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# Wisconsin Lottery
## Current lottery-offered online games {#current_lottery_offered_online_games}
### Pick 3 {#pick_3}
Pick 3 is drawn twice daily. It began on September 21, 1992. Pick 3 draws three digits 0 through 9. Prizes and options vary.
### Pick 4 {#pick_4}
Pick 4 began on September 15, 1997 and is drawn twice daily. It draws a four-digit number in the style of Pick 3.
### All or Nothing {#all_or_nothing}
All or Nothing is drawn twice daily. It draws 11 numbers from 1 through 22, with the top \$100,000 prize being won by either matching all eleven numbers, or having none of the eleven drawn numbers; smaller prizes involve matching 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 or 10 numbers. Minimum play is \$2, and the game launched on April 7, 2019.
### Badger 5 {#badger_5}
Badger 5 is drawn nightly. It draws 5 numbers from 1 through 31. Badger 5 jackpots begin at \$10,000, increasing by at least \$1,000 per drawing if not won. Games cost \$1. Badger 5 began on February 17, 2003.
### SuperCash!
SuperCash! also is nightly. It began on February 4, 1991. SuperCash! draws 6 numbers 1 through 39 (previously from 1 through 36). Players get 2 sets of numbers for each \$1 game they play. an even number of games must be played. The top prize is \$350,000; initially, the top prize was \$250,000.
### Wisconsin\'s Megabucks {#wisconsins_megabucks}
Wisconsin\'s Megabucks (once known as \"Wisconsin\'s Very Own Megabucks\" to distinguish itself from the \"local\" name of Lotto\*America), is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. It draws 6 numbers 1 through 49. Players get 2 sets of numbers for each \$1 game they play.
There have been two incarnations of this game, the first incarnation beginning August 10, 1989 and being replaced by Powerball on April 19, 1992 (which was the year Lotto\*America had its final drawing), and the second and current incarnation beginning two months later on June 18, 1992.
## Wisconsin\'s multi-state games {#wisconsins_multi_state_games}
### Mega Millions {#mega_millions}
Mega Millions began as *The Big Game* in 1996. Mega Millions was expanded in 2010 to include Wisconsin. Its starting jackpot is \$40 million. In 2018 the biggest jackpot was \$1.537 billion. Mega Millions is drawn Tuesday and Friday nights. Plays are \$2 each, or \$3 with the *Megaplier*.
### Powerball
Wisconsin has been a member of MUSL since 1989. Powerball began on April 19, 1992, replacing the original incarnation of Wisconsin's Megabucks. Its minimum jackpots is \$40 million; it is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. Plays are \$2; with the *PowerPlay*, \$3
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# What What (In the Butt)
\"**What What (In the Butt)**\" is a viral video created by Andrew Swant and Bobby Ciraldo for the song of the same name by Samwell. It is known for its numerous blatant and camp references to homosexuality and anal sex. The lyrics of the song, a production of Mike Stasny, mostly revolve around the title. The video was made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and uploaded on Valentine\'s Day 2007 to YouTube. As of November 2023, the video has over 75 million views.
## Themes and imagery {#themes_and_imagery}
On 5 March 2007, with regard to the Christian imagery in the video, Samwell said, in an interview with KROQ-FM, that the opening image is \"not a cross, but a flaming symbol that \[he\] just happened to use\". According to Stasny, however:
> \"\[Samwell\] wanted it because he\'s a Christian but he doesn\'t do Christian morality. For him, having a burning cross is a way to pay respect to his beliefs.\"
The video also parodies the flower petal scene from the movie *American Beauty* (1999).
On April 8, 2007, Brownmark Films released an interview with Samwell, in which he discussed the public reception of the song at length.
## Performances and appearances {#performances_and_appearances}
In April 2008, Samwell appeared on the BBC television show *Lily Allen and Friends* for an interview and performed a live version of \"What What (In the Butt)\" with choreographed dancers. The video was also featured in episode #53 of ADD-TV in Manhattan. \"What What (In the Butt)\" was an official selection at the Milwaukee International Film Festival and the Mix Brasil Film Festival.
In June 2010 Samwell appeared on an episode of Comedy Central\'s *Tosh.0*, television show about viral videos. The segment told the story of how the \"What What\" video was created, followed by an acoustic duet version of the song by Samwell and Josh Homme, lead singer for Queens of the Stone Age and former guitar player for Kyuss.
In 2009, the creators of the video, and Samwell himself, claimed that a feature film called *What What (In the Butt): The Movie* was in the works.
On November 12, 2010, Brownmark Films filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against MTV Networks, South Park Studios, and Viacom for their use of \"What What in the Butt\" in the 2008 *South Park* episode \"Canada On Strike\". In July 2011, a federal judge decided that South Park\'s use of the video fell under the fair use exception to copyright law, and thus the defendants did not owe damages. The decision was unusual in a copyright lawsuit because it was made on a motion to dismiss, before summary judgment. The appeal was dismissed by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals on June 7, 2012. Additionally, the district court awarded attorneys\' fees to the defendants because the lawsuit was \"objectively unreasonable\".
In January 2013, a behind-the-scenes video was released which showed footage from the original 2006 green screen shoot
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# Wang Du (artist)
**Wang Du** (`{{zh|王度}}`{=mediawiki}, born 1956) is a contemporary Chinese artist who focuses on three-dimensional painted objects. Traditionally trained in Guangzhou, he now lives and has his studio in Paris. His works show strong influences of contemporary Western art and culture, and represent his own notions of modernity and development, and his personal relationship with both China and the West.
## Biography
Born in Wuhan, in Hubei Province, the son of a factory manager, Wang sketched and painted from a very young age, beginning to work for the Cultural Revolution government at the age of sixteen. He produced posters and painted interiors while working in mines and a steel company, while exercising his creative skills and ideas privately. He had his first exhibition in 1976, at the age of 20, the year that Mao Zedong died. Moving to Guangzhou, Wang took the entrance exams for university and failed them in 1977, but succeeded in 1981 and enrolled at the Guangzhou Institute of Fine Arts.
Though offered a diverse program in both traditional Chinese and Western art, Wang desired to broaden his horizons further. His experience, like that of many artists, during the Cultural Revolution was one of copying and producing propaganda, not of expressing or exercising creativity, and this mode of artistic education was simply too traditional for him. As China continued to open to public expression and greater freedoms for artists, Wang left university in 1985, without graduating.
Amidst a growing, burgeoning artistic community, Wang founded a group called \"Southern,\" along with a number of other artists and intellectuals, to share in one another\'s work, and to engage in intellectual discussion. Together, they organized performances, and a wide variety of other artistic and intellectual works. He also organized talks at the local library, inviting a variety of speakers to lecture on a monthly basis, until, in late 1987, an agent of the Ministry of the Interior who had been attending his lectures warned him to stop. He complied, fearing that if he did not, he could be imprisoned.
Two years later, after speaking out against corruption, he was arrested and imprisoned for nine months, after which he left for Paris, having married a French journalist he met in Guangzhou. He began to produce and exhibit art there, and gained a number of connections in the French art world through his wife. In 1992, at an exhibition in Switzerland, he was strongly influenced by the work of Jeffrey Deitch, and wrote about it in the first issue of a self-titled magazine, describing the intriguing notions Deitch\'s work evoked about humanity\'s artificial and rapid evolution, modern-day science having far more of an effect on society than history and traditional culture.
One of his major exhibitions which came shortly afterwards reflected his difficulties in adjusting to French (and European and Western) society and culture, and involved three-dimensional painted objects drawn from images of his daily life in Paris. The influence of Deitch\'s *Post Human* exhibition was revealed in an exhibition by Wang in 1997, which featured sculptures or statues of nude figures who represented, Wang said, the people of the future, who enjoy the ability, through biotechnology, to redesign their bodies as they choose.
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# Wang Du (artist)
## Art
These would be the first of many similar pieces created by Wang, human figures which represent gender play, and a more general play with the human form as a whole. Some of his figures are genderless, some decidedly female with grossly enlarged breasts, or highly muscular male figures. Many, whether sitting on the ground or suspended in the air, are cut off at the legs, or at the torso. One of his more famous pieces, perhaps, is of a young Chinese boy, only his upper half, pulling back on a slingshot, his forward hand greatly enlarged so as to indicate a play with foreshortening and perspective.
Another exhibition, created in the same year and toured around the world, was called *Cities on the Move*. In this, Wang experimented with concepts related to modern advertising and subliminal experiences. The exhibition included sculpture statues of prostitutes hidden around unexpected corners of the gallery, and watchtowers in the style of the Great Wall of China which emitted a myriad of background soundtracks, conversations and the like recorded by Wang in restaurants, karaoke bars, trains, and various other places around China.
Much of his work since then has focused on the relationship between the media and the public consciousness, and on the artificial controls and manipulation imposed by the media. He has been quoted as saying \"I organize my projects just like the media do with reality.\" An exhibition called *Disposable Reality* and presented in 2000 features a number of his three-dimensional creations, derived directly out of magazine images also displayed in the gallery. These range from an American father and son at a shooting gallery to a nude blonde in front of a computer tuned to a porn website to snow leopards, Jacques Chirac, Jiang Zemin, and a Lebanese soldier bearing an AK-47.
His latest works have turned to large-scale sculptures representing crumpled up newspaper, either en masse in trash cans, buildings or other repositories, or individually, in giant exploded versions of ordinary, everyday trash.
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# Wang Du (artist)
## Solo exhibitions (selection) {#solo_exhibitions_selection}
- 2001: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
- 2005: Vancouver Art Gallery
- 2005: Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (San Francisco)
- 2007: Kestnergesellschaft (Hannover)
- 2009: Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (Beijing)
- 2010: Viersen sculpture collection
## Group exhibitions (selection) {#group_exhibitions_selection}
- 1998: MoMA PS1 (New York)
- 1999: Venice Biennale
- 2000: Taipei Biennial
- 2001: Kiasma (Helsinki)
- 2003: Kunsthalle Wien
- 2007: Musée National d\'Art Moderne (Paris)
- 2008: Art Basel
- 2009: Grand Palais (Paris)
## Secondary literature {#secondary_literature}
- Uta Grosenick, Caspar Schübbe (Editor): *China Art* (English / German / Chinese). Dumont, Köln 2007, `{{ISBN|3-8321-7769-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- Joachim Peter Kastner (Editor): *Wang Du. China Daily, Services top task for Games*. Skulpturensammlung Viersen
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# LibX
**LibX** was a free, open-source scholars\' extension for the Internet Explorer browser (and formerly for Firefox) that lets people use services offered by their library. Users can search their library catalog(s) and databases through a search bar or through a context menu. The context menu is adaptive (changing depending on what the user selected) and configurable (allowing the user to include any configured resource). LibX supports the catalogs of all major vendors. In addition, any resource that can be searched using an http GET request can be included, similar to Firefox\'s smart keywords.
Resources can also be accessed using auto-generated links for DOIs, ISBNs, ISSNs, and PMIDs. Links are also placed in specific pages, such as book vendor sites or book review sites.
To support off-campus access to resources, users may reload a current page, or follow a link through a proxy server. LibX activates COinS with the library\'s OpenURL resolver.
LibX supports a \"magic search\" functionality, which creatively integrates use of the Google Scholar service. LibX searches Scholar, performs a heuristic similarity analysis to determine if a match was found, then redirects the user to the user\'s OpenURL resolver to obtain an accessible copy.
Librarians, as well as ordinary library users, can create a LibX edition through an AJAX-based web interface, called the LibX Edition Builder. This interface allows anybody to create, edit, maintain, and distribute an edition. As a starting point, users can clone an existing LibX edition and modify it, or start from scratch. The LibX edition builder makes heavy use of auto-detection of resources through global registries such as OCLC WorldCat or OpenSearch. It includes a revision control system for editions and facilities for multiple maintainers to share ownership of an edition. The LibX edition builder was built using the ZK AJAX toolkit, by Tilottama Gaat and Godmar Back.
LibX is produced by Virginia Tech, which hosts customized versions of the extension for over 256 different libraries. Annette Bailey and Godmar Back, the creators of LibX, won the 2007 LITA/Brett Butler Entrepreneurship Award for their work on LibX
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# Charles Jackson (defensive back)
**Charles Edward Jackson** (born March 12, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in 1987. He played college football for Texas Tech. He played for Washington as a replacement player in 1987, the year that they won Super Bowl XXII. He was among 25 replacement players who received a Super Bowl ring from the team in 2018
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# Arkhangelsky Ar-2
The **Arkhangelsky Ar-2** was a Soviet dive-bomber used in small numbers during World War II. Its design was a refinement of the earlier Soviet Tupolev SB.
The design bureau\'s name (Cyrillic: Архангельский) is transliterated in many ways in English sources, in a variety of combinations of Arch-, Arkh-, -sky, -ski, -skii, -skij).
## Development
Alexander Arkhangelsky was already second in command at the Tupolev OKB when Andrei Tupolev was imprisoned in one of Stalin\'s purges. During Tupolev\'s absence, Arkhangelsky was authorised to append his name to the SB variants that were in the pipeline when he took over.
The Ar-2 represented a final attempt to extend the useful lifespan of the SB design which had first flown in 1934. In early 1940, Arkhangelsky had worked on a refined SB, designated **MMN**, but this had proved disappointing, with performance no better than the original SB. The Ar-2 was therefore a greater departure from the Tupolev design, in the hopes of creating an aircraft that could attain a speed of 600 km/h (374 mph) at 6,500 m (21,300 ft), and incorporate the newly developed PB-3 bombsight to give dive-bombing capability.
The major airframe changes made on the Ar-2 were streamlining of the engine nacelles (which now housed engines with around 15% greater power), completely new outer wing panels of greater span and taper, and a new, glazed nose. The engine cooling system was moved inside the wings, with air inlets on the leading edges and exits on the underwings. Dive brakes were added to allow for the type\'s new role. Initially designated **SB-RK**, factory testing of two prototypes commenced in October 1940, and the following month, an example was delivered to the Soviet NII-VVS (Air Force Scientific Test Institute) for evaluation. In December, the NKAP redesignated the aircraft to incorporate Arkhangelsky\'s name.
The results of the NII-VVS tests were encouraging. While the hoped-for top speed was not attained, the aircraft\'s handling was an improvement on the SB, and the dive-bombing adaptations worked very well. Weaknesses identified included major problems with engine cooling and lubrication and deficiencies in defensive armament (the latter a common problem with Soviet bombers of the period). The report concluded that the aircraft should be put into production and development continued to eliminate the remaining defects.
Production started in late 1940, but already the machine had been superseded by the Petlyakov Pe-2 and the flight of the Tupolev Tu-2 prototype. Therefore, after only 190 Ar-2s had been constructed, Zavod 22 (the aircraft factory previously devoted to Ar-2 manufacture) was turned over to Pe-2 manufacture in early 1941.
Arkhangelsky OKB continued its attempts to refine the SB, creating a final development, the **SBB** in 1941. All further work in this direction was terminated at the outbreak of war with Germany and Alexander Arkhangelsky was reassigned to Zavod 156 to oversee maintenance and repair of operational SB aircraft.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Beginning in 1940, Ar-2s were assigned to units already operating the SB, and the two types were operated side by side. At least half of all Ar-2s built were destroyed during the German offensive of 1941, with a small number still operating until about 1943.
## Operators
`{{USSR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Soviet Air Force
- Soviet Naval Aviation
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# Arkhangelsky Ar-2
## Units using this aircraft {#units_using_this_aircraft}
### Soviet Air Force {#soviet_air_force}
- 2SBAP of 2SAD
- 46SBAP of 7SAD
- 54SBAP of 54SAD
- 13SBAP of 9SAD
- 33BAP of 19BAD
- 27IAP (fighter unit, used Ar-2 for dive-bombing training)
### Soviet Navy {#soviet_navy}
- 73BAP of 10SAD, Baltic Fleet
## Specifications
`{{Aircraft specs
|prime units? = met
|crew=three
|length m=12.50
|length ft=41
|length in=0
|span m=18.00
|span ft=59
|span in=0
|height m=3.56
|height ft=11
|height in=8
|wing area sqm=48.2
|wing area sqft=519
|empty weight kg=4,516
|empty weight lb=9,956
|gross weight kg=8,150
|gross weight lb=17,970
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Klimov M-105]]R piston engine
|eng1 kw=820
|eng1 hp=1,100
|max speed kmh=512
|max speed mph=319
|range km=1,500
|range miles=940
|ceiling m=10,500
|ceiling ft=34,400
|climb rate ms=12.8
|climb rate ftmin=2,510
|armament = *3 × 7
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# Pep Ventura (Barcelona Metro)
**Pep Ventura** is the name of a Barcelona metro station located in the municipality of Badalona, in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, and served by L2. It was the northern terminus of that line until 2010, when it was extended into the town centre and into the station Badalona Pompeu Fabra.
It was opened in 1985, then as part of L4, which had been extended to there from La Pau. In 2002, though, that branch became part of L2. This station is located under Avinguda del Marquès de Mont-roig, next to Plaça Pep Ventura, in Badalona.
## Name
The station was named after musician Josep Maria \"Pep\" Ventura (1819--1875), called \"the father of the sardana\", the national dance of Catalonia
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# Love's Abiding Joy
***Love\'s Abiding Joy*** is a 2006 made-for-television Christian drama film based on a series of books by Janette Oke. It was directed by Michael Landon Jr. and stars Erin Cottrell and Logan Bartholomew. It is the fourth movie in the Love Saga, which includes *Love Comes Softly* (2003), *Love\'s Enduring Promise* (2004), *Love\'s Long Journey* (2005), *Love\'s Abiding Joy* (2006), *Love\'s Unending Legacy* (2007), *Love\'s Unfolding Dream* (2007), *Love Takes Wing* (2009), and *Love Finds a Home* (2009), as well as the 2011 prequels, *Love Begins* and *Love\'s Everlasting Courage*.
## Synopsis
Between drought and a cattle plague, Missie LaHaye (Erin Cottrell) takes up a teaching position to help support her husband Willie (Logan Bartholomew) and their two children. They have a young son Mattie, and a baby daughter Kathy. They also have a teenage boy called Jeff who they took in when he was eleven-years-old, when his older brother Sonny had been shot dead in the previous film, Love\'s Long Journey, and Jeff didn\'t have any other family.
In spite of the need for money, Willie turns down mayor, businessman, and land baron Samuel Doros (John Laughlin) when he offers him a job as sheriff. When Missie\'s father, Clark Davis (Dale Midkiff), comes out to visit and help out for a few weeks, the happiness of the family is cut short when the morning after he arrives, Missie going to get Kathy up, finds that she has stopped breathing. Grief-stricken, the couple bury their daughter, but find that emotional turmoil is shaking their faith.
Missie returns to teaching, but discovers that being with children is too much for her so soon after her loss. Although it means that Willie and Missie hardly ever see each other, Willie realizes that they are in desperate need for money, and that the loss of Missie\'s teaching income will not leave them with enough, so he accepts Sam Doros\'s original offer as sheriff, leaving the ranch in the hands of his ranch hand Scottie and adopted son, Jeff (Drew Tyler Bell). In the meanwhile, Jeff has caught the attention of Doros\'s daughter, Colette (Mae Whitman). Clark tries to comfort and encourage Missie, who has \"just stopped\" according to ranch hand and cook Cookie.
Willie soon discovers that Doros is using him as a pawn to further his own selfish schemes, including evicting ranchers who have fallen behind on payments after Doros loaned them money with the intention of taking their land when they inevitably could not keep up with the payments. Making the situation far worse, one of the people Doros is after is Willie and Missie\'s friend and former ranch hand Henry Klein (James Tupper), who is now married and is ranching his own spread and will not have the money to pay Doros until after he drives his cattle to market. Doros has already taken the horse that Henry\'s father-in-law had given to them as a gift for his own daughter, Colette. Heartsick, Willie struggles to make sense of the situation, knowing that his friend Joe Paxson (Blake Gibbons) has already been forced to send his wife and daughter back East after Doros took over his land and everything he owned, and he must warn the Kleins that Doros will do the same thing to them if they can\'t pay.
Henry\'s wife, Melinda (Brianna Brown), goes to visit Missie shortly thereafter and ends up telling Missie about their struggles. Missie, determined to help, offers to go back to teaching, which Willie resists, knowing that she still is not ready and saying that he needs to know that Missie is always safe at home. Missie suggests that they pray about the situation together. Willie goes into the barn after saying that he doesn\'t know what to pray for, and finds that he is able to cry for the first time since Kathy\'s death, and asks God to help him not have to evict Henry and Melinda from their land. Missie puts together her most expensive possessions, including the locket her mother gave her, and sells them to produce the \$15 that the Kleins need to stay on their land.
In the middle of this, Doros\'s daughter Colette continues to pursue Jeff. Contrasting Colette's formal education, Jeff is a well-read young man who has taken over for Willie on the ranch and is working alongside Scottie, an experienced ranch hand, and Cookie, a ranch hand and the cook. Colette invites him inside her father\'s house to show him the library of her dead mother, who \"lived to read books\". She wants to give him Romeo and Juliet, but Doros butts in and insensibly declares that the book is \"too fragile to be let out,\" because he doesn\'t approve of Jeff for his daughter. Colette secretly visits the ranch frequently and helps Jeff with his chores. Jeff also visits her at her father\'s ranch. Doros secretly discovers this, but does not let on, though he considers Jeff to be below Colette, who is attending an expensive finishing school in the East.
After a showdown between Henry Klein and Sam Doros, in which Henry gives Doros the money that Missie gives them and then tells Doros that he is \"nothing\" as a result of his usury and lack of compassion, and that one day, he will regret what he has done, Missie and Clark get caught in a rainstorm, through which, Missie is able to release the pain of losing her daughter and let her go. Afterwards, she goes into town to see Willie and takes him out on a picnic, during which they reconcile, visit the grave of their daughter, and pray together. Doros, pretending to be repentant for what he has done to the Kleins, tells Colette to give the horse he took from Henry to Jeff so that Jeff can give it back to Henry and Melinda. Colette rejoices, unwitting that her father is setting a trap. She and Jeff kiss and promise to write to one another during the months that she is gone.
After Doros puts Colette on a stagecoach back East, Jeff takes the horse to the Kleins, but is stopped by Doros\'s men and is charged with horse theft. Doros insists that Willie arrest his own son, swearing that Jeff stole the horse. Willie, however, having had suspicions that Doros was being dishonest, has stopped the stagecoach that was supposed to be taking Colette to school. He produces her to prove that Doros was framing Jeff, and she testifies that he is innocent. Because Colette can\'t go to court against her own father, Willie can\'t arrest Doros for what he did, but instead his terms are that Doros make amends for what he has done to the Paxsons and the Kleins, and all the others whose land he has taken.
The film closes with Willie getting his first paycheck and buying back Missie\'s locket, and Clark leaving to go home and telling Willie and Missie to come visit soon.
## Cast
Actor Role
--------------------- ---------------
Erin Cottrell Missie LaHaye
Logan Bartholomew Willie LaHaye
Frank McRae Cookie
Drew Tyler Bell Jeff LaHaye
Mae Whitman Colette Doros
W. Morgan Sheppard Scottie
James Tupper Henry Kline
John Laughlin Samuel Doros
Kevin Gage John Abel
Brett Coker Mattie LaHaye
Stephen Bridgewater Mr. Taylorsen
Brianna Brown Melinda Kline
Blake Gibbons Joe Paxson
Dale Midkiff Clark Davis
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# Love's Abiding Joy
## Differences From the novel {#differences_from_the_novel}
- Marty and Clark both visited Missie in the novel, where Clark came alone in the film.
- The novel is primarily about Clark and Marty, whereas the film is primarily about Missie and Willie.
- Missie and Willie have another son, Josiah, in the novel, who is not in the film. They later have two daughters, Melissa and Julia, mentioned in later novels. Missie is pregnant with Melissa at the close of this novel. Melissa comes east to stay with Clark and Marty in *Love\'s Unfolding Dream*. They do not have and lose an infant daughter named Kathy.
- In the novel, Clark is seriously injured while attempting to rescue two boys from a cave-in. He is near death, but his life is saved by a neighbor doctor, who amputates his leg. This does not happen in the film.
- Willie does not become the town sheriff in the novel.
- The characters Jeff, Colette, and Sam Doros do not exist in the novel
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# Maurice Pate
**Maurice Pate** (October 14, 1894 -- January 19, 1965) was an American humanitarian and businessman. Pate served as the first executive director of the United Nations Children\'s Fund (UNICEF) from 1947 until his death in 1965, after being proposed by the Chairman Ludwik Rajchman.
Talking about the United Nations, Dag Hammarskjöld, its second Secretary-General, said, \"The work of UNICEF is at the heart of the matter - and at the heart of UNICEF is Maurice Pate.\" Herbert Hoover called Pate \"the most effective human angel I know\" when introducing Pate at a UNICEF dinner. Pate was recognized worldwide for his efforts on behalf of children and hungry people.
## Early years {#early_years}
Pate was born in Pender, Nebraska, to Richard E. Pate and Rachel Davis Pate, of Welsh and Irish ancestry respectively. He was the oldest of seven children, three of whom died in infancy. His family moved to Denver, Colorado, when he was three years old. He graduated from East Denver High School in Denver, Colorado, in 1911, then left Denver for Princeton University. At Princeton he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, worked on the undergraduate Red Cross Committee, and earned a bachelor of science degree in mathematics and physics in 1915, with high honors.
He went to work for the First National Bank in Hartley, Iowa, where his uncle was president, immediately after graduation and stayed until the United States joined World War I. After a great deal of persuasion, he worked for Herbert Hoover\'s Commission for Relief in Belgium, which began a lifelong friendship and collaboration. then served in the American Expeditionary Force with the 29th Engineers in France. After the war ended, Pate helped organize and direct efforts by the American Relief Administration to feed more than one million Polish children after the war.
Pate worked for Standard Oil of New Jersey in Poland from 1922 to 1927 doing financial and sales work. He married Jadwiga Mankowska, a Polish socialite, in 1927, managed Polish import and banking business, and returned to the United States in 1935 as an investment banker and businessman. Missing her family and home, Jadwiga divorced Pate in 1937 and returned to Poland, but the two remained friends until her death in 1960.
## UNICEF
Upon the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Pate led the Commission for Polish Relief, and later joined the American Red Cross as director of relief supplies for POWs in Asia and Europe. He conducted food surveys with Herbert Hoover in 1946 and 1947 -- 38 countries in 76 days -- and the two men planned UNICEF. Pate joined UNICEF at its inception in January 1947. He agreed to serve as the director upon the condition that UNICEF serve the children of \"ex-enemy countries\", regardless of race or politics.
Initially, UNICEF was charged with combating the threats posed to children in Europe from disease and famine after World War II. The growing concern about child welfare and survival rates in developing countries, either from disease or starvation, led to the establishment of UNICEF as a continuing agency in 1953. Under Pate\'s leadership, UNICEF implemented programs to improve maternal and child health using low cost, preventive health care measures. Considerable progress was made to eradicate malaria, tuberculosis, whooping cough, and diphtheria. Vaccinations, breast feeding for children and rehydration therapy for diarrhea were emphasized to improve public health.
## Later years and death {#later_years_and_death}
Pate received many honors and awards for his humanitarian work. He received decorations from the governments of Belgium, France, Poland, Netherlands, and Ecuador, received an honorary degree from Denison University in 1956, and an honorary PhD from Princeton in 1958. Pate was awarded the Albert Lasker Public Service Award in 1959. He declined a nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 because he felt the contributions of the entire UNICEF organization should be recognized instead of one individual's contribution.
Pate married Martha Lucas in 1961, one year after his former wife, Jadwiga, had died. Lucas Pate was successively assistant dean of Radcliffe College and president of Sweet Briar College (1946-1950), and served on the board of the United Negro College Fund and the national selection committee for Fulbright Scholars, and was active in UNESCO, which had many concurrent activities with UNICEF. Therefore, the Pates not only had complementary activities but could travel together most of the time.
Pate died suddenly of a heart attack at Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan on January 19, 1965, only a few months before he was to retire. When he died, UNICEF had more than 550 long-term programs and had helped over 55 million children in 116 countries. Nine months after Pate died, UNICEF was awarded the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize.
Pate\'s organization, the Maurice Pate Institute for Human Survival, donated his 100 acre property in Redding, Connecticut to the Mahayana Sutra and Tantra Center of Connecticut (now called Do Ngak Kunphen Ling Tibetan Buddhist Center for Universal Peace) in 1997.
