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IGEM:Virginia 2012/Protocols/Bordet Gengou (BG) Agar Plate Preparation
From OpenWetWare
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This protocol makes the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordet-Gengou_agar Bordet Gengou Agar Plates] used for optimizing the isolation of ''Bordatella''.
This protocol makes the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordet-Gengou_agar Bordet Gengou Agar Plates] used for optimizing the isolation of ''Bordatella''.
+
+
<html><img src="Image:https://fscimage.fishersci.com/images/F103719~wl.jpg"></html>
==Materials==
==Materials==
Revision as of 14:03, 31 May 2012
This protocol makes the Bordet Gengou Agar Plates used for optimizing the isolation of Bordatella.
Contents
Materials
• 30g of Bordet Gengou Agar Base
• 1 L of distilled H2O
• 13 mL glycerol
• 2600 mL Fernback Flask
• Stir Bar
• 100 mL screw cap bottles
• Autoclave
• Autoclave tape
• 4°C Chamber
Procedure
Making solution
• Add 30g of Bordet Gengou Agar Base to 1 liter of distilled H2O in a 2600 mL Fernback Flask while stirring.
• Turn on heat to medium hot.
• Add 13 mL of glycerol
• When thoroughly heated and in solution, aliquot 80 mL in to 100 mL screw cap bottles.
• Leave caps loose enough for air exchange and place autoclave tape between cap and bottle.
• Autoclave
• Tighten the caps and store at 4°C when done.
Pour plates
• Heat autoclaved BG agar bottles in hot water bath until agar is completely liquid.
• This requires hottest setting on hot plate. Remove bottles to cool on bench top.
• When comfortable to touch, add 13 mL defibrinated sheep blood and pour into 60 x 15 mm culture dishes, avoiding air bubbles. (If blood is added when BG agar is too hot, it will hemolyze the blood, turning it brown).
• Note: for antibiotic plates, add 1 mL of 100x solution of antibiotic at time blood is added.
• When plates have cooled and become solid, turn them upside down.
• Leave overnight to reduce condensation, then package, date, label, and store at 4°C.
Notes
Please feel free to post comments, questions, or improvements to this protocol. Happy to have your input!
References
Contact
• Who has experience with this protocol?
or instead, discuss this protocol.
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User:Julius B. Lucks
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 00:31, 22 July 2008 by Julius B. Lucks (Talk | contribs)
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I am a Miller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. With Adam Arkin, I am working on developing genetic systems that compute. I am also part of the arXiv.org project, where I am the lead developer of the applications programming interface.
Projects
Check out my oww home page for more info on the projects I am working on, and take a look at OWW's brand new Open Writing Projects page where you will find a list of open access articles on how to improve your science!
Interests
In addition to science, I am becoming more and more fascinated with how the internet can be used to make some of the common tasks in science more efficient. I enjoy thinking about topics such as:
• How to make the literature system more efficient through better user interfaces to searching. One of the main reasons for opening up the arXiv via an API is to allow the creation of better search interface tools - now its up to you to try out some crazy ideas!
• Low-overhead customizable databases for quick and flexible organization of data. If you are interested in this topic, please add your comments to OpenWetWare:Software/Flexible_Science_Databases.
• Using the internet for fast publication of results.
• Broad community ranking of the usefulness/integrity of such results.
I recently started a project (with the same group of friends) making a game for the $100 Laptop as part of the One Laptop Per Child Project. The game is a generalization of classic Number Munchers, with question content derived from a whole range of topics including learning numbers, arithmetic, spelling, vocabulary, you name it!
Tools I Like
Python - I used to use a lot of different languages for all my tasks, but now I consider Python as my one-stop-shop. I do all sorts of stuff, from serious number crunching to making plots to scripting in it. I firmly believe that python is the best scientific programming platform out there.
I have always wanted to write a series of articles on great scientific tools. I have started one, Scientific Pipelines, that I hope turns into a nice resource for someone just entering into scientific programming.
Despite the languages listed above, I recently took the 'Which Programming Language Are You?' quiz, and found out that
Which Programming Language are You?
Lisp is awesome.
Inspiration
There are some really great thinkers out there ...
OpenWetWare
Science
Research
My specific projects during graduate school have dealt with
• Unzipping DNA at a constant force
• Translocating RNA through nanopores
• Geometrical Defects in curved, two-dimensional crystals (related to viral capsids)
• Phage genome landscapes - a way to visualize important genomic features
My current research involves implementing computational architectures as genetic circuits inside cells.
