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# History of the France national rugby union team
## The eighties and early nineties {#the_eighties_and_early_nineties}
On the 8th of November 1980, France play their last international against South Africa in the apartheid era. They were led by Jean-Pierre Rives and lost 15--37 to the Springboks at Newlands in what was termed the \"Summer Test\". Jacques Fouroux became the coach of France shortly before the 1981 Five Nations tournament. In the ten years that he managed the side, France won the Five Nations on six occasions and two Grand Slams (1981 and 1987). France\'s successes were based around their massive pack, a fact which upset a number of commentators in France who preferred a more technical approach. Famous names from this time included Philippe Sella, Daniel Dubroca and Serge Blanco.
In 1981 France clinched the Grand Slam at Twickenham. The 1983 championship came down to the last game played against holders Ireland at Lansdowne Road, Ireland triumphed 22--16. Scotland and France meet in a Grand Slam decider at Murrayfield, the Scots secure the Grand Slam. The 1986 Five Nations title is shared by Scotland and France after both won three games and lost one. An inexperienced team New Zealand team arrived in France in the autumn. The vast majority of New Zealand\'s top players had taken part in a rebel tour of South Africa in 1986 and had been banned. Despite this the \'Baby Blacks\' won 19--7 in Toulouse. France won 16--3 over the All Blacks in the \'Battle of Nantes\' in 1986.
France entered the inaugural World Cup as one of the favourites. France beat Australia 30--24 in the semi-final, coming from behind three times to triumph. France were unable to repeat the feat in the final against favourites New Zealand losing 29--9. After an embarrassing 12--6 defeat to Romania on French soil, Fouroux was given the sack. The 1988 Five Nations is shared between France and Wales. France again win the Five Nations in 1989, but are denied the Grand Slam by England, who triumph 11--0.
With the ban on playing South Africa lifted, France toured South Africa. Tour captain Jean-Francois Tordo was injured playing against Western Province, and was replaced as captain by Olivier Roumat. France won the Test series following a draw and win over their hosts -- the win an 18--17 victory at Ellis Park. The series win was unexpected: they had previously lost to a South Africa B side, lost to provincial side Northern Transvaal, and drawn with Free State province. France were knocked out by England in the quarter-finals in the 1991 Rugby World Cup.
The early 1990s had seen France in the shadow of England. Eight consecutive defeats to Will Carling\'s teams, starting in 1989, underlined the indiscipline of French rugby. An isolated Five Nations title came in 1993, as England slipped to defeats in Cardiff and Dublin. In 1992, Argentina stunned France 24--20 in Nantes, the Pumas\' first ever win on French soil. On their 1994 tour of New Zealand, the French, under captain Philippe Saint-André, recorded a 2--0 series win over the All Blacks. The series win was sealed by the famous \"try from the end of the world\", which saw Saint-André begin a counterattack from deep in France\'s end in the final minutes that ended with Jean-Luc Sadourny scoring the winning try. France were desperately unlucky to lose in the semi-finals to the hosts and eventual champions South Africa in 1995. The miserable run against the English finally came to an end in the third place play-off at the 1995 World Cup.
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# History of the France national rugby union team
## Professional era {#professional_era}
As the game adjusted to the new professional era, the Championship was very much dominated by England, who coming off the 1995 win, backed up with a tournament win in 1996. During the tournament, France actually defeated England, but it was their one-point loss to Wales that prevented them from taking the title. After the Five Nations France hosted Romania, and later travelled to Argentina for a two match series; winning all fixtures. At the end of the year, they met Wales, who had beaten them in their last game of the Five Nations, though this time France won, 40 to 33, though this was followed by two losses to the Springboks at home.
After narrowly missing out on the 1996 Five Nations championship, France entered the tournament with confidence, and went through the competition undefeated. After the win, France played aspiring Five Nations entrants Italy, who defeated France 40 points to 32. After defeating Romania, France continued on to Australia for a two Test series, which they lost. At the end of the year, France defeated Italy, Romania and Argentina at home, and against host South Africa for a two Test series, losing both, the second by 40 points.
Despite performing poorly against the southern hemisphere teams of Australia and South Africa in 1997, France successfully defended their Five Nations title, and again completed a grand slam of the tournament, even defeating Wales 51 to nil. France also hosted Australia at the end of the year, though the Wallabies won, 32 to 21. Their Five Nations title defense was off to a weak start, after defeating Ireland by just one point. France went on to lose every other match and finished wooden-spoonists in the last ever Five Nations. Bernard Laporte became the first fully professional head coach at the end of 1999.
After mixed results during the mid-year, France stormed through the group stages at the 1999 World Cup to finish atop of their pool. After defeating Argentina 47 to 26 in the quarter-finals, France proceeded to the semi-finals, where they met red hot favourites, the All Blacks. Trailing by 14 point at the beginning of the second half, Fabien Pelous\' troops mounted an outstanding display of attacking rugby, scoring 30 consecutive points to triumph 43--31. In the final, they met Australia; fatigue took hold as they were beaten convincingly 35 to 12 at Cardiff\'s new Millennium Stadium.
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# History of the France national rugby union team
## 21st century {#st_century}
In 2000, Italy joined the Five Nations, making the tournament the Six Nations. France did not perform to expectations in the revamped tournament, losing to both England and Ireland and finishing second behind England. After defeating Romania 67 to 20, France hosted Australia in Paris, who beat them 18 to 13 in a 1999 World Cup final re-match. This was followed by a two Test series against the All Blacks, which France lost one and won one.
France again did not perform that well in the 2001 Six Nations, losing to Ireland, Wales and England; and only finishing fifth. They did however manage victories over South Africa and Australia at the end of the year, as well as an impressive 77 to 10 win over Fiji. France went undefeated in the 2002 Six Nations Championship to claim the first Six Nations grand slam. Though they later lost two games to Australia, France defeated South Africa, and drew with the All Blacks that year. France is No. 1 International ranking in 2002.
France lost two matches at the 2003 Six Nations, including their opening game with England, who would go on to win a grand slam. France finished only third. After the strong showing at the World Cup, France reproduced their Six Nations success of 2002 at the 2004 Six Nations Championship. France won all five of their matches to win the tournament and complete a grandslam. France finished second, behind Wales in the 2005 Six Nations Championship, and the following year at the 2006 tournament, France won again, getting their third Six Nations trophy under Laporte.
In preparation for the 2003 World Cup, France played Argentina, the All Blacks and England, with mixed results. France won their opening match against Fiji at Brisbane\'s Suncorp Stadium, which saw them continue undefeated through the rest of the pool stages. They met Ireland at Telstra Dome in Melbourne in the quarter-finals, which they won 43 points to 21. France then met England at Telstra Stadium in Sydney, and went down seven to 24. At the same venue, France contested for third place with the All Blacks, and lost, finishing fourth overall in the tournament.
The following year France completed a tournament grand slam of the 2004 Six Nations, including a win over World Champions England. After a short successful tour of North America, France played southern hemisphere teams, Australia, Argentina and the All Blacks; losing all three. In 2005 France completed another strong Six Nations, losing only to eventual grand slam winners Wales. France lost a two Test series to South Africa, and lost to Australia during the mid-year. At the end of the year, France continued Australia\'s run of losses, and completed heavy wins over Canada and Tonga, and a close victory over South Africa. France lost their opening game of the 2006 Six Nations, 16 to 20 to Scotland, but went on to defeat the other four nations to win the Six Nations.
In their final tournament before the 2007 World Cup, France\'s defence of their title proved again successful, although it came down to the final minutes of their last 6 Nations game to regain the crown. France needed to beat Scotland by more than the Irish beat Italy to ensure that they would be champions again. They were successful, winning the Championship by 4 points.
France failed to retain their crown in 2008, finishing third overall. Despite beating Scotland, Italy and Ireland, France\'s Grand Slam dreams went up in smoke after a poor, aimless performance against England. France also failed to deny Wales the Grand Slam in the final game losing 29--12.
France won the Grand Slam again in 2010 by beating England 12--10 in Paris in their final match.
France\'s 2011 Rugby World Cup campaign was marked by turmoil within the camp. Reports before the tournament indicated as many as 25 of the 30-member squad had turned against head coach Marc Lièvremont. In pool play, France had unimpressive wins over Japan and Canada, an expected loss to New Zealand, and a shock loss to Tonga. During this stage, Lièvremont heavily criticized the team in the media, further angering many of his players. Veteran number 8 Imanol Harinordoquy responded publicly, attacking Lièvremont for taking his criticism public instead of keeping it within the team. Despite the losses, they qualified for the knockout stage. At this time, the players rebelled against Lièvremont, with Harinordoquy telling the French rugby publication *Midi Olympique* after the tournament, \"We had to free ourselves from his supervision.\" The team responded by defeating England 19--12 in the quarter-final and controversially beating Wales 9--8 in the semi-final after Welsh captain Sam Warburton was sent off. The French proved admirable opponents in the final, losing out to New Zealand 8--7 to finish second for the third time in a Rugby World Cup
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# Sam Hollenbach
**Samuel Hollenbach** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɒ|l|ɛ|n|b|ɑː|k}}`{=mediawiki}; born September 9, 1983) is an American former professional football quarterback. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins.
## Early life {#early_life}
While attending Pennridge High School, Hollenbach\'s coach was his father, Jeff, a former Illinois quarterback.
## College career {#college_career}
During his college career, Hollenbach went 15-9 in games he started at Quarterback. He completed 417 of 679 passes for 5,139 yards with 28 touchdowns and 26 interceptions in the Atlantic Coast Conference
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# St. Louis Japanese School
**St. Louis Japanese School** (セントルイス日本語教室 *Santo Ruisu Nihongo Kyōshitsu* \"St. Louis Japanese Classroom\") is a weekend Japanese educational program in the St. Louis metropolitan area. It focuses on teaching Japanese children Japanese, Math, Culture, History, and Geography. Classes are held at Webster University in Webster Groves, Missouri.
It is operated by the parents and supported by Consulate General of Chicago, Japanese Chamber of Commerce of St. Louis, and Japan America Society of St. Louis.
## History
St. Louis Japanese School was created in June, 1978.
Washington University\'s international house was the initial classroom location, with enrollment under 15. In 1986 SLJS had elementary and junior high school levels and held classes at the College School in Webster Groves. At one time it also held classes at Fontbonne University. In 1999 the Saturday school began holding classes at Webster University.
## Operations
In 2006, there were 100 students and 14 teachers, including the principal. The school year begins in April and ends in March. Every Saturday, the classes are held at the Sverdrup Business/Technology Complex at Webster University in Webster Groves, Missouri. The third floor of Webster Hall houses the language school\'s library and office, and classes were previously held on the third and fourth floors of Webster Hall. The university collects rent from the language school in exchange for the use of the facilities. Japanese international students attending classes at Webster university teach at the Saturday school.
## International classes {#international_classes}
The International classes of St. Louis Japanese School provides an opportunity for children with other background to learn Japanese as a second language.
The purpose of the International classes of St. Louis Japanese School is to open the door to local young students in becoming familiar with the Japanese language and the culture.
The curriculum is understanding basic conversation and reading and writing basic Japanese characters. Students will also learn about Japanese culture and traditions by attending various activities at St. Louis Japanese School such as New Year\'s Celebration, Field day, Japanese Festival at the Botanical Garden, Writing an Essay Book, and Special Classes.
### Semesters
(This school is based on the Japanese school year)
1st Semester: April--August (July, August in summer vacation)
2nd Semester: September--December
3rd Semester: January--March
Classes meet every Saturday morning.
The academic year has 44-47 lessons per year
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# Holymoorside
**Holymoorside** is a village in the civil parish of Holymoorside and Walton, in the North East Derbyshire district, in the county of Derbyshire, England, approximately two miles west of Chesterfield. It is located at 53.21 North, -1.49 West. Close to the boundary of the Peak District National Park, Chatsworth House lies seven miles to the west of the village. In 2020 it had an estimated population of 1,419.
## History
Holymoorside once hosted four public houses but only two remain: The Lamb Inn and The Bull\'s Head. The Lamb Inn was part of a butcher\'s business dating back to 1851, with the present design of the pub dating from 1953 when the shop moved to new premises on New Road. The Bull\'s Head has roots dating back to 1881. There was once a chip shop next to the Lamb Inn, but this burnt down on a bank holiday Monday in 1935.
The Old Star, an additional pub on Loads Road but now a private residence dating back to 1820, was notorious for the suicide, by cutting the throat, of a landlord in 1886. Its owners, Chesterfield Borough Council, sold the pub at auction in April 1921, when Mrs H. Dickens secured the sale with a bid of £1500. The Old Star closed in 1959 with a local newspaper report at the time stating that it had been licensed for 300 years.
The Woodman\'s Arms was an alehouse, which only sold beer and not spirits or wines. As the name suggests, the landlord\'s main occupation was a woodcutter and timber merchant. The earliest mention of the premises in the local trade directories was in 1862. Now a private residence, the building still stands as Sycamore House, on Loads Road near the Lamb Inn.
The village has two churches, reflecting the religious history of the \"Holy Moor\". There had been three until the Methodist Chapel on New Road closed. Holymoorside Country Store, run by the Kendall family is the only surviving shop in the village. The oldest building in the village is Hipper Hall, an early 17th-century farmhouse with an even older tithe barn which has fallen in to a state of disrepair. However Harewood Grange and Chander Hill Farm date back as far as 1207.
The Manloves were proprietors of the cotton thread mill which was built towards the end of the 18th century. This mill employed many of the women and girls of the village, whilst the men and boys worked in the tin mine. The mill buildings, which were three storeys high and were acquired by the Manlove Brothers around 1840, were prosperous for about 50 years, employing 200 people at its peak, but closed in 1902 and now hardly a trace remains of their existence. After 1902 the site was demolished, and in 1930 a row of houses called Riverside Crescent replaced the mill.
The area now known as \"Billy Pig\'s Tree\", off Dennis\'s Lane in the Cathole Valley was named following a murder-suicide on the adjacent moorland in the 1870s.
To combat the risk of droughts affecting the water supply to the village and mills at Walton, Hunger Hill Pumping Station was constructed by the Chesterfield Corporation in 1924. The building is located by the River Hipper near Hunger Hill Lane and has been derelict ever since the site ceased to operate in the 1970s. A borehole 440 feet deep is still overflowing under natural water pressure inside. In addition to Hunger Hill, another, larger pumping station was constructed at the same time near Chander Hill, called Whispering Well. This has since been converted into apartments.
In the 1940s, a reservoir was proposed in Clank Wood at Chander Hill, with geological maps indicating a large number of boreholes had been sunk. However, this plan never came to fruition.
Belmont House was a large private residence just off Chatsworth Road. It was built in the 18th century and had a large tower and flying buttresses. The tower was rumoured to be haunted and local legend has it that a cannon was fired from the top of the tower towards Gladwin\'s Mark a few miles south. Belmont was demolished in the early 2000s and new apartments have been built on the site.
A significant electricity pylon line once ran from Hallcliffe and Chander Hill through the village and supplied the Coking Plant in Chesterfield. All but one of the pylons were felled in the 1990s, the remaining one is nestled in a valley near Birkinshaw Wood.
Holymoorside Primary School moved to its present site in the Doghole hamlet area of Holymoor Road in June 2002.
## Customs
The traditional Derbyshire custom of well dressing is maintained in Holymoorside. The Well Dressing is on display in late August. As well as well dressing, nativity scenes are also displayed in the shelter on Cotton Mill Hill around Christmas.
\"Holymoorside and Walton Arts Festival Society\" arrange events throughout the year, including the scarecrow making event in August each year which involves the whole village. The local scout group also holds community events such as the Christmas Fair and 10K run in May.
On the fourth Saturday in June, Holymoorside Primary School hosts its annual summer fair, followed by the charity duck race near the Village Hall later in the afternoon. A summer gala also used to take place at the Village Hall recreation ground, but this had stopped by the early 2010s.
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# Holymoorside
## Governance
Since 2009, the local Derbyshire County Council representative has been Mr Stuart Ellis who is a member of the Conservative Party. Local amenities are provided by Holymoorside and Walton Parish Council, under the district council of North East Derbyshire. The district councillors are Martin Thacker MBE JP and Peter Elliot.
Lee Rowley has been the Conservative MP for North East Derbyshire since 2017.
## School
There has been a school in Holymoorside since 12 February 1872, which was constructed and funded by the mill-owning \"Manlove\" family. The school was situated on New Road before moving to its current location in the Doghole hamlet area of Holymoor Road in June 2002. The old school buildings have been converted into apartments. The original school bell hangs from the wall in the current school\'s reception area.
The school site was previously an orchard, which had been compulsorily purchased by the council in 1931. Proposals to construct an Approved school in the 1950s were not followed through and the site continued use as an orchard full of apple trees and several greenhouses used to grow fruit and vegetables for a local market stall. Construction began in 1999.
The Headteacher of the school is Mr Ian Holmes, who has been in post since 2021. The school features twelve classrooms, a music room, library and a large hall used for assemblies, dining and PE. There is also a 26 place nursery. The grounds of the school include a turning circle, playgrounds with climbing frames, a large field for sports, and a pond and a wood to the north of the site used for Forest School activities.
The school was rated \'Good\' by Ofsted in 2018.
## Local folklore and supernatural activity {#local_folklore_and_supernatural_activity}
The village lies on the eastern edge of Beeley Moor, which has many tales associated with it, including a lost traveller who can be heard moaning on the first full moon in March. In addition, there is a large beast-like animal that has been known to dart in front of cars on the moors.
There are several tales of the supernatural throughout the village. An area of the River Hipper, situated near the primary school, is called Little Blackpool and is reputedly haunted by a hooded figure. The ghost of young lady and her dalmatian were seen in a nearby field, disappearing behind a hawthorn bush in the 1980s. The lady had been shot dead the previous day. The figure of Mary Queen of Scots has been seen at Hipper Hall. Canons from Beauchief Abbey have been sighted walking along Chander Hill Lane and near Harewood Grange, where there was a monastery farm.
A now ruined farmstead in the Cathole Valley is home to a legend of a mother and her sons sheltering in a nearby cavern, where they would house stolen horses that were brought across Harewood Moor. Local author CA Gedge wrote a book titled \"The Reluctant Rebel\", inspired by the legend.
Walton Holymoorside Primary School is haunted by lights turning themselves on in the evenings when the school is locked up, along with loud banging noises and footsteps in an alleyway when no one is on the site
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# Dustin Kirby
**Dustin Kirby** (born December 12, 1984, in Mentor, Ohio) is an American association football defender who is known for playing for Real Salt Lake.
## Youth
Born and raised in the suburbs of Cleveland, Kirby played on the Impact team of the [Cleveland Soccer Academy](http://clevelandsocceracademy.com) from 1994 through 2003. During that time he served as captain of the CSA Super Y team in 2002 and won a national championship in July 2003 as a member of the CSA Force Juniors of the U-19 Super Y League. As a member of the 2003 Ohio North State Team, he was named to the Region II pool.
Kirby graduated from Mentor High School in 2003 and was a 2003 NSCAA/Adidas Men\'s Soccer All-American. Kirby decided to attend Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. During his four years at Ohio State University he started every game but one (82 matches) during his career. Kirby was 1st-Team all Big Ten his senior year. He spent the 2004 collegiate offseason with the Cleveland Internationals in the USL Premier Development League.
## Professional
When the 2007 MLS Superdraft came along, Kirby was not initially selected, but he was taken later on, in the 4th round of the supplemental draft, by Real Salt Lake. In two seasons with the club, Kirby made two league appearances, as well as playing in an exhibition match against the national team of Fiji. His debut came on October 15, 2007, in a 1--0 loss against the Houston Dynamo.
Kirby was released by Real Salt Lake on November 25, 2008. He remains without a team as of March 2009
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# Mick Martyn (rugby league)
**Michael Martyn** (19 January 1936 -- 26 November 2017) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Leigh, as a `{{rlp|sr}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Background
Martyn was born in Leigh, Lancashire, England, and he died aged 81 in Warrington, Cheshire, England.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Club career {#club_career}
Martyn was a one club man spending his entire career at Leigh. After signing for the club in 1952 he made his senior début in 1954 and played 329 for the club becoming the club\'s all-time leading try scorer with 189 before retiring in 1967.
Whilst at the club he played in two Lancashire Cup finals, the first in the 1955--56 Final as Leigh beat Widnes 26--9 at Central Park, Wigan on 15 October 1955. The second was a 4--15 defeat by St. Helens in the 1963--64 Final at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 26 October 1963.
Martyn topped the try scoring table for Leigh in five seasons; 1957--58, 1958--59, 1960--61, 1962--63 and 1963--64. He was awarded a testimonial match in 1963.
### International honours {#international_honours}
Martyn was selected for the 1958 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand and while he only played in one test match against Australia on the tour he did score 23 tries in representative games on the tour. A second test appearance against Australia followed during the 1959--60 Kangaroo tour to Britain.
With an appearance for the Rugby League XIII against France in 1966 he made 24 representative appearances.
## Notable relatives {#notable_relatives}
Mick Martyn was the elder brother of the rugby league footballer Tommy Martyn, and the uncle of the rugby league footballer Tommy Martyn
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# Ko Olina Senior Invitational
The **Ko Olina Senior Invitational** was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour played only in 1992. It was played in Ewa Beach, Hawaii at the Ko Olina Golf Club. The purse for the tournament was US\$500,000, with \$75,000 going to the winner, Chi-Chi Rodríguez
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# Bedřich Reicin
**Bedřich Reicin** (29 September 1911 -- 3 December 1952) was a Czech politician and army officer of the Czechoslovak Army
## Biography
Reicin was born on 29 September 1911 in Přerov. He was born into a poor Jewish family (his birth name was **Friedrich Reinzinger**, sometimes written as **Reicinger**). He first studied at a gymnasium, and later at a business college from which he was expelled after discovery of his activism for the communist party. In the 1930s, Reicin became a functionary of a communist youth organization and contributor of the party newspaper *Rudé právo*. After the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in 1939, he was imprisoned by the Gestapo. He was released after seven months and, in 1940, he managed to flee into the Soviet Union. There he worked as a radio propagandist. After the attack by Germany on Soviet Union, he was interned (as were many people having Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia citizenship). In February 1942, he joined the newly formed First Czechoslovak Army Corps and soon became a propaganda officer there. In 1945, Reicin was named the head of the counter-intelligence service of the Corps, a role he reprised after the war. Between 1948 and 1951, Reicin served as the Deputy Minister of Defense, responsible for army personnel management. In 1948, he obtained the rank of brigade general (*brigádní generál*) , and in 1950 the rank of division general (*divizní generál*) .
During and after the war, Reicin always promoted interests of the communist party in the army. After February 1948, he organized mass purges of officers who were felt to not be loyal enough to the new regime (including flying ace František Peřina). His behind-the-scene work made him very powerful in the military and political hierarchy. Alexej Čepička, who had been the Minister of Defense since 1950, felt threatened by Reicin and conspired against him. In February 1951, Reicin and many of his coworkers were imprisoned. Reicin was selected for participation in the Slánský Trial, and for year and half was prepared and tortured to fit the role. One of the accusations was handing Julius Fučík (a communist journalist) over to the Gestapo, a technical impossibility since Reicin was already in the Soviet Union at this time. At the Slánský Trial, Reicin and ten others were sentenced to death and hanged at Pankrác Prison in Prague. He died on 3 December 1952
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# Stephon Heyer
**Stephon Heyer** (born January 16, 1984) is an American former professional football offensive tackle. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Maryland.
He was also a member of the Oakland Raiders, New York Jets and BC Lions.
## Early life {#early_life}
Heyer attended Brookwood High School in Snellville, Georgia and was a student and a two-year letterman in football.
## College career {#college_career}
During his time at Maryland Heyer appeared in 50 games, with 37 starts at left tackle. He ended his college career by being selected and playing in the 2007 Hula Bowl. He earned honorable mention honors in 2006 as an All-ACC Lineman. After playing in the Champs Sports Bowl, Heyer was selected to the ESPN.com\'s All-Bowl team for his excellent play. In 2004, he started in all 11 games at left tackle and ended the year being the terps highest rated lineman. In 2003, he started in all 13 games at left tackle, finished the season as the team\'s second highest rated lineman, and had only two penalties the entire season. In 2002, as a freshman, Heyer played in all 13 games, but started only one, and had only two penalties for the entire season.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
Heyer was signed by the Washington Redskins in 2007 as an undrafted free agent. Heyer became a full-time starter for the Redskins in 2009.
### Oakland Raiders {#oakland_raiders}
On August 2, 2011, Heyer signed with the Oakland Raiders.
