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# Kattankulathur
**Kattankulathur** is a suburb of Chennai, India, located on the southern side of the city in Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu. It comes under the Maraimalai Nagar municipality in the Chengalpattu taluk and within Chennai Metropolitan Area.
## Transportation
Kattankulathur is located in the southern part of Chennai city. it is located along the busy GST Road on Chennai-Trichy National Highway. The neighborhood is served by the Kattankulathur railway station, which is about 20 minutes from Chennai Tambaram. The Chennai Suburban Railway operates a suburban railway service from Chennai Beach. It is well connected to other parts of the city by road. All MTC buses towards Maraimalai Nagar pass via Kattankulathur.
## Education
SRM Institute of Science and Technology and Valliammai Engineering College are located in Kattankulathur
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# Dhanwan (1993 film)
***Dhanwaan*** (`{{translation|Wealthy}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1993 Indian Hindi-language romance film directed by K. Vishwanath. A remake of Prosenjit Chatterjee starrer blockbuster Bengali film *Amar Sangee* (1987), it stars Ajay Devgan, Manisha Koirala, Karishma Kapoor, Avinash Wadhawan are in lead roles. The Role Of Anjali Was Originally Offered To Divya Bharti But After Death On April 5 She Was Replaced By Karishma Kapoor.
## Plot
Kashinath and Imli are childhood sweethearts and everyone expects them to marry. Then comes rich, wealthy, and sickly Anjali Chopra into Kashinath\'s life, and then everything changes. Anjali gives up on her sickliness and becomes bold, thanks to Kashinath\'s care. Anjali falls in love with Kashinath, and boldly tells her dad, Manmohan Chopra, that she will only marry Kashinath. But he wants her to wed Ajit. Imli reveals her secret that she has heart disease, and if not treated, she will die. Kashinath, unaware of Anjali\'s affections must find the money to save his true love. What sacrifices will he have to make in order to achieve this?
## Cast
- Ajay Devgan as Kashinath
- Manisha Koirala as Imli
- Karishma Kapoor as Anjali Chopra
- Avinash Wadhawan as Ajit
- Tinu Anand as Ajit\'s Uncle
- Dalip Tahil as Manmohan Chopra
- Aruna Irani as Neeta Kashinath\'s Mother
- Shakti Kapoor as Banarasi
- Kader Khan as Jagmohan Chopra
- Himani Shivpuri as Razia Hameed\'s Daughter
- Shail Chaturvedi as Hameed
## Soundtrack
The soundtrack was tuned by Anand--Milind and the lyrics were penned by Sameer Anjaan.
Song Singer
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------
\"Rafta Rafta Chal\" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
\"Bolo Bolo Main Hoon Kaun\" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kavita Krishnamurthy
\"O Sahiba O Sahiba, O Sahiba O Sahiba\" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Sadhana Sargam
\"Ek Hi Ghosla Do Dilon Ka, Ek Hi Silsila Dhadkanon Ka\" S. P
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# Cook County Public Defender
The **Cook County Public Defender** provides legal representation for indigent clients in the areas of felony and misdemeanor criminal cases, delinquency, abuse/neglect, some appeals, post-conviction and traffic (non-petty) cases when appointed by the Court throughout Cook County, Illinois, which includes Chicago. Currently, the Cook County Public Defender is \[Sharone R. Mitchell, Jr.\]. It is the second largest state public defender office in the United States after the Los Angeles County Public Defender
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# Breitenau, Lower Austria
**Breitenau** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Colors of Your Love
***Colors of Your Love*** (1991) was the last album in The Archers\' three decade-long recording career. Produced by veteran Jonathan David Brown for Reunion Records the album garnered the Top 20 hit, "Be Our Guest" and several more airplay favorites, securing their place as one of the handful of Christian artists to have topped the charts in each of three decades. It was well received internationally as well one UK critic saying,
> A track by track listing wouldn\'t do the album justice as there are more peaks than the Himalayas, with every track, yes every track, ministering in its own way. \"Colors Of Your Love\" and \"Be Our Guest\" have harmonies straight out of the Heavenly Host praise book and are superb worship songs. ... You\'ve really got to listen to it to believe just how classy this album is.
Billboard Magazine added, "The Archers have too much going for them to miss
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# TD Canada Trust Scholarship for Community Leadership
The **TD Scholarships for Community Leadership** is one of the largest and most prestigious scholarships of its kind in Canada offered by Toronto Dominion Bank worth up to \$70,000.
## TD Scholarship Award {#td_scholarship_award}
This scholarship recognizes high school and CEGEP students entering university or college based on their outstanding community leadership. Each TD Canada Trust Scholarship is valued at up to \$70,000 and includes full tuition for up to four years of study, \$7,500 per year toward living expenses, and an offer of summer employment at TD. Every year up to 20 exemplary young people are chosen as recipients of the scholarships. Students across Canada are invited to apply, and five regional judging panels that include prominent educators, politicians, and community representatives review applications.
The scholarship program has been in operation since 1995, and has already awarded over 360 deserving young Canadians. A National Ceremony is held annually in May to honour the year\'s recipients, with government officials, TD executives and community leaders in attendance
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# New-Bridge Integrated College
**New-Bridge Integrated College** is an integrated secondary school founded in 1995 for children in Newry and Banbridge, hence the name New(ry)-(Ban)Bridge. New-Bridge was established in the rural village of Loughbrickland, Northern Ireland so that it was neither in Banbridge nor Newry, it is in a small village called Loughbrickland which is 11.7 miles from Newry and less than 3.6 miles from Banbridge.
Pupils travel to the school from a wide area of Counties Down and Armagh. When New-Bridge was founded it was considered that the school would only have an attendance of around 390. Due to its popularity and growth, New Bridge now has an attendance rate of over 650 per year, and the school continues to grow.
In 2000, the school began to cater for sixth form education, enabling students to be taught beyond GCSE standard at the school
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# Fumio Igarashi
is a Japanese former figure skater. He is the 1977 and 1979-1981 Japanese national champion. His highest placement at the World Championships was fourth, in 1981. He placed ninth at the 1980 Winter Olympics. He was coached by Frank Carroll.
After retirement from competitive skating, he was employed by Dentsu, an advertising agency. In addition, he worked as a skating consultant for NHK until 2006.
## Results
International
---------------
Event
Olympics
Worlds
Skate Canada
NHK Trophy
Nebelhorn
St. Gervais
National
Japan Champ
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# Breaking Strain
\"**Breaking Strain**\", also known as \"**Thirty Seconds - Thirty Days**\", is a science fiction short story by English writer Arthur C. Clarke, first published in 1949. It was adapted into a movie in 1994 under the title *Trapped in Space*.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
This shipwreck survival drama involves a space freighter on Earth/Venus run. A meteor hit during the middle of the voyage has drained most on-board oxygen supplies. The two crew members (Grant and McNeil) realize they will not have enough oxygen for the two of them to complete the trip.
The two crew members live a few days in exclusion from each other, independently considering plans for survival. The story is primarily told from Grant\'s perspective (the ship\'s captain), who becomes frustrated with McNeil\'s apparent inconsiderate behavior. Eventually Grant realizes that there is enough oxygen on board for one crew member to finish the trip. He struggles with the idea of deciding who will live or die, though all the while believes he has more to live for than his seemingly selfish partner. As he becomes more and more frustrated with his crewmate, he decides to poison McNeil in order to save himself. Grant poisons McNeil\'s drink and sits down to a meal with him, waiting for him to die. However, McNeil reveals that he foresaw the murder and replaced the ship\'s poison with a bitter salt, so that he could detect its presence if Grant tried to use it.
McNeil confronts Grant on the subject of suicide and the two men concur that an agreement must be made---and that a message to Venus sent on ahead beforehand to validate their actions---deciding who will suicide so that the other live. The short story ends with a retrospective retelling of the decision process by McNeil (the survivor), who is rescued after being alone aboard his space freighter for three weeks.
## Reception
Groff Conklin in 1954 said that \"Breaking Strain\" was \"shockingly tragic\".
## Influence
The ship in \"Breaking Strain\" shares several similarities with *Discovery One* in the 1968 film and Clarke\'s 1968 novel, *2001: A Space Odyssey*. Both ships have a spherical command module which is located a great distance away from the nuclear powered engines of the ship, connected by a long spine.
The story was the inspiration for *Breaking Strain*, the first novel in the *Venus Prime* series by Paul Preuss.
## Publication
\"Breaking Strain\" was included in Clarke\'s 1953 anthology, *Expedition to Earth*, and in his 1983 anthology, *The Sentinel*
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# Buchbach, Austria
**Buchbach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈbuːxbax}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Geetanjali Shree
**Geetanjali Shree** (`{{IPA|hi|
giːt̪ãːˈd͡ʒəlɪ ʃɾiː}}`{=mediawiki}; born 12 June 1957), also known as **Geetanjali Pandey**, is an Indian Hindi-language novelist and short-story writer based in New Delhi, India. She is the author of several short stories and five novels. Her 2000 novel *Mai* was shortlisted for the Crossword Book Award in 2001, while its English translation by Nita Kumar was published by Niyogi Books in 2017. In 2022, her novel *Ret Samadhi* (2018), translated into English as *Tomb of Sand* by Daisy Rockwell, won the International Booker Prize. Aside from fiction, she has written critical works on Premchand.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Shree was born in the city of Mainpuri in Uttar Pradesh state on 12 June 1957. Her father, Anirudh Pandey, was a civil servant, causing her family to live in various towns throughout Uttar Pradesh. Shree says that it was this upbringing in Uttar Pradesh, along with a lack of children\'s books in English, that gave her a rich connection to Hindi. She is ancestrally from Ghazipur District, Gondaur village.
At university, she studied history. She completed a BA at Lady Shri Ram College, and a master\'s degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. After beginning her PhD work at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda on the Hindi writer Munshi Premchand, Shree became more interested in Hindi literature. She wrote her first short story during her PhD, and turned to writing after graduation.
## Works
Her first story, \"Bel Patra\" (1987), was published in the literary magazine *Hans* and was followed by a collection of short stories *Anugoonj* (1991).
The English translation of her novel *Mai* catapulted her to fame. The novel is about three generations of women and the men around them, in a North Indian middle-class family. *Mai* has been translated into several languages, including Serbian and Korean. It has also been translated into English by Nita Kumar, who was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize, and into Urdu by Bashir Unwan with a preface by Intizar Hussain. Other translations of the novel include a French translation by Annie Montaut, and a German translation by Reinhold Schein.
Shree\'s second novel *Hamara Shahar Us Baras* is set loosely after the incidents of Babri Masjid demolition.
Her fourth novel, *Khālī jagah* (2006), has been translated into English by Nivedita Menon as *The Empty Space*, French by Nicola Pozza as *Une place vide*, and German by Georg Lechner and Nivedita Menon as *Im leeren Raum*.
Her fifth novel, *Ret Samadhi* (2018), has been commended by Alka Saraogi for \"its sweeping imagination and sheer power of language, unprecedented and uninhibited\". It has been translated into English by Daisy Rockwell as *Tomb of Sand*, and into French by Annie Montaut as *Au-delà de la frontière*. On 26 May 2022, *Tomb of Sand* won the International Booker Prize, becoming the first book in Hindi and the first from an Indian writer to receive the accolade.
## Novels
*Mai* (1993) -- translated as *Mai Silently Motherly* by Nita Kumar (2017)
*Hamara Shahar Us Baras* (1998) -- translated as *Our City That Year* by Daisy Rockwell (2024)
*Tirohit* (2001) -- translated as *The Roof Beneath Her Feet* by Rahul Soni (2013)
*Khali Jagah* (2006) -- translated as *The Empty Space* by Nivedita Menon (2011)
*Ret Samadhi* (2018) -- translated as *Tomb of Sand* by Daisy Rockwell (2022)
## Short story collections {#short_story_collections}
*March, Ma Aur Sakura* (2008)
*Pratinidhi Kahaniyan* (2015)
*Yahan Hathi Rahte The* (2022)
*Vairagya* (2022)
*Anugunj* (2022)
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# Geetanjali Shree
## Academic publications {#academic_publications}
- *Between Two Worlds: An Intellectual Biography of Premchand*
- \"Premchand and Industrialism: A Study in Attitudinal Ambivalence\", *The Indian Economic and Social History Review*, XIX(2), 1982
- \"Premchand and the Peasantry: Constrained Radicalism\", *Economic and Political Weekly*, XVIII(26), 25 June 1983.
- \"The North Indian Intelligentsia and the Hindu-Muslim Question\"
## Other activities {#other_activities}
Shree also participates in theatre and works with Vivadi, a theatre group comprising writers, artists, dancers, and painters.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
Shree is the recipient of the Indu Sharma Katha Samman award and has been a fellow of the Ministry of Culture, India, and Japan Foundation.
In 2022, *Tomb of Sand* became the first Hindi-language novel shortlisted for the International Booker Prize and subsequently won the prize.
In December 2022, Shree was named on the BBC\'s *100 Women* list as one of the world\'s inspiring and influential women of the year
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# Bürg-Vöstenhof
**Bürg-Vöstenhof** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Giving Yourself Away
***Giving Yourself Away*** is the fourth album by Officium Triste, released in 2007 by Displeased Records.
The album consist of 6 tracks.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Your Eyes\" -- 9:48
2. \"My Charcoal Heart\" -- 5:27
3. \"Signals\" -- 7:25
4. \"On the Crossroads of Souls\" -- 8:04
5. \"Inside the Mind\" -- 8:48
6
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# Edlitz, Austria
**Edlitz** is a Market town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Edlitz is located in Bucklige Welt in the industrial district near Aspang-Markt. The area of the market town covers 14.23 square kilometers. Exactly 50 percent of the area is forested.
## Congregational Structure {#congregational_structure}
The community forms the cadastral community Edlitz. This consists of Edlitz-Markt and the districts of Baumgart, Ebenhof, Grimmenstein, Grub, Handler, Hofstatt, Hofstetten, Kamerallen, Kohlreuth, Prägart, Pumperwaldl, Rauchlehen, Schafferhof, Schauerberg, Schneeweißhof, Sonnberg, Wieden and Winterhof.
## History
### Antiquity and the Middle Ages {#antiquity_and_the_middle_ages}
The area used to be part of the Roman province of Noricum.
Due to the abundance of water in the Pittental and the associated frequent flooding, the first settlements in this area were difficult to access in the elevated side valleys. A find of Roman coins suggests that the transition area from the Edlitztal to the Pittental was already inhabited in Roman times. From the Middle Ages, the history of the place is very closely linked to the development of the church and the parish.
The parish seat \"de Edelz\" was first mentioned in 1192 CE, when it was separated from the mother parish of Bromberg and an independent parish was set up.
### Late Medieval Ages and Early Modern Era (Incursions by Hungarians, Turks and Kurucs) {#late_medieval_ages_and_early_modern_era_incursions_by_hungarians_turks_and_kurucs}
In the following centuries, Edlitz was hit by numerous Hungarian and later Turkish invasions. Several epidemics occurred. In the year 1349 CE, a separate plague cemetery had to be built for the many dead.
In 1529 CE, Edlitz escaped a Turkish attack when the Turks approached the area, but were startled by the midday ringing of the bells and turned back.
In 1590 CE, Edlitz was first referred to as a market town, which then had 14 houses.
In 1608 CE, pastor Georg Hayden was kidnapped by Hungarian forces to Güns and only released after 6 weeks after paying a ransom of 200 guilders. As a thank you, he donated the frescoes in the chancel of the parish church.
There are two more reports of military raids in the Edlitz area, namely in 1620 CE by Hungarians and in 1707 CE by Kurucs (anti-Habsburg insurgents). The fortifications of the church were likely used as a hiding place at this time.
### Modern period {#modern_period}
At the end of the 18th century, Edlitz once played an important role in economic and transport life in the Bucklige Welt. A description of the country that was carried out by Emperor Joseph II wrote about the town of Edlitz at the time: \"Ein mittelmäßig solid gebauter Markt in einem Graben, hat auch eine solide Kirche, mit Kirchhofmauern umgeben.\" (\"A moderately solidly built market in a ditch also has a solid church surrounded by churchyard walls.\") That a place was \"solid\" at that time referred to the fact it was built of stone.
The town was often hit by flooding from the Edlitzbach. In 1886 CE a person died in the flooding, the creek was secured by a torrent barrier.
## Etymology
The etymology is unclear, there are two theories:
- One refers to a Latin deed of donation from 860 CE, in which forty estates, some of which were located in the area of the Bucklige Welt, were donated to the Archbishopric of Salzburg. One of them was \"ad ecclesiam Ellodis\" (\"near the church of Ello\"). Ello is a Germanic name that translates as \"the noble\". This is thought to form the term \"de Edelz\" would mean \"settlement of a nobleman\" which became Edlitz.
- A second - more popular theory - says that the name \"Edlitz\" is derived from the Slavic \"jedlica\" (\"fir stream\"), which could be attributed to the wooded area around the place.
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# Edlitz, Austria
## Transport routes and tourism {#transport_routes_and_tourism}
The 19th century brought a significant improvement in traffic conditions, when Count Palffy had the equestrian bridge from Grimmenstein to Edlitz and further on via Thomasberg to Kirchschlag and Güns expanded into a country road in 1815 CE. Today the federal highway runs along this former Palffy-Straße.
In 1881 CE, the opening of the Aspangbahn brought a new era to the Bucklige Welt. Edlitz station was built outside the municipal boundaries because the building site in Grimmenstein, which was then called \"Am Treitl\", was cheaper. Today Edlitz-Grimmenstein station is in the municipality of Thomasberg.
The opening of the railway connection also meant the start of tourism in Edlitz. Primarily guests from Vienna liked to come to the Bucklige Welt for summer holidays. According to the Austrian address book in 1938 CE, there was a doctor, two bakers, a butcher, a hairdresser, five innkeepers, five grocers, a glazier, two cellulose factories, a master bricklayer, four millers, a mill construction company and two fruit and vegetable dealers in the market town of Edlitz, two boarding houses, three sawmills, two blacksmiths, three tailors and seven seamstresses, six cobblers, a soda water producer, two tobacconists, three carpenters, a watchmaker, a cattle dealer, a grocer, two wheelwrights, a dental technician, a master carpenter and some farmers are resident.
In 1972 CE there were a total of 32,000 overnight stays in Edlitz. Today, tourism is still an important economic factor for the community, but the number of overnight stays is nowhere near as high. In recent years, the main focus of the municipality has been on improving the infrastructure in the areas of road construction, water supply, canal, kindergarten, fire station and office building.
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# Edlitz, Austria
## Demographics
### Religion
Roman Catholic Muslims Areligious Protestant Orthodox
---- ---------------- --------- ------------ ------------ ----------
\% 92.1 4.3 2.4 0.7 0.2
: Religious of Edlitz
### Population
## Culture
### Edlitz Parish Church {#edlitz_parish_church}
Catholic parish church Edlitz houses a fortified churches in the Bucklige Welt. The origins of the church date back to the second half of the 12th century CE. Almost square in plan with four cross-vaulted bays supported in the middle by a pillar, the nave is the main building element. The bell tower almost disappears behind the high roof of the church. When the nave was rebuilt in 1492 CE, the sacred building was equipped with fortified structures. The fortifications are still there today: cast oriel, loopholes, upper fortification floor in the attic with block chamber, former cistern under the church floor. The last exterior renovation took place in 1978 CE, the interior of the church was last renovated in 1984 CE (interior renovation, exposure of various versions of stone ribs and painting, restoration of the high altar, pulpit, Stations of the Cross and saints) and 2003 CE (redesign of the chancel). In autumn 2005 CE the roof was re-covered. The Edlitz parish church has five bells, the oldest comes from Lazlo Raczko from 1518 CE, another from 1757 CE, all others were purchased in 1948 CE.
The parsonage formed a unit with the fortified churchyard. The oldest surviving part is characterized by a gate that allowed access independently from the churchyard. A small stone tablet set into the wall above the gate bears the year 1463 CE and the name Oswald in Latin letters. Around the church you can still find the remains of the former churchyard defence walls.
### Economy
There were 36 non-agricultural workplaces in 2001, and 55 agricultural and forestry businesses according to the 1999 survey. According to the 2001 census, the number of people in work at the place of residence was 478. The employment rate in 2001 was 48.5 percent.
There are small deposits of lignite on both sides of the road from Edlitz to Krumbach, but these are not worth mining.
### Education
Edlitz is home to a few educational facilities:
1. Lower Austria state kindergarten Edlitz
2. Elementary school
3. Edlitz Middle school
4. Music School Artes Iuventutis
### Personalities
1. **Franz Koller**, farmer and politician, member of the Austrian National Council and member of the Bundesrat
2. **Hermann Schützenhöfer**, ÖVP state party chairman and governor of Styria
3. **Karl Pichelbauer**, provost emeritus of Wiener Neustadt
4. **Fjodor Fjodorowitsch Tornau** (Theodor von Tornau): The Russian lieutenant general and Baltic baron, who had been military attaché in Vienna for a long time, chose Edlitz as his retirement home and died here on January 4, 1890.
5. **Nikolaus Schmidhofer alias Holzknechtseppl** (\* December 6, 1794; † November 20, 1828 executed in Pinkafeld): The notorious leader of the Stradafüßler gang of robbers is often incorrectly referred to as a native Edlitzer, although he lived in 1794 in Tyrnau near Fronleiten, Vorder Tyrnau. According to tradition, he was later placed with a foster family in Edlitz.
### Literature
Market community Edlitz (ed.): Edlitz -- our home community. 2 vols., 1992
## Politics
### Edlitz Council Office Building {#edlitz_council_office_building}
The municipal council has 15 members.
ÖVP SPÖ FPÖ
------ ----- ----- -----
1990 16 3 2
1995 14 3 2
2000 12 5 2
2005 5 2
2010 15 4
2015 15 4
2020 13 2
: Edlitz Council
### Mayors
------------------ ---------------------------------------------------
1850--1865 Georg Rodax, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1865--1868 Leopold Posch, Kürschnermeister
1868--1871 Mathias Piribauer, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1871--1875 Leopold Bernsteiner, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1875--1877 Carl Handler, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1877--1892 Josef Punkl, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1892--1898 Sebastian Heißenberger, Hausbesitzer und Gastwirt
1898--1911 Anton Kitir, Gastwirt
1911--1917 Adalbert Lederer, Kaufmann
1917--1920 Karl Ernst, Bäckermeister
1920--1921 Anton Herzog, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1921--1922 Johann Schwarz, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1922--1926 Karl Piribauer, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1926--1938 Johann Schwarz, Wirtschaftsbesitzer
1938--1945 Franz Chaloupka, Dentist
1945--1946 Johann Schwarz, Landwirt
1946--1965 Karl Seidl, Zimmerermeister
1965--1980 Johann Korntheuer, Schneidermeister
1980--1993 Josef Ernst, Bäckermeister
1993--1994 Franz Kampichler, kfm. Angestellter
01/1995--03/1995 Karl Gradwohl, Landwirt
1995--2002 Franz Kampichler, kfm
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# Smyth
**Smyth** is an early variant of the common surname Smith commonly found in Ireland. Shown below are notable people who share the surname \"Smyth\".
