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# Before the Revolution ## Release and reception {#release_and_reception} *Before the Revolution* premiered on 12 May 1964 at the 17th Cannes Film Festival during the International Critics\' Week. Although it is now seen as belonging to the Italian Nouvelle Vague, *Before the Revolution* did not attract large audiences in Italy where it only received lukewarm approval from most of the critics. It did however enjoy an enthusiastic reception abroad. It has since become widely acclaimed by critics, and praised for its technical merit, although generally not viewed quite as well as some of Bertolucci\'s later films, due to his youth and lack of experience at the time. The film is cited as \"one of the masterpieces of Italian cinema\" by Film4, and it is featured in the book *1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die*, where Colin MacCabe refers to it as \"the perfect portrait of the generation who were to embrace revolt in the late 1960s, and a stunning portrait of Parma---Bertolucci\'s own city\". As of May 2015, it has a 92% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews. A retrospective of the film was given at the BFI Southbank in London. Eugene Archer of *The New York Times* notes that Bertolucci used many cinematic references in the film to Italian and French realist master directors such as Roberto Rossellini and Alain Resnais, and managed to \"assimilate a high degree of filmic and literary erudition into a distinctively personal visual approach\", showing \"outstanding promise\" as a filmmaker. David Jenkins of *TimeOut*, was less favorable, and stated that although it is a \"leisurely, verbose and stylish film made by thinkers for thinkers, the film \"feels like it's caught between two stools: it lacks the acute social observation found in Bertolucci's stunning debut, *The Grim Reaper* (1963), but it also fails to achieve the levels of free-flowing fizz displayed in his follow-up, *Partner* (1968)\". He did, however, praise \"the virtuoso camerawork, Ennio Morricone's rippling score and the melancholy reminder that for the young and politically engaged, the 'revolution' is always just over the horizon\". Critic John Simon called *Before the Revolution* \"murky, pretentious, and juvenile\"
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# Peonidin **Peonidin** is an O-methylated anthocyanidin derived from Cyanidin, and a primary plant pigment. Peonidin gives purplish-red hues to flowers such as the peony, from which it takes its name, and roses. It is also present in some blue flowers, such as the morning glory. Like most anthocyanidins, it is pH sensitive, and changes from red to blue as pH rises because anthocyanidins are highly conjugated chromophores. When the pH is changed, the extent of the conjugation (of the double bonds) is altered, which alters the wavelength of light energy absorbed by the molecule. (Natural anthocyanidins are most stable in a very low pH environment; at pH 8.0, most become colorless.) At pH 2.0, peonidin is cherry red; at 3.0 a strong yellowish pink; at 5.0 it is grape red-purple; and at 8.0 it becomes deep blue; unlike many anthocyanidins, however, it is stable at higher pH, and has been isolated as a blue colorant from the brilliant \"Heavenly Blue\" morning glory (*Ipomoea tricolor Cav cv*). Because of its unusual color stability, a cafeyl-acylated buffered formulation of it has been patented for use as food coloring. Peonidin, like many anthocyanidins, has shown potent inhibitory and apoptotic effects on cancer cells *in vitro*, notably metastatic human breast cancer cells. A very large question, however, has been raised about anthocyanidins\' penetration and retention in human cells *in vivo*, due to their rapid elimination from the human body. By far the greatest dietary source of peonidin is raw cranberries, which contain 42 mg per 100 g of fruit. Blueberries, plums, grapes, and cherries also contain significant amounts, ranging from 5 to 12 mg/100 g. Only fresh fruit has been shown to contain significant peonidin; frozen blueberries have been shown to contain almost none. Peonidin has been found in concentrations of up to 40 mg per 100 g (cooked) of certain cultivars of purple fleshed sweet potatoes; the amount of peonidin varies greatly across cultivars. It has also been isolated from raw black rice and black bananas. The higher level of peonidin in fresh fruit corresponds to the rule of thumb that more natural fruit is healthier. Specifically, the amount of phenolic compounds in cranberries has been found to be inversely correlated with fruit size and crop yield
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# Victor Fatio **Victor Fatio** (28 November 1838 -- 19 March 1906), was a Swiss zoologist. He was a bird conservationist, noting the value of birds in pest control in agriculture. He was involved in organizing the first anti-phylloxera congress in Lauxanne in 1877. ## Biography Fatio was born as **Victor Fatio de Beaumont** in Geneva to lawyer Gustave Fatio de Beaumont and Suzanne Françoise. His interest in animals was aroused in childhood, when he was accompanied his father on hunting trips. Fatio studied physiology in Zurich, Berlin and Leipzig where he studied under Ernst Heinrich and Eduard Weber to receive the degree of a Doctor of Philosophy with a thesis titled *De avium corpore pneumatic* (1860). In 1861 however, he almost forgot his physiology knowledge due to a typhoid fever illness. After his recovery he went to Paris in 1862 to participate in the courses of Henri Milne-Edwards (1800--1885) and Claude Bernard at the Muséum national d\'histoire naturelle, where he studied zoology. He also studied zoology at Zurich under Oswald Heer and Heinrich Frey. Fatio married Anne Germaine, daughter of banker Alphone Turrettini in 1865. When Phylloxera invaded Switzerland in 1874, Fatio made extensive studies and initiated the world\'s first congress for the prevention of the grapevine pest which took place in Lausanne in 1877. The results of his studies and the congress were published in his work *État de la question phylloxérique en Europe en 1877* in 1878. Furthermore, he wrote several publications about *Phylloxera* in Switzerland and in Savoy. Between 1869 and 1904 he worked on the *Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse* was released, a comprehensive work with six volumes about the mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish species of Switzerland. Together with Théophile Rudolphe Studer (1845--1922), Victor Fatio published the *Catalogue des oiseaux de la Suisse* (\"Catalog of the Swiss birds\"), of which only the first three booklets were released between 1889 and 1901. Further sixteen volumes were released by other editors until 1956. Fatio described several animal species including the Albock (*Coregonus wartmanni alpinus*, later reclassified as full species *Coregonus fatioi* by Maurice Kottelat in 1997), the Pfarrig (*Coregonus confusus*), the Autumn brienzlig (*Coregonus albellus*), or the Alpine pine vole (*Microtus multiplex*).
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# Victor Fatio ## Publications Fatio\'s publications include: - *Instructions sommaires à l\'usage des Commissions centrales d\'étude et de vigilance du Phylloxera des départements de la Savoie et de la Haute-Savoie.* Chambéry, Ménard, 1877. C\'est un opuscule destiné à permettre de reconnaître les premières attaques du phylloxéra. - *Die Phylloxera (Reblaus). Kurzgefaßte Anweisungen zum Gebrauche für die kantonalen und eidgenössischen Experten in der Schweiz*. Ins Deutsche übertragen von H. Krämer. Aarau, 2. Aufl. 1879 - *[Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Suisse -- 1: Rapaces diurnes](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49570#page/9/mode/1up)* / par V. Fatio et D. Studer. 1889 - *[Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Suisse -- 2: Hiboux et Fissirostres](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49594#page/11/mode/1up)* / par V. Fatio et Th. Studer. 1894 - *[Catalogue de Oiseaux de la Suisse -- 3:](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49598#page/9/mode/1up)* *Saxicolinae et Motacillidae.* - *Des diverses modifications dans les formes et la coloration des plumes*. (Tiré des Memoires\...de Genève tome XVIII, 2ème partie). 1866 - *Les campagnols du bassin du Léman*. 1867 - *Importance d\'une assurance mutuelle contre le Phylloxera dans le canton de Genève*. 1879 - *Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse -- Histoire naturelle des Mammifères*. Genève et Bâle. H. Georg, 1869 - *Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse -- Histoire naturelle des reptiles et des batraciens.*. Genève et Bâle. H. Georg, 1872 - *Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse -- Histoire naturelle des Poissons. Part I.*. Genève et Bâle. H. Georg, 1882 - *Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse -- Histoire naturelle des Poissons. IIme partie. Physostomes (suite et fin), Anacanthiens, Chondrostéens, Cyclostomes.*. Genève et Bâle. H. Georg, 1890 - *Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse -- Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux Ie Partie*. Genève et Bâle. H. Georg, 1899 - *Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse -- Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux IIe Partie*. Genève et Bâle. H
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# Girl with Green Eyes ***Girl with Green Eyes*** is a 1964 British romantic drama film directed by Desmond Davis and starring Peter Finch, Rita Tushingham, Lynn Redgrave and Julian Glover. Adapted by Edna O\'Brien from her novel *The Lonely Girl*, the film tells the story of a young, naive country girl\'s romance with a sophisticated older man. As the film is in black and white, the green eyes are never seen. The film studies the blossoming relationship between a young girl and a man twice her age. ## Plot Kate Brady, a young girl just out of convent school, moves from her family home in the rural Irish countryside to Dublin, where she works in a grocery shop and rooms with her friend and schoolmate, Baba Brennan. The girls go dancing at clubs and date young men they meet, but the down-to-earth Baba is more socially adept than shy, romantic Kate. On a ride to the countryside with one of Baba\'s boyfriends, the girls meet Eugene Gaillard, a sophisticated middle-aged author. Kate is attracted to him, and when she happens to see him again in a Dublin bookshop, uncharacteristically approaches him and strikes up a conversation. A friendship, and later a romantic relationship, develops between Kate and Eugene despite their age difference. Although clearly in love, and happy to join him in bed, she is unable to have sex. The repeated inability to have sex with Eugene starts to take its toll. The relationship worsens on her discovery that he is married with a child, although separated from his wife who has gone to the United States to obtain a divorce. When Kate\'s father learns that his daughter is seeing a married man and thus apparently committing adultery, he and his friends go to Dublin and force Kate to return to his rural home. She sneaks out on the first morning but is waylaid by a cowhand. Later when the priest begins to lecture her she runs off. She returns to Eugene. Kate\'s father and his friends appear unexpectedly and punch Eugene in the face, but are driven off by his no-nonsense housekeeper Josie, who fires a shotgun at the ceiling and threatens them with the second barrel, forcing them to leave. Kate and Eugene then finally succeed in consummating their relationship. He buys her a ring and Kate treats it as a wedding ring. She starts wearing make-up and wearing her hair up, looking much more sophisticated. She tells a stranger \"I got married today\". They live together for a time. Eventually, Kate becomes unhappy as Eugene does not share her Catholic beliefs, his friends do not regard Kate seriously, and he continues to correspond with his estranged wife, for whom he still has some feelings. When Eugene\'s wife sends a plane ticket Kate gives him an ultimatum to choose but he does not react as she wishes and it is the beginning of the end. Kate leaves Eugene and returns to Baba, who is packing to move to London. She invites Kate to come along with her. Kate hopes that Eugene will come after her and she looks expectantly at the people on the dock edge as they sail off. He does not appear. Instead he sends word through Baba that their break-up is probably for the best. He wishes he had been younger or she had been more mature. Kate narrates explaining that she has changed and that she goes to night school. She meets \"different people, different men\". ## Cast - Rita Tushingham as Kate Brady - Lynn Redgrave as Baba Brennan - Peter Finch as Eugene Gaillard - Marie Kean as Josie Hannigan - Arthur O\'Sullivan as James Brady - Julian Glover as Malachi Sullivan - T. P. McKenna as Father Brown the priest - Lislott Goettinger as Joanna - Pat Laffan as Bertie Counihan - Eileen Crowe as Mrs. Byrne - May Craig as Aunt - Joe Lynch as Andy Devlin - Yolande Turner as Mary Maguire - Harry Brogan as Jack Holland - Michael Hennessey as Davey - Joe O\'Donnell as Patrick Devlin - Micheal O\'Briain as Lodger - David Kelly as Ticket Collector
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# Girl with Green Eyes ## Critical reception {#critical_reception} In his 1964 review in *The New York Times*, critic Bosley Crowther compliments the film\'s overall structure and tone, especially with regard to the leading actors\' simply presented but evocative portrayals of emotion:`{{quote|''Girl with Green Eyes'' is another of those remarkably fresh and natural films that have come from the Woodfall organisation, which is sparked by [[wikt:Special:Search/protean|protean]] Tony Richardson and which has given us such a dazzling range of pictures as ''[[A Taste of Honey (film)|A Taste of Honey]]'', ''[[The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (film)|Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner]]'' and ''[[Tom Jones (1963 film)|Tom Jones]]''. While it is not as ambitious or extensive as any of those, it is a wonderfully tender, touching and humorous little drama of a lonely Irish girl.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/screen-girl-with-green-eyes-arrives.html|title=Screen: 'Girl With Green Eyes' Arrives|date=11 August 1964|work=The New York Times}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}Similarly, in its contemporary assessment of the film, the American trade publication *Variety* describes it as having \"the smell of success\" and characterises Desmond Davis as a director who \"is imaginative, prepared to take chances and has the sympathy to draw perceptive performances from his cast\"
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# Schottwien **Schottwien** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Prince Maurice of the Netherlands **Prince Maurice of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau** (Willem Frederik Maurits Alexander Hendrik Karel; 15 September 1843 -- 4 June 1850), was the second son of King William III of the Netherlands and his first wife, Sophie of Württemberg. ## Early life and death {#early_life_and_death} Maurice was born on 15 September 1843 at the royal apartments of William III and Sophie, Paleis aan het Plein in The Hague. A likeable child, he was easier to handle than his older brother William, but his mother constantly worried over his poor health. In 1850, when he was six years old, he fell ill once again. His mother did not want him to be treated by court physician Pierre Everard, in whose abilities she had little faith. The story has often been retold of how Queen Sophie wanted to consult another physician for a second opinion, which King William III refused, causing the child to die. This, however, is not what actually happened. William III left the decisions about his son\'s care to his wife. The physician Sophie chose, a doctor named Ter Winkel, diagnosed Prince Maurice with a \"dirty stomach\" and a cold. According to him, neither was cause for concern. The boy\'s governor, De Casembroot, was deeply concerned about his deteriorating condition and urged William III to take action, telling him that if his son died, the blame would be his as much as his wife\'s. When William reluctantly agreed to see Maurice, he was incensed at Ter Winkel\'s behaviour and expelled him from the room. By that time, Everard had been admitted to the boy\'s bedside, and it was already too late. Prince Maurice succumbed to meningitis on 4 June 1850. His death hit his mother particularly hard. The embittered queen wrote to one of her friends: Sophie took refuge in seances where she tried to contact the child she had lost. After Prince Maurice\'s death, she briefly reconciled with William III. However, by the time the couple\'s third son, Prince Alexander, was born in August 1851, the marriage had completely fallen apart. The King and Queen separated a couple of years later, although they kept up appearances in public and never formally divorced
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# Cycling at the 1982 Commonwealth Games These page represents the results at the **Cycling Competition** at the **1982 Commonwealth Games** in Brisbane, Australia. ## Medal Tally {#medal_tally} ## Road competition {#road_competition} ### Individual Road Race (185 km) {#individual_road_race_185_km} RANK 1982 CG INDIVIDUAL ROAD RACE TIME ------ ------------------------------ ------------- **4:34:40** **+ 0.01** **---** 4\. **---** 5\. **+ 0.02** 6\. **+ 1.54** 7\. **+ 1.55** 8\. **+ 1.54** 9\. **---** 10\. **+ 1.54** ### Team Time Trial (100 km) {#team_time_trial_100_km} +------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+ | RANK | 1982 CG TEAM TIME TRIAL | TIME | +======+:==============================================================================+=================+ | | \ | **2:09:27.00** | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Malcolm Elliott]]|ENG}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Bob Downs]]|ENG}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Steve Lawrence (cyclist)|Steve Lawrence]]|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} | | +------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+ | | \ | **2:09:33.620** | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Remo Sansonetti]]|AUS}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Ricky Flood]]|AUS}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Michael Lynch (cyclist)|Michael Lynch]]|AUS}}`{=mediawiki} | | +------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+ | | \ | **2:10:55.960** | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Jack Swart]]|NZL}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Stephen Carton]]|NZL}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Stephen Cox (cyclist)|Stephen Cox]]|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} | | +------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+ ## Track competition {#track_competition} ### 1.000m Time Trial {#m_time_trial} RANK 1982 CG 1.000 TIME TRIAL TIME ------ -------------------------- -------------- **1:06.954** **1:07.926** **1:07.932** 4\. **1:07.955** 5\. **1:07.984** 6\. **1:09.111** 7\. **1:09.356** 8\. **1:09.730** 9\. **1:10.362** 10\. **1:10.911** ### 1.000m Match Sprint {#m_match_sprint} RANK 1982 CG 1.000 MATCH SPRINT TIME ------ ---------------------------- --------- **---** **---** **---** 4\. **---** 5\. **---** 6\. **---** 7\. **---** 8\. **---** ### 4.000m Individual Pursuit {#m_individual_pursuit} RANK 1982 CG 4.000 INDIVIDUAL PURSUIT TIME ------ ---------------------------------- -------------- **4:50.990** **4:51.347** **4:54.254** 4\. **4:55.869** 5\. **---** 6\. **---** 7\. **---** 8\. **---** ### 4.000m Team Pursuit {#m_team_pursuit} +------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+ | RANK | 1982 CG 4.000 TEAM PURSUIT | TIME | +======+:=============================================================================+==============+ | | \ | **4:26.090** | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Nichols]]|AUS}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Michael Grenda]]|AUS}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Michael Turtur]]|AUS}}`{=mediawiki} | | +------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+ | | \ | **4:29.733** | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Clem Captein]]|NZL}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Graeme Miller (cyclist)|Graeme Miller]]|NZL}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Murray Steele]]|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} | | +------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+ | | \ | **4:34.783** | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Darryl Webster]]|ENG}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Gary Sadler]]|ENG}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Paul Curran (cyclist)|Paul Curran]]|ENG}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | `{{flagathlete|[[Shaun Wallace (cyclist)|Shaun Wallace]]|ENG}}`{=mediawiki} | | +------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+ ### 10 Mile Scratch Race {#mile_scratch_race} RANK 1982 CG 10 MILE SCRATCH RACE TIME ------ ------------------------------ --------------- **19:56.559** **19:56.639** **19:56.660** 4\. **19:56.672** 5\. **19:57.190** 6\. **19:57.380** 7\. **19:57.615** 8\. **19:57.730** 9\. **19:57.765** 5\. **19:57
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# Capital Idea! {{ infobox music festival \| music_festival_name = Capital Idea! \| image = \| caption = \| location = Ottawa, Ontario, Canada `{{Flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} \| years_active = 2007 \| founders = Calum Marsh \| dates = 21 to 30 June 2007 \| genre = Multigenre \| website = }} **Capital Idea!** was a nine-day music festival in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, organized by music blogger and concert promoter Calum Marsh. The festival took place from 21 to 30 June 2007, and featured high-profile indie acts. Despite a great deal of media attention in television, print and internet outlets, the festival failed to attract a large number of attendees. ## Festival lineup {#festival_lineup} The 2007 edition of **Capital Idea!** included over 30 musical acts across a wide range of genres. A partial list follows. The Walkmen, The Fiery Furnaces, Destroyer, Damo Suzuki, The Wrens, Sunset Rubdown, Girl Talk, Russian Futurists, Born Ruffians, Frog Eyes, Crystal Castles and Montag
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# Endal **Endal** (13 December 1995 -- 13 March 2009) was a male Labrador Retriever in Britain whose abilities as a service dog and as an ambassador for service dog charitable work received worldwide news media coverage. Among other distinctions, Endal was described as \"the most decorated dog in the world\" (including \"Dog of the Millennium\" and the PDSA Gold Medal for Animal Gallantry and Devotion to Duty, the highest award available to an animal) and possibly the most famous assistance dog in the UK. He was filmed by over 340 film crews from around the world, and had a number of world \"firsts\" as an assistance dog to his credit. ## Background ### Endal Endal was a pedigree yellow Labrador Retriever. From birth Endal had the lifelong debilitating joint condition osteochondrosis in both of his front legs, which brought his suitability for assistance dog training into question. However, due to Endal\'s intelligence and problem-solving abilities he qualified as a fully operational and accredited assistance dog although he was only part trained by the charity Canine Partners for Independence. He became the service dog for disabled ex-Royal Navy Chief Petty Officer Allen Parton in the late 1990s. Endal\'s fame led to his taking on the role of an animal ambassador for service dog-related training and charities. On 13 March 2009, age thirteen and days after his last Crufts appearance, Endal had to be put down as his age had finally caught up to him. He had a stroke, and his arthritis had become severe over time. Endal is buried at Ilford PDSA Animal Cemetery, which is also the resting place for twelve previous dogs awarded the PDSA Dickin Medal, predecessor to the gold medal. A yellow Labrador puppy named EJ (Endal Junior) was in training at the time, whom Endal mentored during his final 9 months. ### Allen Parton {#allen_parton} Endal\'s owner was Allen Parton. Parton sustained serious head injuries whilst serving with the Royal Navy in the Gulf in 1991, including 50% memory loss and inability to reliably make new memories for more than around 2 days (for example, not recognising his neighbour of 7 years), physical disability (he was a wheelchair user), speech and word difficulties, inability to perceive materials that are out of his sight, and inability to safely judge speed and distance of traffic. For a considerable time after partnering with Endal, he was unable to speak and was limited to basic sign language. In 2008, commenting on a portrait of Endal, Parton said that one of his greatest fears was that, in 10 years, he would be unable to remember what Endal looked like. In February 2010, Parton registered a new charity, named Hounds for Heroes, in memory of Endal and to help men and women who have been injured in the UK Armed Forces and Emergency Services.
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# Endal ## Work as a service dog {#work_as_a_service_dog} Endal was able to respond to over one hundred instructions as well as a very large number (\"hundreds\") of signed commands. He could retrieve items from supermarket shelves, operate buttons and switches, and load and empty a washing machine. He was able to put a card into a cash machine, retrieve the card when the process was complete, and return the card to a wallet. The above *Able Magazine* article continues on: \"Over the years, Endal has learned to pull the plug out of the bath before going for help if Parton falls unconscious whilst bathing, and is able to put Parton in the recovery position, hit the emergency button on the telephone and summon help\... Endal has learned how to use both chip and PIN ATMs as well as helping out with shopping, opening train doors, operating lifts, unloading the washing machine and more typical doggie skills like getting the paper.\" Parton states that Endal\'s ability to comprehend his wishes and needs showed when they first met, and this was responsible for helping him recover from the initial deep depression and trauma caused by his disability. Endal came again to national attention in a 2001 incident, when Parton was knocked out of his wheelchair by a passing car outside a hotel. Endal pulled Parton into the recovery position, retrieved his mobile phone from beneath the car, retrieved a blanket from the upturned wheelchair and covered him, alert barked at a nearby hotel for assistance with no result, and then ran to the hotel to obtain help. Endal is also: - The first dog to ride on the London Eye, a giant Ferris wheel. - The first dog known to be able to operate an ATM card, including both card insertion and card removal.`{{full citation needed|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki} ### Awards : {\| class=\"wikitable\" ! Year ! Awards \|- \| style=\"width:60px;\"\| 2000 \| - 2000 Prodog \"Dog of the Year\" Award - 2000 \"Dog of the Millennium\" (named by Dogs Today) \|- \| style=\"width:60px;\"\| 2001 \| - 2001 \"Local Hero\" Award \|- \| style=\"width:60px;\"\| 2002 \| - 2001/2 \"Assistance Dog of the Year\" Award - 2002 awarded the first ever \"Lifetime Achievement\" Award at the Golden Bone Awards - 2002 first assistance dog to be awarded the UK Kennel Club\'s \"Gold Good Citizen\" award, presented at Crufts dog show 2002 - 2002 PDSA Gold Medal (the animal equivalent of the George Cross), awarded to animals who have shown outstanding devotion to their duties in peacetime (`{{as of|October 2010}}`{=mediawiki} only 18 animals in the UK---all dogs---had been awarded this medal) \|- \| style=\"width:60px;\"\| 2003 \| - Gold Blue Peter Badge, the highest award for \"outstanding bravery and courage,\" one of only two ever awarded to dogs (the other was the Blue Peter dog \"Bonnie\" in 1991) \|- \| style=\"width:60px;\"\| 2004 \| - 2004 \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" (Wag and Bone Show) \|- \| style=\"width:60px;\"\| 2005 \| - 2005 Crufts dog show Runner up \"Hero Dog of the Year\" \|} ### Other recognition {#other_recognition} *Dogs with Jobs*, a Canadian TV series and in a book about that series, covered Endal. Endal appeared in the Sky real Lives documentary \"The Dog that saved our marriage\", transmitted on 12 March 2009. Endal appeared in the ITV documentary \"The Secret Life of Dogs\" transmitted on British ITV. He also appeared on National Geographic. The Endal awards have been created to honour his loyalty and devotion to duty in the form of a medal, and these are issued at an annual award ceremony held at the London Pet Show. A road in Clanfield, Hampshire, in England has been named \"Endal Way\" in memory of Endal. ## Work as an ambassador for service dog charitable work {#work_as_an_ambassador_for_service_dog_charitable_work} As a trustee of the charity Canine Partners, Endal\'s owner and handler Allen Parton publicised the skilled training which is needed for assistance dogs by using the story of Endal as an example. Parton and Endal were both patrons of Labrador Rescue South East and Central. According to a description of Endal by Parton at makeyourdogahero.co.uk: : \"Another more private role is Endal\'s work with autistic and terminally ill children. Endal has represented the charity Canine Partners, is a patron of Labrador Rescue, an advisor to Dog Theft Action. He has been used to promote many issues to do with animal welfare and has also helped raise funds for many of the service charities such as SSAFA, the Royal Naval Benevolent Trust, British Legion and Seafarers UK.\" organisation.
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# Endal ## Related media {#related_media} ### Book A book entitled *Endal* by Allen and Sandra Parton was released on 5 February 2009. ### Film A film of Endal\'s life story, based around the Endal book, was announced on 1 September 2009. ## Other personality attributes {#other_personality_attributes} Parton reports that alongside Endal\'s working life and training, he retained during his life a number of the mischievous traits that Labradors are known for. As examples he cites that Endal would still decide at times to chase squirrels in the park, or might take waste paper out of the rubbish bin to Parton, in order to gain a reward for \"picking it up from the floor\"
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# Schrattenbach **Schrattenbach** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Anticore ***Anticore*** (2006) is the seventh album by Acumen Nation. ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"Bliss\" - 3:14 2. \"The Blind Pig\" - 3:12 3. \"Day Care\" - 3:34 4. \"Black Son Hole\" - 4:21 5. \"My Life\'s Last Breath\" - 3:42 6. \"Tools in the Blood Shed\" - 6:34 7. \"Branch Davidian Style\" - 2:54 8. \"Caustic Perimeter\" - 5:21 9. \"No Arms No Legs\" - 4:01 10. \"Jesus Loves You\" - 4:11 11. \"P.O.D.O.A.\" - 3:23 12. \"Haliburton Rape Trail\" - 3:37 13. \"Destroyasaurus\" - 5:44 14. \"Polhemic\" - 7:00 15. \"Message From the Grave\" - 5:00 All music and lyrics written by Jason Novak, except\... - \"Bliss\" co-written by Dan Brill - \"The Blind Pig\" music by Acumen Nation - \"P.O.D.O.A
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# St David's Marist, Inanda **St David\'s Marist** is a private English medium Roman Catholic preparatory and high school for boys in Inanda, a suburb of Sandton, South Africa. The school was established in 1941 by the Marist Brothers. ## History The school\'s roots began in post-revolution France. The Marist Order, also known as the Little Brothers of Mary, was founded by the Father Marcellin Champagnat to educate young children, especially the neglected or those suffering from poverty. The order has since spread throughout the world. The Order arrived in Johannesburg in 1889, three years after the founding of the city. They were among the first to establish a boys\' school in the little mining town that was to become the centre of business and finance in South Africa. The location was at Koch St in downtown Johannesburg. A second school was established in Observatory but it became apparent that the school premises in Koch St were becoming inadequate as the city grew and encroached on the property. Additional property was sought for a new school. Land was purchased in Inanda, then a semi-rural area north of Johannesburg, and building commenced in 1940. St David\'s opened in 1941 as a private boarding school, and by 1953 the school had 475 pupils, 200 of them being boarders. In 1963 the school acquired another 45 acres (18 hectares) of land, making it the largest Marist establishment in South Africa. Marcellin Champagnat was canonised in 1999. His legacy lives on at St David\'s as it does at all Marist schools. The educational philosophy of Champagnat was simple: *\"To teach children one must love them and love them equally. I cannot see a child without wanting to tell them how much God loves them.\"*
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# St David's Marist, Inanda ## St David\'s today {#st_davids_today} As of 2022, the school has 1,400 pupils. The school is separated into Junior Preparatory (Grade 00 and grade 0), Preparatory (Grades 1--7) and High School (Grades 8--12). The Preparatory School has 640 boys and the high school 750 boys. The school has continued to expand over the last few years with the addition of new classrooms, as well as media, music, art, sports and technology centres. ### Houses Pupils are divided among eight houses: The Bishops House (yellow), Osmond House (blue), Benedict House (green), College House (red), Jude House (grey), Selima House (black), Plaatje House (purple), and Daswa House (orange). The houses compete against each other in athletic, cultural and academic competitions. College House is the holder of the Owen Sims Shield for the overall Interhouse competitions throughout the Preparatory and High School as well as the House Cup for the top house in the High School. ### Uniform Students wear a navy blue blazer with vertical gold stripes and a navy blue tie with diagonal gold stripes. The Marist Monogram (an intertwined \"A.M.\" for \"Ave Maria\") appears on the pocket of the blazer. A \"Half Colours\" tie is awarded to students excelling in academics or any of the school\'s sports, cultural, or service activities. The tie is solid navy blue with the school crest and the name of the sport or area in which they have excelled. It is worn instead of the standard school tie. Similar ties are worn by the School Prefects. \"Full Colours\" are awarded to individuals who distinguish themselves as being one of the best in their sport or other disciplines. Students who have been awarded their full colours wear the scroll on their school blazer underneath the pocket. The highest honour that can be given to a student is the \"Honours Blazer\". There are two ways to gain this award, namely General Honours and Specific Honours. A student needs full colours in three of the five categories (Sport, Academics, Service, Cultural and Leadership) to be awarded General Honours. Specific Honours is awarded for unusual excellence in one specific field, for example national or provincial representation in a sport. The blazer is automatically awarded to the Head Prefect each year. It is light and royal blue with gold stripes, and has the school\'s crest on the pocket. ### Hierarchy and student structures {#hierarchy_and_student_structures} The Matrics (grade 12) constitute the leadership body of the school, known as the Matric Leadership Group. Between twelve and fourteen grade 11 boys are elected by the school in October to constitute the Prefect body for the following year. They take over the leadership of the school in mid-October when the Matrics commence their study leave. Three weeks later, at Prize-Giving, a Head Prefect and Deputy Head Prefect are announced. Matrics who are not prefects can be elected into positions of heads of portfolio within their houses. Portfolios include Sport, Cultural, Spirit, Academic, Environment, Public Relations, Mentor and House Secretary. There are also positions as Grade Co-ordinators. Matrics who demonstrate leadership qualities during their Matric year are eligible to be awarded a Leadership Scroll. ### Sporting tradition {#sporting_tradition} Students participate in summer and winter sports, teams are arranged according to age groups (Under 14, 15, 16 and Open) to compete against other schools. The primary sports in the high school are rugby union, cricket, soccer, swimming, waterpolo and hockey. In winter, the school fields about 15 rugby teams and 13 hockey teams every week. The school also has tennis, canoeing, cross country and basketball. The school colours are navy blue and gold, but it is a tradition that first teams wear black and gold. The sports that are offered in the school are: - Athletics - Basketball - Canoeing - Cricket - Cross country - Football (soccer) - Golf - Hockey - Orienteering - Rugby - Rock climbing - Swimming - Tennis - Water polo ## Cultural tradition {#cultural_tradition} The school has choirs, bands and private instrument tuition. Annual events include inter-House music and play competitions, as well as yearly major dramatic productions.