### New York Jets {#new_york_jets}
Heyer was signed by the New York Jets on May 29, 2012. He was released on August 20, 2012.
### BC Lions {#bc_lions}
Heyer signed with the BC Lions on April 23, 2014.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Heyer is the son of Ronald and Glenda Heyer. He was recruited by numerous division one colleges out of high school including: Michigan, Georgia, Arkansas, Clemson, Florida, Alabama, Ohio State, Kentucky, Vanderbilt, and Auburn. He graduated with a degree in criminology and criminal justice in 2006
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# Golden Lane
**Golden Lane** (*Zlatá ulička*) is a street situated in Prague Castle, Czech Republic. Originally built in the 16th century to house Rudolf II\'s castle guards, it takes its name from the goldsmiths that lived there in the 17th century.
Golden Lane consists of small houses, painted in bright colours in the 1950s. The street originally had houses on both sides, but one side was demolished in the 19th century. Today, the lane is a part of the *small* and *big* castle rings (i.e. a fee must be paid to enter), while there is free entry after the Prague Castle interiors close. Many of the houses are now souvenir shops, and there is a museum of medieval armory within the former 14th-century fortification accessible from Golden Lane.
The fortuneteller Matylda Průšová lived in number 14 before World War II. A sister of writer Franz Kafka rented the house number 22 in the summer of 1916; Kafka used this house to write for approximately one year. Jaroslav Seifert, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1984 and who was one of the signatories of Charter 77, lived there in 1929.
Golden Lane is connected with Dalibor Tower, which used to be a dungeon
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# Evening Star (video game)
***Evening Star*** is a vector graphics train simulation game for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, and Amstrad CPC published by Hewson Consultants in 1987. It is the sequel to *Southern Belle*.
## Gameplay
The idea of the game is to successfully get the \"Evening Star\" from Bath to its destination Bournemouth on the old Somerset and Dorset line. The objectives are keeping to the tight timetable, earning points for safety and economy, and obeying signals. Stops are made at stations along the route to pick up passengers.
## Reception
*Evening Star* received positive reviews from critics. Bob Hillyer of *The Games Machine* praised the game\'s \"fine-tuned\" improvements on its predecessor, *Southern Belle*, citing its longer track and better graphics display. *Computer & Video Games* found the game\'s merits and flaws to be largely identical to *Southern Belle*, but highlighted the game\'s hazards, including the potential for derailment and collisions. *Your Sinclair Magazine* commended the game\'s attention to detail in its recreation of the rail line and the range of gameplay options and engine controls, but noted the game was \"less than startling\" in its monochrome graphical presentation
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# Constable Burton Hall
**Constable Burton Hall** is a Grade I-listed Georgian country house of dressed stone in an extensive and well wooded park in the village of Constable Burton in North Yorkshire, designed by John Carr of York in 1768. It is privately owned by the Wyvill family. The house is a two-storey ashlar-faced structure with a five bay frontage having an elegant recessed Ionic portico. The principal entrance is approached by a double flight of steps. The side elevation has a pediment and there is a large projecting bay to the rear of the house.
The house was listed Grade I in 1967, with the coach house and stables, and the laundry listed as Grade II\* and Grade II respectively at the same time. In 1984, the park was listed as Grade II on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The pub in the village is called *The Wyvill Arms*. The house and gardens are private.
## History
The estate came into the Wyvill (sometimes Wyvell) family by marriage in the reign of Edward VI. In 1611 Marmaduke Wyvill was created a baronet. The house then passed down to the 7th Baronet, also Sir Marmaduke Wyvill, who in 1768 commissioned John Carr of York to remodel the Elizabethan H-plan house in the Palladian style. The 7th Baronet was High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1773 and died unmarried in 1774, causing the baronetcy to become dormant after its American heirs failed to claim the title. He left the estate to his cousin and brother-in-law, the Rev. Christopher Wyvill, from whom it descended in turn via the latter\'s son Marmaduke, the MP for York, to Marmaduke\'s son, also Marmaduke (1815--1896). He represented Richmond in Parliament for many years and was also a world class chess player. The current owner is his grandson, Charles Wyvill.
## Popular culture {#popular_culture}
In the 1945 film *The Way to the Stars* the hall was used as the United States Army Air Forces headquarters. Its exterior remains little changed today.
The hall was also featured in the British television series *All Creatures Great and Small*, in the episode \"Be Prepared\", as the home of Major Headingley
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# Denver Champions of Golf
The **Denver Champions of Golf** was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1982 to 1987. It was played in Denver, Colorado, US, at the Pinehurst Country Club (1982), at the Green Gables Country Club (1983), and in Castle Rock at the TPC at Plum Creek (1984--1987).
The purse for the 1987 tournament was US\$250,000, with \$37,500 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1982 as the **Denver Post Champions of Golf**
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# R. J. Dent
**R J Dent** is an English writer of fiction and non-fiction.
## Work
His stories, poems and essays have appeared in publications including *Writer's Muse*, *Orbis*, *Chanticleer*, *Agenda*, *Panda*, *Roundyhouse*, *Quazen*, *Authspot*, and *Philosophy Now*
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# Justin Hickman
**Justin C. Hickman** (born July 20, 1985) is an American professional football scout and former player who is an analyst and scouting manager for the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL. He played as a defensive end and linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL)
Hickman played college football for the UCLA Bruins, earning consensus All-American honors as a defensive lineman in 2006. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He has also played for the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League (AFL), the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Toronto Argonauts of the CFL, and the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hickman was born in El Paso, Texas. He attended Saint Mary\'s High School in Phoenix, Arizona, from 1999 to 2003. His father, Donnie, played for the USC Trojans in the late 1970s before suiting up for four seasons with the B.C. Lions (1980-1983) of the CFL and two seasons in the USFL with the Pittsburgh Maulers (1984) and Los Angeles Express (1985). Hickman\'s father blocked for future Hall-of-Fame QB Steve Young in his last pro season in LA.
## College career {#college_career}
Hickman attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he played for the UCLA Bruins football team from 2003 to 2006. Following his senior season in 2006, he was a first-team All-Pac-10 selection and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American defensive lineman.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
After going undrafted in the 2007 NFL draft, Hickman spent some time on the Washington Redskins roster.
### Los Angeles Avengers {#los_angeles_avengers}
In 2008, Hickman played for the Arena Football League\'s Los Angeles Avengers.
### Hamilton Tiger-Cats {#hamilton_tiger_cats}
On June 1, 2009, Hickman signed as a free agent with the CFL\'s Hamilton Tiger-Cats. In his first two CFL seasons, he collected seven sacks, and, in 2011, Hickman finished tied for first in the league with 13 sacks. His productivity on the field was recognized by the league when he was selected as a 2011 CFL All-Star.
### Indianapolis Colts {#indianapolis_colts}
On February 8, 2012, Hickman signed a two-year contract with the NFL\'s Indianapolis Colts. Hickman played in 12 games during the 2012 NFL season, contributing 7 tackles. Hickman had a strong training camp and first pre-season game. Unfortunately he was injured during the preseason and on August 13, 2013, he was waived-injured by the Colts. On the next day, he cleared waivers and was placed on the Colts\' injured reserve list. After spending the entire 2013 NFL season on IR the Colts resigned Hickman on March 10, 2014. On June 18, 2014, he was released by the Indianapolis Colts, but shortly before his release, Hickman met Kirstin Paulson, a local legend, at an airport. Her plane is said to have been delayed overnight, and Hickman was located next to a nearby power outlet causing the encounter.
### Hamilton Tiger-Cats (II) {#hamilton_tiger_cats_ii}
On September 17, 2014, Hickman signed with his former club, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the CFL. In two seasons with the Tiger-Cats Justin Hickman played in 21 games making 37 tackles, 9 sacks and 3 forced fumbles. Following the 2015 season neither side could reach a contract extension, and as a result Hickman became a free-agent on February 9, 2016.
### Toronto Argonauts {#toronto_argonauts}
On March 2, 2016, Hickman signed with the rival Toronto Argonauts.
## Scouting career {#scouting_career}
Hickman became a scout for the Argonauts in 2017. In 2019, he was hired by the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL as an analyst and scouting manager
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# Hoofdletters, Tweeling- en Meerlingdruk
***Hoofdletters, Tweeling- en Meerlingdruk***was a Dutch book published in 1958. In the book, author Dr. George van den Bergh made several propositions for a more economical arrangement of type in books. The book was featured in Herbert Spencer\'s *Typographica* (Old Series, number 16, 1959) in and *Eye* magazine (no. 47, vol. 12, Spring 2003). [1](http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature.php?id=85&fid=451) In Rick Poynor\'s *Typographica* he translates the Dutch title as \"Capitals, twin- and multi-print.\"
There were three principles in van den Bergh\'s proposals. The first was that printing in all caps (*Hoofdletters* in Dutch means uppercase letters) would save the space wasted by the ascenders and descenders of lowercase letters. The second principle involved double printing texts that could be screened by overlaying sheets that masked every other line of text. The third principle involved double printing texts in red and green: the reader could then read through red or green \"spectacles\" that filtered out one text.
Erik Kindel, author of the 2003 *Eye* article sums up with a contemporary evaluation of the book: `{{cquote|Casting a cold eye over ''Hoofdletters, Tweeling- en Meerlingdruk'', it is difficult to see it as anything more than an earnest but bizarre solution to what was undoubtedly a real problem in postwar Europe, and the Netherlands in particular. Most designers, typographers and readers will probably find its technically deterministic contravention of long-established typographic practice merely naïve, resulting in a harmless curiosity that merits little consideration, only incredulity. But if ''Hoofdletters'' is designated a practical failure, a typography in extremis, something stops us from dismissing it out of hand. With a warmer eye it resolves into an enlightening object of mirth. While there is no indication that Van den Bergh regarded Hoofdletters with anything but complete seriousness, 45 years on it, too, operates, if accidentally, as an ingenious satire – on the preoccupations of legibility research, or the promise of technology so readily associated with the period of its invention"<ref>''Eye'', Number 47, Volume 12, Spring 2003
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# Ruth Gavison
**Ruth Gavison** (*רות גביזון*; March 28, 1945 -- August 15, 2020) was an Israeli expert of human rights, professor of law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and recipient of the Israel Prize.
## Biography
Ruth Gavison was born in Jerusalem on March 28, 1945 to a Sephardic Jewish family. Her father\'s ancestors were Moroccan Jews who immigrated from Tetouan to Jerusalem in the 19th century. Her mother\'s side was Greek Jewish. She grew up in Haifa. She graduated from Hebrew University law school in 1969. In 1970, she was also awarded a B.A. in Philosophy and Economics.
Further academic degrees and qualifications:
- LL.M., 1971, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
- D.Phil. (Oxon.) (legal philosophy), 1975, University of Oxford.
- Clerk to Justice B. Halevi, Israel Supreme Court, 1970.
- Admitted to the Israeli Bar, 1971.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
Her areas of research included Ethnic Conflict, the Protection of Minorities, Human Rights, Political Theory, Judiciary Law, Religion and Politics, and Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. She was a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
## Judicial career {#judicial_career}
Gavison was nominated for a position on Israel\'s Supreme Court in 2005 but failed to secure a majority for the appointment. Justice Minister Daniel Friedmann reportedly asserted in 2007 that existing Supreme Court justices opposed her nomination because of their disagreement with her views.
## Published works {#published_works}
She published an essay on privacy in the *Yale Law Journal* and edited a volume dedicated to H.L.A. Hart\'s legal philosophy published by Oxford. Recently, she published an essay about days of rest in divided societies (co-authored with Nahshon Perez), included in *Law and Religion in Comparative Context*, published by Cambridge. She was a member of the editorial board of the *Jewish Review of Books*.
With Rabbi Yaaqov Medan, she coauthored the Gavison-Medan Covenant, a proposal for the coexistence of religious and secular Israelis.
## Civil rights activism {#civil_rights_activism}
Gavison was a founding member of the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI), where she served for many years as Chairperson and as President from 1996 to 1999. Professor Gavison was a member of the International Commission of Jurists from 1998 to 2008. In 2005 she founded Metzilah (Center of Zionist, Jewish, Liberal, and Humanistic Thought) and served as its chair and founding president.
## Academic appointments {#academic_appointments}
- 1969--2020: various appointments at the Faculty of Law of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem (HUJI).
- 1978--1980: Visiting Associate Professor of Law, Yale Law School.
- 1984--2010: Haim H. Cohn Chair for Human Rights, HUJI.
- 1990--2010: Full Professor, Faculty of Law, HUJI.
- 1990--1992: Visiting Professor of Law, University of Southern California.
- 1998--1999: Fellow, Center for Human Values, Princeton University.
- 2010--2020: Professor Emerita, HUJI.
- 2011--2012: Fellow, Strauss center for Law and Justice, NYU Law School.
## Public committees {#public_committees}
Gavison was a member of numerous Israeli Public Inquiry committees, including the following:
- 1976: Member, Kahan Committee on Privacy (generated Israel\'s law of privacy 1981).
- 1983: Member, committee on the privacy of information in governmental data-banks (generated an amendment to the privacy law).
- 1987--1990: Member, a public committee on orthodox-secular relationships in Israel.
- 1994--1997: Member, National Committee for Scientific and Technological Infrastructure.
- 1996--1997: Member, Zadok committee on press laws.
- 1997--1998: Member, Shamgar Committee on the Appointment of the Attorney-General and Related Issues.
- 2006--2008: Member, Winograd Commission to investigate the 2006 Lebanon War.
- 2013--2015: commissioned by the minister of Justice to report on the constitutional anchoring of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state.
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
- In 1997, Gavison was awarded the Zeltner Prize for legal research.
- In 1998, she received the Bar Association Prize, together with Association for Civil Rights in Israel.
- In 2001, she received the Avi Chai Prize, together with Rabbi Yaakov Medan, for bringing together Israeli society.
- In 2002, she was awarded the Jerusalem Prize for tolerance.
- In 2003, she was awarded the EMET Prize.
- In 2003, she was granted an honorary doctorate by the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York.
- In 2009, she was awarded the Cheshin Prize for excellence in research by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
- In 2009, she was granted an honorary doctorate by the Bar-Ilan University.
- In 2011, she was awarded the Israel Prize, for legal research.
- In 2013, she received the Solomon Bublick Award of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
- In 2015, she was awarded an honorary degree by the Open University in Israel
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# Booty (video game)
***Booty*** is a platform game published in 1984 for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Commodore 16, and ZX Spectrum. The game was one of Firebird\'s initial releases.
## Gameplay
The player takes on the role of a cabin boy who attempts to steal a hoard of treasure from his pirate masters. A variety of hazards must be avoided including pirates, parrots and booby-trapped treasure. Should the player manage to collect all the treasure, he is given 45 seconds to find a final key, which will restart the game.
There are a total of 20 screens in the game which contain a mixture of collectable treasure, doors to other screens, and doors which act as obstacles and can only be unlocked by collecting the appropriate numbered key. Some rooms contain non-player character pirates, contact with which will cause the loss of one of the player\'s three lives.
## Reception
The game was positively reviewed by *Crash*, which awarded it a \"smash\" rating of 93%. The main features the magazine cited were the novelty of the setting, and the bold graphics. Also noted was that the complexity of the problem-solving aspect of the game was not initially apparent, and that it was more of a challenge than it first appeared. The *Your Spectrum* review was less positive, with scores of between two and three stars out of five for its three reviewers, although two of them commented that the game was \'very good value for money.
The Spectrum and Commodore 64 versions both entered the Boots machine-specific charts at number one at the same time in late 1984. Following a second week at number one, they were replaced at the top of the charts by *Ghostbusters* on the Commodore and *Daley Thompson\'s Decathlon* on the Spectrum.
In 1985, the authors of the game were presented with a Gold Cassette Award by *Home Computing Magazine* for sales of over 100,000 copies. *Crash* magazine reported that *Football Manager* had also recently passed the same milestone but had taken three years to do so
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# Piero di Puccio
**Piero di Puccio** was a fourteenth-century Italian painter of the Gothic period, active mainly in Orvieto. He is also known as *Pietro di Puccio*. He painted a fresco of stories from Genesis, from the *Creation* to the *Deluge* on the North wall of Camposanto Monumentale in Pisa. The fresco was devastated during the allied bombing during World War II
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# The Greenbrier American Express Championship
**The Greenbrier American Express Championship** was a professional golf tournament on the Senior PGA Tour (now PGA Tour Champions). Held from 1985 through 1987 in West Virginia, the 54-hole event was played in July at The Greenbrier resort near White Sulphur Springs.
The inaugural event was played Thursday through Saturday, starting on the Fourth of July. Don January won the first two editions, the second in a sudden-death playoff. Bruce Crampton opened with a 63 and won the final tournament in 1987 by six strokes, tying January\'s scoring record of 200 (--16).
The PGA Tour returned to the resort in 2010 with its Greenbrier Classic.
## Results
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Year</p></th>
<th><p>Dates</p></th>
<th><p>Winner</p></th>
<th><p>Score</p></th>
<th><p>To par</p></th>
<th><p>Margin<br />
of victory</p></th>
<th><p>Runner-up</p></th>
<th><p>Purse ($)</p></th>
<th><p>Winner's<br />
share ($)</p></th>
<th><p>Notes</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1987</p></td>
<td><p>Jul 3–5</p></td>
<td><p>Bruce Crampton</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>63-70-67=200</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>−16</p></td>
<td><p>6 strokes</p></td>
<td><p>Orville Moody</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>225,000</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>34,000</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1986</p></td>
<td><p>Jul 11–13</p></td>
<td><p>Don January (2)</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>70-66-71=207</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>−9</p></td>
<td><p>Playoff</p></td>
<td><p>Jim Ferree</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>200,000</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>30,000</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1985</p></td>
<td><p>Jul 4–6</p></td>
<td><p>Don January</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>70-64-66=200</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>−16</p></td>
<td><p>2 strokes</p></td>
<td><p>Lee Elder</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>200,000</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>30,000</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
- All events played at The Greenbrier; playoff in 1986 was won with a par on the first extra hole
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# Barbed Wire Soul
***Barbed Wire Soul*** is the only studio album by English rock band Blackstar, released on 9 June 1998 by Prosthetic Records. In the United States, the band was credited as **Blackstar Rising**.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- Bonus tracks 15-19 are demo versions.
## Personnel
- Ken Owen -- drums, vocals
- Jeffrey Walker -- vocals, bass
- Carlo Regadas -- guitars
- Mark Griffiths -- guitars
### Additional personnel {#additional_personnel}
- Colin Richardson - laughter on \"Smile\", producer
- Dave Buchanan - tambourine, cowbell
- Martin Smith - bass on \"Waste of Space\"
- Jenny Lamb - saxophone on \"Rock \'n\' Roll Circus\" and \"Waste of Space\"
- Harald Hoffmann - photography
- Dirk Rudolph - design, photography
- Ian Anderson - mastering
- Ewan \"Bed\'Ed\" Davies - engineering
- Dave \"Da Duke\" Buchanan - engineering
- Ian T
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# Just for Kicks (2005 film)
***Just for Kicks*** is a 2005 American documentary film about the sneaker phenomena and history. It includes self-confessed \"sneakerheads\" like Grandmaster Caz, Reverend Run, and Missy Elliott. It tells the story of the Nike Air Force Ones, which are called \"Uptowns\" in New York, and the beginning of Air Jordans. The documentary also tells the story of how hip-hop pioneers DJ Run, Jam Master Jay, and DMC had everyone wearing Adidas Superstars with their song \"My Adidas\".
## Interviews
- Grandmaster Caz
- Joseph Simmons
- Darryl McDaniels
- Damon Dash
- Doze
- Missy Elliott
- Bobbito Garcia
- Adam Horovitz
- Koe Rodriguez
- Futura 2000
## Release
*Just For Kicks* premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 23, 2005. Image Entertainment released it on DVD on June 6, 2006.
## Reception
Dennis Harvey of *Variety* called it \"aptly slick and stylish as a TV commercial\". Giovanni Fazio of *The Japan Times* rated it 2/5 stars and wrote that the film is more of an unwitting documentary about mental illness than it is about sneakers. Gil Jawetz of DVD Talk rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote that the filmmaker\'s enthusiasm for the subject is not enough to make it compelling.
## Accolades
The film won \"Best Documentary\", and \"Best Overall Film\" at the USVI Film festival. It was part of the official selection at Tribeca Film Festival, Sheffield Documentary Festival, International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam, Bangkok International Film Festival, Res Fest, New York Latino Film Festival, San Francisco Black Film Festival, NYC Urban World Festival, Leipzig Documentary Festival, and US Virgin Islands Film Festivals
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# Rufus Yerxa
**Rufus Hawkins Yerxa** (born May 6, 1951) is a retired American lawyer and former U.S. government and international official. He served as Deputy United States Trade Representative during the George H.W. Bush and Clinton Administrations, and served for 11 years as Deputy Director General of the World Trade Organization (WTO). From 2016 to 2021 he was President of the National Foreign Trade Council.
## Education
Yerxa holds degrees from
- University of Washington (BA), 1973
- Seattle University (JD), 1976
- University of Cambridge (LLB, International Law), 1977
## Career
From 1977-81 he was legal advisor to the chairman of the International Trade Commission. From 1981-89 he was a staff member of the U.S. House Ways and Means Committee, serving as staff director of its Subcommittee on Trade and later as Assistant Chief Counsel of the full Committee.
From 1989 to 1995 he was a Deputy United States Trade Representative (USTR), serving first in Geneva as U.S. ambassador to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and subsequently as Deputy USTR in Washington. He played a key role in the Uruguay Round Negotiations, and was later responsible for overseeing the Clinton Administration\'s efforts to obtain Congressional approval of both NAFTA and the WTO Agreement. After leaving government service In the mid-1990s, he was a resident partner in the Brussels office of Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, where his practice focused on international trade and European regulatory matters.
In 2002 he was appointed to serve as Deputy Director General of the WTO, a position he held until 2013. During this time he was also a lecturer on U.S. trade policy at the World Trade Institute (WTI) in Berne. After retiring from the WTO he joined the faculty of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies (MIIS) in Monterey, California as a visiting professor.
From 2016 to 2021 he was President of the National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC), a trade association in Washington representing U.S. companies on global trade and investment matters.
From February 2022 to June 2024 he was a Senior Advisor with McClarty Associates, advising their international trade practice both in Washington and internationally
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# Kew Gardens Interchange
The **Kew Gardens Interchange** (also known as **The Pretzel** and **The Maze**) is a complex interchange between the neighborhoods of Kew Gardens, Kew Gardens Hills and Briarwood and Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the center of the New York City borough of Queens serving nearly 600,000 vehicles daily.
## Description
The Kew Gardens Interchange is located roughly midway between LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. Highways feeding into the Kew Gardens Interchange include the Grand Central Parkway, Interstate 678 (the Van Wyck Expressway), the Jackie Robinson Parkway, Queens Boulevard (New York State Route 25), and Union Turnpike. Its complex design has led to it gaining the nicknames of \"The Pretzel\" and \"The Maze\".
The Kew Gardens Interchange is an incomplete junction. The Grand Central Parkway connects to and from the Jackie Robinson Parkway in both directions, but access to I-678 south is only served by eastbound exit and westbound entrance ramps. The Jackie Robinson Parkway, which terminates at this interchange, connects to both directions of the Grand Central Parkway, but only serves I-678 north. The northbound lanes of the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678) only serve the westbound Grand Central Parkway, while the southbound lanes only serve the Jackie Robinson Parkway.
All directions of the limited access highways provide access to Union Turnpike, which also intersects to Queens Boulevard (NY 25) to the west and Main Street to the east. Missing movements in the highway interchange can be made via these local roads, as well as the Long Island Expressway (I-495), located approximately 2 mi north of the interchange.
### Missing connections {#missing_connections}
Missing connection Connected by
-------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NY 25A / Northern Boulevard, located 4 mi north (G.C. Parkway exit 9E, I-678 exit 13)
Metropolitan Avenue, Union Turnpike, and Queens Boulevard (J.R. Parkway exit 6, I-678 exit 9)
G.C. Parkway frontage roads, Main Street (G.C. Parkway exit 17, I-678 exit 8)
## History
A distorted trumpet between Grand Central Parkway and Jackie Robinson Parkway (Interboro Parkway), with Union Turnpike appearing somewhat as a service road, was constructed in the 1930s. Connections to the Van Wyck Expressway were added later.