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# Maurice Pate
## Maurice Pate Leadership for Children Award {#maurice_pate_leadership_for_children_award}
The UNICEF Maurice Pate Leadership for Children Award, for \"extraordinary example and exemplary innovation and inspirational leadership in contributing to the advancement of the UNICEF mandate for children on a national, regional and global scale,\" was established after his death in 1965 and is named in his honor
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# Teak furniture
**Teak furniture** is furniture made of teak wood, valued for its durability and natural resistance to weather and pests. Teak is also used in boatbuilding and other outdoor applications. High-quality teak pieces can last for many decades and are sometimes passed down as heirlooms. Because of its price and longevity, teak furniture is often regarded as a status symbol.
## Types of teak furniture {#types_of_teak_furniture}
Teak is harvested from *Tectona grandis*, native to South and Southeast Asia. Many manufacturers source wood from certified plantations to limit environmental impact and ensure sustainability.
### Tables and dining sets {#tables_and_dining_sets}
Outdoor dining tables and chairs made of teak resist rain, sun and temperature extremes more effectively than many softwoods and synthetics.
### Benches
Teak benches are common in gardens and parks because the wood resists rot and insect damage without chemical treatment.
### Chaise longues {#chaise_longues}
Poolside and beachside chaise longues are often made of teak; the wood stays cooler than metal in strong sun and endures constant moisture.
### Adirondack chairs {#adirondack_chairs}
Traditional Adirondack chairs are sometimes built from teak, combining the style's comfort with the wood's longevity.
### Umbrella frames {#umbrella_frames}
Teak has historically been used for patio-umbrella masts and ribs. Aluminium is now more common, but teak remains popular for premium garden umbrellas.
### Bath mats {#bath_mats}
The natural oils in teak repel water and inhibit mould growth, making the wood suitable for bath and spa mats.
### Deep seating {#deep_seating}
Deep-seating outdoor sofas and sectionals often use teak frames paired with weatherproof cushions because the wood can support heavy loads for many years without warping.
## Teak oil {#teak_oil}
**Teak oil** is a marketing term for oil-based finishes (usually linseed-based) sold for treating teak and other hardwoods. These products do not contain oil from the teak tree. Untreated teak weathers to a silver-grey patina but remains structurally sound; finishing is therefore optional
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# Household Troops Band
**The Household Troops Band (HTB)** Is a brass band associated with the Salvation Army. It consists of musicians who are Salvation Army members from various regions across the United Kingdom. The band regularly performs at Salvation Army corps and venues throughout the UK and engages in annual recording projects. Throughout its history, the band has embarked on international tours to numerous countries.
## History
In the early Summer of 1885, there was a \"Great Kent March\" by Salvation Army Officer Cadets. They were known as \"Life Guards\" and the march was headed by a band of 25 brass instrumentalists, each wearing a white pith military helmet (the normal military headgear of the day), a red guernsey, blue trousers and gaiters and carrying a knapsack and water bottle. Later it was suggested that a permanent band might be established. A War Cry (Salvation Army newspaper) advert called for volunteers; it read:
*If you\'re young, if you\'re saved, if you\'re physically fit, if you can play a brass instrument\.....are prepared to leave home and family for six months active service for God and the Army\...then be at Clapton Congress Hall on 12 March 1887.*
The Household Troops Band was formed with Staff-Captain Harry Appleby as bandmaster. No salary was offered and no guarantee was given apart from food and clothing. On 1 June 1887 the pioneer 25 members of the Household Troops Band left Clapton Congress Hall to march into Salvation Army history. Their first tour lasted six months. The next year, in October, the band left for Canada as the first British Salvation Army band to cross the Atlantic. The tour was a success and led to Canada\'s own Household Troops Band being formed.
Whilst they were away a second group of players was inaugurated under the leadership of Samuel Webber and the tradition continued. On 14 October 1889, in the country village of Whitchurch in Hampshire, it is reported that the Household Troops Band lead a march of over 1000 Salvationists in a great march for liberty. The local Salvationists had suffered persecution and injury in the Whitchurch Riots and over 800 had been imprisoned for conducting open-air services. This demonstration and others led by the local Corps likely led to The Salvation Army winning a legal case allowing them the right to play and preach in the open-air.
The first Troops band returned home to Britain in 1891 and later members of both bands amalgamated. Then six years after it all started, in 1893, the band was dissolved to make way for a new band, and it was from the ashes of the Household Troops Band that the International Headquarters Staff Band (now known as the International Staff Band) was formed.
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# Household Troops Band
## The Troops Today {#the_troops_today}
In 1985, Captain John Mott, then National Bandmaster, established a new Household Troops Band by selecting members from the \"A\" Band at the National School of Music, Cobham Hall. Following his retirement on 16 October 2010, Major John Mott was succeeded by Carl Saunders.
Composed of individuals from various Salvation Army centers, the band is selected based on their commitment to Salvationism, endurance, adaptability, and musical skills.
The band conducts a limited number of rehearsals to prepare for the Summer Tour, which is the main focus of their work. These tours usually take place during the last week of August and are primarily held in coastal resorts, where larger holiday crowds gather, sometimes straining the resources of local Corps due to the vacation season.
A notable aspect of the band is their march to the afternoon open-air venues. Although traffic can pose challenges, the band generally overcomes them through effective organization and cooperation with local law enforcement. Subsequently, in the evening, they hold a Festival in the local Citadel.
The band has embarked on various tours over the years, including the South Coast in 1985, the Bournemouth area in 1991, the East Coast in 1996, and Essex, Kent & Dorset in 1997, among others. Additionally, the band releases a CD recording nearly every year.
Regarded as one of the prominent Salvation Army Bands in the UK, the Household Troops Band shares this distinction with the International Staff Band. Notably, the Household Troops Band stands out within the Salvation Army as the only band internationally known for wearing a distinctive Pith Helmet
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# Fox Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador
**Fox Harbour** is a small community on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. According to Statistics Canada in 2011, the population was 270. It is surrounded by hills. It is located close to Argentia, the site of the Naval Station Argentia. According to some sources, Fox Harbour got its name from tales of foxes that came down from the surrounding hills and ate the drying fish on the flakes. As well, the community was called Little Glocester before it became officially named Fox Harbour.
## History
Fox Harbour started as a fishing community in the early 19th century by the three families of Matthew, Martin, and George Spurvey. However, fisherman from England and Ireland had come overseas to fish there seasonally since the 18th century. All of them returned to England in the 1820s except for a Matthew Spurvey. Other families had settled in Fox Harbour by then with the arrival of Healey, Kelly and Dreaddy families from Ireland in 1806. The population grew over time, and peaked at 746. Fox Harbour was incorporated in 1964, and the council building opened in 1969. The council building now incorporates the fire station, the library, museum, and the council office.
## Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fox Harbour had a population of `{{val|226|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki} living in `{{val|114|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki} of its `{{val|136|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki} total private dwellings, a change of `{{percentage|{{#expr:226-252}}`{=mediawiki}\|252\|1}} from its 2016 population of `{{val|252|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}. With a land area of 19.81 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|226|19.81|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}`{=mediawiki} in 2021.
## Religion
The population of Fox Harbour is predominantly Roman Catholic. The Roman Catholic Church, the only church in Fox Harbour, was built in 1890. Before the church was built, the people of Fox Harbour had to boat to Argentia to attend church service. In October, 1919 the original church was torn down and a new church built. In 1945, Fox Harbour became a parish and was called Sacred Heart Parish. Fr. Penny was the first appointed parish priest. Recently the Fox Harbour parish joined with the Placentia area to become the *Placentia Area Roman Catholic Cluster*.
## Education
The first school established in Fox Harbour was in 1848. St. Regis was built in 1946 and expanded in 1956. High school students were initially schooled at Laval High School in Placentia. When St. Anne\'s Academy was opened, the high school students from St. Regis moved from Laval to St. Anne\'s which was closer to home. However, in the early 1990s St. Regis closed its doors and all students are now bused to St. Anne\'s Academy from kindergarten to grade six, and Laval from grade seven to grade twelve.
## The Fox Harbour Festival {#the_fox_harbour_festival}
In 1993 Fox Harbour had its first festival. It has been held every year since then. The festival is held in the last weekend of July.
It commences with a cemetery mass followed by a garden party on the Sunday previous to the festival week. During the following week many events are held, including dances for adults and children, and a concert. On Saturday, there is a softball tournament; all residents and visitors are invited to participate (usually in four teams). The turnout is good and the games are lively. Following the softball game a dance is held that night. On Sunday afternoon, a local variety show is held that includes all the local talent.
Local residents organize the event; they are called the *Fox Harbour Festival Committee*.
Image:beautiful fox harbour.jpg\|Fox Harbour Sunset Image:Fox Harbour Community.JPG\|The Town of Fox Harbour Image:FoxHarbour
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| 0 |
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# List of Calgary Flames seasons
The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary. The team is a member of the Pacific Division in the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Flames arrived in Calgary in 1980 after transferring from the city of Atlanta, Georgia, where they were known as the Atlanta Flames from their founding in 1972 until relocation. The 2024--25 season is the 45th season of play, and 46th year in Calgary (2004--05 NHL season was not played). It is the 53rd year for the Flames franchise, and including the team\'s time in Atlanta, the Flames have won over 1,800 regular season games, 12th overall in NHL history.
Calgary played its first season in the Patrick Division before moving to the Smythe when the NHL realigned along geographic lines in 1981. The Flames qualified for the playoffs each year from their arrival in 1980 until 1991. During that time, they won two Presidents\' Trophies as the NHL\'s top regular season club, 1987--88 and 1988--89, captured the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl as Campbell Conference champions twice, 1985--86 and 1988--89, and won the Stanley Cup in 1989. The Flames fared poorly following their Cup win, failing to win another playoff series until 2004, a span of 15 seasons, during which they missed the playoffs eight times. The team returned to the post-season in 2004, making an unlikely trip to the Finals, during which the team captured its third Clarence Campbell Bowl by winning the Western Conference championship by becoming the first team in NHL history to defeat three division winners. Overall, the Flames have made 25 appearances in the Stanley Cup playoffs
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# Libor Polášek
**Libor Polášek** (born April 22, 1974) is a retired Czech professional ice hockey centre. He has been described by some Vancouver Canucks fans and journalists as one of the worst first-round draft picks made by that NHL team.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
The Canucks selected Polasek ahead of their next selection Michael Peca (who played more than 860 NHL regular-season games). The team hoped that the tall (6'4\") Czech center would develop into a Mark Messier-like player. Instead, Polasek had difficulty making an impact even at the minor-league level.
He scored a total of just 18 goals over two seasons (1992--1994) playing with the Hamilton Canucks farm team in the AHL. In the AHL playoffs in 1993--94, he scored no goals in three games during Hamilton's four-games first-round loss to Cornwall.
After a goal-less seven-game stint in the ECHL in 1994--95, he returned to the AHL with the new Canuck affiliate Syracuse Crunch and scored just two goals in 45 games. In 1995--96, he played 19 games in the Czech league then returned to the Crunch for eight more goal-less games. He returned to Europe and in almost a decade of playing for Czech and Slovak teams he scored just 41 goals from 1996--97 to 2005--06.
## Performance reception {#performance_reception}
According to CNNSI.com's 2001 profile of Canuck draft busts, \"Polasek fared worse than the previous three (first-round busts Dan Woodley, Jason Herter and Alek Stojanov) combined \-- he never played in an NHL game. In fact, one is hard-pressed to even find statistics on Polasek in many hockey annals.\"
The Vancouver Sun's Iain MacIntyre also wrote in 2001 that if \"nuclear winter\" set in due to the Canuck draft record in the 80s, then the team \"detonated the H-bomb on themselves in 1992 in the form of Libor Polasek, who soon vanished. Not so the Canucks\' reputation for picking more duds than CBS programmers.\"
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ---------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1991--92 TJ Vítkovice TCH 15 2
1992--93 Hamilton Canucks AHL 60 7
1993--94 Hamilton Canucks AHL 76 11
1994--95 Syracuse Crunch AHL 45 2
1994--95 South Carolina Stingrays ECHL 7 0
1995--96 Syracuse Crunch AHL 8 0
1995--96 HC Vítkovice ELH 19 4
1996--97 HC Vítkovice ELH 23 4
1996--97 HC Slavia Praha ELH 12 3
1997--98 HC Vítkovice ELH 47 10
1998--99 HC Opava ELH 35 5
1998--99 HC Vítkovice ELH 8 2
1999--2000 HC Vítkovice ELH 27 7
2000--01 HC Vítkovice ELH 36 3
2000--01 HC Keramika Plzeň ELH 10 2
2001--02 IF Sundsvall Hockey SWE.2 35 13
2002--03 HC Ytong Brno CZE.2 36 9
2003--04 HK 32 Liptovský Mikuláš SVK 37 3
2003--04 HKM Zvolen SVK 8 2
2004--05 HC Kosice SVK 15 0
2004--05 Spartak Dubnica nad Váhom SVK 19 0
2005--06 Vsetínská hokejová ELH 2 0
2005--06 HC Sareza Ostrava CZE.2 37 10
2006--07 HC Sareza Ostrava CZE.2 3 0
2006--07 HC Bobři Valašské Meziříčí CZE.3 3 0
2007--08 HC Kopřivnice CZE.4
2008--09 HC Kopřivnice CZE.4
2009--10 HC Kopřivnice CZE
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# Colombian comedy
**Colombian Comedy** is comedy made in Colombia or by Colombians outside of Colombia. Although Colombia does not have a tradition of comedy and comedians compared to other Spanish speaking countries such as Mexico or Spain, it still has important features that makes it distinctive.
## History
According to German Rey, a student of the subject, there are historically important defining moments in Colombian comedy.
### 50s
Colombian comedy\'s original birthplace is the radio since this was the first original mass media with wide coverage of the national territory rendering radio a very important medium for the promotion of comedy. A distinctive representative of Colombian comedy on the radio and who was praised by generations even before television became popular was Colombian comedian Gullermo Zuluaga, better known by his stage name Montecristo. Although initially a man who intended to become a singer Montecristo decided to try his luck when he asked for an opportunity to tell a joke on the Colombian station Culture Radio **Radio Cultura** in the city of Cali during the show The Variety Hour, by telling the following joke:
After this Montecristo became successful and was offered to work with Colombia\'s biggest station originally he worked for the station \"The Voice of Antioquia\" which later on would become Caracol Radio
### 60s and early 70s {#s_and_early_70s}
Colombia saw the birth of television in 1954. Colombian president, General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, started the project of bringing television as a major media after a trip to Germany where he found the device almost by accident, since he had traveled to Europe to buy ammunition and weapons for Colombia, which at the time was involved in a war against Peru. Impressed by the technological advance, General Pinilla dreamed of having Colombians using the new device. Comedy appeared almost a decade later with the comedy *Yo y Tú* (I and You)
**Yo y Tú** became the starting point of comedy. Featuring Carlos Muñoz, **Yo y Tú** depicted a traditional family from Bogotá and the different relationships of family and friends. The comedy reflected the traditional life of Colombian women and to some degree the innocence of society in the late 1950s.
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# Colombian comedy
## History
### Late 70s and 80s {#late_70s_and_80s}
Colombian television has not been prolific in the production of comedy shows compared to developed countries with a strong tradition of comedy. Colombian media has usually provided itself with material by purchasing dubbed American comedies also known locally as \"enlatados\" (which means \"canned\", as in canned food).
During the late 1970s a new production called *Don Chinche* started to be broadcast on national television, which at the time was still wholly owned by the government.
*Don Chinche* (Which could be translated as \"Mr. Crab Louse\") depicted the traditional low-medium class family and its relationships to the \"barrio\" (neighbourhood). It relied on the use of odd circumstances in which the characters got involved. Don Chinche, represented by Héctor Ulloa, was the owner of a car shop where different situations occurred.
The show was the starting point of satiric comedy in Colombia. In many episodes the story represented social problems and it was used as a way to criticize the government.
Cast for *Don Chinche* (1985)
- Hernando Casanova
- Gloria Gomez
- Delfina Guido
- Paula Peña
Because of its regional isolation, Colombian comedy in the media did not properly portrayed people from backgrounds different from the Andean region.*Don Chinche* for instance did not depict people from other cities or with a different accents. Given the fact that this show was intended to have a national audience people in other cities of Colombia would reasonably expect to be portrayed too.
Stand-up comedy in Colombia has been promoted by the show Happy Saturdays **Sabados Felices**, produced by Caracol TV. The show which has been on the air for more than three decades has allowed stand-up comedians to show their skills during a segment called Los Cuentachistes. Although not real stand-up comedians in the current standards of today\'s stand-up comedy, the contestants participate weekly for prizes and the opportunity to continue being on stage for following weeks. A grand finale showing the best of them would usually come at the end of the season. This talent usually is adopted by Sabados Felices as part of their own actors for their sketches. Sabados Felices although a purely family oriented show, also lampoons Colombian society and Colombian politics.
### Late 80s and early 90s {#late_80s_and_early_90s}
During the late 1980s a new comedy called *Dejémonos de Vainas* (understood locally as \"Let\'s cut the crap\") depicted a completely urban upper-middle-class family from Bogotá. However, it brought together people from different regions and in fact the show used this aspect as a subject matter in many episodes.
Radio comedy also contributed in many aspects of television based comedy. \"El manicomio de Vargasvil\" (The Vargasvil\'s madhouse), produced in Medellín, was broadcast by the Caracol Radio network. Its creator, Crisanto Alfonso Vargas (Vargasvil) used edgy humour and strong satire against Colombian politicians.
He leaped from radio to television by appearing in **Sabados Felices** where later on he would become a regular guest.
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# Colombian comedy
## History
### Late 90s and 2000 {#late_90s_and_2000}
By this time Colombian comedy started to create new variations and identities.
There was comedy based on the use of amateurs on the streets combined with professionals or semi-professionals stand up comedians.
A successful show that changed the way comedy was made was **No Me Lo Cambie** (an imperative sentence which means *Don\'t you change it (the channel) on me*). With new staff and new writers the show was determined to use local creativity combined with segments imported from American and European shows. It also used hidden camera situations with pedestrians being part of funny moments.
Well elaborated scripts started to be written and intellectuals started to contribute and in fact some of them used comedy to defend their ideological affiliations.
A good example is Jaime Garzón and his show *Zoociedad* (Zoociety) where a combination of talent and strong political satire made the show one of the most watched throughout Colombia. After *Zoociedad*, Jaime Garzón continued working in a new project called *Quac El Noticero* (translated as *Quac The News*, where Noticero is a combination of the words news and the number zero in Spanish) where he reinvented himself by creating new characters depicting the nation, middle-class people or intellectuals. The show was intended to be a comedy presented in a news format.
Jaime Garzón became a historical figure in Colombia by his depiction of a shoe-polisher who interviewed many local celebrities. However, because of his ideological affiliations and his openness and strong criticism to Colombia\'s government and politics, Jaime Garzón was shot to death on his way to the radio station where he worked.
Jaime Garzón\'s death marked a strong atmosphere of fear among Colombian comediants and even on the media itself which saw itself censored by the violence of the Colombian conflict. In fact, to this date there is not one Colombian comedian that can be thought as a Jaime Garzón\'s successor.
During the 1990s, actors **Martin de Francisco** and **Santiago Moure** influenced by Howard Stern developed a new style of humour.
Their comedy was based on aspects of comedy, new to Colombian society. With a skeptical and irreverent attitude towards the world, their country and even themselves, Moure and De Francisco developed a new style which included self-deprecation, toilet humor, and dark humor. Martin de Francisco and Santiago Moure originally started in a show called *La Tele* \"The Tele\" originally produced by Carlos Vives and intended to a mature audience.
Although Francisco and Moure themselves declared that the ratings were not good and that was the reason why the show did not last long, it is rumored that the show did well as far as ratings. Moure and Francisco did in reverse what Vargasvil had done earlier in his career. They leaped from television to radio. Despite their short lived show their material evolved into an animated series named The Next Show **El Siguiente Programa**. The series were successful and marked a generation. Because of its popularity and the widespread of segments on the show uploaded by fans to YouTube, De Francisco and Moure sought to revive it on a DVD collection and a new website.
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# Colombian comedy
## History
### 2000 to the present {#to_the_present}
During the late 1990s to the beginning of the new millennium Colombian comedian **Jose Ordoñez** became a national celebrity by setting a world record for the person with the longest time telling jokes on the radio.
He started in 1993 by telling jokes on national radio. First he did it for 24 hours and periodically he improved his record to 65 hours. With his profit José Ordóñez started his own production company where he created new comedy shows such as **Lo Que Faltaba!** (translated to English as \'Just what was missing!\') and also \"*Ordóñese de la risa*\" (the word *Ordóñez* is similar in Spanish to the word **ordeñar** which is the act to milk the cow, and the words -**de la risa**- which means literally \"of the laughter\", so it is a combination that could be understood as milk yourself out of the laughter) The shows did not have a great audience and were cancelled.
Currently many of the comedians above are still working in new projects or are working in a different genre. One of the comedians most talked about at the present time in Colombia is Andrés López Forero, he is better known for his stand-up comedy.
López Forero can be thought as the pioneer of stand-up comedy in Colombia and he is in fact the first person that has publicly used the term stand-up to describe his show.
López\'s show \"The Ball of Letters\" - **La Pelota de Letras** consists of a subtle sociological analysis of life in Latin American countries between the 1960s and the 2000s. More than 2,500,000 people have attended his shows since his first appearance at the Hard Rock Cafe Bogotá in the beginning of 2004. In August 2005, when he opened a concert with 44,000 guests, he was given a standing ovation after the show.
In December 2005, in the Hard Rock Cafe Bogotá using the Universal Music Colombia label he launched **La Pelota de Letras** on DVD.
In 2005 he won the HOLA Award from the Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors for the \"Outstanding Solo Performance\" after his sold out shows in New York and Miami.
On March 2, 2006 Andrés López was presented with a Diamond DVD from Universal Music. Attending this celebration was the singer Wilfrido Vargas. By the end of 2006 López had sold more than 100,000 DVDs, and the Ball of Letters is now the best selling DVD in Colombia.
López began his international tour in July 2006 performing in eleven cities: Los Angeles at the Alex Theatre; Panamá at Teatro Balboa; Quito at *Teatro Nacional*; Toronto at the John Bassett Theater; New York at the Town Hall; Miami at James L Knight Center; Greenville at the Peace Center; Madrid at *Teatro Gran Via* and Palacio de Congresos de Madrid; Houston at Stafford Center; Orlando at Osceola Performing Arts Center and Atlanta at the Center Stage Theater. An average of 1,500 people attended these shows
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# Lienzo
In ethnohistory, a **lienzo** (Spanish for \"canvas\") is a sheet of cloth painted with indigenous Mesoamerican pictorial writing
| 20 |
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| 0 |
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# Antiquarian book trade in the United States
The **antiquarian book trade in the United States** is an aspect of book collecting and publishing. The term *antiquarian*, in general, refers to antiquities and collectible items usually considered old and rare, usually in reference to books, but is not limited to books. The word antiquarian could also be used to describe a person who collects rare books or other antique items.
Two key figures who have written a great deal on the U.S. antiquarian book trade specifically are Leona Rostenberg (1908--2005) and Madeleine B. Stern (1912--2007), both of whom were also in the business of collecting and selling rare books. Other histories having covered the topic include Isaiah Thomas, writing in 1810 his *History of printing in America*; Henry Walcott Boynton's *Annals of American Bookselling, 1638-1850*, first published in 1932; Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt's *The Book in America: A History of the Making, the Selling, and the Collecting of Books in the United States* (1939).
The antiquarian book trade has roots in Colonial America, and may be considered in the study of American history and literature, print culture, and book history. Antiquarian book fairs have long been an important aspect of the trade. Today, the Antiquarian Booksellers\' Association of America (ABAA) is the primary organization of the trade in the United States. Other organizations include the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing (SHARP). The Rare Book School at the University of Virginia is the premier institution for those seeking an advanced education in the field.
## History
The beginnings of the antiquarian book trade can be traced to British North America, specifically Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. There is no established date of when this business of book collecting actually begins, however Stern attributes the beginnings to John Dunton's visit to Boston in 1686, in which he brought along numerous books from his native England. Printed materials and books however were already available in Boston, the first book shop having been opened in 1647 by Hezekiah Usher. The act of collecting and selling books as a form of business increases later in seventeenth century, with 1693 being the date of the earliest printed catalogue of books in the American colonies.
Events in Boston during the eighteenth century proved both difficult and advantageous for the antiquarian book trade. For example, a fire broke out in 1711 that consumed nearly every bookshop then in existence in Boston. In the next two decades antiquarian booksellers rebuilt and gradually began to thrive, with the presence of Harvard College, as well as a certain literary and educational milieu in Boston allowing the development of the antiquarian book trade.
In the later eighteenth century, the heart of the antiquarian trade shifted to Philadelphia and New York City, growing with an increasingly educated public and independence from Britain. With the movement of people westward bookselling spread, and soon, small cities like Cincinnati become known in the book trade. The trade spread to Richmond and New Orleans, then to Texas, St. Louis, Chicago, and eventually, following the gold rush, to California
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| 0 |
10,992,819 |
# Eldon Quick
**Eldon Maroney Quick** (born April 4, 1937) is an American character actor. He is an alumnus of the American Shakespeare Festival and has numerous stage, screen, and television roles to his credit.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Quick\'s debut as a professional actor came at the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut.
Quick\'s best-remembered television character is the bureaucratic Captain Sloan from two early episodes of *M\*A\*S\*H* (\"Payday\" and \"The Incubator\"), which he reprised as Captain Pratt in \"The Late Captain Pierce\". Quick also played scheming magazine editor Rob Roy Fingerhead in an episode of *The Monkees*, and the villain Chronos in the final episode of *Buck Rogers in the 25th Century*.
Quick appeared in a *Bewitched* episode, \"Samantha\'s Secret Saucer\", as Captain Tugwell. Eldon Quick also appeared in the show Barnaby Jones; episode titled, \"To Catch a Dead Man\"(02/04/1973).
His film roles include Charlie Hawthorne in *In the Heat of the Night*, William Harper Littlejohn in *Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze*, and Reverend Lowell in *The Big Bet*.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------ ----------------------------------- --------------------- -------
1967 *In the Heat of the Night* Charles Hawthorne
1969 *Viva Max!* Quincy
1974 *Homebodies* Insurance Inspector
1975 *How Come Nobody\'s on Our Side?* Hal the Cop
1975 *Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze* Johnny
1985 *The Big Bet* Rev
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# Skip Lane
**Paul John** **\"Skip\"** **Lane Jr.** (born January 30, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for two seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels.
Lane was featured in the ESPN documentary *Year of the Scab*. In 2018, Lane was awarded a Super Bowl ring for playing for the Washington Redskins in 1987, the year they won Super Bowl XXII
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# Canyelles station
**Canyelles** (`{{IPA|ca|kəˈɲɛʎəs}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Barcelona Metro station, named after the nearby Canyelles neighbourhood, in the Nou Barris district of the city of Barcelona. The station is served by line L3.
The station is located under *Carrer de Federico García Lorca* and *Via Favència-Ronda de Dalt*. It has an access on each side of the station on to *Mercat-García Lorca* and *Via Favència*, and *Parc de Josep Maria Serra Martí*. The single 100 m long island platform is flanked by two tracks.
The station was opened in 2001, when the section of line L3 was extended from Montbau station. It remained the terminus of line L3 until 2008, when the line was further extended to Trinitat Nova station.
Canyelles station was designed by Alfons Soldevila and is considerably more modern-looking than most of the city\'s other stations.
## Gallery
<File:Metro> Canyelles Barcelona.jpg\|Detail on a wall in the Canyelles metro station <File:M3000
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# St. Joe Company
The **St. Joe Company** is a land development company headquartered in Panama City Beach, Florida. Founded in 1936 and until 1966 known as **St. Joe Paper Company**, the company still operates a forestry division but is primarily engaged in real estate development and asset management. The company\'s land holdings are concentrated in Northwest Florida with the vast majority located in Bay and Walton counties. Of the 110,500 acres The St. Joe Company owns that fall within the Bay-Walton Sector Plan, 53,000 acres were placed into conservation by the company. The company develops its land for a variety of uses including residential neighborhoods, hotels, apartment communities, leasable commercial space, office buildings and medical facilities among others.
## Company History & Overview {#company_history_overview}
The St. Joe Company (then St. Joe Paper Company) was founded in 1936, and at one point was the second largest private landholder in the state of Florida, owning more than a million acres of property in the state. Over time, properties in other parts of the state were sold as the Company began to focus on strategic land holdings in Northwest Florida.
The St. Joe Company transitioned from a paper/industrial focus to land development, and in 2010 moved its corporate offices from Jacksonville, FL to the Walton County/Bay County area to be closer to the majority of their future development holdings.
In 2010, Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport (ECP) opened on 4,000 acres of land donated by The St. Joe Company. At the time, the old airport being replaced handled about 300,000 passengers per year. In 2022, approximately 1.5 million passengers flew through ECP.