Education
Publications
J. B. Lucks Python - All a Scientist Needs.
OWW: Article Page (FREE)
Arxiv: arXiv:0803.1838 (q-bio.QM) (FREE)
J. B. Lucks, D. R. Nelson, G. Kudla, J. B. Plotkin. Genome landscapes and bacteriophage codon usage, PLoS Computational Biology, 4, .1000001, 2008.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000001 (FREE)
Arxiv: arXiv:0708.2038v1 (q-bio.GN) (FREE)
J. B. Lucks, Y. Kafri. Dynamics of RNA Translocation through a Nanopore.
Arxiv: q-bio.BM/0703028 (FREE)
V. Vitelli, J. B. Lucks, D. R. Nelson. Crystallography on Curved Surfaces. PNAS, 103, 12323-12328, 2006.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602755103 (FREE)
Arxiv: cond-mat/0604203 (FREE)
J. D. Weeks, J. B. Lucks, Y. Kafri, C. Danilowicz, D. R. Nelson and M. Prentiss. Pause Point Spectra in DNA Constant-Force Unzipping, Biophysical Journal, 88, 2752-2765, 2005.
DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.047340,
Arxiv: cond-mat/0406246 (FREE)
Contact
My email address is lucks at fas dot harvard dot edu, or you can email me through OWW.
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iPhone 5 September release rumors gain speed
PanARMENIAN.Net - Apple's new iPhone is on-track for a September launch and recently leaked images of the handset are "very likely authentic", Digital Spy said citing a source.
Apple Insider reports a "trusted industry insider" as saying that the sixth generation of the iPhone - often referred to as the iPhone 5 due to the numerical run of previous models - will launch as expected on September 12.
Sharp, a key display supplier to Apple, recently stated that it will start shipping the new iPhone screens in August.
Despite previous suggestions that problems experienced by Apple's component manufacturers will cause a delay to the iPhone 5 launch window, it is now thought the supply chain is prepared for the much anticipated new handset.
Apple Insider's source claims that images recently posted online supposedly showing a fully assembled new iPhone are "very likely authentic".
The images depicted a taller smartphone with a larger 4-inch display, and fitted with the new smaller connector that Apple has supposedly developed to save space in its mobile devices.
They also appeared to suggest that the handset's rear will have a metal top and bottom in a uni-body casing, possibly featuring a Gorilla Glass inlay to aid heat dispersion and boost phone reception.
Apple Insider noted that the design differs slightly from previous iPhone handsets and the wireless connectivity features may help prevent similar signal issues as reported by some buyers of the iPhone 4 in 2010.
Also, TechCrunch has claimed to have spotted the iPhone 5 mentioned on a 'reliable' source's server logs. The model is flagged as 'iPhone5,2'.
Partner news
Top stories
It’s not the first time Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer has been interested in the New York-based hipster blogging service.
The number of new smartphones delivered with Android jumped to 162.1 million in the first three months in 2013.
“We believe Samsung generates more revenue and profit from the Android platform than Google does,” Neil Mawston said.
The service now also makes it easier for users to add new contacts sent to them by friends, and has support for Simplified Chinese.
Partner news
Employers and job seekers: how to find each other
Arpine Grigoryan։ each job seeker should understand why to apply for this “x” job in this “x” company but not for “y” job in “y” company.
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Senior Angela Merkel ally issues warning to Greece
PanARMENIAN.Net - A senior member of Chancellor Angela Merkel's party issued a stark warning to Greece on Monday, August 13 saying Germany would not hesitate to veto further aid to the country if there were any signs it was not meeting the conditions of its bailout, Reuters reported.
The comments, by the deputy parliamentary leader of Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU) Michael Fuchs, are a sign that frustration with Greeceamong ruling party lawmakers is nearing the breaking point.
The "troika" of the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund is due to decide on the disbursement of the next tranche of money from Greece's 130 billion euro bailout package in September.
"Even if the glass is half full, that won't be sufficient for a new aid package. Germany cannot and will not agree to that," Michael Fuchs said.
"We long ago reached the point where the Greeks must show they are capable of delivering a shift. A policy of the last, last, last chance won't work anymore and must come to an end."
Merkel has suggested in the past that cutting off aid to Athens, a step which would likely push it out of the euro zone, carries too many risks for the bloc.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Work is either fun or drudgery. It depends on your attitude. I like fun. Barrett, Colleen C.