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# St David's Marist, Inanda ## The St David\'s Marist Foundation {#the_st_davids_marist_foundation} **St David\'s Marist Foundation** was established in 2006 and its first objective is to establish an Endowment Fund, which will provide financial resources to the School in perpetuity. The Endowment capital is invested to achieve long term capital growth and provide funding for priorities identified by the school board of governors and the board of trustees. Foremost among the foundation\'s priorities is providing bursaries and scholarships to deserving boys from disadvantaged backgrounds. To this end, each year the foundation awards 4--6% of its opening capital to qualifying programs. St David\'s Marist Foundation/UK Charity is an extension of our Foundation and is registered as an official charity with the UK Charity Commission. The SDMF UK Charity is able to accept and channel donations from UK based donors to the benefit of St David\'s Marist, Inanda. ## Marist Old Boys Society {#marist_old_boys_society} The school\'s alumni organisation falls under the constitution set out by the Marist Old Boys Society or MOBS. Entrance to the society is automatic upon matriculation from a Marist school and not limited to just St David\'s old boys. The administration, Annual General Meeting and committee majority is, however, dominated by old boys of St David\'s and all of these functions are hosted by the school itself. The MOBS committee has worked closely with The Foundation and with the PTA in a number of fund raising events. The MOBS serve a number of alumni functions including data-base management, communications and reunion co-ordination as well as identifying and reporting the successes of past students in their personal lives and careers. ## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni} - Temba Bavuma -- South African cricketer, plays for the Proteas and the Highveld Lions. Temba made his debut for South Africa against the West Indies in 2014. - Giulio Giuricich -- South African soccer player, plays For Moroka Swallows. - Dominic Hendricks -- South African cricketer, plays for the Highveld Lions. - Pumelela Matshikwe -- South African cricketer, plays for the Highveld Lions
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# Schwarzau am Steinfeld **Schwarzau am Steinfeld** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Rimske Toplice **Rimske Toplice** (`{{IPA|sl|ˈɾiːmskɛ tɔˈpliːtsɛ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the right bank of the Savinja River on the road from Celje to Ljubljana via Zidani Most. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region. ## Geography The location of Rimske Toplice is surrounded by wooded slopes of the nearby mountains, providing shelter against wind and summer heat, and supporting rich vegetation of exotic plants from all over the world. These include giant sequoias, Canadian hemlocks, cypresses, and Californian cedars. ## Name The name *Rimske Toplice* literally means \'Roman hot springs\'. The settlement was attested in written sources in 1265 as *Toplitz* (and as *Töplitz* in 1482 and *Toplica* in 1486). The name comes from the Slovene common noun *toplica* \'hot spring\'. Until the mid-19th century, the settlement was simply known as *Toplice* (literally, \'hot springs\') or sometimes *Toplice pri Laškem* (literally, \'hot springs near Laško\'). The epithet \'Roman\' was first applied to the place in 1826 by Mathias Macher (1793--1876) to distinguish it from other hot springs. Baths using the hot springs were already located at the site in Roman times, as testified by the discovery of statuary and coins during excavations. ## Church The local parish church is dedicated to Saint Margaret and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. It is a 13th-century building that has been rebuilt over the centuries. A second church on a small hill west of the main settlement is dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes and belongs to the same parish. It was built between 1885 and 1886. ## Notable people {#notable_people} Notable people that were born or lived in Rimske Toplice include: - Anton Aškerc (1856--1912), poet
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# Rimske Toplice ## Thermal spas {#thermal_spas} The healing power of natural springs was valued by the Romans. They enjoyed the benefits and healing power on the right bank of the Savinja River, where there are still thermal springs under Stražnik Hill (655 m), rising from triassic dolomite rock fissures in Rimske Toplice. Monuments and sacrificial altars devoted to goddesses and nymphs as thanksgiving for the convalescence of ancient guests, found between 1769 and 1845, provide evidence of this. The spas were first mentioned in written documents dating to 1486, the Aquilea Document. The spas were owned by the Habsburgs for 30 years and then by the Counts of Celje (1456) together with the Laško Estate. Through history the baths owners changed numerous times. The first turnabout in the spa\'s history was in 1840, when the former wholesale merchant from Trieste Gustav Adolf Uhlich bought the spas on behalf of his wife Amalia because he was healed by the healing power of the thermal water there. This was when what had been a modest health resort was turned into the modern spas and given the name Rimske Toplice (\'Roman Spas\'). For the needs of the spa, two large wells were regulated and named Amalia\'s Spring (38.4 °C) and Roman Spring (36.3 °C). With the construction of the Sophia Manor, the number of rooms increased from 38 to 100 at first and then to over 200. On the even plateau with a chestnut tree promenade there was a spa church on one side and an orchestra pavilion on the other side. In the afternoon the orchestra played out in the open, on evenings in the spa salon. There was a billiard room, a tennis court in a nearby wood and on a steep meadow a roofed bowling alley. Because the Vienna--Trieste railroad passed Rimske Toplice after 1848; more guests visited the place, all of them better-off people from Trieste, Hungary, Zagreb, or even the United States. Most of them were Germans from all over the monarchy. A sensation for all of them was the visit of the British princess and Prussian heiress Victoria, who stayed at Rimske Toplice in 1879, using it as a starting point for trips in the surrounding countryside. The most distinguished guests had the habit of planting exotic trees in the spa\'s park, so even nowadays you can see huge sequoias, Canadian hemlocks, cypresses, Californian cedars, and other interesting species. Russian prisoners of war built a 2 km promenade through the forest (The Roman Path) during the First World War. Open thermal baths from 1931 were an important achievement. During the Second World War the spa was occupied by wounded German soldiers and the owner (a member of the Uhlich family) and his family moved away at the end of the war. After that the Yugoslav People\'s Army used the spa for healing and rehabilitation of its soldiers. The spas have never been fully utilized by common Slovenian people. Although the Uhlich Family were good masters and turned the humble bath into spas of world reputation, they dominated over the local population. Also when Yugoslav People\'s Army managed the spas, they were more or less inaccessible to the local people. From 1991 onwards, after the Yugoslav People\'s Army left, attempts were made to revive Rimske Toplice. Finally, on 17 November 2005 the thermal spas once again opened their doors to guests, with the Medical Rehabilitation Center aiding the revival of the town\'s fortunes. ## Gallery <File:Rimske> Toplice.JPG <File:SLO-Rimske> Toplice
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# MidCoast Regional Airport at Wright Army Airfield **MidCoast Regional Airport at Wright Army Airfield** `{{airport codes|LIY|KLHW|LHW}}`{=mediawiki} is a joint public and military use airport at Fort Stewart, a United States Army post located near the city of Hinesville in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. The airport\'s physical address is 1116 E. Lowe Circle, Fort Stewart, GA 31314 and its mailing address is P.O. Box 10, Hinesville, GA 31310. **Wright Army Airfield** became a joint-use facility in November 2007. The name MidCoast refers to its location on the Georgia coast between Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport and Brunswick Golden Isles Airport. The airport is managed by a Joint Management Board (JMB) consisting of the City of Hinesville, Liberty County Board of Commissioners and Liberty County Development Authority and the U.S. Army. The JMB contracted with ABS Aviation Management Services to manage and operate the new facilities and the fixed-base operator (FBO) for civilian operations. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **LHW** by the FAA and **LIY** by the IATA (which assigns **LHW** to Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport, Gansu, China). ## History In early 1942, construction began on an airfield at Camp Stewart. **Camp Stewart Army Airfield** was also known as Liberty Airfield for its Georgia county location. The facility was quite small with two 5,000-ft. runways, approximately a dozen and a half hardstands, and barracks for 50 officers and 300 men. On 1 January 1943, the Air Technical Service Command 4th Tow Target Detachment moved to the newly completed airfield from Atlanta Army Airfield with a mission of towing aerial targets for anti-aircraft artillery training, with the airfield becoming a sub-base of Atlanta, with the 142d Army Air Force Base Unit being the host unit.. The Detachment\'s aircraft consisted of a mixture of aircraft, consisting of the Douglas A-20 Havoc, Beech C-43 Staggerwing, Taylorcraft L-2 Grasshopper, Beech AT-7, Douglas A-24 Dauntless, Curtiss A-25 Helldiver, and the B-34 Lexington. In October, 15 Women Army Service Pilots (WASP) began a 90-day course in the operation of radio controlled targets while piloting A-24 and A-25 aircraft. The peak utilization of Stewart AAF took place in the spring of 1944, during the buildup for the invasion of Europe when over 55,000 men were present. In addition to anti-aircraft artillery training, Stewart AAF also trained cooks and bakers as well as postal units. The camp also had a POW compound for Germans and Italians captured in North Africa. The POWs were put to work on the camp\'s construction projects and local farms. By the spring of 1945, the camp was virtually empty except for the POW compound. On March 25, 1945, the airfield deactivated and the Detachment transferred to Chatham AAF. Following the end of the war, the Army used Camp Stewart as a separation center for a short period of time before deactivating it on 30 September 1945. In the postwar years, the Army utilized the camp during the summer for the training of National Guard units. Camp Stewart re-opened during the Korean War for training of the 3rd Army\'s anti-aircraft artillery units. In 1953, the training of armor units was added. In 1959, the Army made the post a permanent United States Army facility, designated it as an Armor and Artillery Training Center, renaming it Fort Stewart. Camp Stewart Army Airfield was renamed **Wright Army Airfield** and used as a military airport within the Fort Stewart facility. During the Vietnam War, the airfield trained initial entry Army Fixed Wing Aviators and helicopter pilots. When the Air Force closed Hunter AFB in 1967, the Army took it over as a sub-base of Fort Stewart and established a Flight Training Center. Fort Stewart became the Army\'s focal point in Aviation Training and between 1967 and 1970, the need for aviation increased. In early 1968, construction was complete for a new 110\' control tower at Wright Army Airfield. Opening of the new control tower was delayed due to injuries sustained by construction workers while it was being built. A single fatality (Richard \"Old Red\" Frank) is also on record, due to a fall from the top of the tower. Construction was temporarily paused until improved measures could be put in place to ensure the safety of the men working. In 1970, Hunter AFB was re-designated Hunter Army Airfield and was used in-conjunction with Wright Army Airfield. With the end of the Vietnam War Fort Stewart became idle once again. That ended with the reactivation of the 24th Infantry Division at Stewart in 1974. In 1996, the 3rd Infantry Division activated and remains at Fort Stewart today, with Wright Army Airfield being an operational part of the facility. ## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft} The airport covers an area of 429 acre at an elevation of 45 feet (14 m) above mean sea level. It has four asphalt paved runways: 6L/24R is 6,500 by 100 feet (1,527 x 30 m); 6R/24L is 2,605 by 100 feet (794 x 30 m); 15L/33R is 5,000 by 150 feet (1,524 x 46 m); 15R/33L is 2,518 by 100 feet (767 x 30 m) with an asphalt surface. A new 13825 sqft terminal building contains a civilian fixed-base operation (FBO) terminal and a military operations building which is leased to the Army Corps of Engineers. The airport has 12 T-hangars, 5 box hangars, and a 10000 sqft bulk hangar with a 30 ft door. The civilian general aviation part of the development also includes a large ramp, with both self-fueling, and Full-Service trucks for 100LL and Jet-A fuels, and aircraft wash facilities. Over a 12-month period the airport had 5,600 aircraft operations, an average of 15 per day: 89% general aviation and 11% military. At that time there were 15 aircraft based at this airport: 86.7% single-engine, 6.7% multi-engine and 6.7% helicopter
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# The Videos (Brandy video) ***The Videos*** is the first compilation DVD by Brandy which includes all her videos from 1994 to 1999 except \"Missing You\" and the remix video for \"U Don\'t Know Me\". It was released on VHS videotape in 1999 in the U.S., and re-issued in 2000 as a DVD; in Germany, the DVD was released in 2005. ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. Baby 2. Brokenhearted (Soulpower Mix feat. Wanya Morris) 3. I Wanna Be Down 4. Have You Ever? 5. Sittin\' Up in My Room 6. Best Friend 7. The Boy Is Mine (Duet with Monica) 8. Almost Doesn\'t Count 9. Top of the World (feat. Ma\$e) 10. I Wanna Be Down (Remix feat. Queen Latifah, Yo-Yo, and MC Lyte) 11
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# Pam Conrad **Pam Conrad** (June 18, 1947 -- January 22, 1996) was an American children\'s writer. Her book *Our House: Stories of Levittown* was a Newbery Medal finalist. Her book *Stonewords* won an Edgar Award. Conrad was born in New York City and graduated from the New School for Social Research. She died of breast cancer on January 22, 1996, at the age of 48. She lived in Rockville Centre, New York, where she raised two daughters
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# Alive and Kickin' Ass ***Alive and Kickin\' Ass*** is the fifth live album released by Crack the Sky. Recorded live at the Tower Theater outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the Agora in Cleveland, Ohio in 1978---the same shows that were used for the *Live Sky* album. Four of these performances were previously unreleased and six were on *Live Sky* (one of those six, \"She\'s a Dancer\", was edited for length on *Live Sky* but appears here in its entirety); the tapes were Produced, remixed and remastered by bassist Joe Macre for this release
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# Swargarohini `{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox mountain | name = Swargarohini | photo = Swargarohini and Bandarpunch in the Himalaya, from Landour.jpg | photo_caption = Swargarohini and Bandarpunch massifs | elevation_m = 6252 | elevation_ref = <ref name="carter">H. Adams Carter, "Classification of the Himalaya", ''[[American Alpine Journal]]'', 1985, p. 141.</ref> | prominence_m = | prominence_ref= | range = [[Himalayas|Garhwal Himalaya]] | listing = | location = Uttarakhand, India | map = India Uttarakhand | coordinates = {{coord|31|05|04|N|78|30|58|E|region:IN_type:mountain}} | coordinates_ref = <ref name="carter"/> | topo = | type = | age = | first_ascent = 1990 by a team from the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering | easiest_route = technical rock/snow/ice climb }}`{=mediawiki} **Swargarohini** (IAST: *svargārohiṇī)* is a mountain massif in the Saraswati (Bandarpunch) Range of the Garhwal Himalaya. It lies in the Uttarkashi District of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, west of the Gangotri group of peaks. It comprises four separate peaks, the main peak Swargarohini I is the subject of this article. **Swargarohini I**, while not particularly high by Himalayan standards and not the highest in the Bandarpunch range, it is notable for its dramatic local relief. Since its north face drops 2000 m in less than 2 km of horizontal distance, and its south face achieves the same drop in less than 3 km, the climb is steep and challenging. Swargarohini I has two summits, east and west. The **Swargarohini I West** is slightly higher than the **Swargarohini I East** summit, the later has an elevation of 6247 m. However, the first ascensionists of the *Swargarohini I West* peak claim that that summit is the higher of the two. This snow-clad peak is the source of the Tons River and along with the Bandarpunch massif it acts as a watershed between the Yamuna and the Bhagirathi Rivers. ## History Swargarohini derives its name from the legends associated with it from the Hindu epic Mahabharata. In the final section of the epic, the Pandavas give up kingdom and travel northwards in the hope of reaching heaven. The peaks are said to be the stairway to heaven that was followed by Pandavas, but only Yudhishthira, the eldest of the Pandavas, is able to reach heaven. According to the legends it is believed that this is the only way one can go to heaven without dying. But the legends further gets complicated as many claim that the Pandavas had taken a route from the present town of Badrinath in the eastern part of Garhwal, Uttarakhand, which is very far apart from the Swargarohini peaks in Sankari range of western Garhwal. AHead of Badrinath, Mana and onwards to Satopanth Lake, one can see the Swargarohini Glacier ( no relation to Swargarohini peaks ) and Yudhishthira and the dog ( form taken by Yamraj ) had climbed the Swargarohini glacier to the top and not the Swargarohini peak. In the Upayana Parva of the Mahabharata, various hill tribes from the hill and mountain region of what is now Garhwal are mentioned as giving gifts to Yudhishthira during his Rajasuya yagna, including the Taganas, Kiratas and Kunindas. Parshurama killed his mother Renuka at Nakuri, 10 km from Uttarkashi town. Also, it is said the Pandavas, after leaving their kingdom to Parikshit, halted at Patangini before continuing to Swargarohini, where they died. ## Climbing history {#climbing_history} By 1994, there had been fifteen documented attempts had been made to climb Swargarohini peak. On 25 October 1974, Charles Clarke (England); Dilsher Singh Virk, Peter Fuhrman and Bruce MacKinnon (Canada); and Mohan Singh and Rattan Singh (India) made the first ascent of Swargarohini I, ascending from its west side and reaching the west summit. On 3 May 1990, the first successful ascent of the main Swargarohini summit was achieved by a team of instructors from the Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports. They climbed from the Ruinsara Valley on the north side, via the eastern col connecting the peak to the rest of the range, and found challenging rock climbing to achieve the col, leading to easier snow slopes above. However, other sources claim that this ascent stopped (5 m) short of the summit due to the presence of an unstable cornice. In 1991, an attempt to climb the south face of the peak was unsuccessful. On 7 June 1993, however, an expedition from Sweden made the first undisputed ascent of the peak from south face. The summit team comprised Birger Andrén, Ingela Nilsson, and Ake Nilsson. They ascended a rock ridge on the eastern side of the south face, leading to the easy east-southeast ridge
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# Schwarzau im Gebirge **Schwarzau im Gebirge** is a village in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Maille (company) **Maille** is a brand of condiments, which originated as a vinegar manufactury in Marseille, France, in 1723. Today it is a subsidiary of multinational consumer goods company Unilever, which produces the brand\'s mustard at plants globally and markets cornichons, stoneware, salad dressings, kitchen gifts, and cooking oil under the *Maille* name in company stores, through global retail distribution agreements, and online since 2007. Maille also markets traditional dijon mustard and flavored variants through dedicated Maison Maille shops in Dijon, London (2013), New York City (2014), Paris (2015), and Bordeaux (2015), as well as in-store concessions in Chicago, Portland, and San Francisco. In North America, the Maille mustard distributed in America is made in Canada while the Maille mustard distributed in Canada is exported from France. Maille is also exported from France to other European countries such as Poland as well as countries such as Singapore and Australia. ## History In 1747, second generation vinegar-maker Antoine-Claude Maille opened a boutique called La Maison Maille on the rue Saint-André des Arts in Paris and became supplier to the court of Louis XV. His father, also named Antoine-Claude, had become famous during the 1720s for recommending vinegar as a treatment for the plague. In 1760, Maille was named official vinegar supplier to the courts of Austria and Hungary. In 1769, King Louis XVI granted him a license as "ordinary distiller-vinegar-maker" and two years later he was granted a charter as distiller-vinegar-maker to Empress Catherine II of Russia. Maille sold his business to his associate André-Arnoult Acloque in 1800 and died in 1804. His son Robert and Alcoque\'s son Andre-Gabriel became business partners in 1819, and were appointed distillers to the King and sole suppliers to the house of King Louis XVIII in 1821. Maille became vinegar-maker for Charles X in 1826, the King of England in 1830, and King Louis-Philippe in 1836. A Maille boutique opened in the Burgundy region in 1845. In 1885, Maille was purchased by Maurice Grey of Grey-Poupon. In 1930, Maille was purchased by entrepreneur Baron Philippe de Rothschild. The company\'s slogan, *Que Maille qui m'aille*, or \"Maille alone suits me\", was created in 1931. In 1936, the brand advertised itself by spelling out the word 'MAILLE' in lights on Parisian rooftops. This scene was depicted in a cinema advert called *Quand on n\'en a pas*. These campaigns ended after the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1952, Rothschild sold the brand to André Ricard and Joseph Poupon, deputy CEO of Grey Poupon. Maille and Grey Poupon then joined forces and began marketing in supermarkets. The company began producing Maille whisky glasses in 1988 and launched its trademark Fleur de Lys jar a year later. It started selling balsamic vinegar in 1991. In 1996, the firm celebrated the 250th anniversary of its founding by opening a shop on the Place de la Madeleine in Paris. It sells packaged mustards, oils and vinegars as well as mustard straight from the pump. Maille was sold to Paribas Affaires Industrielles in 1997 and was purchased by Unilever in 2000. In 2011, the company introduced a Dijon mustard with Chablis \"1747\", an aged balsamic vinegar and black truffle mustard. ## Products In 1937, Dijon was granted the right to an Appellation Controlee, subjecting it to manufacturing regulations, and prescribing the method by which it may be called a Dijon mustard. The company has produced condiments using other ingredients, including mango, red berries, tarragon and Cognac. In 1996, Maille introduced limited-edition mustards delivered on tap from porcelain pumps, each based on a signature ingredient such as Chablis. They included a black truffle and Chablis mustard served in sandstone jars
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# Steam crane A **steam crane** is a crane powered by a steam engine. It may be fixed or mobile and, if mobile, it may run on rail tracks, caterpillar tracks, road wheels, or be mounted on a barge. It usually has a vertical boiler placed at the back so that the weight of the boiler counterbalances the weight of the jib and load. They were very common as railway breakdown cranes, and several have been preserved on heritage railways in the United Kingdom. ## Manufacturers - Black Hawthorn of Gateshead (unrestored example at Beamish Museum - Joseph Booth & Bros of Leeds - Coles Cranes of Derby (restored example at Beamish Museum) - Cowans, Sheldon & Company of Carlisle (rail cranes) - Craven Brothers - William Fairbairn & Sons of Manchester - Ransomes & Rapier of Ipswich - Ruston Proctor of Lincoln - Stothert & Pitt of Bath - Thomas Smith & Sons (Rodley) Ltd
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# Seebenstein **Seebenstein** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is often called the \"Pearl of the Pitten valley\" (\"Perle des Pittentals\") due to its preserved nature. ## Geography Seebenstein is in the industrial quarter of Lower Austria. The town covers 9.09 square kilometers and is 62.71 percent forested. The town includes the Seebenstein nature park and it borders the historic ruin of the Türkensturz. The town is overlooked by the medieval castle Burg Seebenstein. ## History In ancient times, Seebenstein was part of the Celtic kingdom of Noricum. On April 16, 1972, Seebenstein was the center of a magnitude 5.3 earthquake ### Historical population {#historical_population} ## Demographics In the 2001 census the population was described as 84.4% Roman Catholic, 3.8% evangelical, 0.5% Muslim, 0.3% Orthodox Christian, and 9.4% with no religion. Additional to the current population of 1470, around 500 people have a summer house in Seebenstein
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# Arrow Sport The **Arrow Sport** is a two-seat sporting biplane aircraft built in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. ## Design and construction {#design_and_construction} The plane was designed by Swen Swanson and it was of largely conventional configuration with tailskid undercarriage, but was interesting in that the pilot and passenger sat side by side in the open cockpit, and because as originally designed, the fully cantilever wings lacked interplane struts -- the upper wing attaching directly to the top of the fuselage. This latter feature proved so alarming to many prospective pilots that the manufacturer later supplied N-type struts that were of no real function other than to allay the aviators\' fears. ## Survivors Nine biplane Sports remain registered in the United States as of 2020, mostly in museums and private collections, including: - a Sport Pursuit (N8181, serial 432) preserved in the terminal building of the Lincoln Airport in Nebraska, Arrow\'s city of manufacture, and owned by the Nebraska State Historical Society. - a Sport (N530A, serial 304) preserved at the Dakota Territory Air Museum in North Dakota. - a Sport A2-60 (ex-N9325/G-AARO, serial 341) preserved at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. - a Sport Pursuit (N853H, serial 412) is on display at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Oregon. ## Variants - **Sport** -- Two-seat sporting biplane, powered by a 60-hp (45-kW) LeBlond radial piston engine. - **Sport 85** -- 85 hp Leblond radial, extra four degrees of dihedral on lower wing. - **Sport A2** - **Sport A2-40** - **Sport A2-60** 60 hp LeBlond radial engines - **Sport A2-66** - **Sport A2-90 Tangerine** - **Sport A2-100** 100 hp Kinner C-5 - **Sport Pursuit** (renamed **Sport K** in 1935) -- Improved version, powered by a 100-hp (75-kW) Kinner K-5 radial engine. - **Sport V-8** (renamed the **Model F**) -- Two-seat monoplane version, powered by a converted 82 hp Ford V8 automobile engine. - **Sport M** -- Model F with a 125 hp Menasco C-4 Pirate engine
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# Light-weight Identity **Light-weight Identity** (**LID**), or **Light Identity Management** (**LIdM**), is an identity management system for online digital identities developed in part by NetMesh. It was first published in early 2005, and is the original URL-based identity system, later followed by OpenID. LID uses URLs as a verification of the user\'s identity, and makes use of several open-source protocols such as OpenID, Yadis, and PGP/GPG
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# Cadet inspector **Cadet Inspectors** (**CIs**) are ex-cadets who have completed their secondary school education and volunteered to continue their service in the National Police Cadet Corps in Singapore. They play a similar role to that of warrant officers in the military, not being a cadet nor officer, but in between, possessing a high level of hard and soft skills that can assist in training in their unit. ## Requirements Ex-cadets must meet these following requirements in order to be eligible to apply: 1. They must have graduated from secondary school or be enrolled in a post-secondary educational institution; 2. They must have held the rank of Staff Sergeant or above when they were a cadet; 3. They must be physically fit (pass a medical examination) and have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 27.5 or less; 4. They must possess all the following badges: - 2nd Class Drill; - Campcraft; - Adventure Training Camp; - Police Knowledge; - Total Defence; 5\. and have any one of the following badges: - Marksmanship - Community Safety and Security Programme - Swimming - Kayaking ## Details Ex-cadets who want to become CIs must apply for entry into the course through their Unit\'s Officer-in-Charge and then attend the 3-week long Cadet Inspector Basic Training Course (CIBTC) held twice every year in June and December at the Home Team Academy and NPCC Camp Resilience in Pulau Ubin. During CIBTC, they will hold the rank of **Cadet Inspector Trainee \[CIT (NPCC)\]** and attend lectures teaching them about Cadet Inspectorship. Upon completion of the course, they will pass out and attain the rank of **Probationary Cadet Inspector \[P/CI (NPCC)\].** After passing the probation requirements, they will attain the rank of **Cadet Inspector \[CI (NPCC)\].** Cadet Inspectors who have served in the Corps for at least 2 years are eligible for promotion to the rank of **Senior Cadet Inspector \[SCI (NPCC)\].** The rank insignia for CIT (NPCC) is one white stripe, while P/CI (NPCC) and CI (NPCC) is one white stripe and a pip, while SCI (NPCC) is two white stripes and a pip. ## Uniform The No. 3 uniform worn by a Cadet Inspector is similar to that of a Cadet, with some slight differences: Do note that the following differences are for the No. 3 Working Attire dress. Area Cadet Cadet Inspector --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Head dress Dark blue beret with a metal NPCC crest attached to it Peak cap (for males) and a bowler hat (for females) with an embroidered NPCC crest attached to it Collar No accessories are to be attached to the collar One embroided collar pin with the NPCC crest on it attached to each collar respectively Chest pockets Badges are attached at the sleeves and above the left and right chest pockets Only the SPF-NPCC badge may be attached above the left chest pocket; no badges are to be attached above the right chest pocket and the sleeves Foot wear Male boots require the user to secure the foot tightly in the boot using a chain knot, female boots require the user to secure the boot using a butterfly knot Male boots have a zip attached to it; zip is used to secure the foot in the boot, female boots are the same as female cadet boots : Differences in uniform between a Cadet and a Cadet Inspector ## Opportunities Cadet Inspectors are given the opportunity to return to their secondary school to continue teaching cadets there. They are also given the opportunity to participate in Area events, like their Area\'s Adventure Training Camp, Area Games Day and Secondary One Swearing-in Ceremony, Headquarters events like shooting competitions and the NPCC Annual Parade, and National events like the National Day Parade
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# Bristol Storm **Bristol Storm** are currently a juniors focused British Basketball Club based in the city of Bristol, England. Storm compete in multiple leagues affiliated with Basketball England, including local league West England Basketball Association (WEBBA), Southwest Jr Regional League, and Basketball England Jr National League. As of 2023 the club currently runs a total of nine teams including ages U12s, U14s, U16s, U18s, and a women\'s team. Storm has also partnered with [Bristol Met Mambas](https://www.bristolmetmambas.co.uk/) to provide girls basketball as our sister affiliated program. The team currently play across multiple venues around the city due to the size of the club and lack of facilities in the area, but our home court is currently based out of St Mary Redcliffe and Temple School. Storm\'s Director and Club Head Coach is currently David Senart who joined the club as the under 18 boys head coach in 2018. After three successful seasons, Coach Senart took over Director duties from club Founder Steven Brocklehurst. ## History The City Academy **Bristol Storm** are a British basketball team based in Bristol. They currently play in the England Basketball Women\'s National League South West. The club was formed for the 2006/2007 season based at the City Academy in the centre of Bristol. The team was built around the players from the Ravens and Thunder local league teams. As additional strength former Backwell School players Nicola Gowing (University of Bath) and Ruth & Trish Groves (UWIC) came home to play for the Storm. The club has a strong development programme with its development women playing in the West of England Basketball Association (WEBBA) local league, and will be running a summer league during June, July and August to help further develop other local players. In addition to this the club branched out into Men\'s, under 12s, under 14s, under 16s and under 18s. The club was previously partnered with City Academy who still fly a Bristol Storm logo in their main sports hall, Storm also partnered with St Mary Redcliffe and over forty two primary schools in the central Bristol area including St Patricks and Hannah Moore. A community programme is also underway with the New Deal Communities covering OBI, Midnight Madness, Youth Clubs etc. ## Current Events & Club Updates {#current_events_club_updates} Since taking over Bristol Storm during the Covid pandemic, Club Director David Senart has seen tremendous growth in the sport across the city of Bristol. Not only have more players wanted to get involved, the direction of the club has become more performanced focus, looking to compete at the highest level possible in the United Kingdom across all age groups. In previous years the only option for competitive basketball was with the crosstown rivals Bristol Flyers Jr\'s program, however with a focus on performance and development Bristol Storm is now offering high level basketball to the youth of the city. Coach Senart focuses life skills and development of young men as a priority over basketball, as he feels basketball can teach transferable life skills to help these young men in the real world, such as problem solving, team work, leadership, communication, accountability, work ethic, emotional control, resiliency\... the list goes on but all of these are crucial skills to develop to help these young men be successful in life. Integrity and Discipline are at the core of the club supported by Coach Senart\'s Character Tree and philosophy of Character Matters, supported by the roots of Respect, Integrity, Passion, Faith, Humility.
