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Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3(5), 1374-1393; doi:10.3390/ph3051374
Review
Combining Biofilm-Controlling Compounds and Antibiotics as a Promising New Way to Control Biofilm Infections
Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Chemical Microbiology, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 26 March 2010; in revised form: 20 April 2010 / Accepted: 30 April 2010 / Published: 11 May 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics)
Download PDF Full-Text [210 KB, uploaded 11 May 2010 08:28 CEST]
Abstract: Many bacteria grow on surfaces forming biofilms. In this structure, they are well protected and often high dosages of antibiotics cannot clear infectious biofilms. The formation and stabilization of biofilms are mediated by diffusible autoinducers (e.g. N-acyl homoserine lactones, small peptides, furanosyl borate diester). Metabolites interfering with this process have been identified in plants, animals and microbes, and synthetic analogues are known. Additionally, this seems to be not the only way to control biofilms. Enzymes capable of cleaving essential components of the biofilm matrix, e.g. polysaccharides or extracellular DNA, and thus weakening the biofilm architecture have been identified. Bacteria also have mechanisms to dissolve their biofilms and return to planktonic lifestyle. Only a few compounds responsible for the signalling of these processes are known, but they may open a completely novel line of biofilm control. All these approaches lead to the destruction of the biofilm but not the killing of the pathogens. Therefore, a combination of biofilm-destroying compounds and antibiotics to handle biofilm infections is proposed. In this article, different approaches to combine biofilm-controlling compounds and antibiotics to fight biofilm infections are discussed, as well as the balance between biofilm formation and virulence.
Keywords: biofilm; microbial community; quorum-sensing; quorum-quenching; antimicrobial therapy
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Estrela, A.B.; Abraham, W.-R. Combining Biofilm-Controlling Compounds and Antibiotics as a Promising New Way to Control Biofilm Infections. Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3, 1374-1393.
AMA Style
Estrela AB, Abraham W-R. Combining Biofilm-Controlling Compounds and Antibiotics as a Promising New Way to Control Biofilm Infections. Pharmaceuticals. 2010; 3(5):1374-1393.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Estrela, Andréia Bergamo; Abraham, Wolf-Rainer. 2010. "Combining Biofilm-Controlling Compounds and Antibiotics as a Promising New Way to Control Biofilm Infections." Pharmaceuticals 3, no. 5: 1374-1393.
Pharmaceuticals EISSN 1424-8247 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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IGEM:Paris Bettencourt 2012/Design
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:Paris Bettencourt 2012
Revision as of 13:57, 3 July 2012 by Dylan Iverson (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Notebooks Design Roadmap Meetings and to-dos Protocols Bibliography Previous Biosafety iGEM projects
Design on the 02/07/12:
Personal tools
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PCR inhibitors
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 07:30, 7 July 2010 by Jakob Suckale (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Many compounds also contained in the PCR template beside the target DNA can interfere with the polymerisation of nucleotides by the Taq or a related polymerase. This may result in false negative results, i.e. no PCR product even though the template is present.
Contents
Inhibitors from the purification process
Inhibitors from the source tissue
• components of blood: heme, hemoglobin, lactoferrin, immunoglobin G (IgG)
• liver, digestive tract, feces: bile salts, polysaccharides
• connective tissue, skin: collagen, melanin
• urine: urea
See Rådström et al. 2004 (PMID 14764939) for a review on how to avoid inhibition from tissue components.
Template inhibition
See also
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U.S. detains man plotting to blow up Fed
PanARMENIAN.Net - Federal authorities running a sting operation arrested a 21-year-old Bangladeshi man, who came to the U.S. on a student visa and was allegedly planning to blow up the Federal Reserve Bank of New York with what he believed was a 1,000-pound bomb, officials said, according to CNN.
Quazi Mohammad Rezwanul Ahsan Nafis was detained Wednesday, Oct 17 after an alleged attempt to detonate the device, which was inert and part of an elaborate investigation by federal authorities and NYPD detectives.
Prosecutors say Nafis was apparently motivated by al Qaeda and traveled to the United States in January under the pretext of attending college in Missouri in order carry out "a terrorist attack on U.S. soil" and to recruit members to form a terrorist cell.
It's not clear whether Nafis maintained al Qaeda ties, but authorities say he apparently claimed that the plot was his own, and that it was his sole motivation for the U.S. trip.
One of the people Nafis apparently contacted was an FBI source to whom he proposed multiple targets, including a high-ranking U.S. official as well as the New York Stock Exchange, authorities said.
At one point, the suspect contemplated President Barack Obama as a target, but that idea never progressed, a U.S. official with knowledge of the investigation said.
Prosecutors say Nafis indicated that he wanted to "destroy America" by going after the nation's financial institutions and ultimately settled on the landmark bank.
The undercover agent, authorities say, also provided 20 bags of 50 pounds each of purported explosives to Nafis, who then stored the material in a warehouse in preparation for the strike.
They say Nafis further divulged a "Plan B" that involved carrying out a suicide attack should police thwart his initial effort.
Packing his van with what he apparently believed were explosives, Nafis then allegedly traveled with the undercover agent to Manhattan's financial district, attached a detonator to the material and recorded a video statement in a nearby hotel.
"We will not stop until we attain victory or martyrdom," he allegedly said, covering his face, donning sunglasses and disguising his voice.
While en route to his target, authorities say, Nafis detailed how his jihadist views were -- at least in part -- formed by watching video sermons by American-born al Qaeda cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, who was killed last year by a U.S. drone strike in Yemen.
With his van parked next to the Federal Reserve, Nafis allegedly attempted to detonate the inert device by using his cell phone. The effort failed, and he was arrested soon after, authorities said.
Much of the sting operation was also captured on video, according to a source with knowledge of the investigation.
Nafis faces charges of "attempting to use a weapon of mass destruction and attempting to provide material support to al Qaeda."
Partner news
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Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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Click on a word to bring up parses, dictionary entries, and frequency statistics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus English (Rainbow Missions, Inc., Rainbow Missions, Inc.; revision of the American Standard Version of 1901)
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0031.tlg001.perseus-grc1:12.20
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Celebrating Valentine’s Day & Basant Panchami’ At Punjab’s Largest Lifestyle Destination
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
On the happy occasions of Valentine’s Day and Basant Panchami, AlphaOne, Amritsar is abuzz with the festive spirit. The Festivities starting from Feb 12 and till Feb 15, 2013, will present many opportunities for fun and family outings for Amritsaris.
Amritsar, Punjab, India., February 13, 2013 - (PressReleasePoint) -
Celebrating Valentine’s Day & Basant Panchami’
At Punjab’s Largest Lifestyle Destination
For Immediate Release
On the happy occasions of Valentine’s Day and Basant Panchami, AlphaOne, Amritsar is abuzz with the festive spirit. The Festivities at AlphaOne starting from February 12, 2013 and going up to February 15, 2013, will present many opportunities for fun and family outings for the people of Amritsar. AlphaOne will have special theme decorations with balloons and cob light ducts in the Central Atrium and Food Court to celebrate Valentine's Day.
The festive activities will include, the Coke Pitcher re-launch event where AlphaOne will host a fun-filled activity at Flavours, the food court to launch the new coke pitcher on February 12th from 6 PM onwards. There would also be a lucky dip contest on February 14th from 3 PM onwards for shoppers who spend a minimum of INR. 500/- and participate in the festive activities. 5 lucky couples would win prizes through lucky dip worth INR. 2000/- each. Besides, to make Basant Panchami special for the people of Amritsar, AlphaOne has tied-up with HyperCity to distribute 100 kites in the food court to kids and families on the occasion on February 15th from 4-5 PM. There are numerous gifts to be won from AlphaOne and great offers on all the brands; amid never-ending fun and frolic for all throughout these happy days.
According to Dr. Prodipta Sen, Executive Director, Alpha G:Corp, “We are extremely pleased to have Valentine’s Day and Basant Panchami Festivities for the people of Amritsar. For the benefit of those shopping for Valentine’s Day and Basant Panchami, AlphaOne will have the End-of-the-Season Sale ‘SALEeBRATIONS’ going on till February 15th where all the retailers will be participating with their best merchandise. We look forward to the people of Amritsar participating with great fervour and enthusiasm. We would like them to actively take part in the celebrations as well as enjoy many such happy occasions with their dear ones here.”
AlphaOne with the appropriate tagline, ‘Aithhe aao happy hojaoBe here be happy! is the biggest celebration point in Amritsar having hosted many cultural and social events like, Gurupurab, Deepawali, Navratri & Dussehra, Baisakhi, Mothers Day, CWG Run, World AIDS Day, World Heart Day, Independence Day, Rakshabandhan, Fashion Shows and numerous Musical Nights with acclaimed artistes.
www.alphaoneamritsar.com & www.alphagcorp.com
For Further Information: PR Grid – Jitendra Parmar
Tel: 911141431044, 41431455, 29249364, +919818410072
Press Contact:
Jitendra Parmar
Greater Kailash-1, New Delhi 110048
9818410072
http://www.alphaoneamritsar.com
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Auditing Paid Listings and Click Fraud Issues
Mar 17, 2008 • 3:48 pm | (2) by | Filed Under Search Engine Strategies 2008 New York
Moderated by Jeff Rohrs from ExactTarget. He welcomes people back from lunch and introduces the panel. Having covered this panel in the past, we can hope that there will be a few fireworks between Shuman from Google and Tom Cuthbert from Click Forensics, as happened last year. We shall see…
First panelist will be Jon Myers, the Head of Search from MediaVest. He explains that everyone will be tight on time and the panel will be fast-paced. Not exactly great news for us live bloggers. Jon reminds us that it has actually been 3 years since the Lanes Gift and Collectables AdSense Click Fraud (CF) case. He claims that the refund was never really a great deal of cash for the plaintiffs.
He describes how people starting making “MFAs” (Made-for-AdSense) sites which are fake blogs which scrape bits and pieces form real blogs and the n host AdSense ads on them for income. In 2006, Eric Schmidt said “let it happen.” Shuman quickly corrected Eric on the Google blog and attempted to change the perceived message from his statement.
In 2007…botnet activity on the rise, click fraud is the new spam. A significant part of the click fraud traffic comes from botnets and MFAs. He shows a couple illustrative slides and talks about how it can be considered Google vs Yahoo in their efforts to combat fraud, or “them” collectively versus us (the internet marketers). At this point, we all agree that the problem exists and that advertisers should not have to pay for CF.
However, the search engines have for years told us that it is a negligible problem (paraphrased), when more recently they have begun to admit it still exists. This is where the media comes in…is it “scaremongering?” Shows a slide of an image of a Search Engine Journal, article on the topic with a somewhat sensational title.
The global picture: was CF up 15% in 2007? This is information from Tom from Click Forensics. He shows a “heart map” which shows China and the rest of eastern EU continent being the hot areas for this kind of fraudulent activity. he shows a couple more percentages numbers form Click Forensics. US Online spend in 2007 is about $21.1 Billion. spo at 40% of US Search spend being 8.44B, we will see 240K dollars in CF occurring just during this session.
He talks about the Google detectors tools available within the system, and then lists a bunch of companies that are involved in CF detection and prevention. To sum up…it is very important that you are recording the right data. Get the clickers actual IP address, the time and date, the keyword, and the referring website, and then report all this to the SE. You also need to record performance. What to watch for: second tier URLs. Repeat visits form IPs or domains. Where visitors are coming from? Click spikes. spend anomalies. Conversion drop off…etc maybe Jon will give us the rest of the list in the comments.
Is mobile search going to be the next CF area? maybe. Free mobile phones for clicks? Google supplying Yahoo Search…will this lead to less CF? (sorry I did not quite understand this point)
Next up is Reggie Davis who runs the Marketplace Quality team at Yahoo! He states that Jon raised some good points. In terms of the CF litigation, G paid 90M., and Yahoo only paid 5M… he will talk about value, Mitigation, Quality Improvement, and Business enhancement. They are clearly committed to driving value to advertisers. They spend a lot of time not just focused on CXF, but also how to drive better quality clicks which will in turn deliver better ROI for advertisers.
Network quality = ad quality + traffic Quality. Ad quality is more in the users’ realm, and traffic quality is on the side of the publishers. he will focus on the publisher side. He states that there was great improvement in 2007, listing key events that happened in each month from June to December. He focuses on the problem in Korea, and how Yahoo spoke with the government to help modify legislation that actually made it easier for Fraudsters. The government complied.
In 2008, the commitment to quality continues. They have automated systems in the front, as well as proactive review, and also reactive review. they feel that the amount of CF has been “grossly overstated” in the press. They focus on an inverted pyramid with low quality traffic on top and CF on the bottom (unwanted traffic in the middle).
They admit that content match is where the majority of the CF occurs. They have seen a significant spike as a percentage of the total discounted clicks since Q3 2007. He reminds that this is on a percentage basis and the overall traffic is much lower that the Search traffic.
One of the things seen as being problematic is when looking at web logs that appear to be clicks, but are not actually considered clicks by Yahoo. They are very concerned about delivering good filtering systems around the traffic coming in. They will launch a new Click Filter Report next month and he shows a mockup of the interface which looks pretty impressive.
Yahoo! has teams that are dedicated to helping advertisers with this problem. They urge advertisers to sign up for analytics tools which can help them manage this. They stand first in line to be certified against the forthcoming IAB guidelines. They also want to work with Click Forensics and partner with them. They signed a contract with them 6-8 weeks ago in order to leverage the data they are getting from advertisers in order to combat the problem. They welcome the opportunity to work with anybody that will help reach the common goal of driving value to advertisers. He stated at the onset that they took a different stance and will not be swinging a bat at Click Forensics. He lastly shows a couple cartoons that are available at the “Traffic Quality Center” which light heartedly poke fun at CF.
Next up is Tom Cuthbert from Click Forensics. His deck is titled “Under the Iceberg.” He thanks Reggie for not hitting them with a bat. At this time, he will not be throwing out any numbers, since we all now agree that this is a problem. He wants to make us aware of some of the hidden issues behind this. CF is only the tip of the iceberg. Other major issues: Botnet scams are exploding (a headline from today’s USA Today). Out of country clicks, Click farms, DNS pharming; low quality traffic from social networking sites; low quality traffic from parked domains and made for AdSense sites.
What does this mean? Like spam, CF continues to get worse. Traffic quality on the content networks is getting worse. Advertisers are hesitant to spend there since there is lack of controls. Diminishing trust is negatively affecting growth. Demand for higher quality traffic is leading to the increase in traffic acquisition cost. What is ahead? Traffic management tools are improving. Advertisers are demanding higher q traffic. “Black box approach” will not work. Smart publishers are blocking low quality traffic. They are taking steps to manage this on their own which is good. All people have the same goal in mind to improve ROI.
This means that everyone is going to be working together to team up to fight CF. CF will provide additional feedback to yahoo in a protected way (for those advertisers that are worried about Yahoo seeing conversion data etc). What we have learned: the problem is getting worse not better. Standards will help, but not stop fraudulent clicks. No one company can solve the problem alone. We need to empower advertisers with better tools and controls, and we need to create accountability for publishers, ad networks and search engines.
Next up is Shuman Ghosemajumder from Google. He will give an overview of G’s approach to fighting CF from an engineering perspective, and some other information. there are two main incentives to creating attempted CF. Attacking advertisers, or inflating affiliates. There are numerous methods used to do this, which range in complexity from something as simple as manually clicking on ads, to more sophisticated schemes using botnets and clickbots. He describes botnets as being like pyramid schemes.
The way they attack the problem of CF is by preventing the advertisers from having to pay for the clicks. The basic idea, he states, is “cast the net of invalid clicks wide enough that we have a high degree of confidence that we are catching the actual malicious clicks.” Of course, this produces a large number of false positives. This is good from the advertisers’ perspective in that they are getting some real clicks for free. It is also good for Google because it acts like a “sale on clicks.” This will drive higher ROI, and thus spur advertisers to actually spend more than before.
The proactive system used consists of real time filters and offline analysis to look at a longer time period of “let’s say” sixty days. The reactive is driven by actual investigations spurred by advertiser inquiries. The number of reactive invalid clicks is actually relatively rare and has remained at a lower level than those caught in the proactive phase.
“Reality at Google” from 2002 to present. Less than 10% but still a significant number of clicks are being filtered. Nearly all invalid clicks are detected proactively. reactively detected invalid clicks are a negligible proportion (<0.02%). The two main methods used for detection are simple rules and statistical anomaly detection. An example of the simple rule would be “N number of clicks from the same IP within a short period of time.” These are easy for fraudsters to avoid. The statistical anomaly detection is much harder to game. He lists a number of features that help mitigate the problems of CF, including “smart pricing” from 2002; auto tagging, site targeting; site exclusion; invalid click reports; placement reports; IP exclusion; AdSense click area change; all the way up to additional category exclusions in 2008.
Overall the best advice he can give an advertiser is to use tools that are needed to manage campaigns effectively. CF consulting firms have now evolved to offer advertisers better reasons to use them than to simply identify CF. he suggest that if you see anything suspicious, to report it to the Ad traffic Quality center and notify them. google.com/adtrafficquality (there are a couple video seminars from one of their engineers here which he recommends.)
Last up is Richard Zwicky from Equisite. He says an easy way to solve the overseas problem is to use geo-targeting to only get clicks from the US. He aggress that G and Yahoo are working hard to minimize exposure to CF. They are not the problem, however. You have to audit paid listings. You have to ask questions: did your campaigns execute properly? Radio has Arbitron, TV has Nielsen, businesses have accountants…what does Paid Search have?
You need to know what is your exposure and what you can do about it. What is PPC Assurance? A third party campaign verification system. he shows some cool charts form the system which identify strange spikes in traffic. (Unfortunately my laptop battery is about to die so I’ll egt as much more as possible). When you look at all your campaigns and a few spike somewhat, you cant be sure, but if one really spikes then you know you have been it.
What to audit? Set lots of campaign parameters. Every one you set reduces the chance of being hit by CF. They do create a higher likelihood of mistakes by Google, Yahoo and others, but that is OK. He congratulates the engines for actually taking responsibility and standing up and owning the problem.
This is live blogging coverage of SES New York 2208, so some typos or grammatical errors exist. Panelists or other attendees are encouraged to comment below to share any inaccuracies, and to help fill out the rest of the story.
Previous story: Web Analytics: Measuring Success
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Google AdWords Monthly Keyword Volume Updates A Week After The Month
Jul 5, 2010 • 8:39 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
A Google AdWords API Forum thread has complaints from one API user that the data for the monthly keyword volume looks wrong. In response to his complaint, Googler Eric Koleda explained how recent that data is.
Eric said:
The monthly search volume data for the last month only becomes available about a week after the month has ended.
Now this question specifically answers that API calls and not specific to the keyword tool. But I suspect both the API and the keyword tool are about equal in the time they get a revised data dump.
So just know, that checking new keyword volume in the first week of the new month might not be getting you the results you expect.
Forum discussion at Google AdWords API Forum.
Previous story: Google Drops Support For Single Double Quote Search Shortcut
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6415.0 - Price Indexes of Materials Used in Coal Mining, Australia, Jun 1998
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/07/1998
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
This publication has been discontinued and is replaced by 6427.0 - Producer Price Indexes, Australia.
Measures price movements of materials used in the mining of coal. Indexes are published separately for materials used in underground mining and in open-cut mining.
The frequency of this publication has been changed from monthly to quarterly after the June 1997 issue.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
Statistics by Release Date
April, 1909
01/04/1909 New South Wales Year Book, 1907-08 (cat no. 1300.1)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have a website which is a web application. I am going to add a blog(wordpress installation). From SEO point of view is it better to have "http://blog.mysite.com" or "http://www.mysite.com/blog" ?
share|improve this question
4 Answers
I hate to point to another moz article, but this one is a bit more recent and talks about why subfolders are generally preferable to subdomains - http://www.seomoz.org/blog/understanding-root-domains-subdomains-vs-subfolders-microsites.
share|improve this answer
The short answer is: depends, but with modern search engines, it probably doesn't make much difference. Search Engine Journal has a fairly good article on this topic.
I would argue that it should follow the convention of the rest of the site. So, for instance, if your site has http://www.mysite.com/learn/, http://www.mysite.com/explore/ and http://www.mysite.com/meta as major portions, use http://www.mysite.com/blog/. If it has http://learn.mysite.com/ and so on, use http://blog.mysite.com/.
I personally follow the one-subdomain-per-major-product-group philosophy, and the blog covers all product groups, so I give the blog its own subdomain. YMMV (Your Mileage May Vary).
share|improve this answer
dated - but another good article from SEOMOZ
99% of the time a subfolder is the proper way to go. If you are launching an entirely different product (maps.google.com, translate.google.com) then subdomains are the right way to go.
share|improve this answer
Matt Cutts from Google wrote a good article about this on http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/subdomains-and-subdirectories/:
My personal preference on subdomains vs. subdirectories is that I usually prefer the convenience of subdirectories for most of my content. A subdomain can be useful to separate out content that is completely different. Google uses subdomains for distinct products such news.google.com or maps.google.com, for example. If you’re a newer webmaster or SEO, I’d recommend using subdirectories until you start to feel pretty confident with the architecture of your site.
share|improve this answer
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36 reputation
2
bio website feedbackers.biz
location Toronto, Canada
age
visits member for 2 years, 3 months
seen Mar 14 '11 at 4:15
stats profile views 1
Community Manager & Consultant @Feedbackersbiz, a team providing professional feedback on ideas.
Founder & Consultant @ConceptDV, a social media communications firm with a focus on social media consulting.
Startup Consultant, Entrepreneur, Blogger and more...
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Firefox 4 & add-ons: made for each other
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Not only is Mozilla Firefox 4 fast, feature-rich, and secure, but it’s also the most customizable Firefox ever. Whether you’re an add-on aficionado or just getting started with personalization, our brand new Add-ons Manager, restartless add-ons, and automatic updates make finding and using add-ons a breeze. And with hundreds of thousands of add-ons updated for this version, there’s no better time to make Firefox your own with a time-saving notifier or stylish Persona.
Completely new Add-ons Manager
Discovering, installing, and managing add-ons is simple with the new Add-ons Manager in Firefox 4. The tab-based layout allows ample room to view your installed add-ons and search for new ones. The Get Add-ons pane now features our favorite picks and even recommends add-ons for you based on those you currently use.
Install add-ons without restarting Firefox
Firefox 4 allows certain types of add-ons to be installed, managed, and removed without restarting your browser. These add-ons are marked as “No restart required” in our gallery. Go ahead, give it a try!
Automatically keep your add-ons updated
Add-on updates mean new features, bug fixes, and an active add-on development community, but for users with several add-ons, the update prompts can be frequent and distracting. That’s why in Firefox 4, you won’t see them by default; your add-ons will stay up-to-date automatically! If you’d rather update your add-ons manually, or update manually for specific add-ons, it’s easy to do that from the Add-ons Manager.
Hit the ground running
Now that you know about the great customization features of Firefox 4, grab a copy and head over to our Firefox 4 Collection to find some of our favorite add-ons.
Tags:
Categories: developers, end users
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SuccessStories
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 03:05, 20 February 2008 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Everyone should post what he has accomplished to do with his Linkstation. New entries should be added to the end.
Contents
Mindbender
08:46, 6 July 2006 (EDT) <skype style="mediumicon" action="chat">mindbender500</skype>
Model: Linkstation 1
• Bootloader: UBoot 2.01 (LNI)
• running 2.4.33.3 + telnet/ftp/root-enabled firmimg.bin in flash
• foonas svn 1062 + 2.6.22 on hdd
• 1 Printer in Front-USB-Port
• 2 USB-HDDs via a USB-Hub in the Back-USB-Port
• soldered header for JTAG + i have a JTAG cable created by tampakuro
What i use it for:
• Kernel-NFS - recording from my dbox2
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey/transmissioncli
• wget4web - an Webinterface for wget
• vsftp-server
• SVN-Server
Model: Linkstation 1
• Bootloader: UBoot 2.01 (LNI)
• Development box for testing
Model: Linkstation Pro
• FreeLink
• serial-access
• Development box for testing
Model: Kurobox
• needs unbricking via JTAG
• JTAG headers soldered
Flavoie
11:57, 6 July 2006 (EDT)
Model: Linkstation HG
• Freelink running Debian Testing with Kernel 2.6.16 via loader.o
What I use it for:
• Windows file sharing using Samba (stream movies from Windows XP Media Center PC)
• BitTorrent - with Mldonkey and sancho gui web interface
• Webmin & VNC for easy admin interface
• Lighttpd instead of Apache
• PHP
• MySQL
• Gallery 2 for personal photo album
• Dyndns updater, ddclient
Future plans:
Retire x86 debian server setup with the following software and use Linkstation instead:
• Wiki for hockey team
Ramuk
Ramuk 21:04, 19 February 2008 (CST)
Models:
What I use them for:
misterblues
10:26, 14 July 2006 (EDT)
Model: Linkstation 2
• Openlink
What i use it for:
• SMB/CIFS-Server for my Siemens M740AV DVB-T Receiver
• NFS-Server for dbox2 mplayer (Photo/MP3)
• ggrab(sserver) for dbox2 recordings
• DNS Server
Future plans:
• VoIP Server
• UPNP AV Server for M740AV/PC-System/Pocket-PC
Rich
15:40, 16 July 2006 (GMT)
Model: Linkstation 2
• Openlink
What i use it for:
• Streaming music to Sonos music system.