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Stop worrying about the potholes in the road and celebrate the journey! Hoffman, Barbara
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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There is no great genius without a mixture of madness. Aristotle
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Civilization is maintained by a very few people in a small number of places and we need only some bombs and a few prisons to blot it out altogether. Connolly, Cyril
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The whole art of teaching is only the art of awakening the natural curiosity of young minds for the purpose of satisfying it afterwards; and curiosity itself can be vivid and wholesome only in proportion as the mind is contented and happy. France, Anatole
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Quotes by Crowfoot
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"What is life? It is the flash of a firefly in the night. It is the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset."
Crowfoot on life
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You Know Its Bad When….
RedsArmyAdmin June 22, 2008 Uncategorized 7 Comments
even Jay Leno can absolutely wreck your franchise
Hah…. suck it Lakers fans.
WORLD CHAMPS!
(By the way… this is one of the men crying Leno was talking about)
This gets more fun every day!
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Celtics News
The Celtics are going to make The Scoring Champ work for it
In his weekly appearance on WEEI, Doc Rivers spoke about the Celtics defensive approach to Carmelo Anthony, aka The 2013 NBA Scoring Champion, and momentum: On stopping Anthony: “We do have to limit the other guys, but I don’t subscribe to the theory that he’s going to get what he’s going to get. He may [...]
April 18, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News 8
ESPN to the Celtics: “You can’t win!”
No surprises here. Heck, I’m not even sure the Celtics can beat New York. The Knicks in 5 is a straight slap in the face. Kinda like your woman saying you have no shot of winning the biggest fight of your life. I’m so ready for this series. [...]
April 18, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News 20
Kevin Garnett: “Not every city is like this”
In a recent sit down interview with Greg Dickerson, Kevin Garnett discussed “the chant” from Game 6. Part of what he said is in the headline. Here’s more: “It’s like someone told me at the gas station, ‘I’m a Celtic too. This is my team, I was raised with this team,’ that’s pretty much what [...]
April 17, 2013 John - Red's Army Celtics News 3
Doc: “You don’t stop the spirit of Boston”
Boston is a city almost without borders. People within 50 miles of the concrete monster we know as city hall can stake a rightful claim to being from Boston or “the Boston area.” And people from all over the world who root for our teams can feel a very special connection to the city. Yet [...]
April 16, 2013 John - Red's Army Celtics News 3
Celtics players, ownership offer condolences
Here are some statements from Celtics players and owners related to the Marathon bombings. I’m sure there will be more… I’m not sure who Corinne Grousbeck is referring to. She has not given any specifics. I’d also like to call attention to this Letter from Boston by SB Nation’s Paul Flannery. It’s worth a [...]
April 16, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce Comments Off
The Tuesday Celtics-Pacers game is cancelled
In light the deadly bombings at Boston Marathon, the NBA has cancelled tomorrow’s game between the Celtics and Pacers. It will not be rescheduled. In a release tonight, the Celtics said Our sincere sympathies go out to all those affected by this senseless tragedy. The entire Celtics organization would like to acknowledge the heroic efforts [...]
April 15, 2013 John - Red's Army Celtics News 2
Practice notes: Pierce is sick, Terry is sitting
Before we get to the upcoming playoff series with the Knicks, let’s address the roster situation for the final two regular season games – Tuesday vs Indiana and Wednesday at Toronto. According to ESPN Boston’s Chris Forsberg: * PIERCE (ILLNESS) SITS OUT: Celtics captain Paul Pierce is battling a stomach bug and was told to stay [...]
April 15, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce 2
Your Morning Dump… Where the Celtics hope 7 is their lucky number
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there’s nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. Business was thus completed. The Celtics secured the seventh seed, avoiding the No. 8 spot and the unwanted draw of the top-seeded Miami Heat in the first round. [...]
April 14, 2013 Jay Celtics News, The Morning Dump 9
How we see it goin’ down: Celtics vs Heat
Tip: 7:30PM Court: AmericanAirlines Arena Watch it: CSNN Hear it: WEEI Referees: James Capers, Mark Lindsay and Sean Wright Spread: Even Boston Celtics Tickets Are you watching or going to tonight’s Celtics game? RSVP here and be entered to win $200 in free tickets. The Matchup Record: 40-38 Record: 62-16 On road: 13-25 [...]
April 12, 2013 Sebastian Lena Celtics News, Gametime, Previews 12
Rondo heard about his torn ACL from a radio report
Rajon Rondo spoke about his ACL injury with ESPN’s Hannah Storm. After getting an MRI, Rondo said he first heard about the torn ACL from a radio reporter: On the way back, I heard on the radio that Rondo might have a torn ACL. I was like… We just got the results, there’s no way [...]