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# Bristol Storm ## International Basketball Experiences {#international_basketball_experiences} 2022 The U18 Men\'s program entered into the largest European basketball tournament [Euro Youth Basketball Cup](https://www.eurobasketballcup.com/). Storm faced teams from Lithuania, Spain, UK, and USA en route to becoming the 2022 U18 Champions. Game 1 almost started without Head Coach David Senart who had is his passport stolen from the airport in Barcelona so had to spend the morning of day 1 at the US Embassy, however with a bit of luck he turned up with under 5 minutes to go before the first tournament tip. A strong Vilnius Basketball side took an 8-point fourth quarter lead but strong leadership from standout player L.A. Casinillo and a loud and supportive bench saw Storm leave victors 57--54. Game 2 was against a local Spanish side CB Palafolls that Storm won by over 30 points allowing good bench rotation. One Spanish team never arrived so this saw Storm finish top of the group and hosted the first Semi-Final vs English Premiere side Surrey Rams. Storm controlled the semi-final start to finish building a 20-point lead, but Surrey would not go away and dwindled the lead down as the game continued. Storm stayed poised finishing the game 64-54 victors, placing them in the finals vs USA Select team, USA PHD Hoops. Again Storm came out strong, taking double digit leads on multiple occasions. USA would not go away however and continued to push Storm to the buzzer before ultimately falling 68-62 crowning Storm the U18 2022 Euro Youth Cup Champions Storm has also participated in the Portugal Basketball Festival in 2022, as well as the Euro Youth Cup in 2023 as Bristol Lions. The year 2023 saw the Storm U16 boys travel to Scotland to participate in preseason friendlies to prepare for the season. Game 1 was a close battle versus a talented Falkirk Fury squad whose roster boasts several Scottish National players and more Scottish Regional players. Storm fell short at the end 49--57. The next day however Storm faced off against former Scottish and GB U18 Head Coach Craig Nicol\'s City of Edinburgh Kings. Storm having time to recover from the long northern trip and the first day\'s loss came out on fire ultimately winning day 2\'s game 95--55. Day 3 saw a double header at Dundee Madsons U16s and Dunfermline Reign U18s. While the trip was taking a toll, the boys came walked away victors in both games ending the trip on a very positive experience. Storm endeavour to make more international trips for all its age groups as they continue to push to be the best basketball club in the city
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# Shawe Memorial High School **Father Michael Shawe Memorial Jr./Sr. High School** is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Madison, Indiana. It is run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. ## Founding Founded in 1952, the first class of freshman students was taught in the former St. Michael\'s Elementary school building, until 1954 when the new facility on Madison\'s hilltop opened. The school was named for Father Shawe who had founded Madison\'s first Catholic church, St. Michael the Archangel Church in 1839. But in 1951, the dream of a Catholic high school in a town of less than 10,000 people seemed almost impossible. Back then the hilltop of Madison was mainly all farmland, some of which had been donated to the local Catholic Church (St. Patrick\'s) years before. ## Madison becomes desolate {#madison_becomes_desolate} Adding to the city\'s downfall of the 1850s, new railroad companies were formed throughout the Midwest, competing with the Madison-Indianapolis Railroad. Eventually, fewer and fewer people were visiting Madison, as stated in the following citizen\'s journal. "Everyday, families are leaving, and every day Madison is growing quieter. You cannot imagine what excitement it causes in our house now if guest comes, for now no travelers pass through Madison any longer. Madison is daily growing more monotonous and quiet and soon not a soul, except of course ourselves, will be left here". ## University of Notre Dame and Fr. Shawe {#university_of_notre_dame_and_fr._shawe} Father Shawe left St. Michael\'s in 1842 to become the Professor of Rhetoric at a new university in the growing Northern Indiana town of South Bend. Fr. Shawe laid the cornerstone of the University of Notre Dame on August 26, 1843. His teachings were very successful; the Golden Jubilee History of Notre Dame states, "soon came the eloquent and polished Father Michael E. Shawe, the promoter of Rhetoric and English Literature and the founder of the literary societies at Notre Dame ... Here his memory is preserved with enthusiasm as one who gave to the university its first tendency towards that high literacy excellence to which it has attained". Fr. Shawe\'s dedication to Catholic education was the foundation to Madison\'s own Catholic education system. With his dismissal from St. Michael\'s came the founding of Madison\'s first parochial schools. ## The Catholic Church in Madison {#the_catholic_church_in_madison} It was the arrival of Father Shawe that led to the building of St. Michael the Archangel Church in 1839 and this grew into four separate churches. Since then they have become one again. ## A new Catholic High School {#a_new_catholic_high_school} In 1951 after the priests of the area were told at a meeting in North Vernon that the Mother Superior of the Ursuline Sisters in Louisville, Kentucky, was willing to staff a Catholic High School in Madison. The catch: the two parochial grade schools would have to combine into one. This was a great step in uniting the two churches. *\"Looking Back: The Story of the Hilltopper\"* was written to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the school which benefited the student newspaper, *The Topper Tribune*. At the beginning of the academic year in the Fall of 1952, students from both parishes who were in grades one through six were taught in the St. Mary\'s school building, while students in grades seven, eight, and the first of the high school classes were at St. Michael\'s school building. That same year, the first freshman class of Madison Central Catholic High School (the temporary name) began lessons ranging from Calculus to Biology in the St. Michael\'s school building. The high school building, which was planned to be built on the hilltop of Madison, was not yet built. ## New school building {#new_school_building} In the fall of 1954, the school building was ready for its first classes. The little red-brick Catholic High School was fully loaded with a gymnasium, biology lab, chapel and cafeteria; all at a cost of \$250,000. Archbishop Schulte suggested the name for the new school: Fr. Michael Edgar Shawe Memorial High School. The Madison Central Catholic athletes would also change their name from the Tigers to the current, Hilltoppers. In 1967, the grade school students who were taught in the two grade schools downtown were welcomed into their new school adjacent to the high school on the hilltop. Pope John XXIII Elementary opened with the same fundraising used in the opening of Shawe Memorial
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# Phlox divaricata ***Phlox divaricata***, the **wild blue phlox**, **woodland phlox**, or **wild sweet william**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polemoniaceae, native to forests and fields in eastern North America. ## Etymology The species name *divaricata* means \"with a spreading and straggling habit\". ## Description Wild blue phlox is a semi-evergreen perennial growing 25 - tall with opposite, unstalked, hairy leaves 2.5 -- in length and ovate-lanceolate in shape. Flowers appear in late spring and early summer. They are pleasantly fragrant and 2 -- in diameter, with five petals fused at the base into a thin tube. The petals are a variety of pastel colors: blue-lavender, light purple, pink, or white. Flowers bloom March to May. It grows in moist, deciduous woods and bluffs. There are two subspecies: ssp. *divaricata*, with petals notched at the tip, and ssp. *laphamii*, without a notch. ## Ecology Wild blue phlox is most common in the climax successional stage of a community. The flowers produce nectar at the base of the long, narrow corolla tube, and pollen near the end of the corolla tube. Only butterflies, moths, skippers, and long-tongued bees have long enough tongues to drink the nectar. Short-tongued bees and flower flies are unable to reach the nectar, but may gather or feed on pollen. Phlox is self-incompatible, so it requires cross-pollination to produce seed. Butterflies are the most effective pollinators. As they insert their proboscis into the flower to drink nectar, it contacts the anthers and picks up pollen. As they coil the proboscis before moving to the next flower, most of the pollen falls off, but some remains to be transferred to the stigma of the next flower that they drink nectar from. ## Cultivation Cultivated varieties have various colours, including blue (\'Blue Moon\'), lavender (\'Clouds of Perfume\') and white (\'Fuller\'s White\', \'White Perfume\'). *Phlox divaricata* and the lavender-flowered cultivar \'Chattahoochee\' have both won the Royal Horticultural Society\'s Award of Garden Merit. ## Gallery Phlox Kaldari 02.jpg\|Flowers of *P. divaricata* ssp. *divaricata*, with notched ends to the petals Phlox divaricata - Wild Blue Phlox 2.jpg\|A blue form of *P. divaricata* ssp. *divaricata* Phlox divaricata, 2015-05-06, Bird Park, 03.jpg\|Flowers of *P. divaricata* ssp. *laphamii*, without notches on the end of the petals <File:Phlox> divaricata 1.jpg\|Large clump of *P. divaricata* ssp. *laphamii* <File:PDivericataFlaHabitat.JPG%7CHabitat> in Florida <File:Blue_Phlox
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# Destin Executive Airport **Destin Executive Airport** `{{airport codes|DSI|KDTS|DTS}}`{=mediawiki}, also known as **Coleman Kelly Field**, is a public use airport owned by and located in Okaloosa County, Florida. The airport is one nautical mile (2 km) east of the central business district of Destin, Florida. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021--2025, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned DTS by the FAA and DSI by the IATA. The airport\'s ICAO identifier is KDTS. Due to its close proximity to Eglin Air Force Base and the high levels of military flight activity, all flights to or from Destin Executive Airport must adhere to \"special air traffic rules\" and obtain ATC clearance before entering the Eglin/Valparaiso terminal area. The Destin Executive Airport is an independent general flight office possessed and worked by Okaloosa Area, and is not reliant on ad valorem charges. ## History The first landing at the airport occurred on October 13, 1961. Lucius Burch of Memphis, Tennessee, and two passengers came for a weekend of fishing. Formerly, he had to land in Crestview, Florida, which Burch described as a \"terrible nuisance\". The field was being clayed by the county at the request of the Okaloosa Airport and Industrial Authority. Frank D. Duckett of Shalimar, Florida, announced that he had opened the area\'s first air charter service at a Playground Chamber of Commerce meeting on Dec. 8, 1961. Duckett said that the 2,000-foot runway in Destin was being hard surfaced, lights were being installed and that fuel and maintenance service would be available. He was arranging for rental cars to be parked at the airport for incoming planes. The service offered a Tri-Pacer 135, four seat aircraft, with other types of aircraft available based on the customer\'s needs. Duckett said that the rates for the Tri-Pacer would be 5.5 cents per mile, per person, based on a full load of four persons. A control tower was built at the airport and opened in 2017. The tower was awarded the 2018 General Aviation Airport Project of the Year. In 2018, the airport was visited by Wings of Freedom, a flying memorial to World War II. Three 1940s era aircraft --- a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, a Consolidated B-24 Liberator and a TF-51D Mustang Fighter --- visited the airport for tours and flight tours. In January 2025, the airport hosted Florida Governor Ron DeSantis for a talk.
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# Destin Executive Airport ## History ### 2025 Lawsuits #### Racketeering Lawsuit {#racketeering_lawsuit} In February 2025, the Okaloosa County Airports Director and a local businessman filed a lawsuit against a former business partner alleging he targeted them and tried to gain control of the Destin Executive Airport via extortion, malicious prosecution, and interference with business relations. The plaintiffs allege that the former business partner tried to bribe the Director in exchanged for continued enforcement of airport oversight measures, adding that the business partner attempted to illegitimately have the Director removed from his position. #### FAA Investigation Into the Airport {#faa_investigation_into_the_airport} In 2025, the airport\'s owner, Okaloosa County, was found to have violated multiple grant rules tied to its management of the Destin Executive Airport. The finding was rooted in a complaint that the airport allowed a single fixed-base operator to monopolize airport services, limiting competition and access; it was found that the county enabled lease assumptions, consolidations, assignments and ratifications at DTS, despite past warnings from the FAA Southern Region staff. In particular, it was found that the owner of Destin Jet, one of the FBOs at the airport, acquired a controlling stake in the airport\'s other FBO without the county\'s knowledge, granting him exclusive control of all services available at the airport. The county subsequently ratified the consolidation of the two for the purpose of resolving unpaid debts from the previous operator and increasing fuel flowage fee. This action lead to a back-and-forth between the county and the FAA. The FAA ordered Okaloosa to submit a corrective action plan and said funds would be withheld until it was sent; the Okaloosa County Commission voted to appeal the ruling. Plans for the merger date back to at least 2015. ## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft} Destin Executive Airport covers an area of 395 acres (160 ha) at an elevation of 22 feet (7 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 14/32 with an asphalt surface measuring 5001 by. The airport has a fixed-base operator that sells both 100LL Avgas and jet fuel. It offers services such as general maintenance, catering, a hangar, and courtesy/rental cars. Amenities such as a conference room, vending machines, pilot supplies, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, and showers are also available. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 63,987 aircraft operations, an average of 175 per day: 99% general aviation, 1% air taxi and less than 1% military. In April 2022, there were 61 aircraft based at this airport: 31 single-engine, 14 multi-engine, 11 jet and 5 helicopter.
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# Destin Executive Airport ## Airline and destinations {#airline_and_destinations} In 2019, both Southern Airways Express and Air Choice One announced plans to serve Destin Executive. Southern announced a weekend connection from Tampa in April 2019. That July, Air Choice One announced plans to fly from Jonesboro, Arkansas to Destin. Neither service is active as of June 2025. In 2021, commuter airline JSX announced its intention to serve Destin Executive Airport from its Dallas hub. The airline chose to avoid the larger Destin--Fort Walton Beach Airport in an attempt to make passenger access easier and painless. Airlines offering scheduled passenger service to non-stop destinations: `{{Airport destination list |3rdcoltitle={{Abbr|Refs.|References}}|3rdcolunsortable=yes |[[JSX (airline)|JSX]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Dallas Love Field|Dallas–Love]] | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gollan |first1=Doug |title=JSX Adds New York, Nashville By-The-Seat Private Jet Flights From $189 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/douggollan/2023/05/03/jsx-adds-new-york-nashville-by-the-seat-private-jet-flights-from-189/ |website=Forbes |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref> }}`{=mediawiki} ## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents} - The first fatal aircraft accident recorded at the Destin Executive Airport occurred on February 16, 1975, when a Cessna 210 with three people on board crashed shortly after a 0100 hrs. (1AM, local standard time) departure from the facility, the single-engined propeller cabin monoplane coming down one quarter mile from the runway in an area platted for the future Kelly Estates subdivision. All three were killed, the airframe burning completely with bodies burnt beyond recognition. Officials said that the plane was flying under a 200-foot ceiling with poor visibility. No flight plan had been filed. An investigator of the Federal Aviation Administration stated that there was no immediate evidence of mechanical failure. - On April 17, 1983, a Beechcraft Bonanza clipped power lines and crashed south of the airport and knocked out power to most of Destin for hours. The pilot and passenger survived. - On December 24, 1987, a Cessna 150 attempting a landing at Destin Executive Airport was caught by the sudden onset of fog as it circled to land which cut visibility to nothing. The plane struck the 19th floor of the Hidden Dunes Resort, becoming lodged in the wall of unit 1901 by the fuselage and landing gear. The 39-year old pilot was seriously injured and his 31-year-old female passenger died on site from injuries from the impact. There was no fire. The pilot was pulled into the building through a window on the 18th floor. \"A National Transportation Safety Board investigation later found \[the pilot\] to be at fault for the crash, having planned poorly by not accounting for the fog that was in the area and not being rated to fly in conditions that required instruments to navigate.\" - On March 5, 2005, a Piper PA-32 experienced a nose gear collapse after departing the side of the runway during the takeoff roll. The pilot reported that the aircraft suddenly swerved at about rotation speed and came to rest at the side of the runway. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot\'s inadequate compensation for wind during a crosswind takeoff resulting in a loss of directional control and subsequent collision with terrain. - On January 18, 2006, a Cessna 310 experienced a landing gear collapse at the Destin Executive Airport. It was found that the down limit switch, which operates the landing gear mechanical stop, was bent in the up position and allowed the gear motor to continued to run, causing the gearbox to over-travel, pull on the landing gear rods, and retract the landing gear during landing. - On April 5, 2006, a Mooney M20R crashed while attempting a go-around at the Destin Executive Airport. While attempting to touch down, he was blown to the side of the runway by a strong wind gust. He added full power and pulled up abruptly to avoid runway lights, at which point the aircraft\'s stall warning activated; the pilot subsequently lowered the nose but did not have enough airspeed to maintain altitude. While attempting to return to the runway, there was a sudden \"spin\" to the left. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot\'s failure to maintain airspeed while attempting a go-around at a low altitude which resulted in an inadvertent stall/mush, an uncontrolled descent and an impact with terrain. - On July 20, 2006, a Lancair 320 experienced engine vibrations inflight and successfully diverted to the Destin Executive Airport. The cause of the incident was found to be the separation of a portion of a propeller blade due to fatigue cracking which initiated in an area of corrosion that was not detected during propeller overhaul 10 flight hours before the accident. Later that year, on December 24, 2007, a Piper PA-32 successfully diverted to the Destin Executive Airport after experiencing an engine fire midflight. - On May 31, 2009, a Cessna 182 Skylane was damaged after a hard landing at the Destin Executive Airport. The probable cause of the incident was found to be the pilot\'s improper recovery from a bounced landing. - On November 26, 2015, a Robinson R44 was damaged while doing a power check before a tour flight. The pilot heard a loud pop while raising the collective, so he lowered the collective and secured the helicopter. Postaccident examination of the helicopter revealed that an overstress fracture existed between the tail rotor driveshaft and intermediate flex plate. The reason for the overstress could not be determined with the available evidence. - On February 12, 2016, a Piper PA28 Archer II collided with water while maneuvering to land at the Destin Executive Airport. After flying a normal traffic pattern, the airplane overshot a turn to line up with the runway and flew out over the water, where it crashed. The probable cause of the accident was found to be spatial disorientation and loss of aircraft control due to the noninstrument-rated pilot\'s decision to turn the airplane away from the lighted airport at low altitude, over water, with no visible horizon, in dark night conditions. - On August 2, 2016, a Cessna 414A Chancellor crashed into the Gulf of Mexico after departing the Destin Executive Airport. After climbing to 1,000\', the aircraft entered a steep right turn and descended at a steep rate before impacting the water in a nose-low attitude. The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot\'s loss of control due to spatial disorientation shortly after takeoff, while maneuvering over water during dark night conditions. - On November 17, 2016 a Cessna 172 Skyhawk registered to the US Air Force was damaged during an instructional flight at the Destin Executive Airport. After trouble controlling the airplane during a touch-and-go, the student attempted a go-around. The student and instructor heard a bang as the aircraft took off again and assumed they had struck a runway light; during a post-flight inspection, the left horizontal stabilizer was found to be damaged. The probable cause of the incident was found to be the student pilot's overcorrection with right rudder, which resulted in a loss of directional control, and the flight instructor's delayed remedial action. - On June 9, 2022, a Piper PA46 Malibu series aircraft suffered a landing gear collapse during taxi at the Destin Executive Airport. - On June 17, 2023, a Piper Saratoga crashed on landing at the Destin Executive Airport. At the time, the Okaloosa County Sheriff's Office reported the aircraft hit a puddle of water while landing and subsequently slid off the runway, collapsing its landing gear
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# Linda Stone **Linda Stone** (born 1955) is a writer and pioneer of internet-focused sociology research. She coined the phrase \"continuous partial attention\" in 1998 and \"email apnea\" in 2008. ## Career Before her tech career, Stone was a children\'s librarian and primary school teacher outside Seattle. She developed an interest in computers in the early 1980s while recovering from a car accident and began advocating for computers in schools. She joined Apple Computer in 1986, where her role involved producing CD-ROMs. In her last of seven years at Apple, she assisted CEO John Sculley with special projects. Microsoft Research recruited her in 1993 to work under Nathan Myhrvold and Rick Rashid. Stone co-founded and the company\'s Virtual Worlds group to research online social interaction and digital communities. While director of the group, she taught at New York University\'s Interactive Telecommunications Program as an adjunct. In 2000, she became a vice president of Microsoft focused on industry relationships and corporate culture. She left in 2002. Stone served a six-year term on the National Board of the World Wildlife Fund and is currently on the WWF National Council. She is an adviser for the Internet and American Life Project, the Hidden Brain Drain Task Force for the Center for Worklife Policy, and is on the Advisory Board of the MIT Media Lab for social computing. Stone has been written about in many major publications, including *Wired*, the *New York Times*, and Forbes. She conceived Science Foo Camp, a series of interdisciplinary scientific conferences organized by O\'Reilly Media and Nature Publishing Group
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# Motala Motor Museum **Motala Motor Museum** is a museum in Motala harbour, Sweden. The museum opened in `{{start date and age|1995|p=y}}`{=mediawiki} and could be described as a \"nostalgic museum\". Over 200 vehicles; cars, mopeds, bicycles and 300 radios and TVs are displayed
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# 2006 Subway Fresh 500 The **2006 Subway Fresh 500**, the eighth race of the 2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series season, was held at Phoenix International Raceway on April 22, 2006. Kyle Busch won the pole. ## Qualifying Pos Car \# Driver Make Primary Sponsor Speed Time Behind ------------------------------- -------- ------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- --------- -------- -------- 1 5 Kyle Busch Chevrolet Kellogg\'s / CARQUEST 133.745 26.917 0.000 2 16 Greg Biffle Ford Subway / National Guard 133.383 26.990 -0.073 3 20 Tony Stewart Chevrolet The Home Depot 133.299 27.007 -0.090 4 17 Matt Kenseth Ford DEWALT 133.205 27.026 -0.109 5 99 Carl Edwards Ford Office Depot 133.028 27.062 -0.145 6 11 Denny Hamlin Chevrolet FedEx Express 132.846 27.099 -0.182 7 2 Kurt Busch Dodge Miller Lite 132.817 27.105 -0.188 8 7 Clint Bowyer Chevrolet Sylvania 132.587 27.152 -0.235 9 1 Martin Truex Jr Chevrolet Bass Pro Shops / Tracker 132.523 27.165 -0.248 10 48 Jimmie Johnson Chevrolet Lowe\'s 132.397 27.191 -0.274 11 8 Dale Earnhardt Jr Chevrolet Budweiser 132.363 27.198 -0.281 12 42 Casey Mears Dodge Texaco / Havoline 132.163 27.239 -0.322 13 12 Ryan Newman Dodge ALLTEL My Circle 132.163 27.239 -0.322 14 25 Brian Vickers Chevrolet GMAC 132.120 27.248 -0.331 15 29 Kevin Harvick Chevrolet GM Goodwrench 132.081 27.256 -0.339 16 14 Sterling Marlin Chevrolet Waste Management 132.076 27.257 -0.340 17 88 Dale Jarrett Ford UPS 131.955 27.282 -0.365 18 6 Mark Martin Ford AAA 131.878 27.298 -0.381 19 24 Jeff Gordon Chevrolet DuPont 131.829 27.308 -0.391 20 38 Elliott Sadler Ford Pedigree 131.781 27.318 -0.401 21 43 Bobby Labonte Dodge Cheerios / Betty Crocker 131.738 27.327 -0.410 22 9 Kasey Kahne Dodge Dodge Dealers / UAW 131.714 27.332 -0.415 23 66 Jeff Green Chevrolet Best Buy 131.685 27.338 -0.421 24 10 Scott Riggs Dodge Valvoline / Stanley Tools 131.675 27.340 -0.423 25 7 Robby Gordon Chevrolet Jim Beam 131.608 27.354 -0.437 26 26 Jamie McMurray Ford Crown Royal 131.483 27.380 -0.463 27 21 Ken Schrader Ford Motorcraft Genuine Parts 131.368 27.404 -0.487 28 19 Jeremy Mayfield Dodge Dodge Dealers / UAW 130.942 27.493 -0.576 29 40 David Stremme Dodge Coors Light 130.857 27.511 -0.594 30 18 JJ Yeley Chevrolet Interstate Batteries 130.842 27.514 -0.597 31 78 Kenny Wallace Chevrolet Furniture Row Racing 130.458 27.595 -0.678 32 1 Joe Nemechek Chevrolet U.S. Army 130.416 27.604 -0.687 33 4 Scott Wimmer Chevrolet AERO Exhaust 130.416 27.604 -0.687 34 41 Reed Sorenson Dodge Target 130.322 27.624 -0.707 35 95 Stanton Barrett Chevrolet TheRaceSpace.com 130.114 27.668 -0.751 36 96 Tony Raines Chevrolet DLP HDTV 130.077 27.676 -0.759 37 31 Jeff Burton Chevrolet Prilosec OTC 129.814 27.732 -0.815 38 45 Kyle Petty Dodge Wells Fargo 129.478 27.804 -0.887 39 32 Travis Kvapil Chevrolet Tide-Downy 129.320 27.838 -0.921 40 02 Brandon Ash Dodge Sprinter Trucking Inc. 128.843 27.941 -1.024 41 22 Dave Blaney Dodge Caterpillar 128.411 28.035 -1.118 42 55 Michael Waltrip Dodge NAPA Auto Parts 126.613 28.433 -1.516 43 49 Brent Sherman Dodge Serta 128.576 27.999 -1.082 Failed to qualify or withdrew 44 34 Chad Chaffin Chevrolet Oak Glove Co. 28.031 -1.114 45 51 Mike Garvey Chevrolet Marathon American Spirit Motor Oil 28.083 -1.166 46 92 Chad Blount Dodge Front Row Motorsports 28.150 -1.233 47 61 Kevin Lepage Chevrolet RoadLoans.com 28.173 -1.256 48 89 Morgan Shepherd Dodge Victory In Jesus / Dutch Quality Stone 28.233 -1.316 49 52 Steve Portenga Dodge Pro30.com / King Taco 28.336 -1.419 WD 74 Derrike Cope Dodge MyGuardian911.com 0.000 0.000 0.000
574
2006 Subway Fresh 500
0
11,059,193
# 2006 Subway Fresh 500 ## Race results {#race_results} POS ST \# DRIVER SPONSOR / OWNER CAR LAPS MONEY STATUS LED PTS ------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ----- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------ -------- ------------------ ----- ----- 1 15 29   Kevin Harvick **GM Goodwrench**   (Richard Childress) Chevrolet 312 228486 running 10 185 2 3 20   Tony Stewart **The Home Depot**   (Joe Gibbs) Chevrolet 312 211536 running 6 175 3 4 17   Matt Kenseth **DeWalt**   (Jack Roush) Ford 312 168116 running 1 170 4 5 99   Carl Edwards **Office Depot**   (Jack Roush) Ford 312 126685 running 0 160 5 8 07   Clint Bowyer **Sylvania**   (Richard Childress) Chevrolet 312 122325 running 21 160 6 22 9   Kasey Kahne **Dodge Dealers / UAW**   (Ray Evernham) Dodge 312 124189 running 0 150 7 10 48   Jimmie Johnson **Lowe\'s**   (Rick Hendrick) Chevrolet 312 127111 running 0 146 8 21 43   Bobby Labonte **Cheerios / Betty Crocker**   (Petty Enterprises) Dodge 312 117661 running 0 142 9 37 31   Jeff Burton **Prilosec OTC**   (Richard Childress) Chevrolet 312 108870 running 0 138 10 19 24   Jeff Gordon **DuPont**   (Rick Hendrick) Chevrolet 312 124111 running 0 134 11 18 6   Mark Martin **AAA**   (Jack Roush) Ford 311 98425 running 111 135 12 16 14   Sterling Marlin **Waste Management**   (Nelson Bowers) Chevrolet 311 90883 running 0 127 13 14 25   Brian Vickers **GMAC**   (Rick Hendrick) Chevrolet 311 80275 running 0 124 14 26 26   Jamie McMurray **Crown Royal**   (Jack Roush) Ford 311 112750 running 0 121 15 2 16   Greg Biffle **Subway / National Guard**   (Jack Roush) Ford 311 102350 running 151 128 16 27 21   Ken Schrader **Motorcraft Genuine Parts**   (Wood Brothers) Ford 311 95389 running 0 115 17 36 96   Tony Raines **DLP HDTV**   (Bill Saunders) Chevrolet 311 65075 running 0 112 18 23 66   Jeff Green **Best Buy**   (Gene Haas) Chevrolet 311 91808 running 0 109 19 17 88   Dale Jarrett **UPS**   (Yates Racing) Ford 311 99325 running 0 106 20 12 42   Casey Mears **Texaco / Havoline**   (Chip Ganassi) Dodge 311 103983 running 0 103 21 39 32   Travis Kvapil **Tide / Downy**   (Cal Wells) Chevrolet 311 80958 running 0 100 22 9 1   Martin Truex, Jr. **Bass Pro Shops / Tracker**   (Dale Earnhardt, Inc.) Chevrolet 311 86233 running 0 97 23 11 8   Dale Earnhardt, Jr. **Budweiser**   (Dale Earnhardt, Inc.) Chevrolet 310 102291 running 0 94 24 7 2   Kurt Busch **Miller Lite**   (Roger Penske) Dodge 310 103833 running 0 91 25 31 78   Kenny Wallace **Furniture Row Racing**   (Barney Visser) Chevrolet 310 63075 running 0 88 26 28 19   Jeremy Mayfield **Dodge Dealers / UAW**   (Ray Evernham) Dodge 310 95841 running 0 85 27 41 22   Dave Blaney **Caterpillar**   (Bill Davis) Dodge 309 75172 running 2 87 28 30 18   J.J. Yeley **Interstate Batteries**   (Joe Gibbs) Chevrolet 309 99975 running 1 84 29 29 40   David Stremme **Coors Light**   (Chip Ganassi) Dodge 308 73175 running 0 76 30 33 4   Scott Wimmer **AERO Exhaust**   (Larry McClure) Chevrolet 307 65525 running 0 73 31 38 45   Kyle Petty **Wells Fargo**   (Petty Enterprises) Dodge 305 72400 running 0 70 32 43 49   Brent Sherman **Serta**   (Beth Ann Morgenthau) Dodge 305 61750 running 0 67 33 35 95   Stanton Barrett **TheRaceSpace.com**   (Stanton Barrett) Chevrolet 301 62575 running 0 64 34 6 11   Denny Hamlin **FedEx Express**   (Joe Gibbs) Chevrolet 289 61500 running 0 61 35 32 01   Joe Nemechek **U.S. Army**   (Nelson Bowers) Chevrolet 283 87720 running 0 58 36 1 5   Kyle Busch **Kellogg\'s / Carquest**   (Rick Hendrick) Chevrolet 259 84425 running 7 60 37 20 38   Elliott Sadler **Pedigree**   (Yates Racing) Ford 247 89008 running 1 57 38 24 10   Scott Riggs **Valvoline / Stanley Tools**   (James Rocco) Dodge 229 60975 running 0 49 39 13 12   Ryan Newman **Alltel My Circle**   (Roger Penske) Dodge 221 106258 **crash** 0 46 40 34 41   Reed Sorenson **Target**   (Chip Ganassi) Dodge 206 68700 running 0 43 41 25 7   Robby Gordon **Jim Beam**   (Robby Gordon) Chevrolet 116 60560 **engine** 0 40 42 42 55   Michael Waltrip **NAPA Auto Parts**   (Doug Bawel) Dodge 98 60435 **crash** 0 37 43 40 02   Brandon Ash **Sprinter Trucking, Inc.**   (Ed Ash) Dodge 98 60635 **transmission** 1 39 Failed to qualify, withdrew, or driver changes: POS NAME NBR SPONSOR OWNER CAR 44 Chad Chaffin 34 Oak Glove Co. Bob Jenkins Chevrolet 45 Mike Garvey 51 Marathon American Spirit Motor Oil Joe Auer Chevrolet 46 Chad Blount 92 Front Row Motorsports Bob Jenkins Dodge 47 Kevin Lepage 61 RoadLoans.com Bob Jenkins Chevrolet 48 Morgan Shepherd 89 Victory In Jesus / Dutch Quality Stone Morgan Shepherd Dodge 49 Steve Portenga 52 Pro30.com / King Taco Rick Ware Dodge WD Derrike Cope 74 MyGuardian911
775
2006 Subway Fresh 500
1
11,059,212