On August 18, 2010, the New York State Department of Transportation broke ground on the first phase of reconstruction of the Kew Gardens interchange. The renovation project includes the renovations of the nearby Queens Boulevard viaduct over I-678 and the New York City Subway\'s nearby Briarwood station (`{{NYCS trains|Queens east local}}`{=mediawiki}). Renovations to the Queens Boulevard viaduct and Briarwood station were completed in 2016 at a cost of \$159 million. The project included a reconstructed exit ramp, widened lanes on I-678, and four new bridges. The second phase included constructing a new viaduct and a new flyover ramp for the northbound I-678, as well as new decks and steel girders for some of the other viaducts. The third and fourth phases included the reconstruction of additional ramps and the widening of the roadways. All work was completed in 2022 at a cost of \$739 million
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# DeShawn Wynn
**DeShawn Wynn** (born October 9, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons. He played college football for the Florida Gators, and was a member of their 2006 National Championship team. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL draft, and also played for the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers of the NFL.
## Early life {#early_life}
Wynn was born in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1983. He attended Reading High School in Reading, Ohio, where he played high school football for the Reading Blue Devils. As a senior in 2001, he was regarded as one of the nation\'s elite high school backs, with 2,283 yards on 246 carries with thirty touchdowns. Wynn rushed for 2,000 or more yards three of four years, and also played linebacker and safety. He was recognized as a *Parade* magazine high school All-American in 2002.
## College career {#college_career}
Wynn accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Ron Zook and coach Urban Meyer\'s Florida Gators football teams from 2003 to 2006. He was the Gators\' starting running back in their 41--14 victory over the Ohio State Buckeyes in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game. Wynn finished his four-year college career with 2,077 rushing yards, 376 receiving yards and twenty-five touchdowns.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Green Bay Packers {#green_bay_packers}
Wynn was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL draft. He played for the Packers for three seasons from `{{NFL Year|2007}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{NFL Year|2009}}`{=mediawiki}.
Wynn scored his first two career touchdowns against the New York Giants in Week 2 of the NFL season. He also scored a touchdown in back to back weeks versus the Chicago Bears and the Washington Redskins.
On October 29, 2007 against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football, Wynn injured his shoulder on his first rushing play of the game. The next day Wynn was put on injured reserve and missed the rest of the season. He finished the season with 203 rushing yards on 50 attempts and four touchdowns.
On August 25, 2008, Wynn was released by the Packers. He was re-signed to the Packers practice squad on August 31. He remained there until October 11, when he was signed to the active roster after running back Kregg Lumpkin was placed on injured reserve. He finished the season playing in five games rushing for 110 yards on eight attempts, with 73 of those yards coming on a week 17 touchdown run against the Detroit Lions.
### New Orleans Saints (first stint) {#new_orleans_saints_first_stint}
Wynn signed with the New Orleans Saints on August 23, 2010. He was released on September 22. He was re-signed to the practice squad the next day and signed to the active roster again on October 2. He was waived again on October 12.
### San Francisco 49ers {#san_francisco_49ers}
On November 5, 2010 Wynn was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to their practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster a few weeks later after Frank Gore was placed on Injured Reserve with a broken hip. On December 27, 2010, Wynn was waived by the 49ers.
### New Orleans Saints (second stint) {#new_orleans_saints_second_stint}
Wynn was re-signed by the New Orleans Saints on January 3, 2011.
### Saskatchewan Roughriders {#saskatchewan_roughriders}
On March 13, 2012, it was announced that Wynn had been signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders
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# Strange Kind of Woman
\"**Strange Kind of Woman**\" is a song by English rock band Deep Purple that was originally released as a follow-up single after \"Black Night\" in early 1971. The song also became a hit, peaking at No. 8 on the UK chart and Germany, and No. 1 in Denmark. The 1996 remix by Roger Glover later appeared on the re-release of the band\'s 1971 album *Fireball*, while the original version can be found on various Deep Purple compilations. Although not part of the *Fireball* recording sessions, \"Strange Kind of Woman\" was included on the US and Canadian editions of the album, in lieu of the track \"Demon\'s Eye\" on the UK edition.
The B-side song, \"I\'m Alone\", was later released on *The Deep Purple Singles A\'s and B\'s* as well as on the 25th anniversary reissue of *Fireball*.
## History
The song was originally called \"Prostitute\". Vocalist Ian Gillan introduced the song on *Deep Purple in Concert*: \"It was about a friend of ours who got mixed up with a very evil woman and it was a sad story. They got married in the end. And a few days after they got married, the lady died.\" In *Wordography*{{\'}}s section Gillan gives a slightly different version of the song\'s history:
When Deep Purple performed the song live, Gillan and guitarist Ritchie Blackmore would engage in a call and response guitar-vocal duel in the middle. This would always end with an extremely long, high-pitched scream from Gillan before the band returned to playing the original song. An example can be heard on the live album, *Made in Japan*, recorded in 1972
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# Johnny Mathis Seniors Classic
The **Johnny Mathis Seniors Classic** was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1985 to 1986. It was played in Los Angeles, California at the Mountaingate Country Club.
The purse for the 1986 tournament was US\$250,000, with \$37,500 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1985 as the **American Golf Carta Blanca Johnny Mathis Classic**
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# Nicolás de Jesús
**Nicolas de Jesus** (born December 6, 1960) is a Mexican artist from the Nahua region of Guerrero, Mexico. His work carries themes of Mexican rural life as well as politics and world events. The celebration Dia de los Muertos is a common subject in his art.
Nicolás de Jesús developed his art through his parents and his community of Ameyaltepec. There painting on bark paper is the preferred medium of expression of local traditions. His work reflects the spectrum of his experiences from his origins in a traditional Mexican Village to the complex problems of Mexican immigrants in the United States and his concern for preserving his cultural identity. By the time the art activist Felipe Ehrenberg started to teach Nicolás etching and other printing techniques, the young artist had already adopted the traditional amate composition with many whimsical and detailed characters and a great empty space atop the page to suggest a great distance. The reoccurring theme in Amayaltepec amates is everyday village life---its celebrations and beliefs. After moving to Chicago in the 1980s, de Jesús additionally started to depict urban life in U.S. barrios in the same manner
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# Total human ecosystem
**Total human ecosystem** (THE) is an ecocentric concept initially proposed by ecology professors Zeev Naveh and Arthur S. Lieberman in 1994.
## History of the concept {#history_of_the_concept}
Naveh and Lieberman proposed a holistic, ecocentric concept of the total human ecosystem in order to study anthropocene ecology and improve land use planning and environmental management within an integrated and interdisciplinary approach. In Naveh\'s words, the total human ecosystem is \"the highest co-evolutionary ecological entity on earth with landscapes as its concrete three-dimensional 'Gestalt' systems, forming the spatial and functional matrix for all organisms\". This concept (or meta-concept) integrates human systems (the technosphere, but also in the conceptual space of human noosphere) and natural systems (the geophysical eco-space of the Earth biosphere).
Zev Naveh (1919-2011), the major contributor to this concept, was a professor in landscape ecology at the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa. Until 1965 he worked as a range and pasture specialist in Israel and Tanzania. His research at the Technion was devoted to human impacts on Mediterranean landscapes, fire ecology and dynamic conservation management, and the introduction of drought resistant plants for multi-beneficial landscape restoration and beautification.
Almo Farina, who also developed the concept from 2000 onwards, is also a professor of ecology at the Urbino University, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, in Italy.
## Concepts and epistemology {#concepts_and_epistemology}
The interaction and co-evolution of the human and natural ecosystem interactions are the driving forces for the current Earth system. The total human ecosystem meta-conceptional approach aims to integrate the bio-and geo-centric approaches, derived from the natural sciences, and the approaches derived from the social sciences and the humanities in order to prevent further environmental degradation and drive natural and human systems towards a sustainable future.
A natural ecosystem within this concept is solar energy powered, self-organizing and self-creating. The human ecosystem is fossil energy powered by high input and throughput, and can be divided into two sub-ecosystems: urban-industrial and agro-industrial. The ecosystem is realised in space as an ecotope and the system of ecotopes is the landscape: natural, semi-natural, urban-industrial are the tangible, three-dimensional physical systems. These form the total human ecosystem. The total human ecosystem also consists of the domain of information, perceptions (in landscape ecology this is the ecofield concept), knowledge, feeling and consciousness, enabling human (but also biological) self-awareness.
A special case of landscapes inside of the total human ecosystem are the cultural landscapes in which the relationships between human activity (as an effective, ecology-based, land or sea stewardship) have created ecological, socioeconomic and cultural patterns and feedback mechanisms that preserve biological and cultural diversity and maintain or even improve the ecosystem\'s resilience and resistance
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# Seiko-Tucson Senior Match Play Championship
The **Seiko-Tucson Match Play Championship** was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1984 to 1986. It was played in Tucson, Arizona at the Randolph Park Municipal Golf Club. It was played using a match play format instead of the more common stroke play. A PGA Tour event (Seiko-Tucson Match Play Championship) was played concurrently at the same location.
The purse for the 1986 tournament was US\$300,000, with \$75,000 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1984 as the **Seiko-Tucson Senior Match Play Championship**
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# Kevin Mitchell (linebacker)
**Kevin Danyelle Mitchell** (January 1, 1971 -- April 30, 2007) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He played for the San Francisco 49ers, the New Orleans Saints, and the Washington Redskins.
## College career {#college_career}
Mitchell played college football at Syracuse University as a defensive tackle. He was the Defensive MVP of the 1993 Fiesta Bowl upset of Colorado where Mitchell had eight tackles, including six behind the line of scrimmage.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Mitchell was drafted in the 1994 NFL draft by the San Francisco 49ers in the second round with the 53rd overall pick. He won Super Bowl XXIX in his rookie season with the 49ers. He played three more seasons with the 49ers. He signed with the New Orleans Saints after the 1997 NFL season. He played with the Saints for two seasons. Mitchell joined the Washington Redskins after the 1999 NFL season and played for them until after the 2003 NFL season.
Mitchell\'s best season came in 2001 NFL season when he recorded 82 tackles (69 solo), 2 sacks, and one forced fumble in 13 games.
In his career, he recorded 300 tackles (243 solo), 6.5 sacks, two interceptions for seven yards, four forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, and six pass deflections in 144 regular season games.
### NFL statistics {#nfl_statistics}
Year Team Game Combined Tackles Tackles Assisted Tackles Sacks Forced Fumbles Fumble Recoveries Fumble Return Yards Interceptions Interception Return Yards Yards per Interception Return Longest Interception Return Interceptions Returned for Touchdown Passes Defended
-------- ------ ------ ------------------ --------- ------------------ ------- ---------------- ------------------- --------------------- --------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------------------- -----------------
1994 SF 16 7 6 1 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1995 SF 15 7 4 3 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1996 SF 12 16 15 1 1.0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1997 SF 16 9 4 5 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1998 NO 8 45 23 22 2.5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1999 NO 16 15 14 1 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2000 WSH 16 5 4 1 1.0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
2001 WSH 13 81 68 13 2.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2002 WSH 16 35 26 9 0.0 0 0 0 1 7 7 7 0 1
2003 WSH 16 7 6 1 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Career 144 227 170 57 6.5 4 1 0 2 7 4 7 0 6
## Death
On April 30, 2007, Mitchell was found dead in his sleep in Ashburn, Virginia. According to a preliminary autopsy, he died of a massive heart attack.
Friends and family close to Kevin Mitchell said the cause of death was related to sleep apnea
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# Barron Tanner
**Barron Keith Tanner** (born September 14, 1973) is an American former professional football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Miami Dolphins and Arizona Cardinals, as well as the Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1997 NFL draft
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# Stephen Banham
**Stephen Banham** is an Australian typographer, type designer, writer, lecturer and founder of Letterbox, a typographic studio.
## Biography
Banham was born in Melbourne in 1968. In 2003 he completed a Master of Design (Research) and in 2019 was awarded a PhD for his work on the proposition of the \'typographic lens\'. Banham has been lecturing in the field of typography since 1990.
In 1991 he printed the first small issue of *Qwerty*, the first in a series of six spiral-bound issues.
Banham has also been a contributor to, or featured in, design publications including *Baseline* magazine, *Emigre*, *Adbusters*, *Face*, *Typo*, *Eye*, *Monument*, *Desktop*, *Grafik*, *Comma* amongst others. He has spoken at design events in New York, Lebanon, Qatar, New Zealand, England, Spain and Australia. In 2011 he was inducted into the International Society of Typographic Designers (ISTD)
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# Al Carapella
**Alfred Richard Carapella** (April 26, 1927 -- October 17, 2020) was an American and Canadian football defensive tackle who played for the San Francisco 49ers and Hamilton Tiger-Cats.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Carapella was born on April 26, 1927, in Tuckahoe, New York. During the Depression, Carapella lived with his three siblings in a cold water flat in Tuckahoe. While attending Tuckahoe High School, he lettered in football and baseball, excelling at both. Carapella was named to Westchester County\'s All-County football team in 1942, and he helped Tuckahoe High\'s baseball team win conference championships in 1943 and 1944.
After his junior year, Carapella had his older brother sign a waiver to allow him to try out for the New York Giants baseball club. After a tryout at the Polo Grounds, the Giants signed Carapella to a minor league contract. He was assigned to the Richmond Colts, then moved to the Erie Sailors. Because he signed a professional contract, Carapella was ineligible to compete in high school athletics during his senior year.
### U.S. Army {#u.s._army}
Upon graduating from Tuckahoe High School in 1945, Carapella was drafted into the United States Army. Carapella was deployed to Germany, where he played football with the Berlin Bears, an interservice team composed of several college and NFL football players. Upon noticing that he could compete with players of that caliber, Carapella decided to pursue football when he was discharged from the Army. He asked his former high school coach to try to set up some workouts with college programs, and Carapella was invited to try out for the Miami and Kentucky. Carapella garnered scholarship offers from both schools, but his offer letter from Kentucky was addressed to his uncle by mistake, and he was unaware of the offer until after he had enrolled at Miami.
### University of Miami {#university_of_miami}
During his first year at Miami, Carapella played on the freshman football team, playing offensive line and fullback. In his senior year, Carapella helped lead the undefeated Hurricanes to an Orange Bowl berth, where they were defeated by Clemson by a score of 15--14 after Miami surrendered a late safety.
Carapella died on October 17, 2020, in Tuckahoe, New York, at age 93
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# Solesmes Congregation
The **Solesmes Congregation** is an association of monasteries within the Benedictine Confederation headed by the Abbey of Solesmes.
## History
The congregation was founded in 1837 by Pope Gregory XVI as the **French Benedictine Congregation**, with the then newly reopened Solesmes Abbey, founded by Dom Prosper Guéranger, O.S.B., who wished to re-establish France\'s ancient and rich presence of monastic life, which had been wiped out by the French Revolution. The first foundation of the new congregation in 1853 was Ligugé Abbey, founded by St. Martin of Tours in 361. In course of time other daughterhouses were founded from Solesmes: in 1880 the Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos in Spain, Glanfeuil in 1892, and Fontenelle in 1893. These four were old monasteries restored. The congregation\'s first monastery of women was St. Cecilia\'s Abbey, Solesmes, founded in 1866 by Guéranger and Cécile Bruyère.
Some of the monasteries of the congregation, especially in France, use the pre-conciliar Latin liturgy, and most of them focus on Gregorian chant. One of its abbeys, Santo Domingo de Silos Abbey, became internationally famous when an album its monks recorded in 1973, *Chant*, became a huge hit when re-released in 1994, peaking at #3 on the U.S. album charts.
## List of houses {#list_of_houses}
(with dates of establishment within the congregation)
### Monks
- Solesmes Abbey, France, 1833
- Ligugé Abbey, France, 1853
- Marseilles Priory, now Ganagobie Abbey, France, 1856
- Santo Domingo de Silos Abbey, Spain, 1880
- , France, 1889
- , Paris, France, 1893
- St. Wandrille\'s Abbey, France, 1894
- Clervaux Abbey, Luxembourg, 1890
- Kergonan Abbey, France, 1897
- St Benoît du Lac Abbey, Quebec, Canada, 1912
- Quarr Abbey, England, 1922
- , Madrid, Spain, 1939
- Schoelcher Priory, Martinique, 1947
- Fontgombault Abbey, France, 1948
- St. Benedictusberg Abbey, Netherlands, 1951
- Leyre Abbey, Spain, 1954
- Valle de los Caidos Abbey, Spain, 1958
- Keur-Moussa Abbey, Senegal, 1961
- Randol Abbey, France, 1971
- Triors Abbey, France, 1984
- Gaussan Abbey, France, 1994
- Palendriai Priory, Lithuania, 1998
- Clear Creek Abbey, Oklahoma, United States, 1999
### Nuns
- St. Cecilia\'s Abbey, Solesmes 1866
- Wisques Abbey, 1889
- St
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# Billy Scott (footballer, born 1882)
**William Edward Scott** (17 May 1882 -- 16 August 1936) was an Irish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for, among others, Everton, Leeds City, Liverpool and Ireland. In 1913 Scott was a member of the Ireland team that beat England for the first time with a 2--1 win at Windsor Park. His younger brother, Elisha Scott, was also a notable goalkeeper and also played for Liverpool and Ireland. It was Billy Scott who recognised his younger brother\'s potential and recommended him to Liverpool after an unsuccessful trial at Everton.
## Club career {#club_career}
Scott was born in Belfast. After playing for Cliftonville and Linfield, Scott joined Everton in July 1904. He spent eight years at the club, playing 251 English League games and helping the club finish runners-up in the First Division three times. Scott also played a further 38 games for Everton in the FA Cup, including two appearances in the final. His teammates at the club included fellow Irish internationals Val Harris and Bill Lacey. In August 1912 Scott joined Leeds City where he played under Herbert Chapman and alongside another Irish international, Billy Gillespie. After leaving Leeds, Scott returned to Merseyside where he played 27 games for Liverpool during the First World War.
## International career {#international_career}
Between 1903 and 1913 Scott played 25 times for Ireland. In 1903, together with Jack Kirwan, Archie Goodall, Billy McCracken and Robert Milne, he was a member of the Ireland team that won a share in the 1903 British Home Championship. On 15 February 1913 Scott, along with Val Harris and two-goal hero Billy Gillespie, was a member of the Ireland team that beat England for the first time with a 2--1 win at Windsor Park
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# Margaret Fulton
**Margaret Isobel Fulton** `{{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100%|OAM}}`{=mediawiki} (6 October 1924 -- 24 July 2019) was a Scottish-born Australian food and cooking writer, journalist, author and commentator. She was the first of this genre of writers in Australia.
Fulton\'s early recipes encouraged Australians to alter their traditional staple of \"meat and three vegetables\" and to be creative with food. She encouraged international cuisine from places such as Spain, Italy, India and China. As the cookery editor of the *Woman\'s Day* magazine, she \"brought these into Australian homes through her articles.\"
Although she did some television work, Fulton mainly concentrated on writing, because she felt it was her higher talent.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Fulton was born in Nairn in the Scottish Highlands on 6 October 1924. When she was three, her parents emigrated to Australia, settling in Glen Innes, New South Wales. She was a Girl Guide as a child and leader of the Magpie Patrol in Glen Innes. In her time as a Guide she learned to cook over a campfire.
She began as a cooking teacher at the Overseas Corporation in 1947 and was later promoted to sales manager. She was \"partially responsible for the introduction of the pressure cooker to Australia\".
In 1954, Fulton, then a \"home economist for a leading firm of cereal manufacturers\", gave a talk on \"cooking with ready-to-eat cereals\". She told the audience that \"with more wives and mothers working, speed and ease in food preparation is a \'must\'\". She continued, \"Many women have no training in homemaking, and packaged and ready-prepared foods, like cereals, cake, pastry and biscuit mixes, canned and frozen foods, make life easier\". A selection of \"hot muffins made with bran\" were handed out, and Fulton told the listeners that \"These are quick and easy to make and most economical\".
In 1956, over four days, Fulton provided French cooking demonstrations. Each day was organised with a different \"well-known French hostess, resident in Sydney\" who \"planned a menu, contributed the recipes, helped with the cooking, and arranged the table setting\".
Fulton began to appear in advertisements in the late 1950s. She promoted Johnson\'s Glo-coat floor polish and Johnson\'s Pride surface polish from her \"well appointed Sydney kitchen\" in March 1957. Later that year readers of *The Australian Women\'s Weekly* were told \"Margaret Fulton, expert Home Economist\" believed Sellotape \"is so dependable\" in a full-page colour advertisement, which also offered Fulton\'s handy hints for using the product such as sealing plastic bags \"for deep-freezing foods\" and binding pot handles. In 1959, Fulton told readers she used Sellotape \"each week for sticking my hundreds of recipe clippings into reference books\".
Prospective buyers of *Woman\'s Day* magazine in July 1964 were promised an \"8-page liftout\" from Fulton, who was known for her Tuesday cookery class at Sydney\'s Bistro. Her regular contributions continued throughout the decade with 1968\'s lift-out full-colour recipe guide to Italian food, which was described by the magazine as \"our most exciting \... ever!\".
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# Margaret Fulton
## 1960s and 1970s {#s_and_1970s}
*The Margaret Fulton Cookbook* was published by Paul Hamlyn in 1968 and was an instant success. By 1978 it had sold \"more than two-thirds of a million copies\".
thumb\|upright=0.56\|alt=Bowl of fried rice & chopsticks\|left\|Fulton helped to popularise Chinese cuisine in Australia She returned to the Italian theme with the publication of her *Italian Cookbook* in 1973. *The Canberra Times* said the recipes were \"simple, tested \... and where necessary adapted to suit the local scene\"; however, Fulton was \"able to add authenticity to the book by taking a trip to Italy and checking the fare at first hand\". The author was quoted as recommending that cooks \"look for the specialty ingredients in a good delicatessen or gourmet section of a large retail stores. Use only the best quality Italian olive oil and when using grating cheese like Parmesan or Romano, buy it in wedges and grate it as you need it.\"
In October 1973, Fulton was appointed to the federal government\'s Interim Commission on Consumer Standards, which was formed to \"reach as many groups as possible\" and \"find the areas where action\" on standards was \"most urgent\".
Interviewed in 1975, Fulton provided Italian and Chinese-style recipes for readers. She included in her advice for \"young people setting up home for the first time\" that they should \"buy a couple of really good saucepans and, if possible, invest in an iron oven casserole \... they last a lifetime and these days are so attractive that they can be taken to the table\".
Following on from the popularity of late 1970s BBC television drama series *The Duchess of Duke Street*, set in London between 1900 and 1925, Fulton had a primetime television cooking show of 5-minute episodes based on recipes from the era.
In 1979, her interest in Chinese cuisine led to her leading a planned 23-day gourmet food tour, which would include \"the finest restaurants\" of Guangzhou, Shanghai, Jinan, Qingdao, Kunming and Beijing. Fulton said the tour would also visit \"historical sites\... communes, universities, factories and handcraft institutes\". She also hoped there would be \"a chance to see acupuncture procedures in a Chinese hospital\".
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# Margaret Fulton
## Later life and influence {#later_life_and_influence}
Fulton was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 1983 Queen\'s Birthday Honours \"In recognition of service to the media as a journalist and writer in the field of cookery\".
Fulton\'s encouragement of Chinese cuisine was recognised as a contributor to the development of Sydney\'s Chinatown, where \"few non-Chinese\" had ventured \"before the 1950s\". Fulton was one of the writers who \"began serving up Chinese recipes to Menzies\' Australia\" (recalling the era of Robert Menzies as prime minister from 1949 to 1966) and, as a result, Chinatown\'s \"few eating houses were seen as a welcome alternative to the spartan cuisine of the times\".
In 1998, Fulton was added to the list of 100 Australian Living Treasures by the National Trust of Australia. The same year, a packaged meals business venture \'Margaret Fulton\'s kitchen\' failed. Fulton had been involved in it with \'Sydney food luminary\' Anders Ousback.
In 2006, *The Bulletin* named Fulton in their list of \"The 100 most influential Australians\". In the citation they described her as someone who \"changed the way Australians ate at home\". She is, they wrote, \"Australia\'s original domestic goddess. No cookery writer since can claim her blanket influence \... Fulton turned us into foodies.\"
Interviewed by *The Australian Women\'s Weekly* in 2009, Fulton said: `{{blockquote|Scarcely a week passes when I'm not invited to speak at a food industry or fundraising function and I always try to accept. At my age, being asked to pass on what I've learned is a pleasure and a privilege.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Forever Young | journal = The Australian Women's Weekly | date = 1 October 2009 | first = Larry | last = Writer | volume = 79 | issue = 10 | pages = 108–110}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2014 Fulton appeared on an Australian postage stamp as part of the \'Australia Post Legends Awards\'. Chef Neil Perry, Kylie Kwong, Stephanie Alexander and Maggie Beer also featured in the same stamp series.