## Notable people sharing the Smyth surname {#notable_people_sharing_the_smyth_surname}
Listed here are people who share the \'Smyth\' surname, organized by birth year.
Name Birth Death Nationality{{•}}Notability{{•}}Notes
-------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
Born after 1400
William Smyth c\. 1460 1514 English{{•}}Roman Catholic Bishop; Lord President of the Council of Wales and the Marches; co-founder of Brasenose College
Richard Smyth (Regius Professor) c\. 1499 1563 English{{•}}first person to hold the office of Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford{{•}}migrated to France late in life
Born after 1500
John Smyth 1570 1612 English{{•}}founder of the modern Baptist denomination in England
Born after 1600
Born after 1700
Thomas Smyth 1740 1785 Irish{{•}}Mayor of Limerick; member of Parliament{{•}}Smyth\'s children bore the surname \'Stuart\' rather than \'Smyth\'
John Prendergast Smyth, 1st Viscount Gort 1742 1817 Irish{{•}}Member of the House of Commons; Peer of Ireland as Baron Kiltarton and Viscount Gort{{•}}Born \'John Smyth\'; took the name \'Pendergast\' in 1760; reverted to name \'Smyth\' in 1785.
John Smyth 1748 1811 British{{•}}Master of the Mint of Great Britain and Lord High Treasurer; Member of Parliament
Alexander Smyth 1765 1830 Irish-American{{•}}National politician; General during the War of 1812{{•}}Born in Ireland and immigrated to the American colony of Virginia in 1775, at the age of 10
George Stracey Smyth 1767 1823 English-Canadian{{•}}Second Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, Canada{{•}}Born in England and migrated to Canada before 1798
James Carmichael Smyth 1779 1838 British{{•}}First Baron of Nutwood, Surrey; twenty-seventh Colonial Governor of the Bahamas; second Colonial Governor of British Guiana
John Henry Smyth 1780 1822 English{{•}}Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge
William Henry Smyth 1788 1865 English{{•}}Astronomer and author of the *Bedford Catalogue* of deep sky objects{{•}}Born to a Colonial American who immigrated to England after the American Revolution
William Smyth (professor) 1797 1868 American{{•}}Mathematician and theologian; author of several widely used mathematics textbooks
Born after 1800
George W. Smyth 1803 1866 American{{•}}National politician: third Representative from the Texas 1st Congressional District
Clement Smyth 1810 1865 Irish-American{{•}}Roman Catholic Bishop{{•}}Immigrated to the United States before 1849
Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth 1817 1890 English{{•}}Geologist; member of the Royal Society; President of the Geological Society of London; Knighted in 1867{{•}}Born to an English father while in Italy on a military posting
Sir Edward Selby Smyth 1819 1896 Irish-Canadian{{•}}British General; first General Officer commanding the Militia of Canada; Knight of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George{{•}}Immigrated to Canada before 1874
Frederick Smyth (New Hampshire politician) 1819 1899 American{{•}}Mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire; Governor of New Hampshire
Charles Piazzi Smyth 1819 1900 English{{•}}Astronomer Royal for Scotland; recipient of the Makdougall Brisbane Prize; pioneer in the field of infrared astronomy{{•}}Born to English father during Naval service in the Mediterranean
William Smyth (congressman) 1824 1870 Irish-American{{•}}National politician: eighth Representative from the Iowa 2nd District (died in office){{•}}Immigrated (with his parents) to the United States in 1838, at the age of 14
Richard Smyth (minister) 1826 1878 Irish{{•}}Academic; Member of Parliament
Robert Brough Smyth 1830 1899 English-Australian{{•}}Secretary for the Department of Mines at the height of the Australian gold rushes; author of a significant work on the Australian aborigines of Victoria{{•}}Immigrated to Australia in 1852, at the age of 22
Thomas Alfred Smyth 1832 1865 Irish-American{{•}}Union Army General during the American Civil War{{•}}Immigrated to the United States in 1854, at the age of 22
Joseph Grigsby Smyth 1847 1915 American politician. Member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1870 to 1873.
William Ross Smyth 1857 1932 Scottish-Canadian{{•}}National politician: second member of Parliament from Algoma East, Ontario{{•}}it is unclear when Mr. Smyth immigrated to Canada
Herbert Weir Smyth 1857 1937 American{{•}}author of a notable comprehensive grammar of Ancient Greek
Dame Ethel Smyth 1858 1944 English{{•}}Composer and leader of the women\'s suffrage movement in the United Kingdom of the early 20th century
Albert Henry Smyth 1863 1907 Professor, writer, editor, curator for the American Philosophical Society; Widely noted among historians for finding hundreds of lost letters of Benjamin Franklin and publishing them for the first time.
George Smyth (Canadian politician) 1864 1938 Canadian{{•}}Ontario Provincial politician
Nevill Maskelyne Smyth 1868 1941 English{{•}}Victoria Cross recipient
Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet 1893 1983 English{{•}}Victoria Cross recipient; Member of Parliament; holder of the first Baronet of Teignmouth
Henry DeWolf Smyth 1898 1986 American{{•}}physicist; author of the Smyth Report (first history of the Manhattan Project)
Born after 1900
Larry Smyth 1902 1960 American{{\*}}Journalist and public official
Bill Smyth (umpire) 1916 2007 Australian{{•}}Cricket test match umpire; Officer of the Order of Australia
Brendan Smyth (priest) 1927 1997 Northern Irish{{•}}Catholic priest, who used his position to facilitate the molestation of hundreds of children over a period of four decades
Jimmy Smyth (hurler) 1931 2013 Irish{{•}}prominent hurling athlete
Martin Smyth 1931 (living) Northern Irish{{•}}Grand Master of the Orange Order; eleventh Member of Parliament from the Belfast South constituency
Gilli Smyth 1933 2016 English{{•}}Musician; co-founder of the band Gong and founder of the band Mother Gong
Hugh Smyth 1941 2014 Northern Irish{{•}}Fifty-first Lord Mayor of Belfast; first leader of the Progressive Unionist Party
John Smyth 1941 2018 English Barrister
Clifford Smyth 1944 (living) Northern Irish{{•}}Historian and politician; second member of the Northern Ireland Assembly from the North Antrim constituency
Tommy Smyth 1946 (living) Irish-American{{•}}Sports journalist; football (soccer) commentator{{•}}Immigrated to the United States in 1963
Paul Smyth 1947 (living) Australian{{•}}Professor of social policy
Ken Smyth 1948 (living) Australian{{•}}Politician
William James Smyth 1949 (living) Irish{{•}}Professor of geography; first university president of National University of Ireland Maynooth
Alan Smyth before 1990 (living) English{{•}}Music producer
Anthony Smyth before 1999 (living) Northern Irish{{•}}Arms smuggler
Eric Smyth before 1981 (living) Northern Irish{{•}}Fifty-second Lord Mayor of Belfast
Malcolm Smyth before 1972 (living) Irish{{•}}Academic analytical chemist
Seán Smyth before 1993 (living) Irish{{•}}Musician; All-Ireland Champion on fiddle and whistle
Born after 1950
Des Smyth 1953 (living) Irish{{•}}Professional golfer
Patty Smyth 1957 (living) American{{•}}Singer
Phil Smyth 1958 (living) Australian{{•}}Professional basketball player
Brendan Smyth (politician) 1959 (living) Australian{{•}}Politician; fourth Member of Parliament for the Division of Canberra
Chas Smash 1959 (living) English{{•}}Singer and dancer for the band Madness{{•}}born to the name \"Cathal Joseph Patrick Smyth\" to Irish--English immigrant parents
Gerry Smyth 1961 (living) Irish{{•}}Academic in the areas of Irish literature and music history
William Smyth 1962 (living) Northern Irish award-winning press photographer
Bryan Smyth 1963 (living) Irish{{•}}Singer, television personality and actor
Karin Smyth 1964 (living) English{{•}}Politician
Brian Smyth 1967 (living) Irish{{•}}Painter
Stephen Smyth 1968 (living) Northern Irish{{•}}Cricket player
Jim Smyth approx
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# The Origin of Fire
***The Origin of Fire*** (in Finnish: ***Tulen synty***), Op. 32, is a single-movement, patriotic cantata for baritone, male choir, and orchestra written in 1902 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The piece, which is a setting of Runo XLVII (lines 41--110) of the *Kalevala*, Finland\'s national epic, is chronologically the fourth of Sibelius\'s nine orchestral cantatas.
It premiered on 9 April 1902 at the opening of the Finnish National Theatre, conducted by the composer. It was later revised in 1910. Some of the sketches for the piece can be related back to 1893 to 1894.
## Instrumentation
The revised version of *The Origin of Fire* is scored for the following instruments and voices, organized by family (vocalists, woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings):
- Baritone and male choir (`{{abbr|TTBB|four-part male choir}}`{=mediawiki})
- 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, and 2 bassoons
- 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, and tuba
- Timpani, glockenspiel, bass drum, cymbals, and triangle
- Violins (I and II), violas, cellos, and double basses
The original version of the piece is scored identically, with the exception that triangle is omitted.
## Discography
The American conductor Thor Johnson and the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra made the world premiere studio recording of *The Origin of Fire* in 1953 for Remington Records (later reissued by Varèse Sarabande); they were joined by the Finnish baritone Sulo Saarits and the YL Male Voice Choir (then the Helsinki University Chorus)
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# ApothéCure
**ApothéCure** was a Dallas, Texas-based compounding pharmacy that specialized in custom compounded formulas and nutritional supplements for both patients and physicians. ApothéCure was a sister corporation of the Texas Institute of Functional Medicines. The company was the subject of multiple lawsuits starting in the mid-2000s.
## History
ApothéCure was founded by Gary Osborn in 1991 in Dallas, Texas. In 2010, Osborn founded NuVision Pharmacy and it opened for business in 2011. The business was shut down in 2013.
## Litigation
ApothéCure was investigated in 2004 following complaints that its compounds (testosterone and growth hormones) may have been illegally dispensed to patients, including a pregnant woman. Pharmacy board officials found insufficient evidence to discipline the company, but issued a letter of warning. Also in 2004, the Pennsylvania Department of Health issued a statewide alert after three Pennsylvania patients had reactions following intravenous injections of the ApothéCure-supplied drug phosphatidylcholine.
In 2005, ApothéCure was one of several parties sued over the fatal administration of disodium EDTA to an autistic five-year-old boy. Dr. Roy Kerry prescribed the drug for chelation therapy, which some people believe is helpful to treat autism. However, this usage is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
In 2007, ApothéCure was implicated in the deaths of three patients from the Pacific Northwest. The patients were each given intravenous colchicine, a substance commonly used in naturopathic medicine, for treatment of back pain (an off-label use of the drug). Colchicine can be very toxic when given in high doses; due to incorrect labeling, the colchicine the patients received was ten times more concentrated than listed on the vials, resulting in toxic doses. Over 3,500 vials of the drug, distributed nationwide, were recalled.
In 2007, attorneys general in Oregon and Texas filed lawsuits against ApothéCure Inc. and the company\'s owner, Gary Osborn of Dallas, Texas. The case is being jointly prosecuted between Oregon Attorney General Hardy Myers and Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott, asserting that \"the company failed to follow standard safety practices and exceeded their authorized scope of practice as a compounding pharmacy\". According to Meyers, ApotheCure\'s error reflected a pattern of substandard care and was not an isolated incident. The Texas suit alleges that the pharmacy \"failed to use proper manufacturing practices, employed incorrect labels and made exaggerated claims about the benefits of its dietary supplements.\"
In the 2007 deaths, there may have been several violations committed, including ApothéCure being unlicensed to sell drugs in Oregon. In the year and a half prior, ApothéCure made 44 total sales of injectable colchicine to Oregon health professionals without a license to distribute in Oregon. ApothéCure reached a settlement with the Oregon attorney general in April 2008. The settlement requires ApothéCure to pay \$100,000 to the state, and a \$500,000 civil penalty if the company wishes to sell products in Oregon again. ApothéCure must also refund money from all of its 222 sales to Oregon consumers from 2004 through 2007.
Wrongful death lawsuits were also filed against ApothéCure by the families of two of the colchicine victims; both families reached confidential settlements with ApothéCure, while the third family is negotiating a settlement with the company.
In 2012, the United States Department of Justice charged ApothéCure Inc. and its owner, Osborn, with two misdemeanor criminal violations of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. These charges were in connection with the misbranding which led to the three deaths in the Pacific Northwest. Osborn and his corporation pleaded guilty to these charges. Osborn was sentenced to home detention, one year of probation, and a \$100,000 fine. Separately, the company was sentenced to five years of probation and a \$100,000 fine
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# Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)
**Robert Wauchope** (December 10, 1909 -- January 20, 1979) was an American archaeologist and anthropologist, whose academic research specialized in the prehistory and archaeology of Latin America, Mesoamerica, and the Southwestern United States.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Wauchope was born to George Armstrong Wauchope and Elizabeth Bostedo Wauchope in Columbia, South Carolina on December 10, 1909. In 1941, he married Elizabeth (Betty) B Brown. Betty and Robert were married until his death. They later had two children, Kenneth (deceased) and Betsy. Wauchope died on January 26, 1979, in New Orleans, Louisiana where he had been residing for more than thirty years. After his passing, his body was donated to Tulane University to help further their research. Wauchope is also an uncle of underwater archaeologist George F. Bass.
## Education
Wauchope attended high school in South Carolina where he took an early interest in archaeology while on his way to becoming an Eagle Scout. Upon graduating high school, he attended University of South Carolina. While attending school here, he was nominated as a Rhodes Scholar in the year 1927. Wauchope did not win, but the nomination was all the honor. From the university, Wauchope received a bachelor\'s degree in English in the year 1931. Later that same year, he enrolled at Harvard University and continued his interests in archaeology. In 1938, he received his PhD in Anthropology from Harvard and afterward began teaching . In 1948, Wauchope received an honorary degree of doctor of laws from the University of South Carolina while he was working for Tulane University.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Upon his graduation from Harvard, Wauchope became a professor at the University of Georgia teaching anthropology courses, as well as Southeastern prehistory. He held this position for 18 months between the years 1939 and 1941. He is noted for being the first archaeology professor at the University of Georgia. He also developed and ran the first archaeology laboratory at the university. Shortly after his time at the University of Georgia, he was hired at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Here he served as an associate professor of anthropology, as well as the director of the Laboratory of Anthropology and Archaeology. In 1942, once he had left North Carolina, Wauchope started his career at Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. However, once World War II began, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) started to hire many Harvard graduates. Wauchope happened to be one of these graduates and he served with the OSS in the Mediterranean area until the end of the war. He still held his position at Tulane during the time of his service.
Wauchope spent the rest of his professional career at Tulane. Here, he served as the director of the Middle American Research Institute (M.A.R.I.) from his first year in 1942 until 1975. Though he stepped down as the M.A.R.I. director, he continued to teach at the university for two more years, officially retiring in 1977. During his time at Tulane, Wauchope taught a multidisciplinary Middle America research program with weekly seminars, working with other Latin America scholars at Tulane. He also changed the focus of M.A.R.I. from archaeological research back to anthropology during the 1960s. Wauchope was also credited with building a foundation and picking early staff for Tulane University. In 1967, he took lead in separating the sociology and anthropology departments. To this day, the two are still separate and seen as different career paths due to the work that Wauchope did in the 60s. Wauchope was respected for his long and eventful time with the university.
When Wauchope stepped down as the director of M.A.R.I., he passed on his duties to one of his former co-worker\'s son named E. Wyllys Andrews V. Andrews ended up serving as director longer than Wauchope did by one year. Today, Tulane University honors Wauchope by not only including him on their M.A.R.I. website and Wikipedia page, but also by having an award in his name. This award is named the Robert Wauchope Award for Excellence in Anthropology.
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# Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)
## Field work {#field_work}
Wauchope\'s field work began shortly after graduating high school when he wrote Alfred V. Kidder and asked to join him on excavations at Pecos, New Mexico. Kidder accepted Robert\'s request and invited him to be an assistant at the Forked Lightning Ruin site. He joined Kidder in New Mexico after attending college for one semester. Wauchope also accompanied Kidder in 1927 when they attended the first Pecos conference where he met H.S and C.B Cosgrove. They were both a part of the museum staff at Harvard University. When they met Wauchope, they invited him to their 1928 and 1929 excavations at Stallings Island, Georgia. Here, he assisted them in excavating the area surrounding the Savannah River.
In 1932, the Carnegie Institution for Science sent him to, once again, assist Alfred V. Kidder, but this time in Uaxactun, Guatemala. Wauchope is noted for his extensive work on house mounds here. The study of these sites is one of the most extensive of its kind, pertaining to household archaeology of the Maya area and modern Maya houses. This trip is where his earliest publications come from. His work here was the first of its kind and is still one of the most important surveys of Mayan housing that is available to archaeologists. After this excavation, he went on to do two more research trips for the Carnegie Institute. One nine-month endeavor to conduct archaeological and ethnological surveys of more Mayan houses in Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Guatemala. In the years 1935 and 1936, Wauchope was involved in archaeological research in the Guatemalan Highlands around Zacualpa.
While teaching at the University of Georgia, Wauchope was approached by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and was put in charge of a group of other WPA employees to conduct surveys of all known archaeological sites of Northern Georgia. He surveyed over 200 sites north of Macon, and excavated 23 sites in Macon, Savannah, Stallings Island, and at Etowah. In addition to setting up the state\'s first detailed archaeological site file. While he was surveying with his team, he discovered one of the most densely packed archeological sites that lie within the state of Georgia and of North America. This is called Nacoochee Valley and he spent nearly a year here before returning full time to his teaching position. He played a large part in developing the ceramic sequence for north Georgia during the two years he was there.
In 1947, Wauchope decided to continue his work from the years 1935 and 1936. He returned to Zacualpa in Guatemala to finish his research of the central highlands area. He was still at Tulane University at this time and his research helped to further the Middle American Research Institute (M.A.R.I) program. After his field work in 1947, he did not participate in anymore until his final years serving as the director of the M.A.R.I program in 1974 and 1975. Even though he was not directly involved in the field work, the M.A.R.I program furthered their work in the field in Wauchope\'s absence. With his final work, he returned to Guatemala where he had spent much of his career. Here he studied many different cities at small sites located near Asunción Mita.
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# Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)
## Published works {#published_works}
At Tulane, the M.A.R.I published more than 60 volumes of work. 31 of these published volumes were either edited or written by Wauchope. During the 1950s, Wauchope was asked to be the general editor of *Handbook of Middle American Indians.* The *Handbook* was assembled at Tulane. The last four of which were guides to sources on Middle American (more currently called Mesoamerican) ethnohistory. It was published by the University of Texas Press from 1964 to 1976 with Margaret Harrison and Howard F. Cline both doing additional edits to the *Handbook*. These 16 volumes were amongst the M.A.R.I program\'s most notable pieces. Many of his works come directly from his fieldwork and other research he had done over his time as an archaeologist or professor. His research done in Guatemala was amongst some of his first publications. His work was and is a part of the basis for anthropology and archaeology academia.
Some of Wauchope\'s most well-known works include:
- *House Mounds of Uaxactun, Guatemala*; Published 1934,
- *Modern Maya Houses: A Study of Their Archaeological Significance*; Published in 1938 and Republished in 2007,
- *Excavations at Zacualpa, Guatemala*; Published in 1949,
- *Implications of Radiocarbon Dates from Middle and South America*; Published in 1954,
- *Ten Years of Middle American Archaeology Annotated Bibliography and News Summary. 1948-1957*; Published in 1961,
- *They Found Buried Cities: Exploration and Excavation in the American Tropics*; Published in 1965,
- *Archaeological Survey of Northern Georgia with a Test of Some Cultural Hypotheses*; Published in 1966,
- *The Indian Background of Latin American History*; Published in 1970,
- *Zacuapla, El Quiche, Guatemala, An Ancient Provincial Center of the Highland Maya*; Published in 1975, and
- *Lost Tribes and Sunken Continents: Myth and Method in the Study of American Indians*; Published in 1975.
With all other publications, Wauchope\'s total number of papers, books, editor titles, and publishing director titles total up to over 200. This includes multiple pieces that were published posthumously. Many of his works were published by universities such as University of Chicago, Tulane University, and Cambridge University
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# Hypo Group Tennis International
The **Hypo Group Tennis International** was an annual men\'s tennis tournament which was held between 1981 and 2008. During its lifetime it was organized in four locations in Italy and Austria. The event was part of the ATP Tour\'s World Series from 1990 to 1999 and of the ATP International Series from 2000 until the final edition in 2008. The tournament had been played on clay courts since its inaugural edition.
## Past finals {#past_finals}
### Singles
Location Year Champion Runner-up Score
--------------------- ------ -------------------- ------------------------ --------------------
Bari, Italy 1981 Zoltán Kuhárszky Paolo Bertolucci 6--4, 6--0
1982 Paul McNamee Balázs Taróczy 6--2, 6--2
1983 Corrado Barazzutti Carlos Castellán 6--0, 6--1
1984 Henrik Sundström Pedro Rebolledo 7--5, 6--4
1985 Claudio Panatta Lawson Duncan 6--2, 1--6, 7--6
1986 Kent Carlsson Horacio de la Peña 7--5, 6--7, 7--5
1987 Claudio Pistolesi Francesco Cancellotti 6--7, 7--5, 6--3
1988 Thomas Muster Marcelo Filippini 2--6, 6--1, 7--5
1989 Juan Aguilera Marián Vajda 4--6, 6--3, 6--4
Genoa, Italy 1990 Ronald Agénor Tarik Benhabiles 3--6, 6--4, 6--3
1991 Carl-Uwe Steeb Jordi Arrese 6--3, 6--4
1992 Andrei Medvedev Guillermo Pérez Roldán 6--3, 6--4
1993 Thomas Muster Magnus Gustafsson 7--6, 6--4
St. Pölten, Austria 1994 Thomas Muster Tomás Carbonell 4--6, 6--2, 6--4
1995 Thomas Muster Bohdan Ulihrach 6--3, 3--6, 6--1
1996 Marcelo Ríos Félix Mantilla 6--2, 6--4
1997 Marcelo Filippini Patrick Rafter 7--6, 6--2
1998 Marcelo Ríos Vincent Spadea 6--2, 6--0
1999 Marcelo Ríos Mariano Zabaleta 4--4 ret.
2000 Andrei Pavel Andrew Ilie 7--5, 3--6, 6--2
2001 Andrea Gaudenzi Markus Hipfl 6--0, 7--5
2002 Nicolás Lapentti Fernando Vicente 7--5, 6--4
2003 Andy Roddick Nikolay Davydenko 6--3, 6--2
2004 Filippo Volandri Xavier Malisse 6--1, 6--4
2005 Nikolay Davydenko Jürgen Melzer 6--3, 2--6, 6--4
Pörtschach, Austria 2006 Nikolay Davydenko Andrei Pavel 6--0, 6--3
2007 Juan Mónaco Gaël Monfils 7--6^(7--3)^, 6--0
2008 Nikolay Davydenko Juan Mónaco 6--2, 2--6, 6--2
### Doubles
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| Location | Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
+=====================+======+==================================================+==================================================+========================+
| Bari, Italy | 1984 | Stanislav Birner\ | Marcel Freeman\ | 2--6, 7--6, 6--4 |
| | | `{{flagicon|CZE}}`{=mediawiki} Libor Pimek | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Tim Wilkison | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1985 | Alejandro Ganzábal\ | Marcel Freeman\ | 6--4, 6--2 |
| | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Claudio Panatta | `{{flagicon|AUS}}`{=mediawiki} Laurie Warder | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1986 | Gary Donnelly\ | Sergio Casal\ | 2--6, 6--4, 6--4 |
| | | `{{flagicon|CZE}}`{=mediawiki} Tomáš Šmíd | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Emilio Sánchez | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1987 | Christer Allgårdh\ | Roberto Azar\ | 2--6, 7--5, 7--5 |
| | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Ulf Stenlund | `{{flagicon|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} Marcelo Ingaramo | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1988 | Thomas Muster\ | Francesco Cancellotti\ | 6--3, 6--1 |
| | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Claudio Panatta | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Simone Colombo | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1989 | Simone Colombo\ | Sergio Casal\ | 0--6, 6--3, 6--3 |
| | | `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Claudio Mezzadri | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Javier Sánchez | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| Genoa, Italy | 1990 | Tomás Carbonell\ | Cristiano Caratti\ | 7--6, 7--6 |
| | | `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Udo Riglewski | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Federico Mordegan | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1991 | Marcos Aurelio Gorriz\ | Massimo Ardinghi\ | 5--7, 7--5, 6--3 |
| | | `{{flagicon|VEN}}`{=mediawiki} Alfonso Mora | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Massimo Boscatto | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1992 | Shelby Cannon\ | Paul Haarhuis\ | 6--1, 6--1 |
| | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Greg Van Emburgh | `{{flagicon|NED}}`{=mediawiki} Mark Koevermans | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| | 1993 | Sergio Casal\ | Mark Koevermans\ | 6--3, 7--6 |
| | | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Emilio Sánchez | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Greg Van Emburgh | |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| St
| 600 |
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| 0 |
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# Monopolies of knowledge
`{{Essay-like|date=March 2021}}`{=mediawiki} **Monopolies of knowledge** arise when the ruling class maintains political power through control of key communications technologies. The Canadian economic historian Harold Innis developed the concept of monopolies of knowledge in his later writings on communications theories.