• Printer server.
• DDClient - dynamic DNS client.
Future plans:
• Webmail client.
• Photo album.
Mouloud
00:49, 12 September 2006 (WEST)
Model: Linkstation 2
• latest freelink for LS2 (060810 firmware)
• 1 Printer (HP laserjet 1010 usb) in Back-USB-Port
What I use it for:
• SMB fileserver - with samba
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey using sancho gui
• Web server - with Apache
• web based configuration - with Webmin
• dyndns.org client - with ddclient
• print server - with CUPS
Future plans:
• FTP server
• ...
AndersUk
19:39, 13 September 2006 (GMT)
Model: Linkstation 2
• latest freelink for LS2
What I use it for:
• SMB fileserver - Media and Shared storage for my computers over Samba
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey using sancho gui
• Web based configuration - with Webmin
• FTP server - with vsftpd
What I think so far:
• Bl00dy impressed.
Future plans:
• Mail Server
• LLMP
Jimlennon
08:18, 11 October 2006 (CET)
Model: Linkstation Live 500
• latest freelink for LSPro
What i use it for:
• SMB fileserver
• Filesharing - with Mldonkey using sancho gui
• Web server - with Apache, PHP & MySQL
• Web based configuration - with Webmin
• FTP server - with Proftpd
Kuroguy
08:57, 20 November 2006 (EDT)
Model: Linkstation 2
What I've done to it:
• Added Serial port
• Added JTAG Port
• Read, write, and erase the entire flash contents via JTAG
• Fully tested JTAG software on it
Future plans:
• Add USB ports
• Add microcontroller programming interface
• Test upcoming U-Boot port
• Ship it off to the next hacker in line
Davy Gravy
Models - Current: LS-HG stock, LS-HG w/ FreeLink, KuroBox HG ; Previous: LS2
What I've done/basic mods:
• Tried out stock firmware, moved to OpenLink for short while, now using FreeLink/Debian & 2.6 kernel
• Flashed the KuroHG and one LS-HG w/ UBoot
• Flashed that LS-HG w/ 2.4.33.3 kernel/firmimg.bin
• moved away from the Buffalo-Installer to Kuro-style installs w/ roomy hda1 partitions
• hda3 partitions w/ XFS and JFS filesystem formats]], since they give a higher transfer rate - around 12.5MB/sec sustained
I use the modded HG for:
• basic NAS for my family
• Webmin w/ Syncmin module for automatic backups onto an attached/removable USB HD
• Firefly Music Server for our Roku, for mp3s and internet radio
• run hpodder each morning for our favorite podcasts via Roku
• running Mediaripper on for automated MP3 conversion
The KuroHG is used for:
• NAS for my student's projects at work/school
• as a learning tool for Linux, C/C++ and programming in general
Next steps:
• Sell the 2nd HG that is still stock - I don't need it anymore - now that I see what one can do w/ FreeLink, the stock firmware seems crippled, to me...
• Buy a LS-Pro/ARM box and learn more
Bauldrick
Model: Linkstation 1
• Freelink running 2.6.20
• Wireless - not very stable though :-(
What I use it for:
• Not a great deal at the moment, but I have a cunning plan!!
Model: Linkstation 2
• Freelink
• HP Photosmart 7550 in front usb port
• Xi-tel HI-FI link usb soundcard in back usb port
What I use it for:
• Stream music via Firefly to my Roku Soundbridge and iTunes on various PC's
• Stream films, music & photo's via Swisscenter to my Buffalo Linktheater
• Stream films & music via SMS to various Playstation 2's around the house
• Filesharing via Torrentflux
• Printing (IPP) via CUPS
• Play music on Linkstation via mpd (would like a light weight browser app?)
• Listen to my music over internet with gnump3d
• Additional Applaunchpage - for links and to be able to start and stop some apps over the browser
Artion
12:30, 25 March 2007 (CST)
Model: Linkstation HD-HGLAN160
• Firmware: originally v1.42, upgrade to v1.45 (hg-openlink-051b)
What i use it for:
• Web server - Apache + MySQL + PHP
• DNS server - BIND
• Mail server - Postfix, SMTP, POP3, IMAP
• Webmail - SquirrelMail
• Photo gallery, music and file storage
Future plans:
• FTP server
• Webmail - OpenWebMail
---
Dougal
04 Aug 07
2 x LS2. Both boxes running FreeLink. Being used to serve web and email for my domain. Extra configuration for both boxes:
• relocated bind-mounted /home, /usr and /var directory trees (14% disk usage on hda1)
• webmin
• samba
• rsync backups between the two
Box A running apache2(HTTP/HTTPS) + mysql5 + php5
• General web dev platform
• Domain webmail
• LAN media storage
• backup of Box B Maildirs
Box B running bind9(DNS) + exim4(SMTP) + dovecot(IMAP)
• Domain name and email server
• Backup of Box A www/db and media files
I retired an AMD AthlonXP 1800 running WinXP in favour of these boxes :)
timtim
Currently Using:
• u-boot 1.2.0 with fdt via OpenEmbedded for PowerPC Linkstations
• foonas as main distro and foonas-em in flash
Responsible for:
• Adding Buffalo NAS devices and many other platforms to OpenEmbedded (LSPro, KuroPro, LS1, LS2, HG)
• foonas distribution
• foonas-em distribution - first 2.6 based em-mode utilities in flash for PowerPC and MIPSel based linkstations with XFS
• foonas-iscsi distribution
All my NAS devices are currently being used for foonas/foonas-em/foonas-iscsi development.
Personal tools
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Effect of Nitrogen Source, Crop Maturity Stage and Storage Conditions on Phenolics and Oxalate Contents in Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus)
Cecilia Moraa Onyango, Jeremy Harbinson, Jasper Kathenya Imungi, Richard Ndemo Onwonga, Olaf van Kooten
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizer and cattle manure on the accumulation of total phenolics, quercetin and oxalates during growth and storage of vegetable amaranth (var. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L). Field trials were set up at the University of Nairobi Field Station-Upper Kabete Campus, Kenya during the long (March –May) rains of 2007 and 2008. Trials were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four fertilization treatments: 20, 40, and 60kg N.ha-1 supplied by DAP (18:46:0), cattle manure (40 kg Nha-1) and an unfertilized control variant. The vegetables were harvested at 6, 7, and 8 weeks after planting and either refrigerated (4+1oC) or stored at ambient temperature (20+3oC) for a period of 4 days. The vegetables were then analyzed for total phenolic, quercetin, total and soluble oxalates content before and after storage. The total phenolic content decreased with increasing N, the extent of decrease depended on the level and source of N. DAP at 20kg Nha-1 had the same effect on the phenolic content as that of cattle manure at 40kg Nha-1. The levels of phenolics and quercetin increased with crop maturity while the converse was true for the oxalate content. During refrigeration, levels of phenolics increased whereas those of oxalates did not change appreciably. There was a decrease in phenolics content during storage at ambient temperatures. The vegetable amaranth accumulates higher levels of total phenolic and quercetin when grown with manure than with DAP for similar levels of N. Total phenolics and quercetin levels increased, while that of oxalates decreased, with maturity of the vegetables. The accumulation of oxalates during the periods considered normal for growth are low enough to maintain their levels within safe limits for human consumption. Storage of the fresh vegetables at 4oC for limited periods improves their quality by increasing total phenolics and quercetin contents that also fulfill beneficial health functions in the human body.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jas.v4n7p219
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Users/HilaryWeisert
Info
Search:
I'm Hilary.
I like pegasus unicorns and cats a lot.
I'm an English major and I spend way too much time at Cafe Roma.
I live in the VeggieHouse with Mel, Anja, and lil' erin.
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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Users/TonyMagagna
Info
Search:
Tony is a lecturer in the English department at UCD, and—for better or worse—he has had many of the current DavisWiki users as students at one time or another. He's been around Davis for a while, and he's a big fan of the place, so he enjoys learning new things about the area, and contributing new facts himself. He was once a proud member of the Voorhies F-Bombs Ultimate Frisbee team.
He's also not so sure about writing about himself in the third person...
TonyMagagna's Statistics
Edits Pages Created Files Contributed First Edit Date Last Edit Last Page Edited
608102004-12-01 15:38:072009-04-08 14:23:18Users/TonyMagagna
Comments:
Note: You must be logged in to add comments
2005-07-07 21:45:08 I think you were my TA last summer for Intro to Drama! —SummerSong
2005-07-08 02:18:27 My brother bought an iBook from this guy, and I used it while driving back from Philly since mine was in for recall work. Thanks! —TarZxf
2006-04-09 21:35:57 Hi Tony! I had no idea you were on the wiki! Trust me folks, this guy is good. —JillWeinstein
2009-01-23 18:22:44 Hey, you're my instructor for ENL40! —strawberry
2009-02-10 23:29:21 Guess who... =) See you in class! —MichVan
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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Wikia
SRD:Greater Psionic Shot
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 19:23, October 18, 2009 by Rithaniel (Talk | contribs)
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This material is published under the OGL
Greater Psionic Shot [Psionic]Edit
You can charge your ranged attacks with additional damage potential.
PrerequisiteEdit
Point Blank Shot, Psionic Shot, base attack bonus +5.
BenefitEdit
When you use the Psionic Shot feat, your ranged attack deals an extra 4d6 points of damage instead of an extra 2d6 points.
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DMA Copy Of Kernel On Startup
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 16:12, 14 November 2008 by WillNewton (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Description
This section describes the technology of DMA copy of kernel on startup. It's necessary to copy binary images, such as a kernel image, file system images, and so on, from ROM to RAM on bootup if XIP isn't used. In this case, using DMA transfer is very efficient to save the time and CPU resources.
Rationale
This feature is important to CELF because it reduces bootup time significantly.
Resources
Projects
None.
Specifications
None.
Downloads
Patch
Sorry but there is no available patch at this time.
Utility programs
None
How To Use
Sample Results
Case Study 1
Jyunji Kondo (of Fujitsu Prime Software Technologies) measured the result of using DMA kernel copy on FR-V processor.
Hardware Fujitsu FR-V Design Kit for FR450 core
Kernel Version 2.6.6
Configuration - DMA kernel copy enabled/disabled
- Preset LPJ enabled/disabled
- Avoiding printk messages enabled/disabled
Here is the graphic chart which illustrates the elapse time of each startup stage.
Figure 1: Comparison of normal and fast boot
Hardware initialization consumes about 200 milliseconds before firmware init.
And here is the table which shows the actual performance number.
Table 1: Elapse time of each stage (in milliseconds)
- firm init kernel init user init user splash total
normal boot 229 660 290 112 1,291
fast boot 49 88 287 113 537
In the normal boot case, the kernel image whose size is 1.7MB around is copied from ROM to RAM by CPU at firmware init. On the other hand, DMA copy is used in the fast boot case and it reduces about 180 milliseconds.
It owes much to the potentiality of FR-V processor, but it's worthy of consideration to use such a hardware assist feature for reducing bootup time.
Case Study 2
Status
Status - measured
not started, researched, implemented, measured, documented, accepted
• Architecture Support:
(for each arch, one of: unknown, patches apply, compiles, runs, works, accepted)
• i386: unknown
• ARM: unknown
• PPC: unknown
• MIPS: unknown
• SH: unknown
• FR-V: works
Future Work/Action Items
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RTWG-discussion-points
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 05:38, 4 September 2007 by TimBird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Review of test programs
lpptest
problems:
• requires 2 machines
• requires parallel port (not many embedded boards have this)
• uses TSC, which is i386-specific
benefits:
• built into the rt-preempt patch
• 2-machine system gives unbiased timing results
• instrumentation does not interfere with the timings
realfeel
benefits:
• is one-machine
• uses /dev/rtc, does not use timer interrupt
• this isolates the ISR handling from timer operations
• is a very simple test
problems:
• uses TSC, which is i386-specific
• doesn't have an instrumentation point in the kernel
• no measurement of int latency, only process start latency
• process start latency is "guessed" from expected interrupt time
• that is, it is not actually measured
• not all boards have a working /dev/rtc driver
igel test
This tests scheduling latency on receipt of a character on an SM501 uart. The UART driver gets a timestamp on ISR start, and can be asked for them from user-space after a run. The user-space driver measures the time from ISR start to task start. Test is specific to SH architecture. Uses SH hardware timer.
SH4 running at 240 MHZ, 64 MB memory.
See http://tree.celinuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/UserLevelDeviceDriver (page is in Japanese)
See also: CELF Jamboree 14 presentation
• Yung Joon will ask Takao Ikoma to translate this page.
• Matsubara-san will update the driver and some of the text on the page.
• will attach latest driver source
• Tim will provide Ikoma-san e-mail
Test shows some important results:
• 2.6.16.4 has much better scheduling latency under load than 2.4.20
• test was with kernel preemption - withOUT RT-preempt patches loaded.
• signal delivery method of waking up tasks took a lot longer than unblocking an I/O operation
• signal delivery is a bad method to use for measuring RT performance
Interbench
Need to investigate, but looks like a test of scheduling latency.
See http://members.optusnet.com.au/ckolivas/interbench/
celleb test
Runs test with Linux on hypervisor. Hypervisor generates interrupt to Linux at periodic intervals. The kernel measures the ISR start time, and can query the hypervisor for the intended interrupt initiation time.
Results on page 7 are results from hdparm, normalized against a baseline configuration. Note that page 7 shows results from a kernel with a bug (in the non-RT case).
set PPC64_TLB_BATCH_NR to 1 why?
In english translation lpar = "logical partition". This refers to a single environment under the hypervisor. The lpar interrupt was used because it was periodic.
hdparm used for load, not for measurement. The test provided 3 different measurements of performance.
Each run is a shown as a separate path on the graph. The paths are separated to be able to distinguish the lines. (They have different 0-bases on the graph). point on graph shows amount of latency for each interrupt. Interrupt is on horizontal axis.
page 14 shows interrupt latency, under load.
All results are shown normalized, to avoid disclosing actual numbers for the CELL processor and hypervisor.
Stair-step results in the graph are from hdparm being run in a loop. Sometimes hdparm was putting load on the system, and sometimes it was not (at regular intervals).
page 15 has previous results, with non-rt kernel with bug.
page 16 shows corrected results
page 18 - load is netperf
page 26 - send performance of nonRT kernel is used as baseline for normalization. Measurement is of network performance (with several different configurations). Result of good performance for non-RT kernel, but with interupt threading is not expected.
Page 27 - shows throughput performance for hdparm for various configurations. Different udma modes are configured via hdparm. (try man hdparm)
Page 28 is Owa-san's hypothesis for why the network throughput is better in the non-rt, with irq threading, case. There are fewer hardware interrupts. It may be because the interrupts are masked longer, so context switches are avoided. Also, because of longer duration interrupt-off times, the network card may buffer packets, and the network stack may be able to process more data at a time.
Tried to test:
• did RT-preempt patch for PPC64 work?
• result: yes, to some extent
• wanted to see if RT-preempt affected throughput performance
• result: it does affect performance some, but it is not a big effect.
etri testing
• wanted to compare RT-preempt with regular kernel.
• worst case latency was good with RT-preempt patch
• Wanted to use modified realfeel code (realfeel-etri)
• it worked.
• wanted to know relationship between scheduling latency and throughput performance
• result: there were possible throughput problems with the RT-preempt kernel
• haven't used realfeel-etri on ARM, yet.
realfeel-etri
problems:
• uses TSC (but abstracts the get_ticks() interface
• have to use something else on ARM
• needs /dev/RTC (may not be available on other embedded platforms)
benefits:
• is better than realfeel, because it measures time from ISR start
• uses read-unblock, which has good code path through kernel.
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Category:Bucks County, PennsylvaniaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Pages in category "Bucks County, Pennsylvania"
This category contains only the following page.
B
Media in category "Bucks County, Pennsylvania"
The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
• This page was last modified on 22 August 2011, at 18:07.
• This page has been accessed 430 times.
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Research
Integrative analysis for finding genes and networks involved in diabetes and other complex diseases
Regine Bergholdt1, Zenia M Størling2, Kasper Lage2, E Olof Karlberg2, Páll Í Ólason2, Mogens Aalund3, Jørn Nerup1,4, Søren Brunak2, Christopher T Workman2 and Flemming Pociot1,4*
• * Corresponding author: Flemming Pociot fpoc@steno.dk
• † Equal contributors
Author Affiliations
1 Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
2 Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
3 Neurotech A/S, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
4 Institute for Clinical Science, University of Lund, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
For all author emails, please log on.
Genome Biology 2007, 8:R253 doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-11-r253
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/11/R253
Received:7 July 2007
Revisions received:31 October 2007
Accepted:28 November 2007
Published:28 November 2007
© 2007 Bergholdt et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We have developed an integrative analysis method combining genetic interactions, identified using type 1 diabetes genome scan data, and a high-confidence human protein interaction network. Resulting networks were ranked by the significance of the enrichment of proteins from interacting regions. We identified a number of new protein network modules and novel candidate genes/proteins for type 1 diabetes. We propose this type of integrative analysis as a general method for the elucidation of genes and networks involved in diabetes and other complex diseases.
Background
Complex traits like type 1 diabetes (T1D) are generally believed to be under the influence of multiple genes interacting with each other to confer disease susceptibility and/or protection. Identification of susceptibility genes in complex genetic diseases, however, poses many challenging problems. The contribution from single genes is often limited and genetic studies generally do not offer clues about the functional context of a gene associated with a complex disorder. A recent report demonstrated the feasibility of constructing functional human gene networks (using, for example, expression and Gene Ontology (GO) data [1]), and using these in prioritizing positional candidate genes from non-interacting susceptibility loci for various heritable disorders [2]. It was shown that the obvious candidate genes were not always involved, and that taking an unbiased approach in assessing candidate genes using functional networks may result in new, non-obvious hypotheses that are statistically significant.
One of the strongest indications of functional association is the presence of a physical interaction between proteins [3] and several reports have shown that proteins involved in the same phenotype are likely to be part of the same functional module (that is, protein sub-network) [4-6]. With this in mind, it seems reasonable to expect that, in many cases, components contributing to the same complex diseases will be members of the same functional modules, especially if the disease is associated with multiple genetic loci that show statistical indication for epistasis. This indicates that in the case of complex disorders a feasible strategy would be to search for groups of interacting proteins that together lead to significant association with the disease in question. However, a strategy searching for loci showing genetic interaction (epistasis) integrated with a search for protein networks spanning the epistatic regions and subsequent significance ranking of these networks has, to our knowledge, never been pursued for any complex disorder.
Presumably, this is because a number of problems are associated with such a strategy. First, traditionally genetic linkage analysis is performed by searching for the marginal effect of a single putative trait locus, whereas methods for searching for multiple trait loci simultaneously are limited [7-11], and in T1D statistical indication for epistasis has been shown only for a few candidate loci [10,12,13]. Secondly, an insufficient amount of human protein interaction data has precluded systematic analyses of protein networks enriched for proteins originating from interacting genomic regions. Moreover, no single database houses all human protein interaction data, and the data are generally noisy, containing many false positive interactions [4]. Thirdly, no standard statistical method for measuring the significance of protein networks, based on the enrichment of proteins from genetically interacting regions, has yet been reported.
We addressed these issues through a number of approaches. First, data mining/decision trees were used to identify genetic markers or combinations of markers of predictive value for T1D. This approach is well suited to handle the complexity of genetic data, and has been proven to be able to precisely identify risk loci associated with T1D, as well as interacting genetic regions [14-18]. In the present study we have tested whether identical-by-descent (IBD) sharing data [19-21], instead of exact allele-calling genotypes as previously used [18], could be used to identify risk loci. The data analyzed were from the published T1D genome scans [22,23] available through the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) [24]. We have recently constructed a high-confidence human protein interaction network by extensive data integration, including conservative incorporation of data from model organisms, followed by rigorous quality scoring of the protein interactions [4]. This network was searched for protein networks enriched in proteins from the interacting genetic regions demonstrated. Subsequently, we developed a new statistical method for evaluating the significance of this enrichment, which enabled us to rank all identified networks. The strategy used is outlined in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The strategy used for the current study.
Several significant networks were identified. Some of the candidates in these networks were known HLA (human leukocyte antigen) region (chromosome 6p21) genes, including the recently identified T1D associated candidate gene ITPR3, which was centrally located in one of the top scoring networks. However, some significant networks contained protein components that have never been associated with T1D. Since all candidates identified in the present work were put in a functional context with other members of a network (guilt-by-association), the networks immediately offer clues on the functional role of the candidates and other proteins in relation to T1D. Our observations support that genetic interactions are important in T1D susceptibility, and that an integration of genetic and physical interactions is an interesting new approach for analyzing complex disorders.
Results
Marginal markers
In the total data set of 1,321 affected sibling pair families from the UK, the US and Scandinavia, data mining/decision tree analyses identified major T1D predictive signals (marginal markers; Table 1) corresponding to T1D linkage signals found by classic non-parametric linkage analysis [25]. As the original T1DGC publication [25] included data on 254 additional affected sibling-pair families not part of the present analyses, direct comparison of results is not possible. However, substantial agreement existed between the analyses (Table 1). Ranking of markers is according to their T1D predictive signal determined by Pearson's χ2 statistics and corresponding P value. As we evaluated only a limited number of the genotyped markers in the total data set, we endeavored to see if supplementary information could be extracted from more complete subsets of data (UK/US and Scandinavian). As seen in Table 1, the group of markers corresponding to the HLA region shows a much higher predictive signal (by several orders of magnitude) than the rest of the markers. D6S283 and D6S300 are markers for IDDM15 (6q21) [26], which in linkage studies generally require separate analysis to differentiate its effect from MHC [25,26]. Markers for the regions 2q31-q33, 16p12-q11.1, 11p15.5, 16q22-q24 and 10p14-q11 identified by linkage analysis [25] also showed high predictive signals in the current study, either in the total data set or in the data subsets (Table 1). In addition, a few new markers were found to show predictive signals (P < 0.05) when evaluated independently of chromosome 6 markers, for example, D17S798, D2S125, D9S175, D8S261 and D4S403. The D21S270 marker was identified in the Scandinavian subset and corresponds to a T1D linkage region on chromosome 21, which we have recently identified and fine mapped [22,27]. In the UK/US data set, the 2q31-q33 region (the CTLA4 region) seems of higher predictive value than in the total data set (Table 1). D4S403 corresponds to a region previously linked to T1D [22,28] containing the WFS1 gene associated with Wolfram syndrome (MIM #222300), which involves T1D [28].
Table 1. Marginal markers.
Epistasis
The importance of HLA is well established, and we are, by the methods used here, able to evaluate important markers in sibling pairs sharing just one HLA allele. The top scoring marginal marker for the HLA region was the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) micro satellite marker, located centrally in the HLA region. To determine candidates for the next level, we searched for interacting markers with the HLA region, in the subgroups of sibling pairs with TNFA IBD status = 1 (TNFA = 1) and TNFA IBD status = 2 (TNFA = 2), respectively. No interactions with TNFA = 0 could be generated due to the low number of affected sibling pairs in this group. Specific combinations of markers corresponding to statistically significant genetic interactions in the combined data set are shown in Table 2. The marker combination TNFA = 1 - D11S910 was shown to be of protective value, since sibling pairs sharing one TNFA allele, but two alleles of D11S910, were strongly protected against T1D (of 25 sibling pairs with this combination, one was concordant for T1D, 24 were non-T1D). The other combinations of markers detected implied increased susceptibility to T1D. None of the interacting markers from Table 2, except D4S403, correspond to previously known regions associated with T1D [29].
Table 2. Statistically significant genomic interactions
Genetic interaction analysis was performed for the marginal markers with the highest predictive signals, and was also performed independent of HLA (TNFA) IBD sharing status. When evaluating epistasis independent of HLA, we searched specifically for epistasis between the three highest ranking markers, D17S798, D2S152 and D2S125, after chromosome 6 markers were removed. In the combined data set, however, only combinations including the marker on chromosome 17 predicted genetic interaction (that is, D17S798 = 1 - D5S429 (P = 0.029) and D17S798 = 1 - D1S197 (P = 0.031), and between D17S798 = 2 - D2P25 (P = 0.041)). These combinations reached statistical significance, and demonstrated increased susceptibility to T1D (Table 2). Relationships could only be inferred for two markers at a time due to the high number of missing and non-informative values for many markers.
