940s and 1950s a heated debate took place on whether to broad the old Falkenberg Bridge or not. The matter was taken to national level and as a result it was decided to leave the bridge untouched, but increase its capacity by building a footbridge, thereby leaving the entire bridge to the cars, without the need to share it with the pedestrians
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# Achaidh Leithdeircc
**Achaidh Leithdeircc** (modern spelling *Achadh Leith-dheirg*) is an ancient location in Ireland reputed to be the site of a historic battle, or series of battles, around the year 331 AD, in which the forces of the Three Collas along with men of Connaught eventually conquered vast tracts of territory from the tribes of the Ulaid. The prehistoric royal site of Navan Fort was burnt and plundered and ultimately this territory would re-emerge as part of the kingdom or federation of Airgíalla.
The Battle of Achadh Leith-dheirg was fought in the territory of \"Fearnmhagh\", according to 19th-century Celtic scholar John O\'Donovan. The place of the battle has been disputed between Fearn-mhagh, County Monaghan and Aghaderg, near Loughbrickland, County Down.
## The Glen Righe: The King\'s valley {#the_glen_righe_the_kings_valley}
When the last great ice caps started receding northwards some ten thousand years ago, Ireland arose once more from a frozen slumber. Great torrents of water were released by the melting ice. Lough Neagh slowly shrugged off vast quantities of this meltwater by flooding the surrounding lowlands. Watercourses which are now merely streams were then voluminous torrents, gushing across the land.
However between nineteen and thirteen thousand years before the present, during the last glacial period, the ice sheets flowed from Lough Neagh in a south-easterly direction. They eroded the under lying bedrock over which they travelled, dramatically reshaping the landscape into U-shaped valleys and cirques. When eventually the last ice caps receded the torrential meltwaters poured into the contoured land, adding to the swollen rivers.
Between the mouth or flood plain of the upper River Bann, where it flows into Lough Neagh and the fjord of Carlingford Lough where the River Clanrye empties into the Irish sea, lies one such u-shaped valley - the Glen Righe - *an Gleann Righe*.
This immense valley of bog, lough and river would become a natural land boundary for centuries. It would become the dividing line in 331 AD after the battle of Achadh Leith-dheirg between the new conquerors - the Three Collas and the remaining lands of the Ulaid. It would become in the seventeenth century the dividing line between the newly formed County Armagh and County Down and in the eighteenth century it would become the naturally occurring route of the Newry Canal.
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# Achaidh Leithdeircc
## Aghaderg Parish, County Down {#aghaderg_parish_county_down}
Aghaderg is a civil parish mainly in the Barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half and partly within the Barony of Iveagh Lower, Lower Half in the County Down, Province of Ulster. Within the bounds of Aghaderg parish are the remains of many sites of great archaeological interest, from stone circles to hill-top forts and settlements along river valleys. These sites include Lisnagade Hillfort, the Three Sisters ancient standing stones at Greenan, and parts of the Black Pig\'s Dyke. Aghaderg Parish lies within a drumlin belt landscape and encompasses the historic settlements of Loughbrickland and Scarva where King William III encamped. The village of Loughbrickland is renowned for its ancient crannog.
Aghaderg Parish is bounded on the west and separated from county Armagh by the Newry Canal -- which follows the path of the u-shaped valley from the mouth of upper River Bann at Lough Neagh to Carlingford Lough, known as the Glen Righe. This great, swampy valley remained an almost impenetrable boundary for many centuries, however it did permit a seasonal though highly precarious route across at specific \"passes\". These passes, in later years would become known as: Poyntzpass, Scarva pass, Jerrettspass, and Terryhoogan pass. These passes, though treacherous, seasonal and highly demanding may have allowed access to an invading army approaching from the west.
The two earliest recorded forms of the name Aghaderg - \"Uchderc\", concerning the site of a battle in AD 1147, between the Ulaid and Cenél nEógain allied with Airgíalla, remain questionable. The indigenous explanation around the early eighteenth century for the name of the parish implicates the old church of Drumsallagh, County Down. Local tradition told that numerous holy men had been killed by the Danes, who destroyed the church and monastery, and that afterwards this place became called Aghdurg, 'the red or bloody ford' - the boundary stream running close by the site.
Most early spellings of Aghaderg have a vowel after Agh-, suggesting achadh - 'field' rather than ucht - 'hill-breast' or áth 'ford'. According to [Placenamesni.org](https://www.placenamesni.org/) \"*The second element is probably dearg 'red', and the final syllable appearing as -rig in some forms up to 1834 could be explained as the epenthetic vowel pronounced in Irish between the r and g of dearg. Thus the name would be Achadh Dearg 'red field', the Irish form given in the 17th century (LCAB).*\"
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# Achaidh Leithdeircc
## Barony of Dartree & Barony of Farney, County Monaghan {#barony_of_dartree_barony_of_farney_county_monaghan}
The battle was fought in Farney in 331 AD according to the Annals of the Four Masters. In later sections of the Annals, Farney is spelt \'Fernmaighe\' in the Gaelic language and \'Fearnmaighe\' in the English translation.
Two baronies of county Monaghan, whose histories are deeply entangled, lay claim to \"Farney\", namely Dartree and Farney.
The present county of Monaghan, in the early medieval era was part of the more extensive kingdom of Mugdorna - the tribe of Mugdornai: from which the barony of Cremorne derives its name. In this period Fernmhagh was centred in north west Monaghan around *Loch Uaithne* - Lough Ooney.
The Annals of the Four Masters (for the year 849) say that \"Caireall, son of Ruadhrach, lord of Lough Uaithne, was slain by the Conaille.\" A footnote by O\'Donovan describes Lough Ooney as follows: `{{Quote|Loch Uaithne: i.e. Uaithne's Lough, now Lough Ooney, situated near the village of Smithborough, in the barony of Dartry and County of Monaghan. The chief of Dartraighe-Coininse had his principal residence at this lake, and hence was sometimes called lord of Loch-Uaithne.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, Volume 1 |year=1856 |publisher=Hodges, Smith and Company |location=Dublin |pages=482–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LHSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA482 |accessdate=18 January 2013 }}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Peadar Livingstone, in *The Monaghan Story*, states `{{Quote|Lough Ooney [was] undoubtedly the most important centre in the story of early Christian settlement in west Monaghan. On the eastern shore of this lake are the crannógs which formed the centre of the ancient ríocht or kingdom of Dartraighe-Coninse, from which the later barony of Dartrey, including the district of Connons, takes its name.|Livingstone, ''The Monaghan Story'', p. 38}}`{=mediawiki} Also from the same publication `{{Quote|While still at Lough Ooney, the Ua Nadsluaig has been known as the Fir Fernmaige and their kings as kings of Fernmaig, or Farney. When they migrated, they brought this name with them and eventually gave it to part of the area where they settled. As a result, the barony of Farney is today in south Monaghan, many kilometers from where the name began.|Livingstone, ''The Monaghan Story'', p. 41}}`{=mediawiki} Livingstone further states: `{{Quote|The County's most celebrated crannog [man-made island] was at Lough Ooney, near Smithborough. This particular crannog seems to have been the headquarters of the Fir Fernmaige for many centuries. It is mentioned in the Annals of Ulster as early as 719.|Livingstone, ''The Monaghan Story'', p. 35}}`{=mediawiki}
The preserving of a name that formerly belonged to another place is an occurrence frequent in Irish topography.
**Twelfth century expansion and migration** By the late 11th century the airgillia kingdom of Ui Chremthainn was controlled by the leading family of the Fir Fernmaige, using the surname of Ua Cerbaill. Due to Cenél nEógain pressure the Ui Chremthainn power base which had centred on Clogher was shifting south west into Monaghan. By early in the twelfth century the Ua Cerbhaill under the powerful political and religious reformer - King Donnchadh ua Cerbhaill controlled the ancient lands of the mugdornai. Donnchadh ua Cerbhaill (O\'Carroll) endowed the establishment of Mellifont Abbey and under his kingship the airgillia federation would play an immense role in twelfth century developments in Ireland.
As the twelfth century progressed the Ua Cherbaill expansion continued south easterly and their power base shifted from Clogher. Contemporary with this shift may have been the relocation of the \~ \"*Fir Fernmaighe*\" - Farney, from their original historically associated location of Lough Uaithne/Ooney into the south east region of modern Monaghan which now is known as the barony of Farney.
The Dioceses established at the Synod of Ráth Breasail laid sold foundation for church establishment but many changes had occurred in the decades following as ua Cherbhaill expansion continued into County Louth, Donnchadh ua Cerbhaill instigated the bishop of Louth or Airgillia, while that of the Bishop of Clogher temporarily fell into disuse.
## After the battle - The disputed Sites {#after_the_battle___the_disputed_sites}
**Aghaderg history after the battle**
The territory that encompassed Aghaderg parish in the centuries after the battle would evolve as the Ulaid fellowship of the Uí Echach Cobo. The territory lying directly west - as that of the Airghialla federation. To the north lay the lands of Dál nAraidi. While to the east the Dál Fiatach held sway.
**Modern county Monaghan baronies**
In the \"*Collectanea de rebus hibernicis*\", (1770) the baronies of Monaghan are noted as: \"*Dartry, Monaghan, Cremorne, Trough, Donamayne.*\" The modern barony of Farney was titled as Donamayne. The barony of Farney is not recorded in \"*civil and ecclesiastical topography \>*\"(1806): instead it is referenced as - \"*Donaghmoyne*\". Again in \"A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland\"(1810) Donaghmoyne is listed as occupying barony. The barony of Farney appears, by at least 1833, in Gortons \"*Topographical Dictionary of Ireland*\"
**Dartree and Farney history after the battle**
The territory surrounding these locations would become known as Oriel; a highly important federation of the Airgilla. In the centuries that followed the battle, the territory to the north-west of Airgialla would belong to the Cenél nEógain, the territory east of Airgialla - to the Ulaid, to the south lay the lands of the southern Uí Néill, while to the south west lay the Uí Briúin of Brefnie.
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# Achaidh Leithdeircc
## Achaidh Leith-dheirg - In the Valley of the Black Pig\'s Dyke {#achaidh_leith_dheirg___in_the_valley_of_the_black_pigs_dyke}
In the barony of Dartree, county Monaghan, some five miles south of Clones lies the parish of Currin: through which runs a six-mile remnant of the ancient Black Pig\'s Dyke or \"worm ditch\". This prehistoric fortification of raised earthworks and palisades, on south facing inclines of drumlin hills, has long been regarded as a defensive formation and territorial border. This section of the Black Pig\'s Dyke is roughly eight miles south of loch Uaithne/Ooney the ancient capital of Fernmhagh.
At the battle of Achaidh Leith-dheirg the forces of the Three Collas had to breach the defences of the Ulaid and this breakthrough must have occurred somewhere along the Fernmhagh-Ulaid border: along the Black Pig\'s Dyke. Again this advance of the Three Collas would logically occur at the weakest point of the defence line. One example of which is - an ancient highway. According to Colm Ó Lochlainn an ancient road from Ulster ran south from Tullyhogue Fort and Clogher; then through the Black Pig\'s Dyke, branching near Cornapaste (townland) Currin parish and on to Belturbet, Ballyconnell and so to Connaught in the west of Ireland.
The Black Pig\'s Dyke/Worm Ditch runs for roughly six miles west--east through Currin parish. Starting at the River Finn its course can be traced across drumlins and loughs until it disappears into a bog near magherashaghry fort on the river Bunnoe. At a point where the townlands of Aghareagh West and Corrinary meet the earthworks curves into a slight valley before turning abruptly north for some one hundred metres, then continuing east.
The etymology of the townland name of Corrinary would equate to: corr = a round hill, faraire = a watchman. This may have been the weakest point of the earthworks; a pass in the valley allowing an ancient road, watched over by warriors. In the Onomasticon Goedelicum mention is made of a placename in Ulster described as *Currach leithdeirg* - \"*the red bog*\". In the townland of Corrinary lies a swamp known locally as - \"the red bog\". Through this weak point in the earthworks defence the army of the Three Collas may have made their breakthrough.
The Ulaid would no doubt have been aware of the advance of the Three Collas and although unable to stem the breakthrough at Corrinary, they would have mustered their forces at a very close and advantageous location. Some half mile due north of the townland of Corrinary there lies a tapestry landscape of interwoven plains, drumlins and steep hills, in a townland called Carnroe-*Carn Rua*. Rua and Derg have much the same meaning = Red. On the top of Carnroe are the remains of \"*Giants Graves*\": traditionally the burial grounds of fallen leaders.
\"*The Collas and the Connaughtmen\... marched to the Carn of Achadh leth-derg, in Fernmagh. From that hill, they fought seven battles against the Ulstermen.*\" (Keating)
The Collas and the Connaughtmen\...marched to the hill of the red field - Carnroe - in Dartree. From that hill, they fought seven battles against the Ulstermen. (Perhaps
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# Havana Heat
***Havana Heat*** is a novel published in 2000 by Darryl Brock. It is a fictionalized story about a real historical figure, Dummy Taylor, a deaf baseball player who played professional baseball in the years 1900‒1908. `{{Infobox book
| name = Havana Heat
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = W havanaheat2.jpg
| caption = Original paperback cover of ''Havana Heat''
| author = [[Darryl Brock]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Sports novel]]
| publisher = [[Total Sports Publishing]]
| release_date = April [[2000 in literature#New books|2000]]
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
<br>Audio
| pages = 304pp (original hardcover)
| isbn = 1-892129-23-X
| isbn_note = (original hardcover)
| oclc= 43760201
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
In 1911, Taylor, a former big-league pitcher, has been sent down to the minor leagues at age 37 due to problems with his pitching arm. He longs for a second chance and approaches his former manager, John McGraw, about re-joining the New York Giants. Short of players, McGraw eventually agrees to take him on a post-season exhibition trip to play baseball in Cuba, where the political atmosphere is tense in the aftermath of the Spanish--American War. During the games in Cuba, Taylor is introduced to a promising Cuban prospect who is also deaf. Taylor encounters moral dilemmas as he balances his desire to return to the big leagues against difficult issues involving racism, discrimination, disability, fading dreams, and the sports philosophy of winning at any cost.
## Characters
- Luther \"Dummy\" Taylor -- A 37-year-old deaf-mute pitcher
- Della Taylor -- Luther\'s wife
- Sim Taylor -- Luther\'s brother
- John McGraw -- Giants manager
- Turkey Mike Donlin -- outfielder and old friend of Luther
- Luis -- 19-year-old deaf pitcher
- Nico -- Luis\' rival
- Elias Serros -- Luis\' grandfather/rebel
- Father Cipriano -- ran the School of the Deaf
## Themes
- Nostalgia
- Father-son connection
- Superstitions
- Race
- Handicap
## Relationship to Baseball {#relationship_to_baseball}
The book is based on a real deaf pitcher, Dummy Taylor. All of the major league players mentioned in the novel are all based on real ballplayers on the Giants at that time. Dummy played for the New York Giants from 1900 to 1908. There is no information that indicates that he played in Cuba at any time. Dummy did go on to coach at his alma mater, The Kansas School for the Deaf, as well as two other schools, and was a major inspiration to all those around him.
## Reception
*Havana Heat* won the Dave Moore Award in 2000 for the \"most important baseball book\" published that year. This award is given out by the *Elysian Fields Quarterly*, a literary baseball journal
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# Émilien Dumas
Jean Louis George **Émilien Dumas** (16 october 1804 -- 21 September 1870) was a French scholar, palaeontologist, and geologist.
## Biography
Born to a Protestant family of the bourgeoisie in Gard, Émilien Dumas was immersed from his early childhood in an atmosphere of learning and erudition. His father, a former merchant involved in agriculture, was an educated man. The native flora of Gard provided him with his first field of study. From 1815 to 1824, he studied at Morges, Switzerland, then at Basel, where his passion for the natural sciences matured. He returned to his homeland in 1824 following the death of his mother.
Embarking on a career in the sciences, he went to Paris and studied at the Collège de France, the Ecole des Mines de Paris and the Muséum national d\'histoire naturelle, and with Georges Cuvier, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and Adrien-Henri de Jussieu.
His education in the natural sciences was well rounded, and he threw himself with equal passion into Zoology, Mineralogy, and Botany, as well as engaging in the contemporary debate over Lamarckism.
In 1828, he returned to Sommières, where he married Pauline Borel, a wealthy heiress from Orange, and daughter of a silk manufacturer. The same year, he unveiled a rich paleontological dig site at Pondres (Gard) whose human and animal remains fueled Lamarckist arguments, particularly in the field of Archaeozoology
He surveyed his region with great patience and tenacity over a period of 20 years, to produce a geological map of the département of Gard. During a long voyage in the 1860s he studied the geography of southern Europe. As an avid collector, he cultivated his curiosity throughout his life, and the Natural History Museum at Nîmes now preserves a large part of his numerous collections spanning the fields of Greek antiquities, botany, and geology.
The missing piece in this portrait of the \"Explorer of Gard\" is his taste for theater and acting. He was a willing participant as well as observer, which was considered by his contemporaries as incompatible with his role as a scientist.
He died on September 21, 1870, in Ax-sur-Ariège
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# Oocyte cryopreservation
**Oocyte cryopreservation** (commonly referred to as **OC** or **egg freezing**) is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) used to preserve human eggs (oocytes). The technique is often used to delay pregnancy. When pregnancy is desired, the eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as embryos. The procedure\'s success rate varies depending on factors such as the individual\'s age (with higher odds of success in younger individuals), overall health, and genetic factors. The first human birth of oocyte cryopreservation was reported in 1986.
According to a review, which included 936 live births between 1986 and 2008 in the United States obtained from 58 cryopreservation studies, the incidence of major structural congenital anomalies was 1.3%. There were no significant differences compared to naturally-conceived infants. Studies have been undertaken by the National Institute For Health and Care Excellence, determining that although there is insufficient data for the ideal number of oocytes required for a reasonable pregnancy rate, an estimate based on mathematical models predicted that yielding approximately 20 oocytes is required to achieve a 75% chance of pregnancy in women younger than 38 years old.
## Applications
Individuals who wish to preserve their fertility often use oocyte cryopreservation, allowing them to conceive later in life.
Individuals diagnosed with cancer, who have not yet begun chemotherapy or radiotherapy, can also use oocyte cryopreservation. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are toxic to oocytes, reducing the number of viable eggs. In these cases, oocyte cryopreservation may be used to preserve oocytes.
Those undergoing assisted reproductive treatments who do not consider embryo freezing an option often choose oocyte cryopreservation instead.
Transgender men and non-binary individuals undergoing gender-affirming care may opt for oocyte cryopreservation before procedures that affect fertility.
Individuals with a family history of early menopause may have an interest in fertility preservation to preserve viable eggs that could deteriorate at an earlier onset.
Individuals with ovarian diseases such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome could opt for this method.
Oocyte cryopreservation is one of many options for individuals undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In some cases, persons may prefer oocyte cryopreservation over other options, where freezing embryos is the primary procedure.
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# Oocyte cryopreservation
## Method
The egg retrieval process for oocyte cryopreservation is the same as that for IVF (In vitro fertilisation). This process includes one to several weeks of hormone injections that stimulate ovaries to ripen multiple eggs. When the eggs are mature, final maturation induction is performed. The eggs are subsequently removed from the body by transvaginal oocyte retrieval. The procedure is usually conducted under sedation. The eggs are immediately frozen.
The egg is the largest cell in the human body and contains large amounts of water. When the egg is frozen, the ice crystals that form can destroy the integrity of the cell. To prevent this, the egg must be dehydrated before freezing. This is done using cryoprotectants which replace most of the water within the cell and inhibit the formation of ice crystals.
Eggs (oocytes) are frozen using either a controlled rate, a slow-cooling method, or a newer flash-freezing process known as vitrification. Vitrification is much faster but requires higher concentrations of cryoprotectants to be added. The result of vitrification is a solid glass-like cell, free of ice crystals. Vitrification has been developed and successfully applied in IVF treatment with the first live birth following the vitrification of oocytes achieved in 1999. Vitrification eliminates ice formation inside and outside of oocytes on cooling, during cryostorage, and as the oocytes warm. Vitrification is associated with higher survival rates and enhanced development compared to slow-cooling when applied to oocytes in metaphase II. Vitrification has also become the method of choice for pronuclear oocytes, although prospective randomized controlled trials are still lacking.