An example is given of ancient Egypt, where a complex writing system conferred a monopoly of knowledge on literate priests and scribes. Mastering the art of writing and reading required long periods of apprenticeship and instruction, confining knowledge to this powerful class. It is suggested that monopolies of knowledge gradually suppress new ways of thinking. Entrenched hierarchies become increasingly rigid and out of touch with social realities. Challenges to elite power are often likely to arise on the margins of society. The arts, for example, are often seen as a means of escape from the sterility of conformist thought.
In his later writings, Innis argued that industrialization and mass media had led to the mechanization of a culture in which more personal forms of oral communication were radically devalued. \"Reading is quicker than listening,\" Innis wrote in 1948. \"The printing press and the radio address the world instead of the individual.\"
We can look at the Internet as being a factor in creating knowledge monopolies. Those who have the skills to use the technology have the power to choose what information is communicated. The significance of the Internet in the creation of these monopolies, in more recent years, has been somewhat diminished due to increased knowledge and awareness of how to use the technology. At the same time, the ever-increasing complexity of digital technologies strengthens monopolies of knowledge, according to the *New York Times*:
> \[T\]he Pentagon has commissioned military contractors to develop a highly classified replica of the Internet of the future. The goal is to simulate what it would take for adversaries to shut down the country's power stations, telecommunications and aviation systems, or freeze the financial markets --- in an effort to build better defenses against such attacks, as well as a new generation of online weapons.
Wherever new media arise, so too do monopolies of knowledge concerning how to use the technologies to reinforce the power and control of elite groups.
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# Monopolies of knowledge
## Origins of the concept {#origins_of_the_concept}
When discussing the monopolies of knowledge, Innis focuses much of his concern on the United States, where he feared that mass-circulation newspapers and magazines along with privately owned broadcasting networks had undermined independent thought and local cultures and rendered audiences passive in the face of what he calls the \"vast monopolies of communication\". James W. Carey notes that Innis worried about the centralized control of information and entertainment by advertising-driven media. \"The very existence of a commodity such as \'information\' and an institution called \'media\' make each other necessary,\" Carey writes. \"More people spend more time dependent on the journalist, the publisher, and the program director. Every week they wait for *Time* \[magazine\].\"
In order to fashion his concept of monopolies of knowledge, Innis drew on several fields of study, including economics, history, communications and technology.
### Economics and the price system {#economics_and_the_price_system}
In his 1938 essay, *The Penetrative Powers of the Price System*, Innis anticipates his later concept of monopolies of knowledge. Although he does not precisely define what he means by the \"price system\", he does show how trade and technology shaped modern industrial economies. Innis suggests, for example, that the shift from coal and iron to oil and electricity had profound implications that no one in industrial societies could escape. He mentions the growth of cities with people living in large apartment buildings made possible by developments in electrical equipment on the one hand, and the dispersal of populations over wide metropolitan areas as a result of the automobile and paved roads, on the other.
The inhabitants of modern industrial societies even eat differently than their more rural forebears. \"The demands of population in congested areas, under the direction of scientific work in nutrition,\" Innis writes, \"have shifted from carbohydrates to vitamins or from wheat to dairy products, live-stock, fruits and vegetables.\" At the same time, he adds, city dwellers are influenced by cheap, mass-circulation newspapers which peddle political stereotypes along with department store ads. For Innis, the industrial economy monopolizes how people live, work, communicate and think.
### History and classical studies {#history_and_classical_studies}
Innis\'s concept of monopolies of knowledge was also influenced by the scholar Solomon Gandz who published a lengthy paper in 1939 on the significance of the oral tradition in the development of civilizations. Gandz advanced the idea that the control of language in the oral tradition was grounded in religious institutions which ensured a civilization\'s continuity by preserving its traditions. At the same time, however, religious elites often shared their power with political elites who controlled the use of military force, thereby ensuring a civilization\'s success in conquering and holding territory.
Innis incorporated these ideas in his concept of time-biased and space-biased media. He argued that civilizations and empires flourished when there was a balance between time- and space-biased media. The triumph of one type of medium over the other, however, undermined stability demonstrating that unbalanced monopolies of knowledge could gradually lead to the decline and fall of civilizations and empires. Innis argued this was, in fact, happening to Western civilization which had become dangerously unbalanced partly because of the monopoly of knowledge exercised by space-biased communications technologies such as the daily newspaper. For Innis, the newspaper reflected an obsession with what he termed \"present-mindedness\". Newspapers and the news agencies that served them could transmit large amounts of information over long distances, but this speed of transmission and the emphasis on immediacy obliterated continuity and memory. \"Time,\" Innis wrote, \"has been cut into pieces the length of a day\'s newspaper.\" The advent of electronic media---radio and later, television---added more speed and immediacy contributing cumulatively to the erasure of cultural memory. Moreover, these space-biased media could be used by political elites to mobilize large populations---as in Nazi Germany---to support disastrous wars of conquest.
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# Monopolies of knowledge
## Significance of writing {#significance_of_writing}
Innis placed special emphasis on monopolies of knowledge that are based on the control of written media. \"We can conveniently divide the history of the West into the writing and printing periods,\" he writes in *Empire and Communications*.
### Writing
\"The sword and the pen worked together,\" Innis writes. \"The written record signed, sealed, and swiftly transmitted was essential to military power and the extension of government. Small communities were written into large states and states were consolidated into empire.\" Innis adds that the monarchies of Egypt and Persia as well as the Roman empire \"were essentially products of writing.\"
Rome\'s adoption of papyrus facilitated the spread of writing and the growth of bureaucratic administration needed to govern vast territories. The efficiency of the alphabet strengthened monopolies of knowledge in a variety of ancient empires. Innis warns about the power of writing to create mental \"grooves\" which determine \"the channels of thought of readers and later writers.\"
### Printing and paper {#printing_and_paper}
Innis believed that the printing press was a decisive invention in the history of the West. Lewis Mumford pointed out that printing was \"a completely mechanical achievement\...the type for all future instruments of reproduction: for the printed sheet\...was the first completely standardized product.\" Thus, for Innis, the printing press and the accompanying medium of paper ushered in not just the mechanization that would become characteristic of an industrial society based on mass production, but also the mechanization of knowledge itself. By that, Innis meant that printing led to the production of beliefs and practices that reinforced monopolies of knowledge characteristic of industrial culture.
An example of this can be seen in the large-scale production of newsprint in the 19th century that had far-reaching effects. Newsprint fostered the development of big newspaper plants that needed larger numbers of readers to deliver to big advertisers such as department stores. Department stores themselves reflected new ways of marketing to rising numbers of city dwellers. To attract more readers, newspaper proprietors began to run comics and to rely on the \"excitement and sensationalism\" of foreign wars. Such coverage influenced British and American foreign policies, sometimes disastrously.
Innis also warned that printed books could produce conformity of thought akin to the regimentation of workers in industrial factories. He repeats the Biblical commandment against worshiping graven images, but suggests that in our unconscious society, this prohibition is not interpreted to apply to the printed word.
According to William Kuhns, societies dominated by print media regard only printed knowledge as \"essentially valid.\" Textbook publishers exert a huge influence on education at all levels while schools and universities refuse to accept knowledge in other than printed forms. \"The monopoly of knowledge protects its own with wary vigilance,\" Kuhns writes. Or in Mumford\'s words, with the advent of the printed book, learning \"became book-learning.\"
Paul Levinson writes that \"\[l\]iteracy probably constitutes the most significant monopoly of knowledge in human history.\" He adds, however, that in open, democratic societies, public education systems are dedicated to breaking this monopoly by teaching students how to read and write, thereby giving them full access to printed knowledge
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# George White (preacher)
**Rev. George White** (March 12, 1802 -- April 30, 1887) was an Episcopalian preacher, amateur historian, and archaeologist in Georgia, United States. In 1849 he published *Statistics of the State of Georgia: Including an Account of Its Natural, Civil, and Ecclesiastical History Together with a Particular Description of Each County, Notices of the Manners and Customs of Its Aboriginal Tribes, and a Correct Map of the State*. His book entitled *Historical Collections of Georgia: Containing the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Etc., Relating to Its History and Antiquities, from Its First Settlement to the Present Time*, has been widely referenced by scholars working with Georgia history since its publication in 1854
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# Aberdeen University Students' Association
**Aberdeen University Students\' Association** (often referred to as **AUSA**) is the students\' association of the University of Aberdeen, an ancient university in the city of Aberdeen in North East Scotland. It organises recreational activities; provides welfare and employment services for students; promotes equality and diversity of students; advancement of education; and provide facilities and support for student societies and sports clubs.
## Services
AUSA has around 14,000 members. AUSA organises its services over a number of sites alongside the co-ordination of fifty-eight sports clubs or ninety nine teams run by the AUSA Sports Union and 150 affiliated student societies run by the AUSA Societies Union. It also runs events such as Freshers\' Week, the Graduation ball, the annual Sports Blues Ball, Superteam\], the largest university sports event in Scotland and the annual Torcher Parade, the largest student torch-lit parade in Europe. This parade is just one part of the annual Aberdeen Students\' Charities Campaign, now known as RAG (Raising & Giving). This campaign itself grew out of the Student Show, an annual theatrical and musical enterprise that began in Aberdeen in 1921 with the aim of raising money for charitable causes. The most recent version, Michty Mia, based on the hit Mamma Mia! broke records and helped the campaign raise over £120,000 which was distributed to over 36 local charities.
## History
For almost 100 years, representation of students was carried out, in common with the other ancient universities in Scotland, by a students\' representative council (SRC). While this remains the official name of the body created by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889, the Students\' Association opted to use the term **Students\' Association Council** to describe it and today goes by **Student Council** when organising elections and referring to itself to the student body.
This follows significant structural changes to the Students\' Association which began in the late 1990s. Previously AUSA stood for *Aberdeen University Students\' Assembly*, and within it there were four bodies with distinct identities and management: the **SRC** (based at Luthuli House, located next to King\'s College, and supporting activities including educational support, welfare, political campaigning, and societies); the **Students\' Union** (in the form of a prize-winning social venue at Broad Street in the city centre, including two bars, two night clubs, games facilities, shops, and offices); the **Athletics Association** (based at the Butchart Recreation Centre, Old Aberdeen); and Debater (the debating society, based with the SRC in Luthuli House). Following the changes at the turn of the millennium which formally created AUSA as we know today, the AA became known as the **Sports Union**.
The Aberdeen Students\' Charities Campaign -- which also included the Robert Gordon University, Northern College (subsequently merged into Aberdeen University), and Aberdeen College -- which was also based in the SRC building at Luthuli House. Periodically the National Union of Students Scotland North of Scotland Area (\"NUSNOS\") office was also housed at the SRC building. Since 2013, the Charities Campaign ceased to exist and instead a RAG (Raising and Giving) arm of the organisation was created by the then Charities President, Emily Beever. This was in line with many other Students\' Unions and Associations across the UK.
## Sites
The AUSA is primarily based at the Students\' Union Building located in the Old Aberdeen \"campus\" area near King\'s College on Elphinstone Road. The AUSA Sports Union and the Sport Officer, formerly based at Butchart, are now based in the Aberdeen Sports Village and inside the AUSA Building.
Due to financial pressures, AUSA\'s chief students\' union building (located on Broad Street near Marischal College in the city centre) was forced to close in early 2004. The Union Bar, a far smaller, single bar without nightclub facilities, was subsequently opened in nearby Littlejohn Street. This bar was itself forced to close due to financial pressures in November 2008 leaving the university without any Union nightlife facility.
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# Aberdeen University Students' Association
## Media
The university\'s student newspaper, the *Gaudie*, is affiliated with the AUSA. Published fortnightly during the academic terms, it is recognised as one of the oldest student newspapers in Scotland.
The SRC introduced one of the first ever students\' association websites in 1994. It has seen many formats over the years and is also ongoing continual revival and renewal.
Aberdeen Student Radio is also affiliated with AUSA. Having relaunched as a live station in January 2017, the internet-based broadcaster is Aberdeen\'s first student radio station in ten years. It broadcast live every day during term time and has since become inactive.
Previously, short-term Restricted Service Licenses had been granted to the university\'s first student radio station, Slick FM, in the mid-1990s; this had enabled broadcasts to be made to the whole city over FM radio, but only for a few weeks each year.
Since 2013, the Granite City TV (GCTV) has functioned offering news, promotional videos for societies and sports clubs, as well as AUSA-led videos.
## Executive committee {#executive_committee}
The executive positions within AUSA are one-year sabbatical positions for which any student may stand. An annual election takes place before Easter for the following year\'s committee. There are also a number of non-sabbatical positions, which are again, elected by students on a yearly basis.
### Sabbatical Team {#sabbatical_team}
AUSA has 5 sabbatical officer positions. These are elected in March of every year, with the new team taking office at the beginning of July. The current sabbatical officers are:
- Student President - Christina Schmid
- VP for Communities - Ainhoa Burgos Aguilera
- VP for Education - Miles Rothoerl
- VP for Activities - Tõnis Tilk
- VP for Welfare - Karim Hurtig
## Organisational Structures {#organisational_structures}
The Association is student-led and the Sabbatical Officers, elected in the spring term of each year, are the visible drivers of operation and direction. Within the Association there are staff structures which are there to support the operation of the student services it provides. This so-called \'behind the scenes\' side of AUSA, includes the running of the Societies\' Union, Sports\' Union (based at the Aberdeen Sports Village and the AUSA building), AUSA Advice, RAG (Raising & Giving) along with the administrative side of the organisation. Since October 2016, Margaret Paterson has been the CEO.
The Trustee Board of the Organisation is the overall governing body of AUSA, which is a registered charity with OSCR, the Charities regulator in Scotland. The Trustee Board is made up of the Sabbatical Officers, External Trustees and Student Trustees.
## 2015/16 Crisis
In the Academic Year 2015/16, several crisis points were acknowledged by AUSA with a claim that \"AUSA is Broken\" sent in an all-student communication highlighting structural issues. Further to this were consequent blog posts on the AUSA website acknowledging the need for a new constitution and a new sabbatical officer structure to come into effect in 2016/17.
Further controversy arose with the breaking news by STV News that the CEO, Jacqueline McKay had been removed from the post along with other allegations.
Despite setbacks, a new constitution was created and installed along with a new sabbatical structure by the incumbent team -- Genna Clarke, Veronica Hoffman, Laura Cristea, Megan Burgoyne, Liam Fuller & Holly Bruce. Liam Fuller was the only officer who sought re-election. The first election for the new sabbatical team took place that same year with the new structure taking effect in the academic session of 2016/17. Chubbe Anucha was elected president. The other elected officers were Lewis MacLeod -- Communities Officer, Liam Fuller -- Education Officer, Alice McClellan -- Sports Officer, and Jenny Killin -- Welfare Officer
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# Enzenreith
**Enzenreith** is a municipality in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Eoin McGrath
**Eoin McGrath** (born 2 November 1980) is an Irish hurler who played as a left corner-forward for the Waterford senior team. He joined the team in 2002 and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement in 2012.
Son of former hurler Pat and younger brother of current selector Ken, McGrath was a stalwart on the Waterford team for a decade. He has won four Munster winners\' medals and one National League winners\' medal. He ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.
At club level McGrath is a Munster medalist with Mount Sion. In addition to this, he has also won six county club championship medals.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Club
McGrath played his club hurling with the Mount Sion club in Waterford, enjoying success there.
In 1998 McGrath was still a minor when he won his first county club championship medal following a 3--19 to 0--10 trouncing of Ballyduff Upper.
After surrendering their title to Ballygunner in 1999, Mount Sion were back the following year to exact revenge. A 1--20 to 0--9 defeat of Ballygunner gave McGrath a second county championship medal.
Mount Sion surrendered their club title in 2001, however, McGrath\'s side were back in the final again in 2002. A 1--19 to 2--14 defeat of Ballygunner secured the championship once again. It was the first of three county final victories in-a-row over Ballygunner.
In 2002 McGrath won a Munster club medal as Mount Sion defeated Sixmilebridge to take the title. The club was defeated in the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final.
Four club titles in-a-row proved beyond Mount Sion, however, the club bounced back in 2006 with McGrath winning a sixth county championship medal following a seven-point defeat of Ballygunner.
### Inter-county {#inter_county}
McGrath joined the Waterford senior team during the 2001 National Hurling when he came on as a substitute against Tipperary, however, he played no part in the subsequent championship.
The following year McGrath made his championship debut in a Munster semi-final victory over Cork. He later claimed his first Munster winners\' medal as Waterford defeated Tipperary by 2--23 to 3--12 to claim the provincial crown for the first time in thirty-nine years.
After surrendering the Munster title to Cork in 2003, McGrath\'s side were back in the provincial showpiece for a third successive year in 2004. Waterford defeated Cork in a Munster final for the first time in forty-five years to take the title by 3--16 to 1--21.
In 2007 McGrath added a National Hurling League medal to his collection when Waterford defeated Kilkenny by 0--20 to 0--18 in the final. He later claimed a third Munster winners\' medal as Waterford defeated Limerick by 3--17 to 1--14 in the provincial decider. While Waterford were viewed as possibly going on and winning the All-Ireland title for the first time in almost half a century, Limerick ambushed McGrath\'s side in the All-Ireland semi-final.
2008 began poorly for Waterford as the team lost their opening game to Clare as well as their manager Justin McCarthy. In spite of this poor start McGrath\'s side reached the All-Ireland final for the first time in forty-five years. Kilkenny provided the opposition and went on to defeat Waterford by 3--30 to 1--13 to claim a third All-Ireland title in-a-row.
McGrath lined out in a sixth Munster final in 2010 with Cork providing the opposition. A 2--15 apiece draw was the result on that occasion, however, Waterford went on to win the replay after an extra-time goal by Dan Shanahan. It was a fourth Munster winners\' medal for McGrath, a record that he shares with five other Waterford players.
In 2011 and 2012 McGrath was in the twilight of his career, making fewer and fewer league and championship appearances. He retired after Waterford were defeated by Cork in the All-Ireland quarter-final in 2012. Ironically, he had made his championship debut against the same opposition a decade earlier.
### Inter-provincial {#inter_provincial}
McGrath also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial series of games. He played with the provincial selection for one year in 2002, however, Munster were defeated by Leinster in the final
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# Lightweight Rucksack
The **Lightweight Rucksack** was the primary rucksack utilized by United States troops during the Vietnam War, though additionally used in arctic and alpine areas. It replaced the M1952 rucksack (FSN 8465-261-6931) and was in turn replaced by the ALICE field packs (medium and large) in 1973. The 1967 Training Circular *TC 10-8. Lightweight Rucksack: Nylon OG106* served as a \"how to use\" manual.
## History and physical features {#history_and_physical_features}
Its ensemble consisted of a nylon pack with a cinch cord, top flap and three exterior pockets and a tubular aluminum frame with padded shoulder straps and waist belt. The Lightweight Rucksack, Nylon, OG106 (FSN 8465-782-3248) was developed in 1962 as a part of the United States Army\'s efforts to develop suitable equipment for use by Special Forces, long-range reconnaissance patrols, and mountain and arctic troops. Testing was conducted by the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) in Alaska and in the Panama Canal Zone.
Four patterns of the lightweight rucksack exist, with the latter two models featuring attachment points which allow the pack itself to be mounted in two and three locations on the frame, respectively. A prototype rucksack was produced in 1962, featuring a welded frame. The 1964 model was virtually the same, but with the contract information stamped in the pack rather than sewn in on a label. The next improvement came along in 1965, when the frame was changed to a riveted version rather than a welded one. The last modification was made in 1968, with the addition of a middle horizontal back strap.
## Field use and replacement {#field_use_and_replacement}
In South Vietnam, the lightweight rucksack replaced and augmented the M1956 and M1961 versions of combat packs, (aka \'buttpacks\'), and was later partially replaced by the tropical rucksack of the M1967 MLCE (designed specifically for jungle warfare). The rucksack was typically mounted low on the frame allowing bulky equipment to be strapped above.
Stocks of lightweight rucksacks were replaced in United States military service beginning in 1974, with the adoption and production of the ALICE equipment
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# Frederick Webb Hodge
**Frederick Webb Hodge** (October 28, 1864 -- September 28, 1956) was an American editor, anthropologist, archaeologist, and historian. Born in England, he immigrated at the age of seven with his family to Washington, DC. He was educated at American schools, and graduated from Cambridge College (now George Washington University).
He became very interested in Native American history and cultures, and worked for the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1905 to 1918. He collaborated with George Gustav Heye, who had been collecting Native American artifacts, and established the Heye Foundation to support archeological work. Heye founded the Museum of the American Indian in 1916 in New York, where Hodge later served as editor and assistant director. During his time at the Smithsonian, Hodge also conducted archeological expeditions and excavations at Nacoochee Mound in Georgia, and at Hawikuh, near Zuni Pueblo.