April 11, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Rajon Rondo 4
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8 Sep 2005 chenster000 » (Observer)
Ok... well, we;ve been having a ton of problems with this years competition. You wouldn't believe the luck we've had. First, our Illinois divion was postponed until February, and in that case, we were not allowed to participate at the national level. And, then we find out that we can join the St Louis divions, but the school wouldn't accept our proposal to use school transportation. We decided to try again, but our efforts may or may not work. I really hope we get to compete this year...
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Difference between revisions of "United Kingdom"
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Europe : Britain and Ireland : United Kingdom
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(Parks and Nature)
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Oxford and Cambridge – The two ancient university towns allow you to wander amongst the dreaming spires, to punt on the river and to at certain times walk through the college quadrangles.
Oxford and Cambridge – The two ancient university towns allow you to wander amongst the dreaming spires, to punt on the river and to at certain times walk through the college quadrangles.
== Parks and Nature ==
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'''Parks and Nature'''
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The British countryside has lots to offer, In the south there are the rolling countryside and picturesque villages of the [[Cotswolds]] and the [[Jurassic coast]]. In the east, there is the tranquillity of the [[Fens]]. The north has the magnificent scenery and outdoor activities in the [[Lake District]] and the [[Peak District]]. Wales offers the ruggedness of the [[Snowdonia National Park]] and the beautiful beaches of the [[Gower]]. Scotland has the vast wilderness of the [[Highlands]] and the beauty of the islands. Northern Ireland is blessed with the [[Giants causeway]] as well as the north Antrim coast.
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The British countryside has lots to offer, In the south there are the rolling countryside and picturesque villages of the [[Cotswolds]] and the [[Jurassic coast]]. In the east, there is the tranquillity of the [[Fens]]. The north has the magnificent scenery and outdoor activities in the [[Lake District]] and the [[Peak District]]. Wales offers the ruggedness of the [[Snowdonia National Park]] and the beautiful beaches of the [[Gower]]. Scotland has the vast wilderness of the [[Highlands]] and the beauty of the islands. Northern Ireland is blessed with the [[Giants causeway]] as well as the north Antrim coast.
== History ==
== History ==
Revision as of 15:37, 22 May 2012
[[File:|250px|frameless|United Kingdom]]
Location
[[File:|250px|frameless]]
Flag
[[File:|108px|frameless]]
Quick Facts
Capital London
Government Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy
Currency Pound sterling (GBP)
Area total: 244,820 sq km
water: 3,230 sq km
land: 241,590 sq km
Population 62,041,708 (2010 est.)
Language English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scots (mostly spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland) Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland), Ulster-Scots (various parts of Northern Ireland) and some speakers of the Irish Gaelic in Northern Ireland
Religion Anglican and Roman Catholic 40 million (66%)- Roman Catholics are about 10% of the population and rising, Muslim 1.5 million (2.5%), Presbyterian 800,000 (1.3%), Methodist 760,000 (1.3%), Sikh 336,000 (0.6%), Hindu 559,000 (0.9%), Jewish 267,000 (0.4%), Buddhist 152,000 (0.25%), no religion 9,104,000 (15%)
Electricity 230V, 50 Hz
Country code +44
Internet TLD .uk
Time Zone summer: UTC +1
winter: UTC
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the United Kingdom or the UK) [1] is a constitutional monarchy comprising most of the British Isles.
The Union comprises four constituent nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It occupies all of the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern portion of the island of Ireland and most of the remaining British Isles. It is important to remember that the Republic of Ireland is a completely separate country to the United Kingdom, seceding from the Union and gaining its independence in 1922. The Isle of Man and the various Channel Islands are "crown dependencies", possessing their own legislative bodies with the assent of the Crown. They are not part of the United Kingdom, nor of the EU, but are not sovereign nations in their own right either. The UK has Ireland, France, Belgium and Netherlands as its nearest neighbours.
The 'Great' in Great Britain (Grande-Bretagne in French) is to distinguish it from the other, smaller "Britain": Brittany (Bretagne) in northwestern France.
The UK today is a diverse patchwork of native and immigrant cultures, possessing a fascinating history and dynamic modern culture, both of which remain hugely influential in the wider world. Although Britannia no longer rules the waves, the UK is still a popular destination for many travellers. The capital and largest city of the United Kingdom is London.