In 2014 The St. Joe Company sold more than 380,000 acres -- to AgReserves for \$562 million, retaining strategic land holdings concentrated in Northwest Florida.
Eventually -- in 2020 -- the company HQ moved into the newly constructed corporate offices in the Beckrich Office Park on R. Jackson Blvd. in Panama City Beach.
Today, the majority of The St. Joe Company\'s land holdings are in the Bay/Walton County area, 110,500 acres of which are being developed under a 50-year plan, with 53,000 acres being placed into conservation.
The St. Joe Company's current total land holdings in Northwest Florida (including areas outside of the Bay-Walton Sector Plan) is about 171,000 acres.
The 50-year [Bay-Walton Sector Plan](https://bay-waltonsectorplan.com/) gives legal rights for The St. Joe Company to develop more than 170,000 residential dwelling units, more than 22 million square feet of retail, commercial and industrial space and more than 3,000 hotel rooms on lands it owns within Bay and Walton Counties.
## Development Activity {#development_activity}
The St. Joe Company\'s primary activity is development of its land holdings in Northwest Florida. While doing so it also places tens of thousand of acres of land into permanent conservation. The Company divides its development projects into three main segments: residential, commercial and hospitality. In addition to its development activities, the Company operates many assets in its commercial and hospitality segments.
## Residential Real Estate {#residential_real_estate}
The St. Joe Company\'s residential development activities consist primarily of single family home neighborhoods, active adult communities and workforce housing.
Development of the waterfront community of WaterColor was completed in 2022. The WaterColor community features more than 1,000 residences, a 67-room hotel, shops and restaurants and numerous parks spread over 499 acres.
Following the WaterColor community, St. Joe developed the resort communities of Watersound Beach and neighboring Watersound West Beach. Residential communities that the company continues to develop with new phases include Watersound Origins in Walton County Florida, Breakfast Point in Panama City Beach, Ward Creek in Bay County Florida and WindMark Beach - a master-planned community near Port St. Joe, Florida, among others.
With joint venture partner Minto Communities USA, St. Joe broke ground on Latitude Margaritaville Watersound, a Jimmy Buffet-Buffett themed 55 and older community, in 2020. In 2022, the community celebrated its 1,000th home sale. The first phase of the Latitude Margaritaville Watersound community is planned for 3,500 homes with additional phases to follow.
In response to the housing shortage created by the destruction from Hurricane Michael in 2018, The St. Joe Company began the development of three new communities in eastern Bay County, Florida: College Station, Park Place and Titus Park. Since that time, each of these communities has seen development of additional phases making way for more homesites.
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# St. Joe Company
## Hospitality Operations {#hospitality_operations}
The St. Joe Company owns several hospitality assets in Northwest Florida. The popular beach vacation towns of Panama City Beach and South Walton County, Florida are home to several St. Joe hotels including WaterColor Inn, Watersound Inn, The Pearl Hotel, The Lodge 30A, Home2 Suites by Hilton, Camp Creek Inn, Hilton Garden Inn Panama City Airport, Homewood Suites Panama City Beach, Hotel Indigo Panama City Marina and Embassy Suites by Hilton Panama City Beach Resort. As of December 31, 2023, the company had an additional hotel that it plans to open in 2024. The company currently has 1,177 hotel rooms in its portfolio. Once the hotel under construction is complete, that total will increase to 1,298.
In February 2023, the Company opened The Lodge 30A, an 85-room boutique hotel in Seagrove Beach, Florida. In April 2023, The St. Joe Company opened Embassy Suites by Hilton Panama City Beach Resort featuring 255 guest suites, multiple restaurants, meeting and convention space and an outdoor 5th floor reception venue with views of the Gulf of Mexico. A 107-room Home2 Suites by Hilton in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida opened in May 2023. June 2023 saw the opening of Hotel Indigo Panama City Marina with a top floor sky bar and full-service restaurant taking advantage of the hotel\'s unobstructed views of St. Andrews Bay. The hotel\'s location in downtown Panama City, Florida is undergoing a rebuilding process after sustaining significant damage during Hurricane Michael in 2018. Camp Creek Inn opened in June 2023. This 75-room boutique inn sits on the grounds of Watersound Club, St. Joe\'s private membership club. Camp Creek Inn is located adjacent to Camp Creek Golf Course and a new Club amenity project that opened in April 2023 and includes pools, tennis and pickleball courts, a wellness center, dining venues, a playground, sports courts and other amenities available to club member and guests of Camp Creek Inn. In 2023, St. Joe hotels welcomed guests from all 50 states.
Additionally Watersound Club members get access to golf at the club\'s two golf courses: Shark\'s Tooth Golf Course and Camp Creek Golf Course. Also available to members is a sprawling Beach Club featuring multiple pools, tennis courts and dining venues as well as more than 1,000 feet of private Gulf of Mexico beachfront. As of December 2023, Watersound Club had members from 40 states.
St. Joe\'s two marinas were destroyed during Hurricane Michael in 2018. In 2022, the company completed the rebuilding of the two marina and reopened them under the name Point South Marina - Port St. Joe and Point South Marina - Bay Point. Combined, the marinas feature 427 boat slips.
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# St. Joe Company
## Commercial Real Estate {#commercial_real_estate}
The St. Joe Company owns and leases a diverse portfolio of commercial space - much of it located adjacent to the company\'s residential real estate developments and hospitality assets. The company\'s leasable commercial space includes shopping centers, light industrial space, warehouses and retail space totaling approximately 1 million square feet of space primarily located in Bay and Walton Counties.
The Company\'s VentureCrossings Enterprise Centre, an industrial park near Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport consists of more than 300,000 square feet of space. The Company has developed several commerce parks in Northwest Florida and has historically sold lots to third parties. In some cases, St. Joe builds light industrial and warehouse buildings in its commerce parks and leases the space.
Lifestyle shopping centers make up a significant portion of St. Joe\'s leasable space portfolio. Pier Park North in Panama City Beach has more than 320,00 square feet of leasable square feet that was 100% leased as of December 31, 2023. The company is actively developing two additional lifestyle centers. Watersound Town Center, located at the entrance to the Watersound Origins community featured approximately 89,000 square feet of leasable space with an additional 50,000 square feet under construction. Development work is underway at Watersound West Bay Center, a planned lifestyle center located at the entrance of the Latitude Margaritaville Watersound community. Watersound West Bay Center is planned for up to 500,000 square feet of leasable space at build out.
The Company\'s first apartment community was Pier Park Crossings, a 360-unit community within walking distance of Panama City Beach\'s Pier Park shopping and lifestyle center. Additional apartment communities have followed including Watersound Origins Crossings, Sea Sound Apartments and North Bay Landing. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had 1,024 multi-family units complete with an additional 359 under construction. St. Joe also owns a 107-unit assisted living community and has a 148-unit independent living community under construction that is scheduled to open in fall 2023.
In 2022, St. Joe, along with Tallahassee Memorial Health Care and the Florida State University College of Medicine broke ground on a medical campus in Panama City Beach, Florida. The first phase of the project includes an 80,000 square foot medical office building. Future plans include a 100-bed hospital and additional medical office space.
## Conservation
The St. Joe Company\'s development activities include a long-term, large-scale framework for conservation. The Company\'s Bay-Walton Sector Plan, an approved framework for land use designations, includes more than 50,000 acres of conservation within the 110,500 acre plan. Much of these conversation efforts focus on protecting the quality of local waterways. Under the Bay-Walton Sector Plan, St. Joe protected nearly the entire shoreline of West Bay as well as the creeks and tributaries that flow into it. Other efforts to protect regionally significant natural resources include responsible land management and timber management on its land holdings. The Company regularly conducts prescribed burns on land to reduce the threat of wildfires and promote a healthier forest. The Company has worked with agencies including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to protect sensitive species including the red cockaded woodpecker, flatwoods salamander and gopher tortoise.
## Donated Land in Bay County and Walton County {#donated_land_in_bay_county_and_walton_county}
The St. Joe Company donated land for two sports parks (Frank Brown Park and the Panama City Beach Sports Complex), and two schools (Arnold High School and the A. Gary Walsingham Academy) in Panama City Beach. Land previously owned by The St. Joe Company was sold to the city of Panama City Beach to create the 2,900-acre Panama City Beach Conservation Park. In Walton County the St. Joe Company donated the land at 7800 US Hwy 98 in Miramar Beach where Ascension Sacred Heart Hospital Emerald Coast was built, and helped create a STEAM School named "The Magnet Innovation Center" on land and with facilities previously used as the company's corporate offices at 133 S. Watersound Parkway.
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# St. Joe Company
## Beginning
The company was founded by Edward Ball in 1936 as part of the Alfred I. du Pont Testamentary Trust. The staunchly segregationist Ball was du Pont\'s brother-in-law and also affiliated with the Florida Democrat political group known as \"The Pork Chop Gang\". Prior to the company\'s formal establishment, the trust had already begun land purchases in 1923. During the land booms in South Florida, the company acquired still-cheap land in the Florida Panhandle. In 1933, du Pont purchased the Apalachicola Northern Railroad.
The Apalachicola Northern Railroad had extended its network from Chattahoochee to Port St. Joe, Florida, in 1910, hoping to take advantage of increased shipping trade through the Panama Canal. However, when the Great Depression hit, business dropped off significantly. Du Pont purchased the struggling railroad, and made plans to use the infrastructure to build a paper mill, leading to the foundation of the St. Joe Company.
Du Pont drew up elaborate plans for the development of his mill town as \"The Model City of the South\", but died before it could be completed. His brother-in-law, Ed Ball, took control of the St. Joe Company in 1935, but never acted on the master city plan.
Construction began in 1936, and from 1938 to 1996, the company operated a paper mill at Port St. Joe, as St. Joe Paper Company. From 1938 to 1974 St. Joe Paper Company discharged mill wastewater into an unlined impoundment in the Highland View Neighborhood and St. Joe Bay. Land purchases continued throughout the 1940s and 1950s, often for \"mere dollars an acre,\" and St. Joe eventually owned more than one million acres (4,000 km^2^). The company invigorated the local economy following the Depression, employing thousands at its paper mill, but wreaked havoc on the environment. The mill released sulfurous exhaust from sulfate pulping and dioxins, an unintended toxin generated by the chlorine bleaching process used to make white pulp.
By the 1950s, the company was drawing 35 million gallons of water a day from the Floridan Aquifer, seriously depleting the water table. St Joe Paper also clear-cut millions of acres of old growth forest, engaging in silviculture to replant the areas with slash pine. The practice decimated the native longleaf pine stands, reducing the species to \"2 percent of its former range.\" Because of this, the United States Department of the Interior designated parts of the region a *Critically Endangered Ecosystem*.
The paper mill was most profitable in the 1960s, with products being directly marketed to company-owned box plants. However, an extended period of down time (9-months) due to market conditions in 1996 signaled the beginning of the end for the mill. After nearly sixty years, St. Joe decided to get out of the paper business. The mill was sold in 1996 to Florida Coast Paper for \$390 million, and that company was able to operate and produce paper until the decline of the container board market. Florida Coast Paper closed the mill on August 16, 1998, and did not reopen. The mill was gone by 2003.
After the dismantling of the paper mill, the St. Joe Company was back in town in 2008 to unveil a \$344 million plan for the former mill site that was similar to Alfred du Pont\'s idealized Southern town -- an integrated city with upscale residential districts, entertainment venues, a thriving port, and a diverse economy. The State of Florida re-routed US 98 inland to permit development of beachfront property that would become the Windmark Beach community.
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# St. Joe Company
## Talisman Sugar Corporation {#talisman_sugar_corporation}
St. Joe acquired the Talisman Sugar Company in 1972, which included almost 50000 acre in Palm Beach and Hendry counties in the Everglades. St. Joe received negative publicity for their south Florida sugar cane business from labor unions and environmental groups, including by Cesar Chavez of the United Farm Workers.
Additionally, pressures over environmental damage led the company to strike a deal with the federal government and state of Florida to sell its sugar business as part of an Everglades restoration project; Florida paid \$133.5 million in 1999 to St. Joe Co. for the 50960 acre Talisman Sugar Plantation. As part of the deal, the company continued using the land for an additional five years, during which it contracted the land to Florida Crystals and other sugar growers. In order to utilize some portions of the Talisman property which were not contiguous, land swaps with other sugar growers were necessary.
Some of St. Joe\'s most profitable deals came from selling conservation land to the state. A total of some 90,000 acres (360 km^2^) were purchased by the state for \$182 million. That works out to an average of over \$2,000 per acre.
## Post-Ball era {#post_ball_era}
Following Ball\'s death in 1981, the company began to sell off its industrial operations and focus on land development. As a developer, St. Joe has distinguished itself as catering to more \"well-heeled\" clientele. Pete Rummell, formerly chairman of Walt Disney Imagineering, was hired in 1997 to lead their real estate business and became chairman and CEO. Also in 1997, St. Joe acquired **Arvida Corporation**.
St. Joe built a 140000 sqft corporate headquarters on the St. Johns River in downtown Jacksonville in 2003. At the groundbreaking, Rummell said, \"This is an important milestone for us. We don\'t get a lot of revenue from the city of Jacksonville, but it\'s important to who we are and what we are.\" The company headquarters remained in Jacksonville until 2010, when it moved its headquarters to Watersound, Florida.
The company operates through four segments:
- **Residential Real Estate** develops large-scale, mixed-use resort, seasonal and primary residential communities, as well as sells housing units and home sites to retail customers and builders.
- **Commercial Real Estate** develops and sells commercial properties, including retail properties, multifamily parcels, office parks and commerce parks.
- **Rural Land Sales** markets parcels for various rural residential and recreational uses in northwest Florida. It sells parcels of undeveloped land and developed home sites within rural settings.
- **Forestry** grows, harvests and sells timber and wood fiber. Its products primarily include pine pulpwood, timber and cypress products.
During the national downturn in the real estate market in the mid-2000s as part of the Great Recession, the company\'s sales suffered, with earnings dropping off by 60 percent in 2006. As a result, the company cut its workforce, exited the homebuilding market and sold its office holdings which included the corporate headquarters built in 2003.
In the late 1900s, St. Joe began to sell timber land in rural areas after deciding to focus on community and commercial development. Rummell departed in August, 2008 and was replaced by Hugh Durden as chairman of the board. Durden was also chairman of the Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust since 2005.
In December 2009, the company acknowledged selling two large developments at a loss, which they characterized as \"non-strategic\". The transactions were intended to take advantage of federal tax rules on losses from the sale of assets.
On March 18, 2010, the company announced plans to relocate their corporate headquarters to a site near the Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport when their lease expired in 2011. Most of the company\'s land is located in the panhandle and their success depends on development there.
At the end of February, 2011, St. Joe announced that Britt Greene had resigned as CEO and president of the company. The company\'s largest shareholder, Fairholme, disagreed with management\'s asset development plans and sought to replace certain board members. Greene and three other members resigned, and were replaced by two Fairholme employees and former Florida governor Charlie Crist.
In 2013 St. Joe Company sold 382,834 acres to AgReserves in Bay, Calhoun, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty and Wakulla counties.
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# St. Joe Company
## Bay County {#bay_county}
The company began marketing the panhandle region as \"Florida\'s Great Northwest,\" and was the major force behind plans to relocate and dramatically expand Panama City-Bay County International Airport in the hope that a larger airport would attract wealthier home buyers. In order to attract Southwest Airlines, St. Joe Company agreed to a \$26 million guarantee to cover any of Southwest Airlines\' losses for a full three years to get them to commit to service. Southwest later became so successful that they asked St. Joe to release the guarantee so they could remove restrictions on flight routes into the airport. St. Joe never had to pay on this guarantee. The idea of the airport received hostility from some local taxpayers (56% opposed it in a non-binding referendum) that funded the project and environmental groups that sued St. Joe six times. Residents pointed to the fact that St. Joe already had a 50-year, 100,000-acre development plan based on the airport and quotes such as \"Silicon Valley was in the middle of nowhere \...We think we can do the same thing.\" from Britt Greene, the company\'s president, as evidence that the company was out for itself in the building of the \$300+ million airport. St. Joe owns about 78000 acre of land in the area surrounding the new airport site, and has announced plans to build 5,800 homes and 4300000 sqft of commercial space.
The company had also offered to donate about 40,000 acres (160 km^2^) for preservation. The project attracted quite a bit of opposition, including taxpayer and environmental groups who pointed out that the current airport was operating at only half its capacity---with 12 outbound flights a day--- and argues that the new facility would primarily benefit one developer, at taxpayer expense. The new airport was approved and construction began in 2009 on 4000 acre donated by St. Joe. During construction even light rainfalls created mudslides that washed sediment into the surrounding wetlands with a decline in water quality as a result. By May 2009 the project had already accumulated almost \$400,000 in fines for 72 water quality violations and filling in wetlands without a permit. Separately, Phoenix Construction Services, which built the airport, had already been fined in the past for filling in wetlands or allowing unfiltered runoff to flow into waterways, in violation of environmental permits; the fines brought their total to almost \$2 million in environmental fines. The Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport opened on May 23, 2010, northwest of Panama City.
Since completion, the new airport has seen much heavier use than the old one. For example, in the year ending June 26, 2012, the airport had 47,604 aircraft operations, average 130 per day: 47% general aviation, 23% military, 16% airline, and 15% air taxi. 110 aircraft were then based at this airport: 78% single-engine, 14% multi-engine, and 8% jet.
In 2021 ECP set a new record for passenger numbers, reporting 1,598,492 total passengers for the year. In its last full year of operation, the old Panama City airport (PFN) saw just 313,000 passengers
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# Vienna Museum of Science and Technology
The **Vienna Museum of Science and Technology** (*Technisches Museum Wien*) is a museum in Penzing, Vienna, Austria, on Mariahilfer Straße. The museum showcases the history and development of technology, industry, and science, with a focus on Austrian involvement. It houses numerous historical models, such as those from the fields of rail transport, shipbuilding, aviation, and industry, as well as one of the largest collections of historical musical instruments in Austria.
## History
### Prehistory
In 1908, to mark the 60th anniversary of Emperor Franz Joseph I\'s accession to the throne, it was decided to establish a Technical Museum for Industry and Trade in Vienna. The initiative was primarily driven by Wilhelm Exner, who had advocated for the idea of such a museum since the 1873 Vienna World\'s Fair. The project was funded by industrialists and bankers, including the Rothschild bank. The same year, the National Technical Museum in Prague, also within Austria-Hungary, was opened.
Once the location was determined, with the museum set to be built in the 14th district of Vienna near the imperial residence in Schönbrunn on land provided free of charge by the city, initial studies were prepared by Viennese Historicist architect Emil von Förster. After his sudden death in 1909, a design competition was held among architects working in Vienna, including Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, Rudolf Tropsch, and Max Ferstel. The participants had only two months to submit their designs. Otto Wagner, a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement, won the competition; however, the heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, a staunch opponent of modern art, overruled the decision and declared the design by Hans Schneider, which closely resembled Förster\'s plans, the winner.
### Establishment
The cornerstone was laid by Emperor Franz Joseph I on June 20, 1909. The building was completed in 1913, but its opening, initially planned for 1914, was delayed due to World War I until 1918. By March 1919, the museum had already welcomed its 100,000th visitor. Until 1922, the museum was operated by an association, after which it was nationalized for financial reasons, as many former backers had withdrawn following the collapse of the monarchy and the instability of the post-war period.
### Nazi Era and Restitution {#nazi_era_and_restitution}
During the Nazi period, the Technical Museum acquired objects and materials that had been stolen from Jews. Following the enactment of the Federal Art Restitution Act in 1998, efforts were made to return looted objects to their rightful owners. The museum remained intact during World War II but received few visitors due to school closures and the ban on Jewish individuals.
### Modern History {#modern_history}
After the war, one-third of the museum\'s staff were affected by the Verbotsgesetz 1947, which required former NSDAP members to register themselves to local authorities. In 1984, concerns were raised about the deteriorating conditions of federal museums. In response, the government allocated several million schillings for restoration efforts, with nearly 502 million schillings designated exclusively for the comprehensive renovation of the Technical Museum. The renovation, which began in July 1994, lasted over three years. Due to leadership changes and exhibition redesigns, the museum\'s reopening was delayed until 1999.
## Exhibitions
Since the exhibitions focus on communicating technical concepts, they feature numerous functional models that allow visitors to explore and understand technical processes. These models are regularly updated to reflect the latest technological advancements.
Additionally, part of the collection includes items from the early 19th century, originating from the *k.k. Fabriksprodukten-Kabinett*, established in 1807 to document industrial products from the early stages of the monarchy\'s industrialization.
### Road vehicles {#road_vehicles}
The road vehicle department showcases milestones in Austrian automotive history, featuring brands such as Austro-Daimler, Gräf & Stift, Steyr, and Puch. Among the oldest exhibits are the Benz of Eugen Zardetti, the first gasoline-powered automobile operated in Austria, and the second Marcus car, one of the oldest vehicles preserved in its original condition. In 2006, a functioning replica of the Marcus car was unveiled, allowing for test drives and public demonstrations.
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# Vienna Museum of Science and Technology
## Gallery
<File:Notarzthubschrauber> „Christophorus 1" (Aerospatiale AS355).JPG\|Austria\'s first rescue helicopter <File:Technisches-museum-wien.jpg>\|Etrich Taube <File:Hofburg> Chapel organ, Vienna Technical Museum.jpg\|Organ of the Hofburg Chapel <File:1864> Schreibmaschine Peter Mitterhofer.jpg\|Typewriter of Peter Mitterhofer (1864) <File:LD-Tiegel>, Technisches Museum Wien, Juni 2009
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# Gansu leaf warbler
The **Gansu leaf warbler** (***Phylloscopus kansuensis***) is a small passerine bird known only from China. It belongs to the leaf warbler genus *Phylloscopus* within the family Phylloscopidae. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Pallas\'s warbler (*P. proregulus*) but is now regarded as a separate species based on differences in voice and cytochrome-b gene sequences.
It is 10 cm long, slightly larger than Pallas\'s warbler. It has greenish upperparts, pale underparts and a pale rump. The head has a long white supercilium and a pale stripe along the centre of the crown. The wings have one conspicuous wingbar, a slight second bar and whitish edges to the tertials.
The song is very different from Pallas\'s warbler and consists of a thin, high-pitched note followed by a series of accelerating notes and finally a trill.
It is known to breed only in Gansu and Qinghai provinces in northern China. Its wintering grounds are uncertain but probably lie in Yunnan province in southern China. It is found up to 3,200 metres above sea-level in deciduous forest with some spruce and juniper. It is not currently known to be threatened with extinction and so is classed as a species of Least Concern by BirdLife International
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# Ed Kahn
**Edwin Bernard Kahn** (November 9, 1911 -- February 17, 1945) was an American football guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Boston and Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of North Carolina.
## Early life and college career {#early_life_and_college_career}
Edwin Bernard Kahn was born in New York City on November 9, 1911. He grew up in Roxbury, Massachusetts, attended Boston English High School, and played on the football team in his sophomore year with limited success.
He went to the North Carolina to study law, but after he put on enough weight, he tried football again, making the freshman football team as a fullback. He lettered for three years as a guard on the varsity team, and acquired the nickname \"King Kong\". The 1934 Tar Heels, coached by Carl Snavely, went 7--1--1, with the \"ladies from hell\" Kahn and George Barclay as guards, and Jim Tatum (later the coach of the 1953 University of Maryland national champion team) at tackle. Kahn was All-Southern Conference in 1933, and All-Southern Conference, All South Atlantic, Players All-America, and Jewish All America in 1934.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
After graduating in 1935, Kahn tried out for the Boston Redskins, making the team as a guard and becoming the third North Carolina player to join the NFL. The owner George Preston Marshall gave Kahn permission to sit out the first game in 1935 because it fell on Rosh Hashanah. Kahn played for Boston in the 1935 and 1936 seasons. He won a starting position in the sixth game of the 1936 season against the Philadelphia Eagles, helping the Ray Flaherty-coached Redskins to their first winning season (7--5) and the Eastern Division title. The Redskins lost to the Packers in the championship game and Kahn was selected to the 1936 All-NFL 2nd team.
After the 1936 season, Kahn was traded to the Bears, but was bought back by the Redskins before the 1937 season. That year, he scored a touchdown on a fumble return against the Eagles as the Redskins went 8--3 and beat the Bears for the championship.
In August 1938, the Redskins played and lost to a college all-star team at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. The program listed \"Kahn, Edwin \[\...\] Nationality, Hebrew.\" Later that month, they lost to another college all-star team at the Chicago College All-Star Game at Soldier Field. October 1938 featured a full-page picture of Kahn, taken by Carl Mydans, in *Life* magazine.
The Redskins purchased a Hazleton, Pennsylvania-based minor league football team in 1938, and appointed Kahn as player-coach. He led the Hazelton Redskins to the Eastern Pennsylvania League and Dixie Championships before retiring from football at the end of the season.
Kahn was remembered by Corinne Griffith, film star and wife of Marshall, in her book *My Life with the Redskins: \"*\... Eddie Kahn, one of the original eleven Redskins who made the famous goal-line stand against the Giants there on the 1-yard line in Griffith Stadium in the opening game of the 1937 season. That night when the Washington Redskins were born.\"
## Death
Kahn volunteered for the United States Army when the country entered World War II, joining the infantry. His sister, Edna May (Kahn) Schneider, was in the Women\'s Army Corps.
A first lieutenant, he was wounded in the Battle of Kwajalein and received a Purple Heart and Presidential Unit Citation. In the invasion of Leyte in the Philippines in October 1944, Kahn suffered serious injuries during the beach landing from which he died in February 1945.
He was inducted into the Greater Washington Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2013. His sister Edna died in 2014
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# Love's Unending Legacy
***Love\'s Unending Legacy*** is a 2007 made-for-television Christian drama film based on a series of books by Janette Oke. It originally aired on Hallmark Channel on April 7, 2007. It was directed by Mark Griffiths and stars Erin Cottrell. It is the fifth movie in an ongoing series that includes *Love Comes Softly* (2003), *Love\'s Enduring Promise* (2004), *Love\'s Long Journey* (2005), *Love\'s Abiding Joy* (2006), *Love\'s Unfolding Dream* (2007), and *Love Takes Wing* (2009), and *Love Finds a Home* (2009), as well as the 2011 prequels, *Love Begins*, *Love\'s Everlasting Courage*, and *Love\'s Christmas Journey* which fits part way through the movie series.
## Synopsis
Missie LaHaye bids a reluctant goodbye at the grave of her late husband Willie, who died two years previously in the line of duty as the sheriff of Tettsford Junction. Even after giving up her job as the town schoolteacher, Missie has found running the ranch on her own overwhelming, so she has resigned herself to letting her son Jeff and his new bride take control of it jointly with her brothers Aaron and Arnie.
Missie and her ten-year-old son Mattie travel back to her hometown to live near the farm of her parents, Clark and Marty Davis. She goes back to teaching school. At her first Sunday service, Missie and Mattie learn from the Pastor that an \"Orphan Train\" with homeless children in need of good homes will soon arrive from the Children\'s Aid Society of New York. Outside the church, Clark introduces Missie to sharp-tongued biddy Mrs. Pettis, who disdains the orphans as \"ragamuffins.\" At the same time, Missie catches the eye of a passing horseman: bachelor Sheriff Zach Tyler, another target of Mrs. Pettis' vitriol. Claiming that Zach is not a godly man, Mrs. Pettis passes her judgment on him, implying he has a shameful past on the wrong side of the law.
On her way to work, Missie passes the church just as the orphan distribution is underway. Although she is firmly determined not to grant Mattie\'s request for a new sibling, she goes in---just in time to witness 14-year-old Belinda behaving belligerently toward the Pettises as they choose eight-year-old Jacob---looking on him as a farm worker rather than a son. Realizing that the lone orphan Belinda will be sent back to the foundling home in New York, Missie volunteers to adopt the poor Romantic soul.
Unbeknownst to all, Belinda is Jacob\'s sister. She kept this secret to prevent potential parents from breaking up siblings because they see her as \"too old\" to adopt. With Jacob secured in a home nearby, Belinda can figure out a way for them to flee; she believes that their father had given them up for adoption with the full intention of reuniting with them in the near future. She is so sure of this that she resists family life within the loving embrace of Missie, the Davises, Zach, and the community; she sneaks out of Missie\'s home nightly to reassure Jacob that soon they will leave together. She becomes more determined after learning that the Pettises beat and starve him.
Missie tells her mother Marty that she feels as if a voice inside told her to adopt Belinda, but she still can\'t explain why. Perhaps, says Marty, \"God knew that Belinda needed you. And maybe, for some reason you don't understand yet, you need her.\" Little Mattie LaHaye befriends together with Mr. Davis a white pup out of the dog heard he names Snowball! Zach attempts to court Missie, but she resists, explaining she could never love anyone the way she loved her late husband. Missie then struggles to convince herself that although she is not in love with the sheriff, at least he would make a good marriage partner.