## Early years {#early_years}
Frederick Webb Hodge was born in 1864 in Plymouth, England to Edwin and Emily (née Webb) Hodge. His parents immigrated to Washington, D.C., United States when Frederick was seven years old. He attended local schools and then studied at Cambridge College (now George Washington University).
## Career
He was associated with Columbia University and the U.S. Geological Survey.
Hodge began working in archeology early in his career. He participated in part of the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition (1886--1894). There he met Margaret Magill, and they later married. She had accompanied her sister, Emily Tennison Magill Cushing, who was married to expedition leader Frank Hamilton Cushing.
By 1901 Hodge worked as executive assistant in charge of International Exchanges at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1905 he transferred to the Bureau of American Ethnology, now part of the Smithsonian, where he worked on topics in anthropology and Native American culture until February 28, 1918. Hodge was the editor for Edward S. Curtis\'s monumental photography series, *The North American Indian*.
Hodge moved to New York City to serve as editor and assistant director at the Museum of the American Indian, founded in 1916 by George Gustav Heye, and his Heye Foundation. In 1915, accompanied by Heye, the museum\'s director, and staff member George H. Pepper, Hodge undertook archeological excavations at the Nacoochee Mound near Helen, Georgia. These three men published a report on the mound excavations in 1918. It was the first scientific excavation in the state. The museum opened to the public in 1922.
Hodge directed excavations of the ruins of Hawikuh, near Zuni Pueblo, during the period 1917--23, with what was known as the Hendricks-Hodge Expedition. He researched and reported on the interactions of these aborigines with the Spanish conquerors, travelers and priests since 1539, when Estevanico and Spanish Franciscan friars had intended to set up a mission here.
He founded the *American Journal of Physical Anthropology*. Hodge was chosen to be the director of the Southwest Museum of the American Indian in Los Angeles. He also served as executive officer at the Smithsonian Institution. There he was chairman of the Committee of Editorial Management and the Committee dealing with the Linguistic Families North of Mexico. He was a member of the Committee on Archaeological Nomenclature, the Committee of Policy, the National Research Council, and the Laboratory of Anthropology, School of American Research
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# Arupa Kalita Patangia
**Arupa Kalita Patangia** was born in 1956 and is an Indian novelist and short story writer and known for her fiction writing in Assamese. Her literary awards include: the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad award, the Katha Prize and the Prabina Saikia Award. In 2014, she received the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award for her short stories book named *Mariam Austin Othoba Hira Barua*. Her books have been translated to English, Hindi, and Bengali. Her works touch upon Assamese history and culture, addressing the lives people from middle and lower income brackets, and focus specifically on concerns of women, violence, and insurgency.
## Biography
She studied at Golaghat Mission Girls High School, and Debraj Roy College, and completed her PhD from Gauhati University on Pearl S. Buck\'s women characters. Arupa Patangia Kalita taught English at Tangla College, Darrang, Assam and retired as Head of the English Department of Tangla College on 22 June 2016.
## Literary works {#literary_works}
She has more than ten novels and short story collections to her credit. Some of these include:-
Novels
- *Mriganabhi* (1987),
- *Ayananta*
- *Millenniumar Sapon* (2002)
- *Marubhumit Menaka Aru Anyanya*,
- *Kaitat Keteki*,
- *Rongamatir Paharto*
- *Felanee* etc.
Short Stories
- *Mariam Austin Othoba Hira Barua*
Translated novels:
- *Dawn: A Novel*, an English translation of *Ayananta* by Ranjita Biswas, was published by Zubaan, New Delhi. It has also been translated into Hindi.
- *Felanee*, another important novel, was translated into English by Deepika Phukan (also published by Zubaan) and shortlisted for the Crossword Book Award.
- *The Invitation* is an English translation, by Arunabha Bhuyan, of Patangia Kalita\'s Assamese work *Handpicked Fictions*.
- ''The Loneliness of Hira Barua'' translated by Ranjita Biswas, 2020
Feature Films:
- Arupa Patangia Kalita has written the dialogues for the critically acclaimed Assamese feature film Kothanodi (The River of Fables).
She released a collection of her short-stories, *Alekjaan Banur Jaan*, at the 20th Guwahati Book Fair. Her short stories have been translated into several languages, including English, Hindi, and Bengali.
A leading feminist from the North-East, she also writes extensively on questions of women and society. She has stated an interview that, \"I'm a woman and hence I write about women in my society\.... In this uneven society that I belong to, I always feel I have a lot of say about women, as a woman.\" Specifically on the question of feminism, she has rejected labels, stating that \"You can call me a feminist or a humanist, but I feel being a feminist and a humanist are not contradictory.\"
## Awards
Kalita\'s literary awards include:
- Sahitya Akademi Award (2014),
- Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad Award,
- Katha Prize
- Prabina Saikia Award.
- Assam Valley Literary Award
### Rejection of the Basanti Devi Award {#rejection_of_the_basanti_devi_award}
She famously declined an award from the Asam Sahitya Sabha, on grounds of it being in the \'women-only\' category. In an interview, Patangia stated that her reasons for rejecting the Basanti Devi Award were on the following grounds:
> \"A text is a text, written by a woman or a man. I feel, after it is published and given away to the readers to judge, it should be considered merely as a text and judged according to its merit as a text, not on the basis of gender. Even men have written about woman sensitively, and some immortal female characters in literature have been created by male writers. When questions of merit and judgment come in, a writer should be treated as a writer, not as a male or female writer
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# Feistritz am Wechsel
**Feistritz am Wechsel** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# IT (radio program)
\"**IT: The History of Pop Music**\" is a program that XM Satellite Radio aired annually from 2002 to 2007, in which a majority of charted pop songs (and some non-charted songs) from the 1930s to the 2000s were aired in chronological order on seven of the platform\'s channels (The 40s on 4, The 50s on 5, The 60s on 6, The 70s on 7, The 80s on 8, The 90s on 9, and Pop2K (formerly XM Hitlist)). The special typically aired each summer or fall, starting on the \'40s channel and continuing on each subsequent channel as the music hit each decade. The special took just over a month to complete. After completion, playlists for each of the channels were put on XM\'s website, with the songs listed in the order in which they were played (in 2007, one large list was put up on the website, with the songs organized by year, but in alphabetical order instead of chronological order).
\"IT\" first aired on XM in 2002, when it was originally known as \"The Monster\". The special was renamed the following year, apparently due to legal action against the first name. In 2007, in addition to the regular \"IT\", XM also aired an abbreviated version (titled \"The Greatest ITs\") on their XMX channel during Thanksgiving weekend. The Greatest ITs was reaired in early November 2008, although XM did not air the regular \"IT\" that year, allegedly due to issues surrounding XM\'s merger with rival Sirius Satellite Radio. It is unclear if either version of \"IT\" will reair in the future.
The following is an overview of \"IT\" for each of the channels.
## The 40s on 4 {#the_40s_on_4}
\"IT\" began on the \'40s channel by playing many of the big hits from 1930 through 1949. Starting in 2006, \"IT\" was preceded by a 3-hour special titled \"The Roaring \'20s Pre-It Special\", featuring some of the biggest hits from the 1920s, some of which had never been played on XM before. Total running time in 2006 (not including the \"Pre-It Special\"): 3 days, 15 hours.
## The 50s on 5 {#the_50s_on_5}
\"IT\" on the \'50s channel featured many big hits from 1950 through 1959. The channel also included early non-charted songs from Elvis Presley and other rock and roll and rhythm and blues artists. Total running time in 2006: 2 days, 12 hours.
## The 60s on 6 {#the_60s_on_6}
\"IT\" on the \'60s channel featured most of the charted Top 40 hits from 1960 through 1969. Many non-Top 40 Beatles songs are also included, as well as other lower-charting songs that failed to reach the Top 40 but have subsequently become iconic of the decade (such as \"Purple Haze\"). Total running time in 2006: 5 days, 6 hours.
## The 70s on 7 {#the_70s_on_7}
\"IT\" on the \'70s channel featured nearly every Top 40 charted hit from 1970 through 1979, in addition to songs that just missed the Top 40 and some non-charting and low-charting songs (such as \"Stairway to Heaven\", \"Truckin\'\", and \"Candle in the Wind\"). Total running time in 2006: 6 days, 12 hours.
## The 80s on 8 {#the_80s_on_8}
\"IT\" on the 80s channel contained a mix of Top 40 and non-Top 40 songs from 1980 through 1989. Unlike the previous two decades channels, many lesser Top 40 hits were omitted, and there were many more non-Top 40 songs included. The 2007 version also was plagued with many technical problems, including some songs being played out of order or repeated several times. Total running time in 2006: 6 days, 6 hours.
## The 90s on 9 {#the_90s_on_9}
\"IT\" on the \'90s channel included Top 40 and non-Top 40 hits from 1990 through 1999. In 2006, the \'90s channel also included songs from 2000 through 2006, though these songs were moved to XM Hitlist in 2007. \"IT\" on the \'90s channel also differed from the other decades channels in that songs were arranged by the date they peaked on the charts, as opposed to the date they debuted on the charts. Total running time in 2006: 9 days, 8 hours.
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# IT (radio program)
## Y2K
\"IT\" on XM30 (the XM Hitlist channel) included Top 40 and non-Top 40 hits from 2000 and after in chronological order. 2007 was the first and only year that XM included this channel in the \"IT\" presentation. Many of the post-2000 songs that were played on the \'90s channel during 2006\'s airing of \"IT\" were omitted in 2007 (particularly country and hip hop songs that did not receive mainstream radio exposure). Since 2008, XM Hitlist reformatted as an all-2000s station Pop2K
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# 3rd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
The **3rd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery** is a unit of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team (3rd BCT) of the 4th Infantry Division, United States Army. The battalion is currently garrisoned at Fort Carson, Colorado (Colorado Springs).
## Structure
The battalion consists of three firing batteries of M109A6 Paladin 155 mm self-propelled howitzers. Each firing battery consists of six guns, six field artillery ammunition supply vehicles (FAASVs, also referred to as CATs), two fire direction control (FDC) vehicles, and various support vehicles. Firing batteries are staffed with approximately 100 Soldiers, sub-divided into three platoons (1st, 2nd, and Headquarters).
The battalion also contains two non-firing batteries. The service battery consists of Palletized Loading System (PLS) resupply vehicles, fuelers, cooks, and logistics support services sections. The headquarters battery and headquarters element, collectively known as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB), consists of battalion command and staff, with supporting equipment and personnel in each of the staff sections (S1 -- S6).
## Lineage
The 3rd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery Regiment, was originally constituted on 5 July 1918 in the National Army as Battery C, 29th Field Artillery, an element of the 10th Division. It was organized on 11 August 1918 at Camp Funston, KS, where it demobilized on 4 February 1919.
It was reconstituted on 24 March 1923 in the Regular Army as Battery C, 29th Field Artillery Battalion, and activated on 1 August 1940 at Fort Benning, GA, as an element of the 4th Division (later redesignated as the 4th Infantry Division). It was reorganized and redesignated on 1 October 1940 as Battery C, 29th Field Artillery Battalion. The unit inactivated on 14 February 1946 at Camp Butner, NC.
It reactivated on 15 July 1947 at Fort Ord, CA, and inactivated on 1 April 1957 at Fort Lewis, WAn, and relieved from assignment to the 4th Infantry Division.
Redesignated on 30 April 1959 as Battery C, 29th Artillery, it was concurrently, withdrawn from the Regular Army, allotted to the Army Reserve, and assigned to the Second United States Army. It activated on 1 June 1959 at Westminster, MD. It was relieved on 1 January 1966 from assignment to the Second United States Army and assigned to the First United States Army.
The unit was redesignated on 1 September 1971 as Battery C, 29th Field Artillery, before inactivating on 16 September 1979 at Westminster, MD.
Withdrawn on 1 April 1984 from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army, it was concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 3rd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery, assigned to the 4th Infantry Division and activated at Fort Carson, CO, with its organic elements concurrently constituted and activated.
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# 3rd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
## Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF 1) {#operation_iraqi_freedom_oif_1}
The 3/29th FA BN was deployed to Iraq in April 2003, under the command of Lt. Colonel Jeffrey Springman, as a part of the 4th Infantry Division invasion force. The battalion initially moved north into Kurdish controlled territory to establish a security presence in the area. They met little resistance during that initial push, however, and the brigade command began a reorganization of battalion Areas of Operation.
During that relative calm, the battalion detached its Alpha battery to take up a detainment facility guard position in the vicinity of Taji, Iraq, and the battalion was assigned a Multiple Launch Rocket platoon from 2nd Battalion 20th Field Artillery (MLRS) and elements of the Brigade Recon Team.
The Pacesetter battalion was soon ordered to move back south to support the ongoing operations to quell the insurgency in the vicinity of Samarra, with Bravo battery establishing a forward operating base (FOB) at the Samarra East Airfield. Its mission was to provide fires to coalition forces conducting sorties into Samarra, and to conduct patrols in the nearby towns and villages. Firebase Paladin was established to provide \"calls-for-fire\" support, and began providing operation forces with, initially, illumination fire. As the insurgent presence escalated, the battalion began conducting combat fires on reported enemy positions, as well as counter-battery fire to suppress mortar attacks on the FOB and surrounding area.
As the insurgency gained more confidence and began performing more frequent attacks on patrols in and around Samarra, Charlie battery was dispatched from their base of operations near Kirkuk to reinforce Bravo battery, followed closely by the HHB and Service batteries. With the additional forces on-hand, 3/29 FA continued presence patrols in the Duluiyah area and simultaneously provided firebase support to coalition forces and combat patrols in the surrounding \"trouble\" spots. As the insurgent activity in the area intensified the battalion began conducting cordon and search, scout, raids, and checkpoint operations to hinder insurgent activity.
In addition to combat operations, the battalion established security for civilian infrastructure, provided training to Iraqi Civil Defense Forces (ICDC), and conducted community programs to educate the populace on the units mission and its commitment to bringing increased security and stability to the area.
The battalion was relieved in the spring of 2004 by elements of the 1st Infantry Division. The Pacesetter battalion redeployed with the 4th Infantry Division to Ft. Carson, Colorado, in the spring of 2004.
## Post OIF I {#post_oif_i}
In the early summer months of 2004, Lt. Col Jeffrey Vuono took command of the \"Pacesetter\" Battalion, which would eventually take the name of \"Task Force Pacesetter\" upon deployment. In December 2004 the 3rd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery Regiment, transitioned from the 4th Infantry Division\'s Division Artillery (DIVARTY) and became an exclusive part of the 3rd Brigade 4th Infantry Division. This transition was made as part of the Army\'s move towards self-sustaining modular divisions.
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# 3rd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
## Operation Iraqi Freedom 2005-07 {#operation_iraqi_freedom_2005_07}
In November 2005, Task Force Pacesetter deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 05--07 with the 3rd Heavy Brigade Combat Team, of the 4th Infantry Division. Upon their arrival to the CENTOM Area of Operations, the 3rd HBCT fell under the 101st Airborne Division (Task Force Band of Brothers). At this point, Task Force Pacesetter consisted of the 3--29 FA Battalion, along with D Co 1--8 IN, and B Troop, 2--9 Cav, Civil Affairs Team A-25 B Co 445th Civil Affairs Battalion, and later on, Civil Affairs Team A-5 B 404th Civil Affairs Battalion. Alpha Battery of the 3--29 FA provided fires from FOB Warhorse while sending out Sensor Battery and various other personnel to conduct MITT Operations in the BDE Area of Operations. The majority of Task Force Pacesetter was based at LSA Anaconda at which they conducted Combat Patrols to minimize the insurgent activity in their Area of Operations. Their efforts encompassed from Abyachi to Albu Hishma and Yethrib, over to Ad Dijual and their western areas up to 10 mi.
The Task Force went from a traditional Artillery Battery, to conduct a very diverse mission which they had never done before, to include counter-insurgency operations, non-kinetic (non-lethal) operations, fire support, and creating high quality soldiers for the Iraqi Army. The Task Force was extremely successful in all aspects of their operations in Iraq. The Task Force eventually gave up their elements of 1--8 IN, and 2--9 Cav in June 2006, in support of other priority operations, along with CAT A5 B Co 404th Civil Affairs Battalion. Due to the reduction in assets, the Task Force reduced its Area of Operation to a smaller size so more emphasis could be placed on areas where it was needed, both lethal and non-lethal.
In August 2006, Task Force Pacesetter was moved under the operational control of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division due to the realignment of battle spaces and provinces.
In November 2006, Task Force Pacesetter redeployed to their home at Fort Carson, CO along with the rest of the 3rd Heavy Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division.
## Operation Iraqi Freedom 2007-09 {#operation_iraqi_freedom_2007_09}
In December 2007, Task Force Pacesetter deployed to the International Zone, commonly called the \"Green Zone\". There they helped with the security of the Green Zone by controlling the Entry Control Points or ECP, and assisted in the transport of military personnel and civilian contractors to the Baghdad International Airport. The Pacesetters were instrumental in redesigning the ECP and increasing the overall security of the International Zone.
Around August 2008, Alpha Battery was reassigned to three different areas outside the Green Zone. Alpha was tasked with increasing the overall security situation in the areas of Suleikh, Adamiyah, and FOB Callahan. While there, Alpha conducted area patrols, terrorists searches and detainment, force protection and public interaction. Alpha distributed grants for schools and businesses, and helped to train the Iraqi Police and Iraqi Army in the areas.
Task Force Pacesetter lost three of their number while deployed to Iraq this time: one to EFP, one to sniper fire, and one to combat vehicle rollover. The Pacesetters redeployed to Fort Carson, Co in February 2009, completing a 14-month deployment
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# Grafenbach-Sankt Valentin
**Grafenbach-Sankt Valentin** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Grafenbach_St. Valtentin lies southwest of Ternitz in the Schwarzatal. It has an area of 13.9 km^2^. 15.54% of its area is forested.
## History
In ancient times, the municipality was part of the Roman province of Noricum. There is a 9th-century burial ground near Grafenbach
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# Leonardo da Vinci International Award
The **Leonardo da Vinci International Award** (*Premio Internazionale Leonardo da Vinci*) is an annual international prize named after Leonardo da Vinci, to award outstanding achievement by young people involved in the study of the sciences, technology, literature and the arts. Among the disciplines recognised and rewarded so far have been painting, sculpture, music, geology, architecture, medicine and nuclear physics. Its previous laureates include musicians Evelyn Glennie and Leonidas Kavakos.
## History
The Leonardo da Vinci International Award was founded in 1975 by the Rotary Club of Florence in collaboration with the Athens, Tours and Wien-Ring Rotary Clubs.
Since its foundation, seven more European Rotary clubs have joined the initiative:
- 1981: Madrid
- 1983: Brussels
- 1984: London
- 1984: Würzburg
- 1989: Amsterdam
- 2006: Dublin
- 2017: Copenhagen
As of July 2020, eleven Rotary Clubs in Europe participate in this award ceremony: Florence, Tours, Vienna, Athens, Madrid, Würzburg, Brussels, Amsterdam, London, Dublin and Copenhagen
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# Abuzar Aydamirov
**Abuzar Abdulkhakimovich Aydamirov** (*Абузар Абдулхакимович Айдамиров*; 29 October 1933 -- 27 May 2005) was a Soviet and Chechen novelist and poet, author of a historical trilogy dedicated to the Caucasian Wars (Long Nights; Lightning in the Mountains; The Tempest) and of the Anthem of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
## Biography
Aydamirov was born on 29 October 1933 in the village Meskety of Nozhay-Yurtovsky district. Abuzar was from the Alaroy teip (Kusha-Bukhoy branch) and spent his early childhood in his home village with his father Abdul-Khakim, mother Mukhazar and his several siblings. He was faced with tragic events during the early childhood when his father was arrested and exiled to Siberia which left the family in poverty. Misfortune haunted their family as the family twin children died and their oldest son was arrested because of some shortage of collective farm corn at the warehouse where he worked, and exiled to Siberia. Zainabi, the soul of their family and sister of Abuzar, suddenly died. The death of her daughter finally crippled the health of the unfortunate mother. In February, after eight years of exile, Abdul-Khakim returned home. It was through his father Abdul-Khakim that Abuzar learned the history of the Chechen people. Abuzar and his entire people were deported to Central Asia during the Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush. It was there where his father died in 1949. He grew up and studied there for a big part of his life until he, along with the rest of the Chechen people, moved back to their homeland.
The first story of Abuzar Aydamirov was published in 1957. As one of the oldest teachers and mentors in Chechnya, he devoted more than half a century to the education and training of the younger generation in the Chechen language. In 1963, A. Aydamirov graduated from the correspondence department of the Faculty of History and Philology of ChIGPI. In 1967-1969, he passed the Higher Literary Courses at the Literary Institute. M. Gorky. He was awarded the honorary badges \"Excellence in Education of the RSFSR\" (1997), \"Excellence in Education in the USSR\" (1985), and in 2002 he was awarded the title \"People\'s Teacher of the Chechen Republic\". In addition, he is a People\'s Writer of Chechen-Ingushetia (1977), Honorary Professor of the Chechen State University (1993), Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic (1993). In 1976 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. For thirty years he was a permanent deputy of the Nozhay-Yurt district council, and in 1989-1991 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 2004, he was elected as the chairman of the Writers\' Union of the Chechen Republic.
The 60s became fruitful for Abuzar. One after another his books are published: \"Mother\'s Heart\", \"In the Native Mountains\", \"Light in the Mountains\", \"The Exploits of Genarsolta\", \"In the Hive\", and \"In the Name of Freedom\". His poems and stories became known to a wide range of readers. Abuzar is credited by many as having reinvigorated interest in Chechen language novels with such novels as his trilogy books on the Caucasian War \"Long Nights\", \"Lightning in the Mountains\" and \"The Tempest\" which have been translated into Arabic, Turkish, French and other European languages. The first book of the trilogy \"Long Nights\" sold over 5000 copies in just 2 months No other novel in the Chechen language sold this many copies and hundreds of people have specifically learned to read Chechen in order to read this novel. The novel \"Long Nights\", was in Abuzar\'s desk for ten years because he refused to make small changes in accordance with the instructions of the officials of the regional committee of the CPSU. But all the same, the novel was released, it was published in 1972 and for a long time was under an unspoken ban. It was translated into Russian only in 1996, and in 1998 it was published in Arabic.
The trilogy and his other two novels describe the history of Chechnya during the Caucasian War in the 19th century until the October Revolution of 1917. Among the heroes of his novels are dozens of ordinary people, peasants, national heroes, as well as Abrek Zelimkhan, Naib Baysangur of Benoa and other leaders of the uprisings of the mountaineers.
Abuzar died in 2005 after a long battle with an illness.
## Legacy
- In 2006 the A. Aydamirov Literary-Memorial Museum was opened in Meskety.
- A Biography of Abuzar Aydamirov\'s life was released in 2007 by his daughter Mashar Aydamirova.
- In 2008, B. Khmelnitsky Street in Grozny was renamed into A. A. Aydamirov Street.
- On October 30, 2013, on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the birth of A. A. Aidamirov, the National Library of the Chechen Republic was renamed after him.
- In November 2018, a bust of Abuzar Aydamirov was installed on the Writers\' Alley of the cultural and historical complex \"Courtyard of the Cyrillic alphabet\" in Bulgaria.