# David Green (political adviser) **David Green** was a key adviser to Illinois Governor Dan Walker. He was also known as a successful businessman and philanthropist. Green grew up on the West and South Sides of Chicago. After graduating from Hyde Park High School, Green went to the University of Chicago for college. He returned to the school for a master\'s degree in social science after serving with the Army Signal Corps in the South Pacific during World War II. A long-time resident of Chicago\'s Hyde Park neighborhood, Green became active in 5th Ward politics and the Democratic Federation of Illinois. He participated in the 1960 presidential campaign of John F. Kennedy and was a special adviser to Kennedy on the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Green died March 26, 2007
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# WBNZ **WBNZ** (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Frankfort, Michigan. ## History WBNZ first went on the air in October 1978 with a soft rock and local news format. The general manager was Michael Bradford, a former DJ at WCCW in Traverse City. It had live DJ\'s, including Bradford for the beloved local morning show, with a pre-recorded music format and local news. Network news was broadcast hourly from the ABC FM Network. In July 2009, WOUF 92.3 FM Beulah and WBNZ 99.3 FM Frankfort swapped call signs and cities of license, with WBNZ\'s soft AC format moving to 92.3 and WOUF (\"The Wolf\") taking residence on 99.3 with a new format (changing from a country/southern rock hybrid to mainstream rock). 92.3, which formerly operated at 92.1 FM, has aired a variety of formats since first taking to the air in the mid-1990s, including simulcasts of then-99.3 WBNZ and 101.9 WLDR, and an \'80s hits format (simulcast with 100.1) as WSRI/WSRQ \"Star FM.\" On October 22, 2014 WBNZ began simulcasting WLDR-FM 101.9 FM Traverse City as \"The Bay\". On January 21, 2015 WBNZ went silent. In early to mid July 2016, WBNZ was heard on the air with a simulcast of WLDR-FM as \"101.9 the Bay\", likely as a way to keep the license active. Throughout October 2016, the station was on and off the air again, still simulcasting The Bay, possibly for the same reason. On October 1, 2018 WBNZ switched from a simulcast with WLDR-FM to a simulcast of sports-formatted WGRY-FM 101.1 FM Roscommon. In October 2019 WBNZ went silent
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# Mielke **Mielke** is a German surname. Name Meaning: Eastern German (of Slavic origin): from a pet form of a Slavic compound personal name with the first element Milo-, from mil 'favor', 'grace'. Dutch: from a pet form of Miele 3
41
Mielke
0
11,059,267
# 2006 Aaron's 499 The **2006 Aaron\'s 499** was the ninth race of the 2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series season. It was scheduled to be held on April 30, 2006 at the 2.6-mile long Talladega Superspeedway, but due to rain starting one lap prior to the green flag, however, the race was postponed until the following day. Television coverage was moved from Fox to FX except for several Fox stations that elected to carry the race. Elliott Sadler won the pole position, while Jimmie Johnson won the race. The Aaron\'s 499 was one of five impound races of the season, meaning that the teams could not make any changes on the car after qualifying. ## Qualifying Pos Car \# Driver Make Primary Sponsor Speed Time Behind ------------------- -------- ------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- --------- -------- -------- 1 38 Elliott Sadler Ford M&M\'s 188.511 50.798 0.000 2 20 Tony Stewart Chevrolet The Home Depot 187.658 51.029 -0.231 3 99 Carl Edwards Ford Office Depot 187.320 51.121 -0.323 4 88 Dale Jarrett Ford UPS 187.232 51.145 -0.347 5 2 Kurt Busch Dodge Miller Lite 187.137 51.171 -0.373 6 1 Joe Nemechek Chevrolet U.S. Army 187.130 51.173 -0.375 7 16 Greg Biffle Ford Subway / National Guard 186.991 51.211 -0.413 8 26 Jamie McMurray Ford IRWIN Industrial Tools 186.933 51.227 -0.429 9 14 Sterling Marlin Chevrolet Waste Management 186.925 51.229 -0.431 10 6 Mark Martin Ford AAA 186.856 51.248 -0.450 11 18 JJ Yeley Chevrolet GSK AsthmaControl.com 186.827 51.256 -0.458 12 17 Matt Kenseth Ford DeWalt 186.685 51.295 -0.497 13 5 Kyle Busch Chevrolet Kellogg\'s 186.652 51.304 -0.506 14 24 Jeff Gordon Chevrolet DuPont / Pepsi 186.587 51.322 -0.524 15 7 Clint Bowyer Chevrolet Jack Daniel\'s 186.521 51.340 -0.542 16 48 Jimmie Johnson Chevrolet Lowe\'s 186.478 51.352 -0.554 17 40 David Stremme Dodge Lone Star Steakhouse / Saloon 186.463 51.356 -0.558 18 12 Ryan Newman Dodge ALLTEL My Circle 186.427 51.366 -0.568 19 7 Robby Gordon Chevrolet Menards / Turtle Wax Ice 186.217 51.424 -0.626 20 1 Martin Truex Jr Chevrolet Bass Pro Shops / Tracker 186.018 51.479 -0.681 21 55 Michael Waltrip Dodge NAPA Auto Parts 185.971 51.492 -0.694 22 27 Kirk Shelmerdine Chevrolet Kirk Shelmerdine Racing 185.787 51.543 -0.745 23 61 Kevin Lepage Ford State Water Heaters 185.761 51.550 -0.752 24 00 Hermie Sadler Ford Aaron\'s 185.758 51.551 -0.753 25 42 Casey Mears Dodge Texaco / Havoline 185.689 51.570 -0.772 26 32 Travis Kvapil Chevrolet Tide-Downy 185.632 51.586 -0.788 27 8 Dale Earnhardt Jr Chevrolet Budweiser 185.578 51.601 -0.803 28 45 Kyle Petty Dodge Schwan\'s Home Service 185.571 51.603 -0.805 29 96 Tony Raines Chevrolet DLP HDTV 185.527 51.615 -0.817 30 11 Denny Hamlin Chevrolet FedEx Freight 185.445 51.638 -0.840 31 43 Bobby Labonte Dodge Betty Crocker / STP Oil Stabilizer 185.423 51.644 -0.846 32 10 Scott Riggs Dodge Stanley FatMax / Valvoline 185.423 51.644 -0.846 33 25 Brian Vickers Chevrolet GMAC 185.348 51.665 -0.867 34 34 Chad Chaffin Chevrolet Front Row Motorsports 185.230 51.698 -0.900 35 21 Ken Schrader Ford Little Debbie 185.140 51.723 -0.925 36 19 Jeremy Mayfield Dodge Dodge Dealers / UAW 185.126 51.727 -0.929 37 9 Kasey Kahne Dodge Dodge Dealers / UAW 185.104 51.733 -0.935 38 22 Dave Blaney Dodge Caterpillar 184.815 51.814 -1.016 39 66 Jeff Green Chevrolet Best Buy 184.249 51.973 -1.175 40 31 Jeff Burton Chevrolet Cingular Wireless 184.012 52.040 -1.242 41 41 Reed Sorenson Dodge Target 183.892 52.074 -1.276 42 29 Kevin Harvick Chevrolet Reese\'s Caramel Cup 183.864 52.082 -1.284 43 4 Scott Wimmer Chevrolet AERO Exhaust 185.154 51.719 -0.921 Failed to qualify 44 89 Morgan Shepherd Dodge Victory In Jesus / Dutch Quality Stone 51.805 45 95 Stanton Barrett Chevrolet TheRaceSpace.com 51.815 46 09 Mike Wallace Ford Miccosukee Gaming & Resorts 51.877 47 92 Chad Blount Dodge Front Row Motorsports 52.225 48 49 Brent Sherman Dodge Serta 52.324 49 78 Kenny Wallace Chevrolet National Day of Prayer 52.443
645
2006 Aaron's 499
0
11,059,267
# 2006 Aaron's 499 ## Race results {#race_results} Pos Grid Driver No. Make Points Bonus Laps Winnings ----- ------ --------------------- ----- ----------- -------- ------- ------ ----------- 1 16 Jimmie Johnson 48 Chevrolet 185 5 188 \$326,061 2 2 Tony Stewart 20 Chevrolet 175 5 188 \$260,136 3 33 Brian Vickers 25 Chevrolet 170 5 188 \$172,300 4 40 Jeff Burton 31 Chevrolet 160 188 \$176,745 5 8 Jamie McMurray 26 Ford 160 5 188 \$168,600 6 12 Matt Kenseth 17 Ford 155 5 188 \$159,841 7 5 Kurt Busch 2 Dodge 151 5 188 \$143,233 8 3 Carl Edwards 99 Ford 147 5 188 \$118,975 9 32 Scott Riggs 10 Dodge 138 188 \$97,975 10 19 Robby Gordon 7 Chevrolet 139 5 188 \$103,350 11 11 J. J. Yeley \* 18 Chevrolet 135 5 188 \$131,075 12 4 Dale Jarrett 88 Ford 132 5 188 \$125,875 13 36 Jeremy Mayfield 19 Dodge 129 5 188 \$124,816 14 39 Jeff Green 66 Chevrolet 126 5 188 \$117,808 15 14 Jeff Gordon 24 Chevrolet 128 10 188 \$151,311 16 1 Elliott Sadler 38 Ford 120 5 188 \$138,983 17 29 Tony Raines 96 Chevrolet 112 188 \$84,675 18 28 Kyle Petty 45 Dodge 109 188 \$111,883 19 26 Travis Kvapil 32 Chevrolet 106 188 \$101,083 20 25 Casey Mears 42 Dodge 108 5 188 \$123,083 21 43 Scott Wimmer 4 Chevrolet 105 5 188 \$85,350 22 30 Denny Hamlin \* 11 Chevrolet 102 5 187 \$84,625 23 42 Kevin Harvick 29 Chevrolet 94 187 \$121,811 24 38 Dave Blaney 22 Dodge 96 5 183 \$94,858 25 21 Michael Waltrip 55 Dodge 93 5 179 \$92,447 26 41 Reed Sorenson \* 41 Dodge 85 177 \$89,825 27 6 Joe Nemechek 01 Chevrolet 87 5 173 \$107,620 28 23 Kevin Lepage 61 Ford 84 5 173 \$80,225 29 31 Bobby Labonte 43 Dodge 76 163 \$114,461 30 34 Chad Chaffin 34 Chevrolet 73 152 \$77,825 31 27 Dale Earnhardt Jr. 8 Chevrolet 75 5 151 \$112,166 32 13 Kyle Busch 5 Chevrolet 67 150 \$95,025 33 18 Ryan Newman 12 Dodge 64 106 \$122,308 34 17 David Stremme \* 40 Dodge 61 106 \$85,725 35 10 Mark Martin 6 Ford 58 101 \$94,650 36 20 Martin Truex Jr. \* 1 Chevrolet 55 97 \$84,500 37 9 Sterling Marlin 14 Chevrolet 52 91 \$76,325 38 7 Greg Biffle 16 Ford 49 45 \$96,175 39 37 Kasey Kahne 9 Dodge 46 17 \$112,989 40 15 Clint Bowyer \* 07 Chevrolet 43 16 \$83,525 41 22 Kirk Shelmerdine 27 Chevrolet 40 9 \$75,325 42 35 Ken Schrader 21 Ford 37 8 \$102,364 43 24 Hermie Sadler 0 Ford PE 8 \$75,308 Failed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (No. 89), Stanton Barrett (No. 95), Mike Wallace (No. 09), Chad Blount (No. 92), Brent Sherman (No. 49), Kenny Wallace (No
470
2006 Aaron's 499
1
11,059,287
# Dick Shiner **Richard Earl Shiner** (born July 18, 1942) is a former professional American football quarterback who played in eleven National Football League (NFL) seasons from 1964 to 1974 for the Washington Redskins, Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers, New York Giants, Atlanta Falcons, and New England Patriots. ## College He played college football at the University of Maryland. In his first collegiate start, Shiner led Maryland to the school\'s first victory against Penn State in the 37-game series. ## Professional football {#professional_football} Shiner was drafted in the seventh round of the 1964 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins. Shiner was also selected in the 20th round of the 1964 AFL Draft by the New York Jets. Shiner played sparingly in his first four seasons in the NFL. From 1964 to 1966 with the Redskins, he backed up future Hall of Fame quarterback Sonny Jurgensen and started only one game, in 1965. Moving to the Cleveland Browns for 1967, Shiner was a backup to former All-Pro Frank Ryan, and again saw few chances to play, starting no games and attempting only nine passes all season. Shiner\'s big break came on May 14, 1968, when the Browns traded Shiner, a draft choice to be named later and defensive tackle Frank Parker to the Pittsburgh Steelers for another quarterback, Bill Nelsen, and safety Jim Bradshaw, with both quarterbacks getting more playing chances with their new teams. Shiner took over as the starting quarterback for the Steelers in week 4 from Kent Nix, in a game in Cleveland against the Browns, facing Nelsen. Shiner started the rest of the season. He went on to start nine games for the 1969 Steelers (the first season in which Chuck Noll served as Steelers head coach), including their Opening Day win over the Detroit Lions. That first win was the only one of the season, with the Steelers going 1--13 on the year, with a defense that gave up the most points in the NFL---an average of nearly 29 points per game. Fittingly, the final play of the 1969 season saw Shiner sacked by the New Orleans Saints\' Doug Atkins on the final play of Atkins\' Hall of Fame career. After Pittsburgh took future Hall of Fame quarterback Terry Bradshaw with the first pick of the 1970 draft, Shiner was traded to the New York Giants in April, 1970 for running back John \"Frenchy\" Fuqua and linebacker Henry Davis. and backed up yet another Hall of Fame quarterback, Fran Tarkenton . After one season with the Giants, he moved on to the Atlanta Falcons. On September 16, 1973, while playing for the Falcons in a game against the New Orleans Saints, Shiner became the first person to post a perfect passer rating, during what was the first season in which the statistic was officially kept. However, multiple other quarterbacks are recognized retroactively to have accomplished this feat prior to the 1973 season. Shiner completed 13 of 15 pass attempts for 227 yards and 3 touchdowns, with no interceptions in a 62-7 destruction of Atlanta\'s archrival. The next week in being shut out against the Rams, Shiner would go on to post a lowest possible 0.0 QB rating (unofficially, as he only attempted nine passes). He ended up in New England midway through the season where once again, Shiner\'s role was to be the backup to a prominent quarterback---this time Jim Plunkett. He appeared in one game completing two of four passes as the Patriots blew out Houston 32-0 in week 11. Shiner\'s career came to a close with one game for the 1974 New England Patriots. He was sent into his only appearance in the 1974 regular season with the Patriots holding a 35--3 lead against the Baltimore Colts. After leading the Patriots on an 80-yard touchdown drive, Shiner took himself out of the game to give third-string quarterback Neil Graff a chance to play in Graff\'s first NFL regular-season contest. In an interview four decades later, Shiner said, \"I wanted Neil Graff to get experience. Neil was a good kid, and I knew my time in the NFL was coming to an end.\" ## Post NFL {#post_nfl} After retiring from the NFL, Shiner worked in the beer distribution and copier businesses. After retiring, he has been the backfield coach for the football team at Bishop McDevitt High School in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and has also been an assistant coach at Hershey High School in Hershey, Pennsylvania. In 2007, Shiner was named a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference Football Legends Class. He also is a member of the Pennsylvania State Athletic Hall of Fame, Maryland M Club Hall of Fame, and Lebanon (PA) High School Hall of Fame
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Dick Shiner
0
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# Sankt Corona am Wechsel **Sankt Corona am Wechsel** is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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Sankt Corona am Wechsel
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# Seton Catholic High School (Richmond, Indiana) **Seton Catholic High School** is a private, Catholic high school in Richmond, Indiana. It is part of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis. The original Catholic high school in Richmond (St. Andrew) operated from 1899 to 1936 at the same location as Seton Catholic, which opened in 2002
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# MedInfo **MedInfo** is the name of the international medical informatics conference organized initially every 3 years and now every other year by the International Medical Informatics Association. It is the most important international conference in the field with health and medical informatics professions attending from all over the world. MedInfo also serves to bring together all officers of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Board together with national representatives in the General Assembly of IMIA. The General Assembly elects the officers of IMIA. The IMIA Board consists of the President (the Past or the Elect President), Treasurer and Secretary as its officers. In addition it has other Vice Presidents for targeted areas: Membership, MedInfo, Services, Special Affairs, Strategic Plan Implementation, and Working Groups. With the exception of the President and the Vice President of MedInfo all officers serve a three-year term that can be extended for a second three-year term. The President and Vice President are on a two - year term and the Vice President of MedInfo has one 2-year term and is elected the year before the next Medinfo meeting so that he/she can be mentored through one MedInfo cycle. ## MedInfo conferences {#medinfo_conferences} MedInfo was held every 3 years since its inception in 1974, after 2013 it is now held every two years. The table below gives an overview of these conferences. Number Year Date Location Organizing Partner Organizing Committee Chair(s) Scientific Program Committee Chair(s) Editorial Committee -------- ------ ----------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1974 Aug 5-10 Stockholm, Sweden IFIP World Congress Francois Grémy John Anderson, J. Malcolm Forsythe 2 1977 Aug 8-12 Toronto, Canada IFIP TC-4 Meeting Werner Schneider David B. Shires, Hermann K. Wolf 3 1980 Sep 29-Oct 4 Tokyo, Japan Masamitsu Oshima Morris F. Collen Donald A. B. Lindberg, Shigekoto Kaihara 4 1983 Aug 22-27 Amsterdam, the Netherlands Jan Roukens Gwilym S. Lodwick Jan Hendrik van Bemmel, Marion J. Ball, Ove Wigertz 5 1986 Oct 26-30 Washington DC, USA American Medical Informatics Association ([AMIA](http://www.amia.org/)) Donald A. B. Lindberg Jan van Bemmel, Edward H. Shortliffe Roger Salamon, Bruce I. Blum, Mogens Jørgensen 6 1989 Oct 17--20, Dec 11-15 Beijing, China and Singapore K. C. Lun Barry Barber, Dexian Cao, Dulie Qin, Gustav Wagner 7 1992 Sep 6-10 Geneva, Switzerland [Swiss Society for Medical Informatics](http://www.sgmi-ssim.ch/) Jean-Raoul Scherrer Salah Mandil K. C. Lun, Patrice Degoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, Otto Rienhoff 8 1995 July 23--27 Vancouver, Canada [Canada\'s Health Informatics Association](http://coachorg.com/) Kathryn Hannah Shigekoto Kaihara Robert A. Greenes, Hans E. Petersen, Denis J. Protti 9 1998 Aug 14-21 Seoul, South Korea [Korean Society of Medical Informatics](http://www.kosmi.org/) Chang Soon Koh Charles Safran, Patrice Degoulet Branko Cesnik, Alexa Thorlichen McCray, Jean-Raoul Scherrer 10 2001 Sep 2-5 London, UK [British Computer Society Health Informatics Forum](http://www.bcs.org/BCS/Forums/health) Jean Roberts Arie Hasman, Hiroshi Takeda Vimla L. Patel, Ray Rogers, Reinhold Haux, Beatriz de Faria Leão 11 2004 Sep 7-11 San Francisco, USA American Medical Informatics Association ([AMIA](http://www.amia.org/)) Edward H. Shortliffe Mario Stefanelli, Casimir Kulikowski Marius Fieschi, Enrico Coiera, Yu-Chan Jack Li 12 2007 Aug 20--24 Brisbane, Australia [Health Informatics Society of Australia](http://www.hisa.org.au/) Evelyn J.S. Hovenga Alexa T. McCray, Heimar de Fátima Marin Klaus. A. Kuhn, James R. Warren, Tze-Yun Leong 13 2010 Sep 13-16 Cape Town, South Africa [South African Health Informatics Association](http://www.sahia.org.za) Lyn Hanmer Riccardo Bellazzi, Johanna Westbrook Charles Safran, Heimar de Fátima Marin, Shane Reti 14 2013 Aug 20--23 Copenhagen, Denmark Danish Society of Medical Informatics (DSMI) Lene Vistisen (Denmark) Dominik Aronsky (Switzerland), Tze‐Yun Leong (Singapore) Christoph U. Lehmann (US, chair), Christian Nøhr (Denmark), Elske Ammenwerth (Austria) 15 2015 Aug 19-23 São Paulo, Brasil Brazilian Society of Health Informatics [(SBIS](http://www.sbis.org.br/)) Beatriz de Faria Leão (Brazil), Claudio Giulliano Alves da Costa (Brazil) Fernando Martin Sanchez (Australia), Kaija Saranto (Finland) Indra Neil Sarkar (US, chair), Paulo Mazzoncini de Azevedo Marques (Brazil), Andrew Georgiou (Australia) 16 2017 Aug 21-25 Hangzhou, China China Medical Informatics Association [(CMIA](http://www.cmia.info/)) Yongqin Huang, Chair (China), Yining Meng, Executive Vice Chair (China) Elizabeth Borycki (Canada), Niels Peek (United Kingdom) Adi Gunlapalli (US, chair), Dongsheng Zhao (China) and Marie-Christine Jaulent (France) 17 2019 Aug 26-30 Lyon, France French Association for Medical Informatics [(AIM](https://www.france-aim.org/page/79802-nouveautes)) Jean-Marie Rodrigues, President (France), Phillipe Cinquin, Deputy Executive President, Lemlih Ouchchane, General Secretary, Daniel Pagonis, Treasurer Patrick Weber, VP MedInfo (Switzerland, IMIA Board) Olivier Bodenreider (U.S.A., Co-chair), Michael Marscholleck (Germany, Co-chair) Lucila Ohno-Macado (U.S.A., chair), Brigitte Séroussi (France, Vice Chair) 18 2023 July 8--12 Sydney, Australia Health Informatics Society of Australia [(HISA](https://www.hisa.org.au/)) Najeeb Al-Shorbaji, VP MedInfo (Jordon, IMIA Board) Paul Otero (Co-chair, Argentina), Philip Scott (Co-chair, United Kingdom) Jennifer Bichel-Findlay (Australia, Co-chair) 20 2025 August Taipei, Taiwan [Taiwan Association for Medical Informatics (TAMI)](http://www.medinfo.org.tw/html/intro_eng
767
MedInfo
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# Araba 2004 **Araba 2004** was a 2004 single by musician Mustafa Sandal from the album Seven New Version, carrying five versions of the song
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# John MacQueen Ward **Sir John MacQueen Ward** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|FRSE|FRSA|FIET}}`{=mediawiki} (born 1 August 1940) is a Scottish businessman. ## Early life {#early_life} The son of Marcus Waddie Ward and Catherine MacQueen, Ward was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Fettes College. ## Career He began a career with IBM at its Greenock Manufacturing Plant in 1966, and in 1991 was appointed Managing Director of UK Government and Public Service Business having worked for the company throughout the world. He subsequently held a wide range of business and public sector jobs, including Chairman of CBI Scotland, Chairman of Scottish Qualifications Authority, Chairman of Quality Scotland Foundation, Chairman of the Governing Body (Court) of Edinburgh's Queen Margaret University, and Chairman of Scottish Homes. Ward joined Macfarlane Group as a non-executive director in 1995 and took over the chairman\'s role when its eponymous founder retired in 1998. His later appointments included the Chairmanship of Scottish Enterprise and of European Assets Trust NV. He was also a Trustee of the National Museums of Scotland between 2005 and 2012 and was Chairman of Dunfermline Building Society between 1995 and 2007. ## Awards Ward was appointed a CBE in 1995, the same year he received an Honorary Degree from the University of Strathclyde. He received a Knighthood in the 2002 New Year Honours for Services to Public Life in Scotland. Ward also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1998 and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 2004 for private sector leadership. He appeared at number 10 on The Scotsman\'s *100 Most Powerful* list the same year
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# Oldenburg Academy of the Immaculate Conception **Oldenburg Academy of the Immaculate Conception** is a private Catholic high school in Oldenburg, Indiana. The Alma Mater is \"virtue, honor, and education.\" ## History The school was founded in 1851 by the Sisters of St. Francis and Mother Teresa Hackelmeier. Oldenburg Academy received its commission as a high school in 1910. By the 1940s, the school stopped including elementary level students, becoming a high school only. In 1994, Oldenburg Academy incorporated. Currently, the school is controlled by a board of trustees rather than the original owners, the Sisters of St. Francis. The boarding program ended at the end of the 1998--1999 school year and male students were admitted from the autumn semester of 2000 onward. In 2020, the academy constructed a new athletic facility named the Hillenbrand Family Feldhaus. ## Enrollment In 1986, the enrollment reached 117 students. The current enrollment is 228 students
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# Manchester Mystics The **Manchester Giants**, previously the **Manchester Mystics**, are a women\'s basketball team from Manchester, England, who compete in the Women\'s British Basketball League. The team play their home games at the National Basketball Centre. ## Honours **WBBL Cup** - **Winners (1):** 2016-17
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# Kaj Hansen (footballer, born 1917) **Kaj Aksel Hansen** (22 April 1917 -- 12 August 1987) was a Danish football player and manager. As an amateur player, he scored 114 goals in 202 games for B 93, and scored 12 goals in 27 games for the Denmark national football team. Hansen won five Danish football championships with B 93, and was the joint top goalscorer of the 1940 season. He was banned from Danish football in 1946, having illegally accepted payment to play. He then played professionally for French clubs Stade Francais, SR Colmar, FC Metz and CA Paris. Having ended his active career in 1950, Hansen went on to manage Danish clubs Randers Freja, Vejle Boldklub, Odense Boldklub, and B 1909, as well as the unofficial Danish second-string national team. ## Career Being 166 cm tall, Hansen was unusually short for a footballer within the league and was affectionately known as \"*Lille Kaj*\" (English: \"Little Kaj\"). He had excellent technique, balance and dribbling skills, and could play in all attacking positions apart from centre forward. He played the bulk of his career with Boldklubben af 1893 (B 93). Hansen made his senior debut with B 93 in 1934, and won the Danish football championship with the club in 1934 and 1935. Hansen made his debut for the Denmark national football team on 30 June 1936, scoring one goal as the Norway national football team was defeated 4--1. In 1939, he scored two goals as Denmark won the 50-year anniversary tournament of the Danish Football Association, and was named player of the tournament. Hansen won an additional Danish championship with B 93 in 1939. As an unpaid amateur player, Hansen was free to move between clubs. He had a brief stint with B 93\'s rival club Boldklubben Frem from August to November 1940, scoring four goals in five games with the team. He moved back to B 93, with whom he won the 1942 and 1946 Danish championships. In September 1945, Kaj Hansen took part in a game of regional select teams played in Aarhus, alongside fellow Danish internationals Arne Sørensen, Børge Mathiesen, Kaj Christiansen, and Egon Sørensen. They were all subsequently banned for the rest of the year by both the Danish Football Association and the Copenhagen Football Association for excessive drinking on the trip. In 1946, Kaj Hansen and Arne Sørensen both accepted payment to play for Skovshoved IF, in violation of the amateur-only code of the Danish Football Association. They were declared professionals, which barred them from playing football for both Danish clubs and the Danish national team. Hansen and Sørensen moved abroad to continue playing professionally, and they joined Stade Francais. Here they played alongside Børge Mathiesen. The physical side of the professional game did not suit Kaj Hansen, who spent much of his professional career out with injury. He represented French teams Stade Francais, SR Colmar, FC Metz, and CA Paris, before ending his playing career in 1950. Kaj Hansen became a popular manager of several Danish teams. He went on to manage Randers Freja, Vejle Boldklub, Odense Boldklub, and B 1909. He also managed the Danish second-string national team for five unofficial games in 1958 and 1960, winning two games and losing one
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# Rhondda Rebels The **Rhondda Rebels** is a women\'s basketball team from Rhondda in south Wales, who compete in Division 1 of the English Women\'s Basketball League. The team play their home games at the Rhondda Fach Sports Centre and is one of the most successful women\'s teams in recent history, claiming the league crown in 2001, 2004, 2005 and 2006
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# Francis D'Arcy-Osborne, 7th Duke of Leeds **Francis George Godolphin D\'Arcy D\'Arcy-Osborne, 7th Duke of Leeds** (21 May 1798 -- 4 May 1859), styled **Earl of Danby** from birth until 1799 and **Marquess of Carmarthen** from 1799 until 1838, was a British peer and politician. ## Early life {#early_life} Osborne was the son of George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds, and his wife, Charlotte Townshend. His younger brother was Lord Conyers George Thomas William Osborne (1812--1831) and his sister was Lady Charlotte Mary Anne Georgiana Osborne (d. 1836), the wife of Sackville Lane-Fox, MP (the third son of James Fox-Lane, MP, of Bramham Park). His mother was the eldest daughter of George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend and, his second wife, Anne Montgomery (a daughter of Sir William Montgomery, 1st Baronet of Magbiehill and Mistress of the Robes to Caroline, Princess of Wales). Among her extended maternal family was her uncle Captain Lord James Townshend. ## Career As Marquess of Carmarthen, he held the parliamentary seat of Helston from 1826 to 1830 and on 2 July 1838, was summoned to the House of Lords in his father\'s barony of Osborne. A few weeks later, he inherited his father\'s dukedom; and added the name of D\'Arcy to his surname by Royal Licence in 1849. ## Personal life {#personal_life} On 24 April 1828, he married Louisa Catherine Hervey-Bathurst (*née* Caton; 1793--1874). She was the widow of Sir Felton Hervey-Bathurst, 1st Baronet, and the third daughter and co-heiress of Richard Caton of Maryland. Louisa had three sisters, Marianne (the wife of Robert Patterson, and, after his death, Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley), Elizabeth (the wife of George Stafford-Jerningham, 8th Baron Stafford), and Emily (the wife of John McTavish). The couple had no children and, upon the duke\'s death on 4 May 1859, his titles passed to other members of his family -- the dukedom of Leeds went to his first cousin, the 2nd Lord Godolphin, whereas the baronies of Darcy de Knayth and Conyers went to his nephew, Sackville Lane-Fox, along with the Portuguese countship of Mértola. The Duke was a greater lover of outdoor pursuits. During the 1840s and early 1850s, he traveled yearly to Het Loo in the Netherlands to participate in falconry with the Royal Loo Hawking Club, of which he was an early member. The Club\'s president, Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, was a close personal friend of the Duke\'s. In 1843, when Prince Alexander visited England and Scotland, the 7th Duke of Leeds composed his itinerary and hosted him at his Scottish estate Mar Lodge near Braemar. The 7th Duke of Leeds and his wife are buried in the Osborne family chapel at All Hallows Church, Harthill, South Yorkshire
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# 1994 Los Angeles Rams season The **1994 Los Angeles Rams season** was the franchise\'s 57th season in the National Football League, their 58th overall, and their 49th and final in the Greater Los Angeles Area until their 2016 relocation back to Los Angeles. After nearly 50 years in the Greater Los Angeles Area, including 15 seasons at Anaheim Stadium, owner Georgia Frontiere announced that the team would relocate to St. Louis, Missouri on January 15, 1995. While the owners initially rejected the move, permission was eventually granted therefore bringing an end to Southern California\'s first major professional sports franchise until 2016. The threat of relocation dominated talk about the Rams from early in the offseason right up to the moment the move was announced and it had a major effect on the franchise\'s standing in the market. Average attendance for Rams games at Anaheim Stadium was at an all-time low (an average of 43,312 a game) as ownership negotiated with both Baltimore and St. Louis. Leigh Steinberg organized a group known as \"Save the Rams\" and attempted to reach out to ownership and strike a deal to keep the team in the Southern California market, however, their efforts proved to be unsuccessful. On the field, the Rams continued their downward spiral and missed the postseason for the fifth consecutive season. Los Angeles only won four games and clinched their fifth losing season in a row on December 4 against the New Orleans Saints and finished the season on a seven-game losing streak. The Rams defense saw some glimmers of hope, shutting out Joe Montana\'s Chiefs and putting together solid performances against Arizona and New York, but it was not nearly enough to lift the Rams back to the .500 mark. At the end of the season, head coach Chuck Knox was fired after three consecutive last place finishes in the NFC West and Frontiere also relieved John Shaw of his General Manager duties, although he remained with the team as a high-ranking executive. ## Offseason ### 1994 draft class {#draft_class} Round Selection Player Position College ------- ----------- ---------------- --------------- -------------------- 1 15 Wayne Gandy Tackle Auburn 2 33 Isaac Bruce Wide receiver Memphis 49 Toby Wright Safety Nebraska 56 Brad Ottis Defensive end Wayne State 3 71 Keith Lyle Safety Virginia 83 James Bostic Running back Auburn 100 Ernest Jones Linebacker Oregon 4 108 Chris Brantley Wide receiver Rutgers 6 167 Rickey Brady Tight end Oklahoma 189 Ronald Edwards Tackle North Carolina A&T : style=\"`{{NFLPrimaryStyle|Los Angeles Rams|1994|border=2}}`{=mediawiki}\"\| 1994 Los Angeles Rams draft ### Undrafted free agents {#undrafted_free_agents} Player Position College ---------------- ------------------ ------------ D\'Marco Farr Defensive tackle Washington Kevin McDougal Quarterback Notre Dame : 1994 undrafted free agents of note ## Personnel ### Team roster {#team_roster} ### Staff ## Preseason ### Schedule Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap ------ ---------- ----------------------- -------------- -------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 August 6 at Green Bay Packers **L** 6--14 0--1 Camp Randall Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-07-sp-24577-story.html) 2 New England Patriots **L** 10--28 0--2 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-14-sp-27087-story.html) 3 Los Angeles Raiders **L** 20--29 0--3 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-21-sp-29552-story.html) 4 at San Diego Chargers **L** 6--24 0--4 Jack Murphy Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-26-sp-31535-story.html) ## Regular season {#regular_season} ### Schedule {#schedule_1} Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------- -------------- -------- --------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 September 4 Arizona Cardinals **W** 14--12 1--0 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409040ram.htm) 2 September 11 at **Atlanta Falcons** **L** 13--31 1--1 Georgia Dome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409110atl.htm) 3 September 18 **San Francisco 49ers** **L** 19--34 1--2 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409180ram.htm) 4 September 25 at Kansas City Chiefs **W** 16--0 2--2 Arrowhead Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199409250kan.htm) 5 October 2 **Atlanta Falcons** **L** 5--8 2--3 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410020ram.htm) 6 October 9 at Green Bay Packers **L** 17--24 2--4 Lambeau Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410090gnb.htm) \|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#cfc 8 October 23 at **New Orleans Saints** **L** 34--37 3--5 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199410230nor.htm) 9 *Bye* 10 November 6 Denver Broncos **W** 27--21 4--5 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411060ram.htm) 11 November 13 Los Angeles Raiders **L** 17--20 4--6 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411130ram.htm) 12 November 20 at **San Francisco 49ers** **L** 27--31 4--7 Candlestick Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411200sfo.htm) 13 November 27 at San Diego Chargers **L** 17--31 4--8 Jack Murphy Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411270sdg.htm) 14 December 4 **New Orleans Saints** **L** 15--31 4--9 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412040ram.htm) \|- align=\"center\" style=\"background: #fcc 16 December 18 at Chicago Bears **L** 13--27 4--11 Soldier Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412180chi.htm) 17 Washington Redskins **L** 21--24 4--12 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412240ram.htm) **Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