During the freezing process, the zona pellucida, or shell of the egg, can be modified preventing fertilization. Thus, when eggs are thawed and pregnancy is desired, a fertilization procedure known as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed by an embryologist whereby sperm is injected directly into the egg with a needle rather than allowing sperm to penetrate naturally by placing it around the egg in a dish.
Immature oocytes have been grown until maturation *in vitro*, but it is not yet clinically available.
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# Oocyte cryopreservation
## Success rates {#success_rates}
Early work investigating the percentage of transferred cycles showed lower frozen cycles compared with fresh cycles (approx. 30% and 50%). More recent studies show \"fertilization and pregnancy rates are similar to IVF/ICSI (in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection) with fresh oocytes when \[both\] vitrified and warmed oocytes are used as part of IVF/ICSI\". These studies were completed mostly in young patients.
In a 2013 meta-analysis of more than 2,200 cycles using frozen eggs, scientists found the probability of having a live birth after three cycles was 31.5% for women who froze their eggs at age 25, 25.9% at age 30, 19.3% at age 35, and 14.8% at age 40.
Studies have shown that the rate of birth defects and chromosomal defects when using cryopreserved oocytes is consistent with that of natural conception.
Recent modifications in the protocol regarding cryoprotectant composition, temperature, and storage methods have had a large impact on the technology, and while it is still considered an experimental procedure, it is quickly becoming an option for women. Slow freezing traditionally has been the most commonly used method to cryopreserve oocytes and is the method that has resulted in the most babies born from frozen oocytes worldwide. Ultra-rapid freezing or vitrification represents a potential alternative freezing method.
In the fall of 2009, The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) issued an opinion on oocyte cryopreservation concluding that the science holds \"great promise for applications in oocyte donation and fertility preservation\" because recent laboratory modifications have resulted in improved oocyte survival, fertilization, and pregnancy rates from frozen-thawed oocytes in IVF. The ASRM noted that from the limited research performed to date, there does not appear to be an increase in chromosomal abnormalities, birth defects, or developmental deficits in the children born from cryopreserved oocytes. The ASRM recommended that pending further research, oocyte cryopreservation should be introduced into clinical practice on an investigational basis and under the guidance of an Institutional Review Board (IRB). As with any new technology, safety and efficacy must be evaluated and demonstrated through continued research.
In October 2012, the ASRM lifted the experimental label from the technology for women with a medical need, citing success rates in live births, among other findings. However, they also warned against using it only to delay child-bearing.
In 2014, a Cochrane systematic review was published. It compared vitrification (the newest technology) versus slow freezing (the oldest one). Key results of that review showed that the clinical pregnancy rate was almost 4 times higher in the oocyte vitrification group than in the slow-freezing group, with moderate quality of evidence.
Immature oocytes have been grown until maturation *in vitro* at a 10% survival rate, but no experiment has been performed to fertilize such oocytes.
## Cost
The cost of the egg-freezing procedure (without embryo transfer) in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European countries varies between \$5,000 and \$12,000. Specifically, in the UK, egg freezing costs range from approximately £3,300 to £3,900 for the procedure, with annual storage fees between £350 and £400. The cost of egg storage in other European countries can vary from \$100 to more than \$1,000. Provisional health programs do not cover social egg freezing. Furthermore, no provinces provide funding for IVF after social egg freezing.
Medical tourism may offer lower costs compared to performing egg freezing in high-cost countries like the US. Some well-established medical tourism and IVF countries such as the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Greece, and Cyprus offer egg freezing at competitive prices. It is a lower-cost alternative to typical US options for egg freezing. Spain and the Czech Republic are popular destinations for this treatment.
Iranian insurance began to cover insurance incentives for women freezing their eggs in 2024.
## History
Cryopreservation itself has always played a central role in assisted reproductive technology. With the first cryopreservation of sperm in 1953 and of embryos twenty-five years later, these techniques have become routine. Dr. Christopher Chen of Singapore reported the world\'s first pregnancy in 1986 using previously frozen oocytes. This report stood alone for several years followed by studies reporting success rates using frozen eggs to be much lower than those of traditional in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques using fresh oocytes. Providing the lead to a new direction in cryobiology, Dr. Lilia Kuleshova was the first scientist to achieve vitrification of human oocytes that resulted in a live birth in 1999. Articles published in the journal *Fertility and Sterility* reported that pregnancy rates using frozen oocytes were comparable to those of cryopreserved embryos and even fresh embryos.
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# Oocyte cryopreservation
## Elective oocyte cryopreservation {#elective_oocyte_cryopreservation}
Elective oocyte cryopreservation, also known as social egg freezing, is non-essential egg freezing to preserve fertility for delayed child-bearing when natural conception becomes more problematic. The frequency of this procedure has steadily increased since October 2012 when the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) lifted the \'experimental\' label from the process. There was a spike in interest in 2014 when global corporations Apple and Meta Platforms announced they were going to pay for the procedure of egg freezing as a benefit for their female employees. This announcement was controversial as some women found it empowering and practical, while others viewed the message these companies were sending to women trying to have a successful long-term career and a family as harmful and alienating. A string of \"egg-freezing parties\" hosted by third-party companies have also helped popularize the concept among young women. Social science research suggests that women use elective egg freezing to disentangle their search for a romantic partner from their plans to have children.
In 2016, then US Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced that the Department of Defense would cover the cost of freezing sperm or eggs through a pilot program for active duty service members, to preserve their ability to start a family even if they sustain certain combat injuries.
There are still warnings for women using this technology to fall pregnant at an older age as the risk of pregnancy complications increases with a mother\'s age. However, studies have shown that the risk of congenital abnormalities in babies born from frozen oocytes is not increased further when compared to naturally conceived babies.
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# Oocyte cryopreservation
## Risks
Most risks associated with egg freezing aren\'t necessarily related to the practice itself, but rather come as consequences to the administration of medications intended to stimulate the ovaries. However, some smaller issues have been linked with the procedure of egg collection.
The main risk associated with the administration of medications to stimulate the ovaries is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). This is a transient syndrome in which there is increased permeability of the blood vessels, resulting in fluid loss from the vessels into the surrounding tissues. In most cases, the syndrome is mild, with symptoms such as abdominal bloating, mild discomfort, and nausea. In moderate OHSS there is increased abdominal bloating resulting in pain and vomiting. Reduced urine output may occur. Severe OHSS is serious with even further bloating so that the abdomen appears very distended, and thirst and dehydration occur with minimal urine output. There may be shortness of breath and there is an increased risk of DVT and/or pulmonary embolism. Kidney and liver function can be compromised. Hospitalization under specialist care is indicated. There is no treatment for OHSS, supportive care until the symptoms naturally resolve is required. If an hCG trigger has been used with no embryo transfer, OHSS usually resolves in 7--10 days. If an embryo transfer has occurred and pregnancy results, the symptoms may persist for several weeks. Doctors reduce the likelihood of OHSS occurring by decreasing the doses of gonadotropins (FSH) administered, using a GnRH agonist trigger (instead of an hCG trigger), and freezing all embryos for transfer rather than conducting a fresh embryo transfer.
Risks associated with the egg collection procedure relate to bleeding and infection. The collection procedure involves passing a needle through the wall of the vagina into vascular-stimulated ovaries. A small amount of bleeding is inevitable. In rare cases, there is excessive bleeding into the abdomen requiring surgery. Women undergoing the procedure must advise their specialist of all medications, including herbal supplements, they are using so the specialist can assess whether any of these medications will affect the ability of the blood to clot. Concerning infection, provided the woman does not have additional risk factors for infection (suppressed immune system, use of immuno-suppressive medications, or large ovarian endometriomas) the risk of infection is very low.
One additional risk of the ovaries being temporarily increased in size is ovarian torsion. Ovarian torsion occurs when an enlarged ovary twists around on itself, cutting off its blood supply. The condition is excruciatingly painful and requires urgent surgery to prevent the ischemic loss of the ovary
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# Camillo Caccia Dominioni
**Camillo Caccia-Dominioni** (7 February 1877 -- 12 November 1946) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as prefect of the Pontifical Household from 1921 to 1935, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935.
## Biography
Born in Milan, Camillo Caccia-Dominioni studied at the seminary in that same city before attending the Pontifical Gregorian University (from where he obtained his doctorate in canon law) and the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles (from where he graduated in 1898) in Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Andrea Ferrari on 23 September 1899. Caccia-Dominioni did pastoral work in Rome until 1921, and finished his studies in 1902. In 1903, he was appointed Coadjutor-Canon of St. Peter\'s Basilica.
Named Protonotary Apostolic on 27 June 1921, Caccia-Dominioni was raised to the rank of Monsignor on 24 September 1914. He was appointed Prefect of the Pontifical Household, the papal majordomo, by Pope Benedict XV on 16 June 1921. Upon the death of Pope Benedict on 22 January 1922, Caccia-Dominioni and all other major Vatican officials, in accord with custom, automatically lost their positions during the *sede vacante*. He was later confirmed as Prefect of the Pontifical Household by Pope Pius XI on the following 7 February and succeeded to the post of Canon of St. Peter\'s Basilica on 14 February 1924. Caccia-Dominioni was considered to be a protege of Pius XI, at whose final hours the former was present in his bedchamber.
Caccia-Dominioni was created Cardinal-Deacon of *S. Maria in Domnica* by Pope Pius XI in the consistory of 16 December 1935. He was one of the cardinal electors in the 1939 papal conclave, which selected Pope Pius XII. In virtue of his position of Protodeacon (the senior cardinal deacon), Caccia-Dominioni announced Pius XII\'s election and later crowned him on 12 March 1939.
According to David Kertzer, Caccia-Dominioni was a pederast. The OVRA had a file on him, which detailed that he often lured young boys to his apartment in Rome for sex, and that the pope had been aware of this.
The cardinal died from a heart ailment in Rome, at age 69. He is buried in the crypt of the Basilica of Ss. Ambrogio e Carlo.
## Trivia
- It was falsely speculated that Caccia-Dominioni had been elevated to a cardinal *in pectore* by Pius XI in the consistory of 13 March 1933
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# Denny High School
**Denny High School** in Scotland is a non-denominational public secondary school. The school was opened in 1959, and moved to a new building in February 2009. The new school contains a gymnasium, swimming pool and drama studio. The school serves an area of 25 sqmi around the area of Denny, Falkirk, including Bonnybridge, Dunipace, Banknock and Dennyloanhead. In 2004, Denny High School had a roll of 1316 pupils and 95 teachers. It also employed 34 non-teaching staff.
## Alumni
- David Marshall (born 1941), Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Shettleston 1979--2005, Glasgow East 2005--08
- Andrew D
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# John French (ice hockey)
**John George French** (born August 25, 1950) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 420 games in the World Hockey Association.
Born in Orillia, Ontario, he played with the New England Whalers, San Diego Mariners, and Indianapolis Racers.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
------------ --------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1968--69 Toronto Marlboros OHA-Jr. 54 17
1969--70 Toronto Marlboros OHA-Jr
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# John Gray (ice hockey)
**John Gordon Gray** (born August 13, 1949) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey winger who played 363 games in the World Hockey Association. He played with the Phoenix Roadrunners, Houston Aeros, and Winnipeg Jets
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# San Antonio Matadors
The **San Antonio Matadors** were a professional football team that played in the Spring Football League (SFL) in 2000. The Matadors were undefeated before the league decided to cease operations. The Matadors were named co-SFL Champions along with the Houston Marshals. The Head Coach for the Matadors was Brian Wiggins and the Director of Football Operations was Mark Ricker. The team operated in San Antonio, Texas, and home games were played at Alamo Stadium.
Matador players of note:
- Keith Rucker DL (Cincinnati Bengals, Arizona Cardinals, Kansas City Chiefs)
- Ricky Powers RB (Michigan, Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens)
- Ronald Humphrey RB (Indianapolis Colts)
- Errick Herrin LB (USC, Dallas Cowboys, Carolina Panthers, Denver Broncos)
- Johnny Johnson QB (Illinois, Detroit Lions)
- Brandon Harrison WR (Illinois, San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles)
The San Antonio Matadors Cheerleaders were under the direction of Cynthia Trinidad, former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader and San Antonio Spurs Dancer
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# Physella
***Physella*** is a genus of small, left-handed or sinistral, air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Physidae.
These snails eat algae, diatoms and other detritus.
## Shell description {#shell_description}
Snails in the family Physidae have shells that are sinistral, which means that if the shell is held with the spire pointing up and the aperture facing the observer, the aperture is on the left-hand side.
The shells of *Physella* species have a long and large aperture, a pointed spire, and no operculum. The shells are thin and corneous and rather transparent.
## Species
Species in the genus include:
- *Physella acuta* (Draparnaud, 1805) - Pewter Physa, type species, synonyms: *Physella heterostropha* (Say, 1817), *Physella integra* (Haldeman, 1841)
- *Physella ancillaria* (Say, 1825)
- *Physella bermudezi* (Aguayo, 1935) - Lowdome Physa
- *Physella bottimeri* (Clench, 1924) - Comanche Physa
- *Physella boucardi* (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1881) - Desert Physa
- *Physella columbiana* (Hemphill, 1890) - Rotund Physa
- *Physella conoidea* (P. Fischer & Crosse, 1886) - Texas Physa
- *Physella cooperi* (Tryon, 1865) - Olive Physa
- *Physella costata* (Newcomb, 1861) - Ornate Physa
- *Physella cubensis* (Pfeiffer, 1839)
- *Physella globosa* (Haldeman, 1841) - Globose Physa
- *Physella gyrina* (Say, 1821)
- *Physella hendersoni* (Clench, 1925)
- *Physella hordacea* (I. Lea, 1864) - Grain Physa
- *Physella humerosa* (Gould, 1855) - Corkscrew Physa
- *Physella johnsoni* (Clench, 1926) - Banff Springs Snail
- *Physella lordi* (Baird, 1863) - Twisted Physa
- *Physella magnalacustris* (Walker, 1901)
- *Physella mexicana* (Philippi, 1841) - Polished Physa
- *Physella microstriata* (Chamberlin & E. G. Berry, 1930)
- *Physella natricina* Taylor, 1988
- *Physella osculans* (Haldeman, 1841) - Cayuse Physa
- *Physella parkeri* (Currier, 1881) - Broadshoulder Physa
- *Physella propinqua* (Tryon, 1865) - Rocky Mountain Physa
- *Physella sayi*
- *Physella spelunca* (Turner & Clench, 1974)
- *Physella squalida* (Morelet, 1851) - Squalid Physa
- *Physella traski* (I. Lea, 1864) - Sculpted Physa
- *Physella utahensis* (Clench, 1925)
- *Physella vinosa* (Gould, 1847) - Banded Physa
- *Physella virgata* (Gould, 1855)
- *Physella virginea* (Gould, 1847) - Sunset Physa
- *Physella winnipegensis* \..
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# Gavin Kirk (ice hockey)
**Gavin Kirk** (born December 6, 1951) is a British former professional ice hockey player who played 422 games in the World Hockey Association. He played with the Ottawa Nationals, Toronto Toros, Calgary Cowboys, Birmingham Bulls, and Edmonton Oilers. As a youth, he played in the 1964 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Don Mills
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# List of first overall WNBA draft picks
The **Women\'s National Basketball Association\'s first overall pick** is the player who is selected first among all eligible draftees by a team during the annual Women\'s National Basketball Association (WNBA) draft. The first pick is awarded to the team that wins the WNBA draft lottery; in most cases, that team had a losing record in the previous season.
Eight first picks have won the WNBA Most Valuable Player Award: Lauren Jackson (three-time winner), Candace Parker (two-time winner), Diana Taurasi, Tina Charles, Maya Moore, Nneka Ogwumike, Breanna Stewart, and A\'ja Wilson (three-time winner). Candace Parker is the only player to win the WNBA Most Valuable Player Award during her rookie year.
Fifteen first picks have won the WNBA Rookie of the Year Award: Chamique Holdsclaw, Diana Taurasi, Seimone Augustus, Candace Parker, Angel McCoughtry, Tina Charles, Maya Moore, Nneka Ogwumike, Chiney Ogwumike, Jewell Loyd, Breanna Stewart, A\'ja Wilson, Rhyne Howard, Aliyah Boston, and Caitlin Clark. Three of these made the All-WNBA first team as a rookie: Taurasi, Parker, and Clark.
Four collegiate programs have multiple players that were selected first overall: UConn with six, Tennessee with three, and Notre Dame, South Carolina and Stanford with two each.
## Key
----- -------------------
PPG Points per game
APG Assists per game
RPG Rebounds per game
----- -------------------
## List of first overall picks {#list_of_first_overall_picks}
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Draft | Selected by | Player | Country | Position | College / former club | WNBA rookie statistics | |
+=========+====================+==============================================================================================+=========+================+===============================+================================+================================+
| PPG | RPG | APG | | | | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 1997\ | Utah Starzz | | | Guard | Tennessee | | |
| (Elite) | | | | | | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 1997 | Houston Comets | \* \^ ! | | Forward | USC | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 1998 | Utah Starzz | ^+^ | | Center | Pool Getafe (Spain) | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 1999 | Washington Mystics | **`{{sortname|Chamique|Holdsclaw}}`{=mediawiki}** \* \^ | | Forward | Tennessee | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2000 | Cleveland Rockers | ^+^ | | Center | USV Olympic (France) | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2001 | Seattle Storm | \* \^ ! | | Forward-Center | Canberra Capitals (Australia) | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2002 | Seattle Storm | \* ! | | Guard | Connecticut | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2003 | Cleveland Rockers | | | Forward | Mississippi State | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2004 | Phoenix Mercury | **`{{sortname|Diana|Taurasi}}`{=mediawiki}** \* | | | Connecticut | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2005 | Charlotte Sting | | | Center | Minnesota | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2006 | Minnesota Lynx | **`{{sortname|Seimone|Augustus}}`{=mediawiki}** \* \^ ! | | Forward | LSU | **`{{nts|21.9}}`{=mediawiki}** | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2007 | Phoenix Mercury | | | Guard | Duke | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2008 | Los Angeles Sparks | **`{{sortname|Candace|Parker}}`{=mediawiki}** \* | | Forward | Tennessee | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2009 | Atlanta Dream | **`{{sortname|Angel|McCoughtry}}`{=mediawiki}** \* | | | Louisville | | |
+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 2010 | Connecticut Sun | **`{{sortname|Tina|Charles|Tina Charles (basketball)}}`{=mediawiki}** \* | | Center | Connecticut | | **`{{nts|11
| 533 |
List of first overall WNBA draft picks
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# Guzmán Quintero Torres
**Guzmán Quintero Torres** was a Colombian journalist and reporter from the city of Valledupar. He was assassinated on 16 September 1999 after writing a series of articles two months before his death in which he denounced the involvement of some members of the Colombian National Army in the erroneous assassination of two women (one of them pregnant) and wounding some eight children after confusing them with guerrillas in the corregimientos of Patillal and San Juan de Rioseco.
By the time Quintero Torres was assassinated paramilitary groups, mainly the AUC were in the middle of a fight for territorial power and control against the guerrillas FARC and ELN. Both sides persecuted civilians who they thought supported the other group. Paramilitaries targeted any guerrilla supporters and aiders, human right NGO\'s that expressed any criticism, sometimes done along with active members of the Colombian National Army, ties that Quintero had also denounced in his articles.
Quintero consistently denounced parapolitical assaults on union leaders, peasants, politicians, and think tanks ever since the assassination of peace advocate Amparo Leonor Jiménez Pallares who worked for an NGO called *red de Iniciativas por la paz* (Network of Initiatives for Peace; REDEPAZ). Jiménez Pallares was assassinated on 11 August 1998 in Valledupar, Colombia
| 209 |
Guzmán Quintero Torres
| 0 |
10,990,454 |
# Peter Marrin
**Peter Marrin** (born August 8, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 277 games in the World Hockey Association. During his career he played with the Toronto Toros and Birmingham Bulls. As a youth, he played in the 1966 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Weston minor ice hockey team
| 59 |
Peter Marrin
| 0 |
10,990,458 |
# Ordensburg Krössinsee
**Ordensburg Krössinsee** (also *Crössinsee*, now Budowo) was the first of three *NS-Ordensburgen*, educational centers constructed in Germany in the 1930s for cadres of the Nazi Party. It was built near what was then the city of Falkenburg in Pomerania, today Złocieniec in Poland.