Contents
Understand
Home nations
"Great Britain" ("GB") refers just to the largest island, that is, Scotland, England, and Wales together. Great Britain became part of the United Kingdom when the Irish and British parliaments merged in 1801 to form the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". This was changed to "... and Northern Ireland" when all but the six Northern Irish counties seceded from the Union in 1922 after a treaty granting Irish home rule. "Britain" is simply another name for the United Kingdom, and does include Northern Ireland, despite common misconception otherwise[2].
The flag of the United Kingdom is popularly known as the Union Jack or Union Flag. It comprises the flags of St. George of England, St. Andrew of Scotland and the St. Patrick's Cross of Ireland superimposed on each other. Within England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, the flags of each nation are commonly used. The St. Patrick's Cross flag is often seen on St. Patrick's Day in Northern Ireland. Since the Republic of Ireland split from the UK though, St. Patrick's Saltire is not used for Northern Ireland, as it represented the whole of the island of Ireland. A flag (known as the "Ulster Banner") was designed for Northern Ireland in the 1920s, which was based on the flag of Ulster (similar in appearance to the St. George's Cross flag of England) and includes a Red Hand of Ulster and a crown. Although the flag's official status ended with the dissolving of the province's devolved government in the early 1970s, it can still be seen in Northern Ireland, particularly among the Protestant community and on sporting occasions. As Wales was politically integrated into the English kingdom hundreds of years ago, its flag was not incorporated into the Union Jack. The flag features a Red Dragon on a green field.
Crown Dependencies
The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are not strictly part of the UK, but rather are 'Crown Dependencies: they have their own democratic governments, laws and courts and are not part of the EU. They are not entirely sovereign either, falling under the British Crown which chooses to have its UK Government manage some of the islands' affairs. The people are British Citizens, but unless they have direct ties with the UK, through a parent, or have lived there for at least 5 years, they are not able to take up work or residence elsewhere in the European Union.
Overseas Territories & The Commonwealth
Again, these are not constitutionally part of the United Kingdom, but are largely former colonies of the British Empire which are to varying degrees, self-governing entities that still recognise the British Monarch as their head of state. The key difference is residents of Overseas Territories still possess British citizenship, where as those of Commonwealth nations do not, and are subject to the same entry and immigration rules as non-EU citizens.
Referring to nationality
Don't describe citizens of the United Kingdom as "English". The Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish do not identify themselves as being from "England". If you need to refer to someone's nationality, you can use the most precise term, 'English', 'Northern Irish', 'Welsh' or 'Scottish'. To play safe, you can ask someone from which part of the UK they are from, as this covers every corner of the isles - including Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland and Scotland can be particularly problematic, and 'Scottish', 'Northern Irish', 'Irish', or 'British' can all be appropriate according to the political persuasion of the individual. Irish nationalists may avoid referring to Northern Ireland at all, referring instead to 'The Six Counties' or 'The North', or talk about 'Ireland' as a whole. 'Northern Irish' is less likely to offend, whereas referring to someone from Northern Ireland as 'British' or as 'Irish' can cause offence depending on a person's political ideology.
It is also worth noting that, while technically a county of England, the issue of identity in Cornwall is very sensitive amongst some people. It is best to refer to anyone you meet in Cornwall as Cornish, unless they have already explicitly stated their identity as English.
As a visitor from outside the UK, you are unlikely to cause serious offence. At worst, you will incur a minor rebuff and reaffirmation of their nationality, as in "I'm not English. I'm Scottish".
You don't have to be British to vote in the UK!
• British, Irish, EU and qualifying Commonwealth citizens aged 18 or over qualify to register to vote in UK elections in the borough where they reside with a 'considerable degree of permanence'.
• This means that those who, for example, go to the UK to study or spend their gap year can register to vote, but not those who visit the UK on a short holiday.
• A 'qualifying Commonwealth citizen' is a national of a Commonwealth country/territory (including Fiji, Zimbabwe, the whole of Cyprus and British Nationals (Overseas) from Hong Kong) who has any type of leave to enter or remain in the UK on the date of his/her electoral registration application.
• Students are specifically permitted to register to vote at both their home and term-time addresses.
• British, Irish and Commonwealth citizens can vote in all UK elections, whilst EU citizens can vote in all elections except for UK Parliamentary elections.
• You can still register to vote in the UK even if you are already registered to vote in another country.
• You may be unable to open a bank account or apply for a mobile phone contract if you are not on the electoral roll.
• Register to vote at the Electoral Commission's website [3].