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# 1994 Los Angeles Rams season ## Game summaries {#game_summaries} ### Week 1 {#week_1} ### Week 2 {#week_2} ### Week 3 {#week_3} ### Week 4 {#week_4} ### Week 5 {#week_5} ### Week 6 {#week_6} ### Week 7 {#week_7} ### Week 8 {#week_8} This game was notable for Robert Bailey\'s record-setting punt return touchdown, wherein the Rams failed to down the ball in the end zone for a touchback; while most players assumed that the ball bounced out of bounds and stepped off the field, Bailey recognized the live ball, retrieved it, and ran it for 103 yards, all the way back to the Saints\' end zone, untouched. Due to later rule changes that declare a punted ball dead when it hits the ground in the end zone, this play is currently unable to be replicated in the NFL. ### Week 10 {#week_10} ### Week 11 {#week_11} The final meeting between the two Southern California rivals ended in a close 20--17 victory for the Raiders in Anaheim. The *Los Angeles* Rams and the *Los Angeles* Raiders only met five times as cross-town rivals with the Rams finishing with a 1--4 record against the Raiders. The games, however, were generally very close with only one of the meetings being decided by more than one score (the Raiders\' 16--6 victory in 1985). The 1994 meeting was a back and forth affair that eventually saw the Raiders ice the game away with a pair of field goals in the fourth quarter. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:white; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Eleven: Los Angeles Raiders (4–5) at Los Angeles Rams (4–5) |date=Sunday, November 13 |time=1:00 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] |road='''Raiders''' |R1=7 |R2=7 |R3=0 |R4=6 |home=Rams |H1=7 |H2=0 |H3=0 |H4=10 |stadium=[[Anaheim Stadium]], [[Anaheim, California]] |attendance=65,208 <small>(94.49% full)</small> |weather={{convert|56|°F|°C|1}}, wind {{convert|6|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=NBC |TVAnnouncers= |reference=[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411130ram.htm Pro-Football-Reference.com]<br />[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-11-14-sp-62487-story.html Raiders Rule Black-and-Blue Day (LA Times)] |scoring= '''First quarter''' *RAI – [[Andrew Glover (American football)|Andrew Glover]] 27 yard pass from [[Jeff Hostetler]] ([[Jeff Jaeger]] kick) – '''''Raiders 7–0''''' *LA – [[Flipper Anderson]] 22 yard pass from [[Chris Chandler (American football)|Chris Chandler]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Tied 7–7''''' '''Second quarter''' *RAI – [[Raghib Ismail]] 10 yard pass from [[Jeff Hostetler]] ([[Jeff Jaeger]] kick) – '''''Raiders 14–7''''' '''Fourth quarter''' *RAI – [[Jeff Jaeger]] 44 yard field goal – '''''Raiders 17–7''''' *LA – [[Tony Zendejas]] 22 yard field goal – '''''Raiders 17–10''''' *RAI – [[Jeff Jaeger]] 47 yard field goal – '''''Raiders 20–10''''' *LA – [[Todd Kinchen]] 4 yard pass from [[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Raiders 20–17''''' |stats= '''Raiders''' *'''[[Jeff Hostetler]]'''—17/25, 218 Yds, 2 TD, 1 INT *'''[[Harvey Williams (American football)|Harvey Williams]]'''—21 Rush, 44 Yds *'''[[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim Brown]]'''— 1 Rec, 53 Yds '''Rams''' *'''[[Chris Chandler (American football)|Chris Chandler]]'''—10/11, 171 Yds, 1 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Jerome Bettis]]'''—10 Rush, 13 Yds *'''[[Flipper Anderson]]'''—5 Rec, 105 Yds }}`{=mediawiki}
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# 1994 Los Angeles Rams season ## Game summaries {#game_summaries} ### Week 12 {#week_12} This was the last meeting between the Rams and 49ers as *California* rivals until 2016 and it ended with the eventual Super Bowl champion 49ers on top with a 31--27 final. While the meeting between the two rivals in Anaheim was not very close, the 1994 meeting at Candlestick Park was a very close affair to close out the Los Angeles-San Francisco rivalry. The 49ers jumped out to an early 14--3 lead and held a 21--6 lead at halftime, the Rams, however, came storming back in the second half, outscoring San Francisco 21--10. Los Angeles was able to take the lead in the fourth quarter on a 22-yard pass play by Chris Miller, but the 49ers responded with a touchdown drive of their own to take a 31--27 advantage. The 49ers ended up holding on for their ninth win of the season while the Rams dropped their seventh game en route to a 4--12 season. The final record between the *Los Angeles* Rams and the San Francisco 49ers from the 1950 to 1994 was 48--40 in favor of Los Angeles. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:white; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Twelve: Los Angeles Rams (4–6) at San Francisco 49ers (8–2) |date=Sunday, November 20 |time=5:00 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] |road=Rams |R1=3 |R2=3 |R3=13 |R4=8 |home='''49ers''' |H1=14 |H2=7 |H3=3 |H4=7 |stadium=[[Candlestick Park]], [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]] |attendance=62,774 <small>(94.38% full)</small> |weather={{convert|46|°F|°C|1}}, wind {{convert|5|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=ESPN |TVAnnouncers=[[Mike Patrick]] and [[Joe Theismann]] |reference=[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411200sfo.htm Pro-Football-Reference.com]<br />[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-11-21-sp-65468-story.html In the End, Rams Dealt One Bad Hand (LA Times)] |scoring= '''First quarter''' *SF – [[John Taylor (American football)|John Taylor]] 7 yard pass from [[Steve Young]] ([[Doug Brien]] kick) – '''''49ers 7–0''''' *LA – [[Tony Zendejas]] 31 yard field goal – '''''49ers 7–3''''' *SF – [[Jerry Rice]] 7 yard pass from [[Steve Young]] ([[Doug Brien]] kick) – '''''49ers 14–3''''' '''Second quarter''' *LA – [[Tony Zendejas]] 27 yard field goal – '''''49ers 14–6''''' *SF – [[Jerry Rice]] 5 yard pass from [[Steve Young]] ([[Doug Brien]] kick) – '''''49ers 21–6''''' '''Third quarter''' *LA – [[Todd Kinchen]] 44 yard rush (pass failed) – '''''49ers 21–12''''' *SF – [[Doug Brien]] 28 yard field goal – '''''49ers 24–12''''' *LA – [[Flipper Anderson]] 50 yard pass from [[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''49ers 24–19''''' '''Fourth quarter''' *LA – [[Jessie Hester]] 22 yard pass from [[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]] ([[Jerome Bettis]] run) – '''''Rams 27–24''''' *SF – [[Jerry Rice]] 18 yard pass from [[Steve Young]] ([[Doug Brien]] kick) – '''''49ers 31–27''''' |stats= '''Rams''' *'''[[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]]'''—16/33, 228 Yds, 2 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Todd Kinchen]]'''—1 Rush, 44 Yds *'''[[Flipper Anderson]]'''—5 Rec, 99 Yds '''49ers''' *'''[[Steve Young]]'''—30/44, 325 Yds, 4 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Ricky Watters]]'''—20 Rush, 81 Yds *'''[[Jerry Rice]]'''—16 Rec, 165 Yds }}`{=mediawiki}
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# 1994 Los Angeles Rams season ## Game summaries {#game_summaries} ### Week 13 {#week_13} Week thirteen saw the final meeting between the Los Angeles Rams and the San Diego Chargers. The Rams jumped out to a 14--6 lead in the first half, but Los Angeles was unable to hold off the eventual AFC Champion Chargers and fell 31--17. After the season, the Chargers ended up having the entire Southern California megaregion to themselves after the Rams and the Raiders vacated the Los Angeles market---an arrangement that would not be changed until 2016, when the Rams relocated to Los Angeles. Los Angeles was also mathematically eliminated from the NFC West race during week 13 after its loss to San Diego and with San Francisco improving to 8--2 on the next day on Monday Night Football. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:white; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Thirteen: Los Angeles Rams (4–7) at San Diego Chargers (8–3) |date=Sunday, November 27 |time=1:00 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] |road=Rams |R1=0 |R2=14 |R3=0 |R4=3 |home='''Chargers''' |H1=0 |H2=6 |H3=15 |H4=10 |stadium=[[Jack Murphy Stadium]], [[San Diego]] |attendance=59,579 <small>(97.93% full)</small> |weather={{convert|52|°F|°C|1}}, wind {{convert|8|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=Fox |TVAnnouncers= |reference=[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411270sdg.htm Pro-Football-Reference.com]<br />[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-11-28-sp-2355-story.html Rams at Height of Imperfection (LA Times)] |scoring= '''Second quarter''' *LA – [[Jessie Hester]] 40 yard pass from [[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 7–0''''' *SD – [[John Carney (American football)|John Carney]] 31 yard field goal – '''''Rams 7–3''''' *LA – [[Troy Drayton]] 12 yard pass from [[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 14–3''''' *SD – [[John Carney (American football)|John Carney]] 49 yard field goal – '''''Rams 14–6''''' '''Third quarter''' *SD – [[Darrien Gordon]] 75 yard punt return ([[Ronnie Harmon]] run) – '''''Tied 14–14''''' *SD – [[Ronnie Harmon]] 11 yd pass from [[Stan Humphries]] ([[John Carney (American football)|John Carney]] kick) – '''''Chargers 21–14''''' '''Fourth quarter''' *SD – [[John Carney (American football)|John Carney]] 37 yard field goal – '''''Chargers 24–14''''' *LA – [[Tony Zendejas]] 33 yard field goal – '''''Chargers 24–17''''' *SD – [[Sean Vanhorse]] 50 yard interception return ([[John Carney (American football)|John Carney]] kick) – '''''Chargers 31–17''''' |stats= '''Rams''' *'''[[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]]'''—26/47, 298 Yds, 2 TD, 4 INT *'''[[Jerome Bettis]]'''—10 Rush, 38 Yds *'''[[Jessie Hester]]'''—4 Rec, 85 Yds '''Chargers''' *'''[[Stan Humphries]]'''—17/33, 147 Yds, 1 TD, 1 INT *'''[[Natrone Means]]'''—23 Rush, 95 Yds *'''[[Mark Seay]]'''—4 Rec, 42 Yds }}`{=mediawiki} ### Week 14 {#week_14} ### Week 15 {#week_15} In front of a sparse crowd of around 34,000 at Tampa Stadium, Los Angeles dropped its fifth game in a row and in the process became mathematically eliminated from playoff contention for the fifth consecutive season. The game was fairly evenly matched (both were 4--9 going into the game) except for a 17-point outburst in the second quarter by the Buccaneers that gave Tampa Bay the victory. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:white; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Fifteen: Los Angeles Rams (4–9) at Tampa Bay Buccaneers (4–9) |date=Sunday, December 11 |time=10:00 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] |road=Rams |R1=0 |R2=7 |R3=0 |R4=7 |home='''Buccaneers''' |H1=0 |H2=17 |H3=0 |H4=7 |stadium=[[Tampa Stadium]], [[Tampa, Florida]] |attendance=34,150 <small>(45.96% full)</small> |weather={{convert|68|°F|°C}}, wind {{convert|13|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=Fox |TVAnnouncers= |reference=[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412110tam.htm Pro-Football-Reference.com]<br />[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-12-sp-7960-story.html Rams Lose Cool, Tampa Bay Takes Advantage, 24-14 (LA Times)] |scoring= '''Second quarter''' *TB – [[Michael Husted]] 20 yard field goal – '''''Buccaneers 3–0''''' *TB – [[Charles Wilson (American football)|Charles Wilson]] 71 yd pass from [[Craig Erickson]] ([[Michael Husted|M. Husted]] kick) – '''''Buccaneers 10–0''''' *LA – [[Troy Drayton]] 22 yd pass from [[Chris Chandler (American football)|Chris Chandler]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Buccaneers 10–7''''' *TB – [[Errict Rhett]] 8 yard rush ([[Michael Husted]] kick) – '''''Buccaneers 17–7''''' '''Fourth quarter''' *LA – [[Jessie Hester]] 12 yd pass from [[Chris Chandler (American football)|Chris Chandler]] ([[Tony Zendejas|T. Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Buccaneers 17–14''''' *TB – [[Charles Wilson (American football)|Charles Wilson]] 44 yd pass from [[Craig Erickson]] ([[Michael Husted|M. Husted]] kick) – '''''Buccaneers 24–14''''' |stats= '''Rams''' *'''[[Chris Chandler (American football)|Chris Chandler]]'''—18/34, 199 Yds, 2 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Jerome Bettis]]'''—13 Rush, 23 Yds *'''[[Jessie Hester]]'''—6 Rec, 82 Yds '''Buccaneers''' *'''[[Craig Erickson]]'''—10/22, 231 Yds, 2 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Errict Rhett]]'''—31 Rush, 119 Yds *'''[[Charles Wilson (American football)|Charles Wilson]]'''—4 Rec, 176 Yds }}`{=mediawiki} ### Week 16 {#week_16}
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# 1994 Los Angeles Rams season ## Game summaries {#game_summaries} ### Week 17 {#week_17} In front of the smallest crowd at Anaheim Stadium, the Rams closed out their tenure in Southern California with a loss to the 2--13 Washington Redskins. After a season full of rumors of the franchise\'s inevitable relocation, the fan base had withered down to next to nothing and two high school football games at Anaheim Stadium drew larger crowds than the announced attendance for the Rams\' week 17 game. Many fans spent the game chanting expletives and hurling insults and owner Georgia Frontiere and the City of St. Louis---\"Save the Rams\" founder Leigh Steinberg attempted to discuss keeping the Rams in Southern California, but Rams executives were nowhere to be found. The game was a close affair with the hapless Washington Redskins and despite being favored by 3.5 points, Los Angeles ended up falling by three points to end 49 seasons of Los Angeles Ram football. They would subsequently return to Los Angeles in 2016 after experiencing similar issues in St. Louis as they previously did in Los Angeles. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:white; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Seventeen: Washington Redskins (2–13) at Los Angeles Rams (4–11) |date=Saturday, December 24 |time=1:00 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]] |road='''Redskins''' |R1=0 |R2=17 |R3=7 |R4=0 |home=Rams |H1=7 |H2=14 |H3=0 |H4=0 |stadium=[[Anaheim Stadium]], [[Anaheim, California]] |attendance=25,705 <small>(37.25% full)</small> |weather={{convert|62|°F|°C|1}}, wind {{convert|7|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=Fox |TVAnnouncers= |reference=[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412240ram.htm Pro-Football-Reference.com]<br />[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-25-sp-12914-story.html Rams Are All but Run Out of Town by Redskins, 24-21 (LA Times)] |scoring= '''First quarter''' *LA – [[Anthony Newman (American football)|Anthony Newman]] 22 yard interception return ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 7–0''''' '''Second quarter''' *WAS – [[Reggie Brooks]] 2 yard rush ([[Chip Lohmiller]] kick) – '''''Tied 7–7''''' *LA – [[Todd Kinchen]] 34 yard pass from [[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 14–7''''' *WAS – [[Brian Mitchell (running back)|Brian Mitchell]] 78 yard punt return ([[Chip Lohmiller]] kick) – '''''Tied 14–14''''' *WAS – [[Chip Lohmiller]] 37 yard field goal – '''''Redskins 17–14''''' *LA – [[Jermaine Ross]] 36 yard pass from [[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 21–17''''' '''Third quarter''' *WAS – [[James Jenkins (American football)|James Jenkins]] 1 yd pass from [[Heath Shuler]] ([[Chip Lohmiller]] kick) – '''''Redskins 24–21''''' |stats= '''Redskins''' *'''[[Heath Shuler]]'''— 13/28, 149 Yds, 1 TD, 1 INT *'''[[Reggie Brooks]]'''— 13 Rush, 50 Yds *'''[[Henry Ellard]]'''— 5 Rec, 81 Yds '''Rams''' *'''[[Chris Miller (quarterback)|Chris Miller]]'''— 27/40, 304 Yds, 2 TD, 1 INT *'''[[Jerome Bettis]]'''— 15 Rush, 48 Yds *'''[[Jessie Hester]]'''— 5 Rec, 66 Yds }}`{=mediawiki} ### Standings
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# 1994 Los Angeles Rams season ## Relocation to St. Louis {#relocation_to_st._louis} By 1994, the Los Angeles Rams had withered to a mere shadow of their former self. Accusations and excuses were constantly thrown back and forth between the Rams\' fan base, ownership, and local politicians. Many in the fan base blamed the ownership of Georgia Frontiere for the franchise\'s woes, while ownership cited the outdated stadium and withering fan support for the problems that were plaguing the Rams. On March 15, 1994, the National Football League owners rejected Ms. Frontiere\'s bid to move the franchise to St. Louis, Missouri, her native city, by a 21--3--6 vote, with the Raiders abstaining. Then-Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stated after rejecting the move that:`{{cquote|"This was one of the most complex issues we have had to approach in years. We had to balance the interest of fans in Los Angeles and in St. Louis that we appreciate very much. In my judgment, they did not meet the guidelines we have in place for such a move."}}`{=mediawiki} The commissioner also added:`{{cquote|"Once the bridges have been burned and people get turned off on a sports franchise, years of loyalty is not respected and it is difficult to get it back. By the same token, there are millions of fans in that area who have supported the Rams in an extraordinary way. The Rams have 50 years of history and the last 5 or so years of difficult times can be corrected."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/16/sports/pro-football-nfl-owners-reject-rams-bid-to-move-to-st-louis.html | work=The New York Times | first=Thomas | last=George | title=PRO FOOTBALL; N.F.L. Owners Reject Rams' Bid to Move To St. Louis | date=March 16, 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-16-mn-43466-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first1=T.J. | last1=Simers | first2=Bill | last2=Plaschke | title=League Owners Reject Rams' Move to St. Louis | date=March 16, 1994}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Frontiere, however, responded with a thinly veiled threat at a lawsuit and the NFL owners eventually acquiesced to her demands, weary of going through a long, protracted legal battle. Tagliabue simply stated that \"The desire to have peace and not be at war was a big factor\" in allowing the Rams move to go forward. In a matter of a month, the vote had gone from 21--6 opposed to 23--6 in favor, with the Raiders again abstaining. Jonathan Kraft, son of Patriots owner Robert Kraft, elaborated on the commissioners remarks by saying \"About five or six owners didn\'t want to get the other owners into litigation, so they switched their votes.\" Only six teams remained in opposition to the Rams move from Los Angeles: the Pittsburgh Steelers, New York Giants, New York Jets, Buffalo Bills, Arizona Cardinals (who played in St. Louis from 1960 to 1987), and Washington Redskins. After the vote was over, Dan Rooney publicly stated that he opposed the move of the Los Angeles Rams because:`{{cquote|"I believe we should support the fans who have supported us for years".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-04-13-mn-54268-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=T.J. | last=Simers | title=NFL Owners OK Rams' Move to St. Louis | date=April 13, 1994}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} The Rams would not return to the Los Angeles area until 2016
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# Harlem Children Society **Harlem Children Society** (HCS) is a non-profit organization that arranges for students from under-resourced and under-served communities to be placed as interns at academic research labs during a summer research program. In addition to the lab experience, students receive a stipend. Participating institutions include Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York University, and Columbia University. Students undertake their own research, which is presented during a street science fair in their own community, under the guidance of scientists. The students are able to pursue their scientific investigations during the following school semester in an after-school program. Additionally, these students attend weekly lectures on a variety of topics ranging from incorporating science into communities to financing a college education, while also having the option to visit college campuses and to receive help preparing for the SATs. ## History and origins {#history_and_origins} Dr. Sat (Satyajit) Bhattacharya founded HCS on June 5, 2000. By 2010, the program had expanded to 12 countries, serving more than 750 students. Of their mentees in the United States, as of 2010, 40% are African-American, 26% are of Hispanic descent, and 16% are Native Americans. HCS aims to increase awareness in the sciences, medicine, engineering and mathematics. It provides an opportunity for under-privileged high school aged students throughout to world succeed academically as well as in all other aspects of their lives. ## Scope HCS as of the 2013 serves about 60 students from over 15 schools doing hands-on science research with over 20 mentors in more than 10 reputed institutions. The Program has three components: Students and research projects; seminars and training; and local, regional and national professional conferences and community science street fairs. Family involvement and post-program follow-up provide students with support to plan their futures and mediate the transitions---academic, emotional, and social---to college and post-academic pursuits. Depending on their interests and availability of recruited mentors, students are matched with a mentor willing to commit to the summer program. These students enter the program at the beginning of the summer with an orientation, and spend about eight 25-hour weeks starting their research and some receive training in lab techniques and safety. During the academic year, a fraction of the participating students put in 12--24 hours each month at their internship sites and attend weekly seminars when made available. A fraction of the students stay committed to the program for at least two years, and are requested to work as part of HCS staff by Bhattacharya as volunteer interns with an unfixed stipend every year. ## Highlights The Harlem Children Society has had a number of accomplishments: - Almost 80% of the program\'s participants in 2006 were first or second generation immigrants to the United States`{{Better source needed|reason=http://harlemchildrensociety.org generates an 'account suspended' error page.|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} - As of 2009, 100% of the US students enrolled in HCS internships attended college. Of those, over 20% went to Ivy League schools
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# St Edmund, King and Martyr **St Edmund, King and Martyr**, is an Anglican church in Lombard Street, in the City of London, dedicated to St Edmund the Martyr. From 2001 it housed the London Centre for Spirituality, renamed the London Centre for Spiritual Direction, but is still a consecrated church. Since 2019, Imprint Church organises regular worship inside of the building. The church lies in the ward of Langbourn, and has a ward noticeboard outside. ## History In 1292, the church is first recorded as \'Saint Edmund towards Garcherche\', and it reappears in 1348 as \'Saint Edmund in Lombardestrete\'. John Stow, in his Survey of London 1598, revised during 1603, refers to it also as St Edmund Grass Church. The medieval church was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. After the fire the parish was united with that of St Nicholas Acons, which was also destroyed and not rebuilt. The present church was constructed to the designs of Sir Christopher Wren in 1670--1679, with a tower ornamented at the angles by flaming urns in allusion to the Great Fire. George Godwin described the tower as \"more Chinese than Italian\", while James Peller Malcolm called it \"rather handsome, but of that species of architecture which is difficult to describe so as to be understood\". The orientation of the church is unusual, with the altar towards the north, instead of east. The essayist Joseph Addison was married here in 1716. In September 1868 a riot occurred outside the church, as a consequence of one of a series of Friday morning sermons given by the Rev. J. L. Lyne -- known as \"Father Ignatius\" -- in which he had spoken disparagingly of the traders of Lombard Street. The church was restored in 1864 and 1880. On 7 July 1917, during the second daylight air raid by Gotha bombers of the England Squadron, a high explosive bomb landed on St Edmund\'s, destroying the main beam of the roof; extensive repair and restoration was required and it did not reopen until 1 October 1919. Some fragments of the German bomb are preserved in the church. Further damage was caused by incendiary bombs during the 1941 London Blitz. The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950. ## Previous rectors {#previous_rectors} Rectors of the church have included Thomas Lyndford, chaplain in ordinary to George I, and Jeremiah Milles, president of the Society of Antiquaries. After the Great War, Studdert Kennedy was given charge of St Edmund, King and Martyr. He moved to work for the Industrial Christian Fellowship, for whom he went on speaking tours of Britain. It was on one of these tours that he was taken ill. He died in Liverpool in 1929, exhausted at the age of 45, and poor people flocked to his funeral in Worcester, for the Dean of Westminster refused burial at the Abbey because, he said, Studdert Kennedy was a \"socialist\". ## Present day {#present_day} The church and parish now forms part of the combined parish of *St Edmund the King and Martyr, and St Mary Woolnoth Lombard Street with St Nicholas Acons, All Hallows Lombard Street, St Benet Gracechurch, St Leonard Eastcheap, St Dionis Backchurch and St Mary Woolchurch Haw* -- usually shortened to \"St Edmund & St Mary Woolnoth\" (the only two aforementioned churches to have survived). It is part of the Church of England\'s Diocese of London. and accommodates the office of the Bishop of Islington. ## Gallery Image:Edmund lombard02.jpg\|Historic engraving <File:St> Edmund King and Martyr.JPG\|Now a Centre for Spirituality Image:P1184LCfSp
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# The Malay Archipelago ***The Malay Archipelago*** is a book by the English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace which chronicles his scientific exploration, during the eight-year period 1854 to 1862, of the southern portion of the Malay Archipelago including Malaysia, Singapore, the islands of Indonesia, then known as the Dutch East Indies, and the island of New Guinea. It was published in two volumes in 1869, delayed by Wallace\'s ill health and the work needed to describe the many specimens he brought home. The book went through ten editions in the nineteenth century; it has been reprinted many times since, and has been translated into at least twelve languages. The book describes each island that he visited in turn, giving a detailed account of its physical and human geography, its volcanoes, and the variety of animals and plants that he found and collected. At the same time, he describes his experiences, the difficulties of travel, and the help he received from the different peoples that he met. The preface notes that he travelled over 14,000 miles and collected 125,660 natural history specimens, mostly of insects though also thousands of molluscs, birds, mammals and reptiles. The work was illustrated with engravings, based on Wallace\'s observations and collection, by the leading illustrators Thomas Baines, Walter Hood Fitch, John Gerrard Keulemans, E. W. Robinson, Joseph Wolf and T. W. Wood. *The Malay Archipelago* attracted many reviews, with interest from scientific, geographic, church and general periodicals. Reviewers noted and sometimes disagreed with various aspects of his theories, especially the division of fauna and flora along what soon became known as the Wallace line, natural selection and uniformitarianism. Nearly all agreed that he had provided an interesting and comprehensive account of the geography, natural history, and peoples of the archipelago, which little was known about to readers at the time, in addition to the extensive breadth of specimens collected. The book is much cited, and is Wallace\'s most successful, both commercially and as a piece of literature. ## Context In 1847, Wallace and his friend Henry Walter Bates, both in their early twenties, agreed that they would jointly make a collecting trip to the Amazon \"towards solving the problem of origin of species\". (Charles Darwin\'s book on the *Origin of Species* was not published until 11 years later, in 1859. It was based on Darwin\'s own long collecting trip on HMS *Beagle*, its publication precipitated by a famous letter from Wallace, sent during the period covered by *The Malay Archipelago* while he was staying in Ternate, which described the theory of evolution by natural selection in outline.) Wallace and Bates had been inspired by reading the American entomologist William Henry Edwards\'s pioneering 1847 book *A Voyage Up the River Amazon, with a residency at Pará*. Bates stayed in the Amazons for 11 years, going on to write *The Naturalist on the River Amazons* (1863); however, Wallace, ill with fever, went home in 1852 with thousands of specimens, some for science and some for sale. The ship and his collection were destroyed by fire at sea near the Guianas. Rather than giving up, Wallace wrote about the Amazon in both prose and poetry, and then set sail again, this time for the Malay Archipelago.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Overview The preface summarises Wallace\'s travels, the thousands of specimens he collected, and some of the results from their analysis after his return to England. In the preface he notes that he travelled over 14,000 miles and collected 125,660 specimens, mostly of insects: 83,200 beetles, 13,100 butterflies and moths, 13,400 other insects. He also returned to England 7,500 \"shells\" (such as molluscs), 8,050 birds, 310 mammals and 100 reptiles. thumb\|upright=3\|Fold-out coloured map at front of book, showing Wallace\'s travels around the archipelago. The deep water that separates Borneo from Sulawesi (Celebes) forms what became known as the Wallace line.\|alt=Original map showing Wallace\'s travels The book is dedicated to Charles Darwin, but as Wallace explains in the preface, he has chosen to avoid discussing the evolutionary implications of his discoveries. Instead he confines himself to the \"interesting facts of the problem, whose solution is to be found in the principles developed by Mr. Darwin\", so from a scientific point of view, the book is largely a descriptive natural history. This modesty belies the fact that while in Sarawak in 1855 Wallace wrote the paper *On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species*, concluding with the evolutionary \"Sarawak Law\", \"Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species\", three years before he fatefully wrote to Darwin proposing the concept of natural selection. The first chapter describes the physical geography and geology of the islands with particular attention to the role of volcanoes and earthquakes. It also discusses the overall pattern of the flora and fauna including the fact that the islands can be divided, by what would eventually become known as the Wallace line, into two parts, those whose animals are more closely related to those of Asia and those whose fauna is closer to that of Australia. The following chapters describe in detail the places Wallace visited. Wallace includes numerous observations on the people, their languages, ways of living, and social organisation, as well as on the plants and animals found in each location. He talks about the biogeographic patterns he observes and their implications for natural history, in terms both of the movement of species and of the geologic history of the region. He also narrates some of his personal experiences during his travels. The final chapter is an overview of the ethnic, linguistic, and cultural divisions among the people who live in the region and speculation about what such divisions might indicate about their history.