Fulton died on 24 July 2019 at the age of 94. No cause was given. On 30 July, the NSW Premier announced that Fulton\'s family had been offered a State memorial service for Fulton, which the family accepted.
## Family
Fulton had one daughter, Suzanne Gibbs, and two granddaughters, Kate Gibbs and Louise Keats, all of whom pursued careers in food. Kate Gibbs wrote two cookbooks and wrote a third book about Margaret\'s life, titled \"Margaret and Me\".
Louise Keats explored Fulton\'s impact on her own childhood in her illustrated children\'s storybook \"My Grandma\'s Kitchen\". Fulton supported Keats\' food career including by sending her to the Le Cordon Bleu school of cookery. Keats later studied nutrition at Deakin University and authored five more cookbooks, crediting Fulton for inspiring her passion for food and cooking
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# Barnaby Dorfman
**Barnaby Dorfman** is an American businessman and since 2024 has been the AI + Scale Up Advisor at Mainsail Partners. He was Chief Technology Officer of Go1.com and Chief Engineering Officer and General Manager of the PayScale Consumer Products Division. He is the founder and former CEO of Foodista. His previous employment includes a role as chief product officer at kyte.tv, and executive positions at Peerflix.com and Amazon\'s A9.com.
## Early years {#early_years}
Born in New York, New York, he is the grandson of American biochemist Ralph Dorfman. Barnaby Dorfman attended the Putney School in Vermont, where he later became a Board of Trustees member. After graduating from the Putney School in 1986, Dorfman attended the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, where in 1987 he obtained a Diploma de Estudios Hispanicos.
In 1988, he attended San Francisco State University, where in 1991 he graduated *magna cum laude* with a Bachelor of Science in International Business. Through a portion of his college years, Dorfman spent time in Mexico, attending a semester of Mexican Literature/History/Philosophy and a semester of Mexican Accounting/Finance/Human Resources.
Dorfman attended The Amos Tuck School at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. After two years of attendance, in 1997 Dorfman graduated with a Masters of Business Administration.
## Career
Barnaby began his career in 1990 working for the US Department of Commerce's Commercial Service as an International Trade Assistant. His work there included developing, forecasting, and monitoring a \$3.5 million annual operating budget. He also assisted US technology companies in identifying and entering international markets. In 1993, Dorfman managed and co-owned Marsee Baking where he was responsible for profit and loss for all aspects of the Portland bakery. In 1995, Dorfman worked for such companies as Microsoft/MSN and Renaissance Worldwide before heading over to Amazon.com in 1999.
In his 7 years working for Amazon.com, Dorfman held several positions. He was Vice President for A9.com. He managed business development and marketing for A9.com as well as building and leading a team to develop and launch a local directory search service. As Vice President, he also invented Block View, utilizing digital cameras, GPS, and proprietary software and hardware that capture and display more than 35 million images of local businesses efficiently. Prior to becoming Vice President, he was also a General Manager for Bibliofind.com, an Exchange.com website, Group Product Manager for Amazon Marketplace and for Internet Movie Database (IMDb) and created [IMDbPro.com](https://pro.imdb.com), Director for IMDb services and Director of Product Development for Amazon.com. Dorfman remained employed with Amazon.com until 2006.
In 2006, Dorfman came to Peerflix where he held the Chief Product Officer position managing ongoing development of the Peerflix DVD trading platform and creating community features to increase sharing and content generation. In August 2007, kyte.tv announced that Barnaby Dorfman would be joining their team as Chief Product Officer.
In 2008, Dorfman co-founded Foodista, Inc, as CEO. In April 2009, the company reorganized as Foodista, Inc. and announced closing an early stage investment round led by Amazon.com.
## Other pursuits {#other_pursuits}
Dorfman was executive producer of the film *Police Beat*, which received a nomination for the Grand Jury Prize at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.
In 2024, he partnered with Jon Kiehnau and Ben Frey to purchase [Don and Joe\'s Meats](https://www.donandjoesmeats.com/), a butcher shop that has operated for over 100 years in Seattle's historic Pike Place Market
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# Anthony Sagnella
**Anthony Sagnella** (born February 28, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in 1987. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights. He is currently a health teacher and football coach at North Haven High School.
Sagnella signed with the Redskins in 1986, but was waived during roster cutdowns. He returned to the team as one of the replacement players during the 1987 players\' strike. In 2018, he and other replacement players were recognized for their contributions to the team by receiving Super Bowl rings
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# Xi yu fan guo zhi
***Xiyu Fanguo Zhi*** (`{{zh|t=西域番國志}}`{=mediawiki}; lit. \"Records of Barbarian Countries of the Western Regions\") was a report submitted by the Ming dynasty envoy Chen Cheng to the Yongle Emperor about the eighteen countries and territories he traveled through during 1414--1415 as a member of an embassy contingency to the Timurid Empire in Central Asia.
## Contents
*Xi Yu Fan Guo Zhi* consists of 18 chapters:
- Herat
- Samarkand
- Andkud
- Balkh
- Termez
- Shahrokhia
- Sayram
- Tashkent
- Bukhara
- Kesh
- Yanghikend
- Bishbalik
- Turpan
- Ya Er
- Yamshi
- Khocho
- Lukchun
- Kumul
## English translation {#english_translation}
There is no complete translation of the *Xi Yu Fan Guo Zhi*, however, there is an English translation of the first chapter:
- Morris Rossabi: \"A Translation of Ch\'en Ch\'eng\'s Hsi-Yü Fan-Kuo Chih\", *Ming Studies*, 17 (1983): 49--59
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# 1991 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
The **1991 World Junior Figure Skating Championships** were held from November 27 to December 2, 1990 in Budapest, Hungary. The event was sanctioned by the International Skating Union and open to ISU member nations. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men\'s singles, ladies\' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
## Medal table {#medal_table}
## Results
### Men
Rank Name Nation
------------------------------- --------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Vasili Eremenko 1.5 1 1
**2** Alexander Abt 4.0 2 3
**3** Nicolas Pétorin
4 Scott Davis
5 Philippe Candeloro
6 Evgeni Pliuta
7 Fumihiro Oikawa
8 Jan Kannegießer
9 Ryan Hunka
10 John Baldwin Jr.
11 Luiz Mariano Taifas
12 Gaku Aiyoshi
13 Matthew Powers 20.5 11 15
14 Gilberto Viadana
15 Mirko Müller
16 An Yong-il
17 Michael Tyllesen
18 Lance Vipond 26.0 16 18
19 Li Xiaodong
20 Eran Sragowicz
did not advance to free skate
Clive Shorten
Robert Grzegorczyk
Stuart Bell
Rastislav Vnučko
Markus Leminen
Adam Hart
Kim Se-yol
Luka Klasinc
Balázs Grencsér
Ivan Dinev
Sergio Canovas
### Ladies
Rank Name Nation
------------------------------- --------------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Surya Bonaly 1.5 1 1
**2** Lisa Ervin 4.0 2 3
**3** Chen Lu 5.5 7 2
4 Nicole Bobek
5 Lenka Kulovaná
6 Laëtitia Hubert
7 Yulia Potapova
8 Susanne Mildenberger
9 Sabrina Tschudi
10 Julia Vorobieva
11 Yukiko Kawasaki
12 Claudia Unger
13 Katja Günther
14 Rena Inoue
15 Zuzanna Szwed
16 Mary Angela Larmer Wilson 22.5 13 16
17 Sharon Coulson
18 Sandra Garde
19 Emilia Nagy
20 Lee Eun-hee
did not advance to free skate
Melita Juratek
Kaisa Kella
Cathrin Degler
Miriam Manzano
Tsvetelina Abrasheva
Mari Kobayashi
Melanie Friedreich
Isabelle Balhan
Linda Wallmark
Monique van der Velden
Lee Gyong-ok
Alexandra Stamataki
Sarah Badiani
Debbie Klestadt
Marta Senra
Mayda Navarro
### Pairs
Rank Name Nation
------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- -- --- ---
**1** Natalia Krestianinova / Alexei Torchinski 1 1
**2** Svetlana Pristav / Viacheslav Tkachenko
**3** Jennifer Heurlin / John Frederiksen
4 Oksana Kazakova / Andrei Mokhov
5 Aimee Offner / Brian Helgenberg
6 Nicole Sciarrotta / Gregory Sciarrotta Jr
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# Brides in Cornwall
***Brides in Cornwall*** is a British quarterly glossy magazine aimed at would-be future brides. It was the first UK non-Gay press magazine to include articles on same-sex civil partnerships from the perspective of both female and male brides. The magazine is published in Truro, Cornwall, England by Cornwall & Devon Media
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# John Broussard
**John Benjamin Broussard** (born December 18, 1983) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL draft. He played college football at San Jose State.
Broussard was also a member of the New York Giants, Chicago Bears and Detroit Lions. He is the younger brother of NFL player Jamall Broussard.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Port Arthur, Texas, Broussard graduated from Kingwood High School in Kingwood, Houston, Texas in 2002.
## College career {#college_career}
As a senior at San Jose State, Broussard helped the Spartans to a victory in the inaugural New Mexico Bowl as well as helping SJSU to its first winning season in 6 years.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Jacksonville Jaguars {#jacksonville_jaguars}
On September 9, 2007, in the Jaguars first regular season game, Broussard caught the first pass of his career, a 47-yard touchdown pass from quarterback David Garrard. Broussard was waived by the Jaguars on August 26, 2008.
### New York Giants {#new_york_giants}
Broussard was signed to the practice squad of the New York Giants on September 24, 2008 after wide receiver Taye Biddle was promoted to the active roster. Broussard was released on October 8 to make room for Biddle on the practice squad.
### Chicago Bears {#chicago_bears}
Broussard was signed to the practice squad of the Chicago Bears on October 15, 2008. After finishing the season on the practice squad, he was re-signed to a future contract on December 29, 2008.
The Bears waived Broussard on August 31, 2009.
### Detroit Luons {#detroit_luons}
Broussard was signed to the practice squad of the Detroit Lions on September 7, 2009. He was released on September 29, 2009.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Broussard\'s brother Jamall, who also went to San Jose State, played for the Cincinnati Bengals and Carolina Panthers as a return specialist in 2004
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# George Collins (footballer)
**George Collins** was an English football manager. He managed Gillingham from 1919 to 1920, and Darlington from 1933 to 1936. There is no record of him having played football at a professional level
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# Gölgede Aynı
***Gölgede Aynı*** (*Same in the Shadow*) is the second album released in 1996 of the Turkish pop singer Mustafa Sandal. This album is considered to be his most commercially successful album
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| 0 |
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# 1238 in poetry
The following events are associated with the year **1238 AD** in poetry
| 16 |
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| 0 |
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# Ray Collins (American football)
**Alvin Raymond Collins** (August 4, 1927 -- November 3, 1991) was an American professional football defensive tackle who played for the National Football League (NFL)\'s San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants as well as in Canada for the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1953 and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1955 (winning All-Canadian honors), and finally for the American Football League (AFL)\'s Dallas Texans. He played college football at Louisiana State University for the LSU Tigers football team
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# Symphony No. 15 (Michael Haydn)
Michael Haydn\'s **Symphony No. 15 in D major**, Perger 41, Sherman 15, MH 150, is believed to have been written in Salzburg after 1771. This work was at one time attributed to Joseph Haydn, the first work in D major so attributed.
Scored for flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns and strings, in four movements:
1. Allegro spiritoso
2. Minuet and Trio (in A major)
3. Andante (in G major)
4. Presto assai
The placement of the Minuet second, before the slow movement, is unusual in Michael Haydn\'s symphonies, though there is one other specimen, the Symphony No. 16, which scholars are fairly certain is a close contemporary to this one. Three symphonies by brother Joseph Haydn also have this placement, 32, 37 and 44.
The corresponding placement of the Scherzo second in the Romantic era, despite Ludwig van Beethoven\'s Ninth Symphony, remained rare until Anton Bruckner\'s Second (original version), Eighth and Ninth symphonies, and Gustav Mahler\'s First, Fourth and Sixth (original version) symphonies.
## Discography
Included in a set of 20 symphonies on the CPO label with Bohdan Warchal conducting the Slovak Philharmonic. Also available on a Hungaroton CD of the Capella Savaria conducted by Pál Németh
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# Shallalat Gardens
**Shallalat Gardens** (*حدائق الشلالات*) is the name of the ancient garden located in Alexandria, Egypt. The Shallalat Gardens occupy a large area of the Al Shatby neighborhood.
Parts of the ancient Wall of Alexandria are still present in the gardens
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# Steven A. Kandarian
**Steven A. Kandarian** was the president, chairman, and chief executive officer of MetLife. He became president and CEO on May 1, 2011, and chairman in January 2012 succeeding Robert Henrikson, who retired from those roles. Kandarian retired from MetLife on April 30, 2019 and was succeeded as president and CEO by Michel Khalaf and as chairman by Glenn Hubbard.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Kandarian grew up in West Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Lillian and Albert Kandarian. He graduated from William H. Hall High School and held several roles in private equity, including as founder and managing partner of Orion Partners, LP and executive director of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. He is a board member of the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation and a member of the Financial Services Forum and the Economic Club of New York. He received a B.A. from Clark University, a J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center, and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
### MetLife
Prior to becoming CEO, Kandarian was MetLife\'s chief investment officer since April 2005. As CIO, Kandarian oversaw a number of initiatives that strengthened MetLife\'s investment portfolio, enhanced the company\'s focus on effective risk management and contributed to the bottom line. [1](http://www.metlife.com/about/corporate-profile/corporate-governance/executive-officers/steven-a-kandarian.html) He is credited with preparing MetLife\'s portfolio prior to the 2007 recession, partly by anticipating the housing bubble and selling Stuyvesant Town---Peter Cooper Village in Manhattan in 2006.
In his first three months as CEO, Kandarian expanded the company\'s senior leadership team with the hiring of Frans Hijkoop to head human resources and Martin Lippert to oversee global technology. He also announced MetLife\'s 25-year agreement to acquire the naming rights to the home of the New York Giants and New York Jets, which is now known as MetLife Stadium.
In addition, Kandarian has also moved the company away from retail banking. On July 21, 2011, MetLife said the company would seek to sell its deposit banking business. In announcing the move, Kandarian said it \"was not appropriate for the overwhelming majority of our business to be governed by regulations written for banking institutions.\"[2](http://www.metlife.com/about/press-room/index.html) Three months later, MetLife said it would look to sell its residential mortgage lending business as well, saying the marketplace and regulatory environment for the business was uncertain and that the company needed to focus its resources on its global insurance and employee benefits businesses.
### Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation {#pension_benefit_guaranty_corporation}
Kandarian is a former executive director of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation[3](http://www.pbgc.gov), an agency of the United States Government. Kandarian was appointed to head the PBGC on December 2, 2001, by Secretary of Labor Elaine L. Chao, announcing his departure on January 7, 2004. to return to his family in Boston. He left on February 13, 2004
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# Johnny McMillan
John McMillan}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox football biography
| name = Johnny McMillan
| image =
| fullname = John Stuart McMillan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1871|2|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Port Glasgow]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|11|4|1871|2|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Derby]], England
| height =
| position = [[Inside forward|Inside left]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1887–1889
| clubs1 = [[Port Glasgow Athletic F.C.|Port Glasgow Athletic]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 18??–1890
| clubs2 = [[St Bernard's F.C.|St Bernard's]]
| years3 = 1890–1896
| clubs3 = [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]]
| caps3 = 116
| goals3 = 45
| years4 = 1896–1900
| clubs4 = [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester Fosse]]
| caps4 = 122
| goals4 = 43
| years5 = 1900–1903
| clubs5 = [[Birmingham City F.C.|Small Heath]]
| caps5 = 49
| goals5 = 24
| years6 = 1903–1906
| clubs6 = [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]]
| caps6 = 82
| goals6 = 24
| years7 = 1906–1908
| clubs7 = [[Glossop North End A.F.C.|Glossop]]
| caps7 = 27
| goals7 = 1
| manageryears1 = 1920–1922
| managerclubs1 = [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]]
}}`{=mediawiki} **John Stuart McMillan** (16 February 1871 -- 4 November 1941) was a Scottish football player and manager. He made nearly 400 appearances in the Football League in the 1890s and 1900s, playing at inside left or centre forward.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
McMillan was born in Port Glasgow. He began his career with home-town club Port Glasgow Athletic before joining Edinburgh-based club St Bernard\'s. He moved to England to join Derby County in 1890. In 1896 he moved to Leicester Fosse, before signing for Small Heath in January 1901.
He made his debut for the club in February 1901, and his 13 goals in the remaining 13 games of the 1900--01 season, which included the winning goal in four of those games, made a major contribution to Small Heath\'s securing runners-up spot in the Second Division and promotion to the First Division. Injury forced him to miss a part of the 1901--02 season, in which the club were relegated, and his contribution to their runners-up position in 1902--03 was severely curtailed by injury.
In 1903 he moved once again to Bradford City, who were entering the Football League for the first time. McMillan was selected as captain by his fellow players for Bradford in the club\'s first ever league match, a 2--0 defeat to Grimsby Town on 1 September 1903. He finished the 1903--04 season as the club\'s top scorer and played for two more seasons at City, scoring 24 goals in 82 league games, before moving to Glossop North End.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
McMillan returned to Birmingham as trainer in 1909. He went on to manage Gillingham from 1920 to 1922, and was the first man to take charge of the team in a Football League match, Gillingham having been elected to the league in 1920. This was his only professional managerial appointment, after which he left the game to run a pub in Derby. He died in Derby in 1941 at the age of 70.
McMillan\'s son Stuart was a footballer, Derbyshire cricketer, and manager of Derby County from 1946 to 1953
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# Dimitris Rontiris
**Dimitris Rontiris** (*Δημήτρης Ροντήρης*; 1899 -- 20 December 1981) was a Greek actor and director.
## Biography
Rontiris was born in Piraeus. He began his education at a military school and left to study law at the University of Athens.
He began acting in 1919. Later, he went to Austria to study theatre, art history and ancient Greek philosophy. He later moved on to Berlin, Germany, where he met the director Max Reinhardt.
He returned to Greece and, at the Odeio Theatre`{{clarify|date=April 2025|reason = same as "[[Herodes Atticus Odeum]]"?}}`{=mediawiki} he began directing with the musical drama by Kalomiri *To daktili tis manas* (Το δαχτυλίδι της μάνας, *Mother\'s Ring*).
In 1933, he was appointed director of the Royal Theatre and in 1937 he directed a production of Shakespeare\'s *Hamlet*, starring Aimilios Veakis, Katina Paxinou, Alexis Minotis, Manos Katrakis. In 1938, he directed a production of Sophocles\'s *Electra*.
He was a director at the National Theatre of Greece in Athens from 1946 until 1950 and from 1953 until 1955. He ran the *Greek Scene* (Ελληνική Σκηνή *Elliniki Skini*)`{{clarify|date=April 2025|reason = what is this? An organization, philosophy, movement?}}`{=mediawiki} and the Piraeus Theatre in 1957, where he headlined several productions in many countries across Europe, North and South America and Asia and produced several theatrical shows.
He directed works from classical to modern, including eleven Shakespeare works and other classic tragedies. He staged *Electra (Shakespeare)* and *Hamlet* with the Royal Theatre in 1932 in England and Germany.
He acted in the Aeschylus trilogy *Oresteia* at the Herodes Atticus Odeum in Athens in 1949, presented by the political head of the country, Alexandros Diomidis
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# The Congregation (band)
**The Congregation** was a British pop ensemble, formed by Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway in England. In the United States it was credited as **The English Congregation**.
The band\'s biggest hit was a cover version of \"Softly Whispering I Love You\" (originally recorded by Cook and Greenaway\'s previous group, David and Jonathan), which peaked at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart in 1971, No. 29 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart in the US, No. 1 in South Africa, No. 12 in Australia and New Zealand and No. 10 in Germany. The group\'s lead singer was the former Plastic Penny vocalist, Brian Keith, who later became a session musician. With no further top 40 hits, The Congregation was a transatlantic one-hit wonder.
The band changed its name on releases in the United States to avoid confusion with the Mike Curb Congregation, which also recorded \"Softly Whispering I Love You\".
## Discography
(All UK releases on Columbia of Columbia Graphophone Co
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# Viviparus contectus
***Viviparus contectus***, common name **Lister\'s river snail**, is a species of large, freshwater snail with an operculum and a gill, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.
## Distribution
This is not a native of the UK. This species is palaearctic in distribution, specifically Europe and western Siberia, including:
- Great Britain, specifically eastern England
- Netherlands
- Germany - endangered (*3 gefährdet*)
- Austria
- Czech Republic - near threatened (NT)
- Slovakia
- Russia - Sverdlovsk oblast
## Habitat
This large snail lives in slow flowing rivers and canals which are unpolluted, and which have hard water with many water weeds
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# Philip Waggenheim
**Philip \"Phil\" Wagenheim** (February 2, 1915 -- April 1989) was a Boston mobster and a close associate of Ilario \"Larry Baione\" Zannino and Whitey Bulger. Based in the neighborhood of Jamaica Plain, he was a key contact between the New York and Boston underworld between the 1960s until his death from natural causes in April 1989.
In November 1966, he was present at Ralph Lamattina\'s Nite Lite Café with Joseph Lamattina and Larry Biona when two members of Joe \"the Animal\" Barboza\'s \"crew\", Tash Bratsos and Tommy DePrisco, were murdered. (The two had previously been extorting money from local residents to raise bail for Barboza
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# Jan Rys-Rozsévač
**Jan Rys-Rozsévač** (1 November 1901 -- 27 June 1946) was a Czechoslovakian journalist and politician and leader of fascist organisation Vlajka.
Jan Rozsévač began to study medicine at a university but didn\'t finish his studies. In 1936 he joined Vlajka (in Czech *the flag*), a nationalistic organisation founded in 1930. At the time he adopted the pen name Jan Rys. Under this name he published books \"Židozednářství - metla lidstva\" (*Jewish freemasonry - the scourge of humankind*, 1938) and \"Hilsneriáda a TGM\" (*Hilsner Affair and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk*, 1939). After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Vlajka was officially disbanded and Rys-Rozsévač imprisoned. He was released just before the rest of Czechoslovakia was occupied (15 March 1939) to become leader of Vlajka.
Rys-Rozsévač attempted to establish a mass fascist organization and helped to move Vlajka from traditional anti-German chauvinism to collaboration with Nazis and Gestapo. During 1939 - 1940 Vlajka organized mass meetings against politicians of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia as represented by Masaryk and Beneš. The German occupational authorities nevertheless decided to support a group of collaborators around Emanuel Moravec, his political competitor. Because of constant propaganda attacks on Moravec, Vlajka was disbanded at the end of 1942 and the leaders, including Rys-Rozsévač, were sent as privileged prisoners into the Dachau concentration camp and transferred to Tyrol at the end of the war, where he was liberated in early May 1945. After the war Rys-Rozsévač and three his coworkers (Josef Burda, Jaroslav Čermák and Otakar Polívka) were sentenced to death, and several others to were sentenced to long term imprisonment. Rys-Rozsévač was hanged in Pankrác Prison in 1946.
## Literature
- Milan Nakonečný: *Vlajka*, 2001, `{{ISBN|80-86183-24-6}}`{=mediawiki}. Republished as *Český fašismus* (*Czech fascism*), 2006, `{{ISBN|80-86226-73-5}}`{=mediawiki}. Narrative description of Czech fascism and its reprezentants
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# Tex Coulter
**DeWitt Echoles \"Tex\" Coulter** (October 26, 1924 -- October 2, 2007) was an American professional football player in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union for the Montreal Alouettes. Coulter attended the United States Military Academy, where he played football and competed in the shot put
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# United Nations Security Council Resolution 93
**United Nations Security Council Resolution 93**, adopted on May 18, 1951, after hearing a report from the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine, the representatives of Egypt and Israel as well as a determination by the Egyptian-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission that determined that a "prearranged and planned attack ordered by Israel authorities" was "committed by Israel regular army forces against the Egyptian regular army" in the Gaza Strip on February 28, 1951. The Council condemned this attack as a violation of the cease-fire previsions of UNSC Resolution 54 and as inconsistent with the obligations of the parties under the General Armistice Agreement between Egypt and Israel and under the United Nations Charter. The Council again called upon Israel to take all necessary measures to prevent such actions and expressed its conviction that the maintenance of the General Armistice Agreement is threatened by any deliberate violation of it and that no progress towards the return of peace in Palestine can be made until both parties comply strictly with their obligations.