Protein interaction networks
We searched for protein networks spanning the regions shown to interact genetically (P values < 0.05; Table 2). This was performed using a high-confidence human protein interaction network [4]. Input proteins were proteins corresponding to a defined genetic region surrounding the interacting markers included in the different marker combinations. For all markers except TNFA, 5 Mb on each side of the marker in question was used as input. This region size was selected since linkage peaks (LOD - 1 intervals) from genome scans that use a similar number of markers often corresponded to regions of this size. For the HLA region, we have exclusively used the classic MHC region (4 Mb) for analysis, due to the well examined nature of this region with a high degree of linkage disequilibrium, as well as the large number of genes clustered in this specific region [30]. The classic MHC region comprises the TNFA marker in a central position (positioned at bases 31,643,403-31,643,437 on the physical map of chromosome 6, corresponding to 46.7 cM).
We were able to identify 22 protein sub-networks that connect proteins from the different regions corresponding to the significant two-marker predicted genetic interactions. The union of these sub-networks resulted in 13 putative functional modules (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Protein interaction networks for predicted genetic interactions. (a) TNFA-D4S403, TNFA-D13S170 and TNFA-D2S177 are represented by one network, whereas TNFA-D1S229, TNFA-D16S287 and TNFA-D11S910 are represented by two or three networks. Color-code: red, genes from TNFA region; green and yellow, genes from interacting region; light grey, genes from other chromosomes. (b) Protein interaction networks involving D17S798. D17S798-D1S197, D17S798-D2P25 and D17S798-D5S429 are represented by four, three and two networks, respectively. Color-code: red, genes from D17S798-region; blue/green, genes from interacting region; light grey, genes from other chromosomes.
Network significance analysis
The significance of each putative functional module was assessed by comparison to search results for randomly selected genetic regions. This assessment was made for both the results of marker-region pairs (2-interval) and for the resulting merged modules containing genes from two or more intervals (k-interval). Four 2-interval modules that included TNFA-region genes, two of which were found to be significant, were merged into a single highly significant 5-interval module (Figure 3, module A). This concordance strongly suggests that the four TNFA-region genes TUBB, RPS18, ITPR3 and BAT1 may be important in explaining the mechanism of the four genetic interactions. From the interacting chromosomal regions, the WDR1, LMO7, HNRPLL and RPS15A genes are potential T1D candidate genes. These genes are involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA binding, RNA binding, ion channel activity, ATP synthesis, actin binding and natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. Candidate genes from the four significant functional modules (Figure 3) are listed in Table 3. Other networks with TNFA include genes involved in signal transduction, regulation of transcription, protein biosynthesis and folding, histone activity, ubiquitin-protein ligase activity, as well as response to oxidative stress (Table 3), also of potential relevance in T1D pathogenesis.
Table 3. Genes corresponding to protein interactions in the four statistically significant functional modules A, B, C and D (in Figure 3)
Figure 3. Significant functional modules (modules A-D). Straight lines represent validated protein-protein interactions, curved lines represent demonstrated genetic interactions (black bullets, predictive interactions; white bullets, protective interactions). Circles with gene names represent the gene encoding the protein of the interaction. Boxes are the marker regions shown to be involved in the genetic interactions and in which the genes are located.
A region on chromosome 17 also conferred a high predictive value for T1D and was found to have genetic interactions with three other marker regions. Searches conducted for genes from the three marker pairs (D17S798-D2P25, D17S798-D5S429 and D17S798-D1S197) resulted in six putative functional modules after the initial results were combined (Figure 2). Several of the proteins in these networks are involved in signal transduction, anti-apoptosis, RNA binding regulation of transcription, kinase activity, oxidoreductase activity, DNA and ATP binding as well as oxygen transporter activity (Table 3), making them potentially important in T1D pathogenesis. One of these modules (Figure 3, module D) was found to be significant (P < 0.05) and contained protein interactions between members of three genetic interaction marker pairs. GO terms for molecular function and biological process for all candidate genes in significant functional modules are listed in Table 3. These findings shed light on the pathways the candidate genes in these two regions are likely to be involved in, and may help in understanding the possible effect in T1D suggested by this interaction.
Discussion
Identifying genes in multi-factorial diseases is difficult. Studies in model organisms suggest that epistasis may play an important role in the etiology of multifactorial diseases and complex traits in humans. There is no consensus as to the best strategy for detecting epistatic interactions in humans [31,32]. Several recent studies in humans and animals have identified loci that interact significantly but contribute little or with no effect individually [33-35]. In T1D, attempts to elucidate possible epistasis between classic T1D loci in humans, as well as animal models, have provided only a few examples [10,12,13]. This highlights the need for new methods in detecting and characterizing epistasis, as well as elucidating the presumed underlying biological interactions [31,32]. In the present study we confirmed that the application of data mining methods identified most major signals (marginal markers) found using classic non-parametric linkage analysis [25]. A special feature of the methods used in the current study is that interactions can be generated with marker IBD = 1 and IBD = 2 status. No marker combination with marker IBD = 0 could be generated (due to a low number of affected sibling pairs in this group).
We demonstrated several significant interactions between two different markers predictive for increased susceptibility to T1D and one rule (TNFA = 1 - D11S910), which predicted protection against T1D. Generation of specific combinations of markers between different chromosomal regions supports that interaction is important in complex diseases like T1D. A number of recent efforts have combined linkage mapping with the identification of co-regulated genes using microarrays to discover trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci [36-39]. While this may be a promising approach also for identifying epistatic susceptibility genes in multifactorial diseases like T1D, data for combined genetic and gene expression studies in T1D are still limited.
In our effort to identify the cellular systems underlying the genetic interactions, we constructed protein sub-networks that spanned the interacting regions to investigate whether the gene products in these regions could be shown to physically interact. The resulting networks were subsequently statistically tested based on the significance of the enrichment of proteins from interacting regions. After merging results for common marker regions (TNFA and D17S798), it was possible to identify four high-confidence protein interaction sub-networks that were significantly enriched in proteins from regions that interact, thereby supporting all nine epistatic combinations identified. The constructed networks point to specific candidates, and functional relationships between the candidates. Further supporting the importance of the most significant TNFA functional module reported here (Figure 2a), a recent paper mapped the ITPR3 gene in the HLA region as a new candidate gene for T1D [40], since strong genetic association was demonstrated in two Swedish case-control cohorts.
Additionally, when all chromosome 6 markers were removed, we inferred genetic interactions for regions on chromosomes 1, 2 and 5 interacting with a region on chromosome 17. A single significant functional module resulted after combining results from the three marker-pair searches that included D17S798. This functional module implicated a physical interaction between one protein from all three associated regions with a protein encoded by the RPL23A gene.
We hypothesize that the significant functional modules elucidated in this current study represent critical steps in pathways of relevance in T1D pathogenesis. The identification of known T1D associated genes supports the value of this method in searching for yet unidentified genetic and functional interactions involved in the pathogenetic processes leading to complex genetic diseases.
Most of the genes encoding proteins of the functional module networks have GO terms [1] (Table 3). However, most GO terms for molecular function and biological processes relate to each other in a simple manner and the current study supports that regulation of transcription and translation, signal transduction, ATP binding, and DNA and RNA binding are of relevance for beta-cell destruction in T1D pathogenesis (Table 3). The functional implications for the protein-protein interactions predicted strengthens the findings and highlights specific genes as candidates for further analysis. With 30% or more of human genes lacking functional annotation, existing protein interaction databases and maps are still far from being complete. Although many of the protein interactions in databases have not been rigorously tested and validated, in this work we applied very strict thresholds, including only protein interactions that were supported by various independent data sources. The functional modules presented in this study also allow for the prediction of specific candidate genes and proteins that may explain the nature of the observed genetic interactions.
Conclusion
The data presented in the current study comprise, to our knowledge, the most extensive genetic epistasis analysis in a multifactorial disease (T1D) supported by protein interaction networks. It is the first integration of genetic interactions with a systematic search for physical protein interaction networks significantly enriched in proteins from the interacting regions. The results point to specific positional candidates and cellular systems that may underlie disease susceptibility. We believe the genetic interactions produced here and the specific candidates and molecular systems highlighted by our protein network analysis will lead to new insight into the molecular pathology of T1D. Furthermore, we propose our integrative analysis as a general method for the analysis of genes and systems involved in various complex disorders.
Materials and methods
Genome scan data
The data set was generated by T1DGC as part of the combined analysis of the existing T1D genome scans [22,23,25]. In this process all genotyping data were intra-familially recoded, when possible, to show IBD status rather than exact allele calls. The Scandinavian data set comprised 392 families (411 affected sibling pairs) that were genotyped for 335 microsatellite markers. The combined UK/US data set included 763 families (910 affected sibling pairs) and genotyping of 1,283 markers. In order to analyze markers only genotyped in all data sets the number of markers was reduced to 298. Thus, the total data set used in the analysis comprised 1,321 affected sibling pairs with genotyping data on 298 markers.
Data simulation for non-affected sibling pairs
As the total data set included only a few unaffected sibling pairs and the analytical methods applied in the present study take advantage of information from non-diseased subjects [18], we simulated data for non-affected sibling pairs [14-17,41]. A data matrix for unaffected sibling pairs was generated from the data matrix representing the affected sibling pairs. For each marker the number of missing values from the affected was maintained for unaffected sibling pairs. The rest of the matrix for unaffected sibling pairs was completed with values reflecting normal IBD 0, 1 and 2 frequencies, that is, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.25. No correction was made in the simulation for the actual frequency of homozygous parents. The number of unaffected sibling pairs (simulated) was two times the number of affected sibling pairs. The final data matrix then contained 1,311 affected sibling pairs and 2,622 non-affected sibling pairs.
Analyses: marginal markers and interactions
Identification of marginal markers and evaluation of interaction between markers were done as detailed previously [18], with minor modifications. Briefly, data mining algorithms and decision trees were used to predict the most informative markers. We have used the concept of marginal markers and the interactive tree model in SAS Enterprise Miner (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) to calculate all marginal markers using Pearson's χ2 statistics and corresponding P value. The tree algorithm determines marginal markers as the roots (the highest level of the trees), as described previously [18]. The list of marginal markers identified by this method is produced by Pearson's χ2 statistics and corresponding P value.
When searching for interactions between a marginal marker and markers on different chromosomes, we also used Pearson's χ2 statistics. Data sets were created including sibling pairs with TNFA IBD status = 1 (TNFA = 1), TNFA IBD status = 2 (TNFA = 2), D17S798 IBD status = 1 (D17S798 = 1) and D17S798 IBD status = 2 (D17S798 = 2) to search for interactions between these, the highest ranked, marginal markers and other markers. Pearson's χ2 statistics was then used to search for association between T1D and a marker in these individual data sets. Searching for interactions between markers on the same chromosome was not performed, because the random methods used here do not allow for linkage disequilibrium of adjacent markers on a chromosome.
Human protein interaction networks
A human protein interaction network was generated [4]. Briefly, protein interaction data were obtained from the databases BIND [42,43], MINT [44], IntAct [45], KEGG annotated protein-protein interactions (PPrel), KEGG Enzymes involved in neighboring steps (ECrel) [46] and Reactome proteins involved in the same complex, indirect complex or same or indirect reaction [47]. All human data were pooled, and to increase information interolog data (protein interactions among orthologous protein pairs in different organisms) from 17 eukaryotic organisms were also included to obtain protein-protein interaction networks [4]. We devised and thoroughly tested a global confidence score for all interactions in the network. This confidence score is constructed to take into account factors like topology of the interaction network surrounding the interaction, number of publications the interaction had been detected in, that interactions are more reliable, if they have been reproduced in more than one independent interaction experiment, and, furthermore, the experimental set-up (large- or small-scale study). Interactions from large-scale experiments generally contain more false positives than interactions from small-scale experiments [48]. Furthermore, the reliability of this score was confirmed by fitting a calibration curve of the score against overlap with a high-confidence set of about 35,000 human interactions, demonstrating that the score was a reliable measure of interaction confidence [4]. Networks were constructed from proteins in defined intervals (corresponding to the respective rules) and their first order interaction partners using interolog data in a manner similar to that described by Lehner and Fraser [49]. Proteins known to interact in other species were mapped to their human orthologs using the Inparanoid database [50,51]. In the resulting networks, each node represents all proteins encoded by a single human gene and their orthologs in other species. An edge between two nodes indicates one or more interactions between any of the proteins represented by the node. The protein interaction confidence score was implemented to use only interaction data above the interaction threshold separating 'high' from 'low' confidence interaction data. This threshold was found by using a genetic algorithm on the interaction network to obtain the optimal threshold for signal to noise ratio [4].
To further reduce noise in the networks we also devised a network score, implemented to retrieve sub-networks enriched in proteins from the selected regions that interact directly or through significant linker proteins (that is, proteins that connect proteins from the selected regions, but are not in any of the selected regions themselves). The network score reflects the amount of interaction partners allowed for each linker protein for it to be included in relation to the number of interaction partners from the selected regions. The score is calculated for every protein and is the result of 'number of interactions with input proteins' divided by 'total interactions' for each protein, making networks consisting of proteins with many interactions less important and reducing noise from highly interacting proteins from unselected regions in the genome. A very stringent threshold-score of 0.5 was used.
Positional genes and their corresponding proteins were obtained from the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser using 'Genes and Gene Prediction Tracks' [52] and 'Ensembl Genes' from the table browser [53]. For two marker rules, proteins encoded by genes from 5 Mb on each site of the respective markers were used as input proteins. For the TNFA marker, proteins encoded by genes from an interval corresponding to the classic MHC region (position 29.26-33.90 Mb on chromosome 6) [29] were used.
For each protein belonging to an interval of interest, a query was made in the constructed human interaction network. Only interactions above the high-confidence threshold were maintained. Cytoscape version 2.3.1 was used to visualize the resulting networks [54]. Genes were classified according to GO terms [1].
Statistical assessment of functional modules
In an effort to determine the significance of the putative functional modules, we empirically estimated the probability of observing as many or more marker interval genes (ni and nj for interval i and j) in modules of size N or smaller in our protein interaction network G, that is:
P(xi ni, xj nj, X N|G).
This probability was estimated for each module with ni > 0 and nj > 0 found for queries based on genes from one of the nine 2-interval genetic interactions. Estimates were derived from the size and number of modules discovered from 100,000 random queries. Random queries were constructed from genes selected from random interval pairs with the same number of genes as in the two genetically interacting marker intervals. Random intervals were defined from consecutive genes on a chromosome. As each query generates a varying number of modules (connected components), the probability estimates were calculated from the frequency of queries that result in one or more connected components containing xi ni and xj nj genes from random interval i and j, respectively, with total number of X N genes.
After merging all connected components from the nine different 2-interval queries, six modules were found to contain genes from three or more intervals. For each of these k-interval modules, a new set of 100,000 random queries were performed with k random intervals of the same sizes as the actual intervals. Probabilities were estimated in the same way as before but now based on gene counts from k intervals where k ranged from 3 to 5.
Abbreviations
GO, Gene Ontology; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IBD, identical by descent; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T1DGC, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Authors' contributions
Basic idea and protocol formation: RB and FP. Data mining and decision tree analyses: MA, RB and FP. Analysis and interpretation of gene-gene interaction data: RB, MA and FP. Development of integrative system for protein-protein interactions: ZMS, KL, EOK, PÍÓ and SB. Construction of protein-protein interaction networks: ZMS, KL, CTW, EOK, PÍÓ and SB. Development of statistical method for ranking of networks: CTW. Interpretation of protein-protein interaction network data: RB, ZMS, KL, CTW and FP. Manuscript preparation: RB with contributions from all authors, mainly from KL, CTW, ZMS, JN and FP.
Acknowledgements
This research utilizes resources provided by the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium, a collaborative clinical study sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (JDRF) and supported by U01 DK062418. Furthermore, the Foundation of 17-12-1981, The Aase and Ejnar Danielsen Foundation, The Sehested Hansen Foundation, The AP Moller Foundation, The European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes/Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International/Novo Nordisk partnership, the EU BioSapiens (NoE), FP6, contract no.: LSHG-CT-2003-503265 and the Danish Technical Research Council are acknowledged for their support. We acknowledge Olga Rigina for maintaining and updating the protein interaction data warehouse at CBS and Tianshun Ye for contributing to the development of the protein interaction scoring system.
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• GO Term Analysis was carried out. Desirable results were produced. We can now tell how cell physiology will most likely be affected by Pc-TF
Media:GO_Term_Analysis.xlsx
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Richard Lab:protocols
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Contents
Equipment
Dionex IC
Overview
Eluent Preparation
Standard Preparation
Dionex ASE
Overview
Anaerobic Chamber
Overview
YSI Analyzer
Overview
Quantification of glucose
Methods
Biomass Protocols
Silage Protocols
Biomass Compositional Analysis
NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) Determination
ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) Determination
ADL (Acid Detergent Lignin) Determination
Dilute-Acid Pretreatment of Biomass
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biomass
Quantification of Glucose
Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF)
SSF Ethanol production
Acidification of C and N Samples using Tartic Acid
Enzymatic Screens and Assays
Ferulic Acid Esterase Protocols
Laccase Protocols
Xylanase Protocols
Beta-galactosidase (LacZ) Assay
Beta-galactosidase Screen
Beta-glucuronidase (GusA) Protocols
Cellulase assays
Molecular/Synthetic Biology
Amplified Insert Assembly
Bio-Brick Formats
PCR Protocols
Site Directed Mutagenesis
Plasmid Extraction
DNA Quantification
DNA Concentration
DNA Synthesis
Restriction Digestion
Partial Restriction Digest
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Extraction of DNA
Ligation
Preparation of Shuttle-vectors for transformation
Transforming Lactococcus lactis
Making Electro-competent E. coli
Electro-transformation of E. coli
Electro-transformation of L. Plantarum
Chromosomal Integration
Manure Storage and Emissions Analysis
Measuring and Analyzing Gas-Flux from a Surface
Setting Up Biofilters in the Field.
Formatting Data from Data Logger
BOD, moisture and VS content
Compost Analysis
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Compost Pile Monitoring
CO2 Respiration
Manure and Compost Sampling Preparation Protocols
Acidification of compost with 0.5 N HCl
Free Air Space Testing Procedure
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Maria's suggestion for the Protein Engineering module (Spring 2006):
1. On day 2 we ran gels of the cell lysates from induced and uninduced e coli. It might be a good idea to load a sample of recombinant beta-gal on these gels to make it more clear where the induced beta-gal might be running on the gel.
2. On day 3 we purified beta-gal from our cell lysates and measured activity of the purified material. It might be fun for the students to measure activity of the supernatant as well. This would give them the opportunity to think about the efficiency of their purification and some steps that they might take to improve efficiency if it turns out their recovery was less than optimal.
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It's a fact that it is much more comfortable to be in the position of the person who has been offended than to be the unfortunate cause of it. Walters, Barbara
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Barbara Walters was host of '20/20' and 'The View.' Recently, Walters stepped down to focus on her 'Barbara Walters Specials.'
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Catching up with Robots (April 29th, 2012)
Posted 30 Apr 2012 at 03:54 UTC by John_RobotsPodcast
The video above shows the action of a gear-and-lever assembly designed to operate the legs of the TE+ND Rover, a gardening robot which will be on display at the Bay Area Maker Faire, May 19th & 20th. In the last week we have also been treated to another peek into the continuing drama of Q.bo's exploration of its environment, as one Q.bo meets another, and a pair of robot arms one of which draws pictures while the other holds the drawing surface. (videos after the break)
Q.bo, meet Q.bo
Not bad for freehand!
See more of the latest robot news!
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Perth/Northbridge
From Wikitravel
Perth (region) : Perth : Northbridge
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Northbridge is a district in Perth.
[edit] Understand
Northbridge is close to the centre of Perth, the other side of the Perth train station from the city shopping malls. Its the more place to go for the independent end of shopping, art and eating. After dark emerge a wide choice of restaurants and nightlife.
Though Northbridge is a small suburb its sphere of cultural influence blurs into neighbouring North Perth, Highgate and Mount Lawley.
• The William Street Collective, +61 8 6468 3879 (), [1]. An association of people involved in Northbridge's cultural and creative industries. The website has current news and events - there's always something happening! edit
[edit] Get in
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
Northbridge is fast becoming the place to go for more alternative shopping. If you are bored of the same big clothing labels, you can find some really different, locally designed fashion, as well as some excellent vintage pieces. William Street has a variety of independently owned businesses where you can find punk, goth, rockabilly fashion, anime/manga collectables and other generally more unique stores.
• Keith + Lottie, 276 William Street, [2]. 11AM-6PM daily. Keith + Lottie is a retail and gallery space which aims to promote the work of local artists and designers, and make available an exciting range of design and art based products from around the globe selling everything from clothing to gifts, books and homewares. The gallery space houses exhibitions by a variety of local artists, with new exhibitions opening monthly. edit
• 183 William St, [3]. A wide range of international spices, flours, peas, dried fruits straight from big cloth bags.
• Lala Orange, 411 William St, [4]. The aim of LalaOrange is to bring lovers together. A boutique where guys and girls can shop for Australia's newest fashion talent and vintage threads, homewares, cards, gifts and magazines, whilst still holding hands. edit
• Planet Video & Books, cnr Beaufort and Walcot St, +61 08 9328 7464, [5]. Independent music, film and books. edit
• Red Stripe Clothing, 8-10 Roe St (opposite the Perth Train Stn, near the Horse Shoe Bridge), +61 8 93281983 (), [6]. Open 7 days a week.. Stocks a wide range of interesting and alternative clothing, accessories and footwear, spanning gothic, rockabilly, punk and pin-up subcultures. It is right opposite the Perth train station. Check it out if you're after something a bit different! edit
• Outré Gallery, 260 William St, +61 08 92270666, [7]. Original alternative gallery dealing in contemporary Australian and international pop, lowbrow, pop surrealism, street, tiki, modern folk, retro with a twist, and underground art. If you dig art that crosses over with design, pop and counter culture, you must check out this unique gallery. Prints, original works, ceramics, books and more, all carefully curated by passionate specialists. edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
There is an extensive array of restaurants in Northbridge. You will find a great selection of authentic cuisine that ranges from Southern European (Greek, Italian etc) to Asian (Hong Kong, Indonesian and Vietnamese etc).
Some options include:
[edit] Budget
• Da Wan Mian (Big bowl noodle), 408 William St. Lives up to its name with Noodle and Wonton dishes from their bilingual menu piled high in hefty bowls. Gets busy at lunch time but has a quick turnover and has plenty of seats. $9-15. edit
• Tea Cafe (茶餐厅), 108B James St, +61 08 93283386. A Hong Kong style restaurant that serves a wide variety of authentic Hong Kong/Western style cuisine ranging from claypot rice (煲仔飯), stir fry beef hor fun (乾炒牛河, baked rice (焗飯) , wonton noodles (雲吞麵) and various other rice and noodle dishes. Authentic Hong Kong style beverages such as the Hong Kong style milk tea (奶茶) and red bean ice (紅荳冰) are also hot favourites among migrants and students who are currently residing in Perth. edit
• Saigon Vietnamese Restaurant, James St. Serves a wide variety of tasty Vietnamese cuisine ranging from Phở to various other authentic rice and noodle dishes. Coffee fanatics should also try their iced white coffee. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit] Bars
• Brass Monkey, 209 William St (Cnr William and James St), +61 08 9227 9655 (), [8]. Daily 11AM-10PM, later on weekends. A great comedy club on site and a good selection of beers and wines. edit
[edit] Nightclubs
• Bar Open, 232-234 William St, +61 08 92270106. A hot little club that can only be reached via alleyway. Its virtually hidden location means its sleek clientele are clearly in the know, and it is perfect for those looking for a spot to chill and any cocktail you could dream up. Its sister club upstairs, Club 234, is equally classy. edit
• Connections, 81 James St, (08) 9328 1870. W 10PM-5AM, F 10PM-6AM, Sa 10PM-6AM, Public Holiday Sundays 10PM-Late. Claims to be the oldest (gay) night club in Australia and possibly the world edit
• Geisha Bar, 139 James St. Funky house and breaks fans will dig this one. edit
• Metro City, 146 Roe St. hosts a weekly R&B/hip hop night but this enormous venue also hosts concerts and large dance music events. When heading into Perth by train from the West, Metro's (as it is known to the locals) is clearly visible from the window as its unique, palace-like exterior stands out amongst the multi-level carparks and other bland buildings which can be seen along Roe St. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Budget
• Billabong Backpackers (Nomads Backpackers Hostel), 381 Beaufort St, [9]. Billabong Backpackers is relaxed and friendly, based in the heart of the Beaufort Street café district - a short walking distance from central Perth and the Northbridge nightlife. Beds from $28. edit
• The Emperor's Crown Backpackers, 85 Stirling St, +61 8 9227 1400, [10]. checkin: 2PM; checkout: 10AM. Just 5 minutes walk from the Perth city centre and the night life of Northbridge. from $32. edit
• Planet Inn (previously Red Roof Backpackers), 496 Newcastle St (Far west on Newcastle St), +61 8 9227 9969, [11]. checkin: 10AM; checkout: 10AM. The mens toilets are decent enough, but one of the showers doesn't have a shower curtain and only gives scalding hot water. It's fairly run down and less central than some of the better hostels in town. 6-bed dorm for $19. edit
• The Witch's Hat Backpackers, 148 Palmerston St, +61 8 9228 4228, [12]. checkin: 2PM; checkout: 10AM. The Witch's Hat Backpackers Hostel is a beautifully restored 4-star, backpacker accommodation and travellers hostel located close to Perth's shopping, dining and entertainment areas. from $32. edit
[edit] Contact
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.3 - Year Book Queensland, 1984
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/06/1984
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1367.0 - State and Territory Statistical Indicators, 2012
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/01/2012 Final
Past Releases
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
3222.0 - Population Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2101 Quality Declaration
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Research article
Physical disease in schizophrenia: a population-based analysis in Spain
Carmen Bouza1*, Teresa López-Cuadrado2 and José M Amate1
Author Affiliations
1 Health-Care Technology Assessment Agency, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
2 National Epidemiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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BMC Public Health 2010, 10:745 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-745
Published: 2 December 2010
Abstract
Background
Physical disease remains a challenge in patients with schizophrenia. Our objective was to determine the epidemiological characteristics and burden of physical disease in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia.