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# Abuzar Aydamirov
## Awards and Titles {#awards_and_titles}
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor (06/17/1981);
- Order of Friendship of Peoples (15.08
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# Piast Institute
The **Piast Institute** is a national research and policy center for Polish and Polish-American affairs based in Hamtramck, Michigan, in the United States, an enclave located within the city of Detroit. The institute was founded in 2003 by Dr. Thaddeus Radzilowski and Mrs. Virginia Skrzyniarz. With a board of directors composed of Polish-American leaders, an international network of Institute Fellows, and a staff led by Mrs. Skrzyniarz as president, Piast Institute has evolved into the only think tank in North America devoted to Polish and Polish-American affairs.
## Institute mission {#institute_mission}
The Piast Institute states on its website:
## Activities
### Census Information Center {#census_information_center}
In 2006, the Piast Institute was designated as a United States Census Information Center (CIC) by the United States Census Bureau. Piast Institute is only one of 59 CICs, the only Center in the Great Lakes region, and the only CIC whose primary purpose is to represent a European ethnic group.
As a CIC, the Piast Institute is part of the U.S. Census Bureau\'s data dissemination network. The program\'s focus is making census information and data available to underserved communities that may not have access to census data through other means. In addition to using the Census data for its own studies and research, the institute serves the Polish and Polish-American communities as well as organizations seeking to forward the goals of other ethnic and minority communities. The institute also provides census data and reports to businesses for a small fee.
#### Polish American surveys {#polish_american_surveys}
In 2013, Piast founder Thaddeus Radzilowski and academic Dominik Stecula presented the aggregate survey of 900 Polish Americans from 2009-2013 during the 11th annual Dekaban lecture. Titled \"Polonia: Today\'s Profile, Tomorrow\'s promise\", the study provided the only widespread demographic data on Polish Americans from the 21st century (such as political party affiliation and voting statistics for the 2008 and 2012 presidential election), contributing enormously to the understanding and characterization of Polonia as we currently understand it. The study\'s questions focused on Polish America\'s political leanings, as well as participants\' understand of their own polish identity, and priorities for the community.
7 years later in September 2020, the 2020 Polish American Study was launched by Piast Institute and Stecula with similar aims as their 2013 survey. This survey was far more detailed and varied in questions and topics explored. For example participants assigned personal favorability ratings to different political ideologies, and gave agree/disagree spectrum responses to political statements - some of which echoed the rhetoric of popular conspiracy theories. It was published in January 2022.
### Community Involvement {#community_involvement}
#### Hamtramck Drug Free Community Coalition {#hamtramck_drug_free_community_coalition}
The Hamtramck Drug Free Community Coalition (HDFCC) is a non-profit community coalition established in 2006 by the Piast institute in response to rising substance abuse among the city\'s youth. The organization is dedicated to \"prevent and reduce drug and alcohol abuse by implementing prevention strategies for a uniquely diverse community\". HDFCC partners with organizations such as AmeriCorps VISTA and Detroit Wayne Mental Health Association, and Michigan Profile for Healthy Youth on projects and events such as birthdate signs (denoting the year one is required to be born prior to in order to purchase substances), expired/unwanted medicine drives, mock crashes (portraying dangers of driving under the influence), anonymous question sessions for youth to ask questions about substance abuse and sexual health, and blood pressure check barbeques.
#### Dekaban Program {#dekaban_program}
The Piast Institute assists the family of Dr. Anatole Dekaban and his wife Mrs. Pamela Liddle-Dekaban in the oversight and management of the work of the Dekaban-Liddle Foundations. The Foundations, established by Dr. and Mrs. Dekaban in 1982, facilitate agricultural, economic, and engineering exchanges between Polish universities and universities located in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The foundations seek to benefit Poland and its citizens by enhancing the quality of Polish science and education.
In addition, the Piast Institute sponsors the annual Dekaban Lecture to commemorate and honor the work and spirit of Dr. and Mrs. Dekaban. Keynote speakers participating in the Dekaban lectures have included figures such as Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, an influential figure in the history of U.S. foreign policy, and Alex Storozynski, a Pulitzer Prize--winning journalist.
### Polish American Communication Initiative (PACI) {#polish_american_communication_initiative_paci}
Piast Institute, with the assistance of the Congressional Quarterly (CQ) and support from the Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Chicago, runs the Polish American Communication Initiative (PACI). It is a nonpartisan website that allows users to communicate with their elected representatives. PACI posts current issues which its Advisory board feels are important to Polish Americans with issues of interests ranging from a bill in Congress to a derogatory remark in the media. There is also a page that enables users to contact national and local newspapers or send a letter of gratitude for the positive representation of Poles and Polish Americans
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# Winterbourne Botanic Garden
**Winterbourne Botanic Garden** is a heritage site and botanic garden in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England. It is owned by the University of Birmingham.
The house was built as a family home for the Nettlefold family in 1904. The 7 acre garden is a rare surviving example of an early 20th-century high status suburban \"villa\" garden, inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement.
The house and garden are open to the public all year round. The house features rooms displayed in Edwardian style, and temporary exhibitions. The site also has a tea room, gift shop, second-hand bookshop and printing press. Winterbourne offers a regular programme of craft and print workshops, talks and events. The Winterbourne Centre for Horticulture offers RHS accredited courses and supports horticultural traineeships.
Winterbourne is open daily for a small charge, with hours varying between summer and winter. Staff and students at the University of Birmingham are entitled to free entry. It is a member of the Historic Houses Association and Royal Horticultural Society Partner Garden.
## History
John Sutton Nettlefold and his wife Margaret (née Chamberlain) commissioned Winterbourne in 1903 as a family home. They engaged local architect Joseph Lancaster Ball to design and build the house, which was finished in 1904. The house was built from red brick in an Arts and Crafts style. The garden was largely designed by Margaret Nettlefold, who was heavily influenced by the garden designer Gertrude Jekyll.
In 1917, John moved away because of ill health, and two years later Margaret sold Winterbourne to the Wheelock family. The Wheelocks stayed at Winterbourne with their nine children until 1925, when local businessman John Nicolson bought the house. Nicolson was a passionate gardener and introduced several new features to the garden. The University of Birmingham inherited the house and garden from John Nicolson on his death in 1944.
The house was then used as a hall of residence for female undergraduates. The garden was adopted as the university\'s botanic garden, and was used as a research garden for the Department of Botany. In the 1960s the house became the home of the university\'s Extramural Department, later renamed the School of Continuing Studies. By the 1990s it was being used for teaching and office space. In 2010, the newly restored house and garden were opened to the public as a heritage site. Winterbourne now welcomes around 70,000 visitors each year. It became an Arts Council accredited museum in 2017.
## The house {#the_house}
Winterbourne House features many typical Arts and Crafts elements. The main rooms are south-facing and open off a wide hallway. Large windows maximise the available light. Mediaeval influences can be seen in the internal plasterwork, designed by local craftsman George Bankart, and the window furniture supplied by Henry Hope & Sons Ltd. The drawing room opens on to a wide terrace which links the house and garden. Most of the original features, including fireplaces and plasterwork, have remained intact, enabling the house to be effectively restored to something close to its original form. The rooms have been decorated in Arts and Crafts style using William Morris design wallpapers and period furniture. At the end of the hallway is a full-length portrait of Margaret Nettlefold by Pre-Raphaelite follower John Byam Liston Shaw, showing Margaret entering the house from the terrace.
Visitors can explore the drawing room and study on the ground floor, and the nursery, two family bedrooms, the dressing room and the nurse\'s bedroom on the first floor. The kitchen and scullery are accessible from the garden. Winterbourne also mounts themed exhibitions in dedicated exhibition spaces. The Nettlefold family\'s industrial connections, particularly with Guest, Keen and Nettlefold (GKN), are reflected in the displays.
## The garden {#the_garden}
Winterbourne\'s seven-acre garden is Grade-II listed. Original Arts & Crafts features include the raised terrace, the broad curved stone steps leading to the lawn, the walled garden with its wavy \'crinkle-crankle\' wall, the deep borders and the tunnel-shaped nut walk. The lean-to glasshouse in the walled garden is also original, as is the pleached lime walk (recently replanted). The garden was embellished in the 1930s with a pergola and a Japanese bridge and tea house. The glasshouses contain collections of orchids, alpines, carnivorous plants and cacti. Other highlights are the sunken rock garden, the geographical beds, the woodland walk and the collection of *Anthemis*, accredited with the National Plant Collection scheme. Visitors to Winterbourne also enjoy access to Edgbaston Pool, a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
The planting follows Arts and Crafts principles, with colour-themed borders influenced by Gertrude Jekyll. Winterbourne originally incorporated a small farm; the dairy house and coach house now serve as the gift shop and second-hand bookshop. The history of the garden is explored in a permanent exhibition in a former stable.
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# Winterbourne Botanic Garden
## The Winterbourne Press {#the_winterbourne_press}
Winterbourne has a working collection of historic printing presses, dating from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century. These rare presses are regularly operated by skilled volunteers and the press is open daily.
<File:Winterbourne> corridor 2016.jpg\|Entrance corridor <File:Winterbourne> room 2016.jpg\|Drawing room <File:Winterbourne> office 2016.jpg\|Study <File:Winterbourne> main bedroom 2016.jpg\|Main bedroom <File:Winterbourne> bedroom 2016.jpg\|Single bedroom <File:Winterbourne> nursery 2016
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# Grimmenstein
**Grimmenstein** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Onzelievehereboom
**Onzelievehereboom** was the name of a 1200-year-old oak tree in Kortessem, Belgium, dedicated by popular piety to *Onze Lieve Here*, \"Our Dear Lord\". It was believed to be the oldest tree in Belgium when it was overthrown by a storm 18 July 2009
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# Grillkota
A **Grillkota** (literally *grill goahti*) is a small structure with seating centred around an open wood or charcoal-fired grill, originating among Sámi reindeer herders in Scandinavia. They may feature as a communal facility, at camping locations, or as a garden feature.
Scandinavian grillhouses are usually built in octagonal or hexagonal shapes with glazed doors and large removable windows. Grilltables and chimneys are made in different shapes and the materials used range from granite stone to stainless steel.
Image:Scandinavian grillhouse.jpg\|Scandinavian grillhouse Image:Grillhouse interior.jpg\|Grillhouse interior Image:Grillhuse-fire
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# Guests of the Nation
\"**Guests of the Nation**\" is a short story written by Irish author Frank O\'Connor which was published in 1931. It depicts the summary execution of two British Army hostages by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence. The story is split into four sections, with each section being written using a different stylistic tone; it begins by depicting the friendship between the British hostages and their IRA captors, until they are suddenly ordered to summarily execute the hostages in retaliation for the execution of four IRA prisoners. Neil McKenzie\'s stage adaptation of the story received an Obie Award in 1958.
## Plot
The story begins with two British Army privates, Hawkins and Belcher, being held hostage by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) near Ballinasloe, County Galway during the Irish War of Independence. The hostages play cards and argue about politics, religion and girls with their IRA captors, Bonaparte and Noble, while being housed in the cottage of an old lady who collaborates with the IRA. She tends to the hostages but is quick to scold both them and their captors if they displease her. Bonaparte and Noble become friends with Hawkins and Belcher, but their superior Jeremiah Donovan, the commanding officer of the local IRA flying column, remains aloof from everyone else in the cottage.
On one evening, Donovan reminds Bonaparte and Noble that Hawkins and Belcher are hostages and not prisoners, and if the British authorities execute any IRA prisoners, then the two Englishmen will be summarily executed in retaliation. This disturbs Bonaparte and he struggles to face Hawkins and Belcher on the next day. A few days later, Feeney, an IRA intelligence officer, arrives at the cottage and informs Donovan that four IRA prisoners have been executed, and Hawkins and Belcher are to be shot in retaliation. Donovan passes this on to Bonaparte and Noble, who are deeply saddened. In order to get the two hostages out of the cottage, Donovan lies to them and says that they are merely being transferred; on the way down a path into a nearby peat bog, he tells them the truth. At first, Private Hawkins does not believe him. But as the truth settles in, Hawkins begs Donovan not to kill him, arguing that, if their positions were reversed, he would never shoot \"a pal\". He also requests his captors to allow him to desert and join the IRA in order to be spared death, but they refuse to answer him.
Bonaparte, racked with misgivings about executing Hawkins and Belcher, secretly hopes that they attempt to escape and plans to let them go if they try and do so. He realises that he now regards them as human beings, rather than as part of a faceless enemy. Despite Hawkins' pleadings, Donovan shoots him in the back of his head. As Belcher fumbles to tie a blindfold around his own eyes before he is executed, he notices that Hawkins is still alive and tells Bonaparte to \"give him another.\" Donovan then shoots Belcher in the head, and the captors digs a shallow grave in the bog and bury the two hostages in them. Feeney leaves and the captors return to the cottage, where the old woman asks what they have done with the hostages. They do not answer her, but she immediately understands and falls sobbing to her knees to pray for both men\'s souls. Noble does the same, while Bonaparte leaves the cottage and looks up at the night sky feeling small and lost. He says that he never felt the same way about the war ever again.
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# Guests of the Nation
## Characters
- Bonaparte
- Noble
- Jeremiah Donovan
- Hawkins
- Belcher
- The Old Woman
• Guests Of The Nation is an ironic/sarcastic description of British Army hostages seized in the Irish war of Independence by Irish republicans.
• **Belcher**: A large Englishman who is one of the hostages, he was the quieter of the two who ingratiated himself with the old woman of the house by helping her with her daily chores. Belcher had made her his friend for life. Belcher on realising his fate seemed to accept it as "whatever unforeseen thing he'd always been waiting for had come at last". His sense of organisation sees him preparing his own blindfold for his execution. His courage and generosity sees him request of his executioners that they finish off Hawkins first before he meets his own fate. This is further demonstrated in Belcher\'s acknowledging to his executioners that they are only doing their duty. Belcher\'s whole character and personality is found in his last statement. His lover "went away with another fellow and took the kid with her. I like the feeling of a home, as you may have noticed, but I couldn\'t start another again after that".
• **Hawkins**: The second hostage made his captors look like fools when he showed that he knew the country better than they did. Hawkins knew Mary Brigid O'Connell and had learned to dance traditional dances such as the Walls of Limerick. Hawkins had too much old talk and as a result lost at cards. He always argued with Noble into the early hours. He worried Noble about religion with a string of questions that would \"puzzle a cardinal\". He had a deplorable tone and he could throw bad language into any conversation. A communist and agnostic, Hawkins always argued with Noble about capitalism and religion. When it came to his execution Hawkins could not believe his fate and thought his friends were joking. Hawkins\'s terror at the prospect of death highlights the futility of the conflict in terms of humanity and the friendships that developed between the captors and hostages. The execution of Hawkins provides a chilling climax to this episode.
• **Jeremiah Donovan**: He is not the narrator. Irish soldier who does not like the prisoners. Donovan reddens when spoken to and tends to look down at his feet, yet when it comes time to execute the Englishmen, he is strangely energised and excited. Donovan believes in a questionable interpretation of duty to his country, of which he constantly speaks and which he cites as justification for the execution. When he hears news of the four IRA prisoners being executed, it becomes clear that he unidimensionally believes in taking an eye for an eye. Donovan is the character who commences the act of killing in the execution scene, though it is the narrator\'s firearm that is first mentioned by the narrator.
• **Noble**: A young volunteer who along with Bonaparte guarded the hostages. Noble's character and personality is expressed in the story in his exchanges with Hawkins. Noble is a devout Catholic who had a brother (a priest) and worries greatly about the force and vigour of Hawkins\' terrible arguments. Noble shows his humanity in not wanting to be part of a deception, telling the hostages that they were being shifted again. Yet he understood his duty, and undertook the order of preparing the graves at the far end of the bog.
• **Bonaparte**: The narrator of this story. It's not clear from the story the relationship between Bonaparte and the author, but given O'Connor's role in the I.R.A some comparisons may well be drawn. Bonaparte has the responsibility of telling a terrible and chilling story about a war of independence. These stories are a testament to the butchery and futility of war. The last paragraph of the story best describes the effect this episode had on both Bonaparte and Noble. Communicating on what happened in the bog to the old lady without saying what they did, the description by Noble of the little patch of bog with the Englishmen stiffening into it, and Bonaparte "very lost and lonely like a child, a stray in the snow. And anything that happened to me afterwards, I never felt the same about again.\"
**\"Guests of the Nation\"** is the title story of the 1931 Frank O\'Connor short story collection of **the same name**. This collection includes:
- \"Guests of the Nation\"
- \"Attack\"
- \"Jumbo\'s Wife\"
- \"Nightpiece with Figures\"
- \"September Dawn\"
- \"Machinegun Corps in Action\"
- \"Laughter\"
- \"Jo\"
- \"Alec\"
- \"Soiree Chez une Belle Jeune Fille\"
- \"The Patriarch\"
- \"After Fourteen Years\"
- \"The Late Henry Conran\"
- \"The Sisters\"
- \"The Procession of Life\"
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# Guests of the Nation
## Influences
Isaac Babel\'s *Red Cavalry* influenced O\'Connor especially in this story \"Guests of the Nation\".
## Adaptations
\"Guests of the Nation\" was made into a silent film in 1934, screenplay by Mary Manning, directed by Denis Johnston, and including Barry Fitzgerald and Cyril Cusack. `{{IMDb title|qid=Q123616259|title=Guests of the Nation}}`{=mediawiki}
The story was adapted for the stage by Neil McKenzie. It received a 1958 Obie Award for best one-act play.
*The Crying Game*, directed by Neil Jordan, is partly based on O\'Connor\'s short story
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# National Board of Review Awards 1964
**36th National Board of Review Awards**\
December 22, 1964
--
--
The **36th National Board of Review Awards** were announced on December 22, 1964.
## Top Ten Films {#top_ten_films}
1. *Becket*
2. *My Fair Lady*
3. *Girl with Green Eyes*
4. *The World of Henry Orient*
5. *Zorba the Greek*
6. *Topkapi*
7. *The Chalk Garden*
8. *The Finest Hours*
9. *Four Days in November*
10. *Séance on a Wet Afternoon*
## Top Foreign Films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *World Without Sun*
2. *The Organizer*
3. *Anatomy of a Marriage*
4. *Seduced and Abandoned*
5
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# Grünbach am Schneeberg
**Grünbach am Schneeberg** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Reichsforschungsrat
The **Reichsforschungsrat** (\"Imperial Research Council\") was created in Germany in 1936 under the Education Ministry for the purpose of centralized planning of all basic and applied research, with the exception of aeronautical research. It was reorganized in 1942 and placed under the Ministry of Armaments and War Production.
## Creation
On the initiative of Erich Schumann, the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) was inaugurated on 16 March 1937 by Reich Minister Bernhard Rust of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Education Ministry). The RFR was set up to centralize planning for all basic and applied research in Germany, with the exception of aeronautical research, which was under the supervision of Reich Marshal Hermann Göring. General Karl Heinrich Emil Becker, head of the *Heereswaffenamt* (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) and dean and professor in the faculty of defense technology at the Technische Hochschule Berlin, was its president (1937 to 1940). After Becker\'s death in 1940, Rust took over as president of the RFR. The vice-president was O. Wacker of the REM. In actuality, the direction of the RFR was carried out by Rudolf Mentzel, the president of the Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (DFG, German Scientific Research Association), which, as of 1937, was the new name of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (NG, Emergency Association of German Science). Support for research was decided by the heads of 13 special sections of the RFR (Fachspartenleiter).
Other members of the Council included:
- Kurt Diebner -- Head of the RFR nuclear physics experimental site at Stadtilm in Thuringia and director of the *Versuchsstelle* (testing station) of the *Heereswaffenamt* (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) in Gottow.
- Abraham Esau -- Head of the physics division from 1937 to the end of 1943. Plenipotentiary for nuclear physics from December 1942 to 1943, then plenipotentiary for high-frequency physics.
- Walther Gerlach -- Replaced Abraham Esau as head of the physics division and plenipotentiary for nuclear physics on 1 January 1944.
- Werner Osenberg -- Head of the planning board in the RFR 29 June 1943 to 1945. He also initiated the recall of approximately 5000 scientists and engineers from active military duty on the front so they could devote their talents to research and development. By the end of the war, the number recalled reached 15,000.
- Otto Scherzer -- Head of radar finding (1944--1945).
- Erich Schumann -- Plenipotentiary for the physics of explosives (1942--1945).
- Peter Adolf Thiessen -- Head of the division of chemistry and organic materials.
## Reorganization
On 9 June 1942, Adolf Hitler issued a decree for the reorganization of the RFR as a separate legal entity under the Reich Ministry for Armament and Ammunition; the decree appointed Reich Marshall Göring as the president. The reorganization was done under the initiative of Reich Minister for Armament and Ammunition Albert Speer; it was necessary as the RFR under Minister Rust was ineffective and not achieving its purpose. It was the hope that Göring would manage the RFR with the same discipline and efficiency as he had in the aviation sector. A meeting was held on 6 July 1942 to discuss the function of the RFR and set its agenda. The meeting was a turning point in National Socialism\'s attitude towards science, as well as recognition that its policies which drove Jewish scientists out of Germany were a mistake, as the Reich needed their expertise. In 1933, Max Planck, as president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, had met with Adolf Hitler. During the meeting, Planck told Hitler that forcing Jewish scientists to emigrate would mutilate Germany and the benefits of their work would go to foreign countries. Hitler went into a rant on the Jews and Planck could only remain silent and then take his leave
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# Höflein an der Hohen Wand
**Höflein an der Hohen Wand** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Live—Recher Theatre 06.19.99
***Live---Recher Theatre 06.19.99*** is the fourth live album by Crack the Sky. This 2-CD set was released on the band\'s own label and includes performances of material from throughout the band\'s career (including main man John Palumbo\'s solo albums)
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# Anna Sforza
**Anna Maria Sforza** (21 July 1476 -- 30 November 1497) was Hereditary Princess of Ferrara as the first wife of Alfonso I d\'Este, future Duke of Ferrara. She was the second legitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, and his second wife, Bona of Savoy.
## Life
Born in Milan, she was the second daughter and last legitimate child of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, by his second wife, Bona of Savoy. Anna\'s paternal grandparents were Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti, and her maternal were Louis, Duke of Savoy and Anne de Lusignan of Cyprus, for whom she was named. She had two older brothers: Gian Galeazzo Sforza and Hermes Maria Sforza, Marquis of Tortona, and a sister, Bianca Maria Sforza, second wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
When Anna was an infant, her father was assassinated inside the Church of Santo Stefano in Milan on 26 December 1476, which was the Feast Day of St. Stephen. He was stabbed to death by three high-ranking officials of the Milanese court.
In 1477, Anna was formally betrothed to Alfonso I d\'Este, the heir of Ercole I d\'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Her wedding with Prince Alfonso d\'Este took place fourteen years later, on 12 January 1491, amidst banquets, receptions, and theatrical representations. However, the marriage was said to be unhappy. Some sources made claims implying that Anna was attracted to women, suggesting that Anna was \'unfeminine\' (perhaps even dressing in men\'s clothes), preferred the company of women, and refused to consummate her marriage with sex; additionally, mention was made of Anna\'s deep attachment to a Black girl who was part of her entourage.`{{Better source needed|date=November 2016}}`{=mediawiki} The supposed unhappiness of the marriage, however, may also have been due to Alfonso\'s well-known reputation for extramarital affairs.