Today, this former Nazi training centre is used by the 2nd Battalion, 12th Tank Brigade of the Polish Land Forces.
## History
The groundbreaking for *Ordensburg Krössinsee* was on 22 April 1934. It was designed by the Cologne architect Clemens Klotz. The vast construction of rustic stone buildings with granite foundations was built at a cost of 20 million Reichsmarks, and the facility was officially dedicated on 24 April 1936. On 16 May 1941, the *Ordensburg* was renamed **\"Die Falkenburg am Krössinsee\"** (The Falcon Castle at Lake Krössin) by the Reichs Minister of Labor, Dr. Robert Ley. On 29 June 1944, a small portion of the complex was destroyed by fire.
*Ordensburg Krössinsee* was one of three *NS-Ordensburgen*, the others being Ordensburg Sonthofen in Allgäu and Ordensburg Vogelsang in Eifel. A fourth was planned, but never built, at (the historic) Ordensburg Marienburg in West Prussia, known today as Malbork Castle in Poland.
## Student requirements {#student_requirements}
The Commander of the Ordensburg was Otto Gohdes. Cadets, known as Ordens Junkers, were required to be at least 5 ft, between 23 and 26 years old, racially pure and in good health without any physical limitations. At the outbreak of World War II, a very high percentage of Junkers were killed in action.
## Daily routine {#daily_routine}
Two courses of studies took place here from 1937--38 and 1938-39. Classes began each morning at 7 and included studies in philosophy, politics and world history. Afternoons were devoted to military drills, battle tactics, sports and equestrian techniques. The school was recognized for its outstanding equestrian program. The nearby lake provided the means for students to develop rowing and sailing skills.
## Hitler Youth {#hitler_youth}
In 1937, the cadres began sharing the facility with members of the Hitlerjungen or Hitler Youth. These boys between 12--18 years old eventually became the sole occupants of all three Order Castles with the invasion of Poland in 1939 and the start of World War II.
## Facility details {#facility_details}
**Finished Facilities:**
+--------------------------------------+
| - Hall of Honour (Ehrenhalle) |
| - Ceremonial place (Feierplatz) |
| - 20 living quarters |
| - Sports field |
| - Appeal field |
| - Drill ground |
| - Riding arena with barns |
| - Community house |
| - Dining-hall |
| - Educational hall |
| - Dwelling for the commander |
| - House for the female employees |
| - Buildings for the administration |
| - Seminar rooms |
| - Sick bay |
| - Pig breeding |
| - Clarification plant |
| - Two towers (four were planned) |
+--------------------------------------+
**Planned, but not Realized Facilities:**
+---------------------------+
| - Hotel |
| - Swimming pool |
| - Water sports facility |
+---------------------------+
## Time capsule {#time_capsule}
During the construction of the *Ordensburg Krössinsee*, a copper cylinder time capsule was buried in the foundation of one of the towers, presumably in April 1934 when construction of the Nazi facility commenced. The capsule was opened by archaeologists in 2016, more than 80 years after it had been buried. Although the archeologists had long known that the time capsule was buried in the building foundation, they were not able to access it until 2016, and had to wade through groundwater, cut through thick concrete and evade potential German mines in order to reach it.
Unlike many time capsules, the contents of which are often damaged or destroyed by water, the contents of this capsule were perfectly preserved. The contents included photographs (including images of Adolf Hitler), newspapers from 1934, coins, books (including two copies of Mein Kampf), and promotional and historical materials about what was then the town of Falkenburg. The contents were transferred to the National Museum in Szczecin for cataloguing, translation, preservation and display
| 677 |
Ordensburg Krössinsee
| 0 |
10,990,520 |
# Rick Morris (ice hockey)
**Richard Ian Morris** (July 5, 1946 -- August 25, 1998) was a Canadian professional ice hockey winger who played 413 games in the World Hockey Association. During his career, he played with the Chicago Cougars, Denver Spurs, Ottawa Civics, Edmonton Oilers, and Quebec Nordiques
| 49 |
Rick Morris (ice hockey)
| 0 |
10,990,522 |
# William Gaines (American football)
**William Albert Gaines** (born June 20, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1990s. Gaines played college football for the Florida Gators, and thereafter, he played in the NFL for the Washington Redskins and Miami Dolphins.
## Early life {#early_life}
Gaines was born in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1971. He attended Lanier High School in Jackson, and played high school football for the Lanier Bulldogs.
## College career {#college_career}
Gaines received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, where he played for coach Steve Spurrier\'s Florida Gators football team from 1990 to 1993. He was a member of the Gators teams that won Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships in 1991 and 1993. As a senior team captain in 1993, Gaines was a first-team All-SEC selection, and the recipient of the Gators\' Fergie Ferguson Award recognizing the \"senior football player who displays outstanding leadership, character and courage.\"
## Professional career {#professional_career}
The Miami Dolphins drafted Gaines in the fifth round (147th pick overall) of the 1994 NFL draft. He played for the Dolphins for a single season in `{{NFL Year|1994}}`{=mediawiki}. He played three seasons for the Washington Redskins from `{{NFL Year|1995}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{NFL Year|1997}}`{=mediawiki}. In his four-season NFL career, Gaines started twenty-four of fifty-two NFL games in which he played, and recorded two quarterback sacks, one forced fumble and sixty tackles
| 244 |
William Gaines (American football)
| 0 |
10,990,539 |
# Giovanni di Vico
**Giovanni di Vico** (died 1366) was an Italian Ghibelline leader, lord of Viterbo, Vetralla, Orvieto, Narni and numerous other lands in northern Lazio and Umbria. He is the most famous member of the Prefetti di Vico family.
## Biography
Giovanni is mentioned for the first time in 1322. In 1337 he inherited the charge of prefect of Rome from his father Manfredi. The following year he entered Viterbo, killing his brother Faziolo, who had remained loyal to the Pope. Giovanni was named Imperial vicar of Latium by emperor Louis IV of Bavaria, confirmed in 1342 by Pope Clement VI.
However, increasing contrasts with the latter drove him to an open rebellion in 1344, in which he expanded his lordship. After a short reconciliation, in 1347 Cola di Rienzo, senator of Rome, declared Giovanni a rebel and waged war against him. Assailed by 7,000 men, he was forced to sue for a surrender, and to renounce his title of prefect. Giovanni was again arrested in Rome, twice, but was freed with the fall of Cola di Rienzo.
He thenceforth continued his ruthless policy of ravages against the Papal territories, refusing always to present himself in Avignon to respond for his deeds. In 1352 the Papal army attacked Viterbo; Giovanni resisted successfully in a siege of seven months, but was excommunicated. He was also initially victorious against Gil de Albornoz, the skillful Cardinal sent by Pope Innocent VI to conquer back the usurped territories of the Papal States, but in 1354 he was decisively defeated near Orvieto. After a short resistance in Viterbo, he surrendered and swore loyalty to Albornoz and the Church.
In March 1355 he accompanied Charles IV of Bohemia to Rome for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor. Taking advantage of Charles\' protection, he tried to spur new rebellions in the Papal territories, but was always countered by Albornoz. He continued to rage sporadically in Tuscany, Lazio and Umbria, and died in April 1366, excommunicated by the Church
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| 0 |
10,990,541 |
# Lost streams of Idaho
There are two rivers in Idaho named \"Lost\", the **Big Lost River** and the **Little Lost River**. They are often considered separate streams, but both flow into the same depression and become subterranean, feeding the Snake River Aquifer. The rivers are located in Custer County and Butte County, in Idaho in the United States. Via the aquifer and numerous springs, they are tributaries of the Snake River.
## Course
The Big Lost River is about 135 mi long and has two main tributary forks, the North Fork Big Lost River and the East Fork Big Lost River. The river originates in the Pioneer Mountains in Salmon-Challis National Forest, flows northeast then turns southeast, with the Lost River Range to the east separating the Big Lost River Valley from the Little Lost River Valley. A dam impounds the river and creates Mackay Reservoir. Near Arco the river enters the Snake River Plain, curves east and then northeast and enters the depression where the water flows into the ground, called Big Lost River Sinks. Near the sinks there is a dry distributary called the *Dry Channel Big Lost River*.
The Little Lost River is about 49 mi long. It flows southeast between the Lost River Range to the west and the Lemhi Range to the east. It enters the Snake River Plain north of the sinks and flows into them at locations called Little Lost River Sinks.
The sinks and the lower courses of both rivers are within the land of the Idaho National Laboratory, northeast of Craters of the Moon. Water from both rivers emerges about 100 mi away at Thousand Springs near Hagerman and other springs downstream of Twin Falls. Due to irrigation using the aquifer\'s water, most of the rivers\' water is pumped out of the ground, used to irrigate crops, and returned to the ground as irrigation drainage, where it eventually emerges at the springs and joins the Snake River.
## Basin and discharge {#basin_and_discharge}
The Big Lost River\'s drainage basin is approximately 1400 sqmi in area Its mean annual discharge, as measured by USGS gage 13132500 (Big Lost River near Arco), is 91.7 cuft/s, with a maximum daily recorded flow of 1840 cuft/s, and a minimum of zero flow.
The Little Lost River\'s drainage basin is approximately 971 sqmi in area Its mean annual discharge, as measured by USGS gage 13118700 (Little Lost River below Wet Creek, near Howe, Idaho), is 65 cuft/s, with a maximum daily recorded flow of 486 cuft/s, and a minimum of 3 cuft/s
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10,990,558 |
# Kelmscott School
**Kelmscott School** is a secondary comprehensive school in Walthamstow, East London, England. The school has approximately 900 pupils aged 11--16. In 2008 the school underwent an £11.2m refurbishment as part of the Building Schools for the Future program. The current headteacher is Mr Sam Jones.
Kelmscott is a co-educational community school for pupils aged 11 to 16. All aspects of the school including 'pupil achievement', 'behaviour' and 'quality of teaching' were deemed to be very good at their last Ofsted inspection. The school\'s most recent Ofsted Inspection in January 2020 describes Kelmscott \"continues to be a Good school\" category.
## Notable former pupils {#notable_former_pupils}
The professional footballer Fabrice Muamba is a former student of Kelmscott School, along with fellow alumnus Marvin McCoy who plays for League 1 side Wycombe Wanderers
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10,990,561 |
# Ed Patenaude
**Edgar Arnold** \"**Rusty**\" **Patenaude** (October 17, 1949`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}July 24, 2021) was a professional ice hockey player who played 431 games in the World Hockey Association. He played with the Edmonton Oilers and Indianapolis Racers
| 36 |
Ed Patenaude
| 0 |
10,990,572 |
# The Colored American (New York City)
***The Colored American*** was an African American newspaper published in New York City from 1837 to 1842 by Samuel Cornish, Phillip Alexander Bell, and Charles Bennett Ray. When Cornish retired, James McCune Smith joined as co-editor.
Initially published under the name *The Weekly Advocate*, New York\'s *Colored American* was a weekly newspaper of four to six pages. It circulated in free black communities in the Northeastern United States.
*The Colored American* focused on the moral, social, and political elevation of free colored people and the peaceful emancipation of slaves. The Reverend Lewis Woodson of Pittsburgh wrote a series of ten letters that were printed in the newspaper. The letters advocated elevation through the establishment of schools, newspapers, and churches by black Americans. He wrote the letters under a pen name, Augustine. After the death of abolitionist David Walker, not knowing the cause of his seemingly sudden death, several black intellectuals wrote under pen names. Historian Floyd Miller attributed the title of the \"Father of Black Nationalism\" to Woodson, mostly in recognition of the efficacy of the \'Augustine letters\'. Woodson argued in favor of an ideology that differed from that of another black abolitionist, William Whipper. Whipper ardently favored the improvement of the conditions among black Americans, but did not favor the establishment of separate black institutions, that is black self-determination. Whipper\'s letters also appeared in The Colored American.
The newspaper had widespread subscribers; it engaged agents in various cities for marketing and distribution. The paper also received help from African-American churches and local abolition societies by way of fund drives and donations. Occasionally the newspaper received cash infusions from prominent white allies. All of the donations, fund drives and supplements helped the paper to publish 38 articles and survive through 1841.
## Timeline
- January 7, 1837 -- Samuel Cornish, Phillip A. Bell, and Charles Bennett Ray launched *The Weekly Advocate*.
- March 4, 1837 -- Publisher Robert Sears changes the name to *The Colored American*.
- 1839 -- Bell leaves the paper and Charles Bennett Ray became the sole owner of *The Colored American*.
- 1840 -- *The Colored American* declared in favor of Liberty Party candidate James G. Birney.
- December 25, 1841 -- The last edition of the paper was published
| 381 |
The Colored American (New York City)
| 0 |
10,990,600 |
# Paine Page Prim
**Paine (Payne) Page Prim** (May 2, 1822 -- August 8, 1899) was an American attorney and judge in the state of Oregon. He was the 6th Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court serving in that role three times between 1864 and 1878. Prim served on Oregon's highest court for 21 years. Prim was the first graduate of Cumberland University\'s law school, and a participant at the Oregon Constitutional Convention.
## Early life {#early_life}
On May 2, 1822, Paine P. Prim was born in Wilson County, Tennessee. He grew up on his father's farm before enrolling at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee. Prim received his legal education and was the school\'s first law graduate. Then in 1851 he traveled to Oregon via the Oregon Trail. There he settled in Linn County where he set up a law practice. Next, in 1857 he represented Jackson County at Oregon's constitutional convention.
## Judicial career {#judicial_career}
In 1859, Prim was appointed to the Oregon Supreme Court by Governor John Whiteaker to fill the seat of Matthew P. Deady who had resigned. Then in 1860 he was elected to a full six-year term on the bench. Prim won re-election in 1866, and 1872. When his term ended in 1878, he was appointed on a temporary basis and served until 1880. While on the court he was chief justice three times: 1864 to 1866, 1870 to 1872, and 1876 to 1878.
## Later life {#later_life}
Prior to serving on the bench, Prim married Teresa M. Stearns in 1857. The couple produced three children. In 1880, after his term on the court ended, Prim returned to private practice in Jacksonville, Oregon. Then in 1882 he returned to politics when he was elected to the Oregon State Senate as a Democrat from Jackson County. He served again at the next session in 1885 in both the regular and special sessions that year. Paine Page Prim then died in Oakland, California, on August 8, 1899, at the age of 77 and is buried in Jacksonville, Oregon.
In 1961, the actor Arthur Franz was cast as Prim in the episode, \"Justice at Jackson Creek\", on the syndicated television anthology series, *Death Valley Days*, hosted by Stanley Andrews. Prim is shown as a drunken, ostracized lawyer who hesitates to help a miner in legal trouble but must overcome his personal demons. The episode also stars Dub Taylor as Jake; William Schallert as Carl Spenger, and Bill Bixby as Kinney
| 413 |
Paine Page Prim
| 0 |
10,990,617 |
# Michael Wishnie
**Michael Wishnie** is a Clinical Professor of Law at Yale Law School.
## Clinical work {#clinical_work}
Wishnie teaches two clinics at Yale Law School. The \"9/11 Clinic,\" known formally as \"Balancing Civil Liberties and National Security after September 11,\" represents detainees in civil rights cases. The Workers and Immigrants Advocacy Clinic (WIRAC) handles a host of immigrants\' and workers\' rights issues, including state and local law enforcement of civil immigration law, mandatory detention, labor trafficking, bilingual education, and access to welfare, in both the litigation and non-litigation context.
Wishnie is known in the clinical law community for his innovative work representing grassroots community groups, his use of international law, and his belief that students ought to be trained in all aspects of advocacy, including organizing constituents, lobbying, and media relations.
## Biography
Wishnie received his B.A. from Yale University in 1987, and his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1993. After receiving his B.A., Wishnie taught in the People\'s Republic of China for two years under the auspices of the Yale-China Association.
While a law student, Wishnie collaborated with other students and professor Harold Koh representing Haitian refugees in a case that reached the U.S. Supreme Court. After his first year of law school he worked as an organizer for the Chinese Staff and Workers\' Association. While a third-year law student Wishnie worked for the Center for Constitutional Rights.
After law school Wishnie worked in the Brooklyn Neighborhood Office of the Legal Aid Society. He then clerked for Judge H. Lee Sarokin on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and for Supreme Court Justices Harry A. Blackmun and Stephen G. Breyer. He then received a Skadden Fellowship to work for the American Civil Liberties Union, representing New York City taxi drivers, garment, construction, restaurant, and domestic workers. Wishnie then served as co-director of the Arthur Garfield Hays Civil Liberties Program at New York University School of Law.
Wishnie is married to Cathy Edwards, arts administrator who worked as artistic director of Dance Theater Workshop in New York City. They have two children, Rachel and Ben.
## Academic works {#academic_works}
*State and Local Police Enforcement of Immigration Laws*, 6 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 1084 (2004)
*Emerging Issues for Undocumented Workers*, 6 U. Pa. J. Lab. & Emp. L. 497 (2004)
*Introduction: The Border Crossed Us: Current Issues in Immigrant Labor*, 28 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 389 (2004)
*Immigrants and the Right to Petition*, 78 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 667 (2003)
*Immigrant Workers and the Domestic Enforcement of International Labor Rights*, 4 U. Pa. J. Lab. & Emp. L. 529 (2002)
*The Historical Use of Habeas Corpus and INS v. St. Cyr*, 16 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 485 (2002) (with James Oldham)
*Introduction: Immigration and Federalism*, 58 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L. 283 (2002)
*Laboratories of Bigotry? Devolution of the Immigration Power, Equal Protection, and Federalism*, 76 N.Y.U. L. Rev
| 485 |
Michael Wishnie
| 0 |
10,990,623 |
# Irina Bogacheva (mezzo-soprano)
**Irina Petrovna Bogacheva** (`{{nee|'''Komyakova'''}}`{=mediawiki}, 2 March 1939`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}19 September 2019) was a Russian mezzo-soprano at the Mariinsky Theatre and a professor of voice at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. Trained in Leningrad and at La Scala in Milan, she performed leading roles of the Russian and Italian repertoire at major international opera houses. Dmitri Shostakovich composed his *Six Poems by Marina Tsvetayeva* for her.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Born in Leningrad, Bogacheva studied at the Rimsky-Korsakov Leningrad State Conservatory, and won the Glinka competition during her studies in 1962. She joined the Kirov Theatre, where she made her debut as Polina in Tchaikovsky\'s *The Queen of Spades*. She performed at the Mariinsky Theatre from 1963, and also elsewhere in the Soviet Union.
Bogacheva achieved a grand prize and gold medal at the international vocal competition in Rio de Janeiro in 1967, which enabled her to study further at La Scala in Milan with Gennaro Barra-Caracciolo. She performed at the opera house first in 1969 as Ulrica in Verdi\'s *Un ballo in maschera*. She appeared in leading mezzo roles in the Russian repertoire, such as Marfa in Mussorgsky\'s *Khovanshchina*, Lyubasha in Rimsky-Korsakov\'s *The Tsar\'s Bride*, and Marina in Mussorgsky\'s *Boris Godunov*. She performed the title role in Bizet\'s *Carmen*, and roles by Verdi including Eboli in *Don Carlo*, Amneris in *Aida* and Azucena in *Il trovatore*, among others. She appeared as a guest abroad, at the Opéra Bastille in Paris, the Royal Opera House in London, La Scala, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, among others. She toured with the Mariinsky Theatre in the U.S., Japan and Europe.
Dmitry Shostakovich composed his *Six Poems by Marina Tsvetayeva* for her, which she premiered in 1973.
Bogacheva lectured voice at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory from 1980, and was appointed professor in 1982. She became head of the faculty of solo singing, and initiated an international singing competition there. Her students include Olga Borodina and Natalia Yevstafieva. She died on 20 September 2019.