Methods
We analyzed the 2004 Spanish National Hospital Discharge Registry, identified records coded for schizophrenia (295.xx) and characterized the physical diseases using the ICD-9 system and the Charlson Index. We also calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) versus the general population adjusted by age and calendar time.
Results
A total of 16, 776 cases (mean age: 43 years, 65% males) were considered for analysis. Overall, 61% of cases had at least one ICD-9 physical code and 32% had more than one ICD-9 code. The Charlson index indicated that 20% of cases had a physical disease of known clinical impact and prognostic significance. Physical disease appeared early in life (50% of cases were 15-31 years of age) and increased rapidly in incidence with age. Thus, for patients aged 53 years or more, 84% had at least one physical ICD-9 code. Apart from substance abuse and addiction, the most prevalent diseases were endocrine (16%), circulatory (15%), respiratory (15%), injury-poisoning (11%), and digestive (10%). There were gender-related differences in disease burden and type of disease. In-hospital mortality significantly correlated with age, the Charlson Index and several ICD-9 groups of physical disease. Physical disease was associated with an overall 3.6-fold increase in SMRs compared with the general population.
Conclusions
This study provides the first nationally representative estimate of the prevalence and characteristics of physical disease in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia in Spain. Our results indicate that schizophrenia is associated with a substantial burden of physical comorbidities; that these comorbidities appear early in life; and that they have a substantial impact on mortality. This information raises concerns about the consequences and causes of physical disorders in patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, it will help to guide the design and implementation of preventive and therapeutic programs from the viewpoint of clinical care and in terms of health-care service planning.
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Considering DNA Methylation and Aging
Permalink | View Comments (0) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
An article on DNA methylation, which researchers have demonstrated to have the basis for a biomarker of aging; some of the patterns that tend to occur in the way in which these epigenetic decorations to DNA occur correlate well with biological age. This author is optimistic that manipulating DNA methylation can slow aging, which is something of a programmed aging point of view - that epigenetic changes are a root cause of aging and give rise to the damage of aging we can observe, rather than vice versa. It doesn't seem to me that the evidence rises to support that view and course of action over trying to repair the underlying damage of aging. If damage is the root cause, then when it is reverted the DNA methylation changes should also be restored to youthful levels.
How does the body know how old it is? Our metabolisms change as we get older, even though our DNA doesn't change. Different genes are activated at different times of life, and the timing of gene expression is what controls growth, development, sexual maturity, and perhaps aging as well. The body keeps accurate track of how old it is, though there has been no scientific agreement about where the clocks are, or how they work. Recently, some biologists have suggested that one such biological clock might reside in the epigenetic state of the DNA. If this is true, epigenetics will become an attractive, though challenging, target for anti-aging research.
If we knew where the body kept its "clock", then perhaps we could target the clock itself with biochemical interventions. We would not just be able to slow the progress of aging, but reset the clock to an earlier age.
DNA is decorated with methyl groups, small molecular add-ons that act like "Do Not Disturb" signs for the underlying gene. A gene that is decorated with methyl groups is passed over, and not expressed. Patterns of methylation are programmed into the genome at birth, and they are known to change over a lifetime. The new idea is that these changes can constitute a reference, like a clock face that informs the cell about the body's stage of life, so that it can appropriately adjust its gene expression, and thence its entire metabolism.
If we're really lucky, it will turn out that humans, like flies, respond well to a dumb, across-the-board increase in methylation. [The] methyl transferase system in humans is more complicated, but it will still be far easier to engineer a general increase in methylation than to copy youthful methylation patterns in detail. This question could be posed in research project that we know how to do now.
Link: http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/02/22/dna-methylation-an-epigenetic-aging-clock/
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Open Research Topics
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 00:23, 17 May 2012 by Joachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Interested in doing research in computer forensics? Looking for a master's topic, or just some ideas for a research paper? Here is our list. Please feel free to add your own ideas.
Many of these would make a nice master's project.
Small Programming Projects
• Modify bulk_extractor so that it can directly acquire a raw device under Windows. This requires replacing the current open function call with a CreateFile function call and using windows file handles.
• Create a program that visualizes the contents of a file, sort of like hexedit, but with other features:
• Automatically pull out the strings
• Show histogram
• Detect crypto and/or stenography.
• (I would write the program in java with a plug-in architecture)
• Extend fiwalk to report the NTFS "inodes."
Big Programming Projects
• Write Carver 2.0
• Create a method to detect NTFS-compressed cluster blocks on a disk (RAW data stream). A method could be to write a generic signature to detect the beginning of NTFS-compressed file segments on a disk. This method is useful in carving and scanning for textual strings.
Reverse-Engineering Projects
• Physical layer access to flash storage.
• Gain access to the physical layer of SD or USB flash storage device. This will require reverse-engineering the proprietary APIs or gaining access to proprietary information from the manufacturers. Use these APIs to demonstrate the feasibility of recovering residual data that has been overwritten at the logical layer but which is still present at the physical layer.
SleuthKit Enhancements
SleuthKit is the popular open-source system for forensics and data recovery.
• Add support for a new file system:
• Enhance support for an existing file system:
• Report the physical location on disk of compressed files.
• Add support for NTFS encrypted files (EFS)
• Extend SleuthKit's implementation of NTFS to cover Transaction NTFS (TxF) (see NTFS)
• Write a FUSE-based mounter for SleuthKit, so that disk images can be forensically mounted using TSK.
• Rewrite sorter in C++ to make it faster and more flexible.
EnCase Enhancement
• Develop an EnScript that allows you to script EnCase from Python. (You can do this because EnScripts can run arbitrary DLLs. The EnScript calls the DLL. Each "return" from the DLL is a specific EnCase command to execute. The EnScript then re-enters the DLL.)
Timeline Analysis
Timeline Visualization and Analysis
Write a new timeline viewer that supports Logfile fusion (with offsets) and provides the ability to view the logfile in the frequency domain.
Research Areas
These are research areas that could easily grow into a PhD thesis.
Stream-based Forensics
Process the entire disk with one pass to minimize seek time. (You may find it necessary to do a quick metadata scan first.)
Stegnography Detection (general purpose)
Detect the use of stegnography by through the analysis of file examplars and specifications.
Sanitization Detection
Detect and diagnose sanitization attempts.
Compressed Data Reconstruction
Reconstruct decompressed data from a GZIP file after the first 1K has been removed.
Evidence Falsification Detection
Automatically detect falsified digital evidence through the use of inconsistency in file system allocations, application data allocation, and log file analysis.
Visualization of data/information in digital forensic context
SWOT of current visualization techniques in forensic tools; improvements; feasibility of 3D representation;
Correlation
• Logfile correlation
• Document identity identification
• Correlation between stored data and intercept data
• Online Social Network Analysis
• Find and download in a forensically secure manner all of the information in a social network (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn, etc.) associated with a targeted individual.
• Determine who is searching for a targeted individual. This might be done with a honeypot, or documents with a tracking device in them, or some kind of covert Facebook App.
• Automated grouping/annotation of low-level events, e.g. access-time, log-file entry, to higher-level events, e.g. program start, login
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
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Google Webmaster Tools notice of detected unnatural links
Newbie Member
21Aug2012,12:03 #1
Please help me about this message, Google Webmaster Tools notice of detected unnatural links: due to this message I observed my website's search engine ranking had been very down day by day. So what will be do please send me reply thanks in advance.
Go4Expert Founder
21Aug2012,12:17 #2
Remove those links.
morganlong likes this
Invasive contributor
23Aug2012,12:17 #3
Unfortunately google do not say which links they are, and that is what makes it difficult. But you must go through them all, and try to remove those which are not links you would want to your site. Keep a record of what you do, so that you can submit for reconsideration and show evidence of your efforts to remove the links.
Newbie Member
29Aug2012,00:31 #4
First, you would have to identify where those links are and have them removed. It all depends on where they are. For instance if those links were blog commenting links, you would to contact the blog owner and have them removed which may be hard. If they were links that you create trough your own account to a site, you can just logging in and have them removed. The question I'd like to ask how do you know that those links have been detected? Have you been building them too fast?
Invasive contributor
29Aug2012,12:59 #5
Quote:
Originally Posted by arold10
]The question I'd like to ask how do you know that those links have been detected?
They know because they have received an "unnatural links" warning from Google
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Publication Listing
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• Title: Hard-Luck Diggings: The Early Jack Vance
• Authors: Jack Vance
• Year: 2010-06-00
• ISBN-10: 1-59606-301-7
• ISBN-13: 978-1-59606-301-3
• Publisher: Subterranean Press
• Price: $40.00
• Pages: 294
• Binding: hc
• Type: COLLECTION
• Title Reference: Hard-Luck Diggings: The Early Jack Vance
• Cover: Tom Kidd
• ISFDB Record Number: 311992
• Notes: Stated first edition. No numberline.
"Deluxe hardcover edition". There is also a "Signed, Lettered edition" ($300.00)
Publication date from an e-mail by the publisher
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (HRDLCKDGGN2010)
Cover art hosted by ISFDB
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Willem H. on 2010-07-09 07:23:04
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Not Verified
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Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Bibliography: Lucinda's Secret / The Ironwood Tree
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Title: Lucinda's Secret / The Ironwood Tree
Authors: Holly Black and Tony DiTerlizzi
Year: 2004
Type: OMNIBUS
Storylen: /3,4
Series: Spiderwick Chronicles
ISFDB Record Number: 155170
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Pronto
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Pronto
Full Name Pronto
Species Toad
First Appearance "The Provolone Ranger"
Pronto is a native Mushroom who appeared in The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!. He lives in Sudden Death Valley and is gifted with the ability to run swiftly with little effort. Although Pronto is shown to live in a tribe with other native Mushrooms, no other members were ever seen or referenced. Pronto is a spoof of Tonto from The Lone Ranger.
[edit] History
Mario, who had been kicked off his own stagecoach by Billy the Koopa and a Koopa Troopa, found himself stranded in Sudden Death Valley nearly dying of thirst. Pronto overheard Mario's request for water and ran to him. Pronto and Mario introduced each other, and Pronto told Mario that he could tap juice from a cactus if he needed a drink. After Mario quenched his thirst, he informed Pronto that he had to stop Billy the Koopa, who had hijacked the stagecoach he and his friends were using to deliver Gold Coins to Mushridge. Upon hearing this, Pronto realized that Mario would need his help in order to stop Billy the Koopa while in Sudden Death Valley.
Pronto giving Mario his cowboy suit.
Pronto brought Mario back to his tepee, where Mario donned a cowboy suit and a mask. Acknowledging Mario's disguise, Pronto went on to teach him the ways of the west. He presented Mario with a revolver, but when Mario tried to shoot targets with it, his aim was off until he used miniature silver plungers as ammunition. Pronto then tried to teach Mario how to use a lasso, but Mario ended up tangling the two of them until he used a plumber's snake instead of a rope. Mario then managed to tame his Ostro by feeding it a submarine sandwich, and Pronto complimented him on his fast learning. Mario then dubbed himself as the Provolone Ranger, as the two heroes set off to find Billy the Koopa.
After exploring Sudden Death Valley, Pronto got off his Ostro to search for a sign of Billy the Koopa, but came up empty handed. Mario then saw a sign with King Koopa's picture that led into a canyon, and the two of them followed it. Walking into the canyon, Mario and Pronto came to a dead end and walked into Billy the Koopa's trap. Although they were surrounded by Billy the Koopa and his Koopa Troopas, Mario came up with a plan to distract the Koopa Troopas while Pronto snatched all of the Cobrats. Although they were successful, Pronto failed to notice a Pokey, who caught and presented him to two Koopa Troopas, who proceeded to tie him up.
Pronto was taken to the Double Cross Ranch, where Luigi, Princess Toadstool and Toad were also being held as Billy the Koopa's hostages. Tied to a chair, there was little that Mario's friends could do, even as Mario arrived and drove off all the Koopas from the ranch. However, they all cheered him on as best they could.
After Mario scared Billy the Koopa out of Sudden Death Valley, he freed his friends from the Double Cross Ranch and was able to deliver the Gold Coins to Mushridge. There, Mario said farewell to Pronto and proceeded to drive off with his friends on their stagecoach. An elderly citizen of Mushridge asked Pronto who the masked man was, and Pronto responded that he was the Provolone Ranger. The man remarked that they never even got a chance to thank him and invite him to dinner. Mario overheard the mention of dinner and came running back to them at a high speed, stating that he ran faster than Pronto.
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Very Low Activity
Project Summary : Factoids
Analyzed 5 days ago based on code collected 5 days ago.
Well-commented source code
java-timeago is written mostly in Java.
Across all Java projects on Ohloh, 32% of all source code lines are comments. For java-timeago, this figure is 49%.
This high number of comments puts java-timeago among the highest one-third of all Java projects on Ohloh.
A high number of comments might indicate that the code is well-documented and organized, and could be a sign of a helpful and disciplined development team.
Young, but established codebase
The first lines of source code were added to java-timeago in April, 2011. If this young project has had recent activity, then it likely has passed its critical early start-up period, and has become established. The project still may be rapidly changing, innovative and exciting, and finding its focus.
As this project matures, a longer source control history in conjunction with recent activity might indicate that the project has enough merit to hold contributors interest for a long time. It might indicate a mature and relatively bug-free code base, and can be a sign of an organized, dedicated development team.
Note: The source code for java-timeago might actually be older than the source control history can reveal. Many new projects begin by incorporating a large amount of source code from existing, older projects. You might be able to tell whether this is the case by looking for a rapid rise in the amount of code early in the project's history.
Small development team
Over the past twelve months, 2 developers contributed new code to java-timeago, making this a relatively small project team.
For this measurement, Ohloh considers only recent changes to the code. Over the entire history of the project, 3 developers have contributed.
Decreasing Y-O-Y development activity
Over the last twelve months, java-timeago has seen a substantial decrease in development activity. This could mean many things. It may be a warning sign that interest in this project is waning, or it may indicate a maturing code base that requires fewer fixes and changes. It is also possible that development on this project has moved to a new source control repository somewhere else.
Ohloh makes this determination by comparing the total number of commits made by all developers during the most recent twelve months with the same figure for the prior twelve months. The number of developers and total lines of code are not considered.
See all possible factoids
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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200 Bible Verses about Murmuring
Philippians 2:14 ESV / 66 helpful votes
Do all things without grumbling or questioning,
James 5:9 ESV / 15 helpful votes
Do not grumble against one another, brothers, so that you may not be judged; behold, the Judge is standing at the door.
Exodus 16:3 ESV / 14 helpful votes
And the people of Israel said to them, “Would that we had died by the hand of the Lord in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the meat pots and ate bread to the full, for you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill this whole assembly with hunger.”
Jude 1:16 ESV / 12 helpful votes
These are grumblers, malcontents, following their own sinful desires; they are loud-mouthed boasters, showing favoritism to gain advantage.
Exodus 15:24 ESV / 12 helpful votes
And the people grumbled against Moses, saying, “What shall we drink?”
Numbers 16:41 ESV / 7 helpful votes
But on the next day all the congregation of the people of Israel grumbled against Moses and against Aaron, saying, “You have killed the people of the Lord.”
Job 19:1-29 ESV / 6 helpful votes
Then Job answered and said: “How long will you torment me and break me in pieces with words? These ten times you have cast reproach upon me; are you not ashamed to wrong me? And even if it be true that I have erred, my error remains with myself. If indeed you magnify yourselves against me and make my disgrace an argument against me, ...
Job 13:1-28 ESV / 6 helpful votes
“Behold, my eye has seen all this, my ear has heard and understood it. What you know, I also know; I am not inferior to you. But I would speak to the Almighty, and I desire to argue my case with God. As for you, you whitewash with lies; worthless physicians are you all. Oh that you would keep silent, and it would be your wisdom! ...
Exodus 5:22 ESV / 6 helpful votes
Then Moses turned to the Lord and said, “O Lord, why have you done evil to this people? Why did you ever send me?
1 Corinthians 10:10 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Nor grumble, as some of them did and were destroyed by the Destroyer.
Romans 9:20 ESV / 5 helpful votes
But who are you, O man, to answer back to God? Will what is molded say to its molder, “Why have you made me like this?”
John 6:41-43 ESV / 5 helpful votes
So the Jews grumbled about him, because he said, “I am the bread that came down from heaven.” They said, “Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? How does he now say, ‘I have come down from heaven’?” Jesus answered them, “Do not grumble among yourselves.
Exodus 17:3 ESV / 5 helpful votes
But the people thirsted there for water, and the people grumbled against Moses and said, “Why did you bring us up out of Egypt, to kill us and our children and our livestock with thirst?”
Exodus 16:2 ESV / 5 helpful votes
And the whole congregation of the people of Israel grumbled against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness,
Exodus 5:23 ESV / 5 helpful votes
For since I came to Pharaoh to speak in your name, he has done evil to this people, and you have not delivered your people at all.”
Micah 5:2 ESV / 4 helpful votes
But you, O Bethlehem Ephrathah, who are too little to be among the clans of Judah, from you shall come forth for me one who is to be ruler in Israel, whose coming forth is from of old, from ancient days.
Lamentations 3:39 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Why should a living man complain, a man, about the punishment of his sins?
Jeremiah 20:14-18 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Cursed be the day on which I was born! The day when my mother bore me, let it not be blessed! Cursed be the man who brought the news to my father, “A son is born to you,” making him very glad. Let that man be like the cities that the Lord overthrew without pity; let him hear a cry in the morning and an alarm at noon, because he did not kill me in the womb; so my mother would have been my grave, and her womb forever great. Why did I come out from the womb to see toil and sorrow, and spend my days in shame?
Isaiah 66:2 ESV / 4 helpful votes
All these things my hand has made, and so all these things came to be, declares the Lord. But this is the one to whom I will look: he who is humble and contrite in spirit and trembles at my word.
Isaiah 66:1 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Thus says the Lord: “Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool; what is the house that you would build for me, and what is the place of my rest?
Psalm 73:13-22 ESV / 4 helpful votes
All in vain have I kept my heart clean and washed my hands in innocence. For all the day long I have been stricken and rebuked every morning. If I had said, “I will speak thus,” I would have betrayed the generation of your children. But when I thought how to understand this, it seemed to me a wearisome task, until I went into the sanctuary of God; then I discerned their end. ...
Job 15:11-13 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Are the comforts of God too small for you, or the word that deals gently with you? Why does your heart carry you away, and why do your eyes flash, that you turn your spirit against God and bring such words out of your mouth?
Exodus 5:21 ESV / 4 helpful votes
And they said to them, “The Lord look on you and judge, because you have made us stink in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants, and have put a sword in their hand to kill us.”
1 John 2:1-29 ESV / 3 helpful votes
My little children, I am writing these things to you so that you may not sin. But if anyone does sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous. He is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world. And by this we know that we have come to know him, if we keep his commandments. Whoever says “I know him” but does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him, but whoever keeps his word, in him truly the love of God is perfected. By this we may know that we are in him: ...
2 Peter 3:3-7 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Knowing this first of all, that scoffers will come in the last days with scoffing, following their own sinful desires. They will say, “Where is the promise of his coming? For ever since the fathers fell asleep, all things are continuing as they were from the beginning of creation.” For they deliberately overlook this fact, that the heavens existed long ago, and the earth was formed out of water and through water by the word of God, and that by means of these the world that then existed was deluged with water and perished. But by the same word the heavens and earth that now exist are stored up for fire, being kept until the day of judgment and destruction of the ungodly.
2 Peter 2:4-9 ESV / 3 helpful votes
For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell and committed them to chains of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment; if he did not spare the ancient world, but preserved Noah, a herald of righteousness, with seven others, when he brought a flood upon the world of the ungodly; if by turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes he condemned them to extinction, making them an example of what is going to happen to the ungodly; and if he rescued righteous Lot, greatly distressed by the sensual conduct of the wicked (for as that righteous man lived among them day after day, he was tormenting his righteous soul over their lawless deeds that he saw and heard); ...
2 Peter 1:21 ESV / 3 helpful votes
For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.
Hebrews 11:13 ESV / 3 helpful votes
These all died in faith, not having received the things promised, but having seen them and greeted them from afar, and having acknowledged that they were strangers and exiles on the earth.
Romans 1:1-32 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God, which he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy Scriptures, concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh and was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord, through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations, ...
John 6:52 ESV / 3 helpful votes
The Jews then disputed among themselves, saying, “How can this man give us his flesh to eat?”
John 5:39 ESV / 3 helpful votes
You search the Scriptures because you think that in them you have eternal life; and it is they that bear witness about me,
John 1:1-51 ESV / 3 helpful votes
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. ...
Luke 24:45 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then he opened their minds to understand the Scriptures,
Luke 10:40 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But Martha was distracted with much serving. And she went up to him and said, “Lord, do you not care that my sister has left me to serve alone? Tell her then to help me.”
Matthew 26:52 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then Jesus said to him, “Put your sword back into its place. For all who take the sword will perish by the sword.
Matthew 24:15 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“So when you see the abomination of desolation spoken of by the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand),
Malachi 3:14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
You have said, ‘It is vain to serve God. What is the profit of our keeping his charge or of walking as in mourning before the Lord of hosts?
Zechariah 11:13 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then the Lord said to me, “Throw it to the potter”—the lordly price at which I was priced by them. So I took the thirty pieces of silver and threw them into the house of the Lord, to the potter.
Jonah 4:1-11 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was angry. And he prayed to the Lord and said, “O Lord, is not this what I said when I was yet in my country? That is why I made haste to flee to Tarshish; for I knew that you are a gracious God and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love, and relenting from disaster. Therefore now, O Lord, please take my life from me, for it is better for me to die than to live.” And the Lord said, “Do you do well to be angry?” Jonah went out of the city and sat to the east of the city and made a booth for himself there. He sat under it in the shade, till he should see what would become of the city. ...
Lamentations 3:1-66 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I am the man who has seen affliction under the rod of his wrath; he has driven and brought me into darkness without any light; surely against me he turns his hand again and again the whole day long. He has made my flesh and my skin waste away; he has broken my bones; he has besieged and enveloped me with bitterness and tribulation; ...
Jeremiah 15:10 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Woe is me, my mother, that you bore me, a man of strife and contention to the whole land! I have not lent, nor have I borrowed, yet all of them curse me.
Isaiah 38:10-18 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I said, In the middle of my days I must depart; I am consigned to the gates of Sheol for the rest of my years. I said, I shall not see the Lord, the Lord in the land of the living; I shall look on man no more among the inhabitants of the world. My dwelling is plucked up and removed from me like a shepherd's tent; like a weaver I have rolled up my life; he cuts me off from the loom; from day to night you bring me to an end; I calmed myself until morning; like a lion he breaks all my bones; from day to night you bring me to an end. Like a swallow or a crane I chirp; I moan like a dove. My eyes are weary with looking upward. O Lord, I am oppressed; be my pledge of safety! ...
Ecclesiastes 7:10 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Say not, “Why were the former days better than these?” For it is not from wisdom that you ask this.
Ecclesiastes 2:18 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I hated all my toil in which I toil under the sun, seeing that I must leave it to the man who will come after me,
Ecclesiastes 2:17 ESV / 3 helpful votes
So I hated life, because what is done under the sun was grievous to me, for all is vanity and a striving after wind.
Proverbs 19:3 ESV / 3 helpful votes
When a man's folly brings his way to ruin, his heart rages against the Lord.
Psalm 116:11 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I said in my alarm, “All mankind are liars.”