While Missie discusses Belinda\'s disturbing nocturnal disappearances with Zach, who has warmed her heart with his kindness toward the young girl, he states he has no faith in God if a child can suffer like Belinda. Later, Missie tells her mother she couldn\'t love a man who didn\'t share her faith. Zach and Missie discover Jacob\'s plight, but are anguished that they can\'t rescue him unless he exposes the Pettises, which he won\'t out of fear of reprisal. While Missie and Zach appreciate their mutual desire to help the boy, they clash over how to save him. An angry Belinda berates them for their inability to help Jacob, claiming her father will soon come to their aid.
Exasperated by Belinda\'s rejection, Missie visits Marty, who reminds her that Missie once had trouble accepting Marty as her stepmother. Sagely, she tells Missie that \"loving a child has nothing to do with giving birth\" and \"being a family is a choice, not necessarily something that just happens because you're related by blood.\" Belinda shows Missie a note written by her father. Belinda can\'t read, but is sure the note explains how he\'ll come back for her and Jacob. Missie then reads her the note, and Belinda learns that her father had actually left them at the orphanage for good.
Later, Zach visits Missie at the school to explain his lack of faith: his fiancée was an innocent victim of murderous bank robbers. Missie then relates the story of her husband\'s death.
After Missie again fails to rescue Jacob, Belinda runs away with him into the stormy night. Everyone joins a desperate search for them. Amid the lightning-laden thunderstorm, Zach prays. He then hears a voice over the din and follows it to the abandoned mine where the children have sought shelter. Zach tells Missie it was God\'s miracle that guided him in the wilderness, but as she later admits to her father, she doesn\'t know how to \"let go\" of her late husband. Clark tells her love doesn\'t die when a person passes away; it stays in a person\'s heart forever as she moves on to a new life with a new chance for happiness. Missie takes that chance by marrying Zach. They adopt Jacob as well and begin their lives as a family of five.
## Cast
Actor Role
-------------------------- -------------------------
Erin Cottrell Missie LaHaye
Holliston Coleman Belinda Marshall-LaHaye
Victor Browne Sheriff Zach Tyler
Hank Stratton Pastor Joe
Braeden Lemasters Jacob Marshall-LaHaye
Dave Florek Hank Pettis
Stephanie Nash Mrs. Pettis
Bret Loehr Calvin
Tanner Richie Simon Stevens
Ned Schmidtke Hendricks
Dale Waddington Horowitz Mrs. Behringer
Brett Coker Mattie LaHaye
Ken Magee Mr. Anderson
Samantha Smith Marty Davis
Dale Midkiff Clark Davis
Jeremy Shada Boy in Stagecoach
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# Love's Unending Legacy
## Awards
Victor Browne and Erin Cottrell won a Camie Awards each for their role in the film. Other winners were: Brian Gordon (producer), Mark Griffiths (director), Dale Midkiff, Pamela Wallace (writer), and Braeden Lemasters.
Braeden Lemasters and Holliston Coleman were each nominated for a **Young Artist Award**
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# Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
The **conservation and restoration of vinyl discs** refers to the preventive measures taken to defend against damage and slow degradation, and to maintain fidelity of singles, 12\" singles, EP's, and LP's in 45 or 33⅓ rpm 10\" disc recordings.
Vinyl LP preservation is generally considered separate from conservation, which refers to the repair and stabilization of individual discs. Commonly practiced in major sound archives and research libraries that house large collections of audio recordings, it is also frequently followed by audiophiles and home record collectors.
Because vinyl---a light plastic made up of polyvinyl chloride acetate copolymer, or PVC---is considered the most stable of analog recording media, it is seen as less a concern for deterioration than earlier sound recordings made from more fragile materials such as acetate, vulcanite, or shellac. This hardly means that vinyl recordings are infallible, however, and research---both expert and evidential---has shown that the way in which discs are handled and cared for can have a profound effect on their longevity. Though some 45s (7\"s) are also made from vinyl, many of them are actually polystyrene---a more fragile medium that is prone to fracturing from internal stress. Still, many of the recommendations for the care of vinyl LPs can be applied to 45s.
## Historical development and standards {#historical_development_and_standards}
In 1959---roughly a decade after vinyl LPs first became widely available to consumers---the Library of Congress published [*Preservation of Sound Recordings* (A.G. Pickett and M.M. Lemcoe)](https://csumc.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1101/2015/10/REPORT-Preservation-and-Storage-of-Sound-Recordings-Lemcoe-M.M.-Picket-A.G.-undated.pdf), the first and most extensive investigation of the deterioration of grooved discs and magnetic tape. Funded by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, the purpose of the investigation was to establish suitable guidelines for the storage and preservation of sound recordings for libraries. Conducted at the Southwest Research Institute of San Antonio, the study involved subjecting sound recordings to a series of lab tests, from accelerated aging to fungal exposure. Though considered the definitive study in the field, the chemical makeup of plastics and how they perform under stress was the primary focus of the report, whereas playback deterioration---a significant concern to sound archivists and record collectors---was excluded from the investigation.
*The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings* (Jerry McWilliams), published in 1979 by the American Association of State and Local History, did include information about disc wear through playback, and is still a practical source of information on sound recording preservation. A comprehensive manual based on reports gathered from library professionals, sound archivists, audio engineers, and other experts, it included information on such topics as disc damage from frequency of use, stylus wear, and inferior or improperly adjusted equipment.
In 1986 the Association of Recorded Sound Collections (ARSC) Associated Archives (AAA) Committee received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to conduct an in-depth study in order to identify the problems of preservation and access for sound recordings. Their 860-page report, titled *Audio Preservation, A Planning Study* was published in 1988.
Since the shift from analog to digital recording, research in the preservation of sound recordings has been in serious decline. Gerald L. Gibson, the head of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division of the Library of Congress expressed his concern on this issue in 1991, by referencing an investigation on the effects of fire on sound and audiovisual recordings as some of the only new research being done on the topic, stating, \"Comparatively little is known about the preservation, conservation, aging problems, or properties of sound recordings...virtually no independent work is going on in these areas.\" (Gerald L. Gibson, Head of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division of the Library of Congress, 1991).
Though guidelines and recommendations for the care, handling, and proper storage of vinyl LPs are available from such resources as The Library of Congress and the National Library of Canada, to this date there are no nationally agreed upon standards for audio preservation. In January 2007, a five-page letter was sent to the National Recording Preservation Board at the Library of Congress on behalf of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in support of a study on the current state of recorded sound preservation in the United States, stating \"the lack of agreed upon standards and commonly accepted best practices presents a major barrier to effective audio preservation.\"(Prudence S. Adler, Associate Executive Director and Karla L. Hahn, Director, Office of Scholarly Communication, Association of Research Libraries, Jan. 2007)
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# Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
## Recommendations
Though recommendations for LP preservation differ among professionals, the majority are in agreement on some basic guidelines: discs need to be kept clean, stored in such a way to prevent distortion, and maintained in a stable, climate-controlled environment. Routine maintenance of turntable equipment including regular inspection of the weight, tracking, and condition of the stylus is also advised.
### Cleaning
Though proper methods are debated, cleaning is extremely important in maintaining the fidelity of LPs. As Gibson stated, \"As with most things in the field, there is very little certainty regarding cleaning. What is known is based on trial-and-error, not upon controlled, scientific study...however, one thing is certain: playing a dirty recording, regardless of its format, is one of the most damaging things you can do to it.\"(Gerald L. Gibson, Head of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division of the Library of Congress, 1991)
It is imperative that LPs be kept free from foreign matter deposits. Oils from fingerprints, adhesives, and soot are damaging, as are air pollutants like cigarette smoke. Even grease from cooking can deposit itself on LPs. Probably the number one contributor to damage, however, is ordinary household dust. Dust can become embedded permanently into the disc\'s grooves, causing distortion of the transmitting signal, ticks, pops, and inferior sound quality. Vinyl discs can become so dirty and scratched that they are virtually unlistenable.
It is recommended that discs be cleaned before---and after---each playback, carbon-fibre brushes are quite effective. One of the most renowned cleaning brushes are the RAMAR record brushes. Based in Berlin, [RAMAR](https://ramar.berlin/en/) specializes in audiophile designs and products that merge functionality and artistry. The record brushes from RAMAR are characterized by their unique brush trim and design. Six double rows of carbon fibres and two rows of goat hair ensure excellent dust absorption and dissipation electrostatic charge.
Records should be cleaned in a circular motion, in the direction of the grooves. Distilled water (not tap water as it will leave behind mineral deposits) and a soft, lint-free cloth are a common method of cleaning. Another method is to clean the LP on the turntable with a disc cleaning brush (the Discwasher system is frequently recommended by the audio press). A simple \"cleaning bath\" device called the Spin Clean gives good results,`{{according to whom|date=November 2015}}`{=mediawiki} and there are also vacuum machines on the market such as the Nitty Gritty, Keith Monks, Clearaudio, and VPI, which are recommended for more a thorough cleaning. In recent years, ultrasonic cleaning machines from manufacturers such as Klaudio (Korea) and Audio Desk Systeme (Germany) have also been used with great success. The effectiveness of the ultrasonic machines coupled with their premium price tags (both US\$4,000 in January 2015) has opened the door for companies to offer professional ultrasonic cleaning at an affordable cost of just a few dollars per record. Another cleaning product recently released called Record Revirginizer uses a polymer that is applied to record surface then left to dry; the polymer is then peeled from the surface taking the microscopic contaminants with it. Though in the past, using alcohol on vinyl LPs was considered safe, experts now caution against it unless absolutely necessary, as alcohol threatens the loss of the plasticizer or stabilizer. As vinyl is often prone to electrostatic charges that cause dust and debris to be attracted to its surface, anti-static products can be used if needed.
Other recommendations for the care, handling, and storage of LPs include the following:
### Handling
- When possible, use clean, white, lint-free gloves for handling.
- Handle by edge and label areas only, with the third and fourth fingers balancing the label and the thumb supporting the rim.
- Remove from jacket by bowing the jacket open and holding it against the body and letting the LP with its inner sleeve slide out gently (following the same method for removing the inner sleeve).
- Do not expose to air or light unnecessarily. Return LPs to their jackets immediately after playback.
### Storing
- Store exactly vertically to prevent warping. Spacers are recommended for every four to six inches.
- Store LPs with other LPs. Avoid mixing with other sizes such as 10\" and 7\" discs. Never use bookends.
- Store on metal shelves (as opposed to wood, which expands and contracts).
- Do not allow LPs to hang over the edge of shelves.
- Remove shrink wrap from dust jackets immediately after acquiring.
- Use polyethylene inner sleeves. Never use PVC sleeves as their chemical makeup is too close to vinyl and may cause imprints or fuse to the LP. Replace paper sleeves as paper deteriorates, leaving oil and paper residue.
- Store in-use LPs at a temperature of 65 to. Those in long-term storage should be kept at 45 to. Though relative humidity (RH) is considered less an issue for vinyl than other recorded media, it is recommended that LPs be stored at 45--50% RH.
### Playback equipment {#playback_equipment}
- The stylus tip should be kept clean at all times. A soft, camelhair brush is recommended with a drop of Discwasher solution. Only clean from back to front.
- The stylus should be periodically inspected as it is gradually worn by use. Never play LPs with a worn stylus.
- Maintain proper tracking force. If too high, the stylus will bear down on the groove walls of the LP; if too low, the stylus will bounce in the groove.
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# Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
## Recommendations
### Reformatting
As vinyl recordings are known to degrade after repeated playback, preservation copying is recommended for archival purposes. This is especially true for rare recordings or those that have special value. A general guideline is to digitise the recording using the appropriate stylus, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters. A service copy of the recording can then be created (on CD or other format) from the preservation master. A second option is to create three copies, the second copy acting as a duplicating master and the third for public use
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# Maurie Fleming
**James Maurice \"Maurie\" Fleming** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|MBE}}`{=mediawiki} (1902 -- 6 October 1980) was a long time administrator of the Richmond Football Club in Victoria, Australia.
He served as Club Secretary from 1940 until 1954 and then as President from 1958 to 1963.
Fleming was made a life member of the Richmond Football Club in 1942 and was awarded an MBE in 1959 \"in recognition of service to charities in Victoria.\"
The Maurie Fleming Medal is awarded each season to the player who finishes third in the Richmond Football Club\'s best and fairest count
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# Fiat Professional
**Fiat Professional** is the brand name and subsidiary of Stellantis which manufactures light commercial vehicles and their passenger variants. It was launched on 17 April 2007 and replaced the **Fiat Veicoli Commerciali** division. Fiat Professional is present in the EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions; the Fiat Automobiles brand is used in the Latin America region. The Fiat Ducato and the Fiat Doblò are rebadged as the Ram ProMaster and Ram ProMaster City respectively for sale in Canada and the US.
## Current products {#current_products}
- **Fiat Panda Van**
The Fiat Panda Van is a panel van version of Fiat\'s city car.
- **Fiat Fiorino**
**Fiat Doblò** *Main article: Fiat Doblò* The Fiat Doblò is a panel van and leisure activity vehicle produced in three generations since 2001, with the first two generations produced at Tofaş. It was first unveiled at the Paris Motor Show in 2000. Opel then launched a rebadged version, named the Combo. In North America, the second-generation facelift model was called the Ram ProMaster City, manufactured from 2015 to 2023. The third generation is based on the Citroën Berlingo.
- **Fiat Scudo**
The Fiat Scudo is an intermediate sized van produced at the joint venture Sevel Nord factory; now in its third generation, it was first introduced in 1994. It is a rebadged Citroën Jumpy.
- **Fiat Ducato**
The Fiat Ducato is a large van produced at the joint venture Sevel factories in Italy and Brazil, and since 2008 also under licence in Yelabuga (Russia) by Russian automobile company Sollers JSC (formerly Severstal Auto). Versions of the van are also sold by Citroën and Peugeot as the Jumper (Relay in the United Kingdom) and Boxer, respectively. Since 2013, the Ducato has been produced by Stellantis North America in Mexico as the Ram ProMaster. Following Groupe PSA\'s acquisition of the Opel and Vauxhall brands and its subsequent merger with FCA to form Stellantis, the Ducato is rebadged as the Movano under those two brands since 2021. Since 2023, the Ducato is also rebadged and sold by Toyota as the ProAce Max due to a partnership between Toyota and Stellantis Group.
- **Fiat Strada**
The Fiat Strada is a supermini coupé utility, based on Fiat\'s \"world car\" project, the Palio. It is produced in Betim, Minas Gerais, Brazil and exported to the European Union. In 2015, Ram Trucks launched a rebadged version exclusively for the Mexican market, named the Ram 700.
## Discontinued products {#discontinued_products}
- **Fiat Punto Van**
The Fiat Punto Van is a panel van version of Fiat\'s supermini.
- **Fiat Fullback**
The Fiat Fullback was a medium-sized pickup, a rebadged version of the fifth generation Mitsubishi Triton. It was produced in Thailand from 2016 to 2019 through a joint venture of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Mitsubishi Motors and was exported to Europe and Middle East.
- **Fiat Talento**
The Fiat Talento was an intermediate sized van produced at the Sandouville Renault Factory and in Luton at IBC Vehicles Ltd; though it is known to be a rebadged Renault Trafic, it was produced from July 2016 to 2020. It replaces the old model of the Scudo. Now it has been replaced by the new generation of the Scudo, which is a rebadged Citroën Jumpy.
- **Fiat Fiorino**
The Fiat Fiorino is a panel van. Its MPV version is sold as Fiat Qubo, under the Fiat brand. The design and investment for this model were shared with PSA Peugeot Citroën whose brands Peugeot and Citroën sell their own version of this model.
- **Other vehicles**
Many other Fiat vehicles have been sold as LCVs by Fiat Professional without being proper panel vans, such as the Fiat Seicento/600 Van, the Fiat Multipla Van, the Fiat Bravo Van or the Fiat 500L Pro.
## Gallery
<File:2018> Fiat Fiorino 16V SX Multijet 1.2 Front.jpg\|Fiorino <File:Fiat> Doblo (22707961995).jpg\|Doblò <File:Fiat> Scudo (2022) IMG 6713.jpg\|Scudo <File:Fiat> Talento Kombi 1.6 Ecojet 125 Twin Turbo Family -- Frontansicht, 27. Juli 2016, Düsseldorf.jpg\|Talento <File:2017> Fiat Ducato 35 Multijet II 2.3.jpg\|Ducato <File:Fiat> Fullback - przód (MSP16)
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# Cryptobranchoidea
The **Cryptobranchoidea** are a suborder of salamanders found in Asia, European Russia, and the United States. They are known as **primitive salamanders**, in contrast to Salamandroidea, the **advanced salamanders**. It has two living subdivisions, Cryptobranchidae (Asian giant salamanders and hellbenders), and Hynobiidae, commonly known as Asian salamanders.
Giant salamanders are obligate paedomorphs with partial metamorphosis, but Asiatic salamander goes through a full metamorphosis. The only known exceptions are the Longdong stream salamander, which has been documented as facultatively neotenic, and the Ezo salamander, where a now assumed extinct population from Lake Kuttarush in Hokkaido had neotenic traits like gills in adults.
The oldest members of the group are known from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) aged Yanliao Biota of China.
## Taxonomy
This suborder contains only two families at present. All other members are extinct and are only known as fossils
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# List of birds of Papua New Guinea
This is a **list of the bird species recorded in Papua New Guinea**. The avifauna of Papua New Guinea include a total of 897 species, of which 108 are endemic, and 2 have been introduced by humans. 44 species are globally threatened.
This list\'s taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Papua New Guinea.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
- \(A\) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Papua New Guinea
- \(E\) Endemic - a species that is native only to Papua New Guinea
- \(I\) Introduced - a species introduced to Papua New Guinea as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
\
`{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Cassowaries and emu {#cassowaries_and_emu}
Order: Struthioniformes Family: Casuariidae
The cassowaries are large flightless birds native to Australia and New Guinea.
- Southern cassowary, *Casuarius casuarius*
- Dwarf cassowary, *Casuarius bennetti*
- Northern cassowary, *Casuarius unappendiculatus*
## Magpie goose {#magpie_goose}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anseranatidae
The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous.
- Magpie goose, *Anseranas semipalmata*
## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl {#ducks_geese_and_waterfowl}
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
- Spotted whistling-duck, *Dendrocygna guttata*
- Plumed whistling-duck, *Dendrocygna eytoni*
- Wandering whistling-duck, *Dendrocygna arcuata*
- Black swan, *Cygnus atratus* (A)
- Radjah shelduck, *Radjah radjah*
- Green pygmy-goose, *Nettapus pulchellus*
- Cotton pygmy-goose, *Nettapus coromandelianus*
- Maned duck, *Chenonetta jubata* (A)
- Salvadori\'s teal, *Salvadorina waigiuensis*
- Garganey, *Spatula querquedula*
- Northern shoveler, *Spatula clypeata* (A)
- Eurasian wigeon, *Mareca penelope*
- Pacific black duck, *Anas superciliosa*
- Northern pintail, *Anas acuta*
- Sunda teal, *Anas gibberifrons*
- Gray teal, *Anas gracilis*
- Hardhead, *Aythya australis*
- Tufted duck, *Aythya fuligula* (A)
## Megapodes
Order: Galliformes Family: Megapodiidae
The Megapodiidae are stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet. All but the malleefowl occupy jungle habitats and most have brown or black colouring.
- Wattled brushturkey, *Aepypodius arfakianus*
- Yellow-legged brushturkey, *Talegalla fuscirostris*
- Red-legged brushturkey, *Talegalla jobiensis*
- Dusky scrubfowl, *Megapodius freycinet*
- Melanesian scrubfowl, *Megapodius eremita*
- New Guinea scrubfowl, *Megapodius affinis*
- Orange-footed scrubfowl, *Megapodius reinwardt*
## Pheasants, grouse, and allies {#pheasants_grouse_and_allies}
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
- Brown quail, *Synoicus ypsilophorus*
- Blue-breasted quail, *Synoicus chinensis*
- Snow Mountain quail, *Synoicus monorthonyx*
- Red junglefowl, *Gallus gallus*
## Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
- Little grebe, *Tachybaptus ruficollis*
- Australasian grebe, *Tachybaptus novaehollandiae*
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# List of birds of Papua New Guinea
## Pigeons and doves {#pigeons_and_doves}
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
- Rock pigeon, *Columba livia*
- Metallic pigeon, *Columba vitiensis*
- Yellow-legged pigeon, *Columba pallidiceps*
- Spotted dove, *Spilopelia chinensis* (A)
- Amboyna cuckoo-dove, *Macropygia amboinensis*
- Sultan\'s cuckoo-dove, *Macropygia doreya*
- Black-billed cuckoo-dove, *Macropygia nigrirostris*
- Mackinlay\'s cuckoo-dove, *Macropygia mackinlayi*
- Great cuckoo-dove, *Reinwardtoena reinwardti*
- Pied cuckoo-dove, *Reinwardtoena browni* (E)
- Crested cuckoo-dove, *Reinwardtoena crassirostris*
- Pacific emerald dove, *Chalcophaps longirostris*
- Stephan\'s dove, *Chalcophaps stephani*
- New Guinea bronzewing, *Henicophaps albifrons*
- New Britain bronzewing, *Henicophaps foersteri* (E)
- Bronze ground dove, *Alopecoenas beccarii*
- White-bibbed ground dove, *Alopecoenas jobiensis*
- Zebra dove, *Geopelia striata*
- Peaceful dove, *Geopelia placida*
- Bar-shouldered dove, *Geopelia humeralis*
- Nicobar pigeon, *Caloenas nicobarica*
- Cinnamon ground dove, *Gallicolumba rufigula*
- Thick-billed ground-pigeon, *Trugon terrestris*
- Pheasant pigeon, *Otidiphaps nobilis*
- Western crowned-pigeon, *Goura cristata*
- Sclater\'s crowned-pigeon, *Goura sclaterii*
- Scheepmaker\'s crowned-pigeon, *Goura scheepmakeri* (E)
- Victoria crowned-pigeon, *Goura victoria*
- Wompoo fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus magnificus*
- Pink-spotted fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus perlatus*
- Ornate fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus ornatus*
- Orange-fronted fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus aurantiifrons*
- Superb fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus superbus*
- Rose-crowned fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus regina*
- Coroneted fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus coronulatus*
- Beautiful fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus pulchellus*
- White-breasted fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus rivoli*
- Yellow-bibbed fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus solomonensis*
- Claret-breasted fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus viridis*
- Orange-bellied fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus iozonus*
- Knob-billed fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus insolitus* (E)
- Dwarf fruit-dove, *Ptilinopus nainus*
- Spectacled imperial-pigeon, *Ducula perspicillata* (A)
- Elegant imperial-pigeon, *Ducula concinna* (A)
- Pacific imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pacifica*
- Red-knobbed imperial-pigeon, *Ducula rubricera*
- Purple-tailed imperial-pigeon, *Ducula rufigaster*
- Finsch\'s imperial-pigeon, *Ducula finschii* (E)
- Rufescent imperial-pigeon, *Ducula chalconota*
- Island imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pistrinaria*
- Pinon\'s imperial-pigeon, *Ducula pinon*
- Bismarck imperial-pigeon, *Ducula melanochroa* (E)
- Collared imperial-pigeon, *Ducula mullerii*
- Zoe\'s imperial-pigeon, *Ducula zoeae*
- Pied imperial-pigeon, *Ducula bicolor*
- Yellowish imperial-pigeon, *Ducula subflavescens* (E)
- Torresian imperial-pigeon, *Ducula spilorrhoa*
- Topknot pigeon, *Lopholaimus antarcticus*
- Papuan mountain-pigeon, *Gymnophaps albertisii*
- Pale mountain-pigeon, *Gymnophaps solomonensis*
## Bustards
Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with \"fingered\" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.
- Australian bustard, *Ardeotis australis*
## Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
- Pied coucal, *Centropus ateralbus* (E)
- Greater black coucal, *Centropus menbeki*
- Violaceous coucal, *Centropus violaceus* (E)
- Lesser black coucal, *Centropus bernsteini*
- Pheasant coucal, *Centropus phasianinus*
- Dwarf koel, *Microdynamis parva*
- Asian koel, *Eudynamys scolopaceus*
- Pacific koel, *Eudynamys orientalis*
- Long-tailed koel, *Urodynamis taitensis*
- Channel-billed cuckoo, *Scythrops novaehollandiae*
- Long-billed cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx megarhynchus*
- Horsfield\'s bronze-cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx basalis*
- Black-eared cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx osculans*
- Rufous-throated bronze-cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx ruficollis*
- Shining bronze-cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx lucidus*
- White-eared bronze-cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx meyerii*
- Little bronze-cuckoo, *Chrysococcyx minutillus*
- Pallid cuckoo, *Cuculus pallidus*
- White-crowned koel, *Caliechthrus leucolophus*
- Chestnut-breasted cuckoo, *Cacomantis castaneiventris*
- Fan-tailed cuckoo, *Cacomantis flabelliformis*
- Brush cuckoo, *Cacomantis variolosus*
- Himalayan cuckoo, *Cuculus saturatus*
- Oriental cuckoo, *Cuculus optatus*
## Frogmouths
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Podargidae
The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to take insects.
- Marbled frogmouth, *Podargus ocellatus*
- Papuan frogmouth, *Podargus papuensis*
- Solomons frogmouth, *Rigidipenna inexpectata*
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## Nightjars and allies {#nightjars_and_allies}
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
- Solomons nightjar, *Eurostopodus nigripennis*
- White-throated nightjar, *Eurostopodus mystacalis*
- Papuan nightjar, *Eurostopodus papuensis*
- Archbold\'s nightjar, *Eurostopodus archboldi*
- Gray nightjar, *Caprimulgus jotaka* (A)
- Large-tailed nightjar, *Caprimulgus macrurus*
## Owlet-nightjars {#owlet_nightjars}
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Aegothelidae
The owlet-nightjars are small nocturnal birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are insectivores which hunt mostly in the air. Their soft plumage is a mixture of browns and paler shades.
- Feline owlet-nightjar, *Aegotheles insignis*
- Starry owlet-nightjar, *Aegotheles tatei* (E)
- Wallace\'s owlet-nightjar, *Aegotheles wallacii*
- Mountain owlet-nightjar, *Aegotheles albertisi*
- Australian owlet-nightjar, *Aegotheles cristatus*
- Barred owlet-nightjar, *Aegotheles bennettii*
## Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
- Papuan spinetailed swift, *Mearnsia novaeguineae*
- White-throated needletail, *Hirundapus caudacutus*
- Glossy swiftlet, *Collocalia esculenta*
- Satin swiftlet, *Collocalia uropygialis*
- Mountain swiftlet, *Aerodramus hirundinaceus*
- White-rumped swiftlet, *Aerodramus spodiopygius*
- Australian swiftlet, *Aerodramus terraereginae*
- Bare-legged swiftlet, *Aerodramus nuditarsus*
- Mayr\'s swiftlet, *Aerodramus orientalis*
- Uniform swiftlet, *Aerodramus vanikorensis*
- Three-toed swiftlet, *Aerodramus papuensis*
- Pacific swift, *Apus pacificus*
## Treeswifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Hemiprocnidae
The treeswifts, also called crested swifts, are closely related to the true swifts. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.
- Moustached treeswift, *Hemiprocne mystacea*
## Rails, gallinules, and coots {#rails_gallinules_and_coots}
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
- Lewin\'s rail, *Lewinia pectoralis*
- Bare-eyed rail, *Gymnocrex plumbeiventris*
- Chestnut rail, *Gallirallus castaneoventris*
- Buff-banded rail, *Gallirallus philippensis*
- New Britain rail, *Gallirallus insignis* (E)
- Woodford\'s rail, *Gallirallus woodfordi*
- Barred rail, *Gallirallus torquatus*
- Eurasian moorhen, *Gallinula chloropus*
- Dusky moorhen, *Gallinula tenebrosa*
- Eurasian coot, *Fulica atra*
- Black-backed swamphen, *Porphyrio indicus*
- Australasian swamphen, *Porphyrio melanotus*
- New Guinea flightless rail, *Megacrex inepta*
- Pale-vented bush-hen, *Amaurornis moluccana*
- White-browed crake, *Poliolimnas cinereus*
- Chestnut forest-rail, *Rallina rubra*
- White-striped forest-rail, *Rallina leucospila*
- Forbes\'s rail, *Rallina forbesi*
- Mayr\'s rail, *Rallina mayri*
- Red-necked crake, *Rallina tricolor*
- Baillon\'s crake, *Zapornia pusilla*
- Spotless crake, *Zapornia tabuensis*
## Cranes
Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or \"dances\".