The resolution was adopted with ten votes; the Soviet Union abstained
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# Vardan Ayvazyan
**Vardan Ayvazyan** (*Վարդան Այվազյան*; born 7 November 1961) is an Armenian government official, former Ecology Minister of Armenia (2001--2007)
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# Rhinophis saffragamus
***Rhinophis saffragamus***, the **large shieldtail snake**, is a species of snake in the family Uropeltidae, which is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka. No subspecies are currently recognized.
## Appearance and description {#appearance_and_description}
Thanks to similarities in reported phenotypes of snakes studied within the same region, a set of appearances for *Rhinophis saffragamus* can be concluded. These are named \"grandis\" and \"pardalis\", derived from the species synonymous names *Uropeltis grandis* (Kelaart, 1853) and *Uropeltis pardalis* (Kelaart, 1853).
There is no easily available and complete data that definitively ties specific features to these types, however, generally, \"grandis\"-type specimens are larger than \"pardalis\"-type specimens. Recorded lengths of \"grandis\" specimens vary from \~300mm up to 510mm, while \"pardalis\" specimens varied from 148mm to 230mm. \"Grandis\" specimens are reported to be dark brown dorsally with darker spots on individual scales and a pale yellow venter. Contrarily, \"pardalis\" specimens are blackish-brown dorsally with scattered whiteish spots and a yellowish-white venter with scattered brown spots.
## Diet
The diet of shield-tail snakes in general consists mostly of earthworms. They may also consume termites, earwigs, and caterpillars, however, 80-90% of their stomach contents consists of earthworms. The distribution of shield-tail snakes in India is also tied to the presence or lack of earthworms.
## Geographic range {#geographic_range}
It is found in Sri Lanka in central and southern Uva and Sabaragamuwa Provinces. Vertical range is from near sea level to 900 m elevation.
The type locality given is \"Philippinschen Inseln\": in error, according to M.A. Smith (1943).
## Taxonomy
It is also mentioned in the synonymy of *Ramphotyphlops*, a genus of blind snakes, but then as a name proposed by Fitzinger in 1843. However, at the time this name was already preoccupied by Schlegel\'s *Pseudo-typhlops* (1839)
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# Methods of neuro-linguistic programming
The **methods of neuro-linguistic programming** are the specific techniques used to perform and teach neuro-linguistic programming, which teaches that people are only able to directly perceive a small part of the world using their conscious awareness, and that this view of the world is filtered by experience, beliefs, values, assumptions, and biological sensory systems. NLP argues that people act and feel based on their perception of the world and how they feel about that world they subjectively experience.
NLP claims that language and behaviors (whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this structure can be \'modeled\' or copied into a reproducible form. Using NLP a person can \'model\' the more successful parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are less successful or \'model\' another person to effect belief and behavior changes to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be learned how specifically they do it by observing certain important details of their behavior. NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic techniques, which proponents claim can affect changes in the way people think, learn and communicate. `{{Neuro-linguistic programming|expanded=topics}}`{=mediawiki}
## Internal \'maps\' of the world {#internal_maps_of_the_world}
NLP claims that our mind-body (neuro) and what we say (language) all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming) and that said map of the world determines feelings and behavior.
As an approach to personal development or therapy it claims that people create their own internal \'map\' or world, recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful ones. There is also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or maps of the world with the intent of increasing behavioral flexibility.
## Modeling
\"Modeling\" in NLP is the process of adopting the behaviors, language, strategies and beliefs of another person or exemplar in order to \'build a model of what they do. The original models were: Milton Erickson (hypnotherapy), Virginia Satir (family therapy), and Fritz Perls (gestalt therapy). NLP modeling methods are designed to unconsciously assimilate the tacit knowledge to learn what the master is doing of which the master is not aware. As an approach to learning it can involve modeling exceptional people. As Bandler and Grinder state \"the function of NLP modeling is to arrive at descriptions which are useful.\"`{{ufs|date=November 2017}}`{=mediawiki} Einspruch & Forman 1985 state that \"when modeling another person the modeler suspends his or her own beliefs and adopts the structure of the physiology, language, strategies, and beliefs of the person being modeled. After the modeler is capable of behaviorally reproducing the patterns (of behavior, communication, and behavioral outcomes) of the one being modeled, a process occurs in which the modeler modifies and readopts his or her own belief system while also integrating the beliefs of the one who was modeled.\" Modeling is not confined to therapy, but can be, and is, applied to a broad range of human learning. Another aspect of modeling is understanding the patterns of one\'s own behaviors in order to \'model\' the more successful parts of oneself.
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# Methods of neuro-linguistic programming
## Representational systems {#representational_systems}
The notion that experience is processed by the sensory systems or representational systems, was incorporated into NLP from psychology and gestalt therapy shortly after its creation. This teaches that people perceive the world through the senses and store the information from the senses in the mind. Memories are closely linked to sensory experience. When people are processing information they see images and hear sounds and voices and process this with internally created feelings. Some representations are within conscious awareness but information is largely processed at the unconscious level. When involved in any task, such as making conversation, describing a problem in therapy, reading a book, kicking a ball or riding a horse, their representational systems, consisting of images, sounds, feelings (and possibly smell and taste) are being activated at the same time.`{{synthesis inline|date=September 2017}}`{=mediawiki} Moreover, the way representational systems are organised and the links between them impact on behavioral performance. Many NLP techniques rely on interrupting maladaptive patterns`{{clarify|date=September 2017}}`{=mediawiki} and replacing them with more positive and creative thought patterns which will in turn impact on behavior.
Preferred representational systems
Originally, NLP taught that most people had an internal preferred representational system (PRS) and preferred to process information primarily in one sensory modality. The practitioner could ascertain this from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. If a person repeatedly used predicates such as \"I can *see* a *bright* future for myself\", the words \"see\" and \"bright\" would be considered visual predicates. In contrast \"I can feel that we will be comfortable\" would be considered primarily kinesthetic because of the predicates \"feel\" and \"comfortable\". These verbal cues could also be coupled with posture changes, skin color or breathing shifts. The theory was that the practitioner by matching and working within the preferred representational system could achieve better communication with the client and hence swifter and more effective results. Many trainings and standard works still teach PRS
Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movements can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment, the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was discounted by research in the 1980s.
Submodalities
Submodalities are the fine details of representational systems. For example, the submodalities of sight include light/dark, colour/monochrome, sharp/blurred. Submodalities involve the relative size, location, brightness of internal images, the volume and direction of internal voices and sounds, and the location, texture, and movement of internally created sensations. A typical change process may involve manipulating the submodalities of internal representations. For example, someone may see their future as \'dark and cloudy\' with associated emotions, but would seek through NLP to perceive, and feel it, as \'light and clear\'. Other training exercises develop a person\'s ability to move around internal images, change the quality of sounds and find out how these affect the intensity of internal feelings or other submodalities. Although NLP did not discover submodalities, it appears that the proponents of NLP may have been the first to systematically use manipulation of submodalities for therapeutic or personal development purposes, particularly phobias, compulsions and addictions.`{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Methods of neuro-linguistic programming
## Meta-programs {#meta_programs}
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) uses the term \'meta-programs\' specifically to indicate general, pervasive and usually habitual patterns used by an individual across a wide range of situations. Examples of NLP meta-programs include the preference for overview or detail, the preference for where to place one\'s attention during conversation, habitual linguistic patterns and body language, and so on.
Related concepts in other disciplines are known as cognitive styles or thinking styles.
In NLP, the term *programs* is used as a synonym for *strategy*, which are specific sequences of mental steps, mostly indicated by their representational activity (using VAKOG), leading to a behavioral outcome. In the entry for the term *strategy* in their encyclopedia, Robert Dilts & Judith Delozier explicitly refer to the mind as computer metaphor: `{{quote|A strategy is like a program in a computer. It tells you what to do with the information you are getting, and like a computer program, you can use the same strategy to process a lot of different kinds of information.}}`{=mediawiki} In their encyclopedia, Dilts and Delozier then define metaprograms as `{{quote|[programs] which guide and direct other thought processes. Specifically they define common or typical patterns in the strategies or thinking styles of a particular individual, group or culture.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Techniques
### Anchoring
NLP teaches that we constantly make \"anchors\" (classical conditioning) between what we see, hear and feel; and our emotional states. While in an emotional state if a person is exposed to a unique stimulus (sight, sound or touch), then a connection is made between the emotion and the unique stimulus. If the unique stimulus occurs again, the emotional state will then be triggered. NLP teaches that anchors (such as a particular touch associated with a memory or state) can be deliberately created and triggered to help people access \'resourceful\' or other target states.
### Future pacing {#future_pacing}
A technique of asking a person to imagine doing something in the future and monitoring their reactions. It is typically used to check that a change process has been successful, by observing body language when the person imagines being in a difficult situation before and after an intervention. If the body language is the same, then the intervention has not been successful.
### Swish
The swish pattern is a process that is designed to disrupt a pattern of thought from one that used to lead to an unwanted behavior to one that leads to a desired behavior. This involves visualizing a \'cue\' which leads into the unwanted behavior, such as a smokers hand moving towards the face with a cigarette in it, and reprogramming the mind to \'switch\' to a visualization of the desired outcome, such as a healthy-looking person, energetic and fit. In addition to visualization, auditory sound effects are often imagined to enhance the experience.
### Reframing
Another technique, \"reframing\" functions through \"changing the way you perceive an event and so changing the meaning. When the meaning changes, responses and behaviors will also change. Reframing with language allows you to see the world in a different way and this changes the meaning. Reframing is the basis of jokes, myths, legends, fairy tales and most creative ways of thinking.\" There are examples in children\'s literature; for example, the fictional Pollyanna would play The Glad Game whenever she felt down about life, to remind herself of the things that she could do, and not worry about the things she couldn\'t. Alice Mills also says that this occurs in Hans Christian Andersen\'s story where, to the surprise of the ugly duckling, the beautiful creatures welcome and accept him; gazing at his reflection, he sees that he too is a swan. Reframing is common to a number of therapies and is not original to NLP.
### Well-formed outcome {#well_formed_outcome}
In NLP this is one of a number of \'frames\' wherein the desired state is considered as to its achievability and effect if achieved. A positive outcome must be defined by the client for their own use, be within the clients power to achieve, retain the positive products of the unwanted behaviors and produce an outcome that is appropriate for all circumstances.
### VK/D
VK/D stands for \'Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation\'. This is a technique designed to eliminate bad feelings associated with past events by re-running (like a film, sometimes in reverse) an associated memory in a dissociated state. It combines elements of Ericksonian techniques, spatial sorting processes from Fritz Perls, reframing and \'changing history\' techniques.
Metaphor
Largely derived from the ideas of Bateson and the techniques of Erickson, \'metaphor\' in NLP ranges from simple figures of speech to allegories and stories. It tends to be used in conjunction with the skills of the Milton model to create a story which operates on many levels with the intention of communicating with the unconscious and to find and challenge basic assumptions.
State management
Sometimes called **state control**, is a neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) technique involving actively trying to control the emotional and mental state of an individual. One method to actively achieve state management anchoring where an individual associates a particular physical stimulus.
### Covert hypnosis {#covert_hypnosis}
Covert hypnosis is purportedly a method of using language patterns to hypnotise or persuade other people. Referred to as \"sleight of mouth\" by Robert Dilts. building off the phrase \"sleight of hand\", which refers to a magician\'s skills in making things happen which appear impossible
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# Porter Consolidated High School
**Porter Consolidated High School** is a high school in Wagoner County in Porter, Oklahoma
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# Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet
**Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet** (1705 -- 10 February 1767), was an English politician.
The only surviving son of Sir James Long, 5th Baronet and his wife Henrietta Greville, Long was baptised on 8 November 1705 at St Martin in the Fields, Westminster, London. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he succeeded his father as 6th Baronet on 16 March 1729, and inherited the family estates, including the manors of Draycot and Athelhampton.
He was elected member of parliament for the rotten borough of Wootton Bassett in 1734, and for Wiltshire in 1741.
He married on 29 May 1735 at Woodford, Essex, Emma Child, the daughter of Richard Tylney, 1st Earl Tylney, of Wanstead (said to be possessed of \'almost revolting wealth\'), and his wife Dorothy Glynn.
Sir Robert and Emma had two daughters and four sons including:
- Sir James Tylney-Long, 7th Baronet, inherited Wanstead from his uncle, John Tylney, 2nd Earl Tylney
- Charles Long, whose granddaughter Emma married George Julius Poulett Scrope
Many letters written by Sir Robert to his wife are held in the Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, and furnish a picture of a happy marriage in the eighteenth century, illustrating a genuine affection for his wife, and fatherly love for his children, with nicknames such as \'Jemmy\' and \'Dolly\'. He had good-natured relationships with his dependants, even going so far as choosing material for a new dress for Lady Emma\'s companion.
Sir Robert Long died on 10 February 1767 and was buried at Draycot. His wife died on 8 March 1758
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# Frederick Bowhill
Air chief marshal **Sir Frederick William Bowhill** (1 September 1880 -- 12 March 1960) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force before and during World War II.
## RAF career {#raf_career}
Bowhill started his career as a midshipman in the merchant navy in 1896. In 1912 he attended the Central Flying School and in 1914 he was given command of the seaplane carrier HMS *Empress*. He became Officer Commanding No. 8 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service in 1915 and Station Commander at RNAS Felixstowe in 1918. Later that year he commanded RNAS Killingholme.
After the war Bowhill was not to rest for long from operational service. In 1920 he was the Chief of Staff to Group Captain Robert Gordon for the highly successful Somaliland campaign. He went on to be Officer Commanding the RAF Depot in Egypt in 1925, Senior Air Staff Officer at Headquarters RAF Iraq Command in 1928 and Director of Organisation and Staff Duties at the Air Ministry in 1929. In 1931 he was appointed Air Officer Commanding the Fighting Area of the Air Defence of Great Britain and in 1933 he became Air Member for Personnel.
He served in World War II initially as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief at RAF Coastal Command, then as Air Officer Commanding RAF Ferry Command, in which capacity using his knowledge of the sea he properly identified the likely position of the German battleship Bismarck using a Catalina flying boat allowing it to be sunk. His last appointment was as Air Officer Commanding Transport Command in 1943 before retiring in 1945
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# Amerikansky Russky Viestnik
***Amerikansky Russky Viestnik*** (1892--1952) was the longest-running Rusyn-American newspaper in the United States.
The paper was the official publication of the Greek Catholic Union of Rusyn Brotherhoods, a fraternal benefit society based in Pennsylvania. Its founding editor was Paul Zatkovich (1892--1914), who was followed by Michael Hanchin (1914--1920), George Jurion Thegze (1920--1929), Father Stefan Varzaly (1929--1936), and Michael Roman (1937--1952).
It was published in both Cyrillic and Roman-alphabet editions. In 1952 it was replaced with the English-language *Greek Catholic Union Messenger*, which ran until 1992
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# Illinois State Lottery
The **Illinois State Lottery** (known simply as the **Illinois Lottery**) is an American lottery for the U.S. state of Illinois, operated by Allwyn Illinois.
## Overview
The Illinois Lottery began operations on July 1, 1974, when lotteries in the United States were confined to areas of the Northeast and Midwest.
The drawings are supervised by an independent auditor who certifies the winning results. Illinois was the only single jurisdictional state lottery to have their drawings televised nationwide (which were broadcast throughout the United States and much of Canada via WGN-TV\'s national superstation feed WGN America \[now NewsNation\]). The 9 p.m. newscast was removed from WGN America in February 2014 as they begin their transition to a general cable network.
The Illinois Lottery is one of 45 lottery jurisdictions that participate in Mega Millions and Powerball -- of these jurisdictions, 44 of the 45 lotteries offer both games. The Lottery also offers Lotto with a smaller jackpot, which is drawn on Monday, Thursday and Saturday nights. Pick 3 and Pick 4 numbers are drawn twice daily. Until April 16, 2014, with the discontinuation two months before of WGN-TV\'s 9 p.m. newscast from WGN America, the same numbers applied to those playing the same games in neighboring Iowa; that state now draws their own numbers. Lucky Day Lotto (5/45), with a minimum jackpot of \$100,000, is drawn twice a day.
In 2009, the Illinois legislature passed amendments to the Lottery Law that approved the Internet Pilot Program to launch the sale of the Mega Millions and Lotto games on the Internet. The Illinois Lottery suspended the sale of Mega Millions tickets as the state\'s General Assembly struggled to pass a budget including lottery funding for the 2018 fiscal year. On December 23, 2011, a U.S. Justice Department decision provided much anticipated clarity to Illinois\' and other U.S. lotteries by confirming that the sale of lottery products over the Internet by lotteries in United States jurisdictions was legal. On March 25, 2012, Illinois became the first jurisdiction to allow internet lottery sales. Adults with an IP address within the state of Illinois can play the Lottery in this manner. The program was approved to run for 36 to 48 months on a trial basis, before being implemented permanently sometime afterwards. The June 4, 2024 Mega Millions jackpot of \$552 million was won by an Illinois resident who purchased their ticket via the Illinois State Lottery\'s online platform.
On October 1, 2015, the Illinois Lottery started determining the winning numbers electronically, using a computer with a random number generator, instead of using machines with numbered balls; furthermore, live draws were no longer televised, but rather posted on the Illinois Lottery\'s website, and on the Lottery\'s YouTube channel. Prior to this date, the selection of the winning numbers had been broadcast on WGN-TV for more than 25 years.
Winners of a Mega Millions (on an Illinois Lottery ticket) or a Lotto jackpot must choose the cash option within 60 days of the drawing if the cash option is desired (a Powerball jackpot winner on an Illinois Lottery ticket has 60 days after claiming to make their choice). Purchasers must be at least 18 years of age to purchase an Illinois Lottery ticket.
In December 2016, a *Chicago Tribune* investigation found that the Illinois Lottery simply suspended many of its most expensive games before awarding its largest prizes. While many lotteries across the United States do not award all its largest, the *Tribune* investigation found that Illinois\'s rate of awarding top prizes was significantly lower. In one example, a game called *The Good Life* was distributed with tickets at \$30 each, with two top prizes of \$46 million, but the game was ended before the lottery sold most of the printed tickets.
In January 2018, the Camelot Group, a gaming company based in the United Kingdom owned by the Ontario Teachers\' Pension Plan, became the new operator of the Illinois Lottery. The state of Illinois was the first in the US to privatize its lottery system.
### Distribution of funds {#distribution_of_funds}
Illinois Lottery proceeds currently benefit three major areas: 1) the state\'s Common School Fund (CSF), which helps finance K--12 public schools; 2) The Capital Projects Fund, used for infrastructure improvements and job creation and 3) special causes like Illinois veterans, breast cancer charities and research, assistance for people living with HIV/AIDS, and multiple sclerosis research. Each of the four special causes above is funded by a unique instant scratch-off game authorized by the Illinois General Assembly.
When the Lottery began in 1974, proceeds went into the state\'s General Revenue Fund. In 1985, a law was enacted to earmark all Lottery proceeds to the CSF. A similar initiative was vetoed a year earlier by then-governor James R. Thompson, who said the bill earmarking Lottery proceeds to the CSF would give people the wrong impression that the Lottery would be a panacea for school funding.
The Lottery\'s first contributions from special-cause instant games occurred in the 2006 fiscal year. The first contribution to the Capital Projects Fund occurred in 2010. In 2012, the Lottery contributed \$639,875,000 to the CSF; \$65,200,000 to the Capital Projects Fund; and \$3,421,368 in support of the four special-cause instant games initiated to date. The Illinois Lottery has contributed more than \$18 billion to charitable causes from its inception through 2013.
### Suspension of payouts {#suspension_of_payouts}
Beginning on July 1, 2015, the Illinois State Lottery suspended payouts on jackpots of \$25,000 or more due to a state budget impasse that would eventually stretch to the end of August 2017. In October 2015, this was extended to all winnings above \$600. The stated reason was that there was no legal authority for the Illinois Lottery or Illinois\'s comptroller to issue checks. Despite this, the state continued to offer its lottery games for play. The move has drawn criticism from some lawmakers, including one who has described the move as fraud. In 2015, the Illinois Lottery became the subject of a class-action seeking to recoup the monies not paid since the suspension of payouts, including a group of players owed at least \$288.4 million. On December 7, 2015, Illinois\'s governor, Bruce Rauner, signed legislation which allowed for the resumption of all payouts.
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# Illinois State Lottery
## Current draw games {#current_draw_games}
### In-house draw games {#in_house_draw_games}
#### Pick 3 {#pick_3}
Pick 3 (originally known as *The Daily Game*) launched on February 19, 1980. It started out as a single-drawing game that was held on Monday through Saturday evenings. On March 20, 1983, the lottery began to offer Sunday drawings of Pick 3. Ten years later on December 20, 1993, it expanded to 14 draws weekly with the addition of midday drawings. Pick 3 draws three sets of balls numbered 0 through 9. Prices, options, and payouts vary.
#### Pick 4 {#pick_4}
Pick 4, similar to Pick 3, began on February 16, 1982, with drawings held on Tuesday and Friday evenings. On August 27, 1984, drawings expanded to six nights a week with the addition of Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday draws. Sunday drawings were added on March 9, 1985. Concurrent with the expansion of Pick 3 to daily drawings, on December 20, 1993, Pick 4 expanded to 14 draws weekly with the addition of midday games. The game draws four sets of ten balls numbered 0 through 9. Prices, options and payouts vary.
### Fireball
On September 1, 2013, the Illinois Lottery introduced an optional feature to Pick 3 and Pick 4, called \"Fireball\", to provide a chance to obtain more winning number combinations. The option can be added for a cost equivalent to the player\'s original base wager(for example, if a Pick 3 wager is 50¢, it costs an additional 50¢ to add the \"Fireball\" option); The fireball number is drawn from 10 balls numbered 0 through 9 for each game during each day and night pick 3 and pick 4 drawing. Players can use the fireball number to replace a number drawn by the lottery to make new combinations. A fireball prize is awarded to players who match the numbers in any given fireball combination. A bonus prize will be awarded if the player matches the base game numbers and any of the resulting fireball combinations to where the Fireball number can replace a lottery drawn number that is identical to the Fireball number drawn.
#### Lucky Day Lotto {#lucky_day_lotto}
In the current version of Lucky Day Lotto, a player pays \$1 and picks 5 numbers from a field of 1 to 45 (or gets 5 randomly assigned numbers as a \"quick pick\"). Players matching all 5 numbers split a parimutuel jackpot that starts at \$100,000. Players matching 4 of 5 numbers win \$200, players matching 3 of 5 numbers win \$15, and players matching 2 of 5 numbers win \$1. Lucky Day Lotto drawings take place twice a day, seven days a week.
For an additional \$1 per game, players can add an EZMatch option. With EZMatch, five additional numbers are randomly assigned. If any of the EZMatch numbers match any of the regular field numbers chosen by the player, there is an instant payout of an amount varying from \$2 to \$5,000.
Historically, on June 1, 1988, Illinois created \"Cash 5\", which began as a 5/35 game that was drawn on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. On May 15, 1989, the game\'s name was changed to \"Little Lotto Cash 5\", then \"Little Lotto\". New drawing balls were introduced on April 6, 1990; the game used a Beitel Criterion drawing machine. On November 7, 1994, five of the possible numbers were removed from the game(with the matrix becoming 5/30). *Little Lotto* became a Monday-through-Friday game beginning with the August 4, 1998 drawing. On February 25, 2004, the number matrix for \"Little Lotto\" changed again, to 5/39, with jackpots beginning at \$100,000; the game\'s drawing also expanded to seven days a week. In 2012, Little Lotto was renamed Lucky Day Lotto. On July 14, 2014, Lucky Day Lotto was changed again, to 5/45, with 4/5, 3/5, and 2/5 rewards being doubled while maintaining the same jackpot theology.