Government
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen as the nominal head of state. It has a bicameral parliament: the upper house, known as the House of Lords, consists of Hereditary Peers, whose membership is guaranteed by birth right, Life Peers, who are appointed to it by the Queen, and the Lords Spiritual, who are appointed by the Church of England, while the lower house, known as the House of Commons, is popularly elected by the people. The Head of Government is the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. It has a first-past-the post system divided into local constituencies. In practice, the Prime Minister wields the most authority in government, with the Queen being pretty much a figurehead, though all bills that have been passed in both houses of parliament require the Queen to grant royal assent before they become law.
Additionally, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have their own elected bodies, with varying degrees of autonomy mostly concerned with taxation and education (The Northern Ireland Assembly, The Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly). England has no similar body of its own.
There are also local government authorities responsible for services at a local level. Each constituency votes for a local MP (Member of Parliament) who then goes to sit in Parliament and debate and vote - whether they do or not is another matter.
Using maps and postcodes
Most basic mapping in the United Kingdom is undertaken by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain [4] and the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland [5]. The maps found in bookshops may be published directly by those organisations, or by private map publishers drawing on basic Ordnance Survey data.
One consequence of this for the traveller is the widespread use of Ordnance Survey grid references in guide books and other information sources. These are usually presented [xx999999] (e.g. [SU921206]) and form a quick way of finding any location on a map. If using a GPS be sure to set it to the British National Grid (BNG) and the OSGB datum.
Alternatively, every postal address has a postcode, either a unique one or one shared with its immediate neighbours. British postcodes take the form (XXYY ZZZ), where XX is a 2 or 1 character alphabetic code representing the town, city or geographic area, a 1 or 2 digit number YY representing the area of that town or city, followed by a 3 digit alphanumeric code ZZZ which denotes the road and a specific section or house on that road. Therefore, a postcode will identify a location to within a few tens of metres in urban locations; and adding a house number and street will identify a property uniquely (at road junctions two houses with the same number may share the same postcode). Most internet mapping services enable locations to be found by postcode. Owing to London's huge size and population it has its own distinct variation of the postcode system where the town code XX is replaced by an area code indicating the geographic part of the city - e.g N-North, WC-West Central, EC-East Central, SW-South West; and so on.
The Ordnance Survey's 1:50000 or 1:25000 scale maps are astonishingly detailed and show contour lines, public rights of way, and access land. For pursuits such as walking, they are practically indispensable, and in rural areas show individual farm buildings and (on the larger scale) field boundaries.
Climate
The UK has a benign humid-temperate climate moderated by the North Atlantic current and the country's proximity to the sea. Warm, damp summers and mild winters provide temperatures pleasant enough to engage in outdoor activities all year round. Having said that, the weather in the UK can be changeable and conditions are often windy and wet. British rain is world renowned, but in practice it rarely rains more than two or three hours at a time and often parts of the country stay dry for many weeks at a time, especially in the East. More common are overcast or partly cloudy skies. It is a good idea to be prepared for a change of weather when going out; a jumper and a raincoat usually suffice when it is not winter. In summer temperatures can reach 30º in parts and in winter temperatures may be mild, i.e. 10º in southern Britain and -10º in Scotland.
Because the UK stretches nearly a thousand kilometres from end to end, temperatures can vary quite considerably between north and south. Differences in rainfall are also pronounced between the drier east and wetter west. Scotland and north-western England (particularly the Lake District) are often rainy and cold. Alpine conditions with heavy snowfall are common in the mountains of northern Scotland during the winter. The north-east and Midlands are also cool, though with less rainfall. The south-east and east Anglia are generally warm and dry, and the south-west warm but often wet. Wales and Northern Ireland tend to experience cool to mild temperatures and moderate rainfall, while the hills of Wales occasionally experience heavy snowfall. Even though the highest land in the UK rarely reaches more than 1300 metres, the effect of height on rainfall and temperature is great.
Bank (public) holidays
Each country within the UK has a number of bank holidays, on which the majority of people do not work. Shops, pubs, restaurants and similar are usually open. Many UK residents will take advantage of the time off to travel, both within the UK and abroad. This makes transport links busier than usual and tends to increase prices. If your travel dates are flexible you may wish to avoid travelling to or from the UK on bank holiday weekends.