## Awards
Bogacheva achieved a grand prize and gold medal at the international vocal competition in Rio de Janeiro in 1967. She was a People\'s Artist of the USSR in 1970, and received the State Prize of the USSR in 1974, the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1976, and became a member of the Order for Services to the Fatherland in 1984. She was an honorary citizen of Saint Petersburg.
## Recording
- Bogacheva recorded Russian vocal music, *Irina Bogacheva Vocal Recital* in 1995, including Valentyn Borysov\'s \"The Stars in the Sky\", Pyotr Bulakhov\'s \"Don\'t Wake Me Up\", Dargomizhsky\'s aria from *The Stone Guest*, songs by Gavrilin, A. I. Shishkin\'s \"No, It Is Not You I Love So Passionately\", Solovyov-Sedoy\'s \"In the boat\", Aleksandr Yegorovich Varlamov\'s \"O Do Not Kiss Me\"
| 468 |
Irina Bogacheva (mezzo-soprano)
| 0 |
10,990,635 |
# Jon Abbate
**Jon Abbate** (born June 18, 1985) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Wake Forest University in 2004--2006 and was signed as a free agent by the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL) in 2007.
## College career {#college_career}
After redshirting his first year in college, Abbate immediately became a starter in 2004. During that redshirt freshman season, Abbate had 101 tackles, including 13 tackles for a loss. In 2005, Abbate only had 76 tackles because of injury problems.
During the 2006 season, Abbate led the team in tackles with 120 (second in the ACC). He had a late interception in the endzone against rival University of North Carolina. In the ACC Championship in Jacksonville, Florida, Abbate had 15 tackles against the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. The Deacons won that game 9--6. Abbate was voted as the MVP of the game for ABC.
Abbate then played in the Orange Bowl against the University of Louisville. He had 15 tackles in that game, the first Bowl Championship Series bowl game participation for Wake Forest. Abbate was named an All-American (honorable mention, Sports Illustrated) and first-team All-ACC (ACSMA, College Football News) in recognition of his performance throughout his final season during which he averaged 8.6 tackles per game.
### The 2006 season {#the_2006_season}
On February 13, 2006, Abbate\'s 15-year-old brother, Luke, was seriously injured in a car accident on the way home from lacrosse practice, and died two days later. Before his junior season, Abbate asked head coach Jim Grobe whether he could switch his jersey number from 40 to 5, the number his brother had worn. Grobe agreed, and Abbate wore the number throughout his junior season. During the 2006 season, Abbate and his family would hold up five fingers before the start of the fourth quarter as a tribute to Luke. As the season progressed, Abbate\'s teammates, Wake Forest fans, and even fans of opposing teams began holding up five fingers as well---a tradition that attracted much media attention during the Deacons\' successful year. Additionally, the Abbate family created the \"Five Foundation\" to raise awareness among young people of the responsibilities and dangers of driving. A movie about Jon Abbate, his brother Luke, and Wake Forest\'s 2006 football season, entitled *The 5th Quarter*, was released on March 25, 2011.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Houston Texans {#houston_texans}
At the conclusion of the 2006 season, Abbate decided to enter the 2007 NFL draft. \"Unless someone could promise me if I went back that I\'d grow three inches, the decision was pretty easy,\" Abbate said. \"I could have gone back and been productive again, had another 100-plus tackles. But I\'d be in the same situation with my height as a knock.\" Abbate was not drafted due to tearing his hamstring at the NFL combine but following the draft he signed a three-year contract with the Houston Texans as a free agent. The Texans converted him from linebacker to fullback.
Abbate was placed on season-ending injured reserve on September 1, 2007, with an ankle injury. He was waived after a failed physical on August 29, 2008. However, he was re-signed shortly after on March 1. He was waived again on July 22, 2009.
Abbate was re-signed by the Texans again on August 24, 2008, after wide receiver Harry Williams was placed on injured reserve.
### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
Abbate was picked up by the Redskins in the 2010 offseason but was then released due to failing his physical.
### New Orleans Saints {#new_orleans_saints}
Abbate spent the remainder of the 2010 off season with the Saints after failing his physical with the Redskins.
### Sacramento Mountain Lions {#sacramento_mountain_lions}
Abbate was on the roster of the Sacramento Mountain Lions (formerly known as the California Redwoods) for parts of the 2009 and 2010 seasons
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# Rick Sentes
**Rick Sentes** (born January 10, 1947) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 337 games in the World Hockey Association (WHA). He played with the Ottawa Nationals, Toronto Toros, San Diego Mariners, and Calgary Cowboys
| 40 |
Rick Sentes
| 0 |
10,990,740 |
# Bob Sicinski
**Bob Sicinski** (born November 13, 1946, in Brampton, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 353 games in the World Hockey Association. He played with the Chicago Cougars and Indianapolis Racers. While playing for the Indianapolis Racers, he wore jersey number 17
| 48 |
Bob Sicinski
| 0 |
10,990,765 |
# Professional Writers Association of Canada
The **Professional Writers Association of Canada** (PWAC) is a professional association representing professional freelance writers in Canada, predominantly in the newspaper and magazine industries. However, PWAC members also write magazine and newspaper articles, books, speeches, newsletters, media releases, white papers, annual reports, advertising and brochure copy, sales and marketing material, Web content, training manuals, film scripts, radio and television documentaries, and much more.
## History
The association was formerly known as the Periodical Writers Association of Canada but changed its name to better reflect reality in 2005. It was founded in 1976 and has nearly 600 members across Canada. There are three categories for membership: Professional Members (80% of members are Professional), Associate and Student (for full-time university students).
## Mandate
PWAC\'s Mandate:
- Develop and maintain professional standards in editor-writer and client-writer relationships.
- Offset the isolation felt among freelance writers by providing networking opportunities, regular meetings and the chance for writers to share their experiences online and in person.
- Provide professional development workshops and materials for members across the country.
- Encourage higher industry standards and fees for all types of freelance writing.
- Lobby for freedom of the press and freedom of expression in Canada.
- Assist members in finding new business opportunities
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# Fred Hageman
**Fred John Hageman** (June 30, 1937 -- November 4, 2012) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of Arkansas and University of Kansas, and was drafted in the 2nd round in 1959 by the Oakland Raiders but did not report and returned to Kansas to finish his undergraduate degree and play out his senior season where he was a 2 time All Big 8 selection as a center and middle linebacker. He was a Tri-Captain and played in 4 post season games including the College All-Star game with numerous All Americans. Was drafted in the 7th round of the 1960 NFL draft by the New York Giants and was immediately traded to Washington for cash and a high draft pick. He was the \"Tribe\'s\" defensive leader and starting middle linebacker upon reporting to camp. He was a runner-up for Rookie of the Year as a middle linebacker and played more minutes than any other player in the NFL in 1961. After his first stellar season, he was moved to starting Center where he played at an elite level. He was traded to the Chicago Bears in 1965, where he was injured in a pre-season game. Although urged to return by many, Fred returned to Kansas and earned his master\'s degree in education. He went on to a very successful business career. The \"gentle giant\" at a huge 6 foot 5 and 255 pounds of solid muscle with world class speed, Fred was named as Kansas University\'s \"Center of the Century\" and was named to its first team \"All-Time KU Football Team\" along with the likes of Gayle Sayers, John Hadl and other NFL greats. Known as \"Pappy\" to many, he led KU\'s team, to a #2 Ranking and a Big 8 Championship in 1960. Some believe the teams he led in 1959 and 1960, along with John Hadl, were the best in KU\'s history. Fred was enshrined in the Batesville, Arkansas Area Sports Hall of Fame in 1992. He was the first All-State Athlete at Batesville, H.S
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# Ah Diddums
***Ah Diddums*** is a computer game released by Imagine Software for the ZX Spectrum in 1983 and can be run on the 16KB/48KB versions of the machine and the Commodore 64 in 1984.
## Gameplay
The player controls a teddy bear who is trying to escape a toy box in order to comfort his crying baby owner. Teddy\'s job is to arrange building blocks in a certain order on the shelf at the top of the screen, allowing him to escape the toy box. On escaping one box, Teddy finds himself in another toy box, whose escape is more difficult; there are 99 toy boxes in total from which to escape.
## Reception
*Ah Diddums* won \"Best Original Game\" at the *Computer and Video Games* 1983 Golden Joystick Awards
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# Tom Simpson (ice hockey)
**Tom Simpson** (born August 12, 1952) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 314 games in the World Hockey Association.
## Career
During his career, Simpson played with the Toronto Toros, Birmingham Bulls, and Edmonton Oilers. In the 1974-75 WHA season, Simpson (nicknamed \"Shotgun\" by fans) was one of six players to score 50 goals in the season. Since no player of the Toronto Maple Leafs had ever achieved a 50 goal season, Simpson was also the first professional player in Toronto to achieve a 50-goal season and the only one until 1981.
Since retiring from hockey, Simpson has worked as a health and safety coordinator.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Simpson lives in Peterborough, Ontario, and has three sons.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
------------ ------------------ --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1969--70 Oshawa Generals OHA-Jr. 53 28
1970--71 Oshawa Generals OHA-Jr. 59 42
1971--72 Oshawa Generals OHA-Jr
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10,990,807 |
# Stations of the Resurrection
The **Stations of the Resurrection**, also known by the Latin name ***Via Lucis*** (Way of Light), are a form of Christian devotion, encouraging meditation upon the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and some of the Resurrection appearances and other episodes recorded in the New Testament. The term may also be used as a name for a series of pictures or sculptures representing the various episodes, although these are nowhere near as common as those for the Stations of the Cross, depicting the stages of the Passion of Jesus. The concept was devised in 1988.
The Stations of the Resurrection complement the Stations of the Cross or *Via Crucis* (the term *Via Lucis* is intentionally reminiscent of this), a traditional Catholic devotion commemorating the Passion of Jesus. Unlike the traditional form of the Stations of the Cross---though in common with the revised form of that devotion introduced by Pope John Paul II on Good Friday 1991---all the Stations of the Resurrection are based on scripturally-recorded incidents contained in the four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles.
As with the Stations of the Cross, the devotion takes no fixed form, but typically includes for each Station a reading from Scripture, a short meditation, contemplation, and a prayer. Where a series of pictures is used to aid the devotion, it takes the form of a procession, with movement from one Station to the next sometimes being accompanied by the singing of one or more verses of a hymn.
## History
In the traditional scheme of the Stations of the Cross, the final Station is the burial of Jesus. Though this constitutes a logical conclusion to the *Via Crucis*, it has been increasingly regarded as unsatisfactory`{{by whom|date=April 2014}}`{=mediawiki} as an end-point to meditation upon the Paschal mystery, which according to Christian doctrine culminates in, and is incomplete without, the Resurrection (see, for example, 1 Corinthians 15.17--20). For this reason a fifteenth Station, representing the Resurrection, is sometimes added to the Stations of the Cross. Even this practice has, however, been subject to criticism as insufficiently representing the two-fold dynamic of the Paschal mystery: the suffering and death of Jesus on the one hand, and on the other his Resurrection and glorification.
In the summer of 1988, Father Sabino Palumbieri, Professor of Anthropology at the Salesian University in Rome, proposed the creation of a new set of stations, centred upon the Resurrection and the events following from it, so as to emphasise the positive, hopeful aspect of the Christian story which, though not absent from the Stations of the Cross, is obscured by their emphasis upon suffering. The first major public celebration of this devotion was in 1990, after which it gained greater currency.
In December 2001, the Holy See promulgated a *Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy*, which commended the *Via Lucis* as follows:
> A pious exercise called the *Via Lucis* has developed and spread to many regions in recent years. Following the model of the *Via Crucis*, the faithful process while meditating on the various appearances of Jesus -- from his Resurrection to his Ascension -- in which he showed his glory to the disciples who awaited the coming of the Holy Spirit (cf. John 14, 26; 16, 13-15; Lk 24, 49), strengthened their faith, brought to completion his teaching on the Kingdom and more closely defined the sacramental and hierarchical structure of the Church.\
> \
> Through the *Via Lucis*, the faithful recall the central event of the faith -- the resurrection of Christ -- and their discipleship in virtue of Baptism, the paschal sacrament by which they have passed from the darkness of sin to the bright radiance of the light of grace (cf. Col 1, 13; Eph 5, 8).\
> \
> For centuries the *Via Crucis* involved the faithful in the first moment of the Easter event, namely the Passion, and helped to fix its most important aspects in their consciousness. Analogously, the *Via Lucis*, when celebrated in fidelity to the Gospel text, can effectively convey a living understanding to the faithful of the second moment of the Paschal event, namely the Lord\'s Resurrection.\
> \
> The *Via Lucis* is potentially an excellent pedagogy of the faith, since \"per crucem ad lucem\" \[*through the Cross (one comes) to the light*\]. Using the metaphor of a journey, the *Via Lucis* moves from the experience of suffering, which in God\'s plan is part of life, to the hope of arriving at man\'s true end: liberation, joy and peace which are essentially paschal values.\
> \
> The *Via Lucis* is a potential stimulus for the restoration of a \"culture of life\" which is open to the hope and certitude offered by faith, in a society often characterized by a \"culture of death\", despair and nihilism. [1](https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html)
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# Stations of the Resurrection
## List of Stations {#list_of_stations}
there is no universally-agreed list of Stations of the Resurrection, nor have any Church authorities sought to impose a definitive list, and as a result some churches have commissioned sets of sculptures for the Stations according to their own distinctive scheme which may not be followed elsewhere. (This is similar to the history of the Stations of the Cross, which attained their normative form only after many centuries of widely varying local practice.) As to the *number* of Stations, however, there is general agreement that in order to emphasise the complementarity between the Stations of the Cross and the Stations of the Resurrection there should be fourteen Stations of the Resurrection, as is traditionally the case with the Stations of the Cross.
In spite of continuing local variability, there appears nevertheless to be an increasing convergence upon the following as a recognised list of Stations of the Resurrection:
1. Jesus is raised from the dead
2. The finding of the empty tomb
3. Mary Magdalene meets the risen Jesus
4. Jesus appears on the road to Emmaus
5. Jesus is known in the breaking of bread
6. Jesus appears to the disciples in Jerusalem
7. Jesus gives the disciples his peace and the power to forgive sins
8. Jesus strengthens the faith of Thomas
9. Jesus appears by the Sea of Tiberias
10. Jesus forgives Peter and commands him to feed his sheep
11. Jesus commissions the disciples upon the mountain
12. The Ascension of Jesus
13. Mary and the disciples wait in prayer
14. The Holy Spirit descends at Pentecost
Other sources, however, including some recent ones, replace some of these Stations with others, such as:
- The earthquake
- The angel appears to the women
- Jesus meets the women
- Jesus meets his mother
- Mary Magdalene proclaims the Resurrection to the disciples
- Jesus and the beloved disciple
- Jesus appears to over five hundred at once
- Jesus appears to Saul
### The stations in Dunaszentmiklós {#the_stations_in_dunaszentmiklós}
<File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 01.jpg\|Jesus raised from the dead <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 02.jpg\|The empty tomb <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 03.jpg\|Mary Magdalene meets the risen Christ <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 04.jpg\|Jesus meets his mother <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 05.jpg\|The breaking of bread on the road to Emmaus <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 06.jpg\|Jesus appears to the disciples <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 07.jpg\|Jesus gives the disciples power to forgive sins <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 08.jpg\|Jesus shows proof to Doubting Thomas <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 09.jpg\|Jesus appears by Lake Tiberias <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 10.jpg\|Jesus appears to the multitudes <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 11.jpg\|Jesus gives authority to Peter <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 12.jpg\|The Great Commission <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 13.jpg\|Ascension of Jesus <File:Dunaszentmiklós>, római katolikus templom örömúti stációi 2022 14
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# Maxi-Man
**Maxi-Man** is the name of two DC Comics heroes. The first was created by Len Wein and Joe Phillips and first appeared in *Mister Miracle* (vol. 2) #9 (October 1989). The second was created by Jodi Picoult and Drew Johnson and first appeared in *Wonder Woman* (vol. 3) #6 (May 2007).
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
### Henry Hayes {#henry_hayes}
Henry Hayes is an advertiser who gains superpowers after being exposed to the Dominators\' gene bomb and given adrenaline to save his life. He joins Booster Gold\'s corporate hero team, The Conglomerate, before leaving them after the group\'s liaison Thrunctuous works with Hector Hammond to discredit them. However, Maxi-Man continues working as an adventurer before being killed in Roulette\'s gladiatorial games.
### Maxi-Man successor {#maxi_man_successor}
A new Maxi-Man appeared briefly in 2007. The second Maxi-Man became a hero after winning a reality TV show, and possesses identical powers to the original
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# Serge Aubry
**Serge Dieudonne Aubry** (January 2, 1942 -- October 30, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 142 games in the World Hockey Association and an NHL coach.
## Early life {#early_life}
Aubry was born in Montreal, Quebec. He played junior hockey with the Sherbrooke Castors and Windsor Maple Leafs.
## Career
Aubry played with the Quebec Nordiques and Cincinnati Stingers. During a five-season career, Aubry posted a record of 65-53-5, with five shutouts. His best season came during his rookie year in 1972--73, when he compiled a 25--22--3 record, with two shutouts. His goals-against average that season was the best of his career at 3.59. Aubry later served as the NHL Nordiques\' goalie coach during the 1988--89 season and as a scout for the Los Angeles Kings.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On October 30, 2011, Aubry died in a Lévis, Quebec, hospital from diabetes
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# Plunderathon
**Plunderathon** is an annual pirate-themed festival in Portland, Oregon, United States that usually coincides with Fleet Week or the Rose Festival. Plunderathon is run by a group calling itself \"the Infernal Order of Pirates, Buccaneers, Scallywags, and Privateers\" that prides itself on a heavy disinformation campaign leading up to the event, often issuing press statements that flatly contradict previous ones and making \"historical\" claims of Plunderathons from over a century ago. Throughout the event, the designated historian will often be called upon to recite the history of the Order in exchange for rum, which he or she does by making it up on the spot and claiming authenticity.
Plunderathon is not tied to any venue or location, but is a mobile combination of a parade, bar crawl and public art spectacle very similar to the CacophonySociety\'s SantaCon.
Participants dress up as pirates, make \"ships\" out of shopping carts and parade through town for around 10 hours, mostly in the Old Town/Chinatown, Downtown and Vaseline Alley areas. Costumes range from cheap party store items to high-quality theatrical costumes. The 2006 Plunderathon had over 120 pirates and featured a treasure chest-shaped piñata that was full of condoms and a beanbag fight (called \"cannonball fight\") in the North Park Blocks. They also visited the Shanghai tunnels, walked completely through Powell\'s Books, the Pearl District, pushed the ship/cart through the US Bancorp Tower and blocked traffic on several downtown streets while moving from one place to another in long single-file lines.
The new Plunderathon logo, released on their website in January 2008, states the elements of the logo are: A skull with mugs tilted away from the center, handles upward, in the place of eyesockets. Rum bottles tilted together take the place of nasal passages, crossed unadorned bones lie behind the skull. In a circle around the skull and crossed bones, from the lower left end of the cross to the lower right, is the text \"the Infernal Order of Pirates, Buccaneers, Scallywags, Privateers and Grocery Store Clerks.\" Under the cross is the text \"Est. 1843\" for the year of the first Plunderathon. As long as these elements exist and nothing is added to it, the logo is used to identify those who have participated in Plunderathon. Pirates who have split from Plunderathon and gone out on their own omit the text \"the Infernal Order of Pirates, Buccaneers, Scallywags, Privateers and Grocery Store Clerks\" but retain \"Est. 1843\" out of respect for their roots.
The 2007 Plunderathon was a record-setting 250 Pirates in size overall (though at any one point numbers topped out at 180) and featured a compressed-air cannon that shot sex toys, chocolate coin and small toys at passers by, as well as a large rubber band war and an invasion of the Pride Festival. The Portland pirate rock band Sunken Chest played a rock\'n set at the Ash Street Saloon. The flagship for 2007 was the H.M.S. Venture (named after the Adult Swim cartoon *The Venture Bros.*, which replaced the 2006 flagship, the H.M.S. Birdman). The Venture was the first flagship to survive a Plunderathon intact. Another ship, the Flaming Molly, was shanghaied before the end of the event and its wreckage was found in Old Town a week later, next to a chocolate shop.