Psalm 116:10 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I believed, even when I spoke, “I am greatly afflicted”;
Psalm 78:17-21 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Yet they sinned still more against him, rebelling against the Most High in the desert. They tested God in their heart by demanding the food they craved. They spoke against God, saying, “Can God spread a table in the wilderness? He struck the rock so that water gushed out and streams overflowed. Can he also give bread or provide meat for his people?” Therefore, when the Lord heard, he was full of wrath; a fire was kindled against Jacob; his anger rose against Israel,
Psalm 73:3 ESV / 3 helpful votes
For I was envious of the arrogant when I saw the prosperity of the wicked.
Psalm 44:9-26 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But you have rejected us and disgraced us and have not gone out with our armies. You have made us turn back from the foe, and those who hate us have gotten spoil. You have made us like sheep for slaughter and have scattered us among the nations. You have sold your people for a trifle, demanding no high price for them. You have made us the taunt of our neighbors, the derision and scorn of those around us. ...
Psalm 37:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Of David. Fret not yourself because of evildoers; be not envious of wrongdoers!
Psalm 27:1-14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Of David. The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? The Lord is the stronghold of my life; of whom shall I be afraid? When evildoers assail me to eat up my flesh, my adversaries and foes, it is they who stumble and fall. Though an army encamp against me, my heart shall not fear; though war arise against me, yet I will be confident. One thing have I asked of the Lord, that will I seek after: that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my life, to gaze upon the beauty of the Lord and to inquire in his temple. For he will hide me in his shelter in the day of trouble; he will conceal me under the cover of his tent; he will lift me high upon a rock. ...
Job 34:37 ESV / 3 helpful votes
For he adds rebellion to his sin; he claps his hands among us and multiplies his words against God.”
Job 33:13 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Why do you contend against him, saying, ‘He will answer none of man's words’?
Job 33:12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“Behold, in this you are not right. I will answer you, for God is greater than man.
Job 30:1-31 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“But now they laugh at me, men who are younger than I, whose fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock. What could I gain from the strength of their hands, men whose vigor is gone? Through want and hard hunger they gnaw the dry ground by night in waste and desolation; they pick saltwort and the leaves of bushes, and the roots of the broom tree for their food. They are driven out from human company; they shout after them as after a thief. ...
Job 23:1-17 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then Job answered and said: “Today also my complaint is bitter; my hand is heavy on account of my groaning. Oh, that I knew where I might find him, that I might come even to his seat! I would lay my case before him and fill my mouth with arguments. I would know what he would answer me and understand what he would say to me. ...
Job 10:1-22 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“I loathe my life; I will give free utterance to my complaint; I will speak in the bitterness of my soul. I will say to God, Do not condemn me; let me know why you contend against me. Does it seem good to you to oppress, to despise the work of your hands and favor the designs of the wicked? Have you eyes of flesh? Do you see as man sees? Are your days as the days of man, or your years as a man's years, ...
Job 9:1-35 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then Job answered and said: “Truly I know that it is so: But how can a man be in the right before God? If one wished to contend with him, one could not answer him once in a thousand times. He is wise in heart and mighty in strength —who has hardened himself against him, and succeeded?— he who removes mountains, and they know it not, when he overturns them in his anger, ...
Job 7:1-21 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“Has not man a hard service on earth, and are not his days like the days of a hired hand? Like a slave who longs for the shadow, and like a hired hand who looks for his wages, so I am allotted months of emptiness, and nights of misery are apportioned to me. When I lie down I say, ‘When shall I arise?’ But the night is long, and I am full of tossing till the dawn. My flesh is clothed with worms and dirt; my skin hardens, then breaks out afresh. ...
Job 6:1-30 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then Job answered and said: “Oh that my vexation were weighed, and all my calamity laid in the balances! For then it would be heavier than the sand of the sea; therefore my words have been rash. For the arrows of the Almighty are in me; my spirit drinks their poison; the terrors of God are arrayed against me. Does the wild donkey bray when he has grass, or the ox low over his fodder? ...
Job 3:1-26 ESV / 3 helpful votes
After this Job opened his mouth and cursed the day of his birth. And Job said: “Let the day perish on which I was born, and the night that said, ‘A man is conceived.’ Let that day be darkness! May God above not seek it, nor light shine upon it. Let gloom and deep darkness claim it. Let clouds dwell upon it; let the blackness of the day terrify it. ...
1 Kings 19:10 ESV / 3 helpful votes
He said, “I have been very jealous for the Lord, the God of hosts. For the people of Israel have forsaken your covenant, thrown down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword, and I, even I only, am left, and they seek my life, to take it away.”
1 Kings 19:4 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But he himself went a day's journey into the wilderness and came and sat down under a broom tree. And he asked that he might die, saying, “It is enough; now, O Lord, take away my life, for I am no better than my fathers.”
2 Samuel 6:8 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And David was angry because the Lord had burst forth against Uzzah. And that place is called Perez-uzzah, to this day.
Numbers 21:6 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people, so that many people of Israel died.
Numbers 21:5 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And the people spoke against God and against Moses, “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no food and no water, and we loathe this worthless food.”
Numbers 20:2-5 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Now there was no water for the congregation. And they assembled themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. And the people quarreled with Moses and said, “Would that we had perished when our brothers perished before the Lord! Why have you brought the assembly of the Lord into this wilderness, that we should die here, both we and our cattle? And why have you made us come up out of Egypt to bring us to this evil place? It is no place for grain or figs or vines or pomegranates, and there is no water to drink.”
Numbers 20:2-4 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Now there was no water for the congregation. And they assembled themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. And the people quarreled with Moses and said, “Would that we had perished when our brothers perished before the Lord! Why have you brought the assembly of the Lord into this wilderness, that we should die here, both we and our cattle?
Numbers 17:11 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Thus did Moses; as the Lord commanded him, so he did.
Numbers 17:10 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And the Lord said to Moses, “Put back the staff of Aaron before the testimony, to be kept as a sign for the rebels, that you may make an end of their grumblings against me, lest they die.”
Numbers 16:14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Moreover, you have not brought us into a land flowing with milk and honey, nor given us inheritance of fields and vineyards. Will you put out the eyes of these men? We will not come up.”
Numbers 16:13 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Is it a small thing that you have brought us up out of a land flowing with milk and honey, to kill us in the wilderness, that you must also make yourself a prince over us?
Numbers 16:8-11 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And Moses said to Korah, “Hear now, you sons of Levi: is it too small a thing for you that the God of Israel has separated you from the congregation of Israel, to bring you near to himself, to do service in the tabernacle of the Lord and to stand before the congregation to minister to them, and that he has brought you near him, and all your brothers the sons of Levi with you? And would you seek the priesthood also? Therefore it is against the Lord that you and all your company have gathered together. What is Aaron that you grumble against him?”
Numbers 16:3 ESV / 3 helpful votes
They assembled themselves together against Moses and against Aaron and said to them, “You have gone too far! For all in the congregation are holy, every one of them, and the Lord is among them. Why then do you exalt yourselves above the assembly of the Lord?”
Numbers 16:2 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And they rose up before Moses, with a number of the people of Israel, 250 chiefs of the congregation, chosen from the assembly, well-known men.
Numbers 14:27 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“How long shall this wicked congregation grumble against me? I have heard the grumblings of the people of Israel, which they grumble against me.
Numbers 14:26-37 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And the Lord spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying, “How long shall this wicked congregation grumble against me? I have heard the grumblings of the people of Israel, which they grumble against me. Say to them, ‘As I live, declares the Lord, what you have said in my hearing I will do to you: your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness, and of all your number, listed in the census from twenty years old and upward, who have grumbled against me, not one shall come into the land where I swore that I would make you dwell, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun. ...
Numbers 11:33 ESV / 3 helpful votes
While the meat was yet between their teeth, before it was consumed, the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people, and the Lord struck down the people with a very great plague.
Numbers 11:14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I am not able to carry all this people alone; the burden is too heavy for me.
Numbers 11:11-15 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Moses said to the Lord, “Why have you dealt ill with your servant? And why have I not found favor in your sight, that you lay the burden of all this people on me? Did I conceive all this people? Did I give them birth, that you should say to me, ‘Carry them in your bosom, as a nurse carries a nursing child,’ to the land that you swore to give their fathers? Where am I to get meat to give to all this people? For they weep before me and say, ‘Give us meat, that we may eat.’ I am not able to carry all this people alone; the burden is too heavy for me. If you will treat me like this, kill me at once, if I find favor in your sight, that I may not see my wretchedness.”
Numbers 11:1-10 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And the people complained in the hearing of the Lord about their misfortunes, and when the Lord heard it, his anger was kindled, and the fire of the Lord burned among them and consumed some outlying parts of the camp. Then the people cried out to Moses, and Moses prayed to the Lord, and the fire died down. So the name of that place was called Taberah, because the fire of the Lord burned among them. Now the rabble that was among them had a strong craving. And the people of Israel also wept again and said, “Oh that we had meat to eat! We remember the fish we ate in Egypt that cost nothing, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the onions, and the garlic. ...
Exodus 17:2 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Therefore the people quarreled with Moses and said, “Give us water to drink.” And Moses said to them, “Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test the Lord?”
Exodus 16:12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“I have heard the grumbling of the people of Israel. Say to them, ‘At twilight you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be filled with bread. Then you shall know that I am the Lord your God.’”
Exodus 16:8 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And Moses said, “When the Lord gives you in the evening meat to eat and in the morning bread to the full, because the Lord has heard your grumbling that you grumble against him—what are we? Your grumbling is not against us but against the Lord.”
Exodus 15:23 ESV / 3 helpful votes
When they came to Marah, they could not drink the water of Marah because it was bitter; therefore it was named Marah.
Exodus 14:12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Is not this what we said to you in Egypt: ‘Leave us alone that we may serve the Egyptians’? For it would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the wilderness.”
Exodus 14:11 ESV / 3 helpful votes
They said to Moses, “Is it because there are no graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? What have you done to us in bringing us out of Egypt?
Genesis 30:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
When Rachel saw that she bore Jacob no children, she envied her sister. She said to Jacob, “Give me children, or I shall die!”
Genesis 4:14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Behold, you have driven me today away from the ground, and from your face I shall be hidden. I shall be a fugitive and a wanderer on the earth, and whoever finds me will kill me.”
Genesis 4:13 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Cain said to the Lord, “My punishment is greater than I can bear.
Genesis 1:1-31 ESV / 3 helpful votes
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. And God saw that the light was good. And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day. ...
Revelation 19:11-21 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse! The one sitting on it is called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he judges and makes war. His eyes are like a flame of fire, and on his head are many diadems, and he has a name written that no one knows but himself. He is clothed in a robe dipped in blood, and the name by which he is called is The Word of God. And the armies of heaven, arrayed in fine linen, white and pure, were following him on white horses. From his mouth comes a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations, and he will rule them with a rod of iron. He will tread the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God the Almighty. ...
Revelation 17:12-14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the ten horns that you saw are ten kings who have not yet received royal power, but they are to receive authority as kings for one hour, together with the beast. These are of one mind, and they hand over their power and authority to the beast. They will make war on the Lamb, and the Lamb will conquer them, for he is Lord of lords and King of kings, and those with him are called and chosen and faithful.”
Revelation 12:1-9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars. She was pregnant and was crying out in birth pains and the agony of giving birth. And another sign appeared in heaven: behold, a great red dragon, with seven heads and ten horns, and on his heads seven diadems. His tail swept down a third of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth. And the dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth, so that when she bore her child he might devour it. She gave birth to a male child, one who is to rule all the nations with a rod of iron, but her child was caught up to God and to his throne, ...
Revelation 1:1-3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show to his servants the things that must soon take place. He made it known by sending his angel to his servant John, who bore witness to the word of God and to the testimony of Jesus Christ, even to all that he saw. Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear, and who keep what is written in it, for the time is near.
Jude 1:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
To execute judgment on all and to convict all the ungodly of all their deeds of ungodliness that they have committed in such an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.”
Jude 1:14-16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
It was also about these that Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, “Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of his holy ones, to execute judgment on all and to convict all the ungodly of all their deeds of ungodliness that they have committed in such an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.” These are grumblers, malcontents, following their own sinful desires; they are loud-mouthed boasters, showing favoritism to gain advantage.
Jude 1:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
It was also about these that Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, “Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of his holy ones,
Jude 1:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the gloom of utter darkness has been reserved forever.
Jude 1:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day—
2 Peter 3:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But by the same word the heavens and earth that now exist are stored up for fire, being kept until the day of judgment and destruction of the ungodly.
2 Peter 1:16-21 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty. For when he received honor and glory from God the Father, and the voice was borne to him by the Majestic Glory, “This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased,” we ourselves heard this very voice borne from heaven, for we were with him on the holy mountain. And we have something more sure, the prophetic word, to which you will do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts, knowing this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone's own interpretation. ...
1 Peter 5:5-7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Likewise, you who are younger, be subject to the elders. Clothe yourselves, all of you, with humility toward one another, for “God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.” Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God so that at the proper time he may exalt you, casting all your anxieties on him, because he cares for you.
1 Peter 3:18-20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit, in which he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison, because they formerly did not obey, when God's patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were brought safely through water.
James 3:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, open to reason, full of mercy and good fruits, impartial and sincere.
James 3:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the tongue is a fire, a world of unrighteousness. The tongue is set among our members, staining the whole body, setting on fire the entire course of life, and set on fire by hell.
James 1:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
If anyone thinks he is religious and does not bridle his tongue but deceives his heart, this person's religion is worthless.
James 1:1-27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, To the twelve tribes in the Dispersion: Greetings. Count it all joy, my brothers, when you meet trials of various kinds, for you know that the testing of your faith produces steadfastness. And let steadfastness have its full effect, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing. If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously to all without reproach, and it will be given him. ...
Hebrews 13:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Obey your leaders and submit to them, for they are keeping watch over your souls, as those who will have to give an account. Let them do this with joy and not with groaning, for that would be of no advantage to you.
Hebrews 12:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Therefore let us be grateful for receiving a kingdom that cannot be shaken, and thus let us offer to God acceptable worship, with reverence and awe,
Hebrews 11:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
By faith Enoch was taken up so that he should not see death, and he was not found, because God had taken him. Now before he was taken he was commended as having pleased God.
Hebrews 6:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So that you may not be sluggish, but imitators of those who through faith and patience inherit the promises.
Hebrews 1:1-14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world. He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high, having become as much superior to angels as the name he has inherited is more excellent than theirs. For to which of the angels did God ever say, “You are my Son, today I have begotten you”? Or again, “I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son”? ...
Hebrews 1:1-3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world. He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high,
Titus 1:5-9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
This is why I left you in Crete, so that you might put what remained into order, and appoint elders in every town as I directed you— if anyone is above reproach, the husband of one wife, and his children are believers and not open to the charge of debauchery or insubordination. For an overseer, as God's steward, must be above reproach. He must not be arrogant or quick-tempered or a drunkard or violent or greedy for gain, but hospitable, a lover of good, self-controlled, upright, holy, and disciplined. He must hold firm to the trustworthy word as taught, so that he may be able to give instruction in sound doctrine and also to rebuke those who contradict it.
1 Timothy 5:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Let a widow be enrolled if she is not less than sixty years of age, having been the wife of one husband,
1 Timothy 2:1-15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way. This is good, and it is pleasing in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. For there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, ...
2 Thessalonians 2:1-17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now concerning the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our being gathered together to him, we ask you, brothers, not to be quickly shaken in mind or alarmed, either by a spirit or a spoken word, or a letter seeming to be from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord has come. Let no one deceive you in any way. For that day will not come, unless the rebellion comes first, and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the son of destruction, who opposes and exalts himself against every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, proclaiming himself to be God. Do you not remember that when I was still with you I told you these things? ...
2 Thessalonians 1:1-12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, To the church of the Thessalonians in God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. We ought always to give thanks to God for you, brothers, as is right, because your faith is growing abundantly, and the love of every one of you for one another is increasing. Therefore we ourselves boast about you in the churches of God for your steadfastness and faith in all your persecutions and in the afflictions that you are enduring. This is evidence of the righteous judgment of God, that you may be considered worthy of the kingdom of God, for which you are also suffering— ...
Colossians 3:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom, singing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, with thankfulness in your hearts to God.
Colossians 1:1-29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, To the saints and faithful brothers in Christ at Colossae: Grace to you and peace from God our Father. We always thank God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, when we pray for you, since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus and of the love that you have for all the saints, because of the hope laid up for you in heaven. Of this you have heard before in the word of the truth, the gospel, ...
Philippians 3:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Brothers, join in imitating me, and keep your eyes on those who walk according to the example you have in us.
Philippians 2:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus,
Philippians 2:1-30 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So if there is any encouragement in Christ, any comfort from love, any participation in the Spirit, any affection and sympathy, complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord and of one mind. Do nothing from rivalry or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves. Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others. Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, ...
Ephesians 4:31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Let all bitterness and wrath and anger and clamor and slander be put away from you, along with all malice.
2 Corinthians 4:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In their case the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, to keep them from seeing the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God.
2 Corinthians 4:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled only to those who are perishing.
1 Corinthians 15:3-8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. ...
1 Corinthians 10:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
We must not indulge in sexual immorality as some of them did, and twenty-three thousand fell in a single day.
Romans 12:1-21 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect. For by the grace given to me I say to everyone among you not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but to think with sober judgment, each according to the measure of faith that God has assigned. For as in one body we have many members, and the members do not all have the same function, so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another. ...
Romans 9:19 ESV / 2 helpful votes
You will say to me then, “Why does he still find fault? For who can resist his will?”
Romans 8:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For the mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God, for it does not submit to God's law; indeed, it cannot.
Romans 3:1-9:33 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then what advantage has the Jew? Or what is the value of circumcision? Much in every way. To begin with, the Jews were entrusted with the oracles of God. What if some were unfaithful? Does their faithlessness nullify the faithfulness of God? By no means! Let God be true though every one were a liar, as it is written, “That you may be justified in your words, and prevail when you are judged.” But if our unrighteousness serves to show the righteousness of God, what shall we say? That God is unrighteous to inflict wrath on us? (I speak in a human way.) ...
Romans 1:18-32 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth. For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse. For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened. Claiming to be wise, they became fools, ...
Romans 1:18-20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth. For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.
Acts 28:23-31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When they had appointed a day for him, they came to him at his lodging in greater numbers. From morning till evening he expounded to them, testifying to the kingdom of God and trying to convince them about Jesus both from the Law of Moses and from the Prophets. And some were convinced by what he said, but others disbelieved. And disagreeing among themselves, they departed after Paul had made one statement: “The Holy Spirit was right in saying to your fathers through Isaiah the prophet: “‘Go to this people, and say, You will indeed hear but never understand, and you will indeed see but never perceive. For this people's heart has grown dull, and with their ears they can barely hear, and their eyes they have closed; lest they should see with their eyes and hear with their ears and understand with their heart and turn, and I would heal them.’ ...
Acts 20:33-35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I coveted no one's silver or gold or apparel. You yourselves know that these hands ministered to my necessities and to those who were with me. In all things I have shown you that by working hard in this way we must help the weak and remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he himself said, ‘It is more blessed to give than to receive.’”
Acts 18:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For he powerfully refuted the Jews in public, showing by the Scriptures that the Christ was Jesus.
Acts 17:1-3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews. And Paul went in, as was his custom, and on three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead, and saying, “This Jesus, whom I proclaim to you, is the Christ.”
Acts 2:29-35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Brothers, I may say to you with confidence about the patriarch David that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day. Being therefore a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him that he would set one of his descendants on his throne, he foresaw and spoke about the resurrection of the Christ, that he was not abandoned to Hades, nor did his flesh see corruption. This Jesus God raised up, and of that we all are witnesses. Being therefore exalted at the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this that you yourselves are seeing and hearing. ...
Acts 1:19 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And it became known to all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, Field of Blood.)
Acts 1:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
(Now this man acquired a field with the reward of his wickedness, and falling headlong he burst open in the middle and all his bowels gushed out.
Acts 1:7-11 ESV / 2 helpful votes
He said to them, “It is not for you to know times or seasons that the Father has fixed by his own authority. But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.” And when he had said these things, as they were looking on, he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight. And while they were gazing into heaven as he went, behold, two men stood by them in white robes, and said, “Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into heaven? This Jesus, who was taken up from you into heaven, will come in the same way as you saw him go into heaven.”
Acts 1:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So when they had come together, they asked him, “Lord, will you at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?”
John 20:24-30 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now Thomas, one of the Twelve, called the Twin, was not with them when Jesus came. So the other disciples told him, “We have seen the Lord.” But he said to them, “Unless I see in his hands the mark of the nails, and place my finger into the mark of the nails, and place my hand into his side, I will never believe.” Eight days later, his disciples were inside again, and Thomas was with them. Although the doors were locked, Jesus came and stood among them and said, “Peace be with you.” Then he said to Thomas, “Put your finger here, and see my hands; and put out your hand, and place it in my side. Do not disbelieve, but believe.” Thomas answered him, “My Lord and my God!” ...
John 19:37 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And again another Scripture says, “They will look on him whom they have pierced.”
John 19:29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
A jar full of sour wine stood there, so they put a sponge full of the sour wine on a hyssop branch and held it to his mouth.
John 15:25 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But the word that is written in their Law must be fulfilled: ‘They hated me without a cause.’
John 13:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I am not speaking of all of you; I know whom I have chosen. But the Scripture will be fulfilled, ‘He who ate my bread has lifted his heel against me.’
John 12:38-40 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So that the word spoken by the prophet Isaiah might be fulfilled: “Lord, who has believed what he heard from us, and to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?” Therefore they could not believe. For again Isaiah said, “He has blinded their eyes and hardened their heart, lest they see with their eyes, and understand with their heart, and turn, and I would heal them.”
John 12:13-15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So they took branches of palm trees and went out to meet him, crying out, “Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord, even the King of Israel!” And Jesus found a young donkey and sat on it, just as it is written, “Fear not, daughter of Zion; behold, your king is coming, sitting on a donkey's colt!”
John 7:42 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Has not the Scripture said that the Christ comes from the offspring of David, and comes from Bethlehem, the village where David was?”
John 6:44 ESV / 2 helpful votes
No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him. And I will raise him up on the last day.
John 6:1-71 ESV / 2 helpful votes
After this Jesus went away to the other side of the Sea of Galilee, which is the Sea of Tiberias. And a large crowd was following him, because they saw the signs that he was doing on the sick. Jesus went up on the mountain, and there he sat down with his disciples. Now the Passover, the feast of the Jews, was at hand. Lifting up his eyes, then, and seeing that a large crowd was coming toward him, Jesus said to Philip, “Where are we to buy bread, so that these people may eat?” ...
John 5:45-47 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one who accuses you: Moses, on whom you have set your hope. For if you believed Moses, you would believe me; for he wrote of me. But if you do not believe his writings, how will you believe my words?”
John 3:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
No one has ascended into heaven except he who descended from heaven, the Son of Man.
John 3:1-36 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews. This man came to Jesus by night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.” Jesus answered him, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God.” Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born?” Jesus answered, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. ...
John 1:23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
He said, “I am the voice of one crying out in the wilderness, ‘Make straight the way of the Lord,’ as the prophet Isaiah said.”
Luke 24:46 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And said to them, “Thus it is written, that the Christ should suffer and on the third day rise from the dead,
Luke 24:44 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then he said to them, “These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled.”
Luke 24:36-40 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As they were talking about these things, Jesus himself stood among them, and said to them, “Peace to you!” But they were startled and frightened and thought they saw a spirit. And he said to them, “Why are you troubled, and why do doubts arise in your hearts? See my hands and my feet, that it is I myself. Touch me, and see. For a spirit does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have.” And when he had said this, he showed them his hands and his feet.
Luke 24:10-12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now it was Mary Magdalene and Joanna and Mary the mother of James and the other women with them who told these things to the apostles, but these words seemed to them an idle tale, and they did not believe them. But Peter rose and ran to the tomb; stooping and looking in, he saw the linen cloths by themselves; and he went home marveling at what had happened.
Luke 22:49-62 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And when those who were around him saw what would follow, they said, “Lord, shall we strike with the sword?” And one of them struck the servant of the high priest and cut off his right ear. But Jesus said, “No more of this!” And he touched his ear and healed him. Then Jesus said to the chief priests and officers of the temple and elders, who had come out against him, “Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs? When I was with you day after day in the temple, you did not lay hands on me. But this is your hour, and the power of darkness.” ...
Luke 22:38 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And they said, “Look, Lord, here are two swords.” And he said to them, “It is enough.”
Luke 22:37 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For I tell you that this Scripture must be fulfilled in me: ‘And he was numbered with the transgressors.’ For what is written about me has its fulfillment.”
Luke 21:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation has come near.
Luke 20:42-44 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For David himself says in the Book of Psalms, “‘The Lord said to my Lord, Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool.’ David thus calls him Lord, so how is he his son?”
Luke 20:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But he looked directly at them and said, “What then is this that is written: “‘The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone’?