Only after six years of marriage, Anna became pregnant, but died in childbirth; while some sources reported that her child, a son, died immediately after being baptized; others, said that he survived and was named Alessandro, dying in 1514 aged 17. She was buried in the monastery of San Vito, of which Anna was a benefactor. Her husband was unable to take part of her funeral because at that time his face was disfigured as a consequence of syphilis.
Her death marked the end of the bond between the Sforza and Este families. Alfonso remarried, to Lucrezia Borgia, in 1502
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# Indianapolis Tennis Championships
The **Indianapolis Tennis Championships** was an annual men\'s tennis tournament played in Indianapolis as part of the ATP Tour. Since its inaugural playing in 1987, the tournament was held for one week in July up until its final playing in 2009. Originally known as the U.S. Men\'s Claycourt Championships, the event was created after the Indianapolis Sports Center decided to resurface its 18 clay courts with Deco-Turf II, the same surface as the US Open. As a consequence, the U.S. Men\'s Clay Court Championships was moved from Indianapolis to Charleston, South Carolina. From 1992--2006 it was known as the RCA Championships.
The tournament\'s change in surface and name came with a change of date to be closer to the start of the US Open. The event gained the attention of the world\'s best players and became a premier warm-up stop for the US Open.
The tournament ended in 2009 and a new tournament in Atlanta replaced it in 2010
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# Kirchberg am Wechsel
**Kirchberg am Wechsel** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is notable for hosting the International Wittgenstein Symposium since 1976 and is the home of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society
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# Frederick Fasehun
**Frederick Isiotan Fasehun** `{{Audio|Yo-Frederick Isiotan Fasehun.ogg|Listen|help=no}}`{=mediawiki} (*Frederick Ìsìòtán Fáàséhùn*; 21 September 1935 -- 1 December 2018) was a Nigerian medical doctor, hotel owner and leader of the Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC).
## Education and medical career {#education_and_medical_career}
He studied science at Blackburn College and furthered his education at Aberdeen University College of Medicine. He also studied at the Liverpool Postgraduate School after which he had a Fellowship at the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1976, he studied acupuncture in China under a joint World Health Organization and United Nations Development Scholarship Program.
## Politics
In 1977, he set up an Acupuncture Unit at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. He resigned in 1978 and immediately set up the Besthope Hospital and Acupuncture Centre in Lagos. The Acupuncture Centre once earned a reputation as Africa\'s first for the Chinese medical practice.
The OPC is Yoruba-based organization formed to actualize the annulled mandate of Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, a Yoruba who won the presidential election of 12 June 1993 but was barred from office. Fasehun was imprisoned for 19 months from December 1996 to June 1998 during the military rule of Sani Abacha, only ending 18 days after Abacha\'s death.
He died in the intensive care unit of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos.
## Death
He died on 1 December 2018
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# Dear Jane, I...
***Dear Jane, I\...*** is a Toronto, Ontario, Canada, based band that was formed in early 2003. The band\'s current`{{when|date=January 2012}}`{=mediawiki} members include Jeremy Dove (vocals), James Wells (guitar/vocals), Kat Lucas (guitar/vocals), Mark Cohene (bass guitar) and Neil Uppal (drums).
Their first EP, released independently in 2004, is *Don\'t Know How to Begin*. The video for their single \"Stayed Up All Night\" was in rotation on MuchLOUD and on MusiquePlus.
The band is currently`{{when|date=January 2012}}`{=mediawiki} signed to the Oakville, Ontario, based record label Verona Records (owned and operated by Shane Told of the band Silverstein). They have released one full-length album through the label, entitled *Hope This Reaches You In Time* (produced by Julius Butty), which reached No. 183 on the Canadian Billboard Top 200 chart for its first week of sales. The video for their single, \"Wish Black Wishes\", was not accepted for rotation on MuchMusic, but remained viewable online at their website and on YouTube.
Despite numerous line-up changes, the band continued to tour and promote their first full-length album throughout 2006--2007. The band stopped performing in mid-2007 after the continuous line-up changes proved difficult for the original members.
Founding member Neil Uppal currently`{{when|date=June 2012}}`{=mediawiki} plays in the Toronto-based band Breached, and fill-in guitarist Kat Lucas is currently`{{when|date=January 2012}}`{=mediawiki} playing guitar and keyboards for Pink
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# Easy (Paula DeAnda song)
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# Kjell Erik Killi Olsen
**Kjell Erik Killi Olsen** (born 23 July 1952 in Trondheim) is a Norwegian painter and sculptor. He is primarily known for characteristic artwork, frequently depicting humanoid, grotesque, sexual and humorous figures of fantasy.
## Biography
Kjell Erik Killi Olsen was educated at Kunstskolen i Trondheim, Akademia Sztuk Pięknych at Kraków, Poland and at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts in Oslo during the period 1972--1981.
In addition to shows and retrospectives in Norway, Killi Olsen has held exhibitions in other parts of the world, most frequently New York City and São Paulo. He is considered one of Norway\'s most wealthy artists. Erik Killi Olsen lives in Oslo, Norway and Château de Fontarèches, Fontarèches, France.
## Selected solo exhibition {#selected_solo_exhibition}
- 2018 The Queen Sonja Art Stable, Oslo, Norway
- 2015 Galerie Pascal Lainé, Ménerbes, France
- 2014 Smart Clothes, New York City, United States
- 2013 Loock Galerie, Berlin, Germany
- 2011 The Second Book, Galleri Erik Steen, Oslo, Norway
- 2010 Formuesforvaltning, Oslo, Norway
- 2009 Aalesunds Kunstforening, Ålesun, Norway
- 2008 Arkivhusstiftelsen, Smedjebacken, Sverig, Sweden
- 2007 The Beginning, Trondheim Kunstmuseum, Norway
- 2007 The Beginning, Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum, Norway
- 2005 The Beginning, Henie Onstad Art Centre, Høvikodden, Norway
- 2005 Heiberg Cummings Design, New York, USA
- 2004 Galleri Wang, Oslo, Norway
- 2004 Rogaland Kunstmuseum with Michael Kvium, Stavanger, Norway
- 2003 Pincoteca do Estado, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2003 Esbjerg Kunstmuseum with Michael Kvium, Esbjer, Denmark
- 2001 Lillehammer Art Museum, Lillehammer, Norway
- 2001 Galleri Wang, Oslo, Norway
- 1998 Christianssand Art Society, Kristiansa, Norway
- 1998 Bridgewater/Lustberg Gallery, New York, USA
- 1998 Galleri Christian Dam, Copenhagen
- 1997 Galleri Bouhlou, Bergen, Norway
- 1997 Trondheim Art Museum, Trondheim, Norway
- 1996 Rogaland Art Center, Stavanger, Norway
- 1996 Henie Onstad Art Center, Høvikodde, Norway
- 1996 Galleri Bodøgaard, Bodø, Norway
- 1996 Bridgewater/Lustberg Gallery, New York, USA
- 1996 Galleri Brandstrup, Stavanger, Norway
- 1995 Galleri Wang, Oslo, Norway
- 1995 Bergen International Festival, Bergen Art Society; Stavanger Art Society, Stenersenmuseet, Oslo, Norway
- 1993 Bergen Art Society, Bergen, Norway
- 1993 Galleri Sølvberget, Stavanger, Norway
- 1993 Galleri Ismene, Trondhei, Norway
- 1992 Galleri Wang, Oslo, Norway
- 1992 Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum, Tromsø, Norway
- 1990 Wang Kunsthandel, Stavanger, Norway
- 1990 Festivalexhibitor, Molde, Norway
- 1989 Bergen Art Society, Bergen, Norway
- 1989 Galleri Sølvberget, Stavanger, Norway
- 1989 Sala Uno, Roma, Italy
- 1989 Norway's representative at The Biennale in São Paulo, Brazil
- 1988 Galleri Wang, Oslo, Norway
- 1987 Salvatore Ala Gallery, New York, USA
- 1986 Galleria Salvatore Ala, Milan, Italy
- 1985 New Math Gallery, New York, USA
- 1985 Galleri Ingeleiv, Bergen, Norway
- 1985 Bridgewater Gallery, New York, USA
- 1984 Henie-Onstad Artcenter, Høvikodde, Norway
- 1984 New Math Gallery, New York, USA
- 1983 ABC No Rio, New York, USA
- 1983 New Math Gallery, New York, USA
## Public collections {#public_collections}
- The National Gallery, Oslo, Norway
- Riksgalleriet, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Art Council, Oslo, Norway
- NorwayTröndelag Artmuseum, Trondheim, Norway
- Bergen Billedgalleri, Bergen, Norway
- Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway
- The town of Lillehammer Art-collection, Lillehammer, Norway
- The National Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, Norway
- NorwayRogaland Kunstmuseum, Stavanger, Norway
- Göteborg Konstmuseum, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Museum of Modern Art, Campinas, Brazil
- Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo, Norway
## Selected public commissions {#selected_public_commissions}
- 1996 Libris Karl Johan, Oslo, Norway
- 1996 Aschehoug Publishing Company, Oslo, Norway
- 1994 Statoil, Trondheim, Norway
- 1994 Artscape Nordland, Bø; i Vesterålen, Norway
- 1994 Bergesen d.y
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# Dee's Drive-In
**Dee\'s Drive-In** was a fast food hamburger drive-in restaurant chain based in Utah. The chain was founded by Dee Frederick Anderson, who got his start selling hamburgers operating the Ute Hamburger Shop near the University of Utah in the 1920s. Anderson opened the first Dee\'s Restaurant in 1932. Dee\'s would evolve into two separate but related restaurant chains: Dee\'s Family Restaurant and Dee\'s Drive-In.
Noted for its family-friendly advertising and the colorful \"Dee\'s Clowns\" that adorned its restaurants, the franchise became a Utah cultural landmark in the 1960s. At its height, the family operated 53 restaurants with an annual revenue of \$20 million per year. In the late 1970s, an altered business strategy led the Anderson family to sell all of its Dee\'s Drive-Ins to Hardee\'s; a dozen Dee\'s Family Restaurants remained in business. Half of them continue to operate across the Wasatch Front region of Utah.
## History
Dee Frederick Anderson, a fast-food entrepreneur from Ephraim, Utah, opened his first Dee\'s Restaurant in 1932. He was inspired to create Dee\'s Drive-Ins after seeing drive-in restaurants during a 1953 visit to Long Beach, California. Established a year later, his first Dee\'s Drive-In was a \$125,000 building at 753 E. 2100 South Street in Salt Lake City. On average, the shop served 2,500 customers daily, selling burgers, hot dogs and apple turnovers for 19 cents and French fries and soft drinks for ten cents. Within two years, Anderson had opened his two more drive-ins and Dee\'s Drive-In had 100 employees. One of Anderson\'s friends opened a franchise in Johannesburg in 1972, which was the first American fast food outlet in South Africa. Dee\'s Drive-In went on to have 53 restaurants earning over \$20 million annually.
In the late 1970s, the Anderson family chose to focus on other business ventures, particularly on their property management operations. All remaining Dee\'s Drive-Ins were sold to Hardee\'s; Hardee\'s withdrew from Utah just months before its purchase by CKE Restaurants, which subsequently expanded its Carl\'s Jr. brand there without any previous connection to Hardee\'s.
Twelve Dee\'s Family Restaurants remained in operation in the Wasatch Front area of Utah until March 2004, when five Salt Lake outlets were sold to real estate developers. The restaurants were transformed into Walgreens, in a deal which marked \"the point of entry\" into the Utah market for developer Phillips Edison. In August 2005, the restaurant chain settled an employment discrimination lawsuit filed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on behalf of three employees who alleged they had been sexually harassed by a co-worker at a Dee\'s location in Midvale. As part of the settlement, the company agreed to revamp its sexual harassment policy and employee training procedures.
## Marketing
Dee\'s Drive-In was famous for the large clown marquee outside each drive-in with the title Dee\'s Hamburgers. The clown was brightly colored and had a large round belly, and would hold four large balloons, each one spelling out a fast food item for sale inside the restaurant. The original clown was designed by Paul Jensen of Salt Lake City. As an added attention-getting device, the clown marquee rocked back and forth. The marquee was designed in 1968 by the Young Electric Sign Company and manufactured using Plexiglas, acrylic plastics and flashing lights.
The Dee\'s restaurant chain was noted for its \"Let\'s go to Dee\'s\" jingle which was conceived by Gordon A. Johnson. and for its \"Disco Down to Dee\'s\" commercials. The Utah Department of Transportation filmed an advertisement in 1997 that combined new footage with footage from historical Dee\'s Drive-In commercials, provided by Anderson\'s family. The advertising agency that created the ad said, \"We started talking about a setting \[for the commercial\]. What defined Utah in 1962? It was Dee\'s. Dee\'s was really an icon in Wasatch Front history.\" *The Salt Lake Tribune* described the advertisement as \"a wonderful source of memories for many Utahns\"
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# Mönichkirchen
**Mönichkirchen** is a market town in the district of Neunkirchen in the south of the Austrian state of Lower Austria with a population of 607 inhabitants (1.1.2013).
## Geography
Mönichkirchen is situated on the east side of the Wechsel mountain (1,743 m) in the south-east Industrieviertel near the border with Styria. The size of the village is 16.27 km². 68.34% of the area is forested.
## Population
## Sports
There are two sports clubs in Mönichkirchen:
- Winter sports club Mönichkirchen
- Soccer club FC Mönichkirchen
Around the village of Mönichkirchen there is a skiing resort that is joined by several lifts to the adjacent skiing resort of Mariensee (village of Aspangberg-Sankt Peter). The total length of ski-slopes of both resorts is about 13 km. Both villages operate three chair lifts and one drag lift.\
During summer the region is commonly used for hiking and climbing
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# Sei Ashina
, known professionally as `{{nihongo|'''Sei Ashina'''|芦名 星|Ashina Sei}}`{=mediawiki}, was a Japanese actress.
## Career
She was born Igarashi Aya, and assumed the stage name Sei Ashina. Prior to her acting career, Ashina was a model. She made her acting debut in the 2002 Tokyo Broadcasting System Television series *The Tail of Happiness* (しあわせのシッポ), modeling that year in magazines including Shogakukan\'s CanCam and Shueisha\'s Pinky, and was best known for starring as Hime in *Kamen Rider Hibiki*. She was also known for her role as The Girl, an unnamed concubine, in *Silk* (2007).
Ashina died on September 14, 2020, at age 36. Her body was found at her home in Shinjuku in a suspected suicide
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# Marty McLeary
**Marty Lee McLeary** (born October 26, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
McLeary stands at 6\' 5\", and weighs 210 pounds. He attended Mount Vernon Nazarene University in Ohio. He made his major league debut on August 22, 2004, with the San Diego Padres. From 2006 to 2007, McLeary pitched in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, appearing in nine major league games. On August 31, 2006, McLeary allowed two runs in the top 11th inning against the Chicago Cubs and had the bases loaded when he finished the inning; however, the Pirates scored three runs in the bottom of the inning, giving McLeary his first major league win in their 10--9 victory. \"He\'s worked his tail off,\" teammate Freddy Sanchez (who\'d played with McLeary in the Red Sox organization as well) said of his teammate, calling his first win \"awesome.\" McLeary signed with the Lotte Giants in South Korea on January 6, 2008. In August 2008, McLeary signed with the Toronto Blue Jays and was assigned to Double-A New Hampshire. After playing for New Hampshire and the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s in early 2010, McLeary was released and signed by the Milwaukee Brewers organization in June 2010. He retired after the 2010 season
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# The Heroes of Desert Storm
***The Heroes of Desert Storm*** is a 1991 American film that told the story of the Persian Gulf War\'s Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. A docudrama, it was presented as addressing the topic from the point of view of several participants.
The film was directed in cooperation with the Bush administration. After a brief disclaimer mentioning that the film makes no distinction between actors and actual participants, the film opens on an introduction by President Bush.
## Plot
Rather than a single overarching plotline, the film depicts a series of vignettes featuring various American service members and their families, all of which play out against the backdrop of the Gulf War. Throughout the film, several of the service members are interviewed by the filmmakers regarding their personal feelings about the war and how it has affected their lives and the lives of their families.
Guy Hunter, Jr., Steven Shaefer, Steve Tate, Beverly Clark, Phoebe Jeter, Jonathan Alston, Ben Pennington, Mary Rhoads, Gary Buckholz, Devon Jones and Lawrence Slade are activated for Desert Shield. The activations mean that Pennington does not get to tell his family goodbye, Jeter does not get to see her ill grandmother for one last time, Maldonado misses the birth of his daughter, and Linda Buckholz has to show her wedding to the guests on video.
Several Iraqi soldiers surrender to a Marine squad and cringe when the Marines fire a warning shot. The treatment of prisoners of war by Iraqi and American forces are compared and contrasted.
The F-14 Devon Jones is flying is hit by a surface-to-air missile. Jones lands in Iraq before dawn and activates his emergency transmitter. Soon Ben Pennington finds him and secures him for liftoff while gunners watch for the enemy.
Private Steven Shaefer has volunteered for Desert Storm duty, and quickly upon arriving in Kuwait meets Specialist Jonathan Alston. Alston knows that Shaefer is inexperienced in combat, and questions him about his training.
The ground war starts. Marine Captain Michael Shupp instructs Ford and Crumes\' unit to fight professionally to keep one another safe, but to reserve compassion for Saddam\'s draftees. Shupp orders his men only to fire in self-defense after the enemy surrenders.
Guy Hunter, Jr., gets tortured again after a coalition strike. Threatened with execution and blindfolded, Hunter shows no fear, and says \"just do it.\"
Beverly Clark and her best friend Mary Rhoads are at a processing center for incoming U.S. soldiers, in Dhahran. Beverly tells Mary she has come to peace about being deployed in a danger zone, and Mary invites Beverly to join her for fresh air, though Beverly declines. Suddenly there is a Scud alarm and Mary watches in horror as Beverly and her comrades are hit by the incoming warhead. Beverly\'s family in Pennsylvania is notified of her death.
Alston and Shaefer volunteer to kill an Iraqi suicide squad ready to detonate an ammunition dump. Shaefer distracts the squad with his M-16 while Alston tosses in a hand grenade.
The P.O.W.\'s are freed and the U.S. troops return home to widespread jubilation, including Linda Buckholz in her wedding gown. The celebration contrasts with Phoebe Jeter at the grave site of her grandmother.
The film ends with President George Herbert Walker Bush giving an address celebrating the defeat of aggression and the restoration of Kuwait to its people.
## Cast
- Daniel Baldwin as Sergeant Ben Pennington
- Angela Bassett as Lieutenant Phoebe Jeter
- Marshall Bell as Walter Wojdakowski
- Michael Champion as Warrant Officer Guy Hunter Jr.
- Ken Foree as Gunnery Sergeant Leroy Ford
- Gary Hershberger as Captain Steve Tate
- Laura Leigh Hughes as Specialist 4th Class Beverly Clark
- Kris Kamm as Private Stephen Shaefer
- Kevin Kilner as Captain Shupp
- Steven Williams as Jonathan Alston
- Ricky Clay as Son (uncredited)
- Mark Lerdall as Himself, Pararescueman (uncredited)
- Joe Ruffo as Guard (uncredited)
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# The Heroes of Desert Storm
## Reception
TV Guide describes the film as follows: "A chronicle of the Persian Gulf War that re-creates on videotape the stories of combatants\". *Variety* gave the film a positive review.
Roger Stahl, in his book *Through the Crosshairs*, stated that "the real heroes of the film are the blinking weapons themselves, especially those that provide the alibi for rerunning long targeting footage."
Various commentators noted that the film typically attempted to remove 'the wall that distinguishes reality from illusion." to the point that he film has been called a 'soap opera -like TV movie'.
A review in the *Los Angeles Times* concluded (on October 4, 1991): "Besides, the celebration may be premature. The tone of this movie conveys a message that Operation Desert Storm put down tyranny in the Gulf and ended the threat from Iraq. Judging by recent headlines, however, someone forget to tell that to Saddam Hussein
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# Natschbach-Loipersbach
**Natschbach-Loipersbach** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Population
## Sport
Speedway Natschbach-Loipersbach is a motorcycle speedway venue on Guntramserstraße 689/110, which is adjacent (on the south side) to the Schwarza river. The facility has hosted important events, including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship (starting in 1988) and the 1989 Speedway Champions Cup
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# St Margaret's Church of England Academy
**St Margaret\'s Church of England Academy** is an 11--18 boys secondary school in Aigburth, Liverpool, England.
Frequently shortened to SMA, as of November 2021, a total of 1,039 boys attended the school, 200 of which were in the co--educational Sixth Form provision.
## History
The school was founded by Alderman William Preston, one time Mayor of Liverpool, and the Vicar of St. Margaret\'s, Anfield, Reverend John Sheepshanks. The school opened in 1879 by the parish dignitary and MP for West Toxteth, Mr TB Royden. The school\'s first Headmaster was Mr E Crossley and an early teacher and benefactor was Mrs Gertrude Langton.
The school began as a Higher Grade School and after the 1918 Education Act, St Margaret\'s was recognised as a Central School with a selective intake based on a competitive examination. After the Education Act 1944, the school was restyled **St. Margaret\'s Church of England School** and during the 1950s courses leading to the GCE \'O\' Level and \'A\' Level examinations were established. In 1963 the school moved from Anfield to Aigburth. In the 1970s it had around 550 boys. In 1980 it was enlarged to a four-form entry school for students from 11 to 18 years of age. This was the year that the school had their first intake of girl students.
St Margaret\'s is a Church of England High School and was awarded Technology College status in 1997, and Specialist Language College status in 2008. The school increased its intake to five-form entry in September 1998. In September 2015 the school again increased its intake to six-form entry.
## Overview
### Admissions
The school accepts 160 boys per year, and girls are accepted in years 12 and 13. St Margaret\'s Sixth Form is part of the Faiths Partnership with fellow member schools St Hilda\'s Church of England High School, Archbishop Blanch School and Bellerive FCJ Catholic College.
The school is on Aigburth Road (A561) just north of Aigburth railway station in Aigburth, just east of Otterspool. It is next to the Church of St Anne, Aigburth (C of E) which is the local parish covering the school.
### Academic Attainment {#academic_attainment}
In 2019, the school\'s Progress 8 measure for GCSE was average. Attainment 8 score was above average. The proportion of children achieving Maths and English GCSEs was considerably above average. The proportion of children entering the English Baccalaureate was considerably lower than average. The average A level grade was C+, in line with the England average, and the average A level points score was 32, below the England average of 24. Attainment 8 score was above average.
As of 2022, the school\'s most recent inspection judgement from Ofsted was that the school requires improvement. In 2020, the report from Ofsted was good and was confirmed by a short inspection in 2018.
### School houses {#school_houses}
The school organises boys into six School Houses -- Crossley, Royden, Langton, Sheepshanks, Preston and Walton.