- Brolga, *Antigone rubicunda*
## Thick-knees {#thick_knees}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
- Bush thick-knee, *Burhinus grallarius*
- Beach thick-knee, *Esacus magnirostris*
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## Stilts and avocets {#stilts_and_avocets}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin straight bills.
- Pied stilt, *Himantopus leucocephalus*
- Black-necked stilt, *Himantopus mexicanus*
- Red-necked avocet, *Recurvirostra novaehollandiae* (A)
## Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
- Pied oystercatcher, *Haematopus longirostris*
## Plovers and lapwings {#plovers_and_lapwings}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
- Black-bellied plover, *Pluvialis squatarola*
- American golden-plover, *Pluvialis dominica*
- Pacific golden-plover, *Pluvialis fulva*
- Masked lapwing, *Vanellus miles*
- Lesser sand-plover, *Charadrius mongolus*
- Greater sand-plover, *Charadrius leschenaultii*
- Red-capped plover, *Charadrius ruficapillus* (A)
- Common ringed plover, *Charadrius hiaticula*
- Little ringed plover, *Charadrius dubius*
- Oriental plover, *Charadrius veredus*
- Red-kneed dotterel, *Erythrogonys cinctus*
- Black-fronted dotterel, *Elseyornis melanops* (A)
## Jacanas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae
The Jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.
- Comb-crested jacana, *Irediparra gallinacea*
## Sandpipers and allies {#sandpipers_and_allies}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Bristle-thighed curlew, *Numenius tahitiensis* (A)
- Whimbrel, *Numenius phaeopus*
- Little curlew, *Numenius minutus*
- Far Eastern curlew, *Numenius madagascariensis*
- Bar-tailed godwit, *Limosa lapponica*
- Black-tailed godwit, *Limosa limosa*
- Ruddy turnstone, *Arenaria interpres*
- Great knot, *Calidris tenuirostris*
- Red knot, *Calidris canutus*
- Ruff, *Calidris pugnax*
- Broad-billed sandpiper, *Calidris falcinellus*
- Sharp-tailed sandpiper, *Calidris acuminata*
- Curlew sandpiper, *Calidris ferruginea*
- Long-toed stint, *Calidris subminuta*
- Red-necked stint, *Calidris ruficollis*
- Sanderling, *Calidris alba*
- Baird\'s sandpiper, *Calidris bairdii* (A)
- Little stint, *Calidris minuta* (A)
- Buff-breasted sandpiper, *Calidris subruficollis*
- Pectoral sandpiper, *Calidris melanotos*
- Asian dowitcher, *Limnodromus semipalmatus*
- Short-billed dowitcher, *Limnodromus griseus* (A)
- Long-billed dowitcher, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* (A)
- New Guinea woodcock, *Scolopax rosenbergii*
- Latham\'s snipe, *Gallinago hardwickii*
- Pin-tailed snipe, *Gallinago stenura* (A)
- Swinhoe\'s snipe, *Gallinago megala*
- Terek sandpiper, *Xenus cinereus*
- Red-necked phalarope, *Phalaropus lobatus*
- Common sandpiper, *Actitis hypoleucos*
- Green sandpiper, *Tringa ochropus*
- Gray-tailed tattler, *Tringa brevipes*
- Wandering tattler, *Tringa incana*
- Common greenshank, *Tringa nebularia*
- Marsh sandpiper, *Tringa stagnatilis*
- Wood sandpiper, *Tringa glareola*
- Common redshank, *Tringa totanus*
## Buttonquail
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
- Red-backed buttonquail, *Turnix maculosa*
## Pratincoles and coursers {#pratincoles_and_coursers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
- Australian pratincole, *Stiltia isabella*
- Oriental pratincole, *Glareola maldivarum*
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## Skuas and jaegers {#skuas_and_jaegers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
- South polar skua, *Stercorarius maccormicki* (A)
- Pomarine jaeger, *Stercorarius pomarinus*
- Parasitic jaeger, *Stercorarius parasiticus*
- Long-tailed jaeger, *Stercorarius longicaudus*
## Gulls, terns, and skimmers {#gulls_terns_and_skimmers}
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Silver gull, *Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae*
- Black-headed gull, *Chroicocephalus ridibundus*
- Black-tailed gull, *Larus crassirostris*
- Brown noddy, *Anous stolidus*
- Black noddy, *Anous minutus*
- Lesser noddy, *Anous tenuirostris* (A)
- White tern, *Gygis alba*
- Sooty tern, *Onychoprion fuscatus*
- Gray-backed tern, *Onychoprion lunatus* (A)
- Bridled tern, *Onychoprion anaethetus*
- Aleutian tern, *Onychoprion aleuticus* (A)
- Little tern, *Sternula albifrons*
- Gull-billed tern, *Gelochelidon nilotica*
- Caspian tern, *Hydroprogne caspia*
- White-winged tern, *Chlidonias leucopterus*
- Whiskered tern, *Chlidonias hybrida*
- Roseate tern, *Sterna dougallii*
- Black-naped tern, *Sterna sumatrana*
- Common tern, *Sterna hirundo*
- Great crested tern, *Thalasseus bergii*
- Lesser crested tern, *Thalasseus bengalensis*
## Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
- White-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon lepturus*
- Red-tailed tropicbird, *Phaethon rubricauda*
## Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are a family of large seabird found across the Southern and North Pacific Oceans. The largest are among the largest flying birds in the world.
- Laysan albatross, *Phoebastria immutabilis* (A)
## Southern storm-petrels {#southern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
- Wilson\'s storm-petrel, *Oceanites oceanicus*
- White-faced storm-petrel, *Pelagodroma marina* (A)
- White-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta grallaria*
- Black-bellied storm-petrel, *Fregetta tropica*
## Northern storm-petrels {#northern_storm_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
- Leach\'s storm-petrel, *Hydrobates leucorhous*
- Band-rumped storm-petrel, *Hydrobates castro* (A)
- Matsudaira\'s storm-petrel, *Hydrobates matsudairae*
## Shearwaters and petrels {#shearwaters_and_petrels}
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
- Southern giant petrel, *Macronectes giganteus*
- Kermadec petrel, *Pterodroma neglecta*
- Herald petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica* (A)
- Providence petrel, *Pterodroma solandri* (A)
- Gould\'s petrel, *Pterodroma leucoptera*
- Collared petrel, *Pterodroma brevipes*
- Fairy prion, *Pachyptila turtur*
- Bulwer\'s petrel, *Bulweria bulwerii* (A)
- Tahiti petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata*
- Beck\'s petrel, *Pseudobulweria becki*
- Streaked shearwater, *Calonectris leucomelas*
- Flesh-footed shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes*
- Wedge-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna pacificus*
- Sooty shearwater, *Ardenna griseus*
- Short-tailed shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris*
- Christmas shearwater, *Puffinus nativitatis*
- Tropical shearwater, *Puffinus bailloni*
- Heinroth\'s shearwater, *Puffinus heinrothi*
## Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
- Black-necked stork, *Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus*
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## Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
- Lesser frigatebird, *Fregata ariel*
- Great frigatebird, *Fregata minor*
## Boobies and gannets {#boobies_and_gannets}
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
- Masked booby, *Sula dactylatra*
- Brown booby, *Sula leucogaster*
- Red-footed booby, *Sula sula*
- Abbott\'s booby, *Papasula abbotti* (A)
## Anhingas
Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae
Anhingas or darters are often called \"snake-birds\" because of their long thin necks, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.
- Oriental darter, *Anhinga melanogaster*
- Australasian darter, *Anhinga novaehollandiae*
## Cormorants and shags {#cormorants_and_shags}
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
- Little pied cormorant, *Microcarbo melanoleucos*
- Great cormorant, *Phalacrocorax carbo*
- Little black cormorant, *Phalacrocorax sulcirostris*
- Pied cormorant, *Phalacrocorax varius*
## Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
- Australian pelican, *Pelecanus conspicillatus*
## Herons, egrets, and bitterns {#herons_egrets_and_bitterns}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
- Yellow bittern, *Ixobrychus sinensis*
- Black-backed bittern, *Ixobrychus dubius*
- Black bittern, *Ixobrychus flavicollis*
- Forest bittern, *Zonerodius heliosylus*
- Pacific heron, *Ardea pacifica*
- Great-billed heron, *Ardea sumatrana*
- Great egret, *Ardea alba*
- Intermediate egret, *Ardea intermedia*
- White-faced heron, *Egretta novaehollandiae*
- Little egret, *Egretta garzetta*
- Pacific reef-heron, *Egretta sacra*
- Pied heron, *Egretta picata*
- Cattle egret, *Bubulcus ibis*
- Striated heron, *Butorides striata*
- Nankeen night-heron, *Nycticorax caledonicus*
## Ibises and spoonbills {#ibises_and_spoonbills}
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
- Glossy ibis, *Plegadis falcinellus*
- African sacred ibis, *Threskiornis aethiopicus*
- Australian ibis, *Threskiornis moluccus*
- Straw-necked ibis, *Threskiornis spinicollis*
- Royal spoonbill, *Platalea regia*
- Yellow-billed spoonbill, *Platalea flavipes*
## Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
- Osprey, *Pandion haliaetus*
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## Hawks, eagles, and kites {#hawks_eagles_and_kites}
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
- Black-winged kite, *Elanus caeruleus*
- Long-tailed honey-buzzard, *Henicopernis longicauda*
- Black honey-buzzard, *Henicopernis infuscatus* (E)
- Pacific baza, *Aviceda subcristata*
- Bat hawk, *Macheiramphus alcinus*
- Papuan eagle, *Harpyopsis novaeguineae*
- Pygmy eagle, *Hieraaetus weiskei*
- Gurney\'s eagle, *Aquila gurneyi*
- Wedge-tailed eagle, *Aquila audax*
- Papuan marsh-harrier, *Circus spilothorax*
- Swamp harrier, *Circus approximans*
- Pied harrier, *Circus melanoleucos*
- Chinese sparrowhawk, *Accipiter soloensis*
- Variable goshawk, *Accipiter hiogaster*
- Gray goshawk, *Accipiter novaehollandiae*
- Brown goshawk, *Accipiter fasciatus*
- Black-mantled goshawk, *Accipiter melanochlamys*
- Pied goshawk, *Accipiter albogularis*
- Slaty-mantled goshawk, *Accipiter luteoschistaceus* (E)
- Imitator sparrowhawk, *Accipiter imitator*
- Gray-headed goshawk, *Accipiter poliocephalus*
- New Britain goshawk, *Accipiter princeps* (E)
- Collared sparrowhawk, *Accipiter cirrocephalus*
- New Britain sparrowhawk, *Accipiter brachyurus* (E)
- Meyer\'s goshawk, *Accipiter meyerianus*
- Chestnut-shouldered goshawk, *Erythrotriorchis buergersi*
- Doria\'s goshawk, *Megatriorchis doriae*
- Black kite, *Milvus migrans*
- Whistling kite, *Haliastur sphenurus*
- Brahminy kite, *Haliastur indus*
- White-bellied sea-eagle, *Haliaeetus leucogaster*
- Sanford\'s sea-eagle, *Haliaeetus sanfordi*
## Barn-owls {#barn_owls}
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
- Sooty owl, *Tyto tenebricosa*
- Australian masked-owl, *Tyto novaehollandiae*
- Golden masked-owl, *Tyto aurantia* (E)
- Manus masked-owl, *Tyto manusi* (E)
- Australasian grass-owl, *Tyto longimembris*
- Eastern barn owl, *Tyto javanica*
## Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
- Fearful owl, *Nesasio solomonensis*
- Rufous owl, *Ninox rufa*
- Barking owl, *Ninox connivens*
- Southern boobook, *Ninox boobook*
- Morepork, *Ninox novaeseelandiae*
- Papuan boobook, *Ninox theomacha*
- Manus boobook, *Ninox meeki* (E)
- Bismarck boobook, *Ninox variegata* (E)
- New Britain boobook, *Ninox odiosa* (E)
- Solomons boobook, *Ninox jacquinoti*
- Papuan owl, *Uroglaux dimorpha*
## Hornbills
Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucerotidae
Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow\'s horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.
- Blyth\'s hornbill, *Rhyticeros plicatus*
## Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
- Common kingfisher, *Alcedo atthis*
- Azure kingfisher, *Ceyx azureus*
- Bismarck kingfisher, *Ceyx websteri* (E)
- Little kingfisher, *Ceyx pusillus*
- Papuan dwarf-kingfisher, *Ceyx solitarius*
- Manus dwarf-kingfisher, *Ceyx dispar* (E)
- New Ireland dwarf-kingfisher, *Ceyx mulcatus* (E)
- New Britain dwarf-kingfisher, *Ceyx sacerdotis* (E)
- North Solomons dwarf-kingfisher, *Ceyx meeki*
- Blue-winged kookaburra, *Dacelo leachii*
- Spangled kookaburra, *Dacelo tyro*
- Rufous-bellied kookaburra, *Dacelo gaudichaud*
- Shovel-billed kookaburra, *Clytoceyx rex*
- Blue-black kingfisher, *Todirhamphus nigrocyaneus*
- Forest kingfisher, *Todirhamphus macleayii*
- New Britain kingfisher, *Todirhamphus albonotatus* (E)
- Ultramarine kingfisher, *Todirhamphus leucopygius*
- Pohnpei kingfisher, *Todirhamphus reichenbachii* (A)
- Colonist kingfisher, *Todirhamphus colonus* (E)
- Torresian kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sordidus*
- Sacred kingfisher, *Todirhamphus sanctus*
- Collared kingfisher, *Todirhamphus chloris*
- Beach kingfisher, *Todirhamphus saurophaga*
- Melanesian kingfisher, *Todirhamphus tristrami*
- Hook-billed kingfisher, *Melidora macrorrhina*
- Moustached kingfisher, *Actenoides bougainvillei*
- Yellow-billed kingfisher, *Syma torotoro*
- Mountain kingfisher, *Syma megarhyncha*
- Little paradise-kingfisher, *Tanysiptera hydrocharis*
- Common paradise-kingfisher, *Tanysiptera galatea*
- Red-breasted paradise-kingfisher, *Tanysiptera nympha*
- Brown-headed paradise-kingfisher, *Tanysiptera danae* (E)
- Buff-breasted paradise-kingfisher, *Tanysiptera sylvia*
- Black-capped paradise-kingfisher, *Tanysiptera nigriceps* (E)
## Bee-eaters {#bee_eaters}
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
- Blue-tailed bee-eater, *Merops philippinus*
- Rainbow bee-eater, *Merops ornatus*
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## Rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
- Dollarbird, *Eurystomus orientalis*
## Falcons and caracaras {#falcons_and_caracaras}
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
- Collared falconet, *Microhierax caerulescens* (A)
- Spotted kestrel, *Falco moluccensis* (A)
- Nankeen kestrel, *Falco cenchroides*
- Oriental hobby, *Falco severus*
- Australian hobby, *Falco longipennis*
- Brown falcon, *Falco berigora*
- Gray falcon, *Falco hypoleucos* (A)
- Peregrine falcon, *Falco peregrinus*
## Cockatoos
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Cacatuidae *Main article: Parrots of New Guinea* The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest.
- Palm cockatoo, *Probosciger aterrimus*
- Little corella, *Cacatua sanguinea*
- Ducorps\'s cockatoo, *Cacatua ducorpsii*
- Sulphur-crested cockatoo, *Cacatua galerita*
- Blue-eyed cockatoo, *Cacatua ophthalmica* (E)
## Old World parrots {#old_world_parrots}
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae *Main article: Parrots of New Guinea*
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm to 1 m in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
- Pesquet\'s parrot, *Psittrichas fulgidus*
- Yellow-capped pygmy-parrot, *Micropsitta keiensis*
- Buff-faced pygmy-parrot, *Micropsitta pusio* (E)
- Red-breasted pygmy-parrot, *Micropsitta bruijnii*
- Meek\'s pygmy-parrot, *Micropsitta meeki* (E)
- Finsch\'s pygmy-parrot, *Micropsitta finschii*
- Papuan king-parrot, *Alisterus chloropterus*
- Red-winged parrot, *Aprosmictus erythropterus*
- Papuan eclectus, *Eclectus polychloros*
- Red-cheeked parrot, *Geoffroyus geoffroyi*
- Blue-collared parrot, *Geoffroyus simplex*
- Singing parrot, *Geoffroyus heteroclitus*
- Painted tiger-parrot, *Psittacella picta*
- Brehm\'s tiger-parrot, *Psittacella brehmii*
- Modest tiger-parrot, *Psittacella modesta*
- Madarasz\'s tiger-parrot, *Psittacella madaraszi*
- Yellow-billed lorikeet, *Neopsittacus musschenbroekii*
- Orange-billed lorikeet, *Neopsittacus pullicauda*
- Orange-breasted fig-parrot, *Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii*
- Double-eyed fig-parrot, *Cyclopsitta diophthalma*
- Large fig-parrot, *Psittaculirostris desmarestii*
- Edwards\'s fig-parrot, *Psittaculirostris edwardsii*
- Plum-faced lorikeet, *Oreopsittacus arfaki*
- Pygmy lorikeet, *Charminetta wilhelminae*
- Red-fronted lorikeet, *Hypocharmosyna rubronotata*
- Red-flanked lorikeet, *Hypocharmosyna placentis*
- Fairy lorikeet, *Charmosynopsis pulchella*
- Striated lorikeet, *Synorhacma multistriata*
- Duchess lorikeet, *Charmosynoides margarethae*
- Red-chinned lorikeet, *Vini rubrigularis* (E)
- Meek\'s lorikeet, *Vini meeki*
- Josephine\'s lorikeet, *Charmosyna josefinae*
- Stella\'s lorikeet, *Charmosyna stellae*
- Brown lory, *Chalcopsitta duivenbodei*
- Yellowish-streaked lory, *Chalcopsitta scintillata*
- Purple-bellied lory, *Lorius hypoinochrous* (E)
- Black-capped lory, *Lorius lory*
- White-naped lory, *Lorius albidinuchus* (E)
- Goldie\'s lorikeet, *Glossoptila goldiei*
- Dusky lory, *Pseudeos fuscata*
- Cardinal lory, *Pseudeos cardinalis*
- Coconut lorikeet, *Trichoglossus haematodus*
- Rainbow lorikeet, *Trichoglossus moluccanus*
- Papuan hanging-parrot, *Loriculus aurantiifrons*
- Green-fronted hanging-parrot, *Loriculus tener* (E)
## Pittas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae
Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.
- Papuan pitta, *Erythropitta macklotii*
- Bismarck pitta, *Erythropitta novaehibernicae* (E)
- Louisiade pitta, *Erythropitta meeki* (E)
- Hooded pitta, *Pitta sordida*
- Noisy pitta, *Pitta versicolor*
- Black-faced pitta, *Pitta anerythra*
- Superb pitta, *Pitta superba* (E)
## Bowerbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ptilonorhynchidae
The bowerbirds are small to medium-sized passerine birds. The males notably build a bower to attract a mate. Depending on the species, the bower ranges from a circle of cleared earth with a small pile of twigs in the center to a complex and highly decorated structure of sticks and leaves.
- White-eared catbird, *Ailuroedus buccoides*
- Ochre-breasted catbird, *Ailuroedus stonii*
- Tan-capped catbird, *Ailuroedus geislerorum*
- Huon catbird, *Ailuroedus astigmaticus* (E)
- Black-capped catbird, *Ailuroedus melanocephalus* (E)
- Northern catbird, *Ailuroedus jobiensis*
- Black-eared catbird, *Ailuroedus melanotis*
- Archbold\'s bowerbird, *Archboldia papuensis*
- MacGregor\'s bowerbird, *Amblyornis macgregoriae*
- Streaked bowerbird, *Amblyornis subalaris* (E)
- Masked bowerbird, *Sericulus aureus*
- Flame bowerbird, *Sericulus ardens*
- Fire-maned bowerbird, *Sericulus bakeri* (E)
- Yellow-breasted bowerbird, *Chlamydera lauterbachi*
- Fawn-breasted bowerbird, *Chlamydera cerviniventris*
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## Australasian treecreepers {#australasian_treecreepers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Climacteridae
The Climacteridae are medium-small, mostly brown-coloured birds with patterning on their underparts. They are endemic to Australia and New Guinea.
- Papuan treecreeper, *Cormobates placens*
## Fairywrens
Order: Passeriformes Family: Maluridae
Maluridae is a family of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous, meaning that although they form pairs between one male and one female, each partner will mate with other individuals and even assist in raising the young from such pairings.
- Wallace\'s fairywren, *Sipodotus wallacii*
- Orange-crowned fairywren, *Clytomyias insignis*
- Broad-billed fairywren, *Chenorhamphus grayi*
- Campbell\'s fairywren, *Chenorhamphus campbelli* (E)
- Emperor fairywren, *Malurus cyanocephalus*
- White-shouldered fairywren, *Malurus alboscapulatus*
## Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
- Plain honeyeater, *Pycnopygius ixoides*
- Marbled honeyeater, *Pycnopygius cinereus*
- Streak-headed honeyeater, *Pycnopygius stictocephalus*
- Puff-backed honeyeater, *Meliphaga aruensis*
- Yellow-spotted honeyeater, *Meliphaga notata*
- Scrub honeyeater, *Microptilotis albonotatus*
- Mountain honeyeater, *Microptilotis orientalis*
- Mimic honeyeater, *Microptilotis analogus*
- Forest honeyeater, *Microptilotis montanus*
- Mottled honeyeater, *Microptilotis mimikae*
- Yellow-gaped honeyeater, *Microptilotis flavirictus*
- Tagula honeyeater, *Microptilotis vicina*
- Graceful honeyeater, *Microptilotis gracilis*
- Elegant honeyeater, *Microptilotis cinereifrons*
- Black-throated honeyeater, *Caligavis subfrenata*
- Obscure honeyeater, *Caligavis obscura*
- Sooty melidectes, *Melidectes fuscus*
- Long-bearded melidectes, *Melidectes princeps*
- Ornate melidectes, *Melidectes torquatus*
- Cinnamon-browed melidectes, *Melidectes ochromelas*
- Huon melidectes, *Melidectes foersteri* (E)
- Belford\'s melidectes, *Melidectes belfordi*
- Yellow-browed melidectes, *Melidectes rufocrissalis*
- Varied honeyeater, *Gavicalis versicolor*
- Yellow-tinted honeyeater, *Ptilotula flavescens*
- Bougainville honeyeater, *Stresemannia bougainvillei* (E)
- Brown-backed honeyeater, *Ramsayornis modestus*
- Rufous-banded honeyeater, *Conopophila albogularis*
- Smoky honeyeater, *Melipotes fumigatus*
- Spangled honeyeater, *Melipotes ater* (E)
- Macgregor\'s honeyeater, *Macgregoria pulchra*
- Long-billed honeyeater, *Melilestes megarhynchus*
- Olive straightbill, *Timeliopsis fulvigula*
- Tawny straightbill, *Timeliopsis griseigula*
- Bismarck honeyeater, *Vosea whitemanensis* (E)
- White-chinned myzomela, *Myzomela albigula* (E)
- Ruby-throated myzomela, *Myzomela eques*
- Ashy myzomela, *Myzomela cineracea* (E)
- Dusky myzomela, *Myzomela obscura*
- Red myzomela, *Myzomela cruentata*
- Papuan black myzomela, *Myzomela nigrita*
- New Ireland myzomela, *Myzomela pulchella* (E)
- Red-headed myzomela, *Myzomela erythrocephala*
- Elfin myzomela, *Myzomela adolphinae*
- Sclater\'s myzomela, *Myzomela sclateri* (E)
- Bismarck black myzomela, *Myzomela pammelaena* (E)
- Scarlet-naped myzomela, *Myzomela lafargei*
- Black-bellied myzomela, *Myzomela erythromelas* (E)
- Red-collared myzomela, *Myzomela rosenbergii*
- Green-backed honeyeater, *Glycichaera fallax*
- Leaden honeyeater, *Ptiloprora plumbea*
- Yellow-streaked honeyeater, *Ptiloprora meekiana*
- Rufous-backed honeyeater, *Ptiloprora guisei* (E)
- Gray-streaked honeyeater, *Ptiloprora perstriata*
- Brown honeyeater, *Lichmera indistincta*
- Silver-eared honeyeater, *Lichmera alboauricularis*
- Blue-faced honeyeater, *Entomyzon cyanotis*
- White-throated honeyeater, *Melithreptus albogularis*
- Tawny-breasted honeyeater, *Xanthotis flaviventer*
- Spotted honeyeater, *Xanthotis polygramma*
- Little friarbird, *Philemon citreogularis*
- Meyer\'s friarbird, *Philemon meyeri*
- New Ireland friarbird, *Philemon eichhorni* (E)
- Helmeted friarbird, *Philemon buceroides*
- White-naped friarbird, *Philemon albitorques* (E)
- New Britain friarbird, *Philemon cockerelli* (E)
- Noisy friarbird, *Philemon corniculatus*
## Thornbills and allies {#thornbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acanthizidae
Thornbills are small passerine birds, similar in habits to the tits.
- Goldenface, *Pachycare flavogriseum*
- Rusty mouse-warbler, *Crateroscelis murina*
- Bicolored mouse-warbler, *Crateroscelis nigrorufa*
- Mountain mouse-warbler, *Crateroscelis robusta*
- Tropical scrubwren, *Sericornis beccarii*
- Large scrubwren, *Sericornis nouhuysi*
- Buff-faced scrubwren, *Sericornis perspicillatus*
- Papuan scrubwren, *Sericornis papuensis*
- Gray-green scrubwren, *Sericornis arfakianus*
- Pale-billed scrubwren, *Sericornis spilodera*
- Papuan thornbill, *Acanthiza murina*
- Gray thornbill, *Acanthiza cinerea*
- Green-backed gerygone, *Gerygone chloronotus*
- Fairy gerygone, *Gerygone palpebrosa*
- White-throated gerygone, *Gerygone olivacea*
- Yellow-bellied gerygone, *Gerygone chrysogaster*
- Large-billed gerygone, *Gerygone magnirostris*
- Golden-bellied gerygone, *Gerygone sulphurea*
- Brown-breasted gerygone, *Gerygone ruficollis*
- Mangrove gerygone, *Gerygone levigaster*
## Pseudo-babblers {#pseudo_babblers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pomatostomidae
The pseudo-babblers are small to medium-sized birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are ground-feeding omnivores and highly social.
- New Guinea babbler, *Pomatostomus isidorei*
- Gray-crowned babbler, *Pomatostomus temporalis*
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## Logrunners
Order: Passeriformes Family: Orthonychidae
The Orthonychidae is a family of birds with a single genus, *Orthonyx*, which comprises two types of passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea, the logrunners and the chowchilla. Both use stiffened tails to brace themselves when feeding.
- Papuan logrunner, *Orthonyx novaeguineae*
## Quail-thrushes and jewel-babblers {#quail_thrushes_and_jewel_babblers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclosomatidae
The Cinclosomatidae is a family containing jewel-babblers and quail-thrushes.
- Painted quail-thrush, *Cinclosoma ajax*
- Spotted jewel-babbler, *Ptilorrhoa leucosticta*
- Blue jewel-babbler, *Ptilorrhoa caerulescens*
- Dimorphic jewel-babbler, *Ptilorrhoa geislerorum*
- Chestnut-backed jewel-babbler, *Ptilorrhoa castanonota*
## Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
- Stout-billed cuckooshrike, *Coracina caeruleogrisea*
- Hooded cuckooshrike, *Coracina longicauda*
- Barred cuckooshrike, *Coracina lineata*
- Boyer\'s cuckooshrike, *Coracina boyeri*
- Black-faced cuckooshrike, *Coracina novaehollandiae*
- North Melanesian cuckooshrike, *Coracina welchmani*
- White-bellied cuckooshrike, *Coracina papuensis*
- Manus cuckooshrike, *Coracina ingens* (E)
- South Melanesian cuckooshrike, *Coracina caledonica*
- Golden cuckooshrike, *Campochaera sloetii*
- White-winged triller, *Lalage tricolor*
- Black-browed triller, *Lalage atrovirens*
- Varied triller, *Lalage leucomela*
- Mussau triller, *Lalage conjuncta* (E)
- Black-bellied cicadabird, *Edolisoma montanum*
- Manus cicadabird, *Edolisoma admiralitatis* (E)
- Solomons cuckooshrike, *Edolisoma holopolium*
- Papuan cicadabird, *Edolisoma incertum*
- Common cicadabird, *Edolisoma tenuirostre*
- Gray-headed cicadabird, *Edolisoma schisticeps*
- Black cicadabird, *Edolisoma melas*
## Sittellas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Neosittidae
The sittellas are a family of small passerine birds found only in Australasia. They resemble treecreepers, but have soft tails.