Plunderathon has been featured in *The Oregonian\'s* Culturepulp comic as well as local newspapers such as *The Portland Mercury*, *The Daily Oregonian*, and the *Willamette Week*. The event is adults-only and event organizers have threatened on their blog to call child protective services on any parent who brings kids to the event
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# Giovanni Manfredi
**Giovanni Manfredi** (1324--1373) was lord of Faenza from 1341 until 13 September 1356, as well as of numerous other minor fiefs in Romagna.
He was born in Imola, the illegitimate son of Riccardo Manfredi, and fought for Mastino II della Scala against John of Bohemia. In 1351 he was hired by Bernabò Visconti in his war against Bologna and the Papal forces, and was excommunicated the following year.
In 1356, after a long resistance together with his ally Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì, a crusade was declared against them. He was soon forced to surrender Faenza to the Papal commander, Cardinal Gil de Albornoz. In 1361 he rebelled again, but his conjures to conquer Faenza and Imola were discovered.
He died at Pistoia in 1373
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# McDonald v. Smith
***McDonald v. Smith***, 472 U.S. 479 (1985), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the right to petition does not provide absolute immunity to petitioners; it is subject to the same restrictions as other First Amendment rights.
## Background
In 1981, David Smith brought a libel suit against Robert McDonald claiming that Mcdonald had included knowing and malicious lies in a letter to the President concerning Smith\'s possible appointment as a United States attorney. Smith claimed that these libelous claims damaged both his chances of appointment and his reputation and career. McDonald first had the case removed to federal court on the basis of diversity of citizenship. Since the alleged libel was contained in a letter (petition) to the President, he moved for judgment on the pleadings on the grounds that the Petition Clause of the First Amendment protected his right to express his views without limitation as long as it was part of a constitutionally protected petition.
## Opinion of the Court {#opinion_of_the_court}
The issue before the Court was whether the right to petition the government granted absolute immunity from liability.
The Court decided 8--0 (Justice Powell took no part in the case) that the right to petition was subject to the same legal limitations that the rights to speech and the press are as previously decided in *New York Times Co. v. Sullivan* (1964). Therefore, claims made in the original letter, or in any similar petition, were and are subject to libel lawsuits to be judged on their merits. Chief Justice Burger delivered the opinion of the Court, in which all other members joined. Justice Brennan wrote a concurrence, joined by Justices Marshall and Blackmun
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# Hirschel Levin
Rabbi **Hirschel Ben Arye Löb Levin** (also known as **Hart Lyon** and **Hirshel Löbel**; 1721 -- 26 August 1800) was Chief Rabbi of Great Britain and of Berlin, and Rabbi of Halberstadt and Mannheim, known as a scholarly Talmudist.
## Life
He was born in Rzeszów, Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth to Aryeh Löb and Miriam Lowenstam. His father was rabbi at Amsterdam and his mother was daughter of Rabbi Chacham Zvi Ashkenazi. He was a descendant of Elijah Ba\'al Shem of Chelm.
His glosses on the Talmud appear in the Vilna edition under the name of Rabbi Tsvi Hersh Berlin. His son, Rabbi Solomon Hirschell was also Chief Rabbi of the British German and Polish Jewish community, and the first of the British empire. His other son, Saul Berlin, was a Talmudist and notorious forger of the Besamim Rosh
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10,990,845 |
# Samuel Merritt University
**Samuel Merritt University** (**SMU**) is a private university focused on health sciences with its main campus in Oakland, California, and other facilities in Sacramento, San Mateo and Fresno. It was an affiliate of the Sutter Health Network and Alta Bates Summit Medical Center until it disaffiliated in January, 2022, becoming a wholly independent institution. It is the only provider of physical therapists, occupational therapists, and physician assistants and is the largest source of nurses in the greater East Bay. Formerly known as Samuel Merritt College, it was founded in 1909 as a hospital school of nursing. Today, it stands as a comprehensive health sciences university, encompassing three colleges: College of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, and College of Podiatric Medicine
## History
Samuel Merritt University was founded in 1909 through the legacy of Samuel Merritt.
In recent years, Samuel Merritt has increased its enrollment from 146 to over 2,000 graduate and undergraduate students and added new programs in the health sciences.
The Intercollegiate Nursing Program with Saint Mary\'s College of California was established in 1981. Samuel Merritt College established the entry-level Master of Physical Therapy in 1990, the Master of Occupational Therapy in 1992. The College also offers a Master of Science in Nursing three advanced nursing specialties: Case Management, Family nurse practitioner (FNP), and Nurse Anesthesia (CRNA). In 2005, the department of Physical Therapy graduated its first Doctor of Physical Therapy class.
The university started the Master Physician Assistant program in 1999, the first entry-level graduate program for physician assistants in California, and in 2002 established the California School of Podiatric Medicine. In 2023, SMU added three new programs: a Master of Social Work, a Bachelor in Kinesiology, and a Master of Science in Nursing-Clinical Leadership Education.
## Academics
SMU is a university dedicated to health sciences, including three at the undergraduate level in nursing and kinesiology. Podiatric medicine, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and nursing practice are all offered at the doctoral level while the physician assistant program is offered at the master\'s level. The university\'s average graduation rate is 95 percent and student scores on licensure pass rates are 90 percent or above for first-time test takers in six programs
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10,990,883 |
# Mike Haight
**Michael James Haight** (born October 6, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins. He was selected by the Jets in the first round of the 1986 NFL draft. He played college football at the University of Iowa and played high school football at Beckman High School.
Haight was the first overall pick in the 1986 United States Football League draft by the Orlando Renegades. However, the league ceased operations soon thereafter and Haight never signed nor played with the team
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# Val Ross
**Valerie Jacqueline Candida** \"**Val**\" **Ross** (17 October 1950 -- 17 February 2008) was a Canadian writer who won the 2004 Norma Fleck Award for Canadian children\'s non-fiction. She was also a journalist for the newspaper *The Globe and Mail*, and won a National Newspaper Award in 1992 for critical writing.
## Biography
Val Ross was born in Toronto, on 17 October 1950, to Jack and Erma Ross, and had one younger brother, Philip (\"Pip\"). Val attended the Institute of Child Study, a progressive primary school operated by the University of Toronto. After completing high school at Jarvis Collegiate Institute, she considered becoming a visual artist and studied at St Martin\'s School of Art in London, England. Eventually she graduated with a bachelor\'s degree from the University of Toronto.
Before establishing her career as a freelance writer, she worked in urban planning, tourism writing and as a broadcaster at CBC. She traveled extensively, developing her interests in community, culture and media.
In the early 1970s, she began studying Washin Ryu, a form of karate taught by Sensei Burt Konzak, attaining a brown belt. Val was also highly involved with several groups of women in the Toronto area that met frequently for recreational walks (The \"Walking Women\").
She wrote for *Chatelaine*, *Saturday Night*, and *Toronto Life*, and then was hired as a staff writer and editor at *Maclean\'s*, where she worked in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She reported on the conflict in El Salvador, and became an important voice for human rights and freedom of expression. She spent the remainder of her career at *The Globe and Mail*, as a publishing reporter, as deputy editor of the Comment section, and as an arts reporter.
She wrote two children\'s books, 2003\'s *The Road to There* and 2006\'s *You Can\'t Read This*. The former, a history of cartography, won the \$10,000 Norma Fleck Award in 2004. *You Can\'t Read This* is a history of banned literature.
Her final book, the posthumous *Robertson Davies: A Portrait in Mosaic*, is an oral history of Canadian writer Robertson Davies. She continued to work on the book even after being diagnosed with brain cancer on the day after her 57th birthday in 2007.
She died in Toronto on 17 February 2008, aged 57, of brain cancer
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# Physa
***Physa*** is a genus of small, left-handed or sinistral, air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Physinae of the family Physidae.
These snails eat algae, diatoms and detritus.
## Anatomy
Members of the freshwater pulmonate family Physidae possess a complex of muscles that is unique amongst gastropods. This complex was given the name \"physid musculature\". The physid musculature has two main components, the physid muscle *sensu stricto* and the fan muscle. The physid musculature is responsible for a unique ability of physids to rapidly flick their shells from side to side --- a reaction that frequently enables them to escape predation.
## Shell description {#shell_description}
These small snails, like all the species in the family Physidae, have shells that are sinistral, which means that when the shell is held with the spire pointing up and the aperture facing the viewer, then the aperture is on the left-hand side.
The shells of *Physa* species have a long and large aperture, a pointed spire, and no operculum. The shells are thin and corneous, and rather transparent.
## Species
Species in the genus include: `{{div col|colwidth=20em}}`{=mediawiki}
- † *Physa aplexoides* Yen, 1969
- *Physa arachleica* Starobogatov & Prozorova, 1989
- † *Physa aravanica* Zharnyl\'skaya, 1965
- *Physa aridi* Mezzalira, 1974 -- fossil from Brazil
- † *Physa bacca* Pan & Zhu, 2007 †
- † *Physa beijiangensis* W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982 †
- † *Physa boreaui* Coquand, 1860
- † *Physa bullatula* White, 1886
- † *Physa canadensis* Whiteaves, 1885
- † *Physa carletoni* Meek, 1873
- † *Physa cenomanensis* Repelin, 1902
- † *Physa cepedaensis* Perrilliat & Vega in Perrilliat et al., 2008
- † *Physa changleensis* Youluo, 1978
- † *Physa changzhouensis* W. Yü, 1977
- *Physa chippevarum* (Taylor, 2003)
- *Physa clarkei* Ingersoll, 1875
- † *Physa cokevillensis* Yen, 1954
- † *Physa conispira* Yen & Reeside, 1946
- † *Physa copei* White, 1877
- *Physa dalmatina* Küster, 1844
- † *Physa debilula* Gu in Gu & Wang, 1989
- † *Physa delecta* Nicolas, 1891 †
- † *Physa doeringi* Doello-Jurado, 1927
- † *Physa doliolum* Matheron, 1843
- † *Physa felix* White, 1878
- *Physa fontinalis* (Linnaeus, 1758) -- Fountain bladder snail -- type species
- † *Physa fuxinensis* X.-H. Yu, 1987
- † *Physa galei* Russell, 1926
- † *Physa galloprovincialis* Matheron, 1843
- † *Physa gaoyouensis* W. Yü, 1977
- † *Physa gardanensis* Matheron, 1843
- † *Physa globosa* Yen, 1954
- † *Physa gracilis* Nicolas, 1891
- *Physa hankensis* Starobogatov & Prozorova, 1989
- † *Physa jingangkouensis* H.-Z. Pan, 1983
- † *Physa kanabensis* White, 1876
- † *Physa lacryma* F. Sandberger, 1871
- † *Physa lacteana* Russell, 1935
- † *Physa liaoxiensis* X.-H. Yu, 1987
- † *Physa longiuscula* Meek & Hayden, 1856
- *Physa megalochlamys* Taylor, 1988 -- Cloaked physa
- *Physa meneghinii* Sacco, 1886 †
- *Physa mezzalirai* Ghilardi, Carbonaro & Simone, 2011 -- fossil from Brazil
- † *Physa michaudii* Matheron, 1843
- † *Physa micra* Yen & Reeside, 1946
- † *Physa minima* Repelin, 1902
- † *Physa miqueli* Caziot, 1905
- *Physa mirollii* Taylor, 2003
- † *Physa montanensis* Yen, 1951
- † *Physa naucatica* Zharnyl\'skaya, 1965
- † *Physa nebrascensis* Meek & Hayden, 1856
- † *Physa nisidai* Suzuki, 1941
- † *Physa nucleus* Repelin, 1902
- † *Physa obtusiconica* X.-H. Yu, 1987
- †*Physa orientalis* G.-X. Zhu, 1980
- † *Physa paravitimensis* G.-X. Zhu, 1980
- † *Physa patula* Nicolas, 1891
- † *Physa pijiagouensis* X.-H. Yu, 1987
- *Physa pumilia* Conrad, 1834
- † *Physa pygmaea* Nicolas, 1891
- †*Physa rhomboidea* Meek & Hayden, 1856
- † *Physa ringentis* Youluo, 1978
- † *Physa saxarubrensis* Russell, 1957
- † *Physa secalina* Evans & Shumard, 1856
- † *Physa shakengensis* W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982
- † *Physa shandongensis* H.-Z. Pan, 1983
- † *Physa shantungensis* Yen, 1969
- † *Physa simeyrolsensis* Repelin, 1902
- † *Physa sinensis* Yen, 1969
- *Physa skinneri* Taylor, 1954
- *Physa streletzkajae* Starobogatov & Budnikova, 1967
- † *Physa subacuta* Benoist, 1873
- † *Physa subcylindrica* Repelin, 1902
- *Physa taslei* Bourguignat, 1860
- † *Physa tenuicostata* H.-J. Wang, 1982
- † *Physa usitata* White, 1895
- *Physa vernalis* Taylor et Jokinen, 1984
- † *Physa walcotti* Yen & Reeside, 1946
- † *Physa wealdiana* Coquand, 1856
- † *Physa wichmanni* Parodiz, 1961
- † *Physa zhuoxianensis* Yü & Pan, 1982
- *Physa* sp., Lake Winnipeg Physa, lives in Manitoba in Canada. It was classified as endangered by COSEWIC. COSEWIC recommendation has been forwarded to the Minister of the Environment of Canada and a decision for listing at the List of Wildlife Species at Risk of the Canadian Species at Risk Act was pending in 2005.
Synonyms:
- *Physa acuta* Draparnaud, 1805, *Physa heterostropha* (Say, 1817), *Physa integra* (Haldeman, 1841) and *Physa natricina* Taylor, 1988 are synonyms of *Physella acuta* (Draparnaud, 1805)
- *Physa ancillaria* (Say, 1825) -- Pumpkin Physa: synonym of *Physella ancillaria* (Say, 1825) (original combination)
- *Physa carolinae* Wethington, Wise & Dillon, 2009: synonym of *Physella carolinae* (Wethington, Wise & Dillon, 2009)
- *Physa concolor* Haldeman, 1841: synonym of *Physella gyrina* (Say, 1821)
- *Physa columbiana* (Hemphill, 1890) is a synonym for *Physella columbiana* (Hemphill, 1890)
- *Physa gyrina* (Say, 1821) is a synonym for *Physella gyrina* (Say, 1821)
- *Physa hordacea* (I. Lea, 1864): synonym of *Physella hordacea* (I. Lea, 1864)
- *Physa jennessi* Dall, 1919: synonym of *Beringophysa jennessi* (Dall, 1919)
- *Physa lordi* (Baird, 1863): synonym of *Physella lordi* (Baird, 1863)
- *Physa marmorata* Guilding, 1828 -- synonyms: *Physa mosambiquensis* Clessin, 1886 and *Physa waterloti*: synonym of *Stenophysa marmorata* (Guilding, 1828)
- *Physa natricina* Taylor, 1988: synonym of *Physella natricina* (D. W. Taylor, 1988)
- *Physa nuttalli* I
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# Sica
The **sica** is a short sword or large dagger of ancient Illyrians, Thracians, and Dacians; it was also used in ancient Rome. It is a shorter form of the falx, and the root of the word is the same as the modern sickle.
It was originally depicted as a curved sword (see the Zliten mosaic as well as numerous oil lamps) and many examples have been found in what are today Croatia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Romania. It is also depicted on Trajan\'s Column; notably the Dacian king Decebalus is depicted committing suicide with one.
## Etymology
Possibly from Proto-Albanian *tsikā* (whence Albanian *thikë*, \"knife\"), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey*- (\"to sharpen\") possibly via Illyrian. According to the *Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines*, the name *Sica* comes from Proto-Indo-European root *sek-*, meaning \"to cut\", \"to section\", however De Vaan declares any connection to Proto-Indo-European *sek*- to be formally impossible.
## Illyrian
The Romans regarded the sica as a distinctive Illyrian weapon. The principal melee weapon of the Illyrians was the Sica. According to historian John Wilkes:
> Although a short curved sword was used by several peoples around the Mediterranean the Romans regarded the *sica* as a distinct Illyrian weapon used by the stealthy \'assassin\' (sicarius)
## Types
From a typological point of view, though there is a strong tendency towards standardization, the sica daggers can be organised in three main types that differ only by morphological aspects, not functional.
The first type is characterized by its solidity, sometimes with a broken figure immediately after the blade\'s middle part, with a short and sharp point, with a slight curvature, a short handle cane, usually of a triangular shape, that has a hole for the fixing rivet, close to the blade. The blade has incised ornaments and a fuller deeply carved into it. These characteristics are not general, the only standing arguments for this type being the size and the shape approximately similar.
The second type, not very different morphologically speaking, does not have the solid shape of the first type, but a longer blade, with a fuller, and keeps, most often, the haft\'s tongue short and of a triangular shape.
The third type, more numerous, gathers a series of daggers characterized by a long blade, elegantly manufactured in most cases, by the ornamentation with incised circles and/or lines along the blade, the presence of the fuller, the haft\'s tongue as long as the haft and a guard muff. These distinctive elements are found either all together, or some of the pieces present one or more of these characteristic features. The sizes show a relative standardization, somewhere around 30--40 cm in length and approximately 3 cm in width. From a chronological point of view, this type of dagger is dated mostly in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.
## Significance
The distinctive shape was designed to get around the sides of an opponent\'s shield, and stab or slash them in the back. Since the thraex gladiator\'s usual opponent was the scutum (large shield) carrying murmillo gladiator, such a weapon as the sica was necessary to make the duel more even and exciting.
The daggers' decoration, remarkably complex, offers them a sum of spiritual, artistically and symbolical valences. On the blade geometrical shapes were incised, but also eagles and snakes, in which case their schematization requires the existence of a certain \"code\", or they were an emblem that underlined the membership of a certain brotherhood at arms or a certain social status, as well possible to have a mystical/magical component included.
From the facts presented above, it can be stated that the sica dagger represents an important historical artifact which, due to its importance and the role it played in the Thracian world, contributes to the understanding of the social and military mechanisms of this society and, through the special spiritual dimension, to the reception of a new side from the religious mosaic of this people. From all the curved weapons used in the Thracian area, the sica daggers are the only ones that make the connection between the Southern Thracians and the Thracians North to the Danube, being spread the same on both sides of the river
| 700 |
Sica
| 0 |
10,991,051 |
# Daniel D. Stevens
**Daniel Dickinson Stevens** (December 19, 1839 -- November 7, 1916) was a United States Navy sailor during the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor, America\'s highest military decoration, for his actions at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher.
## Biography
In mid-January 1865, Stevens was serving as a quartermaster on the `{{USS|Canonicus|1863|6}}`{=mediawiki} when the ship took part in the bombardment of Fort Fisher, North Carolina. For his conduct during this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Before leaving the Navy, Stevens reached the rank of Chief Quartermaster.
He was an early member of the Naval Order of the United States and was assigned insignia number 58.
He died at age 76.
## Medal of Honor citation {#medal_of_honor_citation}
**Rank and Organization:**
: Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Born: 1840, Sagnange, Tenn. Accredited to: Massachusetts. Letter July 15, 1870, Secretary of the Navy to Hon. S. Hooper.
**Citation:**
> On board the U.S.S. *Canonicus* during attacks on Fort Fisher, on January 13, 1865. As the *Canonicus* moved into position at 700 yards from shore, the enemy troops soon obtained her range and opened with heavy artillery fire, subjecting her to several hits and near misses until late in the afternoon when the heavier ships coming into line drove them into their bombproofs. Twice during the battle, in which his ship sustained 36 hits, the flag was shot away and gallantly replaced by Stevens
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10,991,058 |
# Richard Wolf (composer)
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| 18 |
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10,991,071 |
# Cochrane railway station, Sydney
**Cochrane railway station** was a railway station on the Ropes Creek railway line serving the suburb of Ropes Crossing, Sydney, New South Wales.