Luke 11:24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“When the unclean spirit has gone out of a person, it passes through waterless places seeking rest, and finding none it says, ‘I will return to my house from which I came.’
Luke 10:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And he said to them, “I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven.
Luke 7:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
This is he of whom it is written, “‘Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you.’
Luke 6:45 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The good person out of the good treasure of his heart produces good, and the evil person out of his evil treasure produces evil, for out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks.
Luke 3:4-6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet, “The voice of one crying in the wilderness: ‘Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be made low, and the crooked shall become straight, and the rough places shall become level ways, and all flesh shall see the salvation of God.’”
Luke 2:51 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And he went down with them and came to Nazareth and was submissive to them. And his mother treasured up all these things in her heart.
Luke 1:70 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As he spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets from of old,
Luke 1:69 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David,
Mark 16:10-14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept. But when they heard that he was alive and had been seen by her, they would not believe it. After these things he appeared in another form to two of them, as they were walking into the country. And they went back and told the rest, but they did not believe them. Afterward he appeared to the eleven themselves as they were reclining at table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they had not believed those who saw him after he had risen.
Mark 14:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Jesus said to them, “You will all fall away, for it is written, ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered.’
Mark 13:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“But when you see the abomination of desolation standing where he ought not to be (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.
Mark 12:36 ESV / 2 helpful votes
David himself, in the Holy Spirit, declared, “‘The Lord said to my Lord, Sit at my right hand, until I put your enemies under your feet.’
Mark 12:11 ESV / 2 helpful votes
This was the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes’?”
Mark 12:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Have you not read this Scripture: “‘The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone;
Mark 7:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.’
Mark 7:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And he said to them, “Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written, “‘This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me;
Mark 1:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The voice of one crying in the wilderness: ‘Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight,’”
Mark 1:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, “Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way,
Matthew 27:57-60 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When it was evening, there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who also was a disciple of Jesus. He went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then Pilate ordered it to be given to him. And Joseph took the body and wrapped it in a clean linen shroud and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut in the rock. And he rolled a great stone to the entrance of the tomb and went away.
Matthew 27:34 ESV / 2 helpful votes
They offered him wine to drink, mixed with gall, but when he tasted it, he would not drink it.
Matthew 27:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And they gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord directed me.”
Matthew 27:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then was fulfilled what had been spoken by the prophet Jeremiah, saying, “And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him on whom a price had been set by some of the sons of Israel,
Matthew 27:7-10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So they took counsel and bought with them the potter's field as a burial place for strangers. Therefore that field has been called the Field of Blood to this day. Then was fulfilled what had been spoken by the prophet Jeremiah, saying, “And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him on whom a price had been set by some of the sons of Israel, and they gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord directed me.”
Matthew 27:3-5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then when Judas, his betrayer, saw that Jesus was condemned, he changed his mind and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and the elders, saying, “I have sinned by betraying innocent blood.” They said, “What is that to us? See to it yourself.” And throwing down the pieces of silver into the temple, he departed, and he went and hanged himself.
Matthew 26:51 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And behold, one of those who were with Jesus stretched out his hand and drew his sword and struck the servant of the high priest and cut off his ear.
Matthew 26:31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then Jesus said to them, “You will all fall away because of me this night. For it is written, ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered.’
Matthew 22:44 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“‘The Lord said to my Lord, Sit at my right hand, until I put your enemies under your feet’?
Matthew 22:30 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For in the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven.
Matthew 22:29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But Jesus answered them, “You are wrong, because you know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God.
Matthew 21:42 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Jesus said to them, “Have you never read in the Scriptures: “‘The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone; this was the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes’?
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[2]
Some part of the country is encompassed by the Caucasian mountains; for branches of this range advance, as I have said, towards the south. These districts are fruitful, comprise the whole of Iberia, and extend to Armenia and Colchis. In the middle is a plain watered by rivers, the largest of which is the Cyrus, which, rising in Armenia, immediately enters the above-mentioned plain, having received the Aragus,1 which flows at the foot of the Caucasus, and other streams, passes through a narrow channel into Albania. It flows however between this country and Armenia in a large body through plains, which afford excellent pasture. After having received several rivers, and among these the Alazonius,2 Sandobanes, the Rhœtaces, and Chanes, all of which are navigable, it discharges itself into the Caspian Sea. Its former name was Corus.
1 The Arak.
2 In the English map, reduced from the Russian military map, there are two rivers Alasan, flowing in contrary directions from M. Bebala. The modern names of the other rivers here mentioned are not well ascertained.
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Menu Bar
Home Calendar Topics Just Charlestown About Us
Sunday, October 23, 2011
Quick Takes
Rev. Harold Camping, we miss you.
Gloom and Doom edition
By Will Collette
Where’s Harold? OK, the world didn’t end on Friday as predicted by Rev. Harold Camping. After his second prediction fizzled, where’s Harold? He made himself readily available to explain what really happened last May instead of his predicted doomsday, but this time, the media can’t find him. Harold, where are you? We need to need when the world is going to end to plan the next tag sale
NORAD can track Santa but LOSES a 3-ton satellite?
And where’s ROSAT? The 2.7 ton German satellite ROSAT plummeted to earth sometime late Saturday night, Eastern Time, but it’s a day later and NASA and the Defense Department still don’t know where it fell. Of course, I’m glad it didn’t fall and kill anybody, but isn’t it troubling that we don’t know where it is? I was under the impression that our trillions of dollars of defense hardware and surveillance satellites pretty much had the whole planet covered. That you couldn’t sneak a baseball sized object through our airspace without our knowing exactly where it is and where it’s going. How did we lose a school-bus sized piece of space junk weighing more than 5000 pounds?
Wal-Mart has a healthcare plan? Yes they do have a health insurance plan for their employees, though not too many people know about it. And yes, it’s crap. But this past week, Wal-Mart announced major cut-backs in their coverage and special demands on employees who want to avoid punishing cost-sharing.
Good news, bad news on suicide in Rhode Island. A new report lists Rhode Island as the very worst in the nation for suicide attempts, but not so bad for actual suicides. One in 67 Rhode Islanders attempted suicide last year, compared to 1 in 200 nationwide, But actual suicides were among the lowest in the nation. The report does not explain why our attempt rate is so high and the actual death rate is so low.
Charlestown NIMBY leadership to be challenged? There are rumblings out of North Kingstown, Charlestown’s long-time competitor for the total of most fanatical anti-wind NIMBY in Rhode Island. Their town council has just extended North Kingstown’s moratorium on wind energy (guess their town solicitor went to a different law school than our’s) and their Planning Commission is writing a new ordinance. Like Charlestown, North Kingstown is also banning commercial sized turbines. But they seem poised to take a harder line on other turbines. They cap the size of wind generators at 160 feet for industrial zoned areas and at 50 feet for residential and commercial zoned properties. And they’re going with a five to one setback (if you put up a 50 foot generator, you have to have a 250 foot buffer between it and your property line). They probably have additional details that must be followed, like Charlestown does, to make sure that no wind generators actually get built. Unlike Charlestown, they are willing to admit they intend to ban wind energy. As their Town Administrator Michael Embury told the No Kingstown Patch, Theoretically, you can have no locations in town that can meet the restrictions of this ordinance.” But it's really academic since Charlestown's current and proposed wind ordinances effectively ban any size or form of wind generator anywhere in town.
Portsmouth wins “net metering” case. A lot of people around Rhode Island have been watching to see which way a challenge to the price National Grid has been paying the town of Portsmouth for electricity coming from its municipal turbine next to Portsmouth High School. The state PUC ruled in favor of the town, saying the price the town was receiving did not violate state or federal law. This will make it easier for other towns – certainly not Charlestown – to recoup the cost of installing municipal turbines that produce enough electricity to sell it back into the grid.
Oil prices expected to skyrocket – again – this winter. Heating oil prices this winter are expected to rise to more than $3.70 a gallon at the same time as federal heating assistance to low-income families has been cut. The average heating bill for New England families who heat with oil is expected to be around $2500.
Texas Plans to issue a Confederate Flag license plate. And doesn't that figure? Given that Governor and presidential contender Rick Perry proudly told a Tea Party rally that he would seriously consider getting the state of Texas to secede from the United States in protest of federal policies, why not the Stars and Bars on the ole pick-up?
And finally, Lindsay Lohan reports to work at the morgue – with cupcakes and burgers. On the verge of being sent to prison, this time for real, druggie starlet Lohan finally showed up at her latest court-assigned community service site, the Los Angeles County Morgue. After showing up too late to work on the first day, Lohan reported for work early on the second day. And she had gourmet cupcakes delivered to the morgue in the morning and gourmet burgers delivered for lunch. Morgue officials turned away both deliveries and warned Lohan that her “generosity” (or publicity stunt, depending on your POV) were disruptive and not welcome. Idiot.
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Google AdSense on Discussion Forums
Sep 1, 2005 • 9:40 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdSense
WebmasterWorld has a featured thread on AdSense and Discussion Forums named 6 Tips for Adsense on Forums. In the thread member vabtz gives six valuable tips. (1) If the topic of your forum is targeting high CPC keyword then you will make a lot more money. (2) Ensure your pages are crawlable. (3) Don't show ads to registered users (users logged in), they won't click anyway. (4) Try positioning the ads until you get the highest CTR.
For the other tips, check out the thread.
I personally like how DigitalPoint configured his AdSense on his forum. One smart method is to use AdLinks within the footer of each post that the user is looking at. For example, if you go directly to a thread at http://forums.digitalpoint.com/showthread.php?t=26766 the Google AdSense AdLinks are directly under the first post. But if you go to a specific post at http://forums.digitalpoint.com/showthread.php?p=299674#post299674 you will see the Ad Link ads dynamically show up under that post. Very clean, simple and tactful.
Previous story: Outbidding Google in the Google AdWords Network
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:23159",
"uncompressed_offset": 778634152,
"url": "www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Alcoholic_polyneuropathy",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:18.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:69a46e3c-8e9a-4ca2-9a84-b8deef36ba48>",
"warc_url": "http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Alcoholic_polyneuropathy"
}
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Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Jump to: navigation, search
Alcoholic polyneuropathy is a neurological disorder in which many peripheral nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously (a polyneuropathy). Alcoholic polyneuropathy usually has a gradual onset with usually more sensory than motor symptoms, usually with the involvement of legs more than the arms. There is usually symmetric sensory loss, and painful paresthesias, though all sensory modalities may be involved. Patients also see distal weakness, muscle wasting, and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes.
Treatment includes vitamin supplementation (especially thiamine), nutritional support, NSAIDs, and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline). Physiotherapy is also a part of treatment. Recovery is slow, and usually happens over weeks to months.
See also
Jake foot
External link
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"warc_url": "http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/AA27210F3ADDB0CFCA25719B001418D3?opendocument"
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 24/04/2001
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Short Definitions and Classifications >> Occupation (OCCP) - Characteristics
Occupation
Description
Image of Question
Classification
Quality Statement
Description
Occupation is collected in the Census for all employed people aged 15 years and over. Two questions are used in the Census. The first of these asks for occupation title (in main job held in the week prior to Census Night). The second asks for the main tasks usually performed by the person in their occupation. Collecting both occupation title and task information ensures more accurate coding of occupations. More Detailed Description
Image of Question
Classification
Applicable to: Employed persons
1 Managers and Administrators
2 Professionals
3 Associate Professionals
4 Tradespersons and Related Workers
5 Advanced Clerical and Service Workers
6 Intermediate Clerical, Sales and Service Workers
7 Intermediate Production and Transport Workers
8 Elementary Clerical, Sales and Service Workers
9 Labourers and Related Workers
0998 Inadequately described
&&&& Not stated
@@@@ Not applicable
VVVV Overseas visitor
Total number of categories:
one digit level 9
two digit level 35
three digit level 81
four digit level 445
Not applicable (@@@@) category comprises:
Unemployed persons, looking for either full-time or part-time work
Persons not in the labour force
Persons with Labour Force Status/Status in Employment (LFSP) Not Stated
Persons aged under 15 years
More Detailed Description
Quality Statement
Each stage of the Census is subject to stringent quality assurance measures. However, in a Census there are recognised sources of error which may survive in the data produced. Some of these are overcome or 'repaired' by careful processing procedures and quality management of the processing itself. The effect of those that remain is generally slight, although it may be more important for small groups in the population. The main kinds of error to keep in mind are:
Partial non-response - in some cases where an answer was not provided to a question an answer was imputed or derived (often from other information on the form). In other cases a 'not stated' code was allocated.
Processing error - while such errors can occur in any processing system, quality management is used to continuously improve the quality of processed data, and to identify and correct data of unacceptable quality.
Random adjustment - cells containing small values are randomly adjusted to avoid releasing information about particular individuals, families or households. The effect of random adjustment is statistically insignificant.
Respondent error - processing procedures cannot detect or repair all errors made by persons in completing the form, therefore some may remain in final data.
Undercount - although the Census aims to count each person once, there are some people who are missed and others who are counted more than once. A post enumeration survey is conducted soon after the Census to measure the undercount.
Want more information on Data Quality?
A series of Census Working Papers have been produced to assess and report on various aspects of 2001 Census data quality. More Information
Previous PageNext Page
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Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
After reading significant opinions on NDAs and how they might apply (see this article for example), I'm wondering, what counts as the "really secret stuff"? What's reasonable to keep a secret from investors, especially in the context of web-based businesses - where there isn't anything that's significantly new or original in terms of technology?
share|improve this question
2 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I faced that problem myself. We had many strategical stuff that we wouldn't reveal too investors to early because most of them were possibly involved in the sector. Therefore we wanted to avoid any risk of leaks that could be used by potential competitors.
So I used a technique I could name layered project pitching or even incremental project pitching.
The first time we met an investor, we discussed the first version of the project. Depending on his reaction & questions, we would go deeper into the layers, and so on until he is convinced to go with us.
It worked since we got much more investors that we needed without having to reveal our biggest secrets stuff in the lower layers, that in our sense would make our project a success.
I think that investors are less interested by the project than the entrepreneurs that will drive it. However a serious investor will want to know why you will succeed.
So my advice is don't go into the details unless you have to.
share|improve this answer
My sense is that you should only talk to investors you are willing to trust and tell them everything. It is hard enough to get the attention of an experienced, reputable investor not to have to try to pitch them without the full impact of your proposal. If you are dealing with someone worthwhile, they will not have built a strong reputation by stealing ideas from entrepreneurs. If you waste their time with a meeting in which you are only willing to talk in generalities and withold what you consider to be the essential elements of your plan, they will almost certainly pass and you will not even have given it your best shot.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I want to get a bunch of logod schwag printed as part of our promotional plans. Some of the things I want are:
Tshirts Full size footballs smaller nurf/soft footballs other balls that can be tossed around an office Tennis balls and even foozies (from the bud light commercials)
Please let me know if you have had any good experiences, or have heard about a good printer.
Thanks a lot!
share|improve this question
6 Answers
I would shop locally.
We have a great locally-owned apparel store down the street from us. They can produce silk-screened and embroidered items in very low quantities, but more surpisingly, they have access to everything I can find on the Internet. And not only that, they can consult with you to provide the best specific item for your need (I'll bet, for example, there are no less than 3 different maker of footballs). Even better, you can go in and see samples instead of ordering large quantities of cheap crappy swag (look for Aspose mousepads).
A couple years back, I had a few hundred mugs printed from DiscountMugs.com (the printer themselves) at what seemed to be a great price. I never would have guessed it, but later that year, my local store beat the price on the mugs, even though they were the middleman. They went to a producer that doesn't sell to the public.
Support local business... get a better product... and save money. WIN!
share|improve this answer
Like everything else, the cheapest place to get schwag is China.
We used Global Sources to find webcams, and we got them on time with our logos and everything for $3.10 (You need to order several hundreds).
What is your budget? How much schwag are you looking to buy?
share|improve this answer
Check out Technology Media Group: http://web.tmguniverse.com/apparel_and_promotion.html
share|improve this answer
Check out Cafe Press http://www.cafepress.com/. We have used them before and they did a good job getting out stuff to us promptly.
share|improve this answer
I agree with Alex and try to shop locally as much as I can but depending on the item sometimes buy online.
For logo item printing, I also worked with 4imprint. They did a great job and were much cheaper than I could get here where I live. They have a huge variety of items with many on sale items.
share|improve this answer
We had positive experience with BrandVia a few years ago. They "aggregate" promo stuff from lots of manufacturers.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:23177",
"uncompressed_offset": 13625907,
"url": "arthritis-research.com/content/6/6/265/abstract",
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"warc_url": "http://arthritis-research.com/content/6/6/265/abstract"
}
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Review
Oxidation in rheumatoid arthritis
Carol A Hitchon and Hani S El-Gabalawy*
Author Affiliations
Arthritis Centre and Rheumatic Diseases Research Laboratory University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Res Ther 2004, 6:265-278 doi:10.1186/ar1447
Published: 13 October 2004
Abstract
Oxygen metabolism has an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the course of cellular oxidative phosphorylation, and by activated phagocytic cells during oxidative bursts, exceed the physiological buffering capacity and result in oxidative stress. The excessive production of ROS can damage protein, lipids, nucleic acids, and matrix components. They also serve as important intracellular signaling molecules that amplify the synovial inflammatory–proliferative response. Repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation associated with changes in synovial perfusion are postulated to activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and nuclear factor-κB, two key transcription factors that are regulated by changes in cellular oxygenation and cytokine stimulation, and that in turn orchestrate the expression of a spectrum of genes critical to the persistence of synovitis. An understanding of the complex interactions involved in these pathways might allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis.
Keywords:
hypoxia; oxidation; rheumatoid arthritis; synovitis
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:23209",
"uncompressed_offset": 43165248,
"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/8484/0",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:01.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b1cfed45-8981-4081-ba4c-7ff5bdaa2df7>",
"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/8484/0"
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An Analysis of Push and Pull Travel Motivations of Foreign Tourists to Jordan
Bashar Aref Mohammad Al-Haj Mohammad, Ahmad Puad Mat Som
Abstract
The importance of outbound market to a destination country has drawn scholars’ interests in understanding
tourists’ motivation to travel overseas. The success of marketing destinations should be guided by a thorough
analysis of tourist motivation, and for this reason, this study adopts a model based on push and pull factors as the
conceptual framework. As little information has been documented about travel motivations to Jordan, this study
attempts to identify motivation factors of foreign tourists to the country as different tourist markets demonstrate
different domains of behavior. This may have important marketing implications to the country especially in
terms of examination of motives in segmenting markets, designing promotional programs and decision making
about destination development.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:23219",
"uncompressed_offset": 56446381,
"url": "crantastic.org/packages/qtl/versions/4966",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:01.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b1cfed45-8981-4081-ba4c-7ff5bdaa2df7>",
"warc_url": "http://crantastic.org/packages/qtl/versions/4966"
}
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qtl (1.14-2)
Tools for analyzing QTL experiments.
http://www.rqtl.org
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/qtl
Analysis of experimental crosses to identify genes (called quantitative trait loci, QTLs) contributing to variation in quantitative traits.
Maintainer: Karl W Broman
Author(s): Karl W Broman <kbroman@biostat.wisc.edu> and Hao Wu, with ideas from Gary Churchill and Saunak Sen and contributions from Brian Yandell
License: GPL-3
Uses: snow
Reverse depends: bim, dlmap, eqtl, lineup, mpMap, pheno2geno, qdg, qtlbim, qtlbook, qtlhot, qtlnet, spclust, synbreed, twopartqtl, wgaim, xoi
Reverse suggests: onemap, QTLRel
Released over 3 years ago.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:23221",
"uncompressed_offset": 56545609,
"url": "creativecommons.org/choose/results-one?jurisdiction=cl&lang=en&license_code=by&version=3.0",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:01.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b1cfed45-8981-4081-ba4c-7ff5bdaa2df7>",
"warc_url": "http://creativecommons.org/choose/results-one?license_code=by&jurisdiction=cl&version=3.0&lang=en"
}
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Offline Work?
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:23274",
"uncompressed_offset": 150509942,
"url": "listarchives.documentfoundation.org/www/board-discuss/msg02554.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:01.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b1cfed45-8981-4081-ba4c-7ff5bdaa2df7>",
"warc_url": "http://listarchives.documentfoundation.org/www/board-discuss/msg02554.html"
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [board-discuss] membership application/language and supporters
Hi Norbert,
On 22/05/2012 14:19, Norbert Thiebaud wrote:
On Tue, May 22, 2012 at 3:57 AM, Cor Nouws<oolst@nouenoff.nl> wrote:
Hi all,
When inviting people in the Dutch language community to consider membership
of TDF, two items showed up.
1. Not all active people are familiar enough with the beautiful English
language to feel comfortable to use the application page (& related info).
> has partial translation been considered, and if not, can it be?
From a practical stand-point, the only actual prerogative of members
is their ability to vote for BoD and MC.
How could one make an educated decision as to whom to vote for without
basic understanding of who the candidates are and what they stand for,
hence, in most case, without understanding of basic English ?
This is what language communities are supposed to do : give those who don't speak English a chance to be part of the project. We can't rely only on English speaking people to grow the community and represent it every where in the world. This is why settling each of our actions on an i18n point of view first is very important.
2. Not all supporters are active in a way that they feel like applying form
membership.
> the idea 'supportive membership' has been mentioned before.
Has it been discussed too?
I'm not sure what that means... can you elaborate ?
a recognition also for those who don't fall in our meritocratic criteria or don't want to sign for our charter while participating to the project in other or more external ways.
Kind regards
Sophie
Follow-Ups:
Re: [board-discuss] membership application/language and supportersNorbert Thiebaud <nthiebaud@gmail.com>
Privacy Policy | Impressum (Legal Info) | Copyright information: Unless otherwise specified, all text and images on this website are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. This does not include the source code of LibreOffice, which is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv3). "LibreOffice" and "The Document Foundation" are registered trademarks of their corresponding registered owners or are in actual use as trademarks in one or more countries. Their respective logos and icons are also subject to international copyright laws. Use thereof is explained in our trademark policy.
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}
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Bone Marrow Transplants, by Erinn Dandley
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Home Documents Wiki Schedule Wiki Pages Course Syllabus
Contents
Definition
Bone marrow transplantation is the process in which bone marrow is harvested- from a donor or from the patient- and then given intravenously to a patient to treat a host of different diseases [1]. Hematopoietic stem cells is the therapeutic component of bone marrow. Their main use is the treatment of hematological and lymphoid cancers. There are currently nine million potential donors in databases around the world; matches for bone marrow transplants are found over 50% of the time. Due to the time it takes from match to donation - three months- only about half of those matches are actually utilized [6]. The motivation for continued research in this area is due to the wide spread application of HSC that will be covered in detail in the following sections.
History
Reference 6
1903 – Pianese, Italy, is the first person to take a bone marrow sample for diagnostic purposes. The sample was taken from the femur by a surgical trephine [1].
1922 – Morris and Falconer use a drill to start a marrow biopsy [1].
1922 – Seyfarth makes puncture needle to get bone marrow from rib bones. He recommends the use of gloves and a gown for this procedure but determines that no anesthesia is required for the patient [1].
1927 – Anirkin, Russia, uses a lumbar puncture needle to take marrow from the sternum; his method was used to diagnose typhus and tuberculosis [1].
1935 – Klima and Rosegger make needles with guards [1]. (see right)
1929-1938 – Healthy volunteers give marrow without anesthesia just for the good of science [1].
1943 – The first death occurs by accident when the heart is punctured when taking a sternum sample of bone marrow [1].
1950 – The pelvis, 50% of body’s bone marrow, is suggested as a good site for drawing samples [1].
Reference 6
1959 – Georges Mathe performs the first successful bone marrow transplant not on identical twins when one twin was dying of end stage leukemia [2].
1959 – Georges Mathe performs several bone marrow transplants to help six accidentally irradiated nuclear researchers [2].
Mid 1960’s- The typing of histocompatibility complexes allows for matching of donors to patients. It’s found that ¼ of all siblings have the same complexes [6].
1990’s – Storb introduces low dose irradiation and immunosuppressive drugs to permit engraftment and prevent graft versus host disease (GVHD). He then went on to decrease rejection rates by adding an antirejection agent before irradiation. It’s a gentle, safe, and effective method but for serious cancers there is the risk of relapse from the lack of GVHD [6].
Health Issues Associated with Bone Marrow Transplants
Reference 6
Irradiation
High dose irradiation will kill a person rather quickly. A low dose of radiation damages the intestinal track and central nervous system. These people will slowly die of organ failure. Bone marrow transplants in humans were first conducted to save those that had been accidentally irradiated [6].
Cancer
Cancers of the blood, for example leukemia, are prime candidates for bone marrow transplants. Leukemic cells are replenished by leukemic stem cells much as normal cells are renewed from noncancerous stem cells. Chemotherapy only attacks fast growing cells but stem cells are usually quiescent. GVHD attacks the cancerous cells that are left behind and kills them. Minor antigens on the surface of the donated cells from the Y chromosome account for and increase GVHD in male recipients from female donors. This results in more cures/remissions than other treatments but may cause a serious immune reaction that can result in death [6].