- -- Crossley
- -- Royden
- -- Langton
- -- Sheepshanks
- -- Preston
- -- Walton
## Notable former pupils {#notable_former_pupils}
- Elliot Morley, Labour MP from 1997 to 2010 for Scunthorpe and from 1987 to 1997 for Glanford and Scunthorpe
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# Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator
***Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator*** is a comic book co-published by DC Comics and Dark Horse Comics. It was written by Mark Schultz, with art by Ariel Olivetti. It is a crossover in which Superman and Batman have to battle both the Aliens and Predator. While both superheroes have had crossovers with the monsters individually, this was the first time they were with both at the same time. The two-part series was released on January 8 and then on February 14, 2007.
## Plot
The story takes place somewhere in the Andes. It is revealed that during the Ice Age, a Predator ship landed on Earth and could not leave because it could not escape its gravitational pull. The Predators landed in a then-dormant volcano. Now in our modern time, a mountain climbing crew has gone missing in the Andes. Batman becomes the emissary of Superman, whom the Predators believe to be a sun spirit, through a show of strength. They decide to help the Predators leave Earth for the good of themselves and the planet.
## Publication
- *Superman and Batman vs. Aliens and Predator* (by Mark Schultz and Ariel Olivetti, two-issue miniseries, January 2007, tpb, 112 pages, DC Comics, May 2007, `{{ISBN|1-4012-1328-6}}`{=mediawiki})
## Other media {#other_media}
### Merchandise
In 2019, toy company NECA unveiled a series of action figure box sets inspired by the crossover, as well as the prior *Superman/Aliens* and *Batman vs Predator* miniseries
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# Die Wache
***Die Wache*** is a German weekly police procedural show that was broadcast from 1994 until 2006 by RTL Television. Set in a fictional police station in Cologne, it was modelled on the British series *The Bill* and described typical police episodes and investigations.
The entire series consisted of 245 episodes of 45 minutes during 12 seasons, between 3 January 1994 and 8 June 2006
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# Trizol
**TRIzol** is a widely used chemical solution used in the extraction of DNA, RNA, and proteins from cells. The solution was initially used and published by Piotr Chomczyński and Nicoletta Sacchi in 1987.
TRIzol is the brand name of guanidinium thiocyanate from the Ambion part of Life Technologies, and Tri-Reagent is the brand name from MRC, which was founded by Chomczynski.
## Uses in extraction {#uses_in_extraction}
The correct name of the method is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. The use of TRIzol can result in DNA yields comparable to other extraction methods, and it leads to \>50% bigger RNA yield. An alternative method for RNA extraction is phenol extraction and TCA/acetone precipitation. Chloroform should be exchanged with 1-bromo-3-chloropropane when using the new generation TRI Reagent.
DNA and RNA from TRIzol and TRI reagent can also be extracted using the Direct-zol Miniprep kit by Zymo Research. This method eliminates the use of Chloroform and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane completely, bypassing phase-separation and precipitation steps.
TRIzol is light-sensitive and is often stored in a dark-colored, glass container covered in foil. It is stored at room temperature.
When used, it resembles cough syrup, bright pink. The smell of the phenol is extremely strong. TRIzol works by maintaining RNA integrity during tissue homogenization, while at the same time disrupting and breaking down cells and cell components.
## Hazards
Vigilant caution should be taken while using TRIzol (due to the phenol and chloroform).
TRIzol is labeled as acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity besides skin corrosion/irritation in the manufacturer MDS.
Exposure to TRIzol can be a serious health hazard. Exposure can lead to serious chemical burns, permanent scarring and kidney failure.
Experiments should be performed under a chemical hood, with lab coat, nitrile gloves and a plastic apron.
TRIzol waste should never be mixed with bleach or acids: the guanidinium thiocyanate in TRIzol reacts to form highly toxic gases
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# Neunkirchen, Austria
**Neunkirchen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈnɔʏnˌkɪʁçn̩|lang|De-Neunkirchen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is the capital of the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. As of 2020 it has a population of 12,721.
## Geography
Neunkirchen is situated in the Steinfeld region of the Vienna Basin, part of Industrieviertel in the southeastern area of Lower Austria. Schwarza river is flowing through it.
### Geographic breakdown {#geographic_breakdown}
The municipality consists of three localities, which are also cadastral communities of the same names (area as of 1 January 2001, population as of 1 January 2022):
- Mollram (8.23 km²; pop. 702)
- Neunkirchen (5.96 km²; pop. 11.152) Quarters: Innere Stadt, Tal, Steinplatte, Mühlfeld, Au, Steinfeld, Lerchenfeld, Blätterstraßensiedlung
- Peisching (6.12 km²; pop. 691)
### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
NE: Sankt Egyden am Steinfeld; E: Breitenau; SE: Natschbach-Loipersbach; S: Wartmannstetten; W: Ternitz; NW: Würflach
## History
Neunkirchen is one of the oldest settlements in the Vienna Basin. It has been permanently settled since the La Tène culture. There was a Roman settlement from about 30 to 400 AD near the inner city, but its name is unknown. Neunkirchen was first mentioned in 1094 as \"Niuwenchirgun\". The town was given city status in 1920.
## Transportation
Neunkirchen lies on the Südbahn (German: Southern Railway), Cityjet Xpress (CJX9) trains connecting it to Wiener Neustadt, Payerbach-Reichenau, and Vienna in 30 minute intervals.
Neunkirchen also lies on the S6 Semmering Schnellstraße motorway.
## Population
## Personalities
- Anton Burger, Austrian-German commandant of Theresienstadt concentration camp, Nazi SS war criminal, born in Neunkirchen.
- Christian Fuchs, Austrian footballer, born in Neunkirchen.
- Markus Höttinger, Austrian racing driver, born in Neunkirchen.
- Hubert Mara, Austrian computer scientist, born in Neunkirchen.
- Julius Steinfeld, Agudat Yisrael politician, coorganizer of the *Kindertransport*.
- Alfons Maria Stickler, Austrian prelate, born in Neunkirchen
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# Wilfrid Basil Mann
**Wilfrid Basil Mann** (4 August 1908 -- 29 March 2001) was a radionuclide metrologist.
He was born in Ealing, Middlesex in the United Kingdom on 4 August 1908, receiving his doctorate in physics from Imperial College of Science and Technology in London in 1937. He did graduate work during the 1930s in Copenhagen and Berkeley. While at Berkeley he worked with E.O. Lawrence on the cyclotron in the radiation laboratory and was the discoverer of the radioisotope gallium-67, which is still in use in nuclear medicine.
His mentor at Imperial College was George Paget Thomson the British physicist in charge of the Tube Alloys project during the war years (the British nuclear program that was later incorporated into the Manhattan Project). He had Mann assigned to the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. and to the Chalk River Laboratory in Canada. In 1951, Wilfrid Mann came to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) as the head of the Radioactivity Section. For the next 30 years Wilfrid Mann was the most influential radionuclide metrologist in the world.
During the early 1950s, he had a keen interest in the national standards for radium-226 and undertook microcalorimetric experiments to intercompare the national standards (Hönigschmid standards) of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. He retired from NBS in 1980.
Mann was obliged to deny claims that he was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring in his 1982 memoir *Was There A Fifth Man?* Mann had been accused on several occasions of being the \"fifth man,\" based on rumored work at the Embassy and the resemblance between his middle name and the \"Basil\" of investigative journalist Andrew Boyle\'s book *Climate of Treason*. In his memoirs, Mann argued using contemporary correspondence, publications, and verified passport entries that he was incapable of having worked with Donald Maclean in the British Embassy. As part of his hiring at the Bureau of Standards, Mann underwent intense security screening and received a top-level \"Q\" clearance from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Mann died in Towson, Maryland in 2001.
## Books
Mann\'s several texts include *Radioactivity and Its Measurement*, 1980 (Mann, Ayres, and Garfinkel), *A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures*, NCRP Report 58, 1985 edition, and *Radioactivity Measurements: Principles and Practice*, 1988 (Mann, Rytz, and Spernol)
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# Schilling rudder
A **Schilling rudder** is a specific type of profiled rudder used on certain boats and ships. The rudder is typically described as \'shaped like a fishtail\'.
## Concept
The Schilling profile is designed to improve the effective lift generated by the rudder and hence improve the maneuverability of the craft, especially at slow speeds. The rudder is effective in both forward and reverse. It has been claimed that a Schilling rudder *\"combines the highest lateral forces with the best course stability.*
### Use
Like all rudders, the main effect of a Schilling rudder is to deflect the flow of water generated by the propeller. Schilling rudders are most commonly used on ships that are difficult to maneuver, particularly large ships such as container ships and oil tankers, slow-moving ships and boats, longer and narrower ships, or boats with slow-moving propellers.
Additionally, a twin-rudder configuration and/or a bow thruster can significantly contribute to the maneuverability of even the largest ships. When the rudders are at angles of 90 degrees or more to the direction of the propeller generated thrust, they can direct the thrust forward and provide a significant braking effect on the ship.
## Shape
The basic shape is a relatively simple 'fish shape' if viewed from above (as seen in the figure to the right). Also, a pair of flat plates are typically welded to the top and bottom to prevent or minimise the end-effect on the aerofoil and maintain \'lift\'.
The basic principle proportions of a typical Schilling rudder layout are as follows:
- Rounded leading edge
- Maximum width of aerofoil at 20% chord.
- Taper to 60% chord.
- Flat to 80% chord
- Flare to 100%
Or in other words, a bulbous widening for 1/5 of the total length of the rudder blade, with a streamlined narrowing for 2/5 of the length leading to a flat section lasting for around 1/5 of a cord-length, finalizing in a blunt-ended flared trailing edge for the remaining fifth.
The width of the trailing edge should be 33% of the maximum width of the profiles. The width of the end plates to be around twice the maximum width of the rudder.
The height should be similar to the diameter of the propeller, with the chord length being up to 1.2 × propeller diameter. If extreme maneuverability is not required, chord length can be reduced to a minimum of 0.55 × propeller diameter.
Around 40% balance should be provided, aka, rudder in front of the rudder pivot.
The distance from the trailing edge of the propeller to the leading of the rudder should be a minimum of 0.2 × propeller diameter, and the maximum effective angle of operation for a single rudder is 2\*70 degrees.
No information as to the layout or profile design of a twin rudder system is contained within this article.
### Other names {#other_names}
Rudders of the same or similar profile are also referred to as the *MacLear-Thistle* or *Mystic* rudder.
## Alternatives
Alternatives to the Shilling rudder concept include conventional aerofoil shapes, i.e. without the flared end, flap rudders, Kort nozzles and azimuth thrusters
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# Schoonmaker Point
**Schoonmaker Point** is a low-lying landform jutting into San Francisco Bay at Sausalito, California. This area was created by dredge spoils from Richardson Bay during local Marin Shipyards shipbuilding activity during World War II. Schoonmaker Point is situated approximately 1.7 mi south of the Sausalito/Marin City interchange of U.S. Highway 101 immediately north of Bridgeway Boulevard. The Schoonmaker Point Marina is located here, along with a 2.3 acre sand beach.. From Schoonmaker Point there are views of Mount Tamalpais and the San Francisco downtown skyline.
Schoonmaker Point is a readily usable put-in point for kayaks accessing San Francisco Bay. Nearby is situated the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model, a scale model of the San Francisco Bay, capable of simulating the bay hydrology.
A review of historic aerial photography applicable to Schoonmaker Point was conducted by Earth Metrics, evaluating three stereo photograph pairs; the photographs were flown in 1952, 1965, and 1974 by the U.S. Government and are archived by the U.S. Geological Survey. Analysis of the aerial photos showed that, in 1952, the size of Schoonmaker Point was smaller and the site vicinity on Schoonmaker Point was less developed. Schoonmaker Point Marina had not been constructed at this time, and the Bounty Building did not exist at this time. A small parcel to the immediate west of the Schoonmaker Point parking lot had three small structures on it. The buildings presently occupied by Interbay Lumber Hardware to the west of the subject site existed at this time. Clipper Yacht Harbor to the north of Schoonmaker Point had only two piers at this time.
In 1965 the Schoonmaker Point peninsula had been extended to the north and east to its present size and Schoonmaker Point Marina has begun operations in this expanded area. Clipper Yacht Harbor has been expanded by several piers.
All surface runoff and groundwater from Schoonmaker Point drain toward the northeast to San Francisco Bay
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# Stabat Mater (Pärt)
**Stabat Mater** is a musical setting of the Stabat Mater sequence composed by Arvo Pärt in 1985, a commission of the Alban Berg Foundation. The piece is scored for a trio of singers: soprano, alto, and tenor; and a trio of string instruments: violin, viola, and violoncello; it has a duration of approximately 24 minutes. A version with expanded forces (mixed chorus and orchestra) was premiered on 12 June 2008 at the Großer Musikvereinssaal during the Wiener Festwochen 2008 with Kristjan Järvi conducting the Singverein der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien and the Tonkünstler-Orchester Niederösterreich. This new version was commissioned by the Tonkünstler-Orchester. *Stabat Mater* is composed in Pärt\'s characteristic tintinnabuli style (which he has employed nearly exclusively since 1976) in which arpeggiations of a major or minor triad are combined with ascending or descending diatonic scales.
## Structure
The text of the Stabat Mater consists of ten stanzas, in an AABCCB rhyme scheme and a syllabic meter of 887887. The poetic feet are all trochees. This verse form is characteristic of the later metrical sequence. As in several of Pärt\'s works, measure breaks are determined not by regular groupings of beats and stress, but rather by the words themselves. Pärt places dotted lines in the score at line breaks in the poetry, and as in *Passio*, there is usually a rest following any punctuation.
On a large scale, Pärt frames the ten stanzas with a 108-measure introduction and coda nearly identical in structure and musical materials; the vocalists sing only the word \"Amen\". Within these frames, Pärt divides the ten stanzas into four groups, separated by instrumental interludes of a vastly different musical character. The four groups are stanzas 1--2, 3--5, 6--8, and 9--10. This grouping of 2+3+3+2 and its surrounding frame creates a perfectly symmetrical structure. It is possible to measure each of these sections\' lengths in terms of both the measures created by the number of words and the rhythmic groupings of the underlying triple pulse. The chart below represents the proportions by means of the rhythmic groupings. The introduction is exactly the same length as the coda, the 2nd and 3rd interlude are each half the length of the 1st interlude, and stanzas 1--2 and 3--5 are roughly equal to 9--10 and 4--6
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# Jennifer McMahon (writer)
**Jennifer McMahon** (born 1968 in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American novelist who formerly resided in Barre, Vermont and now lives in Montpelier, Vermont. She has a civil union with her partner Drea, and one child, daughter Zella. She is a graduate of Goddard College, and studied poetry at Vermont College.
Her debut novel, *Promise Not to Tell*, was published by Harper Paperbacks (an imprint of HarperCollins) in April 2007. *Promise Not to Tell* was described by *Publishers Weekly* as \"Part mystery-thriller and part ghost story\". It was released in Germany by Rowohlt Verlag, under the title *Das Mädchen im Wald* (The Girl in the Woods), in October 2007. Orion Publishing Group published *Promise Not to Tell* in the United Kingdom in 2008. A French edition and Italian edition have also been released.
Her follow-up suspense novel, *Island of Lost Girls* was published by Harper Paperbacks in April 2008. It was a New York Times Bestseller. It was released in Germany by Rowohlt Verlag, under the title *Die Insel der verlorenen Kinder* (The Island of Lost Children); and in the Netherlands by De Boekerij under the title *Het eiland van de verdwenen meisjes* (The Island of Missing Girls). Sphere, an imprint of Little, Brown, published it in the United Kingdom in September 2009.
Her next book from HarperCollins, *Dismantled*, was published in hardcover in June 2009. It was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award. *Dismantled* has also been released in the UK (under the title *Girl in the Woods*), Germany, and the Netherlands.
In May 2011, McMahon\'s suspense novel, *Don\'t Breathe a Word*, was published, again by HarperCollins.
McMahon also has a book of lesbian teen fiction, entitled *My Tiki Girl*, which was released by Dutton Children\'s (an imprint of Penguin Group) in May 2008. It was included in the American Library Association\'s 2009 Rainbow List
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# Roman Catholic Diocese of Sivagangai
**The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sivagangai** is located at the southeast corner of Bay of Bengal, 45 km east of Madurai city, in Tamil Nadu, India.
## History
It was established on July 25, 1987, bifurcated from the Archdiocese of Madurai. The Most Rev. S. Edward Francis was the First Bishop of the new Diocese and Bp. Jebamalai Susaimanickam succeeded him as the second bishop. On September 21, 2023, The Most Rev. Dr. Lourdu Anandam was announced as the third bishop of the diocese, and his episcopal consecration took place on November 26, 2023.
The territory of the diocese includes two civil districts Ramanathapuram and Sivagangai. `{{as of|2021}}`{=mediawiki}, the total population of the area is 2,502,340 of which the Catholic population is 182,150 (5.8%) and still growing. 20 years after the diocese has 62 parish centers, 734 mission stations about 107 diocesan clergy, 19 religious order priests and over 350 religious men and women serving at various religious and educational institutions in the diocesan region.
## Saints and causes for canonisation {#saints_and_causes_for_canonisation}
- St. John de Britto (1693), the patron saint of the diocese, entered the region as a Jesuit missionary from Europe and became the bedrock of faith for thousands of people. He was beheaded at Oriyur on Feb 4, 1693 by a regional king for preaching about Jesus Christ and establishing churches.
- Servant of God Fr. Louis Marie Leveil, SJ
- Servant of God Fr. Antonio Pietro Criminali
## Bishops
First bishop was Edward Francis who served from 3 Jul 1987 until his retirement on 1 Sep 2005. He was succeeded by Rev Dr Jebamalai Susaimanickam, who served from 1 Sep 2005 until 25 Sep 2020 when he retired. The Most Rev. Dr. Lourdu Anandam is the third and current Bishop, having begun is term in 2023
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# Pitten
**Pitten** is a Market Municipality in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian federal state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Pitten lies in the northern part of the \"Bucklige Welt\".
## Population
Image:Pitten Pfarrhof.JPG\|`{{center|Parsonage}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Pitten Georgi-Stollen 1.JPG\|`{{center|Closed down St
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# FullBlackHabit
***FullBlackHabit*** is the fifth studio album by 16volt, released on June 19, 2007 by Metropolis Records. The album\'s title was directly inspired by the 1987 film *FullMetalJacket*. Early versions of the song \"Suffering You\" previously debuted on the soundtrack to the 2003 PlayStation 2 video game *Primal* and later appeared the band\'s greatest hits album in 2005.
## Reception
Fabryka awarded the *FullBlackHabit* four out of four stars and said \"Eric Powell reconned up with his music fascinations and ideas, to find a golden mean what finally led him to create an album with a variety of songs, modern and fresh but still recognized as a 16volt\'s venture.\" Kristofer Upjohn of Raves gave the album four out of five stars and said \"the textures and rhythms are catchy and the melodic input is finely performed as well.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Adapted from the *FullBlackHabit* liner notes
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# Bi-wiring
**Bi-wiring** is a means of connecting a :loudspeaker to an audio :amplifier, primarily used in hi-fi systems. Normally, there is one pair of connectors on a loudspeaker and a single cable (two conductors) runs from the amplifier output to the terminals at the loudspeaker housing. From this point, connections are made to the loudspeaker drivers -- usually through audio crossover networks.
In bi-wiring, each loudspeaker has two pairs of connectors and two cables are run from the same amplifier output to the speaker cabinet: one for the high frequency or tweeter driver and one for the low-frequency driver (through two separated crossover filters). The purported advantage of this split is that it \"reduces magnetic interaction in the cable, resulting in better sound\". However, technical analysis suggests that while bi-wired arrangements may be expected to have differences from single wired ones, these differences would normally be so small as to have little significance.
Some audiophiles feel that bi-wiring produces an audible improvement over standard single cabling. For example, John Atkinson, writing in *Stereophile*, states that he observes \"subtle but important\" differences, particularly in reduction of treble hardness and improvement in bass control in one review.
Critics of bi-wiring believe that both ways of making speaker connections are electrically equivalent (assuming no difference in speaker cable resistance), and thus cynically refer to the practice as \"buy-wiring\", implying it is nothing more than a marketing gimmick for buying more pairs of speaker wires.
Bi-wiring should not be confused with the hi-fi practice of bi-amping: the use of a separate amplifier for each driver, which brings improved separation of signal frequencies and removes the need for passive crossovers and the degraded efficiency, linearity, and cost that comes with them
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# Cardinal Ritter High School
**Cardinal Ritter High School** is a private, Roman Catholic high school on West 30th Street in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Founded in 1964, it serves the west side of the Indianapolis metropolitan area.
## History
Cardinal Ritter High School opened in 1964, named after Cardinal Joseph E. Ritter, seventh bishop and first archbishop of Indianapolis. Cardinal Ritter was born in 1892, ordained in 1917, and became known for his work in desegregation. In 1938, he ordered all diocese schools to integrate, 16 years before Brown v. Board of Education. He was appointed the first archbishop of Indianapolis in 1944, and two years later was appointed archbishop of St. Louis.
## Community involvement {#community_involvement}
In 2008, service to the west side expanded to include the new \"Rittertown\" initiative. Through \"Rittertown\", Cardinal Ritter High School expanded its Service Learning Program beyond the campus boundaries and into the community surrounding the school. The entire Cardinal Ritter High School family came together with the mayor of Indianapolis, the Indianapolis Colts, and the City of Indianapolis\' Peace in the Streets - Stop the Violence campaign. The idea of \"Rittertown\" is to make this community a better place for its residents to live. It also elevates the legacy of Cardinal Joseph Ritter to its proper place. The students help to make this a reality with service projects in the community. Those projects include: beautification projects in area parks, visits with the elderly at local nursing homes, and English as a Second Language classes for adults in the area. \"Rittertown\" helps to continue to elevate the legacy of Cardinal Joseph Ritter in the city of Indianapolis.
In 2010, the Cardinal Ritter team won the Brain Game; the next year they were runner-up.
## Athletic championships {#athletic_championships}
- Football - 1977, 2003, 2008, 2013, 2016
- Baseball - 2017
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- John Andretti (\'81) professional racecar driver
- Devin Moore (\'04) professional football player
- Sarah Bacon (\'15) diver, 2020 Olympics, 2024 Silver Medalist
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# Rape on the Installment Plan
***Rape on the Installment Plan*** is the first album by The Heroine Sheiks. It was released on September 20, 2000, by Reptilian Records.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic wrote that \"from this radioactive sea-foam of New York art-scum noise \-- from guitarist Norman Westberg \-- and left-field Midwestern acid-damaged punk rock \-- from vocalist Shannon Selberg \-- comes a wacko, purely crystallized noise rock revival album
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# Peter Fox (footballer)
**Peter Fox** (born 5 July 1957) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Barnsley, Exeter City, Sheffield Wednesday and Stoke City.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Fox was born in Scunthorpe and began his career with Sheffield Wednesday, making his debut aged just 15 years 8 months, a club record in a 2--0 victory over Leyton Orient. Unfortunately for Fox he broke his toe that day and was unable to cement his place in the first team. Following the arrival of Jack Charlton as manager in October 1977, Fox found himself in the reserves, Charlton liked big keepers who could kick the ball long into the opponents half. After spending time out on loan at Barnsley and a summer in the NASL with Team Hawaii, Stoke City paid £15,000 to sign Fox.