The following 8 bank holidays apply in all parts of the UK:
• New Year's Day (1st January)
• Good Friday (the Friday immediately before Easter Sunday)
• Easter Monday (the Monday immediately after Easter Sunday)
• Early May Bank Holiday (the first Monday in May)
• Spring Bank Holiday (the last Monday in May)
• Summer Bank Holiday (the last Monday in August, except in Scotland where it is the first Monday in August)
• Christmas Day (25th December)
• Boxing Day (26th December)
Northern Ireland has the following two additional bank holidays:
• St Patrick's Day (17th March)
• Battle of the Boyne / Orangemen's Day (12th July)
Scotland officially has two additional bank holidays:
• the day after New Year's Day (2nd January)
• St Andrew's Day (30th November)
In practice, with the exception of Easter, Christmas and New Year holidays, UK bank holidays are virtually ignored in Scotland in favour of local holidays which vary from place to place.
Where a bank holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, it is moved to the following Monday. If both Christmas Day and Boxing Day fall on a weekend, the Boxing Day holiday is moved to the following Tuesday.
Due to the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee, celebrating the 60th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's reign, the United Kingdom will observe the Spring Bank Holiday on 4 June 2012 and there will be an additional bank holiday on 5 June 2012.
A full list of bank holidays for future years can be viewed at [6].
Regions
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a union made up of the following regions, home nations and territories:
Great Britain
Map of the United Kingdom
England
the largest component, in terms both of size and, by far, population.
Scotland
the second largest home nation and occupies the northern third of Great Britain. The four archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland, and the Inner and Outer Hebrides are also part of Scotland.
Wales
located within the largely mountainous western portion of Great Britain.
Ireland
Northern Ireland
Located in the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, consisting of six of the nine counties of the ancient Irish province of Ulster.
Crown Dependencies
Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark)
technically not a part of the UK, the Channel Islands consist of four small islands off the coast of France
Isle of Man
technically not a part of the UK, the Isle of Man is a small island between Great Britain and Ireland
Cities
Many cities and towns in the United Kingdom are of interest to travellers. Following is an alphabetical selection of nine - others are listed under their specific regions:
• London - the capital city of the United Kingdom and one of the most important cities in the world
• Belfast - capital of Northern Ireland and becoming a popular tourist destination, undergoing major renovations and improvements
• Birmingham - The UK's second largest city, features great shopping, and is home of the famous Balti and a strong industrial heritage
• Bristol - a historical city famed for its Georgian architecture and nautical heritage, home of trip-hop music too
• Cardiff - capital of Wales, host to a proud coal-shipping past, modern architecture, Dr. Who and one of the most successful urban regeneration projects in the country
• Edinburgh - capital of Scotland, home to the largest arts festival in the world and numerous tourist attractions as well as being the second most visited city in the UK
• Glasgow - Scotland's largest city, new cultural hotspot, former European City of Culture
• Liverpool - Buzzing city, famous for its prominence in music, sport, nightlife and multiculturalism. Capital of Culture 2008.
• Manchester - Thriving bohemian music scene, gay quarter and home to the world's only new work arts festival as well as being the third most visited city in the UK.
Other destinations
Get in
Major airports and ferry routes
Common Travel Area
If you enter the United Kingdom through Ireland, you will pass through passport control at your port of entry into Ireland, but you are not required to clear UK passport control. However, you will only be limited to a stay of three months in the UK and Ireland (or whatever the passport control officer in Ireland gives you a leave to remain for) if you qualify for a visa exemption, not the usual six-month stay in the UK for visa-exempt nationals. Hence, especially if you attempt to enter the UK as a Student Visitor (i.e. a visitor studying for up to 6 months), you should not transit through Ireland unless you possess a valid UK visa or entry clearance permitting a stay of more than three months or intend to stay in the UK for fewer than three months.
If you require a visa for either Ireland or the UK, however, you must possess a visa from each country that requires you to have one if you intend to visit both of them. Not passing through passport control does not exempt one from having a visa if needed, and you can be fined and deported for not having a visa if discovered.
In addition, no passport control checks are in place from the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man to the UK.
The United Kingdom is physically linked to two other countries. The Channel Tunnel connects the UK to France and Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland.
While the UK is a member of the European Union, it does not fully implement the Schengen Agreement, which means that travel to and from other EU countries (except Ireland) involves systematic passport / identity card checks at the border and separate visa requirements for several countries.