## History
The station was built because of increased passenger numbers and increased production at the St. Marys Munitions Works site along with the arrival of electrification in 1957. The station itself was classed as unattended because most of the workers using the station had weekly tickets or return tickets, making ticket selling facilities unnecessary. The station was located on a slight right-hand bend (towards Ropes Creek) and straightened out towards the middle. An overhead road bridge ran over the station; the waiting room was built underneath the bridge. The station was about 165 metres long and could accommodate an eight-car suburban train
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| 0 |
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# Bernard Kinsey
**Bernard Kinsey** is a Los Angeles philanthropist and entrepreneur with a passion for African-American history and art of the 19th and 20h centuries. He and his wife, Shirley Kinsey, have been called \"one of the most admired and respected couples in Los Angeles.\" They are known for espousing two life principles, "To whom much is given much is required\" and live "A life of no regrets". The couple have one son, Khalil, who is the general manager and curator of The Kinsey African American Art and History Collection and foundation.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bernard Kinsey was born and raised in West Palm Beach, Florida in Palm Beach County. He is the son of a prominent African American family from Palm Beach County, Florida. Bernard Kinsey\'s father is the late Mr. U.B. Kinsey who became one of the first African American principals of a public school in Palm Beach County, Florida.
Bernard Kinsey obtained an MBA from Pepperdine University and received his Honorary Doctorates from Florida A&M University and Alabama A & M University. He is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity. He is a longtime member of First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles.
<File:Bernard> Kinsey.jpg <File:Shirley> Kinsey.jpg <File:Khalil> Kinsey.jpg <File:The> Bernard Kinsey Family.jpg
## Career
Kinsey had a twenty-year association with the Xerox Corporation. Kinsey helped form the Xerox Black Employees Association. It was through this association that`{{Clarify|date=January 2010}}`{=mediawiki} increased the hiring of blacks from 121 employees in 1971, to over 14,000 in 1991. Kinsey was responsible for the direct hiring of nearly one thousand Blacks, Latinos and females. Kinsey was a Vice President for nearly ten years; he also managed Xerox's largest sales and marketing division.
During his Xerox career, Kinsey awarded Jackson State University a one million dollar computer grant. In that same year, Kinsey awarded grants in the amount of \$250,000 to establish seven career computer centers in both Northern and Southern California. Through the establishment of these centers, over 2,000 people were trained and hired. In 1990, he was a key member of the Mandela Freedom Fund Committee, which raised over \$1.2 million. Kinsey was also chairman of the First Magic Johnson United Negro College Fund Banquet All-Star game. He led a drive with Xerox black employees resulting in a \$100,000 donation to the United Negro College Fund.
An international business consultant, in December 1995, Kinsey was appointed as Honorary Consul General by the U.S. State Department and the Central African Republic. His extensive international experience includes the establishment of the Beijing Printing Center, the first successful venture of its type in the People's Republic of China. Kinsey has counseled the governments of South Africa, Germany, England, and France in economic development.
Kinsey's career has included being a political commentator, international business consultant, writer, and speaker.
## Rebuild L.A. {#rebuild_l.a.}
In 1992, Bernard Kinsey was selected as chief operating officer and co-chairman of Rebuild L.A. under Peter Ueberroth. Rebuild L.A.\'s mission was economic redevelopment because of the financial devastation that resulted from the 1992 Los Angeles riots. As Co-Chairman of Rebuild L.A., Bernard Kinsey was responsible for generating more than 380 million dollars in investments from the private sector for the inner city of Los Angeles. Kinsey also helped to recruit various retail businesses to the community.
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# Bernard Kinsey
## Philanthropy
Bernard and Shirley Kinsey\'s 50-year marriage and partnership represents an alliance based on love, respect, and the importance of friends and family. The two have raised over 22 million dollars for charitable and educational organizations, 11 million dollars to their alma mater, Florida A & M University and 7 million dollars for United Way. The couple was one of the early financial supporters of the "NAACP Image Awards" and "Real Men Cook" for prostate cancer
Through their leadership, Bernard and Shirley Kinsey have assisted the College Bound organization, helping raise over \$3.5 million for one hundred and eighty-five scholarships. Additionally, their efforts contributed to \$125,000 being raised for the Rosa Parks Foundation. They have contributed or raised over one million dollars in scholarships for the Southern California Alumni Chapter of FAMU, which has provided scholarships for over 130 young people from Los Angeles to attend FAMU. As Chairman of the Florida A&M Cluster from 1984 to 1991, Bernard Kinsey\'s efforts resulted in 9 million dollars being contributed to FAMU, making him the largest fund-raisers for FAMU. He was also President of the 55,000-member Florida A & M National Alumni Association.
For over 10 years The Kinseys have sponsored *The Sunday Gospel Hour* on KJLH Radio for both First A.M.E. Church and West Angeles Church of God in Christ, the most listened-to broadcast on Black radio in Los Angeles. They were Executive Producers with David E. Talbert and produced: *Love on Lay Away. He Say She Say*, and *Fabric of a Man*, to sold-out audiences. They have also co-produced movies with award-winning filmmaker Reuben Cannon.
Bernard Kinsey was also a board member of the William H. Johnson Foundation for the Arts, established in 2001, from 2002-2005. The purpose of the foundation is to encourage minority artists early in their careers, by offering them financial grants. On February 6, 2006, Kinsey was honored by the Black Legacy of Giving Foundation for his work as a black leader and philanthropist in education and the arts.
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# Bernard Kinsey
## Kinsey African American Art & History Collection {#kinsey_african_american_art_history_collection}
Bernard and Shirley are widely heralded for their stewardship of art, books and manuscripts that document and tell the story of African Americans\' triumphs and struggles from 1632 to present. From September 2009 through March 2010, The Kinsey Collection: "Shared Treasures of Bernard and Shirley Kinsey, is on display at the Brogan Museum, in Tallahassee, Florida. In 2009, the Norton Museum of Art in West Palm Beach hosted their collection entitled \"In the Hands of African American Collectors\". Through the Norton\'s partnership with the School District of Palm Beach County, Florida more than 12,000 students visited the exhibit which helped the exhibit garner an award from the Institute of Museum and Library Services that was presented by First Lady Laura Bush at a special ceremony at the White House.
Already having been seen by millions on television and radio nationally, The Kinsey Collection is one of the largest private collections of artifacts tracing African-American history. It includes sculptures, paintings, and documents with rich historical value. Among their treasures are rarities such as a letter written by Malcolm X to Alex Haley two years before the 1965 assassination of Malcolm X. According to a CBS Sunday Morning News report, the Kinseys have works of art displayed throughout their home.
Charmaine Jefferson, an executive director of the California African-American Museum in Los Angeles where their exhibit was featured in 2006, is quoted as saying \"\...The story, the feeling, the sensation for African Americans about who we are and where we come from and what we don\'t know about ourselves, comes from being able to look at this collective work. And so this collection is powerful for that reason
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10,991,077 |
# Buddleja saligna
***Buddleja saligna***, the **false olive** or **bastard olive**, is native to South Africa and Zimbabwe, where it has a wide distribution. It occurs most often in ravines and against outcrops, and is distributed from coastal elevations to the central plateau at elevations of \< 2000 m. The species was first described and named by Willdenow in 1809.
## Description
*Buddleja saligna* is an evergreen shrub or small tree, growing \< 15 m in height with a trunk diameter of 40 cm, and very similar to *Salix* and *Olea*. The bark becomes longitudinally furrowed with age. The branchlets are quadrangular in section, and winged. The opposite, subcoriaceous narrowly elliptic to linear leaves vary considerably in size and shape, from 1.2 -- 15 cm long by 0.2 -- 3 cm wide. The upper surface of the leaf is medium to dark green, glabrous and smooth, while the underside is clothed in pale stellate hairs. The honey-scented flowers are cream or white, occasionally with a reddish orange throat, appearing as large terminal heads 12 cm × 12 cm in spring and summer; the corollas are 4 mm in length. The dense timber (specific gravity 0.98) is of exceptionally high quality, though rarely found in sizes suitable for furniture.
## Cultivation
*Buddleja saligna* is hardy and frost resistant. In the UK, a specimen is grown as part of the NCCPG national collection held by Longstock Park Nursery, near Stockbridge, Hampshire. The shrub grows easily in well-drained soil, and is notably tolerant of drought. Hardiness: USDA zone 9
| 256 |
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| 0 |
10,991,095 |
# Astorre III Manfredi
**Astorre III Manfredi** (June 20, 1485 -- June 9, 1502) was lord Faenza, in northern Italy, from 1488 to 1501.
He was born in Faenza, the son of Galeotto Manfredi. He succeeded his father in the lordship of Faenza in 1488 at the age of three.
In 1501 he was deposed by Cesare Borgia and sent to Rome. He was assassinated in the Castel Sant\'Angelo the following year
| 72 |
Astorre III Manfredi
| 0 |
10,991,115 |
# Marcus Mason
**Marcus Mason** (born June 23, 1984) is an American former professional football running back. Marcus has also recently launched (as of April 27th, 2025) a new career into the world of progressive Christian HipHop/Rap music. His success on the football field has helped the lyricist gain notoriety in and around Montgomery County, MD. His freshly debuted hit single: \"My Alphabet Soup spells: GOD\" has led to his recent success and new image within the Catholic Highschool community. He was the all time leading rusher in Maryland history. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Youngstown State. Mason was also a member of the Baltimore Ravens, New York Jets, and San Diego Chargers.
## Early life {#early_life}
Mason starred at Georgetown Preparatory School in Bethesda, Maryland, where he became the all-time leading rusher (5,700 yards) in Maryland high school history.
## College career {#college_career}
Mason played college football at the University of Illinois and Youngstown State University. In two seasons at Youngstown State, Mason compiled 2,739 rushing yards on 478 carries and scored 31 touchdowns. As a senior, he rushed for a school-record 1,847 yards on 302 carries and had 23 touchdowns.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### First stint with Redskins {#first_stint_with_redskins}
In his first ever preseason game with the Redskins, Mason scored a one-yard rushing touchdown to give the Redskins a 7-6 lead over the Tennessee Titans. For the whole preseason, Mason compiled 95 yards on 25 carries. Mason eventually made the 53-man roster in 2007 but was moved to the practice squad shortly after to make room for Omar Stoutmire.
Despite leading the NFL in rushing during the 2008 preseason, Mason was released by the Redskins during final cuts on August 30.
### Baltimore Ravens {#baltimore_ravens}
A day after his release from the Redskins, Mason was signed to the Baltimore Ravens\' practice squad on August 31, 2008. He remained there for the first eight weeks of the season.
### New York Jets {#new_york_jets}
Mason was signed to the New York Jets\' active roster off the Baltimore Ravens\' practice squad on October 29, 2008. The move came a day after Jets running back Jesse Chatman was placed on season-ending injured reserve. The Jets waived Mason on December 9.
Mason was re-signed to the practice squad on December 21, 2008. He was waived by the team the following offseason on April 27, 2009.
### Second stint with Redskins {#second_stint_with_redskins}
Mason was claimed off waivers by the Washington Redskins on April 28, 2009. On October 20, 2009 the Redskins released Mason. He was re-signed on November 23.
On March 4, 2010, Mason was released by the Redskins.
### San Diego Chargers {#san_diego_chargers}
On March 8, 2010, Mason was claimed off waivers by the San Diego Chargers. On August 31, 2010, Mason was released by the San Diego Chargers
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# Alexis Blue
**Alexis Blue** were an English four-piece indie rock band, made up of one pair of brothers and two friends from the Wallasey area of Merseyside, the band was unsigned, but self-released their music through an independent record label set up by the band and associates - People vs Grass Records.
Interviews saw the band cite numerous musical influences including The Libertines, Bright Eyes, Supergrass, Ben Folds and The Coral. The resulting sound indie guitar rock coupled with lyrics.
Their fanbase consisted greatly of Merseysiders, Wirralians and Welsh folk, while their bright Indie guitar sound and provocative, insightful lyrics attracted the attention of many enthusiasts of a wide range of ages, throughout the UK, the rest of Europe and America.
## Beginning
The band was formed in September 2005 following the split of another Wirral band \'The Rails\', with that band\'s lead guitarist Andrew Stewart and drummer Mark Easton being joined by Tom McCarron to form Alexis Blue. Paul Easton, younger brother of Mark, subsequently joined the band in November. They toured substantially throughout 2006, gaining attention and subsequent tour support slots from Little Man Tate, Milburn and Bromheads Jacket. In that summer, the band caught the eye of Southampton-based label Coercion Records who signed the band to put out a promotional release and 7-inch vinyl to be released later in the year. The band then caught the limelight of the local and national press, with numerous articles and radio/magazine interviews.
## 2007
2007 saw the band receive a new lease of life, and continue to gig around the country gaining popularity. Chris Stewart, Andy\'s older brother, was drafted in on bass guitar, and with a new lineup and supports alongside The Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster, The Wombats and Parka saw them achieve recognition from the industry. In March the band were picked by A+R representatives for Polydor Records to be in the final 30 of O2\'s Undiscovered competition to play the O2 Wireless Festival in Hyde Park, London. However they failed to make the final 11. Again, in March, the band were asked to headline Club NME in Middlesbrough, playing a high-profile set at the popular Middlesbrough Empire.
Their debut single \'You Won\'t Get Much Sleep\' was released 9 July 2007 on limited edition blue vinyl along with the b-side \'Break The Routine\'. The single was also available on iTunes and various other online digital record stores. \'You Won\'t Get Much Sleep\' sold out within weeks in both the UK and Japan.
The music video for the single was created by Tomfoolery Pictures Ltd and tells the story of an Alexis Blue fan who returns to her bedroom following a gig to find the band, who previously were in pictures and posters, now in the room and take her off to their \'poster/picture world\'. Green Screen technology was used to create key scenes, the band were also \'paled down\' using make up to create an eerie feel. This video was broadcast on MTV2 during September & October as well as the large BBC video screen in Liverpool City Centre.
To support the release, a small tour was undertaken, including Birkenhead, Chester, Sheffield, Manchester, Birmingham, Norwich, Liverpool and the band performing at Glastonbury Festival two weeks prior. In May the band signed a Publishing deal with Yell Music, who also work with popular Columbia band Midtown (band).
In October, Liverpool group The Wombats personally asked the band to play at their Album Launch Party on the River Mersey which took place on 18 October. Also at that showcase on the River was local celebrity and Clairvoyant Derek Acorah. It was mentioned that Derek enjoyed the gig and even went home with an Alexis Blue t-shirt. November saw the band play their largest Liverpool gig to date, where they headlined the Liverpool Barfly Theatre. This special gig was filmed for future DVD release by visual company Tomfoolery Pictures Ltd using 3 still and 3 handheld HD cameras. The year ended with a special Liverpool Xmas/New Year headline gig which was held on a stage laden with Christmas trees and lights.
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# Alexis Blue
## 2008 {#section_1}
Starting 2008 the band performed an acoustic set live on BBC Radio Merseyside and were named as one of the \'Top 10 Current Bands From Liverpool\'. The band set out on a mini UK tour in February which saw them headline Alan McGee\'s highly regarded Death Disco in London, West Street Live in Sheffield as well as venues in Chester (Frog), Liverpool (Barfly), Leeds (Trash) and home town area, Liscard (27 Club - Record Label Club Night Opening). Ending the month they played alongside Liverpool band Rebecca in the 1,200 capacity venue Liverpool Carling Academy 1. This month also saw the band undertake various media interviews.
In March the video for \'You Won\'t Get Much Sleep\' began further television broadcast on the \'Virgin Media On Demand\' channel. It was also in this month that it was announced that the band planned to record and self-release an album. This month also saw the band featured on a \'Visit Britain: Britain Rocks\' promotional compilation CD released in America.
In April the band discovered they were through to the final 14 of that year\'s \'Road to V\' competition. Their Carling Academy 1 gig for the final took place in early May. The Road To V final was preceded by the band performing an acoustic set and interview on BBC Radio Merseyside the same day.
June saw the band announce their future date headlining Liverpool Barfly and two festival slots alongside bands including The Automatic, Parka, Amsterdam and The Cordels. June also saw the band start work on their debut album which is due for release nearing the end of 2008 and will contain both past favourites and new material.
In July Channel 4 broadcast a couple of live songs and an interview with the band as part of 4Musics Road To V 2008 program. The broadcast contained live performances of Your Easy Life and Passive/Aggressive (Altar Ego was cut from broadcast)
In October the band played their first gig in Italy, taking place at Teatro La Fabbrica in Villadossola near Milan. Also in the same month the band played a gig with Noah & The Whale as part of MTV Liverpool Music Week 2008.
Alexis Blue released their 11-track debut album *Hypothetical Situations* on Friday, 21 November 2008. Also in November the band performed alongside Sheffield band Little Man Tate at Pacific Road Arts Theatre in Birkenhead as part of the UK International Guitar Festival 2008.
The band ended 2008 playing special home town area gigs including Liverpool Barfly, giving end of year interviews and performing acoustic sets & interviews on radio stations including 7waves FM and LeithFM.
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| 1 |
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# Alexis Blue
## 2009 {#section_2}
May, June and July saw Alexis Blue set off on a UK wide tour with new material to showcase. This 25+ date tour saw them play dates that include Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Edinburgh, Sheffield and Blackburn. Shortly after the tour was completed, it was announced that Chris was to leave the band to focus on family commitments, and Tom would be rejoining after returning from Bangor University.
## 2010 {#section_3}
On 22 July the band posted the following announcement on their website
\"A message to all of our friends:
It is with great regret we announce that, after five wonderful and memorable years, Alexis Blue will be no more. We have had the best time ever, however we feel that the band has run its course, and we need fresh projects to concentrate on. We\'d like to thank everyone who has helped us along the way, you all know who you are, and of course we\'d like to thank our fans. Without you none of the success we experienced would have been possible.
We have a few more commitments to fulfill, and then, on the 5th anniversary of the band\'s formation, 1st October 2010, we will be saying farewell in style with a 14+ headline gig at the Masque in Liverpool. We would love all of you who have seen us or haven\'t had a chance to see us before, to come and celebrate the five years we have had together, and party the night away with us, it\'s bound to be a great night!
We will inform you when tickets are released and who will be supporting us in due course, but until then, thank you again to everyone who have supported us over the years, it\'s been a blast, and we will be back with something bigger and better later this year so keep an eye out for updates!
Lots of Love, Andrew, Mark, Paul and Tom x\"
## 2015 {#section_4}
At the start of 2015, Andrew, Mark and Paul announced on social media that they will reform for a one-off gig and album release set for later in the year. The newly reformed 3-piece spent the summer months recording their album in Elevator Studios in Liverpool. In October, the band played a successful come back gig at the Zanzibar in Liverpool with session bass player Zak Jones, and subsequently released their album titled *Tell Me Where To Go*, made up of re-worked versions of old songs and one new track. This was released via iTunes and Spotify, and also a limited run of 50 CD\'s. The band rounded off their reunion year, featuring as main support for The Ordinary Boys at Wigan Old Courts in November.
## Band members {#band_members}
### Andrew Stewart {#andrew_stewart}
Andrew Stewart was the lead vocalist of the band, rhythm guitarist and keyboardist. He also wrote Alexis Blue\'s lyrics, and the bulk of their songs. He played a Blueburst Rickenbacker 360 through his VOX AD100 (with custom blue grill) and Vox Tonelab SE. He also used an Alesis Micron, and a Takamine EF508C for acoustic performances
### Mark Easton {#mark_easton}
Mark Easton was the band\'s drummer. He also provided backing vocals on the majority of the band\'s songs. He played a handmade Premier Series maple traditional drum kit in blue sparkle, with a Blue Norwegian Sparkle Premier Series classic maple snare drum, Zildjian Avedis cymbals, cowbell and a Roland SPD-S sampling pad. In 2015, he played a Gretsch New Classic kit in Vintage Glass sparkle, with a 1966 Ludgwig 400 snare drum and Zildjian K cymbals.
### Paul Easton {#paul_easton}
Known amongst the Alexis Blue fanbase as portly Paul, Easton played lead guitar and provided backing vocals. He played his Fender Telecaster through a limited edition Green Fender Deluxe combo amp. He also played tambourine during the song Altar Ego
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# Pygmy python
The **pygmy python** (***Antaresia perthensis***), also known as the **anthill python**, is a species of snake found in Western Australia. Their common names are due to their being the smallest member of the family Pythonidae and often being found in termite mounds. No subspecies are currently recognised.