After spending the 1978--79 season in the reserves, Fox took over from Roger Jones as number 1 in April 1980 as Stoke battled against relegation. He kept two clean sheets in the final two games which City won to stay up. Taking advice from the experienced Denis Smith Fox was ever present for Stoke in 1980--81 and 1983--84 as he won the player of the year award in 1980--81, 1981--82 and 1989--90. Throughout his 15 years at the Victoria Ground Fox had to fight off competition and almost quit football after he felt he had been branded a cheat after being sent-off for handling outside of his area against Luton Town in September 1982. He was out injured for most of the awful 1984--85 season which saw Stoke relegated with a record low points tally. He was given a testimonial against Everton in 1989 and was appointed captain by Alan Ball in early 1990.
He lost his place under new manager Lou Macari in 1991--92 with Jason Kearton and Ronnie Sinclair being preferred. However, with both being cup-tied, Fox played in the 1992 Football League Trophy Final as Stoke beat Stockport County 1--0. He spent the autumn of 1992 on loan at Northern Irish club Linfield. He was recalled in October 1992 and made his long-awaited 400th league appearance for Stoke. Fox joined Wrexham on loan, but didn\'t make an appearance as he was again recalled by Stoke to play in the last few matches of the 1992--93 promotion campaign. He was released on a free after making 477 appearances for Stoke and joined Alan Ball at Exeter City. He was named as the Devon side\'s Player of the Season for 1994 and 1995.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
Following his release aged 36, he joined Exeter City, initially as player-coach, being made manager in 1995 after the departure of Terry Cooper. His time at the helm at Exeter was one of consistent mid-table mediocrity. The club was never in any serious relegation danger, however. He left St James Park in January 2000, replaced by his assistant Noel Blake.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His son, David Fox, is also a professional footballer. Fox was taken to court in July 2015 by former Stoke youth-team player George Blackstock who alleged that in the 1980s Fox assaulted and humiliated him in \'dressing-room pranks\'. Fox was cleared of the claims in October 2015
| 539 |
Peter Fox (footballer)
| 0 |
11,058,569 |
# Prigglitz
**Prigglitz** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
| 18 |
Prigglitz
| 0 |
11,058,621 |
# Pelagia of Tarsus
**Pelagia** (*Πελαγία*; `{{abbr|d.|died}}`{=mediawiki} early 4th century), distinguished as **Pelagia of Tarsus** and **Pelagia the Martyr** (*Πελαγία ἡ Μάρτυς*, *Pelagía ē Mártys*), was a legendary Christian saint and martyr who lived in Tarsus in Cilicia (southeastern Asia Minor) during the reign of Roman emperor Diocletian. Originally, her feast day was celebrated on **October 8**, in common with Saints Pelagia the Virgin & Pelagia the Harlot, both of Antioch.
## Legend
According to tradition, Diocletian\'s son, the heir to the throne, fell in love with her and wanted to marry Pelagia. She replied that she could not, because she had sworn to preserve her virginity and was wedded to Christ. In his sorrow, Diocletian\'s son committed suicide. Pelagia was sent to Rome by her pagan mother, where Diocletian asked her to become his wife. She refused, calling the emperor insane. She was then burnt to death, and her flesh melted and smells of myrrh pervaded throughout Rome. By some versions, she was burned within a brazen bull. The story concludes by relating that the pagans sent four lions to surround her bones, but instead they protected her bones from vultures and crows until a Christian bishop could recover them.
## History
There is little historical base to the story, as Diocletian had a daughter Valeria but no sons---a fact of considerable importance to the history of his reign. However, he did carry out the last intensive persecution of Christians in Roman history, many of whose victims were indeed burned alive. Thus, Pelagia might have been an actual martyr of that time, even if under different circumstances than those recounted in the later story.`{{fact|date=September 2015}}`{=mediawiki} More probably, commemorations of the historical martyr Pelagia at Tarsus were probably embellished and given a local setting at some point.
Constantine the Great built a church on the reputed site of her remains
| 310 |
Pelagia of Tarsus
| 0 |
11,058,628 |
# Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games
**Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games** in Rio de Janeiro was held over a ten-day period beginning on July 15 and culminating with the medal finals on July 24 and July 25. All games were played at the Círculo Militar Deodoro. Each team was allowed to enter a maximum of sixteen athletes. The winner of each tournament qualified to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
Argentina were the reigning Pan American Games champions in both the men\'s and women\'s competitions. The men failed to defend their title, losing to Canada 5--4 in a penalty shoot-out in the final. The women defeated the United States 4--2 in the final, winning the tournament for the 6th time.
## Medal summary {#medal_summary}
### Medal table {#medal_table}
### Events
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| Men\ | \ | \ | \ |
| `{{DetailsLink|Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games – Men's tournament}}`{=mediawiki} | Ranjeev Deol\ | Mario Almada\ | Matias Amoroso\ |
| | Wayne Fernandes\ | Lucas Argento Innocente\ | Mathias Anwandter\ |
| | Connor Grimes\ | Tomás Argento Innocente\ | Felipe Casanova\ |
| | David Jameson\ | Ignacio Bergner\ | Thomas Kannegeisser\ |
| | Ranvinder Kahlon\ | Mariano Chao\ | Sebastian Kapsch\ |
| | Michael Mahood\ | Juan Ignacio Gilardi\ | Ian Koppenberger\ |
| | Matthew Peck\ | Pedro Ibarra\ | Esteban Krainz\ |
| | Ken Pereira\ | Jorge Lombi\ | Pablo Kuhlenthal\ |
| | Scott Sandison\ | Matías Paredes\ | Luis Felipe Montegu\ |
| | Marian Schole\ | Lucas Rey\ | Cristobal Rodriguez\ |
| | Peter Short\ | Matías Rey\ | Mauro Scaff\ |
| | Rob Short\ | Lucas Rossi\ | Martín Sotomayor\ |
| | Sukhwinder Singh\ | Lucas Vila\ | Alan Stien\ |
| | Scott Tupper\ | Rodrigo Vila\ | Alfredo Thiermann\ |
| | Paul Wettlaufer\ | Juan Manuel Vivaldi\ | Gabriel Thiermann\ |
| | Anthony Wright | Fernando Zylberberg | Matias Vogel |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| Women\ | \ | \ | \ |
| `{{DetailsLink|Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games – Women's tournament}}`{=mediawiki} | Gabriela Aguirre\ | Kate Barber\ | Anika de Haas\ |
| | Magdalena Aicega\ | Kayla Bashore\ | Anne Maaike Elsen\ |
| | Luciana Aymar\ | Lauren Crandall\ | Jamaine Festen\ |
| | Noel Barrionuevo\ | Rachel Dawson\ | Maria Hinskens\ |
| | Agustina Bouza\ | Sarah Dawson\ | Floortje Joosten\ |
| | Claudia Burkart\ | Kelly Doton\ | Ilse Luirink\ |
| | Mariana González Oliva\ | Katelyn Falgowski\ | Theresia Noorlander\ |
| | Alejandra Gulla\ | Michelle Kasold\ | Juliette Plantenga\ |
| | Giselle Kañevsky\ | Melissa Leonetti\ | Pauline Roels\ |
| | Rosario Luchetti\ | Carrie Lingo\ | Ernestina Schreuder\ |
| | Daniela Maloberti\ | Angela Loy\ | Marlieke van de Pas\ |
| | Mercedes Margalot\ | Lauren Powley\ | Sanne van Donk\ |
| | Carla Rebecchi\ | Dana Sensenig\ | Sophie van Noort\ |
| | Marine Russo\ | Keli Smith\ | Nienke van Ruiten\ |
| | Belen Succi\ | Tiffany Snow\ | Kiona Wellens\ |
| | Paola Vukojicic | Amy Tran | Eva Wiedijk |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------+
| 547 |
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| 0 |
11,058,628 |
# Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games
## Men\'s tournament {#mens_tournament}
### Qualification
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+--------------------------+
| Date | Event | Location | Quotas | Qualifier(s) |
+=====================+===========================================+===================================+========+==========================+
| Host nation | | | 1 | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+--------------------------+
| 21--28 April 2004 | 2004 Pan American Cup | Bridgetown, Barbados | 2 | \ |
| | | | | `{{fh|ANT}}`{=mediawiki} |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+--------------------------+
| 20--29 July 2006 | 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 2 | \ |
| | | | | `{{fh|TTO}}`{=mediawiki} |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+--------------------------+
| 9--19 November 2006 | 2006 South American Games | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 2 | \ |
| | | | | `{{fh|CHL}}`{=mediawiki} |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+--------------------------+
| 8--11 March 2007 | Qualification Event | Hamilton, Bermuda | 1 | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+--------------------------+
| Total | | | 8 | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+--------------------------+
### Preliminary round {#preliminary_round}
#### Pool A {#pool_a}
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[PAHF](http://www.panamhockey.org/eng/compet/2007/2007pag/index.htm)
\|team1=ARG \|team2=TTO \|team3=CUB \|team4=BRA
\|win_ARG=3 \|draw_ARG=0 \|loss_ARG=0 \|gf_ARG=30 \|ga_ARG=1 \|win_BRA=0 \|draw_BRA=0 \|loss_BRA=3 \|gf_BRA=1 \|ga_BRA=36 \|status_BRA=H \|win_CUB=1 \|draw_CUB=0 \|loss_CUB=2 \|gf_CUB=10 \|ga_CUB=6 \|win_TTO=2 \|draw_TTO=0 \|loss_TTO=1 \|gf_TTO=11 \|ga_TTO=9
\|name_ARG=`{{fh|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_BRA=`{{fh|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_CUB=`{{fh|CUB}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_TTO=`{{fh|TTO}}`{=mediawiki}
\|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
\|result1=Q \|result2=Q
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_Q=green1 \|text_Q=Semi-finals }}
#### Pool B {#pool_b}
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[PAHF](http://www.panamhockey.org/eng/compet/2007/2007pag/index.htm)
\|team1=CAN \|team2=CHL \|team3=ANT \|team4=USA
\|win_CAN=2 \|draw_CAN=1 \|loss_CAN=0 \|gf_CAN=6 \|ga_CAN=2 \|win_CHL=2 \|draw_CHL=0 \|loss_CHL=1 \|gf_CHL=4 \|ga_CHL=4 \|win_ANT=1 \|draw_ANT=0 \|loss_ANT=2 \|gf_ANT=3 \|ga_ANT=5 \|win_USA=0 \|draw_USA=1 \|loss_USA=2 \|gf_USA=4 \|ga_USA=6
\|name_CAN=`{{fh|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_CHL=`{{fh|CHL}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_ANT=`{{fh|ANT}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_USA=`{{fh|USA}}`{=mediawiki}
\|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
\|result1=Q \|result2=Q
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_Q=green1 \|text_Q=Semi-finals }}
### Classification round {#classification_round}
#### Fifth to eighth place classification {#fifth_to_eighth_place_classification}
#### First to fourth place classification {#first_to_fourth_place_classification}
### Final standings {#final_standings}
Rank \|Team
------ --------
4
5
6
7
8
Qualified for the Summer Olympics
| 293 |
Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games
| 1 |
11,058,628 |
# Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games
## Women\'s tournament {#womens_tournament}
### Qualification {#qualification_1}
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------------+
| Date | Event | Location | Quotas | Qualifier(s) |
+=====================+===========================================+===================================+========+============================+
| Host nation | | | 1 | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------------+
| 21--28 April 2004 | 2004 Pan American Cup | Bridgetown, Barbados | 3 | \ |
| | | | | `{{fhw|USA}}`{=mediawiki}\ |
| | | | | `{{fhw|URU}}`{=mediawiki} |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------------+
| 20--29 July 2006 | 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 2 | \ |
| | | | | `{{fhw|ANT}}`{=mediawiki} |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------------+
| 9--19 November 2006 | 2006 South American Games | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 2 | \ |
| | | | | `{{fhw|CHL}}`{=mediawiki} |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------------+
| Total | | | 8 | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------------+
### Preliminary round {#preliminary_round_1}
#### Pool A {#pool_a_1}
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[PAHF](http://www.panamhockey.org/eng/compet/2007/2007pag/index.htm)
\|team1=ARG \|team2=CHL \|team3=URU \|team4=BRA
\|win_ARG=3 \|draw_ARG=0 \|loss_ARG=0 \|gf_ARG=29 \|ga_ARG=1 \|win_BRA=0 \|draw_BRA=0 \|loss_BRA=3 \|gf_BRA=0 \|ga_BRA=38 \|status_BRA=H \|win_CHL=2 \|draw_CHL=0 \|loss_CHL=1 \|gf_CHL=16 \|ga_CHL=2 \|win_URU=1 \|draw_URU=0 \|loss_URU=2 \|gf_URU=8 \|ga_URU=12
\|name_ARG=`{{fhw|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_BRA=`{{fhw|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_CHL=`{{fhw|CHL}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_URU=`{{fhw|URU}}`{=mediawiki}
\|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
\|result1=Q \|result2=Q
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_Q=green1 \|text_Q=Semi-finals }}
#### Pool B {#pool_b_1}
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[PAHF](http://www.panamhockey.org/eng/compet/2007/2007pag/index.htm)
\|team1=USA \|team2=ANT \|team3=CUB \|team4=CAN
\|win_USA=3 \|draw_USA=0 \|loss_USA=0 \|gf_USA=17 \|ga_USA=1 \|win_ANT=1 \|draw_ANT=1 \|loss_ANT=1 \|gf_ANT=2 \|ga_ANT=4 \|win_CUB=1 \|draw_CUB=1 \|loss_CUB=1 \|gf_CUB=3 \|ga_CUB=8 \|win_CAN=0 \|draw_CAN=0 \|loss_CAN=3 \|gf_CAN=1 \|ga_CAN=10
\|name_USA=`{{fhw|USA}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_ANT=`{{fhw|ANT}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_CUB=`{{fhw|CUB}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_CAN=`{{fhw|CAN}}`{=mediawiki}
\|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result
| 244 |
Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games
| 2 |
11,058,639 |
# Moerbrugge
**Moerbrugge** is a village in the Belgian province of West Flanders, in the municipality of Oostkamp. It was the site of a bridgehead that the Canadian 4th Armoured Division used to cross the Ghent-Bruges Canal during the Battle of the Scheldt on 10 September 1944
| 47 |
Moerbrugge
| 0 |
11,058,644 |
# Pedro Segura y Sáenz
**Pedro Segura y Sáenz** (4 December 1880 -- 8 April 1957) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Toledo from 1927 to 1931, and Archbishop of Seville from 1937 until 1954. Segura was elevated to the cardinalate in 1927.
## Biography
Born in Carazo in 1880, Pedro Segura y Sáenz attended the seminary in Burgos and the Pontifical University of Comillas before being ordained to the priesthood on 9 June 1906. He then did pastoral work in Burgos, at whose seminary he also taught. In 1912, Segura was made a professor at the Pontifical University of Valladolid, of which he was also Prefect of Studies, and a cathedral canon. He also served in the archdiocesan curia, including holding the post of Director of Works.
On 14 March 1916 Segura was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Valladolid and Titular Bishop of *Apollonia*. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 13 June from Cardinal José Cos y Macho, with Bishops Vicente Sánchez de Castro and Julián de Diego y García Alcolea serving as co-consecrators. He became Bishop of Coria on 10 July 1920. After being promoted to Archbishop of Burgos on 20 December 1926, Segura was named Archbishop of Toledo by Pope Pius XI on 19 December 1927. In virtue of his position as Archbishop of Toledo, he was also Primate of Spain.
Segura was created Cardinal-Priest of *Santa Maria in Trastevere* by Pope Pius in the consistory of 19 December the same year. As he could not attend the actual ceremony, he later received his red hat personally from Pius on 28 October 1929. In July 1931, the Primate was sent into exile in France by the Republican government he had publicly denounced while extolling the monarchy. He resigned as Toledo\'s archbishop on the following 26 September and was made Archbishop of Seville on 14 September 1937 on the death of Navarrese Cardinal Eustaquio Ilundain y Esteban. The Cardinal was one of the electors who participated in the 1939 papal conclave, which selected Pope Pius XII.
A staunch conservative, Segura upheld the Church\'s teaching in the December 1864 Syllabus of Errors by Pope Pius IX, condemning separation of Church and state, especially opposing toleration of Protestants, and condemned the belief \"that all religions are equally acceptable in the presence of God\". He also described the Inquisition as \"meritorious\", and prohibited Sevillian Catholics from attending movies and dances. He likewise opposed giving the vote to the 5,000,000 women in Spain over the age of 21.
Late in his administration, a series of pamphlets were distributed which were seen as attacking Segura\'s enemies, who were considered to include the Pope and the Spanish nuncio. Segura was considered to have been the source of the pamphlets. The Holy See applauded the Chapter of Seville Cathedral\'s condemnation of these leaflets. The appointment of José Bueno y Monreal as coadjutor archbishop by the Vatican was seen as response to the publication of the pamphlets. In November 1954 Segura was recalled from his position by the Vatican but refused to leave the Archiepiscopal Palace and had to be removed by police.
The author Laurie Lee on page 40 of his book *A Rose for Winter*, describes a mass he attended in 1949 at Seville Cathedral which was presided over by the Archbishop.
Segura died from a kidney ailment in Madrid, at age 76. He is buried in Cerro del Sagrado Corazón
| 576 |
Pedro Segura y Sáenz
| 0 |
11,058,652 |
# Raach am Hochgebirge
**Raach am Hochgebirge** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
| 22 |
Raach am Hochgebirge
| 0 |
11,058,659 |
# Before the Revolution
***Before the Revolution*** (*\'\'\'Prima della rivoluzione\'\'\'*) is a 1964 Italian drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. It stars Adriana Asti and Francesco Barilli and is centred on \"political and romantic uncertainty among the youth of Parma\". It premiered on 12 May 1964 at the 17th Cannes Film Festival during the International Critics\' Week.
## Plot
In Parma in 1962, Fabrizio, a young student who has turned his interest to the aims of the Italian Communist Party, struggles with his middle class roots, questioning his engagement to Clelia, who is from the same social background and not interested in ideological concerns. He has a serious discussion with his best friend Agostino, who tells him of his hatred for his parents\' way of life and is caught between relying on the Catholicism of his parents and the Marxist ideas touted by Fabrizio. Fabrizio urges Agostino to meet school teacher Cesare, who had helped him sharpen his own political beliefs.
Fabrizio\'s aunt Gina, his mother\'s younger sister from Milan and only slightly older than him, moves in with the family. Shortly after, Fabrizio is shocked to learn of Agostino\'s drowning in the Po River. He interviews local youths who were there when it happened and becomes convinced that Agostino committed suicide. Fabrizio imagines that his friend\'s hatred for his parents was really hatred of himself.
Fabrizio and Gina start an affair. He introduces her to Cesare, and they read from various philosophical works and reflect on Italy\'s fascist past. Gina believes that she is in love with Fabrizio but does not tell him, convinced that their relationship will not last. She has a nightly phone conversation with an unseen person whom she addresses as \"doctor\". Increasingly hysterical, she talks about her inability to sleep and her constant anxieties, and blames her collocutor for sending her away to Parma as a possible means to get rid of her.
A few days later, Fabrizio runs into Gina who is just coming out of a hotel with a man whom she had a short sexual encounter with. Fabrizio leaves angrily. Later that night, Gina soothes Fabrizio, telling him how glad she is that he is still not a mature man with a wife and family.
Fabrizio, Gina and Cesare meet with Puck, an old lover and friend of Gina\'s who has been living off land owned by his father his entire life and has never held a job. Facing bankruptcy and an uncertain future, he laments the changing times. When Fabrizio confronts him with his habitual attitude, Gina slaps Fabrizio for insulting Puck. Soon after, she returns to Milan.
At a communist rally in Parma\'s Parco Ducale, Fabrizio hints to Cesare his disillusionment with the party\'s ideas. Some time later, he marries Clelia, retaining the ties with his social milieu. At the wedding celebration, Gina is seen repeatedly kissing Fabrizio\'s younger brother Antonio.
## Cast
- Adriana Asti as Gina
- Francesco Barilli as Fabrizio
- Allen Midgette as Agostino
- Morando Morandini as Cesare
- Cristina Pariset as Clelia
- Cecrope Barilli as Puck
- Evelina Alpi as the little girl
- Gianni Amico as a friend
- Goliardo Padova as the painter
## Background and production {#background_and_production}
The title of the film is derived from a saying by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord: \"Only those who lived before the revolution knew how sweet life could be\". The names of some of the characters in the film are the same as those in Stendhal\'s novel *The Charterhouse of Parma*: The book\'s principal character and narrator, Fabrice del Dongo, is now Fabrizio, his aunt Gina Sanseverina is Gina, and Clélia Conti is Clelia.
The film, strongly influenced by the French New Wave, was shot between September and November 1963. The shooting took place in Parma and its surroundings, one scene being filmed in the *camera ottica* (optical chamber) at the Sanvitale Fortress in Fontanellato.
| 651 |
Before the Revolution
| 0 |
11,058,659 |
# Before the Revolution
## Themes
Like Marco Bellocchio\'s *Fists in the Pocket* (*I pugni in tasca*), which was released the following year, *Before the Revolution* is considered a precursor of the protests of 1968. Luana Ciavola, author of *Revolutionary Desire in Italian Cinema*, writes that like *I pugni in tasca*, the film gives the impression of coming from within the bourgeoisie, but at the same time being against it, although notes that the way it approaches revolt differs. She writes of it: `{{blockquote|In ''Prima della rivoluzione'' the revolt of the protagonist finds support in political commitment. Sustained by an erotic desire, the revolt is fostered by the political ideology that provies a ''raison d'etre'' as well as a symbolic terrain through which to articulate the revolt. Even more, the ideology, embodied by Cesare, provides Fabrizio with a superior meaning with which to confront and shape his rebel self. Through ideology, Fabrizio spells out and clarifies his course of revolt and singularity of rebel subject, and eventually his desire for revolt.<ref name="Ciavola2011"/>}}`{=mediawiki} David Jenkins, the critic from *TimeOut*, notes that as in \"all of Bertolucci\'s movies, there\'s a central conflict between the \'radical\' impulses and a pessimistic (and/or willing) capitulation to the mainstream of bourgeois society and culture\".
Eugene Archer of *The New York Times* writes that Bertolucci attempted a \"symbolic autobiography\" in his classical construction of the film. He highlights loss and defeat as notable themes, with the failure at love symbolizing \"a death of the past, an angst-ridden sense of futility in any kind of revolutionary striving, whether emotional, political or merely intellectual, amid the defeat of contemporary society\". Peter Bradshaw of *The Guardian* notes that the film displays a \"distinctively patrician concern with Catholicism and Marxism\". One critic notes how \"Bertolucci uses poetic sounds and images to try to communicate emotions and ideas, rather than plot, such as in the disturbing final scene where Fabrizio and Clelia\'s wedding is intercut with Cesare reading *Moby-Dick* to a class of youngsters, as a tearful Gina hugs and kisses\".
| 339 |
Before the Revolution
| 1 |
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