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Publication *The Malay Archipelago* was largely written at Treeps, Wallace\'s wife\'s family home in Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex. It was first published in Spring 1869 in two volumes by Macmillan (London), with a reprint (also in two volumes) marked \'second edition\' the same year. The first US edition year by Harper & Brothers (New York) appeared in 1869 in a single volume. Wallace returned to England in 1862, but explains in the Preface that given the large quantity of specimens and his poor health after his stay in the tropics, it took a long time. He noted that he could at once have printed his notes and journals, but felt that doing that would have been disappointing and unhelpful. Instead, therefore, he waited until he had published papers on his discoveries, and other scientists had described and named as new species some 2,000 of his beetles (Coleoptera), and over 900 Hymenoptera including 200 new species of ant. The book went through 10 editions, with the last published in 1890. It has been translated into at least twelve languages. ## Illustrations The illustrations are, according to the *Preface*, made from Wallace\'s own sketches, photographs, or specimens. Wallace thanks Walter and Henry Woodbury for some photographs of scenery and native people. He acknowledges William Wilson Saunders and Mr Pascoe for horned flies and very rare longhorn beetles: all the rest were from his own enormous collection. The original drawings were made directly on to the wood engraving blocks by leading artists Thomas Baines, Walter Hood Fitch, John Gerrard Keulemans, E. W. Robinson, Joseph Wolf, and T. W. Wood, according to the *List of Illustrations*. Wood also illustrated Darwin\'s *The Descent of Man*, while Robinson and Wolf both also provided illustrations for *The Naturalist on the River Amazons* (1863), written by Wallace\'s friend Henry Walter Bates.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Contents ### Volume 1 {#volume_1} 1 Physical Geography : Wallace sets out the scope of the book, describing what \"To the ordinary Englishman\" is \"perhaps the least known part of the globe.\" The archipelago, he explains, stretches more than 4,000 miles east to west, and about 1,300 miles north to south, with over twenty sizeable islands and innumerable isles and islets. #### Indo-Malay Islands {#indo_malay_islands} 2 Singapore : Wallace gives a lively description of the people of the town, and of the wildlife of the island. He finds the Chinese the most noticeable of the people, while in one square mile of forest he found 700 species of beetles including 130 longhorns. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 3 Malacca and Mount Ophir. : He finds an attractive old Portuguese town, and beautiful birds such as the blue-billed gaper. The flora includes pitcher plants and giant ferns. There are tigers and rhinoceros, but the elephants had already disappeared. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 4 Borneo---The Orang-Utan : He stays in Sarawak, and finds the Simunjon coal-works convenient, as the workers are happy to be paid a little for insects they find, including locusts, stick insects and about 24 new species of beetles each day. In all he collects 2000 species of beetle in Borneo, nearly all at the coal mine site; he also found a flying frog and orang-utans in the same place. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 5 Borneo---Journey in the Interior : Wallace returns to Sarawak, where he stays in the circular \'head-house\' of a Dyak village, travels upriver, and describes the Durian, praising it as the king of fruits with exquisite and unsurpassed flavour, and the Dyak\'s slender bamboo bridges, as well as ferns and *Nepenthes* pitcher plants. On a mountain he finds the only place in his entire journey where moths are abundant; he collected 1,386 moths on a total of 26 nights, but over 800 of these were caught on four very wet and dark nights. He attributes the reason to having a ceiling that effectively trapped the moths; in other houses the moths at once escaped into the roof, and he recommends naturalists to bring a verandah-shaped tent to enable them to catch moths. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 6 Borneo---The Dyaks : Wallace describes the Dyak people, expressing surprise that despite Thomas Malthus\'s predictions for the human population of the world, and the lack of any obvious restraints, the Dyak population appeared to be stable. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 7 Java : Wallace stayed three and a half months in Java, where he admires the system of government and the contented people. The population is, he notes, rapidly increasing, from 3.5 million in 1800 to 5.5 million in 1826 and 14 million in 1865. He enjoys the fine Hindu archaeological sites, and the flora of the mountain tops which have plants resembling those of Europe, including the royal cowslip, *Primula imperialis*, endemic to one mountain top. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 8 Sumatra : He visits Sumatra while the coastal forest of *Nipa* palms is flooded to a distance of several miles from the sea. The river houses at Palembang are built on rafts moored to piles, rising and falling with the tide. He admires the traditional houses of the villages, but had difficulty getting any food there, the people living entirely on rice through the rainy season. He discovers some new species of butterfly including *Papilio memnon* which occurs in different forms, some being Batesian mimics of *Papilio coon*. He admires the camouflage of a species of dead leaf butterfly, *Kallima paralekta*. He is pleased that one of his hunters brings him a male hornbill, shot at its nest hole while feeding the female. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 9 Natural History Of The Indo-Malay Islands. : Wallace sketches the natural history of the islands to the West of the Wallace line, noting that the flora is like that of India, as described by the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in his 1855 *Flora Indica*. Similarly the mammals are similar to those of India, including the tiger, leopard, rhinoceros and elephant. The bird species had diverged, but the genera were mainly the same, and some species of (for example) woodpecker, parrot, kingfisher and pheasant were found from India to Java and Borneo, while many more were found both in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula. #### The Timor Group {#the_timor_group} 10 Bali And Lombock : Wallace is grateful for an involuntary stop in Bali, which he finds one of the most interesting places of his trip, as Hindu customs and religion are still practised, while on Lombok he finds Australian birds such as cockatoos, observing that this is the most westerly point of that family\'s range. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 11 Lombock---Manners And Customs : On Lombok, Wallace observes how guns are made, witnessing the boring of gun barrels by two men rotating a pole which is weighted down by a basket of stones. He describes the Sasak people of the island, and the custom of running amok. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 12 Lombock---How The Rajah Took The Census : The whole chapter is taken up with a legend, which Wallace calls an anecdote, about the rajah (king) of Lombok. It involves taxation, needles and sacred krisses. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 13 Timor : Wallace describes the island of Timor, its abundance of fan-palms, its people who are like Papuans, and the Portuguese government which he considers extremely poor. On some hills he finds *Eucalyptus* (gum) trees, a genus from Australia; he finds the vegetation monotonous also. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 14 Natural History of the Timor Group : He finds the mixture of bird species intermediate between those of Java and Australia, with 36 species actually Javan, and 11 closely related; while there are only 13 actually Australian, with 35 closely related. Wallace interprets this to mean that a small number of birds from Australia, and a larger number from Java, colonised Timor and then evolved into new species endemic to the island. The land mammals were very few in number: the six species were endemic or related to those of Java or the Moluccas, with none from Australia, so he doubts there was ever a land bridge to that continent. #### The Celebes Group {#the_celebes_group} 15 Celebes---Macassar : Wallace finds staying in the town of Macassar expensive, and moves out into the countryside. He meets the rajah, and is lucky enough to stay on a farm where he is given a glass of milk every day, \"one of my greatest luxuries\". ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 16 Celebes---Macassar : He catches some *Ornithoptera* (birdwings), \"the largest, the most perfect, and the most beautiful of butterflies\". He uses rotten jackfruit to attract beetles, but finds few birds. The limestone mountains are eroded into skittle-shaped pillars with narrow bases. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 17 Celebes---Menado : Wallace visits Menado on the northeast coast of Celebes. The people of the Minahasa region are fair-skinned, unlike anywhere else in the archipelago. He stays high in the mountains by the coffee plantations, and is often cold, but finds that the animals are no different from those lower down. The forest was full of orchids, bromeliads, clubmosses and mosses. He experiences an earthquake, but the low timber-framed houses survive with little damage. He finds that the people, under the guidance of missionaries, are the most hard-working, peaceful and civilised of the whole archipelago. He obtains (apparently by purchase) skulls of the babirusa (pig-deer) and the rare sapiutan (midget buffalo). ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 18 Natural History of Celebes : He describes the range of species in each group in some detail, concluding that the birds are unlike those of any of the surrounding countries and are quite isolated, but are related to those of distant places including New Guinea, Australia, India and Africa; he thinks there is nowhere else where so many such species occur in one place. Similarly in the Nymphalidae (he mentions the English member, the purple emperor butterfly), there are 48 species of which 35 are endemic to Celebes. He concludes that the Celebes group of islands is a major faunal division of the archipelago.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Contents ### Volume 1 {#volume_1} #### The Moluccas {#the_moluccas} 19 Banda : He finds Banda delightful, with a smoking volcano and a fine view from the top. The nutmeg trees are beautiful but he regrets the ending of the Dutch monopoly in the nutmeg trade, which avoided the need to levy direct taxes. The only indigenous animals, he thinks, are bats, except possibly for its opossum species. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 20 Amboyna : He finds the inhabitants of Amboyna lazy, but the harbour contained the most beautiful sight, \"a continuous series of corals, sponges, actiniæ, and other marine productions, of magnificent dimensions, varied forms, and brilliant colours.\" A large python has to be ejected from the roof-space of his house. He enjoys the true breadfruit, which he considers good in many dishes but best simply baked.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Contents ### Volume 2 {#volume_2} #### The Moluccas (continued) {#the_moluccas_continued} 21 Ternate : Wallace takes on and repairs a house which he keeps for three years, drawing a plan of it in the book; it has stone walls 3 feet (1 metre) high, with posts holding up the roof; the walls and ceiling are made of the leaf-stems of the sago palm. He has a well of clean cold water, and the market provides \"unwonted luxuries\" of fresh food; he returns here to restore his health after arduous journeys. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 22 Gilolo : He finds the large island rather dull, with much tall coarse grass and few species. In the forest he obtains some small \"parroquets\", brush-tongued lories, and the day-flying moth *Cocytia d\'Urvillei*. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 23 Voyage to the Kaióa Islands and Batchian : He hires a small boat to go to the highly recommended island of Batchian and crosses to Tidore, where he sees the comet of October 1858; it spans about 20 degrees of the night sky. They sail past the volcanic island of Makian which erupted in 1646 and devastatingly again, soon after Wallace had left the archipelago, in 1862. In the Kaióa Islands he finds some virgin forest where the beetles are more abundant than anywhere he ever saw in his life, with swarms of golden Buprestidae, rose-chafers, and long-horned weevils, as well as longicorn beetles. \"It was a glorious spot, and one which will always live in my memory as exhibiting the insect-life of the tropics in unexampled luxuriance.\" ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 24 Batchian : He is lent a house by the Sultan, who offers him tea and cakes but asks him to teach him to make maps and to give him a gun and a milking goat, \"all of which requests I evaded as skilfully as I was able\". His servant Ali shoots a new bird of paradise, Wallace\'s standardwing, \"a great prize\" and a \"striking novelty\". He is a little disappointed in the range of insects and birds, but discovers new species of roller, sunbird and is happy to see the racquet-tailed kingfisher. His house is burgled twice; a blacksmith manages to pick his locks and make him a new set of keys; and he discovers a new species of birdwing butterfly. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 25 Ceram, Goram, and the Matabello Islands : He travels to Ceram, where he enjoys the company of a multilingual Flemish plantation owner. He finds few birds despite constant searching and wading through rivers; the water and the rough ground destroy both his pairs of shoes, and he returns home on the last day lame from walking \"in my stockings very painfully\". Sailing in the Matabello Islands, he is blown ten miles off course, his men fearing being swept on to the coast of New Guinea \"in which case we should most likely all be murdered\" as the tribes there are treacherous and bloodthirsty. He is sorry to see that even the smallest children here all chew betel-nut and are disfigured by sores from a poor diet. However he enjoys their palm wine which he finds more like cider than beer, and the \"water\" inside young coconuts, which, he explains, is nothing like the undrinkable contents of the old dry coconuts on sale in England. He buys a prau and surprises the people by fitting it out himself, using tools \"of the best London make\", but lacking a large drill the holes have to be made, very slowly, by boring with hot iron rods. Travelling round Ceram, the crew from Goram run away. He describes in detail the process of making sago. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 26 Bouru : He finds he has arrived in the rainy season, seeing mainly mud and water. He complains that two months\' work produce only 210 species of beetle, compared to 300 in three weeks at Amboyna. However one *Cerambyx* beetle was up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) long, with antennae up to 5 inches (12.5 cm) in length. He is amused at himself for finding his simple hut comfortable, once he has made a rough table and is in his rattan chair, with a mosquito net and \"large Scotch plaid\" to form a \"little sleeping apartment\". He gets 17 new (at least for the Moluccas) species of bird including a new *Pitta* bird. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 27 The Natural History of the Moluccas : The only carnivore in the Moluccas is the Malayan civet (Musang), which he supposes has been introduced by accident as it is kept for its musk. The Celebes Babirusa is, oddly, found on Bouru, which he supposes it reached partly by swimming, citing Sir Charles Lyell\'s *Principles of Geology* to confirm this ability. The other mammals are marsupial, so, he presumes, true natives. In contrast to the few mammals, there are at least 265 bird species, more than all of Europe, which had 257, but of these just three groups -- parrots, kingfishers and pigeons -- make up nearly a third, compared to only a twentieth of the birds of India. Wallace suggests this is because they came from New Guinea, which has a similar lack of some groups, and adds that many New Guinea birds have not reached the Moluccas, implying that the islands have been isolated for a long time.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Contents ### Volume 2 {#volume_2} #### Papuan Group {#papuan_group} thumb\|upright=0.8\|Papuan charm, by E. W. Robinson 28 Macassar to the Aru Islands in a Native Prau : Wallace decides to avoid the rainy season of Celebes by travelling to the Aru Islands, the source of pearls, mother-of-pearl, and tortoiseshell for Europe, and edible birds\' nests and sea-slugs for China, even though they are inhabited by \"savages\". He is excited despite the danger of a 1,000-mile (1600 km) voyage in a 70-ton Bugis prau with a crew of 50, considering the islands the \"*Ultima Thule* of the East\". His small cabin was the \"snuggest\" he ever had at sea, and he liked the natural materials and the absence of foul-smelling paint and tar. The Molucca sea was phosphorescent, like a nebula seen in a telescope. He sees flying fish near Teor, which is wrongly marked on the charts. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 29 The Ké Islands : The prau is greeted by 3 or 4 long high-beaked canoes, about 50 men naked but for shells and long plumes of cassowary feathers, singing and shouting as they rowed, who board the prow with high exuberance \"intoxicated with joy and excitement\" asking for tobacco. It is at once clear to Wallace these Papuans are not Malays in appearance or behaviour. They are expert boat-builders, using only axe, adze and auger, fitting planks together so well that a knife-blade can hardly be inserted anywhere. They use no money, bartering for knives, cloth and \"arrack\" brandy, and bring many beetles including a new jewel beetle species, *Cyphogastra calepyga*, in return for tobacco. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 30 The Aru Islands---Residence in Dobbo : On one day he captures about 30 species of butterfly, the most since he was in the Amazon, including the \"large and handsome spectre-butterfly, *Hestia durvillei*\", and a few days later thumb\|upright=0.8\|\"The \'king\' and the \'twelve wired\' birds of paradise\", drawn on wood by J. G. Keulemans 31 The Aru Islands---Journey and Residence in the Interior : He is brought a king bird-of-paradise, amusing the islanders with his excitement; it had been one of his goals for travelling to the archipelago. He reflects on how their beauty is wasted in the \"dark and gloomy woods, with no intelligent eye to gaze upon their loveliness\", but that when \"civilized man\" reaches the islands he will certainly upset the balance of nature and make the birds extinct. He finds the men the most beautiful of all the peoples he has stayed among, the women less handsome \"except in extreme youth\". ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 32 The Aru Islands---Second Residence in Dobbo : He sees a cock-fight in the street, but is more interested in a game of football, played with a hollow ball of rattan, and remarks the \"excessive cheapness\" of all goods including those made in Europe or America, which he believes causes idleness and drunkenness because there is no need to work hard to obtain goods. He admires a crimson-flowered tree surrounded with flocks of blue and orange lories. He is given some birds\' nest soup, which he found almost tasteless. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 33 The Aru Islands---Physical Geography and Aspects of Nature : The islands are completely crossed by three narrow channels which resemble and are called rivers, though they are inlets of the sea. The wildlife is much like that of New Guinea, 150 miles (240 km) away, which he supposes was once connected by a land bridge. Most flowers are green; large and showy flowers are rare or absent. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 34 New Guinea---Dorey : He travels to New Guinea after long anticipation. The coastal village houses stand in the water; they have boat-shaped roofs, and often have human skulls hanging under the eaves, trophies of battles with their attackers, the Arfaks. The council house has \"revolting\" carvings of naked figures. He finds the inhabitants often very handsome, as they are tall with aquiline noses and heads of carefully combed \"frizzly\" hair. He failed to find the birds of paradise described by the French pharmacist and botanist René Primevère Lesson, but is pleased with the horned deer-flies, including *Elaphomia cervicornis* and *E. wallacei*. He injured his ankle and had to rest as it became an ulcer, while all his men had fever, dysentery or ague. When he recovers, birds are scarce, but he finds about 30 species of beetles each day on average; on two memorable days he finds 78 and 95 kinds, his personal record; it takes him 6 hours to pin and lay out the specimens afterwards. In all he collected over 800 species of beetle in Dorey. He leaves \"without much regret\" as he never visited a place with \"more privations and annoyances.\" ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 35 Voyage from Ceram to Waigiou : He is blown far off course while trying to reach his assistant, Mr Allen, losing some men who went ashore, dragging anchor, running on to a coral reef, and guided by an incorrect map; it took 8 days \"among the reefs and islands of Waigiou\" to return to a safe harbour. He sends a boat to rescue his men; it returns 10 days later without them, but he pays them again, and on the second attempt it returns with his two men, who had survived for a month \"on the roots and tender flower-stalks of a species of Bromelia, on shell-fish, and on a few turtles\' eggs.\" ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 36 Waigiou : He builds a palm-leaf hut, which leaks badly until they increase the slope of the roof. He shoots a red bird-of-paradise. He supposes the people to be of mixed race. He sails to Bessir where the chief lends him a tiny hut on stilts, entered by a ladder, and not tall enough to stand up in. He learns to live and work \"in a semi-horizontal position\"; he is the first white man to come to the island. He trades goods for birds-of-paradise; the people do not shoot them with blunt arrows like Aru islanders, but set out fruit as bait on a forked stick, and catch the birds with a noose of cord that hangs from the stick down to the ground, pulling the cord when the bird arrives, sometimes after two or three days. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 37 Voyage from Waigiou to Ternate : While sailing back to Ternate the boat is overtaken by a dozen waves which approached with a dull roaring like heavy surf, the sea being \"perfectly smooth\" before and after; he concludes these must have been earthquake waves as William Dampier had described. Later he learnt that there had been an earthquake on Gilolo that day. On the journey they lose their anchor, and their mooring cable is snapped by a squall. New wooden anchors are ingeniously made. The men believe the boat is unlucky and ask for a ceremony before travelling further. They are caught by a storm and lose the small boat they are towing. Wallace notes that in 78 days there was \"not one single day of fair wind.\" (sic) ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 38 The Birds of Paradise : Wallace, pointing out that he often journeyed expressly to obtain specimens, describes the birds-of-paradise in detail, and the effects of sexual selection by the females. He covers the great, king, red, magnificent, superb, golden or six-shafted, standard wing, twelve-wired, and epimaque or long-tailed birds-of-paradise, as well as three New Guinea birds which he considers almost as remarkable. He suggests they could live well if released in the Palm House at Kew Gardens. In all he knows of 18 species, of which 11 are from New Guinea and 8 are endemic to it and Salwatty, or 14 in the general New Guinea area (1 being from the Moluccas and 3 from Australia). His assistant Mr Allen runs into trouble as the people were suspicious of his motives. A year of five voyages had produced only 5 of the 14 species in the New Guinea area. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 39 Natural History of the Papuan Islands : New Guinea, writes Wallace, is mostly unknown, with only the wildlife of the northwestern peninsula partially explored, but already 250 land birds are known, making the island of great interest. There are few mammals, mostly marsupials, including a kangaroo (first seen by Le Brun in 1714). ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` 40 The Races of Man in the Malay Archipelago : Wallace ends the book by describing his views on the peoples of the archipelago. He finds the Malays, such as the Javanese, the most civilised, though he describes the Dyaks of Borneo and the Bataks of Sumatra, among others, as \"the savage Malays\". He quotes the traveller Nicolo Conti\'s 1430 account of them, with other early descriptions. He thinks the Papuan the opposite of the Malay, impulsive and demonstrative where the Malay is impassive and taciturn. He speculates about their origins, and in a note at the end, criticises English society.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Contents ### Volume 2 {#volume_2} #### Appendix On Crania And Languages : Wallace mentions Huxley\'s theory, and Dr. Joseph Barnard Davis\'s book *Thesaurus Craniorum*, which supposed that human races could be distinguished by the shape of the cranium, the dome of the skull, of which theory Wallace is sceptical. However he lists measurements he had taken of the crania of \"Malays\" and \"Papuans\", noting that within the Malay group there was enormous variation. He had few skulls in the Papuan group and there were no definite differences between the two groups. ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : The language appendix lists 9 words (black, white, fire, water, large, small, nose, tongue, tooth) in 59 of the languages encountered in the archipelago, and 117 words in 33 of those languages, making it clear that many of the languages have many words in common.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Reception ### Contemporary *The Malay Archipelago* was warmly received on publication, often in lengthy reviews that attempted to summarise the book, from the perspective that suited the reviewing periodical. It was reviewed in more than 40 periodicals: a selection of those reviews is summarised below. #### *Anthropological Review* {#anthropological_review} The *Anthropological Review* notes that while the descriptions of animal life are \"full of interest\", \"our readers, as anthropologists, will, however, take a keener interest\" in the \"great man-like ape of Borneo,---the orang-utan, or *mias*, as it is called by the aborigines\". Two pages are taken up with a discussion of the orang utan. The review then turns to Wallace\'s observations on \"the races of man\" in the book, observing that the anthropological details given are useful but perhaps chosen to support \"a particular theory\", namely Wallace\'s belief that there were eastern and western races---\"Malays\" and \"Papuans\", though the boundary between them was east of the Wallace line. The review accepts Wallace\'s data on natural history, but suspects he was selective in recording details of individuals. It notes that Wallace agreed with French authors that the Polynesians (included in his Papuans) \"had a local origin\". The review remarks that \"Mr Wallace relies more on the diversity of moral features to prove differences of race than on physical peculiarities, although he declares that these are strongly marked\" and doubts the difference, and wonders whether the \"Javan chief\" and the Dyak do not differ more. The review, after ten pages of reflections on race, concludes by recommending the book to its readers as much better than ordinary travel books \"and even in the absence of any very stirring incidents\" that it will \"amply repay the perusal\" of both scientific and general readers. #### *Journal of the Ethnological Society of London* {#journal_of_the_ethnological_society_of_london} The *Journal of the Ethnological Society of London* focussed exclusively on the ethnology in the book, praising the value both of the information and of Wallace\'s \"thoughtful and suggestive speculation\". The review notes that Wallace identified two \"types of mankind\" in the archipelago, \"the Malayan and the Papuan\", and that he thought these two had \"no traceable affinity to each other\". It remarks that Wallace greatly extends knowledge of the people of Timor, Celebes, and the Maluccas, while also adding to what is known of the Malays and Papuans, reprinting his entire description and his engraving of a Papuan. The reviewer remarks that the portrait \"would as well suit a Papuan of the south-east coast of New Guinea as any of those whom Mr. Wallace saw\", noting however that the southern tribes are more varied in skin colour. The reviewer disagrees with Wallace about the extension of this \"Papuan race\" as far as Fiji, noting that there are or were people like that in Tasmania, but that their features and height varied widely, perhaps forming a series. The reviewer disagrees also that the Sandwich Islanders and \"New Zealanders\" (Maori) are related to the Papuans; and with Wallace\'s claim that the presence of Malay words in Polynesian languages is caused by the \"roaming habits\" -- trade and navigation -- of the Malays, arguing instead that the Polynesians long ago migrated from \"some common seat in, or near, the Malay Archipelago\". The review ends by stating that despite all these disagreements, it holds Wallace\'s ethnology in \"high estimation\". #### Royal Geographical Society {#royal_geographical_society} Sir Roderick Murchison, giving a speech at the *Royal Geographical Society*, felt able to \"feel a pride\" in Wallace\'s success, and in the \"striking contributions\" made to science. He takes interest in \"Wallace\'s line\" which he calls \"this ingenious speculation\", with \"the two faunas wonderfully contrasted\" either side of the deep channel between Borneo and Celebes, or Bali and Lombok. He points out the same principle between the British Isles and continental Europe, though there the conclusion is rather that the same fauna and flora is found on both sides. However, Murchison states his disagreement with Wallace\'s support for James Hutton\'s principle of uniformitarianism, that \"*all* former changes of the outline of the earth were produced slowly\", opining that the Bali--Lombok channel probably formed suddenly. He mentions in one sentence that the book contains \"interesting and important facts\" on physical geography, native inhabitants, climate and products of the archipelago, and describes Wallace as a great naturalist and a \"most attractive writer\". #### *The Ladies\' Repository* {#the_ladies_repository} One of the shortest reviews was in *The Ladies\' Repository*, which found it The reviewer notes the region is \"of terrific grandeur, parts of it being perpetually illuminated by discharging volcanoes, and all of it frequently shaken with earthquakes.\" The review summarises the book\'s geographical reach and style in a paragraph. #### *The Popular Science Review* {#the_popular_science_review} *The Popular Science Review* began by writing that \"We never remember to have taken up a book which gave us more pleasure\". It was quite unlike the dull journey logs of most travel books; it was \"a romance, which is, nevertheless, plain matter of fact\". The review especially admires the way that Wallace \"has generalised on the facts\" rather than just shooting \"a multitude of birds\" and interminably describing them. The account notes that Wallace was the joint originator of the theory of natural selection, and summarises the discovery of the Wallace line in some detail. The review ends by placing the *Malay Archipelago* between Charles Lyell\'s *Principles of Geology* and Darwin\'s *Origin of Species*. #### *American Quarterly Church Review* {#american_quarterly_church_review} thumb\|upright=0.8\|\"Natives of Aru shooting the great bird of paradise\" The *American Quarterly Church Review* admires Wallace\'s bravery in going alone among the \"barbarous races\" in a \"villainous climate\" with all the hardships of travel, and his hard work in skinning, stuffing, drying and bottling so many specimens. Since \"As a scientific man he follows Darwin\" the review finds \"his theories sometimes need as many grains of salt as his specimens.\" But the review then agrees that the book will \"make the world wiser about its more solitary and singular children, hid away over the seas\", and opines that no-one will mind paying the price of the book to read about the birds of paradise, \"those bird-angels, with flaming wings of crimson and gold and scarlet, who twitter and gambol and make merry among the great island trees, while the Malay hunts for them with his blunt-headed arrows\...\" The review concludes that the book is a fresh and valuable record of \"a remote and romantic land\".