The specific epithet is derived from the Western Australian state capital, Perth---a city which is not, ironically, within the range of the species. The global biodiversity database iNaturalist has documented a number of different visual sightings of the pygmy python within the state of Western Australia, with the nearest physical sighting to Perth having occurred near Reedy, some 680 km (422.53 mi) north and slightly further inland of the capital.
## Description
Adults grow to about 50 cm in length and have a weight near 210 grams. Neonates are about 8 in in length and about 4 grams in weight. After a year they average about 25 grams in weight. This makes them smaller than both the Children\'s python, *A. childreni*, and the spotted python, *A. maculosa*. *A. perthensis* usually has a redder background ground color than these other species and their spots fade, or become less distinct, as they mature. In contrast, the ground color is lighter in *childreni* and *maculosa*, while their spots stay better defined throughout their life.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The pygmy python is native to Australia, primarily endemic to the northwestern regions of the state of Western Australia and on some coastal islands. The type locality given is \"Perth, West Australia\" (Western Australia), an erroneous assumption of the place where the specimen was collected. This historical unfamiliarity of Europeans with the place of a specimen\'s collection has given rise to other \'naming peculiarities\'. According to L.A. Smith (1985), the type locality is unknown.
The pygmy python has a number of confirmed visual sightings entered on iNaturalist (a global biodiversity website, app and nature-minded social network); sightings have been documented in and around several areas of Western Australia, including Cape Range National Park, Dampier, De Grey, East Lyons River, the Hamersley Range and Karijini National Park, Marble Bar, the Murujuga (Burrup) Peninsula, Pannawonica, Peedamulla, and Port Hedland.
## Housing
In captivity anthill pythons can be housed (and bred) in something as small as a 20 gallon tank. Although reptile-specific enclosures are best, a simple fish tank may be used for short- or long-term housing. They may be fed mice as part of their regular diet, supplemented with fuzzy rats. Anything larger is usually a stressor on their system, although they will still try to eat it. Once anthill pythons get started eating they rarely refuse a meal except for breeding season or during part of their shedding cycle.
## Reproduction
The pygmy python is oviparous, with 5-8 eggs per clutch. The females will stay coiled around the eggs (lifting them off the substrate) and incubate them until they hatch, which is usually after 50--60 days.
## In captivity {#in_captivity}
This snake is a popular exotic pet
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# Library of Pergamum
The **Library of Pergamum** (*Βιβλιοθήκη του Πέργαμον*) is an ancient Greek building in Pergamon, Anatolia, today located nearby the modern town of Bergama, in the İzmir Province of western Turkey. It was one of the most important libraries in the ancient world.
## The city of Pergamum {#the_city_of_pergamum}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|The Attalid kingdom (colored olive) shown at its greatest extent in 188 BCE thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|View of the Acropolis of ancient Pergamon, drawn by 19th-century German archaeologists
Founded sometime during the 3rd century BCE, during the Hellenistic Age, Pergamum or Pergamon was an important ancient Greek city, located in Anatolia. It is now the site of the modern Turkish town of Bergama, in the İzmir Province of western Turkey. Ruled by the Attalid dynasty from 281 to 133 BCE, the city rose to prominence as an administrative center under King Eumenes II, who formed an alliance with the Roman Republic, severing ties with Macedonia.
Under the rule of Eumenes II (197--160 BCE), Pergamum was a wealthy, developing city with a population of over 200,000 people. Culturally it was rivaled only by the cities of Alexandria and Antioch. Many important works of sculpture and architecture were produced at this time, including the Great Altar of Pergamon. Upon the death of Attalus III, son of Eumenes II, in 133 BCE, Pergamum was bequeathed to the Roman Republic and then became part of the Roman province of Asia.
Pergamum was also an important city in the New Testament and was explicitly mentioned by John of Patmos as one of the Seven churches of Asia in the Book of Revelation. The ruins of Pergamum and its library are now major archaeological sites in Turkey.
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# Library of Pergamum
## The Library of Pergamum {#the_library_of_pergamum}
Pergamum was home to a library said to house approximately 200,000 volumes, according to the writings of Plutarch. Built by Eumenes II between 220 and 159 BCE and situated at the northern end of the Acropolis, it became one of the most important libraries in the ancient world. The cultured Pergamene rulers built up the library to be second only to the Great Library at Alexandria. Flavia Melitene, who was a distinguished citizen of Pergamum and wife of a town councillor, was instrumental in supplying the library. She also presented a statue of the Roman Emperor Hadrian to the library as a gift. It is known that a certain Artemon was employed in the library during the 2nd century BCE, though his personification is obscure. No index or catalog of the holdings at Pergamum exists today, making it impossible to know the true size or scope of this collection.
The library consisted of four rooms, the largest of which was the main reading room (44.5 x), lined with many shelves. An empty space of approximately 50 cm was left between the outer walls and the shelves to allow for air circulation, intending to prevent the library from becoming overly humid in the warm climate of Anatolia, an early attempt at library preservation. A 3 m statue of the Greek goddess Athena, modeled after her statue in the Parthenon, stood in the main reading room.
Manuscripts were written on parchment, rolled, and then stored on the shelves. In fact, the word \"parchment\" itself is derived from Pergamum (via the Latin *pergamenum* and the French *parchemin*). Pergamum was a thriving center of parchment production during the Hellenistic period. The city so dominated the trade that a legend later arose indicating that parchment had been invented in Pergamon to replace the use of papyrus, which had become monopolized by the rival city of Alexandria. This however is a myth; parchment had been in use in Anatolia and elsewhere long before the rise of Pergamon. Parchment reduced the Roman Empire\'s dependency on Egyptian papyrus and allowed for the increased dissemination of knowledge throughout Roman-dominated Europe and Asia.
## Competition
Although the library of Pergamum was built roughly a century after the library of Alexandria, the two had a fierce rivalry, as libraries were often used to reflect wealth and culture. The two libraries competed for parchment, books, and even literary interpretation. Pergamum also hired some Homeric scholars, who studied the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*. This resulted in a fierce rivalry in which each library tried to obtain copies of Homer\'s works, striving to have the most accurate and oldest works. They also tried to attract better scholars by offering competitive pay. Ultimately, this rivalry forced both libraries to innovate and improve.
## Decline
The Attalid kingdom was annexed to the Roman Republic in 133 BCE and the library grew neglected. According to a legend relayed by Plutarch, the Roman general Mark Antony seized the collection of 200,000 rolls and presented them as a gift to his new wife Cleopatra, Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, in 43 BCE, presumably in an effort to restock the Library of Alexandria, which had been damaged during Julius Caesar\'s war in 48 BCE.
Roman Emperor Augustus returned some of the rolls to Pergamum after the death of Mark Antony, and the library remained extant well into late antiquity, though it was not mentioned much by later historians, indicating its collection was no longer significant. The ruins of the library sit on a hilltop near the Sanctuary of Athena and other buildings of the Acropolis of ancient Pergamon
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# Sichuan opera
**Sichuan opera** (`{{zh|c=川劇}}`{=mediawiki}; Sichuanese Pinyin: Cuan^1^ju^4^; `{{zh|p=Chuānjù}}`{=mediawiki}) is a type of Chinese opera originating in China\'s Sichuan province around 1700. Today\'s Sichuan opera is a relatively recent synthesis of five historic melodic styles. Chengdu is the main home of Sichuan opera, while other influential locales include Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hubei and Taiwan. Sichuan opera was listed among the first batch of the Chinese Ministry of Culture\'s \"Intangible Cultural Heritage List\", announced on May 20, 2006.
Notable characteristics of Sichuan opera include quick changes of masks or personae (known as the face change) and the importance of the character of the fool.
## History
Initially, there were five distinct opera styles. The history of each style varies greatly.
### Before the Ming dynasty {#before_the_ming_dynasty}
The origins of Sichuan opera can be traced back to the pre-Qin period. The Jiaodian opera of the later Han dynasty laid the foundation for the early Sichuan opera. A famous poem from the Warring States period, \"Song Yu Asks the King of Chu\", states: \"they are Xialiba people, and there are thousands of people in the country who belong to harmony\". The term \"Xialiba people\" here refers to Sichuan folk songs and dances, as well as singers and dancers. According to the records of the *Taiping Guang Ji* and Tares History Compilation, there was a play of Bullfighting since Li Bing was the governor of Shu County in the 3rd Century BC. During the Three Kingdoms period, the first satirical comedy appeared in Sichuan. This can be regarded as the originator of Sichuan opera comedy.
Between the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the popular drama of Sichuan reached its peak. This was sometimes referred to as an example of \"Shu skills leading the world\". Frequently performed plays in this period included Liu Bijimai, Maixiu Liangqi and Guankou God. During this period, the earliest troupe in the history of Chinese opera, consisting of Qian Manchuan, Bai Jia, Ye Si, Zhang Mei and Zhang Ao in \"Youyang Zazu\", was formed.
In the Song and Yuan dynasties, Southern opera and Szechuan Zaju were popular in Sichuan. The most famous song from this period was \"Jiu Se Cai Qi\".
### Ming and Qing dynasties {#ming_and_qing_dynasties}
Jin Guanger\'s class of \"Sichuan Opera\" in the Ming dynasty once went to Jiangsu and caused a stir in Nanjing, which formed a competitive situation with the Southern Opera.
At the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the population of Sichuan dropped sharply. Immigrants from various parts of China moved into Sichuan, which is known as Huguang-filling Sichuan. Immigrants brought many different styles of opera from their hometowns. This resulted in styles of opera from both northern and southern dialects spreading throughout Sichuan successively. In its long-term development and evolution, based on the Sichuan Lantern Opera, Sichuan Opera integrated with other dialects, such as Gaoqiang Opera, Kunqu Opera, Huqin, and Tanqiang Opera. Sichuan opera also merged with the Sichuan dialect, folk customs, folk music, and dance. This gradually established a formal style of Sichuan opera a voice art with Sichuan characteristics.
### Republic of China {#republic_of_china}
Following the Xuantong era, the 1911 revolution led to the proclamation of the Republic of China (1912--1949) and the dissolution of the monarchy. Inspired by these revolutionary trends of thought, the lead singer Gaoqiang opera troupe banquet music, as well as Changle, Binle, Cui Hua, Taihong, and Shuyi--- who mainly sang Kunqu opera, playing opera and Hu qin--- voluntarily formed the \"Sanqing Hui\" after consultation, so that the five kinds of voice could be integrated into one. \"Sanqing Hui\" had notable actors such as Kang Zilin, Xiao Kaicheng, Tang Guangti, Tang Deyi, Zhou Mingchao, Liu Zhimei, and Lei Zhejiang. It also advocated for the reform of opera. While inheriting and preserving the traditional Sichuan opera, it created fashion shows that were more relevant to the contemporary era, such as The Story of Qiu Jin, The Recovery of Wuchang, and the Queen of the West. The establishment of \"Sanqing Hui\" promoted the development of Sichuan opera from square art to theater art, and the artistic level and cultural taste of Sichuan opera rapidly evolved, becoming the most influential local opera in southwest China.
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# Sichuan opera
## History
### The People\'s Republic of China {#the_peoples_republic_of_china}
In 1952, the Sichuan Opera delegation organized a large performance group to attend the first National Opera Viewing and performance Conference in Beijing. Several plays and performances, including *The Willow Shadow*, *Autumn River*, *Snow Review*, and *Trace, Farewell, Brother Wutaihui*, won awards. Innovations were made in the aspect of voice cavity, especially in regards to the high voice cavity. Female voices would lead cavity, help cavity, choose a beautiful tone actress who was good at singing as a lead cavity, and help cavity personnel. Along these lines, there were other experiments--- such as female actors helping with female voices, male actors helping with male voices, and male and female voices helping with combined voices. Each troupe also set up a system of full-time female voices helping personnel. At the same time, troupes also made innovations in singing and accompaniment.
In Zhou Enlai\'s \"Speech at the Symposium on Literary Work and the Conference on the Creation of Feature Films\" (19 June 1961), he said: \"I saw the material in Sichuan. A vice minister of culture went to Sichuan and said: \'Sichuan opera is backward\'. Offended the people of Sichuan. At that time, a comrade replied: \'Whether backward or not is up to the 70 million people in Sichuan to answer and decide.\' I think this comrade is very brave. Good answer! People like it. You don\'t like it. Who are you? Shanghai people love Pingtan, Huai Opera and Yue Opera. What do you want Beijing people to approve? Leaders may have preferences. Some love operas, some love paintings, and some love antiques. What does it matter? We saw the play say good, not necessarily good, our words are unreliable, everyone has their hobbies, how can as a standard? Art is to be approved by the people. As long as people like it, it has value.\"
During the \"Cultural Revolution\", more than 100 Sichuan opera troupes were disbanded, and a large number of famous actors, directors, writers, and artists were treated as \"Devils, ghosts, snakes and gods\", expelled, or transferred to \"Reform through labor teams\". Some were even persecuted to death. After the \"Cultural Revolution\", Sichuan opera was quickly revived. The Cultural Bureau of Sichuan Province announced the opening of traditional operas in batches while holding literary and artistic arrangements to promote creation and performance. Sichuan Opera School was restored, Sichuan Opera Art Research Institute was established, and Sichuan Opera Theater and other units were rebuilt. Emei Film Studio produced a TV series called Sichuan Plum Blossoms, which was shown throughout the province and all of China. In 1979, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of National Day, Sichuan operas such as \"Lying Tiger Order\" and \"Repair or Not Repair\" were performed in Beijing and won awards. In 1980, the Art of Sichuan Opera, a quarterly opera magazine, was published.
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# Sichuan opera
## Schools of thought {#schools_of_thought}
During the long-term development of Sichuan Opera, there were differences between regions in what voice styles were popular, as well as in the relationships between artists and their teachers. Due to this, several schools of Sichuan Opera were formed. These include: the Huanxian (Huaxian) school, Chouxing Fu (Sangan) School, Cao (Junchen, Wusheng) school, and the Wuzhou (Wuchou) school. These are is sometimes praised as the \"King Cao\" schools, due to the perceived superior quality of its artists. At the same time, there are four schools, namely the Western Sichuan School, Ziyang River School, Northern Sichuan School, and Eastern Sichuan School, which are called the \"four rivers\" in the circle of Sichuan Opera.
### The four river schools {#the_four_river_schools}
Like in several other folk arts, there is no standard tone in Sichuan Opera. Additionally, each of the \"four rivers\" has its own cultural center. The four river schools of Sichuan Opera can be divided into the western Sichuan Ba School, the Ziyang River School, the North Sichuan River School, and the Xiachuandong School.
#### Sichuan Ba School {#sichuan_ba_school}
The western Sichuan Ba School is centered in Chengdu and Wenjiang County, and includes the Bazi counties in western Sichuan. The actors use the Chinese Chengdu dialect without the Meihua sound. It is dominated by Gaoqiang opera and lantern opera, which has resulted in a unique \"Ba tune\".
#### Ziyang River School {#ziyang_river_school}
The Ziyang River school is centered in Zigong City, and includes both Zigong and Neijiang county. The standard tone is the Zi Chinese dialect. It is dominated by Gaoqiang opera, and is considered to have the most careful artistic style.
#### North Sichuan River School {#north_sichuan_river_school}
The North Sichuan River School is centered in Nanchong County and Santai County. The school includes parts of Nanchong, Mianyang, and Guangyuan. It has no standard tone. However, based on the differentiation of `{{IPA|n/l}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|f/h}}`{=mediawiki} in the Nanchong dialect, it appears to be influenced more by the Qinqiang dialect, with Multi-lining characters and heavy nasal tones. The school mainly focuses on singing and playing opera, and has primarily been influenced by Qin Opera.
#### Xiachuandong School {#xiachuandong_school}
The Xiachuandong School, or the Eastern Sichuan school, is centered in Chongqing and includes the eastern Sichuan area. It is greatly influenced by Han Opera and Peking Opera. The language used is diverse, but is usually mixed with Wuhan dialect and Peking Opera based on Chongqing dialect. Huqin is also characteristic of this school.
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# Sichuan opera
## Characteristics
Sichuan opera is notable for its quick changes of masks and personae, referred to as the face change.
### Makeup
Clown facial makeup is painted on the bridge of the nose in a white square. Makeup used can vary among both positive and negative characters. Yu Zhuang in harmony; Pure Angle, also known as \"Flower face\", is a colorful facial makeup that indicates a clear loyalty and treachery. Black represents fortitude and integrity, white represents treachery and cruelty, red represents loyalty and courage, green represents chivalry and righteousness, blue represents firmness and determination, yellow represents cruelty and tyranny, and a gold and silver face represents holiness and majesty.
### Costumes
There are many kinds of costumes in Sichuan opera, depicting characters such as: the \"anaconda\", \"Dependent child\", \" Official clothing\", and \"Pleated child.\" Depending on the style, face paint is also limited compared to other related forms. Jing characters do not appear, and the only painted face characters are those with a small white patch in the middle of the face, which indicates a slightly evil character. The face paint colors are traditionally limited to black, red, white, and grey.
### Music
Sichuan opera music is unique. Its percussion music is intended to be especially exciting. Sichuan opera gongs and drums are especially revered due to their strong sound, clear and changeable rhythm, and unique timbre. The wind and percussion music of Sichuan opera is also among the most important content in Sichuan opera. There are many suona tunes, gongs, and drum sets. Sichuan opera silk and bamboo music is often played with huqin and flute tunes. In terms of use, Kunqiang uses Qudi and Huqin tunes. Both the huqin and its cover are used, and the accompaniment of \"minus\" is used for the lantern show. The music styles are diverse and feature a variety of artistic characteristics.
Gaoqiang is the most distinctive and representative form of Sichuan opera. Its main characteristics are a free line and free singing style. There is no accompaniment, and only a clapper and drum are used to adjust the rhythm of Gaoqiang. The percussion music uses large gongs and drums. These run through the Qupai frequently, so that the help, playing, and singing are closely combined. Singing alternates between the recitative and aria, which allows the accompaniment and singing to enhance each other. In addition, the accompaniment of gongs and drums can make the atmosphere of the stage change infinitely. The most distinctive feature of Gaoqiang music is its tone.
In the past, Sichuan Opera was mainly assisted by drum masters and other musicians. In recent decades, it has been equipped with a female chorus intended to have a better voice. This can set the tone, describe the environment, create the stage atmosphere, remind the audience of the inner feelings of the characters, and represent the evaluation of the third party on the characters. The language of Sichuan opera is intended to be lively, humorous, full of vivid local flavor, and with a strong atmosphere. In mass performances of Sichuan Opera, the content of the drama is based on life, and the humorous words are said to often cause the audience to cheer and laugh repeatedly.
Gongs and drums play an important role in Sichuan opera music, which not only accompany the opera but also directly express the thoughts and feelings of the characters in the opera. Small drums, Canggu, large gongs, large cymbals, and small gongs are commonly used, and collectively called \"five squares\". Together with strings and Suona, the \"six squares\" are conducted by small drums. During singing, gongs and drums run through it, so that singing, acting, reading, and playing can be organically combined, forming a unique style of Sichuan Opera. At the same time, the gongs and drums of Sichuan Opera play a special role in the performance art as a whole. There are about 300 gongs and music pieces alone. In Sichuan opera, gongs and drums are often used as sound effects. The sound of rowing, gurgling water, the rushing ocean, the whispering wind and rain, and the thudding sound of moving heavy objects can all be vividly expressed.
### Other aspects of performance {#other_aspects_of_performance}
Overall the art form is well known for its singing, which is less constrained than that of the more popular Beijing opera form. Sichuan opera is more like a play than other forms of Chinese opera, and the acting is highly polished. The music accompanying Sichuan opera utilizes a small gong and an instrument called a Guqin, which is similar to the Erhu.
The traditional formula can be quite systematic, and may include a combination of stunts--- such as Bian Lian, Tihuiyan, sword-hiding, fire-spitting and beards changing with the plot and different characters.
### Character of the fool {#character_of_the_fool}
The character of the fool, or uncouth bumpkin, is significantly more prominent in Sichuan opera than in other forms of Chinese opera. Fool characters appear in guises including Mangpao (the emperor\'s attendant), the fool in mandarin\'s clothes, the playboy fool, the dirty and disheveled fool, the old-fashioned fool, and the thief fool. The thief fool is one of the most popular character archetypes in Sichuan opera.