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# Illinois State Lottery
## Current draw games {#current_draw_games}
### Fireball
#### Lotto
In the current version of Lotto, a player pays \$2 and picks 6 numbers from a field of 1 to 50 (or gets 6 randomly assigned numbers as a \"quick pick\"). Players matching all 6 numbers split a parimutuel jackpot that starts at \$2,000,000 and rolls by \$150,000 until it is won. Players matching 5 of 6 numbers win a variable amount that averages \$2,000, matching 4 of 6 win a variable amount that averages \$50, matching 3 of 6 numbers win \$5, and matching 2 of 6 win \$1. Lotto drawings take place on Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. Lotto now has three drawings: the Jackpot drawing, Lotto Million 1, and Lotto Million 2. Historically, Lotto began on February 19, 1983, as a Saturday-only game, with six plus an \"alternate\" of 40 numbered balls being drawn. On May 19, 1984, it became a 6/44 game. On December 1, 1985, advance play was introduced. On January 15, 1986, Wednesday drawings were added; the game was played twice weekly until April 15, 1987. Beginning with the May 7, 1988 drawing, the matrix in which the six numbers could be drawn increased from 44 to 54. On April 7, 1990, new balls and a Beitel Criterion drawing machine debuted. Wednesday drawings were reintroduced on August 15, 1990. On January 15, 1998, the 6/54 matrix was scaled down to 6/48, featuring an all-cash jackpot that began at \$1 million (previously, the jackpot was annuitized, with no cash option). The matrix changed again to 6/52 on April 14, 1999, and added a fourth prize, \$3, for matching three numbers; the jackpot again became annuitized, but with a cash option. On April 1, 2021, the matrix is changed from 6/52 to 6/50 and the base wager was raised to \$2 to support the entry for the Main draw and 2 additional draws (Lotto Million 1 and Lotto Million 2, both have a \$1,000,000 cash prize). The odds of winning a jackpot in the game\'s current version are 1 in 15,890,700 for a single set of drawn numbers.
##### Lotto Extra Shot {#lotto_extra_shot}
In November 2012, Illinois introduced an add-on to Lotto, called Lotto Extra Shot. While regular Lotto plays are \$2 per game, Lotto Extra Shot plays are \$3. A Lotto Extra Shot purchase adds a \"quick picked\" number from 1 through 25 for each play. Matching the Extra Shot number increases the payout received.
Players matching the Extra Shot and either 5, 4, 3, or 2 of the 6 numbers of the regular field receive a payout that is 25 times the payout without the Extra Shot. When matching the Extra Shot and 5 regular field numbers this is a variable amount that averages \$50,000. When matching 4 it is a variable amount that averages \$1,250. When matching 3 regular field numbers the prize is \$125, and when matching 2 it is \$25. There is also a payout for matching the Extra Shot and 1 or no regular field numbers -- \$10 or \$5, respectively. Matching the Extra Shot when also matching all 6 regular field numbers does not increase the jackpot payout.
#### Instant games {#instant_games}
Multiple scratch games in varying amounts and themes are offered by the lottery, including games based on licensed properties such as the NBC game show *Deal or No Deal*. Chicago and St. Louis area sports teams also have tie-ins with the Lottery.
### Multi-jurisdictional games {#multi_jurisdictional_games}
#### Mega Millions {#mega_millions}
On September 6, 1996, six U.S. lotteries, including Illinois\', launched *The Big Game*. Six years later, *The Big Game* added *Mega Millions* to its name; the game now is known simply as *Mega Millions*.
Mega Millions\' minimum jackpot is \$40 million. Players pick 5 numbers from 1 to 70 for the primary numbers and 1 number from 1 to 25 for the mega ball. Each set of numbers costs \$2 for the base game, \$3 with the megaplier add on, where players can win up to \$5 million without hitting the jackpot.
Initially, Mega Millions drawings were to be held at the WGN-TV studios; however, to entice the Georgia Lottery to switch from Powerball, *The Big Game′s* drawing machines were moved to Atlanta before its first drawing.
Mega Millions tickets are currently sold in 44 states plus the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
In late October 2017, Mega Millions became \$2 per play (\$3 with the \"Megaplier\").
Mega Millions sales in Illinois were suspended on June 30, 2017, due to the state\'s budget dispute. Mega Millions sales resumed on July 7, 2017, after the Illinois House came to an agreement on a new state budget.
#### Powerball
On October 13, 2009, the Mega Millions consortium and MUSL reached an agreement to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball. Illinois, already a Mega Millions member, began selling tickets for both games on January 31, 2010. In 2012, the price of a Powerball play was raised to \$2(\$3 with the \"PowerPlay\" option). Powerball tickets are sold in the same jurisdictions as Mega Millions.
Powerball sales in Illinois were suspended on June 28, 2017, due to the state\'s budget dispute. Powerball sales resumed on July 7, 2017, after the Illinois House came to an agreement on a new state budget.
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# Illinois State Lottery
## Retired draw games {#retired_draw_games}
### Lotto 7 {#lotto_7}
Beginning on April 22, 1987, the Illinois Lottery offered a second jackpot game called \"Lotto 7\". The game was drawn on Wednesday nights. Jackpots were paid in annuities, never offering a cash option. \"Lotto 7\" was discontinued on May 4, 1988.
Players chose 7 numbers from 1 to 39. The \"Lotto 7\" Game replaced the Wednesday \"Lotto\" Draw.
### My 3 {#my_3}
\"My 3\" began on September 9, 2012, with drawings held daily at 10:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. CT. The game, which was separate from \"Pick 3\", allowed players to choose numbers without the need to specify the type of wager being made. Players had to match all three digits in exact order to win \$200. Lesser amounts were won depending on the order in which three digits were drawn.
The final \"My 3\" drawing was on September 14, 2014.
### Hit or Miss {#hit_or_miss}
This game had a similar title to the All or Nothing game (although it made its way to Illinois in September 2013 with an unknown end date). The game was played by picking 12 numbers from 1 to 24 for each game played. Unlike the All or Nothing concept and format, players also had an additional number selected at random called the life ball number(from 1 to 5) which only applied to the game's top prize which was \$250,000. Players who match all or none of the numbers drawn with the good life number won the top prize and \$100,000 a year for life (the \$100,000 a year for life prize was paid on a financial annuity over 20 years or the player was given a \$1.2 million cash value for such annuity). The game was drawn 4 times a day every day (at 10:30 AM, 12:40 PM, 6:30 PM and at 9:22 PM central time)
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# Equal Credit Opportunity Act
The **Equal Credit Opportunity Act** (**ECOA**) is a United States law (codified at `{{usc|15|1691}}`{=mediawiki} et seq.), enacted October 28, 1974, that makes it unlawful for any creditor to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract); the applicant\'s use of a public assistance program to receive all or part of their income; or the applicant\'s previous good-faith exercise of any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act. The law applies to any person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly participates in a credit decision, including banks, retailers, bankcard companies, finance companies, and credit unions.
The part of the law that defines its authority and scope is known as **Regulation B**, from the (b) that appears in Title 12 part 1002\'s official identifier: 12 C.F.R. § 1002.1(b) (2017). Failure to comply with Regulation B can subject a financial institution to civil liability for actual and punitive damages in individual or class actions. Liability for punitive damages can be as much as \$10,000 in individual actions and the lesser of \$500,000 or 1% of the creditor\'s net worth in class actions.
Before the enactment of the law, lenders and the federal government frequently and explicitly discriminated against female loan applicants and held female applicants to different standards from male applicants. A large coalition of women\'s and civil rights groups pressured the government to pass the ECOA (and the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974) to prohibit such discrimination.
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# Equal Credit Opportunity Act
## Background
In 1967, when [Margaret Heckler](https://history.house.gov/Oral-History/Women/Representative-Heckler/) was the only newly elected woman in the 90th Congress, she came in as a lawyer and a congresswoman with no right to credit in her own name. She joined the House Committee on Banking and Currency with a determination to insure that women were granted economic justice and fair treatment under the law. In 1968, she was one of only two women to serve on the committee where any legislation regarding women\'s credit would need to be discussed.
When she encountered pushback in Congress, Margaret Heckler advocated for the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. Heckler arranged a meeting with CEOs of several major banks, such as J.P. Morgan, Chase, and Wells Fargo, to discuss their hesitancy to extend credit to women. Financial institutions were worried that women would not pay their bills, but a female Mastercard executive helped allay their concerns. Heckler continued to dispel this fear of women not being credit worthy, assuring the banking executives that they could approve and deny female applicants based on credit eligibility, just as they did with men.
Heckler drafted the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974. According to Heckler\'s chief of staff Edmund Rice, "The work in the Banking Committee, the work in the House, the work to find the allies---all of this Margaret Heckler had the lead on; others were there rhetorically. But all the hard work was Margaret Heckler."
As a legislative fellow with Senator Bill Brock of Tennessee, Dr. Emily Card was motivated by her own experience in being denied a credit card and home mortgage. This led her to work on legislation prohibiting discrimination in granting credit to women. Her work and coordination with women\'s organizations such as the National Organization of Women generated a report on gender-based discrimination in the banking industry that was supported by thousands of letters from women throughout the United States who had been denied credit.
## Prohibitions
Among other things, the ECOA states that it is illegal for creditors to:
- Discriminate based on race, sex, age, national origin, or marital status, or because one receives public assistance.
- Ask about marital status if a candidate is applying for separate, unsecured credit, with one exception: one can be asked about marital status if one lives in a community property state. No matter what the state of residence is, joint credit (credit shared by a married couple) or credit secured with property is exempt from this.
- Ask the candidate if they plan to have children or additional children, but creditors can ask about the number, ages, and financial obligations relating to all existing children.
- Disallow regular sources of income, such as reliable veteran\'s benefits, welfare payments, Social Security payments, alimony, child support, etc. Nor may they refuse to consider or discount any income earned from a part-time job, pension, annuity, or retirement benefits program.
## Requirements
The ECOA states that creditors must:
- Provide the applicant with a notification of action taken within 30 calendar days of receiving a completed application, unless certain exceptions apply. These notifications of action taken are sometimes required to be in writing, while in other cases, oral notification satisfies the Regulation\'s requirement.
- Give the specific reason(s) (or let the candidate know how to get the reason(s)) why one is denied credit or granted credit in a way different from the terms under which they originally applied. This same rule applies if a creditor closes the account, refuses to increase a line of credit, makes a negative change in the terms of the credit and doesn\'t make the same change for other consumers, or refuses to give credit at the same, or approximately the same, terms as were offered when the credit was initially applied for.
## Scope additions {#scope_additions}
When the Banking committee marked up the ECOA, congresswoman Lindy Boggs added the provision banning discrimination due to sex or marital status without informing the other members of the committee beforehand, personally inserting the language on her own and photocopying new versions of the bill. She then told the other committee members, \"Knowing the members composing this committee as well as I do, I\'m sure it was just an oversight that we didn\'t have \'sex\' or \'marital status\' included. I\'ve taken care of that, and I trust it meets with the committee\'s approval.\" The committee unanimously approved the bill
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# Steven Febey
**Steven Febey** (born 19 August 1969) is a former Australian rules football player for the Melbourne Football Club from Devonport. He is the twin brother of Matthew Febey beside whom he played for most of his career.
Febey debuted in 1988 and was a regular in the team throughout the 1990s, wearing guernsey number 21. During the 2001 season he was dropped from the side but came back strongly to finish fourth in the best and fairest.
When he retired in 2002 with 258 games to his name he held the record for most appearances by a player selected in the national draft. He fell just short of Robert Flower\'s club record of 272 games and as of 2007 only four people have played more games for the Demons
After the 2002 season, Febey went to Bali with his teammates and was caught up in the bombings which devastated the island. Standing beside former Demons player Steven Armstrong and David Robbins, Febey was about to enter the Sari Club when the car bomb exploded. He escaped with just minor injuries.
He was the only Demon to play in both the 1988 and 2000 losing grand final teams.
## Statistics
:
\|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1988 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 12 \|\| 1 \|\| 7 \|\| 91 \|\| 23 \|\| 114 \|\| 24 \|\| 9 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 9.5 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.8 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1989 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 20 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 252 \|\| 86 \|\| 338 \|\| 73 \|\| 26 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 12.6 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 16.9 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 1.3 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1990 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 23 \|\| 6 \|\| 9 \|\| 256 \|\| 80 \|\| 336 \|\| 77 \|\| 26 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 11.1 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 14.6 \|\| 3.3 \|\| 1.1 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1991 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 19 \|\| 3 \|\| 8 \|\| 220 \|\| 68 \|\| 288 \|\| 69 \|\| 35 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 11.6 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 15.2 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 1.8 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1992 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 14 \|\| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| 121 \|\| 81 \|\| 202 \|\| 44 \|\| 21 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 8.6 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 14.4 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 1.5 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1993 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 20 \|\| 2 \|\| 5 \|\| 258 \|\| 179 \|\| 437 \|\| 57 \|\| 22 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 12.9 \|\| 9.0 \|\| 21.9 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 1.1 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1994 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 25 \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| 301 \|\| 154 \|\| 455 \|\| 66 \|\| 43 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 12.0 \|\| 6.2 \|\| 18.2 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.7 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1995 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 22 \|\| 2 \|\| 4 \|\| 287 \|\| 107 \|\| 394 \|\| 95 \|\| 23 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 13.0 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 17.9 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 1.0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1996 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 38 \|\| 24 \|\| 62 \|\| 10 \|\| 5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 12.4 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.0 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1997 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 20 \|\| 2 \|\| 6 \|\| 215 \|\| 132 \|\| 347 \|\| 51 \|\| 23 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 10.8 \|\| 6.6 \|\| 17.4 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.2 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1998 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 25 \|\| 7 \|\| 3 \|\| 309 \|\| 191 \|\| 500 \|\| 77 \|\| 60 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 12.4 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 20.0 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 2.4 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1999 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 12 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 125 \|\| 73 \|\| 198 \|\| 33 \|\| 16 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 6.1 \|\| 16.5 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 1.3 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2000 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 21 \|\| 2 \|\| 4 \|\| 239 \|\| 124 \|\| 363 \|\| 55 \|\| 38 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 11.4 \|\| 5.9 \|\| 17.3 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.8 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2001 \|`{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 20 \|\| 7 \|\| 2 \|\| 207 \|\| 153 \|\| 360 \|\| 67 \|\| 38 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 7.7 \|\| 18.0 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 1.9 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 258 ! 40 ! 57 ! 2919 ! 1475 ! 4394 ! 798 ! 385 ! 0.2 ! 0.2 ! 11.3 ! 5.7 ! 17.0 ! 3.1 ! 1
| 812 |
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# FC Spandau 06
**FC Spandau 06** is a German football club based in the Spandau district of Berlin. The club was formed out of the 2003 merger of the traditional side *Spandauer Ballclub 1906* and newcomer *1. FC Spandau* which was established in 1997.
## History
### Spandauer Ballspielclub 1906 {#spandauer_ballspielclub_1906}
*Spandauer BC* was originally formed as *SC Britannia Spandau*. In 1919, following World War I, they merged with *Borussia Spandau* to play as *Hertha Spandau* until 1923 when they once again became *SBC*. The team enjoyed a short turn in the top-flight Oberliga Berlin-Brandenburg in 1932--33, but did not become part of the new Gauliga Berlin (I) after the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich the following season.
After World War II occupying Allied authorities ordered the disbanding of most organizations in the country, including sports and football associations. In late 1945 the memberships of several pre-war clubs within the district were organized as a Sportgruppe (sports group) from which *SBC* emerged in 1953.
The club was promoted out of lower-league city play into the Amateurliga Berlin (IV) in 1967 and played fourth- and fifth-tier football until the late 70s, when they were elevated into the Oberliga Berlin (III) through league re-organization and signing some British players amongst them Paul McGaffney who had earlier been with Te Be Berlin in the 2nd Bundesliga. *SBC* played at that level until 1993, never managing better than a 6th-place finish. Another league re-organization pushed them down through fourth division into fifth-tier play in the Verbandsliga Berlin (V) until they were again relegated in 2002 to the Landesliga Berlin-1 (VI).
### 1. FC Spandau {#fc_spandau}
*1. FC Spandau* was founded in 1997 as an initiative of district mayor, Werner Salomon, who hoped to bring together the district\'s traditional clubs, including *SBC*, *Spandauer SV*, and *Spandau SC* as a single association with the goal of becoming Berlin\'s number three football power after *Hertha Berlin* and *1. FC Union Berlin*. That ambition was never realized. By 1999 only *Ruhlebener SC* had answered the call and the new club was in financial crisis, eventually leading to *1. FC* joining *SBC* in 2003.
The newly combined side steadily improved over the next few seasons and after a Landesliga Berlin (VI) championship in 2006 played as high as the Verbandsliga Berlin (V) but have since fallen to the tier eight Bezirksliga. A runners-up finish at this level in 2015--16 took the club back up to the Landesliga.
They play their home matches in Sportplatz Ziegelhof which was built in 1951 and has a capacity of 3,000 (300 seats)
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# In My Mind (Heather Headley song)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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unexpected '{'
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|75|artist=Heather Headley|accessdate=January 15, 2015|rowheader=true}}
^
``
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# John Cannady
**John Hanley Cannady** (September 5, 1923 -- September 28, 2002) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Indiana Hoosiers and was selected in the third round of the 1947 NFL draft. The first professional football player from Charleston, South Carolina, known as \"Big John,\" he was the New York Giants\' third-round draft pick in 1947 and played from 1947 to 1954. A teammate of Frank Gifford from 1952 to 1954, Big John was a member of the New York Giants' 1950 team that finished with a 10--2 record and tied for first place in the American Conference. He played in the league\'s Pro Bowl game in 1950 and 1952. He played in the first NFL Pro Bowl. Big John was a member of the National Football League Players Association, and Indiana University Members Association. He was named to the South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame in 1991, and to the *Post and Courier*'s list of South Carolina\'s 100 greatest athletes of the 20th century. In retirement he owned and operated a popular bar on East Bay Street in Charleston called \"Big John\'s\"
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# Paral·lel station
**Paral·lel** is a Barcelona Metro station, located under Avinguda del Paral·lel, between the streets of Ronda de Sant Pau and Carrer Nou de la Rambla. It is served by L3, is the southern terminus of L2, and also the lower terminal of the Funicular de Montjuïc.
The station has two levels. The platforms for lines L2 and L3 are situated side by side at the lower level, with each line having a pair of side platforms. A direct connection for cross-platform interchange is provided between the platforms for Zona Universitària (L3) and Badalona -- Pompeu Fabra (L2). The funicular terminus is at the upper level, with side platforms on either side of the single terminal track. Transfers between the funicular and lines L2 and L3 are inside the ticket barriers of the station, and from a fare perspective the funicular is treated as another line of the metro.
The station opened in 1970 with the extension of line L3 from Drassanes. When the line was extended to Zona Universitària, it was initially operated in two sections, with the overhead electrified L3 towards Catalunya and the third rail electrified L3b towards Zona Universitària. The L3 trains terminated in the current L3 platforms, whilst the L3b trains used those now used by L2. The two sections were unified, with L3b converted to overhead electrification, in June 1982, and the L3b platforms were used for train storage. In 1996, line L2 was extended from Sant Antoni, reusing the erstwhile L3b platforms as the L2\'s terminus.
Future plans are for L2 to be diverted at Sant Antoni, via an interchange with L3 at Poble Sec, to Barcelona Airport. This diversion will render the section of L2 from Sant Antoni to Paral·lel, and the L2 terminal tracks at Paral·lel, redundant.
<File:Barcelona> Metro - Parallel.jpg\|The platforms for lines L2 (purple) and L3 (green) are next to each other <File:Funiculaire> Parallel Station
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# James Goldrick
Rear Admiral **James Vincent Purcell Goldrick**, `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|AO|CSC}}`{=mediawiki} (8 August 1958 -- 17 March 2023) was an Australian naval historian, analyst of contemporary naval and maritime affairs, and a senior officer of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Following his retirement from the RAN, Goldrick was a fellow at the Sea Power Centre -- Australia and an adjunct professor in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences in the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy. He was also a member of the Naval Studies Group at the Australian Centre for the Study of Armed Conflict and Society, an adjunct professor in the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre of the Australian National University and a professorial fellow of the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security at the University of Wollongong. He was a visiting fellow at All Souls College, University of Oxford in the first half of 2015, and a non-resident Fellow of the Lowy Institute from 2013 to 2018.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
James Goldrick was born in Sydney, New South Wales on 8 August 1958. He joined the Royal Australian Navy in 1974 as a fifteen-year-old Cadet midshipman. A graduate of the Royal Australian Naval College, he held a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New South Wales and a Master of Letters from the University of New England. He attended the six-week Advanced Management Program of Harvard Business School (AMP 168), and was honoured with the degree of Doctor of Letters honoris causa by the University of New South Wales.
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# James Goldrick
## Naval career {#naval_career}
A principal warfare officer and anti-submarine warfare specialist, Goldrick saw sea service around the world with the RAN and on exchange with the British Royal Navy, including the patrol vessel `{{HMS|Alderney|P278|6}}`{=mediawiki}, the frigates `{{HMS|Sirius|F40|6}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{HMAS|Swan|DE 50|6}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{HMAS|Darwin|FFG 04|6}}`{=mediawiki}, and the destroyer `{{HMS|Liverpool|D92|6}}`{=mediawiki}. He served as executive officer of `{{HMAS|Tarakan|L-129|6}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{HMAS|Perth|D 38|6}}`{=mediawiki}. He was commanding officer of `{{HMAS|Cessnock|FCPB 210|6}}`{=mediawiki} and twice commanded the frigate `{{HMAS|Sydney|FFG 03|6}}`{=mediawiki} before serving as the inaugural commander of Australian Surface Task Group. During this posting, he commanded the Australian task group deployed to the Persian Gulf in early 2002 and also served as commander of the multinational naval forces conducting maritime interception operations to enforce UN sanctions on Iraq, including units from the RAN, the United States Navy, the Royal Navy and the Polish Armed Forces. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for this service.
Goldrick\'s shore postings included serving as aide de camp to the Governor-General of Australia, as an instructor on the RAN\'s Principal Warfare Officer course, as officer-in-charge of the RAN\'s tactical development, tactical training and warfare officer training faculty, as research officer and later as chief staff officer to the Chief of Navy, as director of the RAN Sea Power Centre and as director-general of military strategy in the Australian Department of Defence. For his service, particularly at the Sea Power Centre, he was awarded the Conspicuous Service Cross.
Goldrick took command of the Australian Defence Force Academy in September 2003. He was promoted to rear admiral and assumed duties as Commander Border Protection in May 2006. In May 2008, he was appointed commander of joint education, training and warfare (a position retitled in 2009 as Commander Australian Defence College). After completing his posting in August 2011, he served as acting commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy until March 2012. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2013.
## Naval scholarship and later life {#naval_scholarship_and_later_life}
Goldrick lectured in naval history and contemporary naval affairs at many institutions. He spent 1992 as a research scholar at the US Naval War College. He was a long-term and active member of the Australian Naval Institute, including a significant period on the institute\'s governing council, where he was president between 2005 and 2008. He was an overseas corresponding member of the Society for Nautical Research and served several terms as a councillor of the Navy Records Society. In 2017, his book, *Before Jutland*, was awarded the Anderson Medal of the Society for Nautical Research for the best book of naval or maritime history published in 2015, and he was appointed a Fellow of the Society in 2018. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 2020. In March 2022, Goldrick was awarded the Hattendorf Prize by the United States Naval War College for distinguished academic achievement in publishing original research that contributes to a deeper historical understanding of the broad context and interrelationships involved in the roles, contributions, limitations, and uses of the sea services in history.
Goldrick was married to Ruth, with whom he had two sons. Goldrick died in Canberra on 17 March 2023, following treatment for lymphoma and leukemia.
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# James Goldrick
## Published works {#published_works}
- *The King\'s Ships Were at Sea: The War in the North Sea August 1914 -- February 1915* (1984)
- *Reflections on the Royal Australian Navy*, edited by T.R. Frame, J.V.P. Goldrick, and P.D. Jones. (1991)
- *Mahan is Not Enough: the Proceedings of a Conference on the works of Sir Julian Corbett and Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond*, edited by James Goldrick and John B. Hattendorf (1995)
- *No Easy Answers: The Development of the Navies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka* (1997)
- *Struggling for a solution -- the RAN and the acquisition of a surface to air missile capability* by P. D. Jones and James Goldrick.
- *Navies of South-East Asia: A Comparative Study*, by James Goldrick and Jack McCaffrie.
- *Before Jutland: The Naval War in Northern European Waters August 1914 -- February 1915* (2015)
- *After Jutland: The Naval War in Northern European Waters June 1916 - November 1918* (2018)
In addition, he had contributed to many other works, and to professional journals, including The United States Naval Institute *Proceedings*. As a junior officer he twice won the Guinness Prize of the British *Naval Review*. In 2018, he won the U.S. Chief of Naval Operations Naval History Essay contest with \'Anti-access for Sea Control: The British Mining Campaign in World War I\'.