Other
Autologous donors are good for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Allograft donors are good for sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome [6].
AIDS
Thirty-two attempts to cure AIDS with bone marrow transplants were conducted between 1982 and 1996. In two patients HIV was eradicated (test positive to negative). One transient disappearance occurred and many other patients had clinical improvement. This includes a xenotransplantation from a baboon into a human patient as baboons are unable to acquire HIV [7].
The first attempt in 1983 to cure AIDS with a bone marrow transplant was done to two men but they had progressed too far into the disease already and died. In 1984 a second, healthier, male got a bone marrow donation from his identical twin brother and showed immunologic improvement but no clinical improvement and died in 12 months [7].
HIV enters into cells with the help of CD4 surface molecule and co-receptors (mostly CCR5). A homogeneous 32 base pair deletion in the CCR5 gene protects from HIV infection by eradicating this co-receptor. The heterozygous presence of the mutation leads to delayed disease progression. In 2009 a patient was treated for acute myeloid leukemia and also had AIDS. His donor was homozygous for a CCR5 deletion. He had no detectable viral load 27 months after the transplant with the help of no antiviral drugs [3].
Current therapy for AIDS allows people to live for 2/3 of the life expectancy of the rest of the population. There are side effects associated with these treatments, they are expensive, they have led to resistant strains, and some people still progress to AIDS. Bone marrow transplants could be the ideal treatment for some patients. Mostly Caucasians have the homogeneous mutation, 1-3%, and it is most prevalent in the NE parts of Europe. Current registries offer a theoretical 30% chance of finding a match with homogeneous mutant. As an added bonus this mutation also reduces GVHD [3]!
Tyrosinemia Type 1
Injection of bone marrow into mice that would normally die from tyrosinemia without intervention had restored liver function and survived. (Tyrosinemia type 1 means that you totally lack the enzymes necessary to metabolize tyrosine which leads to liver and kidney failure) It was found that only hematopoietic stem cells gave rise to these changes. Upon the biopsy of these mice it was found that large sections of the liver had been taken over by donor cells that could properly proves tyrosine. Studies in humans have shown improved liver function in hepatitis C patients [5].
Reference 5
Procedures Involved
Irradiation to destroy cancer and subsequently bone marrow is the first step in the process [4]. The use of cyclophosphamide can be used instead of irradiation; it slows growth of cells and decreases immune response [6]. The transplant is then injected into the blood stream so that the cells can engraft into the bone [4].
The harvest is done under general anesthesia where 10 % of donors bone marrow is taken (about 2 pints) in 1-2 hours. The cells taken will be replaced in 4-6 weeks. The donor will be able to leave in a few hours or next morning. They will be sore and weak but are usually back to normal in 2-3 days. For the donors trouble the recipient’s insurance pays for the expenses [4].
Peripheral blood stem cell harvest is a several day process. For a few days before the procedure a shot is administered of filgrastim which causes the body to make and release stem cells into the blood. This can cause bone pain and headaches. Blood is taken out through a catheter in a large arm vein or chest vein and is put through a machine to separate out the stem cells. This takes 2-4 hours [4]. An allograft from peripheral blood has many T-cells and can have an increased instance of GVHD. The use of the drugs above helps this ratio. The process takes about 25 L in 4 hours [6].
The recipient of the bone marrow transplant will take anywhere from 2-6 weeks to return to a normal blood count. During this time they are very susceptible to infections and may be given antibiotics [4].
Types of Transplants
Autologous
Cells are taken from the patient and then frozen. The patient is treated for their disease and then their bone marrow is transfused back into their bodies [4]. There is no risk of rejection but cancer cells may also be harvested. To combat this, the patient may have anticancer treatment first. Because there is no risk of rejection, there is no chance of GVHD, leading to an increase in reoccurrence because the cancer stem cells may not be killed. This type of transplant is more common these days because of decreased mortality and no GVHD, but the risk of relapse from possible contaminated cells and lack of GVHD may be greater than the benefit [6].
Allogeneic
Cells are taken from another person whose tissue is closely matched. For allogeneic transplants from a bone marrow donor there is a high chance of GVHD and infection from the time when the patient is immune-compromised [4].
Cord Blood Transplant
Cord blood may be used for children. The cells are free of cancer, have just enough GVHD, but they are more likely to be attacked and die before engraftment. This technique has been used by thousands of people but there are generally not enough stem cells for an adult patient. The match can be less exact, rich in cells but low in volume [6].
Mini-Transplant
When someone is too sick to wipe out their immune system they do it just enough treatment to kill some of the cancer, bone marrow, and immune system to allow for a donation. The new cells slowly take over hosts cells. This technique is not good for people with tons of cancer cells [4].
Side effects
2% of people will die from autologous transplants, <10% from allogeneic, and 40% from advanced cancer patients [6].
Common side effects are: graft-versus-host disease; infections; lung, kidney, liver, or heart problems; low thyroid function; fatigue, slowed growth and development; and infertility [4].
GVHD is prevented through the use of methotrexate which is also used to help with arthritis, it blocks enzymes involved in the immune system. GVHD decreases the chance of relapse because the new immune cells attack the cancer cells [6].
References
1. Parapia, L. A. (2007). Trepanning or trephines: a history of bone marrow biopsy. British Journal of Haematology.
2. Martin, Douglas (20 October 2010). "Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88". New York Times.
3. Hutter, G. (2009). Transplantation of selected or transgenic blood stem cells – a future treatment for hiv/aids?.Journal of the International AIDS Society.
4. (2011). Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood, bone marrow, and cord blood transplants). American Cancer Society.
5. Lagasse, E. (2000). Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nature Medicine.
6. Copelan, E. A. (2006). Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. The New England Journal of Medicine.
7. Huzicka. (1997). Could bone marrow transplantation cure aids/: review. Medical Hypothesis.
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User:Maureen McKeague
From OpenWetWare
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Contents
Contact Info
Maureen McKeague (an artistic interpretation)
Maureen McKeague
Stanford University
Y2E2 Building, Room B07
473 Via Ortega
Stanford, CA 94305
Email me through OpenWetWare
I work in the Smolke lab
Education
Research interests
Publications
1. McKeague, M.; DeRosa, M.C. Challenges and Opportunities for Small Molecule Aptamer Development, Journal of Nucleic Acids, 2012.
2. Cruz-Toledo, J.; McKeague, M.; Zhang, X.; Giamberardino, A.; McConnell, E.; Francis, T.; DeRosa, M.C.; Dumontier, M. Aptamer Base: A collaborative knowledge base to describe aptamers and SELEX experiments. Database: Journal of Biological Databases and Curation. 2012.
3. McKeague, M.; Giamberardino, A.; DeRosa, M.C. Advances in Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Food Safety, Environmental Biosensors. 2011, Vernon Somerset (Ed.) ISBN: 9789533074863, InTech.
4. De Girolamo, A.; McKeague, M.; Miller, J.D.; DeRosa, M.C.; Visconti, A. Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat After Clean-Up through a DNA Aptamer-Based Solid Phase Extraction Column. Food Chem. 2011, 127, 1378-1384.
5. McKeague, M.; Bradley, C.R.; De Girolamo, A.; Visconti, A.; Miller, J.D.; Derosa, M.C. Screening and Initial Binding Assessment of Fumonisin B(1) Aptamers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 4864-4881.
6. Luo, X.; McKeague, M.; Pitre, S.; Dumontier, M.; Green, J.; Golshani, A.; Derosa, M.C.; Dehne, F. Computational Approaches Toward the Design of Pools for the in Vitro Selection of Complex Aptamers. RNA. 2010, 16, 2252-2262.
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He who puts up with insult invites injury. Proverb, Jewish
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“People advising others often forget that the same advice applies to their life as well.”~Anuj Somany Anujsomany
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Quotes about philanthropists
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"Philanthropist. A rich (and usually bald) old gentleman who has trained himself to grin while his conscience is picking his pocket."
Bierce, Ambrose on philanthropists
"To enjoy a good reputation give publicly, and steal privately."
Billings, Josh on philanthropists
"If the barricades went up in our streets and the poor became masters, I think the priests would escape, I fear the gentlemen would; but I believe the gutters would simply be running with the blood of philanthropists."
Chesterton, Gilbert K. on philanthropists
"The worst of charity is that the lives you are asked to preserve are not worth preserving."
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on philanthropists
"I love my fellow creatures -- I do all the good I can -- yet everybody says I'm such a disagreeable man!"
Gilbert, W. S. on philanthropists
"He is one of those wise philanthropists who, in a time of famine, would vote for nothing, but a supply of toothpicks."
Jerrold, Douglas William on philanthropists
"Are there not thousands in the world who love their fellows even to the death, who feel the giant agony of the world, and more, like slaves to poor humanity, labor for mortal good?"
Keats, John on philanthropists
"All philanthropy... is only a savory fumigation burning at the mouth of a sewer. This incense offering makes the air more endurable to passers-by, but it does not hinder the infection in the sewer from spreading."
Key, Ellen on philanthropists
"Those who give hoping to be rewarded with honor are not giving, they are bargaining."
Philo on philanthropists
"Philanthropic people lose all sense of humanity. It is their distinguishing characteristic."
Wilde, Oscar on philanthropists
"Boredom is the legitimate kingdom of the philanthropic."
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Internet in Medicine University Course: Google Story and Medical Search Engines
The 9th week of the world’s first university accredited course focusing on medicine and social media was dedicated to the Google story and medical search engines.
First slideshow: The Google phenomenon
• Also some of the dead ones: Google Lively and Knol
• Google Demo Slam:
• Talking about 23andme and how our genomic profiles will affect the future of healthcare
Take-home message: Google can make our lives easier. The question is how close we should let it come to us.
Second slideshow: Medical Search Engines
• How to search on the web (Google tricks)
Take-home message: Search like a professional and help your patients search properly online.
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Hood River
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Hood River OR - aerial
Hood River [1] is a city in Oregon on the Columbia River. Hood River is renowned for wind surfing.
[edit] Get in
Drive or take a bus from Portland. You can also take the train from Portland to Bingen, Washington just across the river. The drive from Portland through the Columbia River Gorge is outstanding, so if possible, rent a car.
[edit] Get around
It's easy to walk around downtown Hood River, but you might want a car to check out some scenic areas nearby. There are shuttle and tour services offered by local businesses, check out the Hood River Chamber's website to explore the possibilities at [hoodriver.org].
Hood River is a cool little town. There are great dining options, lots of shopping, some sweet little hotel/motels; with lots of family-friendly opportunities.
[edit][add listing] See
Breathtaking views of the Columbia River Gorge, quaint old orchards with Mt. Hood as backdrop, acres of world-class wine-producing vineyards, waterfalls, local art galleries, and historical byways are just the beginning of what visitors will experience in Hood River, OR.
Take a ride on the Mt. Hood Railroad through river valleys, orchard land, up to mountain vistas, and back while enjoying a gourmet meal. Come during the winter to see the snow-capped cascades in all their glory, or tour the Fruit-Loop if Fall colors are your fancy. Springtime boasts fruit blossomes noteworthy by some of the best photographers in the region. During the Summer a whole day can be sent sitting down at the Marina, marveling at the athletic abilities of Wind and Kite-Surfers in this wind-capital of the world. Hood River is truly beautiful every season of the year.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Ski
• Snowboard
• Hike
• WindSurf
• Kiteboard
• Go to a Wine Tasting
• Check out Downtown
• Mountain Bike
• Art Galleries
• Fishing
• Camping
• Tour a Brewery
• The Fruit Loop
• Blossom Fest
• Harvest Fest
• Hops Fest
• Hood River Holidays
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Downtown Hood River's downtown area is set up for shopping. Locally made products, boutiques, sports-wear, art-galleries; anything and everything you never knew you could get in Hood River.
• Sports Hood River offers several sports-equipment sales and rental shops from mountain biking to windsurfing to stand-up paddle boarding to fishing, every level of experience is welcome.
• The Heights This area, above downtown, boasts many local restaurants, unique shops, a grocery store, services, and everything for locals and visitors to do daily life.
• The Fruit Loop Stop by the Hood River Chamber (720 E Port Marina Drive) to get a Fruit Loop map. Drive the 35-mile loop of locally grown apples, pears, and purchase fresh fruit, honey, lavender, and so much more.
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Gorge in the Gorge, [2]. A resource guide for where and what to eat in the Columbia River Gorge. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Gorge in the Gorge, [3]. A resource for where and what to drink in the Columbia River Gorge. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Best Western Hood River Inn, 1108 E Marina Way, +1 541 386-2200 (fax: +1 541 386-8905), [4]. edit
• Sunset Motel Hood River, 2300 Cascade Avenue, [5]. The Sunset Motel offers nearby access to windsurfing, wineries, Full Sail brewery, golf course, campgrounds, art galleries and is only a short distance from the Columbia River Gorge, downtown shopping, and a variety of outdoor activities. edit
[edit] Get out
Routes through Hood River
PortlandCascade Locks W E The DallesBoise
PortlandCascade Locks W E The DallesBoise
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Whitchurch-Stouffville
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Whitchurch-Stouffville is a town in the York region of the Greater Toronto Area, in Ontario.
Take Highway 48 or any of the north-south roads that lead up to Stouffville road or 'Main Street'.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8635.4.55.001 - Tourist Accommodation, Small Area Data, South Australia - Electronic Delivery, Jun 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/10/2006
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6106.0 - Labour Statistics News, August 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/08/2009
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Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:23384",
"uncompressed_offset": 340556329,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/12/559/abstract",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b1cfed45-8981-4081-ba4c-7ff5bdaa2df7>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/12/559/abstract"
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Research article
Physical and psychosocial benefits of yoga in cancer patients and survivors, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Laurien M Buffart1*, Jannique GZ van Uffelen2,3, Ingrid I Riphagen4, Johannes Brug1, Willem van Mechelen5, Wendy J Brown3 and Mai JM Chinapaw5
Author Affiliations
1 EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
2 Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
3 School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
4 Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
5 EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Cancer 2012, 12:559 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-559
Published: 27 November 2012
Abstract
Background
This study aimed to systematically review the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and to conduct a meta-analysis of the effects of yoga on physical and psychosocial outcomes in cancer patients and survivors.
Methods
A systematic literature search in ten databases was conducted in November 2011. Studies were included if they had an RCT design, focused on cancer patients or survivors, included physical postures in the yoga program, compared yoga with a non-exercise or waitlist control group, and evaluated physical and/or psychosocial outcomes. Two researchers independently rated the quality of the included RCTs, and high quality was defined as >50% of the total possible score. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated for outcomes studied in more than three studies among patients with breast cancer using means and standard deviations of post-test scores of the intervention and control groups.
Results
Sixteen publications of 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, of which one included patients with lymphomas and the others focused on patients with breast cancer. The median quality score was 67% (range: 22–89%). The included studies evaluated 23 physical and 20 psychosocial outcomes. Of the outcomes studied in more than three studies among patients with breast cancer, we found large reductions in distress, anxiety, and depression (d = −0.69 to −0.75), moderate reductions in fatigue (d = −0.51), moderate increases in general quality of life, emotional function and social function (d = 0.33 to 0.49), and a small increase in functional well-being (d = 0.31). Effects on physical function and sleep were small and not significant.
Conclusion
Yoga appeared to be a feasible intervention and beneficial effects on several physical and psychosocial symptoms were reported. In patients with breast cancer, effect size on functional well-being was small, and they were moderate to large for psychosocial outcomes.
Keywords:
Yoga; Randomized controlled trial; Physical function; Psychosocial function; Quality of life; Cancer
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Study protocol
Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (SN--DREAMS III): Study design and research methodology
Swakshyar Saumya Pal, Rajiv Raman, Suganeswari Ganesan, Chinmaya Sahu and Tarun Sharma*
Author Affiliations
Sankara Nethralaya, Vision Research Foundation, 18 College Road, Chennai-600006, Tamil Nadu, India
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Ophthalmology 2011, 11:7 doi:10.1186/1471-2415-11-7
Published: 24 March 2011
Abstract
Background
To describe the methodology of the Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study III, an ongoing epidemiological study to estimate the prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in rural population of Kanchipuram and Thiravallur districts of Tamil Nadu, India and to elucidate the clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and genetic risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in this rural population.
Methods
Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study III will be a mobile van based epidemiological study; 11,760 participants aged ≥ 40 years will be recruited from the study areas. Eligible subjects will undergo blood sugar estimation to diagnose Diabetes. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test will be done to conform diabetes. All subjects with diabetes will undergo complete information of knowledge, aptitude and practice of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, Diet questionnaire, demographic data, socioeconomic status, physical activity, anthropometric measurements, and risk of sleep apnoea. A detailed medical and ocular history, a comprehensive eye examination including refraction, slit lamp biomicroscopy examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp biomicroscopy, digital stereo fundus photography and ultrasound of eye will be done in the mobile van. Blood will be collected for biochemical investigations including blood hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile, urea and creatinine, genetic study. Urine will be collected for microalbuminuria. All fundus photographs will be graded at base hospital. Participants who need treatment will be sent to the base hospital. A computerized database is created for the records.
Conclusion
The study is expected to provide an estimate of the prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy and also a better understanding of the genetic, anthropometric and socio-economic risk factors associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in a Rural South Indian population.
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Research Article
New Existence Results for Higher-Order Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equation with Integral Boundary Conditions
Meiqiang Feng1*, Xuemei Zhang2,3 and WeiGao Ge3
Author Affiliations
1 School of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
2 Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
3 Department of Mathematics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Boundary Value Problems 2011, 2011:720702 doi:10.1155/2011/720702
Published: 20 July 2010
Abstract
This paper investigates the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for a class of higher-order nonlinear fractional differential equations with integral boundary conditions. The results are established by converting the problem into an equivalent integral equation and applying Krasnoselskii's fixed-point theorem in cones. The nonexistence of positive solutions is also studied.
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Cost and Profit Efficiency of the Malaysian Commercial Banks: A Comparison between Domestic and Foreign Banks
Izah Mohd Tahir, Nor Mazlina Abu Bakar, Sudin Haron
Abstract
This study examines the relative efficiency levels of domestic and foreign commercial banks in Malaysia between 2000 and 2006, using accounting-based ratio, stochastic cost and profit frontier approach. Using accounting-based ratio, the results suggest that interest margin and operating cost are slightly higher for domestic banks than for foreign banks. Further, the results also suggest that profit ratios are slightly higher for foreign banks relative to domestic banks. Using the stochastic frontier approach, the results indicate that domestic banks are found to be more cost-efficient but less profit - efficient relative to foreign banks.
Keywords: Efficiency, accounting-based ratios, stochastic cost and profit frontier approach, Malaysia
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Integrated Farm System Model
Environmental Assessment:
Integrated Farm System Model
Integrated Farm System Model Overview. Source: USDA.
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sidney Draggan Ph.D.
The Integrated Farm System Model
With tighter profit margins and increasing environmental constraints, strategic planning of farm production systems is becoming both more important and more difficult. This is especially true for dairy and beef production. Livestock production is complex with a number of interacting processes that include crop and pasture production, crop harvest, feed storage, grazing, feeding, and manure handling. Computer simulation provides a useful procedure for integrating these processes to predict the long-term performance, environmental impact, and economics of production systems.
Development of a simulation model of the dairy forage system began in the early 1980’s. The model, known as the Dairy Forage System Model or DAFOSYM, linked alfalfa and corn production models with a dairy animal intake model to predict feed production and disappearance on the farm. This model was expanded with additional components for simulating feed storage and animal performance. Manure handling, tillage, and planting operations were then added to extend the model to a simulation of the full dairy farm. The dairy farm model was broadened further by adding components for simulating grass, small grain, and soybean growth, harvest, and storage. Through a major revision, a beef animal component was added along with a crop farm option (no animals) to form the Integrated Farm System Model or IFSM. This model has continued to grow as components were added to simulate environmental impacts including ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, phosphorus runoff, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Unlike most farm models, IFSM simulates all major farm components on a process level. This enables the integration and linking of components in a manner that adequately represents the major interactions among the many biological and physical processes on the farm. This provides a robust research and teaching tool for exploring the whole farm impact of changes in management and technology. Process level simulation remains an important goal as additional components are developed and added.
In an IFSM simulation, crop production, feed use, and the return of manure nutrients back to the land are simulated over many years of weather. Growth and development of alfalfa, grass, corn, soybean, and small grain crops are predicted on a daily time step based upon soil water and N availability, ambient temperature, and solar radiation. Performance and resource use in manure handling, tillage, planting, and harvest operations are functions of the size and type of machines used and daily weather. Field drying rate, harvest losses, and nutritive changes in crops are related to the weather, crop conditions, and machinery operations used. Losses and nutritive changes during storage are influenced by the characteristics of the harvested crop and the type and size of storage facility used.
Feed allocation and animal response are related to the nutritive value of available feeds and the nutrient requirements of up to six animal groups making up either dairy or beef herds. Diets for each group are formulated using a cost-minimizing linear programming approach, which makes the best use of homegrown feeds and purchased supplements. Protein and energy requirements are determined for each animal group based upon the characteristics of the average animal in the group. One or two protein supplements are used to balance rations. These can include both high and low rumen degradable protein feeds. Feed characteristics can be defined to describe essentially any supplement of each type including blended feeds. Supplemental P and K fed, if needed, is the difference between the requirement of each animal group and the sum of that contained in the feeds consumed.
Nutrient flows through the farm are modeled to predict potential nutrient accumulation in the soil and loss to the environment. The quantity and nutrient content of the manure produced is a function of the quantity and nutrient content of the feeds consumed. Nitrogen volatilization occurs in the barn, during storage, following field application, and during grazing. Denitrification and leaching losses from the soil are related to the rate of moisture movement and drainage from the soil profile as influenced by soil properties, rainfall, and the amount and timing of manure and fertilizer applications. Erosion of sediment is predicted as a function of daily runoff depth, peak runoff rate, field area, soil erodibility, slope, and soil cover. Phosphorus transformation and movement is simulated among surface and subsurface soil pools of organic and inorganic P. Edge-of-field runoff losses of sediment-bound P and soluble P are predicted as influenced by manure and tillage management as well as daily soil and weather conditions. Greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are estimated for all sources and sink including crop production, fuel combustion, the animals, the barn floor, and manure storage. Following the prediction of losses, whole-farm balances of N, P, K and C are determined as the sum of all nutrient imports in feed, fertilizer, deposition, and legume fixation minus the exports in milk, excess feed, animals, manure, and losses leaving the farm.
Simulated performance is used to determine production costs, incomes, and economic return for each year of weather. A whole-farm budget is used, which includes fixed and variable production costs. Annual fixed costs for equipment and structures are the product of their initial cost and a capital recovery factor where this factor is a function of an assigned economic life and real interest or discount rate. The resulting annual fixed costs are summed with predicted annual expenditures for labor, resources, and products used to obtain a total production cost. Labor cost accounts for all field, feeding, milking, and animal handling operations including charges for unpaid operator labor. This total cost is subtracted from the total income received for milk, animal, and excess feed sales to determine a net return to the herd and management.
By comparing simulation results for different production systems, the effects of system differences are determined, including resource use, production efficiency, environmental impact, production costs, and net return. Production systems are simulated over a 25 year sample of recent historical weather. All farm parameters, including prices, are held constant throughout the simulation so that the only source of variation among years is the effect of weather. Distribution of the annual values obtained describes possible performance outcomes as weather varies. Inter-year dynamics are not considered; initial conditions such as soil nutrient concentrations and feed inventories are reset each year. Therefore, the simulated data indicate the range of variation in economic and environmental performance that can occur given the variation in weather at the farm location, i.e. the distribution of simulated annual values indicates weather-related risk experienced by the simulated production system. A wide distribution in annual values implies a greater degree of risk.
The Integrated Farm System Model functions on all of the major Windows operating systems. Input information is supplied to the program through three parameter files. The farm parameter file contains data describing the farm such as crop areas, soil type, equipment and structures used, numbers of animals at various ages, harvest, tillage, and manure handling strategies, and prices for various farm inputs and outputs. The machinery file includes parameters for each machine available for use on a simulated farm. These parameters include machine size, initial cost, operating parameters, and repair factors. Most farm and machinery parameters are modified quickly and conveniently through dialog boxes in the user interface of the program. Many of these files can be created to store parameters for different farms and machinery sets for later use in other simulations. The weather file contains daily weather data for many years at a specific location. The daily data include the date, incident solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and total precipitation.