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# Sichuan opera
## 5 styles
### Gaoqiang (高/高) {#gaoqiang_高高}
Gaoqiang is the most distinctive and representative form of Sichuan opera. Its main characteristics are its free line and free singing style. There is no accompaniment, and only a clapper and drum are used to adjust the rhythm of Gaoqiang. The percussion music uses big gongs and drums, which run through the Qupai so that the help, playing, and singing are closely combined. In the singing process, the recitative and aria are used alternately, and the accompaniment and singing enhance each other. In addition, the accompaniment of gongs and drums can make the atmosphere of the stage change significantly. Gaoqiang from Jiangxi Yiyang tune development, the Yongzheng Emperor two years (1724), Chengdu has Gaoqiang opera troupe \"old Qinghua class\". During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty, Gaoqiang opera, then called \"Qing Opera\", was introduced to Sichuan. Gaoqiang is a form of folk singing, which does not use strings, but instead sings in a more colloquial style. It has a large number of Qupai and is complemented by percussion music (consisting of gongs and drums). It has distinctive characteristics and is deeply loved by the Sichuan people. It combines with the Sichuan dialect, local Yangko rap, and other folk arts to enrich its expressive force and form its own unique style. During the first year of the Republic of China, the Gaoqiang Opera troupe, banquet, music troupe, and other opera groups formed the \"Sanqinghui\". Gaoqiang Opera gradually became the main voice of Sichuan Opera.
### Kunqiang (崑/昆) {#kunqiang_崑昆}
Kunqiang, or Chuan Kun, refers to the Kunqu opera of Sichuan Opera. This evolved from the Kunqu opera of Jiangsu Province. Jiangsu\'s Kunqu Opera (shortened as Sukun) flowed into Sichuan in the late Ming dynasty. After the Qing dynasty, as a large number of government officials and celebrities immigrated to Sichuan, Kunqu became popular with their families, and Kunqu also entered Sichuan. When Kun Opera arrived in Sichuan, it retained its original tunes, but in order to meet the needs of Sichuan audiences, the opera changed to the Sichuan dialect, which became Sichuan Kun. Combined with Gaoqiang, Huqin, Tanxi, and other tones as well as Sichuan opera gongs and drums, it was performed in the form of group tunes of \"two and three groans\", also known as \"Kuntouzi\". At the same time, it is customary to dissolve the blow tone into Kunqu\'s tone. Kunqu Opera is the result of a long-term combination of the Sichuan dialect, folk music, Sichuan opera gongs, and drums. This gradually evolved into Sichuan singing characteristic of Kunqu--- Sichuan Kun. In 1912, the Kunqu Opera troupe Shuyi Ban joined the Sanqing Association and Kunqu Opera became one of the five Sichuan opera tones.
### Huqin voice (鬍/胡) {#huqin_voice_鬍胡}
The Huqin voice, also known as \"Sixianzi\", got its name because it is mainly played by \"Xiao Hu Qin\". It is developed from the Hui tune and Han tune and absorbs the components of Shaanxi Hanzhong Erhuang. It is also complete with Xipi and Erhuang, but it is distinct in areas such as tone, style, and passing through the door. It is also sung in the Sichuan dialect. Huqin tune became popular in Sichuan during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty. Later, it was gradually adapted into the \"Sichuan-style\" by combining it with Sichuan dialect and music--- especially through the gongs and drums used in Sichuan opera as well as other tones. First, it was performed in the form of \"two cooking POTS\" and \"three cooking POTS\". In the first year of the Republic of China, the Huqin Opera troupe officially joined the \"Sanqing Association\" and became the Sichuan opera of the five-tone Republic.
### Tanxi (彈/弹) {#tanxi_彈弹}
Also known as \"Chuan Bangzi\" or \"Gai Banzi\", Tanxi is a variation of Qinqiang in Sichuan. The Qinqiang Opera was introduced into Sichuan earlier. One theory is that Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong introduced it when they entered Sichuan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Another theory involves the reign of Kangxi in the Qing dynasty. During the evolution of Qin Opera in Sichuan, Shaanxi Opera was first changed into Sichuan Opera to adapt to the habits of Sichuan audiences. At the same time, it was gradually combined with Huqin, Gaoqiang, and other tones, as well as Sichuan opera gongs and drums, or performed in groups. Many Sichuan opera plays are mainly performed by playing opera, which is also integrated into Huqin and Deng. After the establishment of the \"Sanqing Hui\", the opera troupe Taihong joined the league, and the opera became an integral part of the five tones of Sichuan Opera. Tanxi includes two kinds of tunes with very different emotions: one is called \"Tian Ping\", showing the feeling of joy and elation. One is called Kuping, which expresses sad and bitter feelings. The plate has \"yizi\", \"erliu\", \"sanban\", \"duoban\", \"daoban\" and so on.
### Dengdiao (燈/灯) {#dengdiao_燈灯}
Also known as Dengxi or Lantern theatre, Dengdiao is derived from the folk Lantern Festival custom, as well as folk song, dance, and music in Sichuan. The main voice is the accompaniment of folk ditties, also known as \"pangtongtong\". In the process of its development, it absorbed the North and South ditties and developed from the custom of the Lantern Festival to be performed all year round. Dengdiao music is generally relatively short, with a distinctive rhythm, and bright melody. It is intended to have a relaxed and lively feeling, as well as long performance with witty comedy scenes. In the use of Dengdiao, Qu Pai is also used to connect the form. However, because the music is relatively short (usually only four or six sentences), when singing, a piece of music (section) is mostly repeated with several different lyrics. The main accompaniment instrument is the \"datongtong Huqin\", which has a thick and short rod, a large tube, and a slight \"om\" sound. Later, string instruments such as the Sichuan Erhu were added
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# Sichuan opera
## Repertoire
The repertoire of Sichuan opera is varied and rich. There is a saying that \"three thousand in the Tang dynasty, eight hundred in the Song dynasty, and countless countries\". There are more than 100 repertoires on the stage. Among them, there are many relics from the Song and Yuan Southern Operas, Yuan Zaju, Ming Legends, and many classic operas of ancient vocal operas, as well as Bashu literati such as Zhao Xi, Huang Ji\'an, Yin Zhongxi, Liu Huaixu, Ran Qiaozi, Zhao Xunbo, Xu Wenyao, Wu Boqi, Li Mingzhang, For the outstanding contributions of Wei Minglun, Xu Fen, and others. After 1949, 321 repertoires were identified and 116 repertoires were compiled and published. Among them, \"The Story of the Willow Shade\", \"The Story of the Caillou\", \"Yu Zan Ji\", \"La Lang Pei\", \"Mandarin Ducks\", \"The Royal River Bridge\", \"The Adventure of Master Qiao\", \"The Story of Burning Incense\", \"The Legend of Fu Nu\" \", \"Jinshan Temple\" and others have been well received by audiences within China and abroad. There are also many historical story dramas and modern dramas compiled and performed, such as \"Marriage\", \"Husband and Wife Bridge\", \"Wangniangtan\", \"Ding Youjun\" compiled by the writer Li Mingzhang, and \"Red Rhododendron\" and \"Yibin Baimao\" written by other playwrights. Female\", \"Xu Yunfeng\", \"Jiang Jie\", \"Jiang Lang Da Xin\", \"Yi Bold\", \"Four Girls\" are also included.
### Gaoqiang
The legacy of the Gaoqiang style is the largest, and the artistic features are also the most prominent, such as in the \"Five Robes\", \"Four Pillars\", and \"Jiang Hu Shi Ba Ben\".
- The stories of \"The Five Robes\" are: \"The Story of the Green Robe\" (also known as \"Wufutang\", which describes the event of Liang Hao\'s 82-year-old champion), \"The Story of the Yellow Robe\" (also known as \"The Volume of Buddha\", which describes the event of Sakyamuni\'s becoming a Buddha), \"The Story of the White Robe\" (writing about Xue Rengui), \"The Story of the Red Robe\" (that is, \"The Story of the White Rabbit\"), and \"The Story of the Green Robe\" (that is, \"The Face of the Green Robe\", \"Kao Chuntao\").
- In addition, The stories of the \"Four Pillars\" are \"Tiantian Pillar\" (writing about Gonggong\'s anger and anger at the mountain), \"Crystal Pillar\" (writing about the story of Avalokitesvara and Wei Tuo collecting indiscriminate dragons and water dragons), \"Nine Dragon Pillars\" (writing about the story of the grand master\'s ascension to heaven), and \"Pillars of the Five Elements\" (writing about Monkey King making troubles in the Heavenly Palace).
- The \"Eighteen Books of Rivers and Lakes\" are \"Yougui Ji\", \"Cailou Ji\", \"Wooden Jingchai\", \"Jade Hairpin\", \"Bai Luopa\", \"Baihua Pavilion\", \"Sunflower Well\", \"Luanchai Ji\" and The titles are \"Release the White Snake\", \"White Parrot\", \"The Story of Three Filial Pieties\", \"The Story of Huaiyin\", \"Zhong Sanyuan\", \"Ju Gucheng\", \"Iron Crown Picture\", \"The Three Festivals\", \"Han Zhenlie\", \" \"Five Nobility Lianfang\", and \"Languan Walking in Snow\".
- In addition, 4 major books of the Gaoqiang style are: \"Golden Seal\", \"The Story of the Pipa\", \"The Story of the Red Plum\", and \"Ban Chao\" (that is, \"Tou Notes\").
### Tanxi
The repertoire of Tanxi is represented by the four major volumes of \"Chun Qiu Pei\", \"Mei Jiang Xian\", \"Hua Tian Cuo\" and \"kujiezhuan\".
### Huqin
Huqin repertoires mostly perform the stories of the Three Kingdoms and other countries. The \"Huangben\" written by Huang Ji\'an, a writer in the late Qing dynasty, are the most famous, and include stories such as: \"Qing Ling Tai\", \"San Fa Song\", \"Shen Nong Jian\", \"Shen Ji Ping\", \"Chai Shi Jie\", \" San Jin Zhong\", \"Mian Zhu Guan\", and \"Jiang You Guan.\"
### Kunqu
There are not many repertoires of Kunqu opera. The most popular stories include: \"Yi Jian Xian Jian\", \"Dong Chuang Xiu Ben\", \"Zui Zao\", \"Zui Da\", \"Zhui Ma\", \"He Fan\", and \"Dao Hui.\"
### Lantern Opera {#lantern_opera}
The repertoire of lantern opera includes \"Ping Zhang Nian\", \"Bai Xin Nian\", \"Da Mian Gang\", \"Wu Zi Gao Mu\", \"Cai Yi\" and so on. Among the works of literati, Zhao Xi\'s \"Qing Tan\", Ran Qiaozi\'s \"Dao Wu Bi\" and Yin Zhongxi\'s \"Li Yan Ai.\"
## Profession
The roles in the drama are called trades in Sichuan Opera. The roles of Sichuan Opera are divided into six categories: sheng, dan, jing, mo, chou, and za.
Since the Qing dynasty, innumerable Sichuan opera performing artists have emerged, such as Wei Changsheng in the Qianlong period, Xiao Xiating and Yue Chun in the Xianfeng and Tongzhi years, Fu Sangan and Huang Jinfeng in the Guangxu and Xuantong years, Yang Sultan and Yang Sulan in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China. Kang Zilin, Tang Guangti, Huanhuaxian, etc., Xiao Kaicheng, Tian Lai, Cao Junchen, Yan Bingzhang, etc. during the Republic of China. After the Republic, there was the older generation, such as Jia Peizhi, Zhang Decheng, Zhou Haibin, Zhou Mulan, Wu Xiaolei, etc.; The middle-aged generation includes Liu Chengji, Zhou Yuxiang, Zhou Qihe, Chen Quanbo, Yang Youhe, Xue Yanqiu, Jiang Shangfeng, Yuan Yukun, Zeng Ronghua, and so on. The young generation includes Chen Shufang, Jing Hua, Yang Shuying, Xu Qianyun, Situ Huicong, Li Xiaofei, Xie Ping \'an, etc.; Rising stars include Zhao Youyu, Lan Guang Lin, Zhang Qiaofeng, Liu Shiyu, and others
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# History of the France national rugby union team
The French national rugby union team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics.
## Early years {#early_years}
Rugby was introduced to the Le Havre region of France by British merchants and students in the 1870s and was subsequently spread throughout the schools and colleges. The first clubs were established in the late 1870s and early 1880s, with a club championship soon formed, and games against English clubs organised. The first involvement a national rugby union side had was at the 1900 Paris Olympics, where a French team took part in the tournament and defeated Britain (represented by Mosley Wanderers RFC) 27 -- 8 and Germany 27--17 to win the gold medal. However the team represent France at the 1900 games are not considered to be a Test XV.
On January 1, 1906 France played its first ever Test match -- a 38--8 loss to Dave Gallaher\'s All Blacks in Paris. In *The Complete Rugby Footballer*, Gallaher and Billy Stead wrote of French rugby; \"We are strongly of the opinion that the game will spread in their country and that in the course of time they will put a team in the field which will command the utmost respect of any other.\" France first played England in March of that year, again in France, this time losing 35--8.
France played their first Test outside their nation on the January 1, 1907, losing to England 31--13 at the Athletic Ground in Richmond. Two days later they played a game against the Springboks in Parc des Princes, Paris with a side made up from the two Parisian clubs: Stade Français and Racing Club de France. Only two of the side that had faced the All Blacks played against the Springboks -- three-quarter Paul Sagot and forward Georges Jérôme -- and none was in the team that had played England. The Springboks scored 13 tries in winning 55--6.
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# History of the France national rugby union team
## The Five Nations and the Olympics {#the_five_nations_and_the_olympics}
France played Wales for the first time on 2 March 1908, losing 36 -- 14 away from home. On March 20, 1909, France played Ireland for the first time, falling 19--8.
When Scotland played France in the first official international match between the two countries in 1910, the foundation was laid for a Five Nations competition. Their first win in the competition came against Scotland 16--15 in Paris in 1911. In early 1913, France was host to a touring Springboks party, France lost 5 points to 35, the match was part of an era that last from 1911 until 1920 which saw France lose 18 games in a row.
In 1919, the Fédération Française de Rugby was formed, 13 years after France\'s Test debut. At the 1920 Antwerp Olympics there was another rugby event and France was one of only two teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8--0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin -- 15--7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England.
For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was again included. France scored 13 tries to comfortably defeated Romania 59--3, with winger Adolphe Jaureguy scoring four. The final took place at Colombes Stadium in Paris on May 18, 1924 and the US took the gold with a 17--3 victory in front of 30,000 spectators. The All Blacks returned to France in 1925, the first time since their inaugural Test against them in 1906, France lost 6 to 30.
## Expelled from Five Nations {#expelled_from_five_nations}
The mid to late 1920s was a period of disappointment for the French, that is until they won their first games over England and Wales, in 1927 and 1928 respectively. France had mediocre results on field during the latter end of the decade and the start of the 1930s, but showed definite signs of improvements in the Five Nations. However, they were expelled from the Five Nations in 1932 following accusations of professionalism in the French league as well as on-field violence and poor organisation and were not allowed to rejoin until 1939. During this time many French players turned to rugby league, which began to build in popularity, as the latter code was excluded from the Five Nations. Despite this there were some internationals played; Germany between 1932 and 1936, Italy (1937) and Romania (1938). On 2 January 1934 FIRA was formed, an organisation to rival the International Rugby Board (IRB). Having been expelled from the Five Nations and forced to play against weaker opposition, France went on a winning spree which still stands today, winning ten games in a row during the years from 1931 to 1936. In 1939, the FFR was invited to send a team to the Five Nations Championship for the following season, but when war was declared, international rugby was suspended. While occupied by Germany during the Second World War, Vichy France banned rugby league and forced its integration into French rugby union.
## Post war {#post_war}
The Five nations resumed after the second World War in 1947 and French rugby came of age. Lucien Mias was the innovative captain whose line-out ploys brought a new attacking dimension to forward play. France beat Wales in 1948 and England in 1951. In 1952, France played their second match against the Springboks and again lost 25--3. France claimed a share of the Five Nations title for the first time in 1954 alongside England and Wales. France also recorded their first win over New Zealand 3--0 at Stade Colombes in 1954. In 1955, France had defeated England, Ireland and Scotland, a win against Wales would give France its first ever Grand Slam. However France lost to Wales 11--16 at Stade Colombes in Paris.
The French became the first northern hemisphere country to tour South Africa in 1958. They upset the Springboks by winning the two-Test series. Led by Lucien Mias, in the absence of tour skipper Michel Celaya who had been injured, the underestimated French drew the first Test 3--3 at Newlands and then produced an even bigger shock by beating the Springboks 9--5 at altitude at Ellis Park. That series victory signalled that France were now a top rugby nation. Victories over Scotland and Wales at the Stade Colombes, together with a 3--3 draw with England at Twickenham earned France their first outright Five Nations title in 1959. They arrived in Dublin as champions, only to be denied a Grand Slam by a 9--5 defeat.
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# History of the France national rugby union team
## The sixties {#the_sixties}
Les Bleus scored four tries to one at Cardiff Arms Park and beating Ireland with a record score, 23--6. France\'s match against England ended in a stalemate and the two sides had to share the 1960 Five Nations trophy. Pierre Albaladejo set a record for the most drop goals, three, in the 23--6 victory over Ireland. France then embarked on a tour of Argentina. In three Tests, France scored 78 points in three victories while the Pumas scored only 12 points. In 1961, the French won the five nations championship outright. The Springboks formidable 1960/61 touring side defeated Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales but were held to a 0--0 draw at Stade Colombes. The game was almost abandoned after fighting broke out. The Tricolours became the first European national team to tour New Zealand in 1961. Les Bleus went on to lose half of the provincial games and both Tests to New Zealand 5--3 and 32--3. The French played a single Test on Australian soil and went home with a 15--8 win over the Wallabies.
France won the 1962 Five Nations, but missed out on the Grand Slam again after losing to Wales for the fourth consecutive year. France lost a Test to Romania at the end of the year and in 1964 again toured South Africa. They lost only one of their six games and defeated South Africa 8--6. According to Danie Craven the Test was the worst seen in South Africa up until that time.
France set a then record win over England in 1966. After back-to-back Welsh wins, the French won the 1967 Five nations title. The title came down to the last match of the championship against Ireland at Lansdowne Road which France won 11--6, only a 9--8 defeat by Scotland preventing them from winning a Grand Slam. France embarked on their first full-scale tour of South Africa. They were beaten 26--3 in Durban and 16--3 in the \"Battle of Bloemfontein\" but were able to come back and win the third 19--14 in Johannesburg and draw the last 6--6 in Cape Town.
In 1967, they again won the five nations championship. They returned to South Africa, but lost the Test series 2--1 with one match draw. Fifty-eight years after contesting their first Five Nations tournament, France won their first \'Grand Chelem\' with a 14--9 win over Wales at the Arms Park in 1968. However, it was overshadowed by the deaths of Guy Boniface and Jean-Michael Capendeguy in road accidents. They toured New Zealand but once again failed to make an impact, losing the series 3--0. France imploded the following year, losing their first three matches to Scotland, Ireland and England but draw with Wales to deny them a Grand Slam.
## The seventies {#the_seventies}
Les Bleus continued to feature as a major player in the five nations, finishing first equal in 1970, second in 1971. In 1972, in the final international played at the Yves du Manoir Stadium at Colombes, France marked the occasion by scoring six tries to one and racking up their biggest ever win against England 37--12. Jean Desclaux coached France between 1973 and 1980. The 1976 Championship went well for France, their only loss came against Wales and they beat England 30--9. 1977 saw France win their second Grand Slam with Jacques Fouroux as captain. No tries were scored against them and they fielded an unchanged team throughout the championship. In November, France beat New Zealand 18--10 in Toulouse but the All Blacks squared the series in Paris by winning 15--3. In the 1978 five nations championship, France met Wales in a Grand Slam decider at the Cardiff Arms Park, the Welsh ran out 16--9 victors. In March 1978, France finally became a full member of the International Rugby Board. France overcame a first Test defeat to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand for the first time 24--19 on Bastille day 14 July 1979 at Eden Park.
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