Among his important articles and chapter-length contributions were:
- *With the Battle Cruisers*, by Filson Young with an introduction by James Goldrick (1986, 2002)
- \'The Battleship Fleet: the Test of War, 1895--1919\' in J. R. Hill, ed., *The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy* (1995).
- *Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss* in Malcolm H. Murfett, ed
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# A. D. Buck Museum of Science and History
**A. D Buck Museum of Science and History** is a museum in Tonkawa, Oklahoma located on the campus of Northern Oklahoma College (NOC).
## History
One of the oldest college-connected museums in Oklahoma, this was originally named the Yellow Bull Museum after a Nez Perce chief, the museum was renamed in 1966 to honor its long-time director, A.D. Buck, who served from the 1930s until 1966. It was founded in 1913 by C. E. Johnson who was a biology instructor at the college. Johnson\'s taxidermy course led to many of the early specimens in the museum. The museum was originally housed in Wilkin Hall before the building burnt down in 1914. The museum remained in North Hall (a.k.a. Harold Hall) until 1968, when it was given its own building.
The museum has had only four directors in its history: C. E. Johnson, A. D. Buck, Leo Rodriguez, and Rex Ackerson.
## Exhibits
The museum features the history of: Northern Oklahoma College, E.W. Marland\'s Three Sands Oil Field, the Tonkawa World War II Prisoner of War Camp, and William H. Vanselous\' Big V Ranch. Science exhibits include mounted specimens of birds and mammals, and the Herbert Walther Mineral/Fossil Collection (housed in nearby Crowder Science Hall.)
The museum closed in 2010 for remodeling, it reopened to present the artifacts and memorabilia arranged by decade. It also added a Welcome Center for NOC\' students, employees, faculty, alumni, donors and the general public.
The museum is open only by appointment
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# Steve Maskrey
**Stephen William Maskrey** (born 16 August 1962 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish former professional footballer.
A striker, Maskrey began his career with East Stirlingshire in 1984. He remained at Firs Park for two years, making 58 league appearances and scoring 24 goals. In 1986, he joined Queen of the South, for whom he made 43 appearances and scored four goals.
Then-St Johnstone manager Alex Totten came in for Maskrey\'s services in 1987, and Maskrey repaid him with 39 goals in 174 appearances for the Perth club. After seven years at Muirton Park, firstly, and then McDiarmid Park, Maskrey followed Totten to Kilmarnock in 1994. His goals return at Rugby Park was not as prolific, with just five goals in 52 league appearances.
In 1996, he joined Partick Thistle, where he made 31 league appearances in twelve months scoring two goals). He left Partick in August 1997 and signed with Livingston, but his stay at the new Almondvale Stadium was again just a year, and he retired from playing in 1998
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# Finn Kobberø
**Finn Kobberø** (13 March 1936 -- 21 January 2009) was a badminton player from Denmark, who won numerous international titles in all of badminton\'s three events (singles, doubles, and mixed doubles) from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s.
## Career
He was one of the most successful players in the history of the All England Open Badminton Championships with 15 titles between 1955 and 1966, 7 in men\'s doubles, mainly with hard-hitting Jorgen Hammergaard Hansen, and 8 in mixed doubles. He was also a three-time singles finalist at the All-Englands despite a storied disdain for physical conditioning. A leading player on all of Denmark\'s Thomas Cup (men\'s international) teams from 1954 through 1964, he won 55 of 64 individual matches. Powerful, quick, and deceptive, he has been rated among the most talented players in the sport\'s history. He won 22 Danish national championships in all. He also won each of the three events at the Danish Open Championships though the tournament was not held during most of the years that he was active as a player.
Kobberø was inducted into the Badminton Hall of Fame in 1997. He later worked as a sports journalist for national television in Denmark. He died January 21, 2009.
## Achievements
### International tournaments (50 titles, 19 runners-up) {#international_tournaments_50_titles_19_runners_up}
*Men\'s singles*
Year Tournament Opponent Score Result
------ ------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------- ---------------
1953 Denmark Open Eddy Choong 3--15, 7--15 **Runner-up**
1955 Norwegian International Leif Ekedahl 15--8, 15--6 **Winner**
1956 Denmark Open Palle Granlund 15--2, 15--7 **Winner**
1956 All England Eddy Choong 15--11, 3--15, 11--15 **Runner-up**
1956 US Open Joe Alston 15--11, 15--8 **Winner**
1956 Norwegian International Bertil Glans 5--15, 18--15, 15--11 **Winner**
1957 Swedish Open Eddy Choong 15--11, 15--9 **Winner**
1957 US Open Eddy Choong 15--10, 2--15, 15--4 **Winner**
1958 Swedish Open Erland Kops 15--11, 15--10 **Winner**
1958 All England Erland Kops 10--15, 15--8, 8--15 **Runner-up**
1958 US Open Jim Poole 8--15, 15--6, 7--15 **Runner-up**
1960 Mexico International Teh Kew San 7--15, 7--15 **Runner-up**
1960 Canada Open Tan Joe Hok 15--10, 8--15, 13--15 **Runner-up**
1961 All England Erland Kops 10--15, 6--15 **Runner-up**
1962 French Open Charoen Wattanasin 4--15, 13--18 **Runner-up**
1962 Belgian International Oon Chong Teik 11--15, 6--15 **Runner-up**
*Men\'s doubles*
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
+======+=========================+===========================+====================================================+=======================+===============+
| 1955 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Eddy Choong\ | 15--9, 14--17, 15--11 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} David Choong | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1955 | Norwegian International | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Leif Ekedahl\ | 15--11, 15--7 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Berndt Dahlberg | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1955 | Malaysia Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Ong Poh Lim\ | 7--15, 17--18 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} Ooi Teik Hock | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1956 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | John Nygaard\ | 18--14, 15--5 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1956 | Norwegian International | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Bertil Glans\ | 15--10, 15--11 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Ingemar Eliasson | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1956 | Denmark Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | John Nygaard\ | 7--15, 15--8, 17--14 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1956 | US Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Ong Poh Lim\ | 15--8, 9--15, 15--7 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} Ooi Teik Hock | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1957 | US Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Eddy Choong\ | 15--12, 15--2 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Bert Fergus | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1957 | Swedish Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Eddy Choong\ | 15--5, 15--12 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} Oon Chong Teik | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1958 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Erland Kops\ | 7--15, 15--11, 8--15 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1958 | Swedish Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Ole Mertz\ | 15--12, 6--15, 13--15 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1958 | US Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Wynn Rogers\ | 15--1, 15--8 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Bob Williams | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1960 | All England | Poul-Erik Nielsen | Lim Say Hup\ | 14--17, 15--3, 15--11 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} Teh Kew San | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1960 | Swedish Open | Poul-Erik Nielsen | Berndt Dahlberg\ | 15--4, 15--4 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Bertil Glans | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1960 | US Open | Charoen Wattanasin | Manuel Armendariz\ | 15--6, 15--6 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Jim Poole | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1961 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Erland Kops\ | 15--6, 15--5 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1961 | French Open | Erland Kops | Oon Chong Teik\ | 15--6, 15--10 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} Yeoh Kean Hua | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1961 | Canada Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Erland Kops\ | 15--8, 15--10 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|SCO}}`{=mediawiki} Robert McCoig | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | German Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Erland Kops\ | 15--7, 15--13 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | French Open | Bengt Nielsen | Charoen Wattanasin\ | 18--16, 1--15, 15--4 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Torkild Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | Swedish Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Henning Borch\ | 15--14, 7--15, 15--4 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Knud Aage Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | Belgian International | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Oon Chong Teik\ | 15--9, 7--15, 6--15 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Ole Mertz | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Narong Bhornchima\ | 17--16, 15--3 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|THA}}`{=mediawiki} Raphi Kanchanaraphi | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1963 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Tan Joe Hock\ | 10--15, 15--4, 15--7 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|INA}}`{=mediawiki} Ferry Sonneville | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1964 | German Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Erland Kops\ | 3--15, 6--15 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1964 | Swedish Open | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Erland Kops\ | 15--7, 17--14 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1964 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Erland Kops\ | 15--6, 15--3 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Poul-Erik Nielsen | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
| 1966 | All England | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen | Ng Boon Bee\ | 15--9, 9--15, 15--17 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} Tan Yee Khan | | |
+------+-------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------+
*Mixed doubles*
| 1,216 |
Finn Kobberø
| 0 |
10,992,220 |
# Finn Kobberø
## Achievements
### International tournaments (50 titles, 19 runners-up) {#international_tournaments_50_titles_19_runners_up}
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
+======+=======================+=========================+=========================================================+======================+===============+
| 1954 | All England | Inge Birgit Hansen | John Best\ | 12--15, 0--15 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Iris Cooley | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1955 | All England | Kirsten Thorndahl | David Choong\ | 15--7, 15--13 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} June White | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1956 | US Open | Judy Devlin | Bob Williams\ | 15--6, 15--11 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Ethel Marshall | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1956 | Denmark Open | Inge Birgit Hansen | Jørn Skaarup\ | 15--9, 7--15, 7--15 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Anni Hammergaard Hansen | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1957 | All England | Kirsten Granlund | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen\ | 15--3, 15--6 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Anni Hammergaard Hansen | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1957 | US Open | Judy Devlin | Bob Williams\ | 15--0, 15--9 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Ethel Marshall | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1958 | All England | Aase Winther | Tony Jordan\ | 9--15, 15--7, 5--15 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} June Timperley | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1958 | US Open | Judy Devlin | Bob Williams\ | 15--5, 17--14 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Ethel Marshall | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1960 | All England | Kirsten Granlund | Poul-Erik Nielsen\ | 15--7, 15--2 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Inge Birgit Hansen | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1960 | Canada Open | Jean Miller | Tan Joe Hok\ | 15--7, 15--7 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|IND}}`{=mediawiki} Sushila Kapadia | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1960 | US Open | Margaret Varner | Michael Roche\ | 15--7, 15--2 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Devlin | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1961 | All England | Kirsten Granlund | Tony Jordan\ | 15--12, 15--5 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} June Timperley | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1961 | Canada Open | Jean Miller | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen\ | 15--3, 15--10 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|CAN|1957}}`{=mediawiki} Marjory Shedd | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | Swedish Open | Anni Hammergaard Hansen | Jesper Sandvad\ | 15--6, 15--7 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Aase Winther | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | German Open | Hanne Andersen | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen\ | 15--4, 15--10 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Anni Hammergaard Hansen | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | All England | Ulla Rasmussen | Poul-Erik Nielsen\ | 15--1, 15--11 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Inge Birgit Hansen | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | Belgian International | Ulla Rasmussen | Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen\ | 6--15, 15--10, 15--6 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Karin Jørgensen | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1962 | French Open | Tan Gaik Bee | Charoen Wattanasin\ | 15--3, 15--2 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Veronica Brock | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1963 | All England | Ulla Rasmussen | Tony Jordan\ | 15--8, 15--12 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} June Timperley | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1964 | Swedish Open | Anne Flindt | Oon Chong Teik\ | 17--14, 15--10 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Hashman | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1964 | German Open | Bente Flindt | Knud Aage Nielsen\ | 15--9, 15--10 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Kirsten Thorndahl | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1964 | All England | Ulla Rasmussen | Tony Jordan\ | 10--15, 13--18 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Jenny Pritchard | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1964 | Nordic Championships | Ulla Rasmussen | Ole Mertz\ | 15--6, 15--12 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Annette Rye | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1965 | All England | Ulla Strand | Tony Jordan\ | 9--15, 15--4, 15--12 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Jenny Pritchard | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| 1966 | Denmark Open | Ulla Strand | Per Walsøe\ | 15--13, 15--3 | **Winner** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Pernille Mølgaard Hansen | | |
+------+-----------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------+
## Summary
Rank Event Date Venue
------ ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------
1 Men\'s doubles 1955, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 All England Open
Mixed doubles 1955, 1957, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966
1 Men\'s singles 1956, 1957 U.S
| 788 |
Finn Kobberø
| 1 |
10,992,237 |
# G418
**G418** (**geneticin**) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic similar in structure to gentamicin B1. It is produced by *Micromonospora rhodorangea*. G418 blocks polypeptide synthesis by inhibiting the elongation step in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Resistance to G418 is conferred by the neo gene from Tn5 encoding an aminoglycoside 3\'-phosphotransferase, APT 3\' II. G418 is an analog of neomycin sulfate, and has similar mechanism as neomycin. G418 is commonly used in laboratory research to select genetically engineered cells . In general, for bacteria and algae, concentrations of 5 μg/mL or less are used; for mammalian cells, concentrations of approximately 400 μg/mL are used for selection and 200 μg/mL for maintenance. However, optimal concentration for resistant clones selection in mammalian cells depends on the cell line used as well as on the plasmid carrying the resistance gene. Therefore, antibiotic titration should be done to find the best condition for every experimental system. Titration should be done using antibiotic concentrations ranging from 100 μg/mL up to 1400 μg/mL. Resistant clones selection could require from 1 to up to 3 weeks. \_\_TOC\_\_
## G418 impurity profile {#g418_impurity_profile}
G418 is produced by fermentation and isolation processes and the G418 producing strain *Micromonospora rhodorangea* produces many other gentamicins while producing G418. The common impurities of G418 include gentamicins A, C1, C1a, C2, C2a and X2. The quality of G418 is not based on just the potency, but more on the selectivity defined by the killing curve of the sensitive cells vs the resistant cells. A good G418 product has the lowest `{{LD50}}`{=mediawiki} for sensitive cells (such as NIH 3T3) and the highest LD~50~ (can be up to 5,000 μg/ml) for resistant cells (NIH 3T3 transfected with resistant genes). Gentamicins have almost no selectivity, except gentamicin X2.
## Use in cell biology {#use_in_cell_biology}
G418 is routinely used as a selective agent in cell culture set-ups. Researchers can link the *neoR* selective resistance gene with their vector. Then if the vector is successfully introduced into cells, the cells can become G418-resistant cells. After treating with G418, these vector(-) cells will die, while vector(+) cells will survive. This method can help researchers select vector(+) cells.
## Mechanism of action {#mechanism_of_action}
G418 Disulfate and other aminoglycosides prevent protein synthesis at the early stages of elongation, post-initiation, initiation of translation. Resistance to G418 Disulfate is conferred by the Neomycin resistance gene (*neo)* from either Tn5 or Tn601 (903) transposons. Cells transfected with resistance plasmids containing the *neo* gene can express aminoglycoside 3\'-phosphotransferase (APT 3\' I or APT 3\' II) which covalently modifies G418 to 3-phosphoric G418, which has negligible potency and has low-affinity for prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes
| 438 |
G418
| 0 |
10,992,300 |
# Washington's Lottery
**Washington\'s Lottery** is the lottery system for the U.S. state of Washington, run by the state government. Its games include Mega Millions, Powerball, Keno, Lotto, Hit 5, Match 4, Pick 3, and scratch games.
The bill (H.B. 1251) creating the lottery was passed by the state legislature in 1982 (House on June 30, 1982; Senate on July 1, 1982) and signed by governor John Spellman on July 16. Washington became the sixteenth state with a lottery and only the second in the Western U.S., joining Arizona.
It was launched four months later with a one-dollar scratch ticket game titled \"Pot O\'Gold Instant Lottery,\" which began on November 15, 1982. What is now Pick 3 began as Triple Choice in January 1984, and Lotto was launched six months later in July, with a weekly drawing on Saturday evening. A second Lotto drawing on Wednesday was added on November 18, 1987, and a third on Monday on February 14, 2005.
## Games
Washington\'s Lottery offers several draw games, plus scratch ticket games. The list of draw games:
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Game | Matrice(s) | Prize range |
+============================================================+============================+=============================================================================================+
| Mega Millions | 5 of 70 + 1 of 25 | \$1†, \$2†, \$5†, \$5†, \$500†, \$5,000†, \$1,000,000†, or Jackpot (begins at \$20 million) |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Powerball | 5 of 69 + 1 of 26 | \$4♠, \$7♠, \$100♠, \$50,000♠, \$1,000,000♠, or Jackpot (begins at \$20 million) |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lotto | 6 of 49 | \$3 through Jackpot (begins at \$1 million) |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hit 5 | 5 of 42 | Free ticket through Cashpot (begins at \$100,000) |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Daily Keno | 10 of 80; 20 numbers drawn | Prizes vary by number of \'spots\' picked and matched. |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Match 4 | 4 of 24 | \$2, \$20, or \$10,000 |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pick 3 (originally Triple Choice (1984-87),\ | 3 digits from 0-9 | Prizes vary by betting style. |
| `{{spaces|9}}`{=mediawiki}then The Daily Game (1987-2020)) | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cash Pop | 1 of 15 | prizes range from \$25 to \$1,250 for a \$5 wager for each number (here called a pop). |
+------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Laws prohibit any game from being drawn more than once daily.
† These prizes are multiplied by 2, 3, 4, or 5 if the *Megaplier* option was activated (this option, initially used only in Texas, was introduced to Washington\'s Lottery in January 2011).
♠ In January 2012, the *Power Play* multiplier was retired; non-jackpot prizes have fixed values regardless of whether the option was activated. In the case of second prize, a *Power Play* wager wins \$2,000,000 cash.
A list of scratch ticket games can be found \*[here](http://www.walottery.com/sections/LotteryGames/Scratch.aspx?Page=Numbers)
## Retired games {#retired_games}
This is a partial list games that have been retired and when they were active.
Name Dates Rules
------------ ------------------------------- --------------------
Quinto 1990-March 2007 5 of 52 cards
Lotto Plus May 1, 2002 - October 4, 2003 5 of 43; + 1 of 23
Quinto, for a brief period, had an add-on game called *Beat the State*.
## Special games {#special_games}
For its 25th anniversary in 2007, the Lottery held its first raffle, 375,000 tickets were sold, with three prizes of \$1 million, four of \$100,000, and 350 of \$1,000. In the first drawing, all tickets were sold. In spring 2008, a second raffle was held, however, over 100,000 tickets were unsold. The cost of a ticket in both raffles was \$20.
## Additional information {#additional_information}
Many U.S. lotteries draw some games, such as pick-3, at least twice daily. However, local law prohibits Washington\'s Lottery from drawing any of its games more than once daily. This explains why its Keno is not drawn every few minutes, unlike a growing number of lotteries.
In April 2009, both houses of the state legislature passed a bill to allow Washington\'s Lottery to sell Powerball tickets, to take effect 90 days after the governor\'s signature, and sales began on February 3, 2010. Minimum age to purchase lottery tickets in Washington is 18
| 674 |
Washington's Lottery
| 0 |
10,992,371 |
# Panos Gavalas
**Panagiotis (Panos) Gavalas** (Greek: Πάνος Γαβαλάς; October 26, 1926 -- December 3, 1988) was a Greek singer.
## Discography
Year Title Greek title English title
-------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------
1982 *Axehastes Epityhies* *Αξέχαστες Επιτυχίες Νο 2* *Unforgettable Success*
1983 *Axehastes Epityhies No
| 45 |
Panos Gavalas
| 0 |
10,992,372 |
# Selgros
**Selgros** is a cash and carry chain in Europe, owned by Transgourmet Holding, a wholly owned subsidiary of Coop (Switzerland). It started in 1989 as a joint venture between Rewe Group (50%) and Otto Group (50%). In March 2008, Rewe took over 100% of the company, and in October 2008 formed the Transgourmet Holding company with Coop. In 2011, Coop purchased the remaining interests of Transgourmet, which included Selgros.
## Operations in Europe {#operations_in_europe}
Country First hypermarket No. of hypermarkets
--------- ------------------- ---------------------
Germany 1959 45
Romania 2001 23
Poland 1997 19
Russia 2008 11
### Romania
In Romania, Selgros owns a total of 23 hypermarkets throughout the country, with four stores in Bucharest, two stores in Constanţa, two stores in Târgu Mureş and with one store each in Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca, Iaşi, Craiova, Arad, Oradea, Braşov, Ploieşti, Bacău, Suceava, Galaţi, Brăila, Bistrița, Baia Mare, Sibiu and Alba Iulia.
### Poland
In Poland, Selgros has opened 19 hypermarkets, with four stores in Warsaw, Wrocław and Łódź and with one store each in Szczecin, Gdańsk, Białystok, Bytom, Radom, Kraków, Poznań, Katowice, Lublin, Siedlce and Gliwice
| 185 |
Selgros
| 0 |
10,992,373 |
# List of All England women's doubles champions
The champions and runners-up of the **All England Open Badminton Championships Ladies\' Doubles tournament**, first introduced to the championship in 1899. From 1915 to 1919, and from 1940 to 1946, no competition was held due to the two World Wars.
## History
In the Amateur era, Meriel Lucas (1899-1900, 1902, 1904-1910) holds the record for the most titles in the Ladies\' Doubles, winning All England ten times. Lucas also holds the record for most consecutive titles with seven from 1904 to 1910.
Since the Open era of badminton began in late 1979 with the inclusion of professional badminton players from around the world in 1980, Gao Ling and Huang Sui (2001-2006) holds the record for most and also consecutive victories with six.
Gillian Perrin, Nora Gardner, Atsuko Tokuda, Yoshiko Yonekura and Verawaty Fadjrin are the only players in history to reach the All England Open Badminton Ladies\' Doubles Final in both the Amateur and Open Era. Perrin managed to do so a total of seven times, winning twice in the Amateur Era and once in the Open Era, Gardner four, winning twice in the Open Era, Tokuda thrice, with a sole victory in the Amateur Era and both Yonekura and Fadjrin twice, with Fadjrin registering a victory in the Amateur Era.