- Black sittella, *Daphoenositta miranda*
- Papuan sittella, *Daphoenositta papuensis*
## Whipbirds and wedgebills {#whipbirds_and_wedgebills}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Psophodidae
The Psophodidae is a family containing whipbirds and wedgebills.
- Papuan whipbird, *Androphobus viridis*
## Ploughbill
Order: Passeriformes Family: Eulacestomidae
The wattled ploughbill was long thought to be related to the whistlers (Pachycephalidae), and shriketits (formerly Pachycephalidae, now often treated as its own family).
- Wattled ploughbill, *Eulacestoma nigropectus*
## Australo-Papuan bellbirds {#australo_papuan_bellbirds}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oreoicidae
The three species contained in the family have been moved around between different families for fifty years. A series of studies of the DNA of Australian birds between 2006 and 2001 found strong support for treating the three genera as a new family, which was formally named in 2016.
- Rufous-naped bellbird, *Aleadryas rufinucha*
- Piping bellbird, *Ornorectes cristatus*
## Tit berrypecker and crested berrypecker {#tit_berrypecker_and_crested_berrypecker}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paramythiidae
Paramythiidae is a very small bird family restricted to the mountain forests of New Guinea. The two species are colourful medium-sized birds which feed on fruit and some insects.
- Tit berrypecker, *Oreocharis arfaki*
- Crested berrypecker, *Paramythia montium*
## Whistlers and allies {#whistlers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae
The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.
- Rusty pitohui, *Pseudorectes ferrugineus*
- White-bellied pitohui, *Pseudorectes incertus*
- Gray shrikethrush, *Colluricincla harmonica*
- Sooty shrikethrush, *Colluricincla tenebrosa*
- Variable shrikethrush, *Colluricincla fortis* (E)
- Sepik-Ramu shrikethrush, *Colluricincla tappenbecki* (E)
- Arafura shrikethrush, *Colluricincla megarhyncha*
- Tagula shrikethrush, *Colluricincla discolor* (E)
- Rufous shrikethrush, *Colluricincla rufogaster*
- Black pitohui, *Melanorectes nigrescens*
- Regent whistler, *Pachycephala schlegelii*
- Sclater\'s whistler, *Pachycephala soror*
- Bougainville hooded whistler, *Pachycephala richardsi* (E)
- Bismarck whistler, *Pachycephala citreogaster* (E)
- Louisiade whistler, *Pachycephala collaris* (E)
- Oriole whistler, *Pachycephala orioloides*
- Black-tailed whistler, *Pachycephala melanura*
- Brown-backed whistler, *Pachycephala modesta* (E)
- Lorentz\'s whistler, *Pachycephala lorentzi*
- Golden-backed whistler, *Pachycephala aurea*
- Rusty whistler, *Pachycephala hyperythra*
- Gray whistler, *Pachycephala simplex*
- White-bellied whistler, *Pachycephala leucogastra*
- Black-headed whistler, *Pachycephala monacha*
- Rufous whistler, *Pachycephala rufiventris*
## Old World orioles {#old_world_orioles}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
- Hooded pitohui, *Pitohui dichrous*
- Northern variable pitohui, *Pitohui kirhocephalus*
- Southern variable pitohui, *Pitohui uropygialis*
- Brown oriole, *Oriolus szalayi*
- Olive-backed oriole, *Oriolus sagittatus*
- Green oriole, *Oriolus flavocinctus*
- Australasian figbird, *Sphecotheres vieilloti*
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## Boatbills
Order: Passeriformes Family: Machaerirhynchidae
The boatbills have affinities to woodswallows and butcherbirds, and are distributed across New Guinea and northern Queensland.
- Black-breasted boatbill, *Machaerirhynchus nigripectus*
- Yellow-breasted boatbill, *Machaerirhynchus flaviventer*
## Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies {#woodswallows_bellmagpies_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae
The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings. The cracticids: currawongs, bellmagpies and butcherbirds, are similar to the other corvids. They have large, straight bills and mostly black, white or grey plumage. All are omnivorous to some degree.
- Great woodswallow, *Artamus maximus*
- White-breasted woodswallow, *Artamus leucorynchus*
- Bismarck woodswallow, *Artamus insignis* (E)
- Black-faced woodswallow, *Artamus cinereus*
- Mountain peltops, *Peltops montanus*
- Lowland peltops, *Peltops blainvillii*
- Black-backed butcherbird, *Cracticus mentalis*
- Hooded butcherbird, *Cracticus cassicus*
- Tagula butcherbird, *Cracticus louisiadensis* (E)
- Black butcherbird, *Melloria quoyi*
- Australian magpie, *Gymnorhina tibicen*
## Mottled berryhunter {#mottled_berryhunter}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhagologidae
The mottled berryhunter or mottled whistler (*Rhagologus leucostigma*) is a species of bird whose relationships are unclear but most likely related to the woodswallows, boatbills and butcherbirds.
- Mottled berryhunter, *Rhagologus leucostigma*
## Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.
- Drongo fantail, *Chaetorhynchus papuensis*
- Black fantail, *Rhipidura atra*
- Cockerell\'s fantail, *Rhipidura cockerelli*
- Northern fantail, *Rhipidura rufiventris*
- Sooty thicket-fantail, *Rhipidura threnothorax*
- Black thicket-fantail, *Rhipidura maculipectus*
- White-bellied thicket-fantail, *Rhipidura leucothorax*
- Willie-wagtail, *Rhipidura leucophrys*
- Rufous-backed fantail, *Rhipidura rufidorsa*
- Dimorphic fantail, *Rhipidura brachyrhyncha*
- Bismarck fantail, *Rhipidura dahli* (E)
- Mussau fantail, *Rhipidura matthiae* (E)
- Manus fantail, *Rhipidura semirubra* (E)
- Rufous fantail, *Rhipidura rufifrons*
- Arafura fantail, *Rhipidura dryas*
- Friendly fantail, *Rhipidura albolimbata*
- Chestnut-bellied fantail, *Rhipidura hyperythra*
- Brown fantail, *Rhipidura drownei*
- Gray fantail, *Rhipidura albiscapa*
- Mangrove fantail, *Rhipidura phasiana*
## Drongos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.
- Hair-crested drongo, *Dicrurus hottentottus*
- Ribbon-tailed drongo, *Dicrurus megarhynchus* (E)
- Spangled drongo, *Dicrurus bracteatus*
## Birds-of-paradise {#birds_of_paradise}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paradisaeidae
The birds-of-paradise are best known for the striking plumage possessed by the males of most species, in particular highly elongated and elaborate feathers extending from the tail, wings or head. These plumes are used in courtship displays to attract females.
- Trumpet manucode, *Phonygammus keraudrenii*
- Curl-crested manucode, *Manucodia comrii* (E)
- Crinkle-collared manucode, *Manucodia chalybata*
- Jobi manucode, *Manucodia jobiensis*
- Glossy-mantled manucode, *Manucodia atra*
- King-of-Saxony bird-of-paradise, *Pteridophora alberti*
- Carola\'s parotia, *Parotia carolae*
- Wahnes\'s parotia, *Parotia wahnesi* (E)
- Lawes\'s parotia, *Parotia lawesii* (E)
- Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise, *Seleucidis melanoleuca*
- Black-billed sicklebill, *Drepanornis albertisi*
- Pale-billed sicklebill, *Drepanornis bruijnii*
- Greater lophorina, *Lophorina superba*
- Lesser lophorina, *Lophorina minor* (E)
- Magnificent riflebird, *Ptiloris magnificus*
- Growling riflebird, *Ptiloris intercedens*
- Black sicklebill, *Epimachus fastuosus*
- Brown sicklebill, *Epimachus meyeri*
- Short-tailed paradigalla, *Paradigalla brevicauda*
- Splendid astrapia, *Astrapia splendidissima*
- Huon astrapia, *Astrapia rothschildi* (E)
- Stephanie\'s astrapia, *Astrapia stephaniae* (E)
- Ribbon-tailed astrapia, *Astrapia mayeri* (E)
- King bird-of-paradise, *Cicinnurus regius*
- Magnificent bird-of-paradise, *Cicinnurus magnificus*
- Blue bird-of-paradise, *Paradisaea rudolphi* (E)
- Emperor bird-of-paradise, *Paradisaea guilielmi* (E)
- Goldie\'s bird-of-paradise, *Paradisaea decora* (E)
- Lesser bird-of-paradise, *Paradisaea minor*
- Raggiana bird-of-paradise, *Paradisaea raggiana* (E)
- Greater bird-of-paradise, *Paradisaea apoda*
## Ifritas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ifritidae
The ifritas are a small and insectivorous passerine currently placed in the monotypic family, Ifritidae. Previously, the ifrit has been placed in a plethora of families including Cinclosomatidae or Monarchidae. They are considered an ancient relic species endemic to New Guinea.
- Blue-capped ifrita, *Ifrita kowaldi*
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## Monarch flycatchers {#monarch_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
- Golden monarch, *Carterornis chrysomela*
- Island monarch, *Monarcha cinerascens*
- Chestnut-bellied monarch, *Monarcha castaneiventris*
- Bougainville monarch, *Monarcha erythrostictus*
- Black-faced monarch, *Monarcha melanopsis*
- Black-winged monarch, *Monarcha frater*
- Fan-tailed monarch, *Symposiachrus axillaris*
- Rufous monarch, *Symposiachrus rubiensis*
- Spectacled monarch, *Symposiachrus trivirgatus*
- Hooded monarch, *Symposiachrus manadensis*
- Manus monarch, *Symposiachrus infelix* (E)
- White-breasted monarch, *Symposiachrus menckei* (E)
- Black-tailed monarch, *Symposiachrus verticalis* (E)
- Spot-winged monarch, *Symposiachrus guttula*
- Frilled monarch, *Arses telescopthalmus*
- Ochre-collared monarch, *Arses insularis*
- Magpie-lark, *Grallina cyanoleuca*
- Torrent-lark, *Grallina bruijni*
- Leaden flycatcher, *Myiagra rubecula*
- Steel-blue flycatcher, *Myiagra ferrocyanea*
- Broad-billed flycatcher, *Myiagra ruficollis*
- Satin flycatcher, *Myiagra cyanoleuca*
- Restless flycatcher, *Myiagra inquieta*
- Paperbark flycatcher, *Myiagra nana*
- Shining flycatcher, *Myiagra alecto*
- Dull flycatcher, *Myiagra hebetior* (E)
## Melampittas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Melampittidae
They are little studied and before being established as a family in 2014 their taxonomic relationships with other birds were uncertain, being considered at one time related variously to the pittas, Old World babblers and birds-of-paradise.
- Lesser melampitta, *Melampitta lugubris*
- Greater melampitta, *Melampitta gigantea*
## Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike\'s beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
- Brown shrike, *Lanius cristatus*
- Long-tailed shrike, *Lanius schach*
## Crows, jays, and magpies {#crows_jays_and_magpies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
- Bougainville crow, *Corvus meeki*
- Gray crow, *Corvus tristis*
- Torresian crow, *Corvus orru*
- Bismarck crow, *Corvus insularis* (E)
## Satinbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cnemophilidae
They are a family of passerine birds which consists of four species found in the mountain forests of New Guinea. They were originally thought to be part of the birds-of-paradise family Paradisaeidae until genetic research suggested that the birds are not closely related to birds-of-paradise at all and are perhaps closer to berry peckers and longbills (Melanocharitidae). The current evidence suggests that their closest relatives may be the cuckoo-shrikes (Campephagidae).
- Loria\'s satinbird, *Cnemophilus loriae*
- Crested satinbird, *Cnemophilus macgregorii* (E)
- Yellow-breasted satinbird, *Loboparadisea sericea*
## Berrypeckers and longbills {#berrypeckers_and_longbills}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Melanocharitidae
The Melanocharitidae are medium-sized birds which feed on fruit and some insects and other invertebrates. They have drab plumage in greys, browns or black and white. The berrypeckers resemble stout short-billed honeyeaters, and the longbills are like drab sunbirds.
- Obscure berrypecker, *Melanocharis arfakiana*
- Black berrypecker, *Melanocharis nigra*
- Mid-mountain berrypecker, *Melanocharis longicauda*
- Fan-tailed berrypecker, *Melanocharis versteri*
- Streaked berrypecker, *Melanocharis striativentris*
- Spotted berrypecker, *Melanocharis crassirostris*
- Yellow-bellied longbill, *Toxorhamphus novaeguineae*
- Slaty-chinned longbill, *Toxorhamphus poliopterus*
- Spectacled longbill, *Oedistoma iliolophus*
- Pygmy longbill, *Oedistoma pygmaeum*
## Australasian robins {#australasian_robins}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Petroicidae
Most species of Petroicidae have a stocky build with a large rounded head, a short straight bill and rounded wingtips. They occupy a wide range of wooded habitats, from subalpine to tropical rainforest, and mangrove swamp to semi-arid scrubland. All are primarily insectivores, although a few supplement their diet with seeds.
- Greater ground-robin, *Amalocichla sclateriana*
- Lesser ground-robin, *Amalocichla incerta*
- Torrent flycatcher, *Monachella muelleriana*
- Jacky-winter, *Microeca fascinans*
- Lemon-bellied flycatcher, *Microeca flavigaster*
- Yellow-legged flycatcher, *Microeca griseoceps*
- Olive flyrobin, *Microeca flavovirescens*
- Papuan flycatcher, *Microeca papuana*
- Garnet robin, *Eugerygone rubra*
- Subalpine robin, *Petroica bivittata*
- Pacific robin, *Petroica pusilla*
- White-faced robin, *Tregellasia leucops*
- Mangrove robin, *Eopsaltria pulverulenta*
- Black-chinned robin, *Poecilodryas brachyura*
- Black-sided robin, *Poecilodryas hypoleuca*
- Olive-yellow robin, *Poecilodryas placens*
- Black-throated robin, *Poecilodryas albonotata*
- White-winged robin, *Peneothello sigillatus*
- White-rumped robin, *Peneothello bimaculatus*
- Blue-gray robin, *Peneothello cyanus*
- Ashy robin, *Heteromyias albispecularis*
- Green-backed robin, *Pachycephalopsis hattamensis*
- White-eyed robin, *Pachycephalopsis poliosoma*
- Papuan scrub-robin, *Drymodes beccarii*
## Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
- Horsfield\'s bushlark, *Mirafra javanica*
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## Cisticolas and allies {#cisticolas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
- Zitting cisticola, *Cisticola juncidis*
- Golden-headed cisticola, *Cisticola exilis*
## Reed warblers and allies {#reed_warblers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for \"warblers\". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
- Oriental reed warbler, *Acrocephalus orientalis*
- Clamorous reed warbler, *Acrocephalus stentoreus*
- Australian reed warbler, *Acrocephalus australis*
## Grassbirds and allies {#grassbirds_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.
- Fly River grassbird, *Poodytes albolimbatus*
- Little grassbird, *Poodytes gramineus*
- Bismarck thicketbird, *Cincloramphus grosvenori* (E)
- Rusty thicketbird, *Cincloramphus rubiginosus* (E)
- Bougainville thicketbird, *Cincloramphus llaneae* (E)
- Tawny grassbird, *Cincloramphus timoriensis*
- Papuan grassbird, *Cincloramphus macrurus*
- Gray\'s grasshopper warbler, *Helopsaltes fasciolatus*
## Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
- Bank swallow, *Riparia riparia*
- Barn swallow, *Hirundo rustica*
- Welcome swallow, *Hirundo neoxena*
- Pacific swallow, *Hirundo tahitica*
- Red-rumped swallow, *Cecropis daurica*
- Striated swallow, *Cecropis striolata*
- Fairy martin, *Petrochelidon ariel*
- Tree martin, *Petrochelidon nigricans*
## Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
- Sooty-headed bulbul, *Pycnonotus aurigaster* (A)
## Leaf warblers {#leaf_warblers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.
- Japanese leaf warbler, *Phylloscopus xanthodryas* (A)
- Arctic warbler, *Phylloscopus borealis* (A)
- Kamchatka leaf warbler, *Phylloscopus examinandus* (A)
- Mountain warbler, *Phylloscopus trivirgatus*
- Island leaf warbler, *Phylloscopus poliocephalus*
## Bush warblers and allies {#bush_warblers_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Scotocercidae
The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families.
- Odedi, *Horornis haddeni* (E)
## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies {#white_eyes_yuhinas_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
- Lemon-bellied white-eye, *Zosterops chloris*
- Ashy-bellied white-eye, *Zosterops citrinella*
- Black-crowned white-eye, *Zosterops atrifrons*
- Black-fronted white-eye, *Zosterops minor*
- Tagula white-eye, *Zosterops meeki* (E)
- Black-headed white-eye, *Zosterops hypoxanthus* (E)
- Capped white-eye, *Zosterops fuscicapilla*
- New Guinea white-eye, *Zosterops novaeguineae*
- Louisiade white-eye, *Zosterops griseotinctus* (E)
- Yellow-throated white-eye, *Zosterops metcalfii*
## Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- Metallic starling, *Aplonis metallica*
- Yellow-eyed starling, *Aplonis mystacea*
- Atoll starling, *Aplonis feadensis*
- White-eyed starling, *Aplonis brunneicapillus*
- Brown-winged starling, *Aplonis grandis*
- Singing starling, *Aplonis cantoroides*
- Moluccan starling, *Aplonis mysolensis*
- Yellow-faced myna, *Mino dumontii*
- Golden myna, *Mino anais*
- Long-tailed myna, *Mino kreffti*
- Common hill myna, *Gracula religiosa*
- European starling, *Sturnus vulgaris* (I)
- Common myna, *Acridotheres tristis* (I)
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## Thrushes and allies {#thrushes_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
- Scaly thrush, *Zoothera dauma*
- New Britain thrush, *Zoothera talaseae* (E)
- Bougainville thrush, *Zoothera atrigena* (E)
- Russet-tailed thrush, *Zoothera heinei*
- Island thrush, *Turdus poliocephalus*
## Old World flycatchers {#old_world_flycatchers}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
- Gray-streaked flycatcher, *Muscicapa griseisticta*
- Siberian rubythroat, *Calliope calliope*
- Blue rock-thrush, *Monticola solitarius*
- Pied bushchat, *Saxicola caprata*
## Flowerpeckers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicaeidae
The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.
- Olive-crowned flowerpecker, *Dicaeum pectorale*
- Red-capped flowerpecker, *Dicaeum geelvinkianum*
- Louisiade flowerpecker, *Dicaeum nitidum* (E)
- Red-banded flowerpecker, *Dicaeum eximium* (E)
- Midget flowerpecker, *Dicaeum aeneum*
- Mistletoebird, *Dicaeum hirundinaceum*
## Sunbirds and spiderhunters {#sunbirds_and_spiderhunters}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae
The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
- Black sunbird, *Leptocoma sericea*
- Olive-backed sunbird, *Cinnyris jugularis*
## Waxbills and allies {#waxbills_and_allies}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
- Mountain firetail, *Oreostruthus fuliginosus*
- Red-browed firetail, *Neochmia temporalis*
- Crimson finch, *Neochmia phaeton*
- Blue-faced parrotfinch, *Erythrura trichroa*
- Papuan parrotfinch, *Erythrura papuana*
- Streak-headed munia, *Mayrimunia tristissima*
- White-spotted munia, *Mayrimunia leucosticta*
- Grand munia, *Lonchura grandis*
- Gray-crowned munia, *Lonchura nevermanni*
- Hooded munia, *Lonchura spectabilis*
- Gray-headed munia, *Lonchura caniceps* (E)
- Mottled munia, *Lonchura hunsteini* (E)
- New Ireland munia, *Lonchura forbesi* (E)
- New Hanover munia, *Lonchura nigerrima* (E)
- Chestnut-breasted munia, *Lonchura castaneothorax*
- Black munia, *Lonchura stygia*
- Snow Mountain munia, *Lonchura montana*
- Alpine munia, *Lonchura monticola* (E)
- Bismarck munia, *Lonchura melaena* (E)
## Old World sparrows {#old_world_sparrows}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
- House sparrow, *Passer domesticus* (I)
- Eurasian tree sparrow, *Passer montanus* (A)
## Wagtails and pipits {#wagtails_and_pipits}
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country
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# Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra
The Sacramento Philharmonic and Opera is one of the Sacramento region's leading performing arts organizations and is the professional symphony orchestra and opera in the Sacramento region. The nonprofit organization as it is now was established in 2015 after the merger of the Sacramento Philharmonic (formerly symphony) and Sacramento Opera and is currently led by Giuliano Kornberg, who is the Chief Executive Officer.
The original Sacramento Symphony was founded in 1948. The Sacramento Philharmonic (prior to the merger with the Opera), newly formed in 1999, was led by Maestro Michael Morgan for 15 years, the orchestra performs at the SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center and at the Mondavi Center at the University of California, Davis. Ari Pelto joined the Sacramento Philharmonic as Artistic Advisor and Principal Conductor in the fall of 2023. His contract runs through 2026.
The Sacramento Philharmonic & Opera has now performed for nearly 500,000 greater Sacramentans through orchestra, opera, pops, elementary school, pop-up, and civic partnership concerts and events since 2015, including multiple sold-out performances at the SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center this season alone.
In addition to those attending orchestral and opera presentations, SP&O has reached 30,000 3rd-5th grade students in Title 1 schools through music education offerings including full orchestra "Link Up" concerts in partnership with Carnegie Hall. As one of the largest and most frequent Sacramento-based tenants of SAFE PAC, in ten years the SP&O has held more than 300 concert events and rehearsals at the SAFE PAC, engaging more than 650 greater Sacramento classical musicians and bringing to Sacramento some 175 internationally celebrated guest artists and conductors. The SP&O continues to provide live music for all performances of The Nutcracker with the Sacramento Ballet, and will perform Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Live in Concert in October 2024.
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# Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra
## History
### Sacramento Symphony Orchestra {#sacramento_symphony_orchestra}
The Sacramento Symphony was established in 1948 and rapidly became a large regional orchestra made up of local professional musicians. However, starting in 1986 and continuing through the mid-1990s, the Sacramento Symphony had severe administrative difficulties and ran into significant operating deficits, repeatedly filing for bankruptcy. Despite several moderate bail-outs from businesses, the general public and local government, in 1997 the Sacramento Symphony officially closed its doors.
Directors included Fritz Berens (1956?-1963?), who helped found the Sacramento Youth Symphony, Harry Newstone [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20100926191437/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/harry-newstone-475735.html)(1965--78), who oversaw the move from the Memorial Auditorium and the Hiram Johnson High School Auditorium (where most of the concerts were held ) to the new Community Center, Carter Nice (1979--92) and Geoffrey Simon.
### The Sacramento Philharmonic {#the_sacramento_philharmonic}
Established the same year as the Symphony shut down, the new Sacramento Philharmonic, composed almost entirely of the same orchestra members, featured a significantly smaller schedule. The Philharmonic, with the support of Sacramento County, sought to avoid the unfortunate fate of the defunct Symphony and requested several market studies from national firms to help determine the potential for professional orchestral music in the Sacramento region. With a similar population to Cleveland, which has a world-famous orchestra in the highest calibre, the potential, as determined by the studies, seemed positive.
In 2013, the Sacramento Philharmonic merged with the Sacramento Opera to form the Sacramento Region Performing Arts Alliance. A year after the merger, the new group announced it would sit out the 2014--15 season due to financial problems and disagreements between leaders of the two formerly separate organizations.
In April 2015, the organization announced that it would reopen for the 2015--16 season. The group promoted its return with a series of surprise flash-mob style performances at locations throughout the city and merger with the Sacramento Opera to create one organization.
In 2022, the organization appointed Giuliano Kornberg as Executive Director. Kornberg has since led the organization through enviable artistic success and financial growth. In 2024, the Sacramento Philharmonic & Opera announced that it had performed for a record 400,000 greater Sacramentans; subscription revenue had increased 45%; and the organization had raised over \$10 million in gifts and sponsorships to both the Sacramento Philharmonic & Opera and the Sacramento Philharmonic & Opera Foundation (its Endowment) since 2015. Additionally, conductor Ari Pelto was named Principal Conductor and Artistic Advisor in Spring 2023, and the Sacramento Philharmonic & Opera's management and musicians are currently in a three-year collective bargaining agreement, securing a robust slate of performances through the 2024-25 Season
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# Baldwin–Lomax model
The **Baldwin--Lomax model** is a 0-equation turbulence model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulent boundary layer flows
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# Colegio Centro América
The **Colegio Centro América** is a private Catholic school located in Managua, Nicaragua. Founded by the Jesuits in the city of Granada in 1916, the school serves as an elementary, middle, and high school. The school quickly became the preferred boarding school for children of elite families. To this day, the school is considered to be one of the best schools in the country.
During the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, the school was effective in educating the business elite during a period of rapid agricultural transformation and growth, which made Nicaragua the breadbasket for Central America. Many of the school\'s graduates became powerful farmers and ranchers, with heavy political and economic influence.
## History
### Foundation
This was under the auspices of the Mexican Province of Jesuits. They came to Nicaragua in 1916 during a time of persecution in Mexico and opened the school at Granada, Nicaragua. These Jesuits were originally from Spain, Mexico, and Italy, and from Granada would spread to the rest of Central America. Included among them was the historian Camillo Crivelli.
By 1920 it was possible to build a proper school building, with the government and church in support. This early period saw the construction In Granada of a library and laboratories for physics, chemistry, and biology. A zoo and a museum of natural sciences followed, both on the college campus. A stimulus behind the project was Jesuit orthnologist Bernardo Ponzol. The humanistic studies included music, theater, oratory, and declamation.
### Change of guard {#change_of_guard}
This period is marked by the contribution of the Jesuits from Castile, Spain, as the Mexican Jesuits were slowly leaving. While the college continued its development in Granada, around 1964 a primary school was opened in Managua on Zacarías Guerra (now Colón street) and the construction of the current building in Managua began. The move to Managua was gradual, first primary then by 1967 the whole college of Granada had moved to Managua.
### Modern period {#modern_period}
The move increased the number of students. Instead of boarding there were day students. Unlike the more conservative Grenadian society, students were more modern. In 1975 Amando Lopez was head of the college; he would later become one of the Jesuit martyrs of El Salvador. The triumph of the Sandinista Revolution of 1979 also brought a moment of change and crisis for the college. Changes included: compulsory military service, during which many students died; student participation in coffee harvesting and in the national literacy crusade; many parents withdrew their children from school because they did not agree with the new policies. Then in 1984 the college opted for co-education, with all the changes this entailed. One new emphasis goes back to Jesuit Father General Pedro Arrupe\'s call that Jesuits form men and women for others. Colegio Centro America hosts immersion experiences for students from Jesuit high schools in the United States
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# Cebeci–Smith model
The **Cebeci--Smith model**, developed by Tuncer Cebeci and Apollo M. O. Smith in 1967, is a 0-equation eddy viscosity model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulence in boundary layer flows. The model gives eddy viscosity, $\mu_t$, as a function of the local boundary layer velocity profile. The model is suitable for high-speed flows with thin attached boundary layers, typically present in aerospace applications. Like the Baldwin-Lomax model, it is not suitable for large regions of flow separation and significant curvature or rotation. Unlike the Baldwin-Lomax model, this model requires the determination of a boundary layer edge.
## Equations
In a two-layer model, the boundary layer is considered to comprise two layers: inner (close to the surface) and outer. The eddy viscosity is calculated separately for each layer and combined using:
$$\mu_t =
\begin{cases}
{\mu_t}_\text{inner} & \mbox{if } y \le y_\text{crossover} \\
{\mu_t}_\text{outer} & \mbox{if } y > y_\text{crossover}
\end{cases}$$
where $y_\text{crossover}$ is the smallest distance from the surface where ${\mu_t}_\text{inner}$ is equal to ${\mu_t}_\text{outer}$.
The inner-region eddy viscosity is given by:
$${\mu_t}_\text{inner} = \rho \ell^2 \left[\left(
\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\right)^2 +
\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)^2
\right]^{1/2}$$
where
$$\ell = \kappa y \left( 1 - e^{-y^+/A^+} \right)$$
with the von Karman constant $\kappa$ usually being taken as 0.4, and with
$$A^+ = 26\left[1+y\frac{dP/dx}{\rho u_\tau^2}\right]^{-1/2}$$
The eddy viscosity in the outer region is given by:
$${\mu_t}_\text{outer} = \alpha \rho U_e \delta_v^* F_K$$
where $\alpha=0.0168$, $\delta_v^*$ is the displacement thickness, given by
$$\delta_v^* = \int_0^\delta \left(1 - \frac{U}{U_e}\right)\,dy$$
and *F*~*K*~ is the Klebanoff intermittency function given by
$$F_K = \left[1 + 5
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# Punch down tool
A **punch down tool**, **punchdown tool**, **IDC tool,** or a **Krone tool** (named after the Krone LSA-PLUS connector), is a small hand tool used by telecommunication and network technicians. It is used for inserting wire into insulation-displacement connectors on punch down blocks, patch panels, keystone modules, and surface mount boxes (also known as biscuit jacks).