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Reception ### Contemporary #### *Australian Town and Country Journal* {#australian_town_and_country_journal} The *Australian Town and Country Journal* begins by stating that and quickly makes clear that it objects to Wallace\'s doubts about \"indications of design\" in plants. Despite this \"grave\" fault, the reviewer considers the book to be of immense value, and that it would become a standard work on the region. The review quotes a paragraph that paints \"a picture of country life in the Celebes\", where Wallace describes his host, a Mr. M., who relied on his gun to supply his table with wild pigs, deer, and jungle fowl, while enjoying his own milk, butter, rice, coffee, ducks, palm wine and tobacco. However, the Australian reviewer doubted Wallace\'s judgement about flavours, given that he praised the Durian fruit, namely that it tastes of custard, cream cheese, onion sauce, brown sherry \"and other incongruities\", whereas \"most Europeans\" found it \"an abomination\". Otherwise, the review notes that Wallace seemed to have enjoyed his time in the Celebes, with the hornbills flapping past, and the baboons staring down from their trees, and enjoys his enthusiasm for the birds of paradise. The review is respectful of his account of the Wallace line, having no difficulty agreeing that the Australian-type vegetation continues into the archipelago as far as Lombok and Celebes. It concludes that he covers almost every natural phenomenon he came across \"with the accuracy and discriminating sagacity of an accomplished naturalist\", and explains that the \"great charm\" of the book is \"a truthful simplicity\" which inspires confidence. #### *Calcutta Review* {#calcutta_review} The *Calcutta Review* starts by noting that this is a book that cannot be done justice in a brief notice, that Wallace is a most eminent naturalist, and chiefly known as a Darwinian; the book was the most interesting to cross the reviewer\'s desk since Palgrave\'s *Arabia* (1865) and Sir Samuel Baker\'s *Explorations of the Nile* (1866). By combining geography, geology and ethnology into one narrative, the reader is saved \"the monotony of traversing the same regions several times\". The review describes in detail Wallace\'s findings of different birds and mammals either side of the Wallace line. It notes Wallace\'s cheerfulness and good temper in the face of \"the difficulties and inconveniences attendant upon foreign travel\", such as having to cross \"a hundred miles of open sea in a little boat of four tons burthen\", which Wallace calmly describes as comparatively comfortable. The reviewer remarks that Wallace was \"set down as a conjuror by these simple people\" with unimaginable purposes from a faraway country, but is less admiring about Wallace\'s moralising tone, especially when he supposes that \"wild communities\" can be happier than \"in a more highly civilised society\". The review ends with some reflections of surprise on how little-known the Malay Archipelago is in India, given that they were closely connected with Hindu temples in Java and Bali, and hopes that soon there will be some \"productions\" of the archipelago in the Indian Museum of Calcutta.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Reception ### Contemporary #### *Revue des Deux Mondes* {#revue_des_deux_mondes} The book\'s fame spread beyond the English-speaking world. R. Radau wrote a lengthy review of *Un naturaliste dans l\'Archipel Malais* in the French *Revue des Deux Mondes*. Radau notes the many deaths from volcanic eruptions in the archipelago, before explaining the similarity of the fauna of Java and Sumatra with that of central Asia, while that of the Celebes carries the mark of Australia, seeming to be the last representatives of another age. Radau describes Wallace\'s experiences in Singapore, where goods were far cheaper than in Europe -- wire, knives, corkscrews, gunpowder, writing-paper, and he remarks on the spread of the Jesuits into the interior, though the missionaries had to live on just 750 francs a year. Singapore was covered in wooded hills, and the sawn wood and rotten trunks supported innumerable beetles for the naturalist to study. The only disagreeable element was that the tigers that roared in the forest devoured on average one Chinese per day, especially in the ginger plantations. Radau summarises one passage from the book after another: the orang utans of Borneo wrestling open the jaws of a crocodile, or killing a python; the Timorese walking up tall trees, leaning back on ropes as they pull themselves upwards; the indescribable taste of a durian fruit, at once recalling custard, almond paste, roasted onions, sherry and a host of other things, that melts on the tongue, that one does not want to stop eating; more, the fruit has a repulsive odour, and the tree is dangerous, as the hard and heavy fruits can fall on your head. Radau follows Wallace up to the high plateaux of Java, where there are cypress forests covered in moss and lichen; finally at the summit the vegetation seems European, an island vegetation recalling the resemblance between the plants of the high Alps and of Lapland. And in Celebes, men run amok, generally killing a dozen people before meeting their own death. Radau returns to food, describing sago and the breadfruit tree. The breadfruit tastes like Yorkshire pudding or mashed potato; with meat it is the best of vegetables; with sugar, milk, butter or molasses, it is a delicious pudding with a special flavour; Radau hopes that perhaps it will one day be found in European markets. As for the sago palm, one tree yields 1,800 cakes, enough to feed a man for a year. There is torrential rain; there are savages; there are dangerous trips in small boats. Only in the final paragraph does Radau reflect on it all: \"We have tried, in this study on Wallace\'s two volumes, to give an idea of what he saw in his eight-year stay in the Far East.\" He admits he has left out most of the natural history, and regrets not having space for more \"charming pages\" which would have taken him too far. He joins Wallace in reflecting on the relative state of \"civilized\" and \"savage\", wondering which is morally superior, and notes the \"nostalgia for the primitive state\", concluding that civilisation brings the benefit of reason to restrain hasty action. ### Modern #### *The Guardian* {#the_guardian} Tim Radford, writing in *The Guardian*, considers that *The Malay Archipelago* shows Wallace to be \"an extraordinary figure\", since he is Radford finds \"delights on every page\", such as the Wallace line between the islands of Bali and Lombok; the sparkling observations, like \"the river bed \'a mass of pebbles, mostly pure white quartz, but with abundance of jasper and agate\'\"; the detailed but lively accounts of natural history and physical geography; the respectful and friendly attitude to the native peoples such as the hill Dyaks of Borneo; and his unclouded observations of human society, such as the way a Bugis man in Lombok runs amok, where Wallace #### *The Observer* {#the_observer} thumb \|upright \|The flying frog of Borneo \|alt=Engraving of a frog Robin McKie, in *The Observer*, writes that the common view of Wallace \"as a clever, decent cove who knew his place\" as second fiddle to Charles Darwin is rather lopsided. Wallace, he writes, is \"capable of great insights\" in the *Malay Archipelago*. Travelling over 14,000 miles and collecting 125,000 specimens, he also made \"scrupulous notes\" for the book which In McKie\'s view, Wallace was a gifted writer with \"an eye for catchy observation\", and this is one of the finest of travel books. McKie liked the account of Wallace\'s night sleeping \"\'with half-a-dozen smoke-dried human skulls suspended over my head\'\". #### In research {#in_research} The researcher Charles Smith rates the *Malay Archipelago* as \"Wallace\'s most successful work, literarily and commercially\", placing it second only to his *Darwinism* (1889) among his books for academic citations.
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# The Malay Archipelago ## Influence on other works {#influence_on_other_works} *The Malay Archipelago* influenced many works starting with those of Wallace\'s contemporaries. The novelist Joseph Conrad used it as source material for some of his novels, including *Almayer\'s Folly*, *An Outcast of the Islands*, and *The Rescue*. Commentators have suggested it had a particularly profound influence on *Lord Jim*, crediting it with among other things the inspiration for the character Stein the entomologist. Conrad\'s assistant Richard Curle wrote that *The Malay Archipelago* was Conrad\'s favourite bedside book; Conrad refers directly to what he calls Alfred Wallace\'s famous book on the Malay Archipelago in *The Secret Agent*. In his short story, *Neil MacAdam*, W. Somerset Maugham has the title character read *The Malay Archipelago* while travelling to Borneo, and its influence can be felt in the story\'s description of that island. More recently, the book has influenced a number of non-fiction books including *The Song of the Dodo* by David Quammen (1997), which discussed Wallace\'s contributions to the field of island biogeography; *The Spice Islands Voyage* by Tim Severin (1997) that retraced Wallace\'s travels; and *Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia*, by Gavan Daws (1999), which compared the environment described by Wallace with the modern state of the archipelago. *The Malay Archipelago* is considered to be one of the most influential books ever written about the Indonesian islands. It remains a resource for modern authors of works about the region such as the 2014 book *Indonesia Etc*, which contains multiple quotations from Wallace\'s book as well as recommending it as further reading on the geography of Indonesia. The English comedian Bill Bailey travelled around Indonesia in the footsteps of Wallace for a two-part television programme on BBC Two, *Bill Bailey\'s Jungle Hero*, first broadcast in 2013, the centenary of Wallace\'s death
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit The **2004 Istanbul summit** was held in Istanbul, Turkey from 28 to 29 June 2004. It was the 18th NATO summit in which NATO\'s Heads of State and Governments met to make formal decisions about security topics. In general, the summit is seen as a continuation of the transformation process that began in the 2002 Prague summit, which hoped to create a shift from a Cold War alliance against Soviet aggression to a 21st-century coalition against new and out-of-area security threats. The summit consisted of four meetings. NATO members welcomed seven new alliance members during the North Atlantic Council meeting, decided to expand the alliance\'s presence in the War in Afghanistan and to end its presence in Bosnia, agreed to assist Iraq with training, launched a new partnership initiative and adopted measures to improve NATO\'s operational capabilities. The NATO-Russia Council meeting was mostly noted by the absence of both Russian president Vladimir Putin and of any progress concerning the ratification of the adapted CFE treaty or the withdrawal of Russian troops from Georgia and Moldova. NATO leaders further welcomed progress made by Ukraine towards membership in the NATO-Ukraine Commission meeting and discussed some general and mostly symbolic topics with its non-NATO counterparts during the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council meeting. Due to Turkish government fears of a terrorist attack, security measures during the summit were tight. Demonstrators from around the world gathered to protest against NATO or the American foreign policy under the George W. Bush administration, while the summit itself was blown off the front pages of the world press by the unexpected transfer of Iraqi sovereignty, coinciding with the first day of the NATO summit on 28 June.
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit ## Security measures {#security_measures} Unprecedented security measures were made by the Turkish government to safeguard the NATO summit from terrorist attacks. They especially feared a repetition of the Istanbul bombings of 2003 that killed more than 60 people. Their fear was proven by the arrest of 16 people in Bursa in early May on suspicion of planning to bomb the summit. Police seized guns, explosives, bomb-making booklets and 4,000 compact discs with training advice from Osama bin Laden, and believed that the suspects were members of the radical Islamic group Ansar al-Islam, thought to be linked with al-Qaeda. On 24 June two bombs also exploded. One bomb went off in a bus in Istanbul killing 4 people (including the bomber), the other outside a hotel in Ankara where US president George W. Bush would be staying. Additionally, on 25 June, explosives were found in a parked car at Istanbul\'s main airport. Security measures included Turkish war ships and Turkish commandos in rubber boats patrolling the Bosporus, AWACS surveillance planes and F-16 warplanes circling above the city to monitor a no-fly zone over the city, and the assignment of 23,000 to 24,000 police officers, supported by police helicopters and armoured vehicles. The Bosphorus Strait was also closed to oil tankers, the underground rail system was suspended and whole city districts were sealed off. Nevertheless, a small bomb or explosive devise blew up on an empty Turkish Airlines plane on 29 June as workers were cleaning it at the main Istanbul airport. Three of the workers were slightly injured. The extent of disruption caused by the security measures was criticized by several Turkish newspapers. The newspaper *Cumhuriyet* for instance called the situation \"a total disgrace\" and commented that Istanbul and Ankara looked like \"ghost cities for a couple of days, imprisoning the people, emptying the streets and stopping boats from leaving.\" The newspaper further added that people died because emergency services were unable to reach them.
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit ## Demonstrations During June, there was a surge in demonstrations against the upcoming NATO summit, resulting in almost daily protests in Turkey. For instance on 16 June, Turkish riot police detained some 40 people during a demonstration and on 21 June, police used water cannon, tear gas and armoured vehicles to disperse activists who barricaded streets and threw petrol bombs. Throughout June, anti-NATO protestors from around the world gathered at Istanbul to demonstrate. Protests included opposition to US foreign policy (especially opposition against the US-led Afghanistan War and the Iraq War), opposition to NATO\'s presence in the Balkans, opposition against NATO itself or against a new role for NATO, opposition against the continuing existence of nuclear weapons, and claims the USA abused NATO to support its policies in Iraq, the wider Middle East, and Afghanistan. A day before the summit, US president George W. Bush traveled to Ankara, the capital of Turkey for advance meetings with Turkish leaders. Then and during the summit demonstrations became larger and tens of thousands of Turks demonstrated in the streets of Istanbul. On 28 June, demonstrators tried to disrupt the NATO meeting by staging several simultaneous mass demonstrations around the city. Riot police sprayed tear gas at anti-NATO demonstrators as protesters and police clashed in running street battles. At least 30 people, including five police officers, were injured when anti-NATO protesters throwing stones and petrol bombs clashed with riot police. Some 20 persons were detained in these protests. The police broke up a smaller crowd, detaining at least six persons, in the Mecidiyeköy area when they tried to march towards the summit about 3 km to the south. In a separate protest, Greenpeace activists, dangling from a bridge over the Bosphorus Strait, unfurled a 30-meter banner showing a dove of peace with a nuclear missile in its beak and the phrase \"Nukes out of NATO\".
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit ## Summit meetings {#summit_meetings} June 2004 was arguably one of the most intense months of summitry in the history of transatlantic relations. The NATO summit followed on the D-Day\'s 60th anniversary celebrations in Normandy (France) on 6 June; on the 30th G8 summit from 8 June until 10 June in Georgia (United States); and on the meetings with EU leaders in Dublin (Ireland) on 24 June. The 2004 Istanbul summit consisted of four main meetings, all held in the Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar Convention and Exhibition Center: the North Atlantic Council (NATO\'s highest decision-making body, attended by heads of state and government from each of the 26 Alliance member countries); the NATO-Russia Council (which met only at the level of foreign ministers, since Russian President Vladimir Putin stayed away, reflecting ongoing tension between NATO and Russia over NATO enlargement and the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty); the NATO-Ukraine Commission; and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (46 countries including many former Eastern bloc and former Soviet states). Besides these meetings, several visits and question sessions were made on 26 and 27 June, and several press conferences by heads of government of state or government were made after or in between the above-mentioned meetings. Once the North Atlantic Council meeting on 28 June was concluded, a statement called the \"Istanbul Declaration: Our security in a new era\" was issued. In this statement the leaders summarized the main conclusions of the discussions. Almost forgotten in coverage of the summit was that six new members from the former Warsaw Pact -- Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania -- plus Slovenia, joined NATO in March 2004 and were formally welcomed into the Alliance. ### North Atlantic Council meeting (28 June) {#north_atlantic_council_meeting_28_june} #### Missions ##### Expanded presence in Afghanistan {#expanded_presence_in_afghanistan} Several days before the summit, NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer described Afghanistan as \"priority number one\". During the summit, NATO members officially agreed that the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) would take on command of four additional Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) (one in Mazar-e-Sharif, Meymana, Feyzabad and Baghlan), falling short of the initial target of five. Until then ISAF only provided security in around the capital city Kabul and commanded one PRT in Kunduz. The 26 members agreed to contribute between them an additional 600 troops (23.08 per country) and three helicopters to the Afghan mission. The three helicopters came from Turkey, and had gone back within three months. NATO also vowed to beef up its Afghanistan peace force from 6,500 to 10,000 to help make the 2004 Afghan presidential election secure, but no actual agreement for that many additional troops was made. ##### End of the SFOR mission {#end_of_the_sfor_mission} NATO members agreed to end the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which began its mission in 1996. NATO stressed that it would maintain a presence in the country to assist in certain areas such as defence reform, or the pursuit of persons indicted for war crimes. Heads of State and Government also welcomed a decision by the European Union to establish a follow-on mission, which would take over the 7,500-member mission and which will be supported by NATO under existing NATO-EU agreements.
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit ## Summit meetings {#summit_meetings} ### North Atlantic Council meeting (28 June) {#north_atlantic_council_meeting_28_june} #### Middle East {#middle_east} The summit marked a shift in Alliance priorities towards greater involvement in the Middle East, a strategically important region, whose security and stability was regarded as closely linked to the Euro-Atlantic security. The existing Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) cooperation was broadened, and two new major engagements were launched: the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) and a training mission for Iraqi troops. ##### Iraq troop training {#iraq_troop_training} The summit was dominated by divisions over the Iraq War as NATO members were only able to agree to limited assistance in the form of training for Iraqi security forces. The NATO support given to Iraq troop training was in response to a request by the Iraqi Interim Government, and in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546, which requests international and regional organisations to contribute assistance to the multinational force. Even this limited agreement contained areas of contention, with France insisting that it would only help with training *outside* Iraq, while the United States favored that the training would take place *inside* Iraq. As a consequence, the deal was left deliberately vague and differences remained on whether NATO should train Iraqi officers inside Iraq, or limit itself to training outside the country and acting as a clearing house for national efforts. The commitment was also vague as it was not made clear what the size of the training mission would be or exactly when and where it would take place. German chancellor Gerhard Schroeder, known for his earlier opposition to the Iraq War, commented: \"The engagement of NATO is reduced to training and only training. We have made clear that we don\'t want to see German soldiers in Iraq.\" Despite outwardly optimistic statements by the US concerning NATO\'s commitment towards Iraqi troop training after the summit, France and Germany had refused to share the burden of responsibility for the situation in Iraq and did not support the US and British demand for sending NATO troops. Put differently, participation in the multinational forces in Iraq was left to the discretion of the particular alliance members and the USA relunctantly consented to troop training outside Iraq. Consequently, despite an outward show of NATO unity, the split over Iraq still persisted and tensions in interstate relations within the alliance were not resolved. ##### Improved Mediterranean Dialogue {#improved_mediterranean_dialogue} NATO\'s leaders invited their Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) partners (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia) to elevate the MD to a genuine partnership by establishing a more ambitious and expanded framework for cooperation. This cooperation would be guided by the principle of joint ownership and taking into consideration their particular interests and needs. ##### Istanbul Cooperation Initiative {#istanbul_cooperation_initiative} NATO leaders also decided to launch the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) with selected states in the Greater Middle East, thus exceeding a Mediterranean scope. The initiative was an offer to engage in practical security cooperation activities with these states and each interested country would be considered by the North Atlantic Council on a case-by-case basis and on its own merit. The words \"country\" and \"countries\" in the ICI document do not exclude participation of the Palestinian Authority, but such partnership would be---like any other partnership---subject to the North Atlantic Council\'s approval. This initiative stands alongside NATO\'s Partnership for Peace Program and the Mediterranean Dialogue. NATO members regard these partnerships as a response to the new challenges of the 21st century and as a complement to the G8 and US-EU decisions to support calls for reform from within the Broader Middle East region. The ICI offers practical cooperation with interested nations in the Greater Middle East in such areas as: counter-WMD; counterterrorism; training and education; participation in NATO exercises; the promotion of military interoperability; disaster preparedness and civil emergency planning; tailored advice on defense reform and civil-military relations; and cooperation on border security to help prevent illicit trafficking of drugs, weapons, and people. #### Plans ##### Plan to enhance operational capabilities {#plan_to_enhance_operational_capabilities} NATO leaders endorsed measures to improve NATO\'s ability to take on operations when and where necessary, committing themselves to be able at all times to deploy and sustain larger proportions of their forces on operations to ensure that NATO has a permanently available pool of assets and forces that can deployed. They also endorsed changes to NATO\'s defence planning, hoping that the Alliance\'s long-term defence planning process would become more flexible, thereby helping member countries generate forces that can reach further, faster and still take on the full range of missions. ##### Plan to enhance anti-terrorism efforts {#plan_to_enhance_anti_terrorism_efforts} NATO leaders hoped to boost the Alliance\'s anti-terrorism efforts with an agreement to improve intelligence sharing and to develop new, high-tech defences against terrorist attacks. NATO members committed themselves to improve intelligence sharing through a Terrorist Threat Intelligence Unit. This Unit, created after the September 11 attacks, became permanent and . Its function is to analyze general terrorist threats, as well as those that are more specifically aimed at NATO. NATO also pledged itself to stand ready to assist any member country in dealing with potential or real terrorist attacks. The Alliance\'s AWACS early warning radar aircraft and Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Defence Battalion would be made available to any member that requests such assistance. Heads of State and Government also gave direction to develop a package of high-tech capabilities to protect civilians and forces from terrorist attacks.
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit ## Summit meetings {#summit_meetings} ### NATO-Russia Council meeting (28 June) {#nato_russia_council_meeting_28_june} #### Linkage between the CFE ratification and the OSCE obligations {#linkage_between_the_cfe_ratification_and_the_osce_obligations} Discussions with Russia on NATO concessions in return for Russian President Vladimir Putin\'s attendance had been underway for some months before the summit, and intensified as the summit date drew closer. On 17 May, in the run-up to the NATO summit, NATO Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer indicated in a speech that Putin signalled that he might honor the summit with his presence if \"the conditions will be right\". It is unclear what conditions were under discussion, but it is speculated that Putin\'s conditions included an enhanced Russian role in NATO decision-making through the NATO-Russia Council (NRC), NATO acceptance of Russia\'s continued military presence in Moldova and Georgia (the withdrawal of these troops was an obligation Russia had assumed at the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe\'s (OSCE) 1999 Istanbul summit); a move of NATO members to ratify that same treaty and to place the three Baltic states, that joined NATO in March 2004, under military restrictions. As Putin did not receive satisfaction in discussions ahead of the NATO summit -- at least not to the extent that he hoped, he refused to attend the meeting. When NATO officials indicated that Putin would probably not attend the summit, Russia\'s Foreign Affairs Minister Sergei Lavrov reacted on the same day (2 June) by stressing the importance that Moscow attaches to enhancing its role in NRC and that Russia had not declined the invitation to attend the NRC meeting. Due to the replacement of Putin by Lavrov, the meeting was not held at the level of the Heads of State and Government (as normally would be the case), but at the level of foreign ministers. On 26 June, two days before the summit, US Under Secretary of State R. Nicholas Burns and US Ambassador to Russia Alexander Vershbow wrote a joint newspaper article in which they commented that the relations between NATO and Russia were good and that NATO and Russia took \"a little-noticed but enormous step in our maturing partnership\", referring to \"Exercise Kaliningrad 2004\" which brought together some 1,000 personnel from 22 NATO member and partner countries for a terrorism response exercise. In practice, several rifts between Russia and NATO were visible and became increasingly more so during the summit. One rift existed about NATO\'s non-ratification of the adapted CFE treaty and Russia\'s non-fulfillment of its OSCE obligations (the withdrawal of Russian troops from Moldova and Georgia). Even before the summit commenced, the rift was visible as US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld stopped, en route to Istanbul, in Moldova where he called for the withdrawal of Russian forces from the country. Another reason for tension was the accession of seven Eastern European states to NATO in March 2004 and NATO\'s increasing cooperation with other Eastern European and Caucasian states. On 27 June, Russia warned NATO to respect its security interests and expressed concern over NATO\'s stepped up activity in the Caucasus and Central Asia. During the NRC meeting, NATO leaders and NATO\'s Secretary General made a clear linkage between their Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (adapted CFE treaty) ratification and the withdrawal of Russian troops from Moldova and Georgia, and took no notice of Russia\'s proposals for the earliest possible entry into force of the treaty and Russia\'s ratification on the eve of the summit. According to Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov these withdrawal demands were incorrect, because \"the political understandings did not set any time limit for physical action\". Put differently, Russia denied that it made clear commitments to withdraw its forces from Georgia and Moldova, a policy to which it adhered since 2002, and reaffirmed its policy of seeking bilateral agreement with Georgia on the status and functioning of Russian military bases in that country. In addition, Russia argued that it faced new threats on its southern borders: the possibility of missile launches from Iran and the expansion of Islamist terrorism, which required -- in the perspective of Russia -- Russian military presence in Georgia and Armenia. Colonel Anatoli Tesiganouk, Head of Russia\'s Military Forecasting Center, argued that NATO took no notice of Russia\'s position because NATO\'s leaders still had the same mental stereotypes that took shape during the Cold War; that a large part of the Western elite still regarded Russia as a kind of USSR, ignoring the fact that Russia has not only new borders, but also new aspirations, new international partners, and new threats. These stereotypes could have wittingly or unwittingly affected the relations in the NATO-Russia Council. #### Russia\'s Iraq and Afghanistan proposals {#russias_iraq_and_afghanistan_proposals} On Iraq, Lavrov proposed to hold a general conference with the participation of all Iraqi political forces (including all opposition forces and including the \"armed resistance to the occupation\") and Iraq\'s neighboring countries and the international community, including Russia. Regarding Afghanistan, Lavrov expressed the interest of Russia and other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States in suppressing terrorism and called for \"establishing ties\" and \"developing cooperation\" between NATO and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). Both proposals received at most a lukewarm response by NATO leaders.