Simulation output is available in four files, which contain summary tables, report tables, optional tables, and parameter tables. The summary tables provide average performance, environmental impact, costs, and returns for the years simulated. These values consist of crop yields, feeds produced, feeds bought and sold, manure produced, nutrient losses to the environment, production costs, income from products sold, and the net return or profitability of the farm. Values are provided for the average and standard deviation of each over all simulated years. The report tables provide extensive output information including all the data given in the summary tables. In these tables, values are given for each simulated year of weather as well as the mean and variance over all simulated years. Optional tables are available for a closer inspection of how the components of the full simulation are functioning. These tables include very detailed data, often on a daily basis. Parameter tables summarize the input parameters specified for a given simulation. These tables provide a convenient method of documenting the parameter settings used for a simulation.
Reference Manual for IFSM
The reference manual provides a detailed description of the model including the algorithms and major functions used to simulate the performance, environmental impact and economics of farm production systems.
To view, print or save a copy of the Reference Manual (*.pdf), select this line.
To view this copy of the reference manual, Adobe Acrobat Reader must be available on your computer. This manual is also available within the help system of the model after it has been downloaded and installed on your computer.
Download IFSM (Last updated March 17, 2011)
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Editor's Note
Citation
U.S. Department of Agriculture (Content Source);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "Integrated Farm System Model". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth May 25, 2011; Last revised Date July 30, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Integrated_Farm_System_Model?topic=49582>
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3rd Regiment, Indian Home Guard (Oklahoma) (Union)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Military Oklahoma Oklahoma Military Oklahoma in the Civil War 3rd Regiment, Indian Home Guard (Oklahoma) (Union)
Contents
Brief History
The 3rd Regiment, Indian Home Guard was organized at Tahlequah and Park Hill in July 1862 with Colonel William A. Phillips as commander. It was mostly composed of Cherokee Pins,[1]
Wikipedia gave slightly different information. It stated that the 3rd Regiment, Indian Home Guard was organized at Carthage, Missouri, September 16, 1862.[2]
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
Other Sources
• Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier or sailor. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in 'Oklahoma in the Civil War' and 'United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865' (see below).
• National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
• Oklahoma in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Oklahoma, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
References
1. Oklahoma Historical Society, Indian Home Guard, article in the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed 5 August 2011)
2. Wikipedia contributors, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Home_Guard_(American_Civil_War)#cite_note-0 Indian Home Guard (American Civil War) article, (accessed 5 August 20110.
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• This page was last modified on 19 August 2011, at 19:17.
• This page has been accessed 369 times.
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Faughalstown Civil Parish, County MeathEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Ireland County Meath Faughalstown Civil Parish
The following information is a starting point for records about the civil parish of Faughalstown. The information is based on locations and records before 1922.
Contents
Historical Overview
History
Add a brief statement about historical background, including a Web site link if available.
Localities
List the names of townlands in this civil parish List the names of the surrounding parishes List the names and give a description of a district, poor law union, etc.
Maps and gazetteers
Add a Web site link for a map or gazetteer site, and/or add a printed source. Read more about maps and gazetteers.
Records
Cemeteries
Add references to indexes to gravestones or monumental inscriptions.
Census
The purpose of a census was to gather information about people who lived in an area. While the government began census taking in 1821, only fragments exist before 1901. Censuses for 1901 and 1911 are available. Read more about the records in the Ireland Census article.
Add information here about census substitutes that you know about.
Church records
Read general information about church records.
Catholic
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Church of Ireland
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Presbyterian
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Methodist
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Society of Friends
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Others
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Civil Registration
Government registration of births and deaths began in 1864. Registration of Protestant marriages began in 1845, with all marriages being registered by 1864. Go to the Ireland Civil Registration article to read more about these records.
Land records
The Registry of Deeds started in 1708. Land transactions were recorded, including immovable property passed on in a will and property given to a daughter at her marriage. Read more about these records in the Ireland Land and Property article.
Probate records
Probate dealt with the property of a deceased person. Read more about these records in the Ireland Probate Records article.
Add information about probate records for this parish.
School records
Read more about these records in the Ireland Schools article. Add records for this parish.
Tax records
The valuation of property for tax purposes was started in the 1840s by Richard Griffith. A tax paid to the church, call Tithe Applotments, began in the 1820s. Read about these records in the Ireland Taxation and Ireland Land and Property articles. Add records for this parish that you know about.
Web Sites
Add a site for this civil parish.
Further Reading
Add sources here.
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• This page was last modified on 3 August 2010, at 21:41.
• This page has been accessed 97 times.
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GrcEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Redirect page
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• This page was last modified on 14 November 2012, at 21:42.
• This page has been accessed 23 times.
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Changes related to "Societies and libraries"
From FamilySearch Wiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
Hide minor edits | Show bots | Hide anonymous users | Show logged-in users | Hide my edits
Show new changes starting from 07:15, 18 May 2013
Page name:
No changes on linked pages during the given period.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
Learn More
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Windows Desktop Search
From Forensics Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Please help to improve this article by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the discussion page.
Windows Desktop Search (or Windows Search) is a 'desktop' indexer for Microsoft Windows. In Windows XP, Search 4.0 (or Search XP) was an add-on. However Microsoft integrated Search into Windows Vista as 'part of the package'.
Contents
Data location
Windows Search stores its data in:
%Profiles%\All Users\Application Data\Microsoft\Search\Data\Applications\Windows\
Note that '%Profiles%' is dependent on the Windows version.
The search index is stored in a file named Windows.edb. This file is an Extensible Storage Engine Database (EDB).
To access the Windows.edb file (on a live system) the the Windows Search service needs to be deactivated and the necessary access rights are required.
Analysis
Currently there are not many tools which allow you to 'forensically' analyze the Windows Search database.
Artifacts
The artifacts in the Windows Search database can be useful in forensic analysis of a desktop Windows system, especially Windows Vista and later. A few applications are:
• to (partial) recover the content of indexed documents and even email messages stored on a Microsoft Exchange server
• to indicate the former existence of files
• time-line analysis
Dirty database
When analyzing Windows Search databases you can come across a 'dirty database'. This is one left in a dirty state. Some of the tools fail to open these databases. You might have to resort to repairing the database or use a tools that does not have such limitations.
Obfuscation and compression
Windows Search uses both obfuscation and compression to store some of its data, but according to 'Forensic analysis of the Windows Search database' this is easily circumvented.
See Also
External Links
Tools
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
Toolbox
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Greenhouse Gas Storage Projects - Publications
See all Geoscience Australia Publications
Title ↑ Authors Published Released
Atmospheric Tomography: A Bayesian inversion technique for determining the rate and location of fugitive emissions Humphries, R.Jenkins, C.Leuning, R.Zegelin, S.Griffith, D.Caldow, C.Berko, H.Feitz, A.J. 2011 02/Apr/2012
Caprock Systems for CO2 Geological Storage Kaldi, J.Daniel, R.Tenthorey, E.Michael, K.Schacht, U.Nicol, A.Underschultz, J.R.Backe, G. 2011 28/Sep/2011
Geoscience Australia Greenhouse Gas Storage Projects Geoscience Australia 2012 14/Nov/2012
Groundwater Monitoring at the Otway Project Site, Australia Hortle, A.de Caritat, P.Stalvies, C.Jenkins, C. 2011 30/Sep/2011
Groundwater and Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide Feitz, A.J.Boreham, C.J.de Caritat, P.Langford, R.P.Causebrook, R.M.Preda, M.Draper, J. 2010 18/Oct/2011
Hydrogeochemical Baseline Mapping of the Great Artesian Basin Kuske, T.van der Wielen, S.E.Dunsmore, R.E.Ransley, T.R.Feitz, A.J.Draper, J.J. 2010 18/Oct/2011
Installation of a Greenhouse Gas Baseline Atmospheric Monitoring Station Loh, Z.Etheridge, D.Hibberd, M.Berko, H.Feitz, A.J. 2011 18/Oct/2011
Monitoring of CO2 storage in a depleted natural gas reservoir: Gas geochemistry from the CO2CRC Otway Project, Australia Boreham, C.J.Underschultz, J.R.Stalker, L.Kirste, D.Freifeld, B.Jenkins, C.Ennis-King, J. 2011 28/Sep/2011
Project 1.5: Reactive Reservoir Rocks and their Impact on CO2 Storage Haese, R.R.Boreham, C.J.Golding, S.D.Higgs, K.Kirste, D.Moreau, J.Schacht, U.Stalker, L. 2011 28/Sep/2011
Project 1.6: Seal Geomechanics and Potential for CO2 Leakage Tenthorey, E.Backe, G.Nicol, A.Swierczek, E.Dewhurst, D.Lawrence, M. 2011 28/Sep/2011
The Variability in Formation Water Composition and its Implications for CO2 Storage Conditions Haese, R.R.Preda, M. 2011 28/Sep/2011
(11 products total)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Botany
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 789879, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/789879
Research Article
The Effect of NaCl and CMA on the Growth and Morphology of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Kinnikinnick)
Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
Received 26 July 2011; Revised 27 September 2011; Accepted 27 September 2011
Academic Editor: Sergi Munné-Bosch
Copyright © 2012 Jane P. Young et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
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43. D. Ernst, G. Demich, and T. Weiman, Calcium Magnesium Acetate Research in Washington State, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA, 1985.
44. W. C. Ormsby, “New technologies improve cost-effectiveness of CMA,” U.S. Department of Transport. Federal Highway Administration. Public Roads, vol. 63, no. 3, 1999.
45. W. Fu and A. P. Mathews, “Two-stage fermentation process for the production of calcium magnesium acetate and propionate road deicers,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 953–959, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
46. B. Kermath, “Why go native? Landscaping for biodiversity and sustainability education,” International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 210–223, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. S. R. Smith Jr. and R. D. B. Whalley, “A model for expanded use of native grasses,” Native Plants Journal, vol. 3, pp. 38–49, 2002.
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Central Goldfields Shire Council
Central Goldfields Shire Council is located in central Victoria. The major towns within the shire are Dunolly and Maryborough. It covers an area of 1,536 square kilometre, and in 2006 it had a population of 12,323.
Locality Plan
How to embed a Google Map in a page
Software Systems
Asset Management System: AssetMaster
Document/Records Management System: Unknown
Financial System: Unknown
Geographical Information System: Unknown
Contact Information
Street Address: 12 - 22 Nolan Street, MARYBOROUGH VIC 3465
Postal Address: PO Box 194, MARYBOROUGH VIC 3465
Phone: (03) 5461 0610
Fax: (03) 5461 0666
E-mail: ua.vog.civ.erihsdlogc|liam#ua.vog.civ.erihsdlogc|liam
External Links & References
1. Council Website
2. Wikipedia
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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Endless World of Yoshis
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Level
Endless World of Yoshis
World-Level Secret 6
Game Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3
Notes This the only level to feature the Biting Bullet Bill.
<< List of Levels >>
Endless World of Yoshis or Crazy Maze Days is the Secret Level of the sixth World in Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3. It is the final Secret Level in the game. It is a notoriously difficult and time-consuming level, containing many unforgiving puzzles and treacherous platforming challenges. The player must make clever use of the surrounding enemies to get a score of 100.
The level starts with an automatic side-scrolling section, with many small platforms and no ground to land on if Yoshi falls. There are many enemies in crucial locations such as on platforms, making it hard for Yoshi to keep up with the screen safely.
Once the player clears this section, he or she will go down a Warp Pipe into a castle area where Yoshi must fall down a long distance while avoiding many spikes suspended in midair - these spikes are the type that instantly cause Yoshi to faint. There is a Middle Ring at the bottom if Yoshi survives the dangerous fall; however, it is generally wise to complete more of the level before using it, as the level has many areas which lead back to the same room, with the spikes having to be avoided again.
From here the player can choose to take the left or right path, both containing Flowers and Red Coins which are essential to get a 100% score for the level. There are rooms at the end of each path which have several choices of doors to go through. One on each end leads to the left or right area of a grassed section of the level which has the tutorial music. That contains 2 Flowers and several red coins. Once the player has all the collectibles from this area, he or she must go back to the long room with the lava and midair spikes, to get to a different door.
Eventually the player can use a Key to enter a vast, lava-filled cave area. This very large area contains 2 more Flowers, and many pits full of spikes which cause instant Game Over to Yoshi. After carefully manipulating a Chomp Rock to hold a One-Way Gate open, Yoshi can get a key to an area where a Super Star is needed to progress.
When Yoshi eventually clears the large cave area, he will enter the final section of this very long level; a flowery field that is an exact replica of the final section of Welcome to Yoshi's Island. However, it has the addition of Kamek attacking Yoshi every few seconds, making it much more dangerous. Just before the Goal (end of the level) is the final Flower, in a Winged Cloud.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese はてしないヨッシーのせかい
Hateshinai Yosshī no Sekai
Endless Yoshi's World
Chinese 無盡的耀西世界/无尽的耀西世界
Wújìn de Yàoxī shìjiè
Endless Yoshi World
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Sensors 2012, 12(7), 8912-8929; doi:10.3390/s120708912
Article
Maximum Likelihood-Based Iterated Divided Difference Filter for Nonlinear Systems from Discrete Noisy Measurements
Changyuan Wang 1,2,* , Jing Zhang 1 and Jing Mu 2
1 School of Computer Science and Engineering Xi’an University of Technology, No. 5 Jinhua South Road Xi’an, Shaanxi 710048, China 2 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, No. 4 Jinhua North Road Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 March 2012; in revised form: 18 June 2012 / Accepted: 21 June 2012 / Published: 27 June 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
Download PDF Full-Text [359 KB, uploaded 27 June 2012 11:20 CEST]
Abstract: A new filter named the maximum likelihood-based iterated divided difference filter (MLIDDF) is developed to improve the low state estimation accuracy of nonlinear state estimation due to large initial estimation errors and nonlinearity of measurement equations. The MLIDDF algorithm is derivative-free and implemented only by calculating the functional evaluations. The MLIDDF algorithm involves the use of the iteration measurement update and the current measurement, and the iteration termination criterion based on maximum likelihood is introduced in the measurement update step, so the MLIDDF is guaranteed to produce a sequence estimate that moves up the maximum likelihood surface. In a simulation, its performance is compared against that of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), divided difference filter (DDF), iterated unscented Kalman filter (IUKF) and iterated divided difference filter (IDDF) both using a traditional iteration strategy. Simulation results demonstrate that the accumulated mean-square root error for the MLIDDF algorithm in position is reduced by 63% compared to that of UKF and DDF algorithms, and by 7% compared to that of IUKF and IDDF algorithms. The new algorithm thus has better state estimation accuracy and a fast convergence rate.
Keywords: nonlinear state estimation; divided difference filter; maximum likelihood surface; target tracking
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Wang, C.; Zhang, J.; Mu, J. Maximum Likelihood-Based Iterated Divided Difference Filter for Nonlinear Systems from Discrete Noisy Measurements. Sensors 2012, 12, 8912-8929.
AMA Style
Wang C, Zhang J, Mu J. Maximum Likelihood-Based Iterated Divided Difference Filter for Nonlinear Systems from Discrete Noisy Measurements. Sensors. 2012; 12(7):8912-8929.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Wang, Changyuan; Zhang, Jing; Mu, Jing. 2012. "Maximum Likelihood-Based Iterated Divided Difference Filter for Nonlinear Systems from Discrete Noisy Measurements." Sensors 12, no. 7: 8912-8929.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Viruses 2009, 1(2), 166-184; doi:10.3390/v1020166
Article
Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis
1 Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA 2 School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA 3 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 17 July 2009; in revised form: 10 August 2009 / Accepted: 11 August 2009 / Published: 26 August 2009
Download PDF Full-Text [157 KB, uploaded 26 August 2009 00:40 CEST]
Abstract: The internal FECV→FIPV mutation theory and three of its correlates were tested in four sibs/half-sib kittens, a healthy contact cat, and in four unrelated cats that died of FIP at geographically disparate regions. Coronavirus from feces and extraintestinal FIP lesions from the same cat were always >99% related in accessory and structural gene sequences. SNPs and deletions causing a truncation of the 3c gene product were found in almost all isolates from the diseased tissues of the eight cats suffering from FIP, whereas most, but not all fecal isolates from these same cats had intact 3c genes. Other accessory and structural genes appeared normal in both fecal and lesional viruses. Deliterious mutations in the 3c gene were unique to each cat, indicating that they did not originate in one cat and were subsequently passed horizontally to the others. Compartmentalization of the parental and mutant forms was not absolute; virus of lesional type was sometimes found in feces of affected cats and virus identical to fecal type was occasionally identified in diseased tissues. Although 3c gene mutants in this study were not horizontally transmitted, the parental fecal virus was readily transmitted by contact from a cat that died of FIP to its housemate. There was a high rate of mutability in all structural and accessory genes both within and between cats, leading to minor genetic variants. More than one variant could be identified in both diseased tissues and feces of the same cat. Laboratory cats inoculated with a mixture of two closely related variants from the same FIP cat developed disease from one or the other variant, but not both. Significant genetic drift existed between isolates from geographically distinct regions of the Western US.
Keywords: feline infectious peritonitis; FIPV; FECV; internal mutation; 3c gene; viral variants
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Pedersen, N.C.; Liu, H.; Dodd, K.A.; Pesavento, P.A. Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Viruses 2009, 1, 166-184.
AMA Style
Pedersen NC, Liu H, Dodd KA, Pesavento PA. Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Viruses. 2009; 1(2):166-184.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Pedersen, Niels C.; Liu, Hongwei; Dodd, Kimberly A.; Pesavento, Patricia A. 2009. "Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis." Viruses 1, no. 2: 166-184.
Viruses EISSN 1999-4915 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Nano Express
Effects of ZnO nanoparticulate addition on the properties of PMNT ceramics
Methee Promsawat1, Anucha Watcharapasorn1,2 and Sukanda Jiansirisomboon1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
2 Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:65 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-65
Published: 5 January 2012
Abstract
This research was conducted in order to study the effect of ZnO nanoparticulate addition on the properties of 0.9 Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.1PbTiO3 [PMNT] ceramics. The PMNT ceramics were prepared by a solid-state reaction. The ZnO nanoparticles were added into PMNT ceramics to form PMNT/xZnO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.%). The PMNT/xZnO ceramics were investigated in terms of phase, microstructure, and mechanical and electrical properties. It was found that the density and grain size of PMNT ceramics tended to increase with an increasing amount of ZnO content. Moreover, a transgranular fracture was observed for the samples containing ZnO, while pure PMNT ceramics showed only a intergranular fracture. An addition of only 0.05 wt.% of ZnO was also found to enhance the hardness and dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the PMNT ceramics.
Keywords:
ceramics; X-ray diffraction; microstructure
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Koch Lab:People
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 20:06, 10 February 2010 by Anthony Salvagno (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Add to My Links
Home Research Lab Members Publications Protocols Contact Funding
Principles Data Notebooks Links Meetings Presentations Inventory
Use this link to see recent wiki editing by Kochlab members and alums
Current or Recent Members
Alumni
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User:Ilya J. Finkelstein
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:45, 13 November 2012 by Ilya J. Finkelstein (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Ilya J. Finkelstein (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from Google, and I've joined because I would like to host my course materials online..
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
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[198] Joseph also died when he had lived a hundred and ten years; having been a man of admirable virtue, and conducting all his affairs by the rules of reason; and used his authority with moderation, which was the cause of his so great felicity among the Egyptians, even when he came from another country, and that in such ill circumstances also, as we have already described. At length his brethren died, after they had lived happily in Egypt. Now the posterity and sons of these men, after some time, carried their bodies, and buried them at Hebron: but as to the bones of Joseph, they carried them into the land of Canaan afterward, when the Hebrews went out of Egypt, for so had Joseph made them promise him upon oath. But what became of every one of these men, and by what toils they got the possession of the land of Canaan, shall be shown hereafter, when I have first explained upon what account it was that they left Egypt.
1
1 CONCERNING THE AFFLICTIONS THAT BEFELL THE HEBREWS IN EGYPT, DURING FOUR HUNDRED YEARS. 1
2 As to the affliction of Abraham's posterity for 400 years, see Antiq. B. I. ch. 10. sect. 3; and as to what cities they built in Egypt, under Pharaoh Sesostris. and of Pharaoh Sesostris's drowning in the Red Sea, see Essay on the Old Testament, Append. p. 132-162.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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Google Directory PageRank Update: Directory PageRank Now Matches Toolbar PageRank
Apr 4, 2008 • 8:02 am | (6) by | Filed Under Google PageRank & Algorithm Updates
Google has updated the PageRank bars within the Google Directory recently. The new update now matches the PageRank values of the Google Toolbar. For example, the Computers > Internet > Web Design and Development > Promotion > Weblogs category now shows my revised, penalized Toolbar PageRank score of a 4 and not a 7.
New Directory PageRank Score:
Old Directory PageRank Score:
The last time Google did a PageRank Directory update was in January and at that time, the PageRank score in the directory did not match the toolbar update from November or so. For history on that, start here and go back.
A WebmasterWorld thread notes that Google has also changes the scale of the Directory PageRank bars from a 0-7 to 0-10, this way it matches the Toolbar scale. Interesting, indeed.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Google Changes Behavior For Showing Results Queried in Quotations
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Help:New page
From SmashWiki, the Super Smash Bros. wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is a help page on SmashWiki.
This article is intended as a guide to helping users understand SmashWiki and its functionalities. Please be sure that any edits to this page reflect the consensus of the community, and discuss any important changes on this help page's talk page.
There are four easy ways to start a new page:
1. You can click a red link to the title of the new page from an existing one. For example, to create an article called "This link", you could click This link. You can also create the link yourself, in a related page or index page. Links on related pages are not only convenient for navigation, but also make people aware of the new page.
2. You can also start a new page by typing the URL directly. An easy way to produce the URL is editing the last part of the URL of another page in the same project. (For example, if you would like to create "This link", go to http://ssbwiki.com/This_link.) To prevent your new page being an "orphan", you should link to it from other pages.
3. If you search for a page that is not yet on this wiki, you will see a red link at the top of the search list. Clicking this is another way to get to the edit page for the new article.
4. The easiest way to create an article is with an inputbox. Typing the new title in the box, and pressing "create article" will take you to the edit page for that article.
Before using one of those last methods, have a search to see whether there is already a page with a name very like the one you propose. Splitting pages later is easier than merging near-duplicates.
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Place:Redmarshall, Durham, England
Watchers
NameRedmarshall
TypeVillage
Located inDurham, England
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Redmarshall is a village and civil parish in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of County Durham, England. Redmarshall is situated to the west of Stockton-on-Tees, the Village is also located just north of the A66 road which is one of the main Trunk routes in, out and through Teesside. It is home to the Church of Saint Cuthbert, the pub which is The Ship and several businesses set up from homes, such as Flavell welding and a Garage. It has a green in the centre and roads such as Church Lane, Coniston Crescent and Windermere avenue, all named after waters in the Lake district Ferguson Way is the newest addition to the village and opposite the Church, a small basketball court can be found. A nature reserve is a short way out of the village and down a bank past Ferguson Way. The village however does not have a church or Village hall which is traditional in many other small and local villages. This could be attributed the growth of housing from the start of the 19th century. There is also an annual village fete held within the village.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4901.0.55.001 - Children's Participation in Sport and Leisure Time Activities, 2000 to 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/11/2010 First Issue
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• About this Release
Using data from the 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 surveys of Children's Participation in Cultural and Leisure Activities this feature article looks at changes to children's participation in sport and other recreational activities over time.
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Ask Your Question
2
Race conditions in callbacks
asked 2012-02-24 00:50:31 -0500
Conrado Miranda
23 2 2 7
Hi, there!
I've been using ROS for a while and I just faced a possible bug. A service is called about the same time a topic got published and that topic is subscribed by the same node that implements the server.
When they run, I get a race condition, as they both use the same variable. Is it expected? I'm using python.
An example of output would be
0 1 [0.2, 0.2] 2 3 4
The list is printed inside callback for the topic and the sequence of numbers is called in the callback for the service. The service is filling the list accessed. I should be able to provide some code quite soon, as my priority is to get this working and later look for the reason (will use mutex for now).
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answered 2012-02-24 06:26:46 -0500
Lorenz
17456 61 144 285
http://ias.in.tum.de/peop...
There is no guarantee in ROS that callbacks are not executed in parallel. This is desired behavior. If you want to avoid this kind of race condition, you need to use locks in your program code, i.e. when entering a callback a lock is acquired and when returning the lock is released again. That way, you get exclusive execution of callbacks. For python, you can use the threading.Lock class (tutorial). For C++ I suggest to use boost::scoped_lock.
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Asked: 2012-02-24 00:50:31 -0500
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Last updated: Feb 24 '12
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The Study Guide now features banners with images, in the spirit of the Daily Article images, on all the Austrian Economics and Libertarian Studies topics as well as some of the most prolific authors. Just the thing if you’re writing a blog entry and want a link to the deep, hardcore literature on an Austro-libertarian topic. And what other serious, scholarly resource features a Talosian?
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Hammer How to Thumb Drive
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 03:51, 14 January 2008 by Robotguy (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
You can add a USB Thumb Drive to your Hammer pretty easily. There are a few things you have to have in your kernel.
You must have:
• USB Core
• USB Storage
• SCSI, including generic support.
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