## Description and use {#description_and_use}
Most punch down tools are of the impact type, consisting of a handle, an internal spring mechanism, and a removable slotted blade. To use the punch down tool, a wire is pre-positioned into a slotted post on a punch block, and then the punch down tool is pressed down on top of the wire, over the post. Once the required pressure is reached, an internal spring is triggered, and the blade pushes the wire into the slot, simultaneously cutting the insulation and securing the wire. The tool blade does not cut through the wire insulation to make contact, but rather the sharp edges of the slot in the contact post itself slice through the insulation.
However, the punch down tool blade also is usually used to cut off excess wire, in the same operation as making the connection; this is done with a sharp edge of the punch down tool blade trapping the wire to be cut against the plastic punch block. If this cutoff feature is heavily used, the tool blade must be resharpened or replaced from time to time. Tool blades without the sharp edge are also available; these are used for continuing a wire through a slotted post to make connections with another slotted post (\"daisy-chained\" wiring).
For light-duty use, there are also less-expensive punch down tools with fixed blades and no impact mechanism. These low-cost tools are more time-consuming for making reliable connections, and can cause muscle fatigue when used for large numbers of connections.
To accommodate different connector types, 66, 110, BIX and krone blocks require different blades. Removable blades for 66 or 110 are almost always double-ended. Some blades have one end that only inserts the wire for daisy-chain wiring from post to post, and another end that inserts wire and trims the excess length for termination at a post. Other blades have a cutting 66 blade on one end and a cutting 110 blade on the other. Krone blades require a separate scissor-like mechanism for trimming the wire
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# Chinese leaf warbler
The **Chinese leaf warbler** (***Phylloscopus yunnanensis***) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is found only in China.
## Etymology
The Chinese leaf warbler's scientific binomial name, *Phylloscopus yunnanensis*, originates from the Irish ornithological naturalist authority John David Digues La Touche in 1922. A more recent Latin \"junior synonym\" alternate scientific name is *P. sichuanensis* from 1992. *Yunnanensis* and *sichuanensis* derive from the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China.
## Description
The Chinese leaf warbler is a brightly colored, small leaf-warbler, with a total length of around 10 cm and a wing length of 5--6 cm. Its body is slightly elongated and compact. The warbler has a slightly forked or notched tail that is almost square in shape. Its bill is pointed and short (around 1 cm long) and dark brown in color, brownish-yellow on the underside. The wings are very short and rounded, the legs slender and very dark. Claws and toes are dark brownish-grey with dusky buff undersides.
### Plumage
Birds generally go through variations in the appearance of their plumage, depending on the stage in their life, the seasons or nutritional intake. In the spring season, this warbler in its adult phase has a new, fresh, or bright appearance already somewhat dulled. In the adult summer phase its feathers appear worn, or duller.
The sexes are similar in appearance. The Chinese leaf warbler is pale green to olive-green above and has a yellowish-white rump. The head pattern is noticeable and striking in appearance, with a well-defined pale eyebrow stripe, a faint yellow median crown stripe and dusky-olive lateral crown stripes. The tertial feathers are sepia-colored and have whitish tips. The eye is surrounded by a broken eyering; the iris of the eye is dark brown.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The Chinese leaf warbler can be found in confined regions or locations in central and north-eastern China. It is common in Xin Shui, Sichuan Province. The species is migratory, but its wintering grounds are currently unknown.
It inhabits mountainous forests, preferring spruce and fir. It can be found at elevations of 200--2800 m, but usually between 1000 m and 2600 m. This species favors low secondary growth.
## Behavior
Chinese leaf warblers can be found singly or in pairs during the breeding season. These birds are generally somewhat bold in personality. They almost always keep to tree canopies, where they feed on insects. Males also sing from the tops of trees.
### Songs
The Chinese leaf warbler has a unique song compared to other species of its genus. The song often lasts over a minute and is dry and monotonous *tsiridi* repeated five times. The call note is loud and varied, an irregular series of clear scolding whistles of *`{{Not a typo|tueet}}`{=mediawiki}* repeated five times, then four series of decreasing lengths, finishing up with another 5-fold note. The last phrase can be a hammering *`{{Not a typo|tueet-tuee-tee}}`{=mediawiki}*, with a seven-fold *tee*. The close-range call is a soft *trr-trr*
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# André Mack
**André Hueston Mack** is an American sommelier and winemaker.
## Career
Mack worked for two years in the finance industry before transitioning into the restaurant industry. He started as a dishwasher at Darden Restaurants and left as a corporate service trainer after six years. He then worked at The Palm in San Antonio before working as the founding sommelier at Bohanan\'s in San Antonio. He later worked at the Thomas Keller restaurants The French Laundry in Yountville, California and Per Se in New York, New York.
In 2007, he founded the company Maison Noir (formerly known as Mouton Noir). Mack leases 13 vineyards in the Willamette Valley in Oregon which produce wine under his popular culture-inspired labels. In 2020 Mack opened *& Sons* in Brooklyn, New York, a wine and ham bar.
### Writing
Mack\'s wine lists have been listed in *The Huffington Post*, *The Wall Street Journal*, and *Black Enterprise*.
## Awards
In 2003, Mack won the Chaîne des Rôtisseurs Young Sommeliers Competition. In 2007, he received *The Network Journal*\'s 40-Under-Forty Achievement Award
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# Stu O'Dell
**Stewart Harry O\'Dell** (born November 27, 1951) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and Baltimore Colts. He played college football at the Indiana University and was drafted in the thirteenth round of the 1974 NFL draft. Stu\'s football career was abruptly interrupted by a serious lower extremity injury
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# Sharon Mascall
**Sharon Mascall** (also known as Sharon Mascall-Dare) is a journalist, broadcaster and writer based in Adelaide, South Australia. Born in Hertfordshire, UK, in 1970, she studied Modern Languages at Wadham College, Oxford University before gaining a postgraduate diploma in Broadcast Journalism from City University, London.
Sharon joined the BBC in 1993, where she produced and presented programmes for both television and radio, specialising in European affairs. In 1999 Sharon moved to Melbourne, Australia, where she worked as a freelance journalist, broadcaster and newsreader for the Australian Broadcasting Corporations\'s international service, Radio Australia. She presented Radio Australia\'s news coverage of the bombing of Afghanistan in 2001 and the outbreak of the Iraq War in 2003.
After moving to Australia she also produced radio features for the BBC, and was a regular contributor and columnist for Melbourne\'s leading broadsheet, The Age. In 2003 she moved to Adelaide, where she continued to produce radio documentaries for the BBC and write features for Australia\'s leading newspapers.
On 26 January 2023, she was recognised on the Australia Day Honours List. Her award of a Medal (OAM) in the General Division of the Order of Australia was \"for service to media as a journalist.\"
## Media awards {#media_awards}
In 2006 Sharon was a finalist in the South Australian Media Awards [1](http://www.samediaawards.com.au/). In the 2007 South Australian Media Awards she won awards for Best Freelance Contribution, and Best Radio Feature, Documentary or Broadcast Special for the BBC World Service documentary \'Wildfire\'[2](http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2007/12/071227_wildfire.shtml). She was also voted Best South Australian Radio Broadcaster [3](http://www.samediaawards.com.au/2007-winners.html). In the 2009 awards, she again won the award for Best Freelance Contribution [4](http://www.samediaawards.com.au/2009-winners.html). In 2010, she won Best Radio Documentary, Best Freelance Contribution for the BBC World Service documentary \'The Wildlife Smugglers\'[5](http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/02/090203_wildlifesmugs.shtml) and was again named Best Radio Broadcaster in recognition of her investigative reporting [6](http://www.samediaawards.com.au/2010-winners.html). In 2011, she was commended by the Walkley Awards judging panel for her documentary series \'The Big House\'(Part 1 [7](http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02rstrn) and Part 2 [8](http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02rstrn)), broadcast on BBC World Service and ABC Radio in July and August 2011 [9](http://www.walkleys.com/news/3579/). In the 2012 SA Media Awards, Sharon won the award for Best Radio Current Affairs, and for the third time was voted the Best Radio Broadcaster [10](http://www.samediaawards.com.au).
Internationally, she was nominated for an Amnesty International Media Award in 2008 in recognition of her reporting on human rights. In 2013, her BBC World Service documentary \'Anzac\'[11](http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p011cfw3) won bronze (for best history program) and silver (for best writing) awards at the International Radio Awards in New York [12](http://www.newyorkfestivals.com/main.php?p=2,7). Co-presented with the Australian author and historian, Thomas Keneally, \'Anzac\' was also rebroadcast as part of the ABC\'s coverage of Anzac Day in 2013 [13](http://www.abc.net.au/radio/digital/extra/3734760.htm) and was a finalist in the 2013 United Nations Association of Australia Media Awards for promotion of multicultural issues [14](http://www.unaavictoria.org.au/files/mascal-dare_multicultural.pdf).
On Anzac Day 2015, Sharon co-presented ABC Radio\'s live coverage of the Anzac Day march in Adelaide alongside ABC 891 Weekends presenter Ashley Walsh. Later that year, she was named on the South Australian Women\'s Honour Roll 2015 [15](https://www.officeforwomen.sa.gov.au/womens-policy/womens-leadership/awards-and-honours) in recognition of her services to the media and journalism education, in particular her coverage of Indigenous Affairs and the Anzac Centenary.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
As an academic researcher, Sharon\'s main areas of interest are journalism ethics, ethnographic journalism and media coverage of Anzac Day. She is the author of the \'Anzac Day Media Style Guide\' [16](http://www.rsl.org.au/Portals/13/2016%20Anzac%20Day%20Media%20Style%20Guide%20-%20Centenary%20Edition.pdf) distributed online by RSL National [17](http://www.rsl.org.au/News/2016-anzac-day-style-guide-released), and co-author of \'Not for Glory - A century of service by medical women to the Australian Army and its Allies\' (Boolarong Press, Brisbane, 2014) [18](https://www.amazon.com/Not-Glory-Susan-J-Neuhaus/dp/1925046664). Since 2014, she has held academic status as an Adjunct Associate Professor, both at the University of Canberra (2014--17), and the University of South Australia (2017-).
## Military career {#military_career}
In 2013, Sharon was appointed as a Commissioned Officer in the Australian Army Reserves, and she currently serves as a Military Public Affairs Officer (MPAO) in the Australian Army Public Relations Corps at the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Based in Adelaide, she presented and co-produced the Australian Army\'s \'Training and Doctrine Podcast\'[19](http://www.army.gov.au/Our-work/Publications/Training-and-Doctrine-Podcast) in 2016 and during her deployment to Iraq with Task Group Taji IV from 2016--17, she produced and presented two series for the \'Australian Defence Force on Operations Podcast\'[20](https://player.whooshkaa.com/shows/our-stories-the-australian-defence-force-on-operations-podcast). In 2018, she joined the production team of the Australian veterans\' podcast series Life on the Line. In her civilian life, she served as a member of the South Australian Government Veterans\' Advisory Council from 2015--21 and is chair of the StoryRight veterans employment support program that she founded in collaboration with like-minded veterans in 2018
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# Lutetium(III) oxide (data page)
This page provides supplementary chemical data on Lutetium(III) oxide
## Thermodynamic properties {#thermodynamic_properties}
+----------------------------------+
| \| Phase behavior |
+==================================+
| Triple point |
+----------------------------------+
| Critical point |
+----------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of fusionΔ~fus~*H*^o^ |
+----------------------------------+
| Std entropy change\ |
| of fusionΔ~fus~*S*^o^ |
+----------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of vaporizationΔ~vap~*H*^o^ |
+----------------------------------+
| Std entropy change\ |
| of vaporizationΔ~vap~*S*^o^ |
+----------------------------------+
| \| Solid properties |
+----------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of formation -Δ~f~*H*^o^~solid~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Std entropy change\ |
| of formation -Δ~f~*S*^o^~solid~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Std Gibbs free energy change\ |
| of formation -Δ~f~*G*^o^~solid~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of absorption -Δ~a~*H*^o^~solid~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Standard molar entropy\ |
| *S*^o^~solid~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Heat capacity *c~p~* |
+----------------------------------+
| \| Liquid properties |
+----------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of formation Δ~f~*H*^o^~liquid~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Standard molar entropy\ |
| *S*^o^~liquid~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Heat capacity *c~p~* |
+----------------------------------+
| \| Gas properties |
+----------------------------------+
| Std enthalpy change\ |
| of formation Δ~f~*H*^o^~gas~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Standard molar entropy\ |
| *S*^o^~gas~ |
+----------------------------------+
| Heat capacity *c~p~* |
+----------------------------------+
| |
+----------------------------------+
## Spectral data {#spectral_data}
+------------------------+
| \| UV-Vis |
+========================+
| Lambda-max |
+------------------------+
| Extinction coefficient |
+------------------------+
| \| IR |
+------------------------+
| Major absorption bands |
+------------------------+
| \| NMR |
+------------------------+
| Proton NMR |
+------------------------+
| Carbon-13 NMR |
+------------------------+
| Other NMR data |
+------------------------+
| \| MS |
+------------------------+
| Masses of\ |
| main fragments |
+------------------------+
| |
+------------------------+
## Structure and properties data {#structure_and_properties_data}
\| Structure and properties
-----------------------------
Index of refraction
Dielectric constant
Bond strength
Bond length
Bond angle
Magnetic susceptibility
## Material Safety Data Sheet {#material_safety_data_sheet}
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as [SIRI](https://web.archive.org/web/20070630043133/http://siri.org/msds/index.php), and follow its directions
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# Thea White
**Thea Ruth White** (`{{née}}`{=mediawiki} **Zitzner**; June 16, 1940 -- July 30, 2021) was an American voice actress best known for her work as Muriel Bagge in the animated television series *Courage the Cowardly Dog*.
## Early life {#early_life}
White was born in Newark, New Jersey on June 16, 1940, as the daughter of Arthur and Theatrice (née Hazard) Zitzner. White\'s mother and maternal grandmother Eva were both actresses: Theatrice began acting as a child, and continued to do so as an adult, while Eva made her acting debut as a teenager and retired following marriage, later opening a movie theater with her husband. White moved to North Caldwell with her parents at the age of 12. She graduated from Grover Cleveland High School and studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts and the American Theater Wing.
## Career
White began her career on several stage productions in Dallas, Texas. While acting on stage, Broadway and theater, she served as the personal assistant for Marlene Dietrich, during Dietrich\'s later career.
After marrying her husband, White retired from acting and became a librarian and outreach specialist at the Livingston Public Library in Livingston, New Jersey. She returned to acting when she was offered the role of Muriel Bagge on Cartoon Network\'s *Courage the Cowardly Dog*. She voiced Muriel during the entire series run, and reprised her role in the 2006 video game *Cartoon Network Racing*, the 2014 short *The Fog of Courage*, and the 2021 *Scooby-Doo!* crossover *Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog*.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
She had resided in Caldwell. She met her husband, Andy White, while acting in the play *Goodbye Charlie*; they later married in 1983 and remained so until his death in 2015. Andy was best known as the man who played drums on The Beatles\' first single \"Love Me Do\".
White died from an infection at the Cleveland Clinic, on July 30, 2021, at the age of 81. She had undergone two liver cancer-related surgeries in the days leading up to her death
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# Running in the Family (song)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Austria|12|artist=Level 42|song=Running In The Family|rowheader=true}}
^
``
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# Leukotriene A4
**Leukotriene A~4~** (**LTA~4~**) is a leukotriene, and is the precursor for the productions of leukotriene B~4~ (LTB~4~) and leukotriene C~4~ (LTC~4~).
## Biosynthesis
Following the biosynthesis of eicosanoid, triggered as a result of infection or inflammation, the resulting arachidonic acid substrate is released from the cell membrane phospholipid will enter the lipooxygenase pathway to produce leukotriene A~4~. In this pathway, arachidonic acid is converted into 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) as a result of a catalytic complex consisting of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) in the presence of ATP and calcium ions.`{{r|Abu|Marx}}`{=mediawiki} The resulting 5-HPETE yields the unstable allylic epoxide substrate LTA~4~ which is quickly hydrolyzed by the leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA~4~H) enzyme to produce LTB~4~, or synthesized by leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC~4~S) with the addition of glutathione to produce LTC~4~ which can be further metabolized to produce leukotriene D~4~ (LTD~4~) and leukotriene E~4~ (LTE~4~).`{{r|Serhan}}`{=mediawiki} The lipooxygenase pathway is one of several possible pathways including the cyclooxygenase pathway (also PGH synthase pathway), isoprostane pathway, and cytochrome P450 epoxygenases pathway following the arachidonic acid metabolism, but is the only pathway in which the subsequent steps will lead to the production of leukotrienes
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# Leukotriene D4
**Leukotriene D~4~** (**LTD~4~**) is one of the leukotrienes. Its main function in the body is to induce the contraction of smooth muscle, resulting in bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction. It also increases vascular permeability. LTD~4~ is released by basophils. Other leukotrienes that function in a similar manner are leukotrienes C~4~ and E~4~. Pharmacological agents that inhibit the function of these leukotrienes are leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., zafirlukast, montelukast) and are useful for asthmatic individuals
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# Leukotriene C4
**Leukotriene C~4~** (**LTC~4~**) is a leukotriene. LTC~4~ has been extensively studied in the context of allergy and asthma. In cells of myeloid origin such as mast cells, its biosynthesis is orchestrated by translocation to the nuclear envelope along with co-localization of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and LTC~4~ synthase (LTC~4~S), which couples glutathione to an LTA~4~ intermediate. The MRP1 transporter then secretes cytosolic LTC~4~ and cell surface proteases further metabolize it by sequential cleavage of the γ-glutamyl and glycine residues off its glutathione segment, generating the more stable products LTD~4~ and LTE~4~. All three leukotrienes then bind at different affinities to two G-protein coupled receptors: CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2, triggering pulmonary vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction.
In cells of non-haematopoietic lineage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and chemotherapy induce LTC~4~ biosynthesis by transcriptionally upregulating and activating the enzyme microsomal glutathione-S-transferase 2 (MGST2). ER stress and chemotherapy also trigger nuclear translocation of the two LTC~4~ receptors. Acting in an intracrine manner, LTC~4~ then elicits nuclear translocation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), ROS accumulation and oxidative DNA damage. Besides being a potent lipid mediator in asthma and inflammation, LTC~4~ was reported to be involved in several other diseases, such as allergic airway diseases, dermatological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, liver injury, atherosclerosis and colon cancer
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# William Burns (cricketer)
**William Beaumont Burns** (29 August 1883 -- 7 July 1916) was an English cricketer who played more than 200 first-class matches in the early 20th century, the great bulk of them for Worcestershire, for whom he filled in as captain on a number of occasions when the usual incumbents were not available. Burns\'s obituary in *Wisden* described him as a \"dashing, hard-hitting batsman\" but added that his bowling -- which he scarcely pursued until the middle of his career -- had to be considered suspect: \"the fairness of his delivery was often questioned -- and not without good reason\".
## Early years {#early_years}
Born in Rugeley, Staffordshire, Burns played for that county in the Minor Counties Championship while aged just 16, but his first-class debut came in May 1903 when he represented Worcestershire against Oxford University at The Parks, making 3 and 35. He also played that season against Cambridge University and the Philadelphians, but could not appear in the County Championship because he had not yet qualified. He attended King\'s Ely.
## Career
In 1904 Burns became a near-regular, appearing 19 times, and he finished with 834 runs at 26.00, including an innings of 165 in 180 minutes against Oxford University. In 1906 he hit 1,206 first-class runs at 43.07, with *another* innings of 165 against Oxford among his three centuries. That winter he visited New Zealand with a Marylebone Cricket Club team: he twice passed 50 in 11 innings and dismissed Wellington\'s Harold Monaghan.
In the four summers after the 1907 season, he passed 1,000 first-class runs, in 1908 hitting three centuries as he had done two years earlier. In 1909, he scored over 500 runs in five matches and he made his career-best score of 196 against Warwickshire. He and Ted Arnold shared a fifth-wicket stand of 393, which as of 2017 remains a Worcestershire record for this wicket. The innings-and-233-run victory margin remained Worcestershire\'s widest until 2002.
Burns also developed his bowling. In 1908 he sent down 633 deliveries, almost twice the number he had bowled in his first-class career up to that point, and claimed 16 wickets at 28.50 including a haul of 6--110 against Hampshire. In the following three seasons he bowled around 2,000 deliveries each summer, claiming a total of 145 first-class wickets, and recording career-best figures of 7-58 for the Gentlemen against the Players at The Oval in July 1910. This was the first of three appearances he made in such matches.
In 1912, Burns scored only 599 runs and took only six wickets in his 22 matches, but he recovered his form, with the ball especially, the next season and ended with 42 first-class wickets at 30.81, as well as 866 runs at 27.06. He made his last hundred, 102 not out against Gloucestershire, in June, while he claimed six wickets in an innings twice: once against Hampshire in July, and once in his very last first-class game, Worcestershire\'s innings victory over Somerset in late August. He took one final wicket in the second innings of that game: that of Len Braund.\
According to David Frith\'s book *The Fast Men*, Burns was an exceptionally quick bowler -- Frank Chester, who played against him before the war, named him the fastest bowler, ahead even of Harold Larwood, that he ever saw -- but he was handicapped by suspicions that he threw.
He then emigrated to Canada. In the First World War, he joined the Worcestershire Regiment of the British Army and served as a Second Lieutenant in France.
## Death
He was killed in action at Contalmaison during the Battle of the Somme
| 605 |
William Burns (cricketer)
| 0 |
10,993,471 |
# Cory Murphy
**Cory Murphy** (born February 13, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently a player development coach for the Seattle Kraken.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Undrafted, Murphy played collegiate hockey with Colgate University. Murphy then played five seasons in SM-liiga, the top professional ice hockey league in Finland; two for Blues, two for Ilves and in 2006--07 for HIFK. In the 2003--04 season with Ilves, he was chosen to the series\' all-star team. In the 2006--07 season with HIFK, he was awarded Kultainen kypärä for best player in the league, as well as the Lasse Oksanen trophy for best player of the season during regular season play and Pekka Rautakallio trophy for best defenseman of the season. Murphy was a member of the Canadian team in the 2007 IIHF World Championship that won gold in a 4--2 win against Finland in Moscow.
On March 27, 2007, Murphy signed a two-year National Hockey League contract with the Florida Panthers. Murphy\'s first NHL goal was scored October 6, 2007 against Kevin Weekes of the New Jersey Devils.
In the 2008--09 season, Murphy played seven games for the Panthers while bothered by a re-occurring shoulder injury. Murphy was sent to the Panthers affiliate, the Rochester Americans, for a two-week conditioning stint before being recalled by the Panthers on January 15, 2009. Murphy was subsequently claimed off re-entry waivers by the Tampa Bay Lightning on January 19, 2009. On July 17, 2009, he was signed by the New Jersey Devils to a two-way contract.
On June 4, 2010, Murphy returned to Switzerland, signing a two-year contract with ZSC Lions of the NLA. At the conclusion of his deal with the Lions, and spending the 2012--13 season in the Kontinental Hockey League with HC Dynamo Minsk on May 21, 2013, Murphy signed a two-year deal with the Swedish team Växjö Lakers of the then named Elitserien.
In his 18th and final professional season in 2017--18, Murphy joined Karlskrona HK of the SHL; he scored 1 goal and 15 points through 51 games, unable to help Karlskrona avoid relegation.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
On May 21, 2018, Murphy announced his retirement from playing professional hockey upon accepting an assistant coaching role with Rögle BK of the SHL for the 2018--19 season
| 382 |
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| 0 |
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# Select (Unix)
is a system call and application programming interface (API) in Unix-like and POSIX-compliant operating systems for examining the status of file descriptors of open input/output channels.`{{r|netbsd}}`{=mediawiki} The select system call is similar to the *`{{mono|[[poll (Unix)|poll]]}}`{=mediawiki}* facility introduced in UNIX System V and later operating systems. However, with the c10k problem, both select and poll have been superseded by the likes of kqueue, epoll, /dev/poll and I/O completion ports.`{{r|nginx}}`{=mediawiki}
One common use of select outside of its stated use of waiting on filehandles is to implement a portable sub-second sleep. This can be achieved by passing NULL for all three fd_set arguments, and the duration of the desired sleep as the timeout argument.
In the C programming language, the select system call is declared in the header file sys/select.h or unistd.h, and has the following syntax:
``` c
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *errorfds, struct timeval *timeout);
```
Argument Description
---------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is an integer one more than the maximum of any file descriptor in any of the sets. In other words, while adding file descriptors to each of the sets, you must calculate the maximum integer value of all of them, then increment this value by one, and then pass this as nfds.
type holding the file descriptors to be checked for being ready to read, and on output indicates which file descriptors are ready to read. Can be `{{mono|NULL}}`{=mediawiki}.
type holding the file descriptors to be checked for being ready to write, and on output indicates which file descriptors are ready to write. Can be `{{mono|NULL}}`{=mediawiki}.
type holding the file descriptors to be checked for error conditions pending, and on output indicates which file descriptors have error conditions pending. Can be `{{mono|NULL}}`{=mediawiki}.
Structure of type struct timeval that specifies a maximum interval to wait for the selection to complete. If the timeout argument points to an object of type struct timeval whose members are 0, `{{mono|select()}}`{=mediawiki} does not block. If the timeout argument is `{{mono|NULL}}`{=mediawiki}, select() blocks until an event causes one of the masks to be returned with a valid (non-zero) value. Linux will update the timeout in place to indicate how much time was elapsed, though this behavior is not shared by most other Unix systems.
`fd_set type` arguments may be manipulated with four utility macros: `{{mono|FD_SET(), FD_CLR(), FD_ZERO()}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{mono|FD_ISSET()}}`{=mediawiki}.
Select returns the total number of bits set in `{{mono|readfds, writefds}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{mono|errorfds}}`{=mediawiki}, or zero if the timeout expired, and -1 on error.
The sets of file descriptor used in select are finite in size, depending on the operating system. The newer system call *`{{mono|poll}}`{=mediawiki}* provides a more flexible solution.
| 442 |
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| 0 |
10,993,498 |
# Select (Unix)
## Example
``` c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define PORT "9421"
/* function prototypes */
void die(const char*);
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int sockfd, new, maxfd, on = 1, nready, i;
struct addrinfo *res0, *res, hints;
char buffer[BUFSIZ];
fd_set master, readfds;
int error;
ssize_t nbytes;
(void)memset(&hints, '\0', sizeof(struct addrinfo));
hints.ai_family = AF_INET;
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
if (0 != (error = getaddrinfo(NULL, PORT, &hints, &res0)))
errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next)
{
if (-1 == (sockfd = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol)))
{
perror("socket()");
continue;
}
if (-1 == (setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*)&on, sizeof(int))))
{
perror("setsockopt()");
continue;
}
if (-1 == (bind(sockfd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen)))
{
perror("bind()");
continue;
}
break;
}
if (-1 == sockfd)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
freeaddrinfo(res0);
if (-1 == (listen(sockfd, 32)))
die("listen()");
if (-1 == (fcntl(sockfd, F_SETFD, O_NONBLOCK)))
die("fcntl()");
FD_ZERO(&master);
FD_ZERO(&readfds);
FD_SET(sockfd, &master);
maxfd = sockfd;
while (1)
{
memcpy(&readfds, &master, sizeof(master));
(void)printf("running select()\n");
if (-1 == (nready = select(maxfd+1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, NULL)))
die("select()");
(void)printf("Number of ready descriptor: %d\n", nready);
for (i=0; i<=maxfd && nready>0; i++)
{
if (FD_ISSET(i, &readfds))
{
nready--;
if (i == sockfd)
{
(void)printf("Trying to accept() new connection(s)\n");
if (-1 == (new = accept(sockfd, NULL, NULL)))
{
if (EWOULDBLOCK != errno)
die("accept()");
break;
}
else
{
if (-1 == (fcntl(new, F_SETFD, O_NONBLOCK)))
die("fcntl()");
FD_SET(new, &master);
if (maxfd < new)
maxfd = new;
}
}
else
{
(void)printf("recv() data from one of descriptors(s)\n");
nbytes = recv(i, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);
if (nbytes <= 0)
{
if (EWOULDBLOCK != errno)
die("recv()");
break;
}
buffer[nbytes] = '\0';
printf("%s", buffer);
(void)printf("%zi bytes received
| 286 |
Select (Unix)
| 1 |
10,993,561 |
# Hart Miller Island
**Hart Miller Island** is located at the mouths of Back River and Middle River, where they empty into the Chesapeake Bay east of the City of Baltimore in Maryland. It was formerly two separate islands, Hart Island and Miller Island, but it is now almost entirely artificial. In 1981, the area began being filled with dredged material by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, for the purpose of habitat restoration, and the project was completed in 2012. It is now in use as Hart-Miller Island State Park, accessible only by boat
| 95 |
Hart Miller Island
| 0 |
10,993,569 |
# James Tylney-Long
**Sir James Tylney-Long, 7th Baronet** (1736 -- 28 November 1794) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons for 32 years from 1762 to 1794.