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit ## Summit meetings {#summit_meetings} ### NATO-Ukraine Commission meeting (29 June) {#nato_ukraine_commission_meeting_29_june} This meeting was between NATO leaders and president of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma. NATO members expressed appreciation for Ukraine\'s contributions to NATO-led and other international peace support efforts such as KFOR. Ukraine also offered to support Operation Active Endeavour in the Mediterranean (a naval operation of NATO which is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction), an offer which NATO would consider. Defence cooperation between NATO and Ukraine was reviewed and the possible launching of a Partnership for Peace Trust Fund to help Ukraine destroy the surplus munitions, small arms and light weapons was discussed. NATO further welcomed Ukraine\'s desire to achieve full integration into NATO, but stressed that this would require more than troop contributions and defence reform. This would require showing commitment to the values that underpin the Alliance (democracy, rule of law, freedom of speech and media, and fair elections) as was foreseen in the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan, which was adopted during the 2002 Prague Summit. In particular NATO Secretary General de Hoop Scheffer criticized Kuchma\'s record on freedom of press and preparations for the Ukrainian presidential election of November 2004. ### Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council meeting (29 June) {#euro_atlantic_partnership_council_meeting_29_june} This meeting was mostly symbolic and did not have any concrete proposals or results. Nevertheless, some policies or earlier decisions were reaffirmed or emphasized. First of all, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) Heads of State and Government met with President Hamid Karzai of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan and discussed the progress in that country, and recognized the valuable role played by both Allies and Partners who make up the ISAF, but also emphasized that much remains to be done for Afghanistan to become a peaceful and stable country, fully integrated into the international community. Secondly, the commitment of the Euro-Atlantic community to peace, security and stability in the Balkans was reaffirmed. Further, the presence of the Heads of State of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro at their meeting as observers was welcomed, and these leaders were urged them to meet the outstanding conditions set for Partnership for Peace membership by Allies. Thirdly, the resolve to fight terrorism was reaffirmed and some initiatives aimed at increasing the EAPC\'s contribution in this fight were taken, thereby endorsing the further implementation of the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism. Fourthly, support for a major report on the future development of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership, which outlines the core objectives of Partnership (political dialogue and practical co-operation, the promotion of democratic values across the Euro-Atlantic area, preparing interested Partners for participation in NATO-led operations and support Partners who wish to join the Alliance). Fifthly, the commitment to building a Partnership which would be tailored to the different needs of individual Partners was reaffirmed. In this respect, NATO\'s intention to place a special focus on relations with the states of the Caucasus and Central Asia was welcomed, including the decision by the Alliance to appoint one liaison officer for each region. They also welcomed the launching of the Individual Partnership Action Plan process by several states of these two regions. Sixthly, NATO\'s Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, which was developed in consultation with the EAPC partners, was endorsed. The absence of Armenian president Robert Kocharyan drew some media attention. Kocharyan refused to join the summit to draw the alliance\'s attention to problems in relations between the Turkey and Armenia, in particular Turkey\'s refusal to consider the deaths of almost one million Armenians during World War I a genocide. ## Announcement of the transfer of Iraqi sovereignty {#announcement_of_the_transfer_of_iraqi_sovereignty} While the transfer of Iraqi sovereignty was not decided during the summit, this transfer had some connections to the summit. First of all, the news of the unexpected transfer was made public during the summit. BBC News reports that Iraq\'s foreign minister Hoshyar Zebari, speaking after a breakfast meeting with Blair in Istanbul on 28 June, \"slipped\" prematurely that the handover of sovereignty to his country was being brought forward to coincide with the meeting. Later that day, US National Security advisor Condoleezza Rice gave US president Bush during the summit the following note: \"Mr. President, Iraq is sovereign. Letter was passed from \[\[L. Paul Bremer\|\[Paul\] Bremer\]\] at 10:26 am Iraq time -- Condi\". Bush scribbled in the margin of this note: \"Let freedom reign!\". Bush then turned to British prime minister Tony Blair, seated next to him, whispered that the handover had happened, and the two men shook hands. Later that day, Bush and Blair held a joint press conference, in which they welcomed the transfer. Secondly, the news of the handover pushed the summit from the front pages.
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# 2004 Istanbul NATO summit ## Reviews The international media reported that expectations for a successful summit were deliberately set low, because NATO leaders wanted to avoid a flare-up over the Iraq War. Therefore, they agreed to meet the modest goals the Alliance had already set for itself in trying to stabilize Afghanistan, and endorsed a tepid version of the Bush administration\'s initiative to promote modernization and democracy in the Arab world. The newspaper further commented that the summit had \"a sort of \"Waiting for Godot\" quality about it -- European leaders biding time, neither creating a crisis nor mending fences, in the hope that the American election in November will somehow spare them from the choice between having to deal with Bush and letting Iraq, and NATO, slide into further disarray.\" Other analysis were even more critical: \"There have been NATO summits at which neither a special occasion was acknowledged nor decisions of particular relevance made. One example is the NATO summit in Istanbul in 2004, where the concluded measures hardly required a meeting of the heads of state and government, and the media presence was not justified by the agreed-upon resolutions.\" US and other government officials however emphasized that the summit was significant in terms of the alliance\'s unprecedented outreach beyond its traditional North Atlantic focus and its aggressive emphasis on force planning to tackle new challenges worldwide. Whether or not the summit is considered important for its content, the meeting held some symbolic importance. First of all, it was the first NATO summit between the leaders of the North-American and Western European states, and Eastern European states, states that were finally, after decades of Cold War tensions, together in the same alliance. The media attention that these new members received during the summit, opened public debates about whether there was still a consensus about the purpose, the perceived threats and the future borders of NATO among its 26 members. That this was not the case, became clear in the run-up to the 2006 Riga Summit. Secondly, the holding of the summit in Istanbul made it the most eastern summit in NATO\'s history. It marked the increasingly key role played by Turkey as a major strategic hub due to its location close to the hotbeds of tension and conflict in the South Caucasus and the Middle East. The location of the summit made clear that NATO\'s security concerns had shifted towards the southeastern part of the European continent. By shifting eastwards, the Alliance\'s centre of gravity ventured into very different areas from those on which the Cold War military NATO had focused. NATO\'s 2004 Istanbul summit was also remarkably silent on the subject of nuclear weapons policy and non-proliferation, as opposed to pre-summit diplomacy and earlier post-Cold War NATO summits and contrary to the demonstrations going on in Istanbul. In June 2004, shortly before the summit, NATO issued two fact sheets on nuclear policy, portraying the developments within NATO in a favourable light in the run up to the 2005 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference. In practice, no real changes since the end of the Cold War were implemented, as since the 1994 US Nuclear posture review the number of US nuclear weapons based in Europe remained unchanged, and as Cold War nuclear sharing arrangements dating back to the 1960s remained in force. Additionally, no changes were made to Alliance nuclear policy since the 1999 Strategic Concept
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# 2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Italy The **2007 Italian Speedway Grand Prix** was the first event in the 2007 Speedway Grand Prix season. It was held on 28 April 2007 in the Stadio Speedway Santa Marina in Lonigo, Italy. ## Starting positions draw {#starting_positions_draw} The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Mattia Carpanese as Wild Card, and Daniele Tessari and Christian Miotello both as Track Reserve. 1. \(6\) Hans N. Andersen (Denmark) 2. \(9\) Jarosław Hampel (Poland) 3. \(8\) Tomasz Gollob (Poland) 4. \(14\) Rune Holta (Poland) 5. \(12\) Bjarne Pedersen (Denmark) 6. \(1\) Jason Crump (Australia) 7. \(7\) Matej Žagar (Slovenia) 8. \(4\) Andreas Jonsson (Sweden) 9. \(16\) *Mattia Carpanese* (Italy) 10. \(2\) Greg Hancock (United States) 11. \(15\) Chris Harris (United Kingdom) 12. \(10\) Antonio Lindbäck (Sweden) 13. \(3\) Nicki Pedersen (Denmark) 14. \(5\) Leigh Adams (Australia) 15. \(11\) Scott Nicholls (United Kingdom) 16. \(13\) Wiesław Jaguś (Poland) 17. \(17\) *Daniele Tessari* (Italy) 18. \(18\) *Christian Miotello* (Italy) ## Heat details {#heat_details} ### Heat Results {#heat_results} 1. Hampel, Andersen, Gollob, Holta (x) 2. Crump, Jonsson, Žagar, *Tessari*; B.Pedersen (t) 3. Hancock, Harris, Lindbäck, Carpanese 4. N.Pedersen, Adams, Nicholls, Jaguś 5. N.Pedersen, Carpanese, Andersen, B.Pedersen 6. Hancock, Adams, Crump, Hampel 7. Gollob, Harris, Nicholls, Žagar 8. Jaguś, Jonsson, Lindbäck, Holta 9. Jaguś, Crump, Andersen, Harris 10. B.Pedersen, Nicholls, Hampel, Lindbäck 11. Gollob, Jonsson, Adams, *Miotello*; Carpanese (m) 12. N.Pedersen, Hancock, Žagar, Holta (x) 13. Adams, Andersen, Lindbäck, Žagar 14. N.Pedersen, Hampel, Harris, Jonsson 15. Jaguś, Hancock, B.Pedersen, Gollob 16. Crump, Holta, Nicholls (x), Carpanese (f) 17. Andersen, Hancock, Jonsson, Nicholls 18. Žagar, Hampel, Jaguś, Carpanese 19. N.Pedersen, Gollob, Crump, Lindbäck 20. Adams, Harris, B.Pedersen, Holta : **Semi-finals:** 21. N.Pedersen, Jaguś, Gollob, Andersen 22. Hancock, Crump, Adams, Hampel : **Great Final:** 23. N
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# Louannec **Louannec** (`{{IPA|fr|lwanɛk}}`{=mediawiki}; *Louaneg*) is a commune in the Côtes-d\'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. ## Population The inhabitants are called *louannecains* in French and *louanegad* (*Louanegiz*) in Breton. ## Breton language {#breton_language} In 2008, 5.82% of primary school children attended bilingual schools. ## Personalities - Saint Ives of Helory, who died in Louannec on 19 May 1303. - Maodez Glanndour (1909-1986), Breton-language poet
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# 1993 Los Angeles Rams season The **1993 Los Angeles Rams season** was the team\'s 56th season in the National Football League and the 48th in Los Angeles. The Rams looked to improve on their 6--10 record from 1992 and make the playoffs for the first time since 1989. However, the season started off horribly, as the Rams were stomped 36--6 by the Packers in Green Bay in their first game. The Rams, however, rebounded with a 27--0 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers at home. This was followed by a 20--10 loss to the New York Giants and a 28--13 win over the Houston Oilers in Houston. After the win over Houston, the Rams dipped even further, losing their next 5 games to the New Orleans Saints at home (37--6), the Atlanta Falcons in Atlanta (30--24), the Detroit Lions at home (16--13), the arch-rival 49ers in San Francisco (40--17), and the Falcons at home (13--0), to drop to 2--7. After a surprising win over the Washington Redskins at home, the Rams were walloped in their next two games by the 49ers and Cardinals. This assured them of a fourth consecutive losing season and eliminated them from division contention, yet a win over the Saints in New Orleans kept the Rams in the playoff race until a 15--3 loss to the Bengals in Cincinnati eliminated the team from the playoffs for a fourth straight season. This was followed by an embarrassing 42--14 loss at home to the Cleveland Browns and a 20--6 win over the Bears at home. Ultimately, the Rams finished with a hapless 5--11 record, one win worse than 1992. Worse, the Rams lost ten games by double-digit margins, the first time that had ever happened in franchise history. To further compound matters, speculation began to mount that the team might relocate to Baltimore. Reports surfaced as the Rams prepared to play the 49ers in San Francisco. The rumors, and further erosion of fan support, exacerbated a 40--17 defeat---their sixth consecutive defeat by San Francisco---and a 2--6 start. The Rams\' most recent start of similar quality---or lack thereof---came in 1965, when the Rams played their home games at the L. A. Coliseum and the team was coached by Harland Svare. However, not all of the developments regarding the Rams constituted a lost season. In fact, early-season routs of the Oilers and Steelers, including the 27--0 shutout of Pittsburgh at Anaheim Stadium, proved to be rare highlights. Jerome Bettis enjoyed a spectacular rookie year and would go on to have a Hall of Fame career. `{{TOClimit|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki} ## Offseason ### 1993 Draft Class {#draft_class} ### Undrafted free agents {#undrafted_free_agents} Player Position College -------------- ------------- ------------- Jamie Martin Quarterback Weber State : 1993 undrafted free agents of note ## Personnel ### Staff ### Roster ## Preseason Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap ------ ------ ---------------------- -------------- -------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 at Phoenix Cardinals **L** 13--24 0--1 Sun Devil Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-08-sp-21671-story.html) 2 San Diego Chargers **L** 17--23 0--2 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-15-sp-23967-story.html) 3 at Cleveland Browns **L** 21--10 0--3 Cleveland Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-22-sp-26384-story.html) 4 Los Angeles Raiders **L** 19--20 0--4 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-29-sp-29025-story.html) ## Regular season {#regular_season} Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap ---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------- -------------- -------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 September 5 at Green Bay Packers **L** 6--36 0--1 Milwaukee County Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199309050gnb.htm) 2 September 12 Pittsburgh Steelers **W** 27--0 1--1 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199309120ram.htm) 3 September 19 at New York Giants **L** 10--20 1--2 Giants Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199309190nyg.htm) 4 September 26 at Houston Oilers **W** 28--13 2--2 Astrodome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199309260oti.htm) 5 October 3 **New Orleans Saints** **L** 6--37 2--3 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199310030ram.htm) 6 *Bye* 7 at **Atlanta Falcons** **L** 24--30 2--4 Georgia Dome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199310140atl.htm) 8 October 24 Detroit Lions **L** 13--16 2--5 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199310240ram.htm) 9 October 31 at **San Francisco 49ers** **L** 17--40 2--6 Candlestick Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199310310sfo.htm) 10 *Bye* 11 November 14 **Atlanta Falcons** **L** 0--13 2--7 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199311140ram.htm) 12 November 21 Washington Redskins **W** 10--6 3--7 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199311210ram.htm) 13 November 28 **San Francisco 49ers** **L** 10--35 3--8 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199311280ram.htm) 14 December 5 at Phoenix Cardinals **L** 10--38 3--9 Sun Devil Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199312050crd.htm) 15 December 12 at **New Orleans Saints** **W** 23--20 4--9 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199312120nor.htm) 16 December 19 at Cincinnati Bengals **L** 3--15 4--10 Riverfront Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199312190cin.htm) 17 December 26 Cleveland Browns **L** 14--42 4--11 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199312260ram.htm) 18 January 2, 1994 Chicago Bears **W** 20--6 5--11 Anaheim Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199401020ram.htm) **Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
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# 1993 Los Angeles Rams season ## Game summaries {#game_summaries} ### Week 1 {#week_1} ### Week 2 {#week_2} ### Week 3 {#week_3} ### Week 4 {#week_4} ### Week 5 {#week_5} ### Week 7 {#week_7} After a week 6 bye, the Rams looked to get back into the win column on a Thursday night matchup with the then-winless Falcons in Atlanta. Los Angeles got off to a good enough start, leading 17--10 at half and 24--17 heading into the fourth quarter, but things fell apart for the Rams in the fourth. Atlanta scored 13 unanswered points in the final quarter to pull away from Los Angeles and register their first win of the 1993 season. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:#F5D015; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Seven: Los Angeles Rams (2–3) at Atlanta Falcons (0–5) |date=Thursday, October 14 |time=4:30 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] |road=Rams |R1=10 |R2=7 |R3=7 |R4=0 |home='''Falcons''' |H1=3 |H2=7 |H3=7 |H4=13 |stadium=[[Georgia Dome]], [[Atlanta]] |attendance=45,231 <small>(63.50% full)</small> |weather=Played indoors (dome stadium) |referee= |TV=[[NFL on TNT|TNT]] |TVAnnouncers=[[Gary Bender]] and [[Pat Haden]] |reference=<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199310140atl.htm Los Angeles Rams at Atlanta Falcons – October 14th, 1993]</ref><br /><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-15-sp-45936-story.html Rams Reach Boiling Point After 30-24 Loss to Falcons (''Los Angeles Times'')]</ref> |scoring= '''First quarter''' *LA – [[Flipper Anderson]] 56 yard pass from [[Jim Everett]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 7–0''''' *ATL – [[Norm Johnson]] 28 yard field goal – '''''Rams 7–3''''' *LA – [[Tony Zendejas]] 52 yard field goal – '''''Rams 10–3''''' '''Second quarter''' *LA – [[Jerome Bettis]] 2 yard rush ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 17–3''''' *ATL – [[Andre Rison]] 21 yard pass from [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] ([[Norm Johnson]] kick) – '''''Rams 17–10''''' '''Third quarter''' *ATL – [[David Mims (wide receiver)|David Mims]] 3 yard pass from [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] ([[Norm Johnson]] kick) – '''''Tied 17–17''''' *LA – [[Cleveland Gary]] 60 yard pass from [[Jim Everett]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Rams 24–17''''' '''Fourth quarter''' *ATL – [[Norm Johnson]] 32 yard field goal – '''''Rams 24–20''''' *ATL – [[Andre Rison]] 42 yd pass from [[Billy Joe Tolliver]] ([[Norm Johnson]] kick) – '''''Falcons 27–24''''' *ATL – [[Norm Johnson]] 34 yard field goal – '''''Falcons 30–24''''' |stats= '''Rams''' *'''[[Jim Everett]]'''— 17/35, 294 Yds, 2 TD, 2 INT *'''[[Jerome Bettis]]'''— 19 Rush, 85 Yds *'''[[Flipper Anderson]]'''— 4 Rec, 95 Yds '''Falcons''' *'''[[Billy Joe Tolliver]]'''— 18/34, 213 Yds, 3 TD, 1 INT *'''[[Erric Pegram]]'''— 25 Rush, 87 Yds *'''[[Erric Pegram]]'''— 6 Rec, 79 Yds }}`{=mediawiki} ### Week 8 {#week_8} ### Week 9 {#week_9} ### Week 11 {#week_11} Coming out of their second bye week, Los Angeles once again faced the Atlanta Falcons---this time, in Anaheim. While the Falcons were winless going into their early meeting with the Rams, since then, they had won two of their last three and came into the second matchup at 2--6. While Los Angeles was favored by three, the Rams could not get anything going offensively and lost to the Falcons, 13--0, being shut out at home for the first time since 1984. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:#F5D015; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Eleven: Atlanta Falcons (2–6) at Los Angeles Rams (2–6) |date=Sunday, November 14 |time=1:00 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]] |road='''Falcons''' |R1=3 |R2=3 |R3=7 |R4=0 |home=Rams |H1=0 |H2=0 |H3=0 |H4=0 |stadium=[[Anaheim Stadium]], [[Anaheim, California]] |attendance=37,073 <small>(53.72% full)</small> |weather={{convert|59|°F}}, wind {{convert|15|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=CBS |TVAnnouncers= |reference=<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199311140ram.htm Atlanta Falcons at Los Angeles Rams – November 14th, 1993]</ref><br /><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-15-sp-57039-story.html Hapless Rams Are Suddenly Pointless, Too (''Los Angeles Times'')]</ref> |scoring= '''First quarter''' *ATL – [[Norm Johnson]] 46 yard field goal – '''''Falcons 3–0''''' '''Second quarter''' *ATL – [[Norm Johnson]] 44 yard field goal – '''''Falcons 6–0''''' '''Third quarter''' *ATL – [[Andre Rison]] 31 yard pass from [[Bobby Hebert]] ([[Norm Johnson]] kick) – '''''Falcons 13–0''''' |stats= '''Falcons''' *'''[[Bobby Hebert]]'''— 12/21, 182 Yds, 1 TD, 1 INT *'''[[Erric Pegram]]'''— 27 Rush, 28 Yds *'''[[Andre Rison]]'''— 5 Rec, 120 Yds '''Rams''' *'''[[Jim Everett]]'''— 20/41, 203 Yds, 0 TD, 2 INT *'''[[David Lang (American football)|David Lang]]'''— 2 Rush, 29 Yds *'''[[Henry Ellard]]'''— 3 Rec, 53 Yds }}`{=mediawiki} ### Week 12 {#week_12} ### Week 13 {#week_13} ### Week 14 {#week_14} Week fourteen saw Los Angeles lose yet again, falling to 3--9 on the season. While the Rams had been considered out of the running for the NFC West Championship for many weeks, with their loss to Phoenix, Los Angeles became mathematically eliminated from the NFC West. The Rams would eventually finish last in the division. `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:#F5D015; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Fourteen: Los Angeles Rams (3–8) at Phoenix Cardinals (3–8) |date=Sunday, December 5 |time=1:00 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]] |road=Rams |R1=3 |R2=0 |R3=0 |R4=7 |home='''Cardinals''' |H1=7 |H2=7 |H3=14 |H4=10 |stadium=[[Sun Devil Stadium]], [[Tempe, Arizona]] |attendance=33,964 <small>(46.23% full)</small> |weather={{convert|55|°F|1}}, wind {{convert|5|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=CBS |TVAnnouncers= |reference=<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199312050crd.htm Los Angeles Rams at Phoenix Cardinals – December 5th, 1993]</ref><br /><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-06-sp-64492-story.html There They Go Again: Rams Routed, 38-10 (''Los Angeles Times'')]</ref> |scoring= '''First quarter''' *PHX – [[Ronald Moore (American football)|Ronald Moore]] 1 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] kick) – '''''Cardinals 7–0''''' *LA – [[Tony Zendejas]] 22 yard field goal – '''''Cardinals 7–3''''' '''Second quarter''' *PHX – [[Gary Clark (American football)|Gary Clark]] 22 yard pass from [[Steve Beuerlein]] ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] kick) – '''''Cardinals 14–3''''' '''Third quarter''' *PHX – [[Ronald Moore (American football)|Ronald Moore]] 19 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] kick) – '''''Cardinals 21–3''''' *PHX – [[Ronald Moore (American football)|Ronald Moore]] 1 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] kick) – '''''Cardinals 28–3''''' '''Fourth quarter''' *PHX – [[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] 27 yard field goal – '''''Cardinals 31–3''''' *PHX – [[Ronald Moore (American football)|Ronald Moore]] 1 yard rush ([[Greg Davis (placekicker)|Greg Davis]] kick) – '''''Cardinals 38–3''''' *LA – [[Troy Drayton]] 4 yard pass from [[Jim Everett]] ([[Tony Zendejas]] kick) – '''''Cardinals 38–10''''' |stats= '''Rams''' *'''[[T. J. Rubley]]'''— 5/15, 89 Yds, 0 TD, 1 INT *'''[[Jerome Bettis]]'''— 16 Rush, 115 Yds *'''[[Henry Ellard]]'''— 3 Rec, 83 Yds '''Cardinals''' *'''[[Steve Beuerlein]]'''— 14/25, 250 Yds, 1 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Ronald Moore (American football)|Ronald Moore]]'''— 29 Rush, 126 Yds *'''[[Gary Clark (American football)|Gary Clark]]'''— 8 Rec, 159 Yds }}`{=mediawiki} ### Week 15 {#week_15}
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# 1993 Los Angeles Rams season ## Game summaries {#game_summaries} ### Week 16 {#week_16} For week 16, Los Angeles traveled to Cincinnati to face the one-win Bengals. Once again, the Rams were unable to put together a competent offense and were only able to score three points the entire game. With the loss to Cincinnati, Los Angeles found itself mathematically eliminated from playoff contention for the fourth straight season. At the time, the Rams also handed the Bengals only their second win of the season---their first incidentally came against the Rams' cross-town rival, the Raiders. Ram tackle Irv Eatman stated that "They \[Cincinnati\] beat us, they beat the Raiders, they played the 49ers tough and obviously they're just hell on California\...they might be looking to put us on the schedule more frequently." `{{Americanfootballbox |titlestyle= background:#183990; color:#F5D015; border: 2px solid #FECB00; text-align: center; |state=autocollapse |title=Week Sixteen: Los Angeles Rams (4–9) at Cincinnati Bengals (1–12) |date=Sunday, December 19 |time=10:00 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]] |road=Rams |R1=0 |R2=3 |R3=0 |R4=0 |home='''Bengals''' |H1=3 |H2=6 |H3=3 |H4=3 |stadium=[[Riverfront Stadium]], [[Cincinnati]] |attendance=36,612 <small>(60.63% full)</small> |weather={{convert|35|°F|1}}, wind {{convert|11|mph|km/h knot}} |referee= |TV=CBS |TVAnnouncers= |reference=<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199312190cin.htm Los Angeles Rams at Cincinnati Bengals – December 19th, 1993]</ref> |scoring= '''First quarter''' *CIN – [[Doug Pelfrey]] 43 yard field goal – '''''Bengals 3–0''''' '''Second quarter''' *CIN – [[Derrick Fenner]] 1 yard rush (PAT failed) – '''''Bengals 9–0''''' *LA – [[Tony Zendejas]] 32 yard field goal – '''''Bengals 9–13''''' '''Third quarter''' *CIN – [[Doug Pelfrey]] 28 yard field goal – '''''Bengals 12–3''''' '''Fourth quarter''' *CIN – [[Doug Pelfrey]] 25 yard field goal – '''''Bengals 15–3''''' |stats= '''Rams''' *'''[[T. J. Rubley]]'''— 11/24, 107 Yds, 0 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Jerome Bettis]]'''— 24 Rush, 124 Yds *'''[[Henry Ellard]]'''— 4 Rec, 68 Yds '''Bengals''' *'''[[David Klingler]]'''— 16/30, 223 Yds, 0 TD, 0 INT *'''[[Derrick Fenner]]'''— 15 Rush, 89 Yds *'''[[Tony McGee (tight end)|Tony McGee]]'''— 6 Rec, 90 Yds }}`{=mediawiki} ### Week 17 {#week_17} ### Week 18 {#week_18} ### Standings
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# 1993 Los Angeles Rams season ## Rumors of team moving {#rumors_of_team_moving} Rumors of relocation affected the Rams' performance: owner Georgia Frontiere had wanted to break the Rams' lease of Anaheim Stadium at the end of the 1992 season, and there were over seven thousand no-shows at the November 21 game against the Redskins. At Christmas time, it was revealed that Frontiere wanted to move the Rams to Baltimore, which had lost out surprisingly to Jacksonville, Florida in the recent league expansion bid. This relocation was not approved, but the inadequacy of Anaheim Stadium led Frontiere to move the team to her hometown of St. Louis in 1995
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# Riis **Riis** is a surname
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Riis
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# Veniamin Alexandrov **Veniamin Veniaminovich Alexandrov** (*Вениамин Вениаминович Александров*; 18 April 1937 -- 6 November 1991) was a Soviet ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for CSKA Moscow. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963. After playing exhibition matches in North America in 1957, Alexandrov was put on the negotiation list of the Chicago Black Hawks, a team in the National Hockey League. While Soviet players were not expected to be able to move to North America, Chicago still felt highly enough of him to do so in the event that changed. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2007. During the 1962-63 Soviet League season he led all scorers with 53 goals
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# 1992 Los Angeles Rams season The **1992 Los Angeles Rams season** was the team\'s 55th year with the National Football League and the 47th season in Los Angeles. In a scheduling quirk, the Rams\' first four opponents were all AFC East teams. The Rams\' final twelve games were against only NFC teams. According to *Football Outsiders*, the 1992 Rams had the second-worst run-defense they had ever tracked. The Rams allowed 383 points, the second most in the league in 1992. The Rams were also second-worst in the league in total allowed yards (5,523), allowed rushing yards (2,230), and yards per rushing attempt (4.8). The Rams\' first four games were vs. the AFC East, the first time a team played four inter-conference games to begin a season since the AFL-NFL merger. This was repeated two years later by the Kansas City Chiefs. ## Offseason ### NFL draft {#nfl_draft} ## Personnel ### Staff ### Roster ## Regular season {#regular_season} ### Schedule Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------- -------------- -------- --------------------- ------------ 1 September 6 at Buffalo Bills **L** 7--40 0--1 Rich Stadium 79,001 2 September 13 New England Patriots **W** 14--0 1--1 Anaheim Stadium 40,402 3 September 20 at Miami Dolphins **L** 10--26 1--2 Joe Robbie Stadium 55,945 4 September 27 New York Jets **W** 18--10 2--2 Anaheim Stadium 42,005 5 October 4 at **San Francisco 49ers** **L** 24--27 2--3 Candlestick Park 63,071 6 October 11 at **New Orleans Saints** **L** 10--13 2--4 Louisiana Superdome 68,591 7 October 18 New York Giants **W** 38--17 3--4 Anaheim Stadium 53,541 8 *Bye* 9 November 1 at **Atlanta Falcons** **L** 28--30 3--5 Georgia Dome 62,168 10 November 8 Phoenix Cardinals **L** 14--20 3--6 Anaheim Stadium 40,788 11 November 15 at Dallas Cowboys **W** 27--23 4--6 Texas Stadium 63,690 12 November 22 **San Francisco 49ers** **L** 10--27 4--7 Anaheim Stadium 65,858 13 November 29 Minnesota Vikings **L** 17--31 4--8 Anaheim Stadium 54,831 14 December 6 at Tampa Bay Buccaneers **W** 31--27 5--8 Tampa Stadium 38,387 15 December 13 **New Orleans Saints** **L** 14--37 5--9 Anaheim Stadium 47,355 16 December 20 at Green Bay Packers **L** 13--28 5--10 Lambeau Field 57,796 17 December 27 **Atlanta Falcons** **W** 38--27 6--10 Anaheim Stadium 37,706 **Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text
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# Alexander Almetov **Alexander Davletovich Almetov** (*Александр Давлетович Альметов*, January 18, 1940 -- September 21, 1992) was an ice hockey player who played as a forward for HC CSKA Moscow and for the USSR Team. ## Career Aleksandr Almetov was born in Kiev, Soviet Union. He was a member of the USSR Team from 1959 to 1967. He competed in the 1960 Winter Olympics, winning bronze. In 1963 he became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR. At the 1964 Winter Olympics he won the gold medal with the team, he played in all eight matches and scored five goals. He was gold medalist of World Championships from 1963 to 1967 and bronze medalist in 1960 and 1961. In 1960 and 1963-1967 he became European Champion, and in 1961 earned silver medal. He also was the USSR Champion from 1959 to 1961 and from 1963 to 1966. In 1965 Almetov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
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# Sergei Babinov **Sergei Pantilimonovich Babinov** (*Сергей Пантилимонович Бабинов*; born 11 July 1955 in Chelyabinsk, Soviet Union) is a retired ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. Babinov played for Traktor Chelyabinsk, Krylya Sovetov Moscow and HC CSKA Moscow. He competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics as well as at the Canada Cups both in 1976 and 1981. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979
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Sergei Babinov
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# Sendai-class cruiser *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 6, column 1): unexpected '{' {{Infobox ship image ^ ``
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Sendai-class cruiser
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