## Finalists
### Amateur era {#amateur_era}
Year Champions Runners--up Score
------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------
1899 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Meriel Lucas / Mary Graeme** Ethel Thomson / I. Theobald 18--17, 15--5
1900 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Meriel Lucas / Mary Graeme** Ethel Thomson / I. Theobald 15--9, 5--15, 15--2
1901 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Daisy St. John / E. Moseley** Meriel Lucas / Mary Graeme 15--0, 15--5
1902 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Ethel Thomson / Meriel Lucas** E. Moseley / Daisy St. John 18--17, 9--15, 15--9
1903 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Mabel Hardy / Dorothea Douglass** Ethel Thomson / Muriel Bateman 15--4, 15--9
1904 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Ethel Thomson / Meriel Lucas** Hazel Hogarth / M. Drake 15--2, 15--5
1905 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Ethel Thomson / Meriel Lucas** Mabel Hardy / Dora Harvey 15--3, 15--6
1906 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Ethel Thomson / Meriel Lucas** Muriel Bateman / Hazel Hogarth 15--10, 15--5
1907 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} G. L. Murray / Meriel Lucas** Alice Gowenlock / Dorothy Cundall 15--9, 15--9
1908 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} G. L. Murray / Meriel Lucas** Alice Gowenlock / Dorothy Cundall 15--4, 15--5
1909 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} G. L. Murray / Meriel Lucas** Alice Gowenlock / Dorothy Cundall 15--3, 9--15, 15--6
1910 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Muriel Bateman / Meriel Lucas** Dorothea Lambert-Chambers / Dorothy Lyon 15--8, 15--8
1911 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Alice Gowenlock / Dorothy Cundall** Margaret Larminie / Lavinia Radeglia 15--12, 11--15, 15--12
1912 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Alice Gowenlock / Dorothy Cundall** Constance Ireland / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Frances Drake 15--2, 15--5
1913 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Hazel Hogarth / Muriel Bateman** Marjory East / `{{flagicon|IRE|1783}}`{=mediawiki} C Johnstone 18--15, 15--4
1914 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Tragett / Eveline Peterson** Alice Gowenlock / Lavinia Radeglia 15--4, 16--18, 17--15
1915--1919 *no competition*
1920 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Lavinia Radeglia / Violet Elton** D Harvey / *Mrs Reynolds* 17--15, 5--15, 15--10
1921 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret McKane / Kitty McKane** Violet Elton / Lavinia Radeglia 15--8, 15--11
1922 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Tragett / Hazel Hogarth** A. M. Head / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Violet Baddeley 15--11, 15--9
1923 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Tragett / Hazel Hogarth** Violet Elton / Lavinia Radeglia 15--3, 18--15
1924 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Stocks / Kitty McKane** A. M. Head / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Violet Elton 15--3, 15--13
1925 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Tragett / Hazel Hogarth** A. M. Head / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Violet Elton 15--11, 15--9
1926 **`{{flagicon|IRE}}`{=mediawiki} A. M. Head / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Violet Elton** Marjorie Barrett / Marian Horsley 15--9, 15--10
1927 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Tragett / Hazel Hogarth** Violet Baddeley / `{{flagicon|WAL|1807}}`{=mediawiki} D. Myers 5--15, 18--16, 15--8
1928 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marjorie Barrett / Violet Elton** Margaret Tragett / Hazel Hogarth 5--15, 18--16, 15--8
1929 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marjorie Barrett / Violet Elton** Marian Horsley / `{{flagicon|IRE}}`{=mediawiki} Dorothy Colpoys 15--13, 15--3
1930 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marjorie Barrett / Violet Elton** Marian Horsley / `{{flagicon|IRE}}`{=mediawiki} Dorothy Colpoys 15--1, 15--11
1931 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marian Horsley / Betty Uber** Marjorie Barrett / Violet Elton 12--15, 15--10, 15--5
1932 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marjorie Barrett / Leoni Kingsbury** L. W. Myers / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Brenda Speaight 9--15, 18--16, 15--8
1933 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marje Bell / Thelma Kingsbury** L. W. Myers / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Brenda Speaight 10--15, 15--11, 15--9
1934 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marje Henderson / Thelma Kingsbury** L. W. Myers / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Brenda Speaight 15--8, 15--5
1935 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marje Henderson / Thelma Kingsbury** Betty Uber / Diana Doveton 15--5, 9--15, 15--8
1936 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Marje Henderson / Thelma Kingsbury** Betty Uber / Diana Doveton 15--10, 5--15, 15--7
1937 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Betty Uber / Diana Doveton** Marje Henderson / Thelma Kingsbury 17--18, 15--1, 15--2
1938 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Betty Uber / Diana Doveton** Marje Henderson / Marian Horsley 15--6, 15--1
1939 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Ruth Dalsgaard / Tonny Olsen** Marjorie Barrett / Diana Doveton 15--11, 2--15, 17--15
1940--1946 *no competition*
1947 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Tonny Ahm / Kirsten Thorndahl** Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen / Marie Ussing 15--8, 15--7
1948 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Tonny Ahm / Kirsten Thorndahl** Betty Uber / Queenie Allen 15--6, 12--15, 15--2
1949 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Betty Uber / Queenie Allen** Tonny Ahm / Kirsten Thorndahl 16--17, 15--5, 15--8
1950 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Tonny Ahm / Kirsten Thorndahl** Betty Uber / Queenie Allen 16--17, 15--5, 15--8
1951 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Tonny Ahm / Kirsten Thorndahl** Marje Henderson / Queenie Webber 17--15, 15--7
1952 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Tonny Ahm / Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen** Betty Uber / Queenie Webber 18--15, 15--4
1953 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Iris Cooley / June White** Agnete Friis / Marie Ussing 11--15, 15--2, 15--9
1954 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Sue Devlin / Judy Devlin** Iris Cooley / June White 15--7, 12--15, 15--8
1955 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Iris Cooley / June White** Sue Devlin / Judy Devlin 18--15, 10--15, 15--9
1956 **`{{flagicon|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} Sue Devlin / Judy Devlin** Iris Rogers / June Timperley 17--18, 15--12, 15--12
1957 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Anni Hammergaard Hansen / Kirsten Thorndahl** Iris Rogers / June Timperley 7--15, 15--11, 15--10
1958 **`{{flagicon|USA|1912}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Varner / `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Heather Ward** Iris Rogers / June Timperley 15--12, 15--2
1959 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Iris Rogers / June Timperley** Sue Devlin / Judy Devlin 11--15, 15--10, 15--11
1960 **`{{flagicon|USA|1959}}`{=mediawiki} Sue Devlin / Judy Devlin** Kirsten Thorndahl / Inge Birgit Hansen 15--13, 15--6
1961 **`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Hashman / `{{flagicon|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} Sue Peard** Cathy E. Dunglison / Wilma Tyre 15--5, 15--4
1962 **`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Hashman / `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Tonny Holst-Christensen** Karin Jørgensen / Ulla Rasmussen 15--5, 15--3
1963 **`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Hashman / `{{flagicon|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} Sue Peard** Karin Jørgensen / Ulla Rasmussen 15--6, 15--9
1964 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Karin Jørgensen / Ulla Rasmussen** Judy Hashman / `{{flagicon|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} Sue Peard 15--11, 6--15, 15--10
1965 **`{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Karin Jørgensen / Ulla Rasmussen** Jenny Pritchard / Ursula Smith 15--5, 15--0
1966 **`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Hashman / `{{flagicon|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} Sue Peard** Karin Jørgensen / Ulla Strand 15--5, 14--17, 15--12
1967 **`{{flagicon|NLD}}`{=mediawiki} Imre Rietveld / `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} Ulla Strand** Janet Brennan / `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Hashman 11--15, 15--8, 15--4
1968 **`{{flagicon|IDN}}`{=mediawiki} Minarni Sudaryanto / Retno Koestijah** Noriko Takagi / Hiroe Amano 15--5, 15--6
1969 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Boxall / Susan Whetnall** Hiroe Amano / Tomoko Takahashi 15--11, 15--11
1970 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Boxall / Susan Whetnall** Gillian Perrin / Julie Rickard 15--6, 8--15, 15--9
1971 **`{{flagicon|JPN|1947}}`{=mediawiki} Noriko Takagi / Hiroe Yuki** Gillian Gilks / `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Judy Hashman 15--10, 18--13
1972 **`{{flagicon|JPN|1947}}`{=mediawiki} Machiko Aizawa / Etsuko Takenaka** Margaret Beck / Julie Rickard 9--15, 15--8, 15--12
1973 **`{{flagicon|JPN|1947}}`{=mediawiki} Machiko Aizawa / Etsuko Takenaka** Margaret Beck / Gillian Gilks 15--10, 10--15, 15--11
1974 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Margaret Beck / Gillian Gilks** Margaret Boxall / Susan Whetnall 15--5, 18--14
1975 **`{{flagicon|JPN|1947}}`{=mediawiki} Machiko Aizawa / Etsuko Takenaka** Theresia Widiastuti / Imelda Wiguna 12--15, 15--12, 15--9
1976 **`{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} Gillian Gilks / Susan Whetnall** Margaret Lockwood / Nora Gardner 15--10, 15--10
1977 **`{{flagicon|JPN|1947}}`{=mediawiki} Etsuko Toganoo / Emiko Ueno** Margaret Lockwood / Nora Perry 7--15, 15--3, 15--7
1978 **`{{flagicon|JPN|1947}}`{=mediawiki} Atsuko Tokuda / Mikiko Takada** Emiko Ueno / Yoshiko Yonekura 18--16, 15--6
1979 **`{{flagicon|IDN}}`{=mediawiki} Verawaty Fadjrin / Imelda Wiguna** Atsuko Tokuda / Mikiko Takada 15--3, 10--15, 15--5
| 1,276 |
List of All England women's doubles champions
| 0 |
10,992,373 |
# List of All England women's doubles champions
## Finalists
### Open era {#open_era}
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| Year | Country | Champions | Country | Runners--up | Score |
+======+=================================+==============================================================+=================================+============================================================+========================+
| 1980 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 11--15, 15--7, 15--6 |
| | `{{flag|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Nora|Perry|Nora Perry (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN|1870}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yoshiko|Yonekura}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1981 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--8, 15--4 |
| | `{{flag|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jane|Webster}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Paula|Kilvington}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1982 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--8, 15--5 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Dixi|Wu|Wu Dixi}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|INA}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Verawaty|Fadjrin}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1983 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--9, 15--11 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Rong|Xu|Xu Rong (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Dixi|Wu|Wu Dixi}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1984 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--8, 8--15, 17--14 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Dixi|Wu|Wu Dixi}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|KOR|1949}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sang-hee|Yoo|Yoo Sang-hee}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1985 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--7, 15--9 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Lingwei|Li|Li Lingwei}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jianqiu|Wu|Wu Jianqiu}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1986 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--5, 6--15, 15--8 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hye-young|Hwang|Hwang Hye-young}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sang-hee|Yoo|Yoo Sang-hee}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1987 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--6, 8--15, 15--11 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hye-young|Hwang|Hwang Hye-young}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Ying|Lin|Lin Ying (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1988 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--8, 9--15 (retired) |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yun-ja|Kim|Kim Yun-ja}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hye-young|Hwang|Hwang Hye-young}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1989 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--7, 15--4 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|So-young|Chung|Chung So-young}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Lei|Zhou|Zhou Lei}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1990 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 6--15, 15--4, 15--4 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hye-young|Hwang|Hwang Hye-young}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Gillian|Gowers}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1991 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--5, 15--3 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hye-young|Hwang|Hwang Hye-young}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN|1947}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hisako|Mori}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1992 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 18--14, 18--17 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Fen|Yao|Yao Fen}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Qunhua|Nong|Nong Qunhua}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1993 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 5--15, 15--4, 15--7 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Young-ah|Gil|Gil Young-ah}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yanfen|Lin|Lin Yanfen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1994 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 7--15, 15--8, 15--4 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Young-ah|Gil|Gil Young-ah}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Eun-jung|Shim|Shim Eun-jung}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1995 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--6, 15--3 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1984}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hye-ock|Jang|Jang Hye-ock}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|INA}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Resiana|Zelin}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1996 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--7, 15--3 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jun|Gu|Gu Jun}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Rikke|Olsen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1997 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--6, 15--9 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jun|Gu|Gu Jun}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|INA}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Resiana|Zelin}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1998 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--7, 15--7 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jun|Gu|Gu Jun}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|KOR|1997}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Kyung-min|Ra|Ra Kyung-min}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1999 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--6, 15--8 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1997}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Kyung-min|Ra|Ra Kyung-min}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Ying|Lu|Lu Ying (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2000 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--5, 15--3 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jun|Gu|Gu Jun}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|KOR|1997}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Kyung-min|Ra|Ra Kyung-min}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2001 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 10--15, 15--8, 15--9 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sui|Huang|Huang Sui}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jiewen|Zhang|Zhang Jiewen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2002 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 7--3, 7--5, 8--7 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sui|Huang|Huang Sui}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jiewen|Zhang|Zhang Jiewen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2003 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--10, 15--13 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sui|Huang|Huang Sui}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jiewen|Zhang|Zhang Jiewen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2004 | \ | \ | \ | \ | *Walkover* |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sui|Huang|Huang Sui}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jiewen|Zhang|Zhang Jiewen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2005 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 15--10, 15--13 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sui|Huang|Huang Sui}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Tingting|Zhao|Zhao Tingting}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2006 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 6--15, 15--11, 15--2 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sui|Huang|Huang Sui}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jiewen|Zhang|Zhang Jiewen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2007 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--16, 8--21, 24--22 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yawen|Zhang|Zhang Yawen}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jiewen|Zhang|Zhang Jiewen}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2008 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 12--21, 21--18, 21--14 |
| | `{{flag|KOR|1997}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Kyung-won|Lee|Lee Kyung-won}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2009 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--13, 21--15 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Tingting|Zhao|Zhao Tingting}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yunlei|Zhao|Zhao Yunlei}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2010 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 20--22, 21--16, 21--13 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yunlei|Zhao|Zhao Yunlei}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2011 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--2, 21--9 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Reika|Kakiiwa}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2012 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--17, 21--12 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yunlei|Zhao|Zhao Yunlei}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2013 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--18, 21--10 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yunlei|Zhao|Zhao Yunlei}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2014 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--17, 18--21, 23--21 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yuanting|Tang|Tang Yuanting}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2015 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--14, 21--14 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yuanting|Tang|Tang Yuanting}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2016 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--10, 21--12 |
| | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Ayaka|Takahashi}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yang|Yu|Yu Yang (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2017 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--18, 21--13 |
| | `{{flag|KOR}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|So-hee|Lee|Lee So-hee}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Kamilla|Rytter Juhl}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2018 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--19, 21--18 |
| | `{{flag|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Kamilla|Rytter Juhl}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sayaka|Hirota}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2019 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 18--21, 22--20, 21--11 |
| | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yifan|Jia|Jia Yifan}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Wakana|Nagahara}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2020 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--13, 21--15 |
| | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sayaka|Hirota}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yinhui|Li|Li Yinhui}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2021 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--18, 21--16 |
| | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Wakana|Nagahara}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Sayaka|Hirota}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2022 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--13, 21--9 |
| | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Chiharu|Shida}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|CHN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yu|Zheng|Zheng Yu}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2023 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--5, 21--12 |
| | `{{flag|KOR}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Hee-yong|Kong|Kong Hee-yong}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|KOR}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|So-hee|Lee|Lee So-hee}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2024 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--19, 11--21, 21--17 |
| | `{{flag|KOR}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|So-hee|Lee|Lee So-hee}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Chiharu|Shida}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 2025 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 21--16, 14--21, 21--17 |
| | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Chiharu|Shida}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flag|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Mayu|Matsumoto}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| 1,326 |
List of All England women's doubles champions
| 1 |
10,992,373 |
# List of All England women's doubles champions
## Statistics
### Multiple titles {#multiple_titles}
**Bold** indicates active players.
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rank | Country | Player | Amateur era | Open era | All-time | Years |
+======+============================+======================================================+=============+==========+==========+============================================================+
| 1 | | | 10 | 0 | 10 | 1899, 1900, 1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | \ | | 7 | 0 | 7 | 1954, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1966 |
| | `{{flag|USA}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | | | 6 | 0 | 6 | 1939, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \ | | 6 | 0 | | 1954, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1966 |
| | `{{flag|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 6 | | 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 6 | | 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | | | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1913, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1927 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | | 1914, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1927 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | | 1920, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1930 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | | 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1957 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 5 | | 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | | | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1902, 1904, 1905, 1906 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | | 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | | 1931, 1937, 1938, 1949 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | | 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | | 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | | 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | | 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | | 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | | 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | | 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | | 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 23 | | | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1907, 1908, 1909 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | | 1953, 1955, 1959 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | | 1953, 1955, 1959 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | | 1964, 1965, 1967 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | | 1969, 1970, 1976 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | | 1972, 1973, 1975 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 1 | | 1974, 1976, 1980 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | | 1993, 1994, 1995 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | | 2011, 2013, 2014 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 32 | | | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1899, 1900 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1907, 1909 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1907, 1909 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1910, 1913 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1921, 1924 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1921, 1924 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1937, 1938 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1964, 1965 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 2 | 0 | | 1969, 1970 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 2 | | 1980, 1981 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 2 | | 1982, 1984 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 2 | | 1982, 1984 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | 0 | 2 | | 2007, 2009 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | **`{{sortname|So-hee|Lee|Lee So-hee}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 2 | | 2017, 2024 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | **`{{sortname|Nami|Matsuyama}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 2 | | 2022, 2025 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | **`{{sortname|Chiharu|Shida}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 2 | | 2022, 2025 |
+------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+
### Champions by country {#champions_by_country}
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rank | Country | Amateur era | Open era | All-time | First title | Last title | First champions | Last champions |
+======+=========+=============+==========+==========+=============+============+==========================================================================+==========================================================================+
| 1 | | 44.5 | 2 | 47 | 1899 | 1981 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{sortname|Mary|Graeme}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Jane|Webster}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | | 0 | 24 | 24 | 1982 | 2019 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{sortname|Dixi|Wu|Wu Dixi}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Yifan|Jia|Jia Yifan}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | | 0 | 14 | 14 | 1986 | 2024 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{sortname|Hye-young|Hwang|Hwang Hye-young}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|So-hee|Lee|Lee So-hee}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | | 10 | 1 | 11 | 1939 | 2018 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{sortname|Tonny|Olsen}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Kamilla|Rytter Juhl}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | | 6 | 3 | 9 | 1971 | 2021 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{sortname|Hiroe|Yuki}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Wakana|Nagahara}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | | 3.5 | 0 | 4.5 | 1958 | 1966 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{sortname|Heather|Ward}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flagicon|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} `{{sortname|Sue|Devlin}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1926 | 1966 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{sortname|Violet|Elton}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} `{{sortname|Judy|Devlin}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | 2 | 0 | | 1968 | 1979 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{sortname|Minarni|Sudaryanto}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{sortname|Imelda|Wiguna}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 1967 | 1967 | \ | \ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} `{{sortname|Ulla|Rasmussen}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flagicon|DEN}}`{=mediawiki} `{{sortname|Ulla|Rasmussen}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------+---------+-------------+----------+----------+-------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,080 |
List of All England women's doubles champions
| 2 |
10,992,373 |
# List of All England women's doubles champions
## Statistics
### Multiple finalists {#multiple_finalists}
**Bold** indicates active players.\
*Italic* indicates players who never won the championship.
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| Rank | Country | Player | Amateur era | Open era | All-time |
+======+=============================+===================================================================================+=============+==========+==========+
| 1 | \ | | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| | `{{flag|USA}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 2 | | | 11 | 0 | 11 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 3 | | | 10 | 0 | 10 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 4 | | | 9 | 0 | 9 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | \ | | 9 | 0 | |
| | `{{flag|USA}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | |
| | `{{flag|IRL}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 6 | | | 8 | 0 | 8 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 8 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 8 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 9 | | | 7 | 0 | 7 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 7 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 7 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 7 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 7 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 7 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 7 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 2 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 7 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 18 | | | 6 | 0 | 6 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 6 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 6 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | *`{{sortname|Jiewen|Zhang|Zhang Jiewen}}`{=mediawiki}* | 0 | 6 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 22 | | | 5 | 0 | 5 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 5 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 5 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 5 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 5 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 5 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 34 | | | 4 | 0 | 4 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 4 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 2 | 2 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | *`{{sortname|Wei|Yang|Yang Wei (badminton)}}`{=mediawiki}* | 0 | 4 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 4 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | **`{{sortname|Yuki|Fukushima}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 4 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 46 | | | 3 | 0 | 3 |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | *`{{sortname|L. W.|Myers}}`{=mediawiki}* | 3 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | *`{{sortname|Brenda|Speaight}}`{=mediawiki}* | 3 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 3 | 0 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 2 | 1 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | *`{{sortname|Weizhen|Guan|Guan Weizhen}}`{=mediawiki}* | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | *`{{sortname|Shu|Cheng|Cheng Shu}}`{=mediawiki}* | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | **`{{sortname|Sayaka|Hirota}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | **`{{sortname|So-hee|Lee|Lee So-hee}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | **`{{sortname|Mayu|Matsumoto}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | **`{{sortname|Nami|Matsuyama}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| | | **`{{sortname|Chiharu|Shida}}`{=mediawiki}** | 0 | 3 | |
+------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 66 | | *`{{sortname|I
| 763 |
List of All England women's doubles champions
| 3 |
10,992,390 |
# Wisconsin Lottery
The **Wisconsin Lottery** is run by the Wisconsin Department of Revenue and was authorized in 1988 by the state legislature. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). Its games consist of Mega Millions, Powerball, Megabucks, Supercash!, Badger 5, Pick 3, Pick 4, All or Nothing, and scratch games. Since its founding, it has generated \$4.6 billion for property tax relief for state residents.
The minimum age to buy Wisconsin Lottery tickets is 18.
## Televised history {#televised_history}
### The Money Game {#the_money_game}
Until 2003, a game show produced by the Wisconsin Lottery and Hearst-Argyle Television, called *Wisconsin Lottery Money Game*, was aired weekly on the Lottery\'s network of stations. Contestants won a chance to play the game (and \$100) if a scratch ticket contained three \"TV\" symbols; if not chosen for the main game, would win at least \$500 from a pool of money split between them and the other 54 players not chosen. Five contestants would play the game, consisting of four or five rounds where they would choose cash prizes hidden behind the letters **Wisconsin Lottery Moneygame**, which were set up in the style of the *Wheel of Fortune* gameboard, but with reversed play. Here, contestants hit a plunger to light up one of the word rows, then picked one letter in that word. The letter was turned over to reveal the prize, which in the last round was a maximum of \$7,500; there were no letters with penalties where money was taken away. The winner of the main game went to the bonus round, where they spun a wheel which had alternating values of \$25,000 and \$50,000. During the show, new instant games were showcased, along with lottery news, and a second-chance drawing of losing mailed-in tickets (instant and online) was conducted.
The program was taped at WISN-TV in Milwaukee. All contestants (each could bring a guest 18 or older) living outside of the Milwaukee area received a two-night stay at the Grand Milwaukee Hotel (later the Four Points Sheraton-Mitchell Field, which closed at the end of 2012.) for their appearance. Hosts were Mark Johnson and Parker Drew; the show\'s hostesses were Mary Christine and Lori Minetti. The show\'s format was changed to a new version known as the *Super Money Game* in mid-2002, involving more contests with a smaller contestant pool, equivalent to a lower-cost version of the Hoosier Lottery\'s *Hoosier Millionaire*.
### Television network {#television_network}
The Lottery television network consisted of the following stations from 1988 until 2002:
- WISN (12) - Milwaukee
- WKOW (27) - Madison
- WBAY (2) - Green Bay (converted from CBS to ABC in 1992)
- WXOW & WQOW (19/18) - La Crosse/Eau Claire
- WAOW/WYOW (9/34) - Wausau/Eagle River/Rhinelander
- KBJR (6) - Superior, Wisconsin/Duluth, Minnesota (the only non-ABC station to air the show)
WISN Radio (1130) in Milwaukee aired the drawings on radio until the station\'s 1997 sale from Hearst to Clear Channel Communications. Several Wisconsin stations picked up the audio portion of the television drawings, though most stations read the winning numbers from Associated Press releases from the Lottery on the mornings after the drawings, which also are published online, in newspapers throughout Wisconsin, *USA Today*, and the border areas of outlying states. Lottery results are also a common feature of the last segments in the state\'s late newscasts, and a feature of station news tickers.
| 566 |
Wisconsin Lottery
| 0 |
10,992,390 |
# Wisconsin Lottery
## Televised history {#televised_history}
### Drawings
The Lottery joined the multi-jurisdictional *Lotto\*America* game in 1989. Later, the Lottery began its *Wisconsin\'s Very Own Megabucks* jackpot drawings after the launch of *Powerball* (which replaced L\*A) in 1992.
The Lottery\'s nightly drawings, starting in 1991 with the introduction of *Supercash!* (a \$250,000 daily six-number game when it began), took place at WISN-TV. Employees who were not part of the station\'s news department, or employees of WISN Radio and WLTQ, which were owned by Hearst at the time and shared the WISN studios, drew the numbers. In 1993, the Lottery added a Pick 3 game, followed by Pick 4 in 1997. Other games were added by the Lottery, but were not always successful, such as MUSL\'s *Daily Millions*, which was infamous for having few winners of the \$1 million cash prize, and having a complicated drawing procedure involving three number pools and various colored balls. Another MUSL game, *Cash4Life* (not to be confused with the current multi-state game by that name), which offered an annuitized prize of \$1,000 per week for life (no cash option was available) with a first-prize win from a 99-ball pool; only four players won that game by its end in 1999. Neither WISN nor the Wisconsin Lottery network televised either game\'s drawings (held at 9:45pm) due to lack of popularity and their drawing time being during primetime. The *Badger 5* game continues to this day; its play style is found in most U.S. lotteries.
The televised drawings and the *Money Game* were discontinued in late 2002, due to budget constraints and stations moving the show to lower-rated timeslots. The drawings were moved to Madison, where they are conducted around 9:30pm nightly at the Lottery\'s headquarters building using an air-gapped random number generator machine instead. The stations which were part of the Lottery network continue to receive first priority to release the nightly numbers. The Mega Millions and Powerball drawings now can be aired by any Wisconsin station, although they usually televise the drawings only for large jackpots. Until 2014, the Chicago cable channel WGN America also carried both drawings, as the channel is nearly universally available across the state of Wisconsin, though since then they have not been carried after the network\'s conversion to a general entertainment format.
On June 14, 2020, the Lottery began to draw Pick 3, Pick 4, and All or Nothing twice daily from Madison; the drawings occur at 1:30 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. CT daily, and are uploaded to the Lottery\'s YouTube channel shortly after the numbers are generated.
## Pre-Wisconsin Lottery {#pre_wisconsin_lottery}
The federally recognized Oneida Nation of Wisconsin sold the first \"modern\" lottery tickets in the state in the 1980s at their reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin. Before the Wisconsin Lottery began in 1988, some players who did not want to drive to Illinois tried their luck at stores on the reservation. The main game offered by the Oneida Nation was Big Green, which began as a pick-6-of-36 jackpot game.
The Oneida Nation also offered a televised bingo game program on Green Bay stations in the mid-to-late 1980s, which was in the form of a caller reading the numbers on the bottom of the screen, with the lighted number board on the top portion. Winners could redeem winning cards at the tribe\'s bingo hall. It has since established a full-service gaming casino, known as the Oneida Bingo & Casino, which includes hotel and conference facilities.
| 577 |
Wisconsin Lottery
| 1 |
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