The eldest son of Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet and his wife Emma Child, he succeeded his father as the 7th Baronet on 10 February 1767, and inherited the family estates, including the manors of Draycot (Wiltshire) and Athelhampton (Dorset).
## Career
He was a member of the Wiltshire Militia, gaining the rank of captain in 1759 and major in 1769, and later formed the Draycot Troop of Yeomanry Cavalry.
In 1784 he inherited the estates of Wanstead (Essex) and Tylney Hall (Hampshire) from his uncle John Tylney, 2nd Earl Tylney, and Sir James took the additional name of Tylney. He became a generous benefactor of public and private charities, living a modest and unassuming lifestyle.
He was Member of Parliament for Marlborough (1762--1780), for Devizes (1780--1788) and elected for Wiltshire in 1788, replacing the late Charles Penruddocke.
He added a new south front, and east and west wings around the core of the medieval manor house of Draycot.
## Family
In 1775 Long married firstly, Harriot, fourth daughter of Jacob Bouverie, 1st Viscount Folkestone. She died childless on 12 November 1777. He married in 1785 Lady Catherine Sydney Windsor, daughter of Other Windsor, 4th Earl of Plymouth.
He died at his home Draycot House on 29 November 1794. His wife, Lady Catherine, died in 1823. Their only son, also called James, was born two months before his father\'s death and became the 8th Baronet. A sickly child, he died on 14 September 1805 just short of his eleventh birthday, and the great estates of the Long, Child and Tylney families devolved chiefly onto the eldest of the 7th Baronet\'s three daughters, Catherine. The Baronetcy became extinct and Catherine\'s marriage to spendthrift, high-stakes gambler and adulterous William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 4th Earl of Mornington saw the destruction of Wanstead House, Wanstead, Essex (now London), but also produced their son who settled the remaining estates on his first cousin the 2nd Earl Cowley
| 351 |
James Tylney-Long
| 0 |
10,993,638 |
# Ray Waddy
**Raymond Waddy Jr.** (born August 21, 1956) is a former American football cornerback for the National Football League (NFL)\'s Washington Redskins, the Canadian Football League (CFL)\'s BC Lions and the United States Football League (USFL)\'s San Antonio Gunslingers. He played college football and ran track for Texas A&I University (now Texas A&M University - Kingsville). He is currently a teacher and coach in the Brazosport Independent School District. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity
| 80 |
Ray Waddy
| 0 |
10,993,660 |
# Tadashima Akiyama
**Tadashima Akiyama**, also called `{{nihongo|'''Akiyama of Tajima'''|但馬国秋山|Tajima-no-kuni Akiyama|fl. 16th century}}`{=mediawiki}, was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi--Momoyama period who hailed from Tajima Province. A rather unknown figure, he is largely remembered for his defeat at the hands of the young Miyamoto Musashi, who was sixteen at the time. It has been concluded that Akiyama openly challenged Musashi.
Musashi wrote in The Book of Five Rings: *\"When I was sixteen I struck down an able strategist Tadashima Akiyama\"*
| 80 |
Tadashima Akiyama
| 0 |
10,993,676 |
# James Francis (American football)
**James Henry Francis** (born August 4, 1968) is an American former professional football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals and Washington Redskins. He played college football for the Baylor Bears and was selected by the Bengals in the first round of the 1990 NFL draft
| 57 |
James Francis (American football)
| 0 |
10,993,682 |
# Resurrection (1931 English-language film)
***Resurrection*** is a 1931 American Pre-Code English-language adaptation of the 1899 Leo Tolstoy novel *Resurrection* produced by Universal Studios. It was an all-talking version.
The film starred John Boles as well as Lupe Vélez.
It was directed by Edwin Carewe, who had also directed the previous 1927 silent adaptation.
A Spanish language version, *Resurrección* was also made in the same year by Universal Studios., John Boles and Lupe Vélez also starred in the Spanish-language version
| 80 |
Resurrection (1931 English-language film)
| 0 |
10,993,684 |
# Les Ondes Silencieuses
***Les Ondes Silencieuses**\'\' (English:***The Still Waters**\'\') is the third full-length album by French electronica artist Colleen (real name Cécile Schott) released on 21 May 2007. The Japanese release features three bonus live tracks. The name can be interpreted in numerous ways. It can refer to the unusual calmness of still water, sound waves, or the French expression to refer to strange animal behaviour before earthquakes.
## Style
The album was made using natural instruments played live, thus keeping with the unsampled style of Schott\'s last few albums. Her penchant for unusual instrumentation was again evident, with the spinet and viola da gamba making appearances alongside the more familiar classical guitar and clarinet. The use of the viola da gamba was inspired by a 15-year-old Schott viewing *Tous les matins du monde*, a French film (adapted from a novel of the same name) based on the life of Marin Marais who played the instrument.
The looped aesthetic that had characterised much of Colleen\'s earlier work was discarded on this release in favour of a more open-ended and unstructured approach.
A marine theme is apparent in the name of many of the tracks and in the name of the album itself.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs were composed and played by Cécile Schott.
1. \"This Place In Time\" -- 2:33
2. \"Le Labyrinthe\" -- 5:15
3. \"Sun Against My Eyes\" -- 4:22
4. \"Les Ondes Silencieuses\" -- 6:09
5. \"Blue Sands\" -- 5:16
6. \"Echoes And Coral\" -- 3:09
7. \"Sea Of Tranquillity\" -- 5:46
8. \"Past The Long Black Land\" -- 3:41
9. \"Le Bateau\" -- 7:09
### Bonus Japanese tracks {#bonus_japanese_tracks}
10. \"Unfold Out\" -- 5:36
11. \"Serpentine\" -- 6:04
12. \"I\'ll Read You A Story\" -- 5:18
\"Unfold Out\" and \"Serpentine\" were recorded live in Asahi Art Square, Tokyo.
## Credits
### Instrumentation
- Cécile Schott -- clarinet (tracks 3, 7), classical guitar (tracks 3, 7), singing bowls (track 6), spinet (track 2) and viola da gamba (tracks 1, 4, 5, 8, 9)
| 339 |
Les Ondes Silencieuses
| 0 |
10,993,685 |
# Resurrection (1927 film)
***Resurrection*** is a 1927 American romantic drama film directed by Edwin Carewe, based on Leo Tolstoy\'s 1899 novel *Resurrection*. The film is a feature-length silent production starring Dolores del Río and featuring an appearance by Ilya Tolstoy who co-wrote the script. In 1928, due to the public apathy towards silent films, a sound version was also produced with a newly filmed prologue in which the theme song \"Russian Lullaby\" was performed and sung. While the actual film had no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using both the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film process. In 1931, Carewe directed an all-talking remake of the film starred by Lupe Vélez.
## Plot
Katyusha, a country girl, is seduced and abandoned by Prince Dimitry. Dimitry finds himself, years later, on a jury trying the same Katyusha for a crime he now realizes his actions drove her to. He follows her to imprisonment in Siberia, intent on redeeming her and himself as well.
## Cast
- Dolores del Río as Katyusha Maslova
- Rod La Rocque as Prince Dimitry Ivanich
- Lucy Beaumont as Aunt Sophya
- Vera Lewis as Aunt Marya
- Marc McDermott as Major Schoenboch
- Clarissa Selwynne as Princess Olga Ivanovitch Nekhludof
- Eve Southern as Princess Sonia Korchagin
- Ilya Tolstoy as The Old Philosopher
- Bobby White - (uncredited)
## Music
The sound version featured a theme song entitled "Russian Lullaby" by Irving Berlin. The soundtrack also featured the song "Brown Eyes" by P. Ouglitzky.
## Preservation
With no prints of *Resurrection* located in any film archives, it is considered a lost film
| 274 |
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| 0 |
10,993,693 |
# Resurrection (1909 film)
***Resurrection*** is a 1909 American silent short film made by the Biograph Company. It is based on Leo Tolstoy\'s 1899 novel *Resurrection*. Adapted for the screen by Frank E. Woods, it was directed by D. W. Griffith and stars several pioneering legends of American cinema such as Arthur V. Johnson, Florence Lawrence, Marion Leonard, Owen Moore, Mack Sennett, and Linda Arvidson, who was Griffith\'s first wife.
## Cast
- Arthur V. Johnson - Prince Dmitri
- Florence Lawrence - Katusha
- Marion Leonard - A Prisoner
- Owen Moore - At Court/At Prison
- Mack Sennett - At Court/A Guard/At Inn
- Clara T. Bracy -
- Charles Avery
## Plot
The subject opens with the return home of Prince Dimitri. who meets the maid Katusha. a little peasant girl, and is instantly charmed with her beauty. Young, artless and innocent, as pretty as a rose, she unwittingly fascinates the prince. His noble bearing likewise impresses her, and his little attentions flatter her, until at length she is unable to resist his advances. The poor girl is meted the usual fate. An alliance is out of the question. The disparity of their ranks even forbids it. and soon the prince must cast her aside.
Five years later we find that the girl, who is now a loathsome sight, has learned the bitter lesson of the eternal truth, \"The wages of sin is death.\" It is death to the soul at all events. She has gone down to the lowest depths and is arrested in a low Russian tavern. As she is carried to the tribunal she passes Prince Dimitri, who now sees the terrible result of his sins. He grows repentant and attempts to plead her cause before the jury, but they are a callous lot and pay no attention to the arguments for nor against, and by force of habit vote to send her to Siberia. She is dragged out to the pen of detention and herded with a lot of poor unfortunates, who scarcely bear any resemblance to human beings.
The repentant prince determines to give up his life to right the wrong he has done, and visits her here with a view of turning her now vicious nature, handing her a copy of the Bible. She does not recognize him at first, but when she does she flies into fury, beating his body and face with her fists and the book. He leaves her and she sits moodily on the bench with the book on her lap. Shortly she turns its pages and her eyes fall on the passage (John 11:25), \"And Jesus said unto her. I am the resurrection and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead yet shall be live.\" In an instant her whole being changes. There is hope for her salvation, and she reads on. The guards arrive and we next see her with the poor unfortunates trudging over the snow-clad steppes toward the goal from whence few return. She becomes the ministering angel, sharing her comforts with them. The prince, meanwhile, has secured her pardon and hastens after her. Giving her the welcome notice, he begs her to return with him as his wife. However, she prefers to work out her salvation helping those poor souls to whom a kindness is an indescribable blessing, and bidding him farewell, she renounces the world for the path of duty, so we leave her kneeling on the snow at the foot of the Holy Cross
| 588 |
Resurrection (1909 film)
| 0 |
10,993,705 |
# Symmoriidae
**Symmoriidae** is an extinct family of cartilaginous fish belonging to the order Symmoriiformes. Members of the family are known from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods
| 27 |
Symmoriidae
| 0 |
10,993,712 |
# Lloyd Omdahl
**Lloyd B. Omdahl** (January 5, 1931 -- April 14, 2024) was an American politician who was the 34th lieutenant governor of North Dakota, taking office after Ruth Meiers died in 1987. Governor George A. Sinner was re-elected with Omdahl on the Democratic-NPL ticket in 1988. He was the last Democrat to hold that role to date.
Previously, Omdahl was a professor of political science at the University of North Dakota and was the Democratic nominee for North Dakota\'s at-large congressional district in 1976. He won the Democratic primary with 46,382 votes (86.43%), defeating Torfin Teigen, who took 7,281 votes (13.57%). In the general election, he lost to incumbent Republican Congressman Mark Andrews by 181,018 votes (62.45%) to 104,263 votes (35.97%). Russell Kleppe of the American Party took 4,600 votes (1.59%).
Omdahl, along with Buckshot Hoffner was one of the last two remaining members of the Executive Committee of the Non-Partisan League Nonpartisan League.
Omdahl died in Grand Forks, North Dakota, on April 14, 2024, at the age of 93
| 172 |
Lloyd Omdahl
| 0 |
10,993,742 |
# Falcatus
***Falcatus*** is an extinct genus of falcatid chondrichthyan which lived during the early Carboniferous Period in Bear Gulch bay in what is now Montana.
## Description
This fish was quite small, only getting to around 25--30 cm or 10-12 inches long. This is about as big as some of the smallest sharks around today, like the pygmy laternshark. *Falcatus* was a chondrichthyan known as a \"cladodont-toothed stethacanthid holocephalan\". The first material known from the genus were the prominent fin spines that curve anteriorly over the head of the animal. When first described in 1883 from the St. Louis Limestone, these remains were given the name *Physonemus falcatus*. However, in 1985, fossils of a new type of chondrichthyan from Montana were described that displayed a high degree of sexual dimorphism. The same spines that were previously named *P. falcatus* were found on one of the morphs, identified as the male due to the presence of valvae.
## Classification
Despite often being called a shark, *Falcatus* and its relatives were part of the order Symmoriiformes, which itself was part of the subclass Holocephali. This means that this fish was more closely related to Chimaeras than to true sharks. Other members of its family include *Ozarcus* from the Carboniferous of Arkansas, and potentially *Cretacladoides* from the Cretaceous of Austria.
## Paleoecology
The bear gulch limestone is a fossil deposit from the Big Snowy Mountains of Montana. It is a smaller part of the larger St. louis limestone, which dates to the middle carboniferous. During the time, the area was a series of mudflats and lagoons with brackish and freshwater. Many theories have been put forth for the preservation. One is that the creatures sank to the bottom and died of asphyxiation in the oxygen poor waters, being preserved without scavenging took place. Another theory is that the bottom of the bay created mudslides because of heavy rainfall, which rapidly buried the creatures. However, because many of the fish fossils were found with distended gills, this would suggest death by asphyxiation. Falcatus lived alongside many strange creatures like the chondrichthyans *Agassizodus,* *Listracanthus* and *Delphyodontos.* It also lived alongside many ray-finned fish like *Discoserra* and *Paratarrasius*. Other fish included the rhabdodermatid *Cardiosuctor*, the rhizodont *Strepsodus,* and *Hardistiella*, one of the oldest known lamprey. The invertebrates of bear gulch were very diverse creatures, like the hoplocarids (relatives of the mantis shrimp), *Anderella*, which is the youngest known synziphosurine and more enigmatic creatures like the potential gastropod relative *Typhloesus,* and the \"Square objects\" which might be sea salps or cnidarians. Other inverts include, mollusks like the nautiloid *Tylonautilus,* pterioid bivalves which have been found encrusting *sargassum* like brown algae as well as productid brachiopods, *Paleolimulus*, phyllocarids and echinoderms like Crinoids, echinoids, sea stars, brittle stars and a many armed starfish called *Lepidasterella montanensis
| 468 |
Falcatus
| 0 |
10,993,792 |
# Stethacanthidae
**Stethacanthidae** is an extinct family of prehistoric sharks. It is estimated to have existed approximately between 380 and 300 million years ago. Members of this family are noted for their peculiar dorsal fin.
## Introduction
thumb\|left\|upright=2\|Complete skeleton of * Akmonistion zangerli* (HMV8246, Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow). Photograph taken by Dr. Keith Ingham, published in Coates & Sequira, 2001. The taxonomic history of the Family Stethacanthidae has been rather complicated because the findings of complete skeletons are very unusual, and as result early workers such as St. John & Worthen, and Newberry were unable to recognise the association of the spine, dentition teeth, and dermal denticles of these sharks. The genus *Stethacanthus* was established by Newberry (1889) for a series of large thin walled, cartilage-cored spines encountered in Mississippian (Carboniferous Period) rocks of the mid-continental United States. Decomposition of the internal cartilage and compression during burial resulted in distortion of the spines, leading Newberry to misinterpret them, he believed that the spines belonged to pectoral and pelvic fins of a new species of shark. The first associated skeletal remains, from the Mississippian of Montana and the Devonian and Mississippian of Ohio, were not described until a century later. The Family Stethacanthidae was described by Richard Lund in 1974, he argued that \"*Stethacanthus* represents an experiment in elasmobranch evolution that is significantly divergent enough to warrant family-level separation\". This classification was later corroborated by another authors (e.g. Zangerl, 1990). Further reports of material attributed to *Stethacanthus* have extended its range to the Mississippian of Oklahoma, the Lower Tournaisian of Central Russia and the basal Namurian/Serpukhovian of Scotland.
| 268 |
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| 0 |
10,993,792 |
# Stethacanthidae
## Description
*Stethacanthus altonensis* is the type species of the family Stethacanthidae, therefore, all stethacanthids meet certain morphological characters best represented in this species. Stethacanthids are medium-sized cladodont shark-like holocephalians with a short rostrum, broad supraorbital region, and short otic region. The teeth on jaws are of cladodont type, displaying 5 cusps (pentacuspids). The first dorsal fin bears a large, thin walled compressed spine, displaying no ornamentation and concave anteriorly. This dorsal spine is fitted over a long basal plate and articulating at its base with the apex of a high triangular fin. The second dorsal fin is fitted over a very small, anterior basal plate apparently lacking a spine. The entire dorsal surface of head and first dorsal fin are covered with enlarged single cusped denticles. Secondary sexual dimorphism is present, only mature males bear a first dorsal fin.
### First dorsal fin and spine {#first_dorsal_fin_and_spine}
The first dorsal fin is one of the strangest features of these fish. The fin itself is triangular and is composed of long, thin, calcified tubes radiating from the apex. The posterior dorsal surface of the first dorsal fin is covered with a belt of up to nine rows of enlarged dermal denticles. The spine, composed of trabecular dentine, is roughly a right triangle in shape, with the hypothenuse concave anterodorsally. The trabecular dentine contains a large number of fibres in the dorsal half of the spine. This suggests that, in life, a large portion of the spine was covered by connective tissue, probably anchoring the first dorsal fin.
#### Function
A shark with a structure on its back, such as a stethacanthid, could not have possibly been a fast swimmer. The first dorsal fin and spine could have produced a considerable amount of drag during fast locomotion. This suggests that Stethacanthids may have been rather sluggish bottom dwellers. The crowns of the dermal denticles on the first dorsal fin point forward and those on the head point backward, however it is unlikely that these were used for biting or tearing food. If the animal was disturbed by a potential predator while resting or feeding near the bottom it may have raised the head and tilted forward the first dorsal fin and spine, simulating a toothed open mouth of a much larger fish, therefore, an effective defence mechanism. However, only males possessed the \"armoured\" first dorsal fin and spine, and this suggests that the function was merely sexual display.
### Teeth and denticles {#teeth_and_denticles}
Teeth are typical cladodont in form. They are composed of 5 cusps, the central being the largest, the two extreme lateral smaller, and the intermediate very small. Cusps are rounded in cross section, slightly curved inwards and strongly striated vertically. Modified denticles cover the dorsal surface of the head and upper edge of dorsal fin. Both sets of denticles are smooth, monocuspid and curved posteriorly. The denticles on the head are relatively uniform in size (about as high as the central cusps in the teeth), and rounded in cross section. The denticles on the edge of the dorsal fin have polygonal bases and are fitted together in a mosaic pattern. In the male, the denticles increase in height and decrease in curvature toward the midline of the fin, so that the central denticles reach 2 cm in height.
### Pelvic girdles and claspers {#pelvic_girdles_and_claspers}
Pelvic girdles fall into two types. The first, thought to be the primitive condition, bears virtually the entire pelvic fin. The second, consists of a prominent metapterygial plate. The claspers, in the male, are separated from the body of the fin by about four blocks of calcified cartilage.
### Caudal fin {#caudal_fin}
The caudal fin is heterocercal, but approaches a functional homocercal condition.
## Environment
Most Stethacanthids found come from the Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana. The Bear Gulch is a lagerstätte that is unique in preserving virtually an entire small marine bay of extremely brief duration in the late Mississippian (Heath Formation, Palaeozoic; 323Ma). During deposition, it was located approximately 12ºN latitude and was part of an extensive sabkha environment and subjected to monsoonal climatic regime. The bay was subject to minimal fluvial input and was opened to the East. It is likely that the diversity of the Bear Gulch fauna may be representative of upper Mississippian marine faunas, due to the accessibility to migratory forms and the bay likely provided breeding and nursery grounds for those not endemic to it. The most complete skeleton ever found has been published recently from the Manse Burn Formation (Serpukhovian) in Bearsden near Glasgow, Scotland. As well as the Bear Gulch Limestone, the lithology of this formation indicates that it was deposited under variable conditions of salinity with seasonal periodicity.
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# Stethacanthidae
## Taxonomic relationships {#taxonomic_relationships}
Chondrichthyes is a monophyletic group divisible into two sister taxa, the Elasmobranchii and Holocephali, and the extant chondrichthyans are derivable from Mesozoic forms. Yet, the relationship of these with the Palaeozoic forms is still poorly understood. Chondrichthyes are distinguished based on a two unique autapomorphous character sets: the development of tesserae endoskeletal mineralisation and internal fertilisation with copulation. During the Carboniferous chondrichthyans radiated rapidly and expansively in all available aquatic regimes and some of the most bizarre forms originated during this period. Stethacanthids are classified within the division Paleoselachii, of the Subclass Elasmobranchii. On a lower taxonomical level, the classification of this group is very controversial. There are two main hypothesis:
- The Families Symmoriidae, Stethacanthidae and Falcatidae are included within the Order Symmoriiformes and form a monophyletic group.
- Stethacanthids are a very derived group of Paleoselachii sharks, defined by a highly modified first dorsal fin (only in adult males) and strong sexual dimorphism. This condition is also seen in symmoriids and is unique among known elasmobranchs of any time. So, either symmoriids are the females of some stethacanthids, or they are derived from this group.
The classification of symoriiform sharks (including the Families Stethacanthidae, Symmoriidae and Falcatidae) will remain a controversy until other complete specimens are found outside of the Bear Gulch lens
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# Nubra River
The **Nubra River** is a river in the Nubra district of Ladakh in India. It is a tributary of the Shyok River (a part of the Indus River system) and originates from the Siachen Glacier, the second-longest non-polar glacier in the world.
## Name
The name \"Nubra River\" derives from the broader Nubra Valley through which it flows. Historically, the river was known as *Yarma Tsangpo* in Tibetan. See Nubra § Etymology for further details.
## Course
The Siachen Glacier terminates in a snout located at around 3723 m and two pro-glacial melt-water streams originate out of two ice caves in the region. They merge about one kilometer downstream and becomes the Nubra river. Numerous other glaciers of the Karakoram descend into the Nubra. It then flows between the Karakoram range and the Saltoro Mountains in a general southeasterly direction for about 90 km before its confluence with the Shyok River near Diskit, forming the Nubra Valley.
The side valleys of the Nubra Valley contain some 33 glaciers of varying proportions, and the heavy sediment load carried by the river from the melt-water is responsible for many glacio-fluvial deposits including braided channels, outwash plains and alluvial fans.
## Valley
The valley has been formed by ancient glaciers, now long receded, and has an average elevation of 4000 m above sea level. The area has a very arid climate, and the lack of precipitation and the high elevation means that the upper reaches of the valley are nearly devoid of vegetation. At its junction with the Shyok, the sandy flats support patches of *Tamarix* and *Myricaria*. There are small villages at the foot of ravines, where poplars and willow trees grow. Small pasture fields have been enclosed on the un-denuded fans and fruit trees are grown.
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# Nubra River
## Siachen Conflict {#siachen_conflict}
The river was rafted by an Indo-German team in 1978 under the leadership of Narendra Kumar. Certain features in the maps used by the Germans led to India\'s understanding of cartographic aggression by Pakistan and a subsequent mountaineering reconnaissance expedition of the region was planned; which in turn led to Operation Meghdoot.
### Ecological crisis {#ecological_crisis}
The Siachen Glacier, the source of the Nubra River, has for some time`{{refn|group=nb|The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful [[Operation Meghdoot|Operation ''Meghdoot'']] during which it gained control over all of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and undemarcated area). India has established control over all of the {{convert|70|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]] immediately west of the glacier, including [[Sia La]], [[Bilafond La]], and [[Gyong La]]. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.<ref name=Wirsing>{{cite book |last = Wirsing |first = Robert |title = Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |date = 13 December 1991 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn = 9780312060671}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} been the scene of conflict between India and Pakistan, and has been called the world\'s highest battleground. The 20,000 troops stationed on the glacier produce a lot of waste,`{{refn|group=nb|The 20,000 troops stationed on the Siachen are supplied (flown and parachuted) thousands of tons of food and supplies every year. Indian army officials have described the Siachen as "the world’s biggest and highest garbage dump", from where nothing comes back. [[World Commission on Protected Areas]] estimates that over 2000 lbs. of human waste are dropped daily into crevasses of the glacier.<ref name=uvm/>}}`{=mediawiki} 40% of which is plastic and metal. This debris, including irreparable vehicles, war debris, parachute material, canisters, clothing, and human waste, is simply tipped into crevasses in the glacier. With no natural biodegradation taking place, the ice is being permanently contaminated by toxins such as cobalt, cadmium, and chromium. The washing of warfare clothes at hot sulfur springs near the Indian base camp also contaminates the river. The toxins will eventually reach the Indus River, with millions of downstream users potentially being impacted.
## Tourism
There are many monasteries (gompa) including Samstanling Monastery the main monastery in the valley and Diskit Monastery for viewing tall statue of Maitreya Buddha and Ensa Monastery . Visit Panamik village for mountain views, Yarab Tso lake, Hunder Sand Dunes for Bactrian camel safari
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# Pratsika
**Pratsika** (Greek: Πράτσικα) is a neighbourhood in the southern part of the city of Patras, Greece. The neighbourhood was known as **Portes** (Πόρτες) and was known by this name because it had one of the Gates to the city. Around 1800, several lands were brought by Sideris Pratsikas who lived in Droviani in Epirus, from whom it receives its current name
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# Hojo undō
`{{nihongo||補助運動|'''Hojo undō'''}}`{=mediawiki} is a Japanese language term, translated as \"supplementary exercises\", that refers to conditioning exercises used in martial arts, especially in karate. `{{transliteration|ja|Hojo undō}}`{=mediawiki} training was designed to develop ambidextrous physical strength, stamina, muscle coordination, speed, and posture. This style of training uses simple, traditional devices made from wood and stone.
## Weighted items {#weighted_items}
The weighted items used in this training are also known as `{{nihongo3|"tool exercises"|機具運動|kigu undo}}`{=mediawiki}
### `{{transliteration|ja|Chi ishi}}`{=mediawiki}
, meaning \"stone mallet\" or \"weighted levers\", are concrete weights attached to a wooden pole. The practitioner grips the end of the wooden pole opposite the concrete weight, and moves the wrist and arms in motions used in techniques normally used in kata or against opponents. This weighted training mostly helps to strengthen the fingers, hands, arms, shoulder, and chest.
### `{{transliteration|ja|Ishi sashi}}`{=mediawiki} {#section_1}
are hand-held weights in the shape of padlocks, traditionally made of stone. They are also known as `{{transliteration|zh|Shísuǒ}}`{=mediawiki} (*石锁*) in Chinese.
### `{{transliteration|ja|Tetsu geta}}`{=mediawiki} {#section_2}
are worn like sandals, but require gripping the clogs with one\'s toes. The practitioner moves around and kicks while wearing them. The extra weight required to move the foot strengthens the leg for kicks.
### `{{transliteration|ja|Nigiri game}}`{=mediawiki} {#section_3}
are ceramic jars filled with sand to different weights. The jars are gripped around a lipped rim. The practitioner moves in varying stances while holding the jar in order to strengthen the arms, shoulders, back, legs, and grip.
### `{{transliteration|ja|Makiage kigu}}`{=mediawiki} {#section_4}
The `{{nihongo3|"wrist roller"|巻揚器具|makiage kigu}}`{=mediawiki} is a weight hanging by a rope from a wooden handle. The practitioner grasps the handle with the weight hanging in the middle, and twists the handle to wrap the rope around the handle. The handle is raised and lowered throughout the twisting to strengthen the wrists.
### `{{transliteration|ja|Tan}}`{=mediawiki} {#section_5}
A `{{nihongo||担|tan}}`{=mediawiki}, meaning \"to shoulder\" or \"to carry on one\'s back\", is similar to a modern barbell, made with a wood post and concrete weights on both ends.
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