Almost all passengers travelling to the UK from outside Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man go through systematic passport/identity card and selective customs checks carried out by the UK Border Agency [7] on arrival in the UK. However, those travelling by Eurostar from Paris Gare du Nord, Lille Europe, Calais-Fréthun and Brussels Zuid-Midi stations and by ferry from Calais and Dunkirk undergo UK passport/identity card checks in France/Belgium before embarkation and selective customs checks on arrival in the UK. Those entering the UK by Eurotunnel from France go through both UK passport/identity card and UK customs checks in Coquelles before boarding the train.
Immigration and visa requirements
• EU, EEA and Swiss citizens do not require a visa, and can enter with either a valid national identity card or passport. They have the right to reside and work in the UK (although some work restrictions apply to Bulgarians and Romanians). Irish, Cypriot and Maltese citizens have additional rights, including being able to vote in and stand in UK Parliamentary elections.
• A visa is required for citizens of most other countries to enter the UK and a number of countries to transit the UK airside. This can be obtained from the British Embassy, High Commission or Consulate where the applicant legally resides. Unless they are 6 years old or under or travelling directly to the Channel Islands and not passing through the UK or the Isle of Man, UK visa applicants are required to provide biometric data (10-digit fingerprints and a biometric digital photograph) as part of the application process. As part of the visa application procedure, it is necessary to attend a UK visa application centre in person to provide your biometrics.
• The United Kingdom has converted the previous visa categories (except for the visitor and transit categories) into a five-tiered points-based system (PBS), meaning that you will be required to satisfy specific and non-negotiable criteria before the visa is issued. Points-based system visa fees are very high, so it may be wise to see if the purpose of your visit can be satisfied under a different, non-points based system visa. For example, if you want to stay in the UK for 11 months to study an English Language course, it would be cheaper to apply for a student visitor visa (£140), rather than a Tier 4 student visa (£255).
• Commonwealth citizens who are 17 or over and have a British grandparent (or Irish grandparent before April 1922) can apply for an ancestry visa. This allows residency and work in the UK for five years. After five years, permanent residence (indefinite leave to remain) may be applied for; after 12 months of continuous permanent residence and five years of continuous residence in the UK, ancestry visa holders will be able to apply for naturalisation as a British citizen. All Commonwealth citizens living in the UK (regardless of what type of visa they hold and whether they have a British grandparent) are eligible to vote in all elections.
• Citizens of Australia, Canada, Hong Kong (British National (Overseas) passport holders only), Japan, Monaco, New Zealand and Taiwan can apply for a Tier 5 Youth Mobility Scheme visa (the former Working Holiday visa for all young Commonwealth citizens has been discontinued). The Tier 5 YMS visa allows the holder to undertake a working holiday in the UK for 2 years from the date of issue. Only a limited number of visas are issued for each nationality -- in particular, demand far exceeds supply for Japan and Taiwan. Visit the UK Border Agency webpage [9].
• There are generally no immigration checks when entering the UK from Ireland. However, visitors who are not Irish or British citizens are still required to meet admission requirements, and should carry their passport (with appropriate visa stamps if required).
Other requirements
• All visitors aged 16 or above who are not EU, EEA or Swiss citizens (or their family members in possession of a residence permit/card which gives them the freedom of movement in the EU, EEA and Switzerland) nor Commonwealth citizens who have the right of abode in the UK must complete a landing card and present it at passport control, unless they are in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area (i.e. not to the UK, Channel Islands, Isle of Man or Ireland).
• Travellers subject to immigration control should expect to be asked by the immigration officer upon arrival to demonstrate that they have a) a return ticket to leave the United Kingdom or sufficient funds to meet the cost of an onwards plane ticket, b) a valid address at which they will be staying in the United Kingdom and c) sufficient funds with which to support themselves during their stay. An inability to demonstrate these three basics may lead to a refusal of leave to enter or a grant of restricted leave.
Character concerns
• The United Kingdom is known to be somewhat more lax than some other countries when it comes to character concerns of visitors. Landing cards do not ask about prior convictions and border/ visa personnel seem to be more concerned about convictions inside the UK rather than those abroad. That said, if the border officer questions you about criminal history, you must answer truthfully.
• If you're applying for a visa or entry clearance, you will have to list any criminal convictions as part of the application, although there are no hard and fast rules regarding who is admissible and who is not: each case is viewed on its own merits and a minor conviction long ago is unlikely to cause problems.
• If you're applying for a visa, you are also required to disclose if you've ever:
• Declared bankruptcy, no matter how long ago.
• Been sued for debt (i.e. a civil judgement). This is true even if you've satisfied (paid) the judgement or it is no longer legally collectable.
The UK Border Agency takes a dim view of both these situations, as there have been recent abuses of the UK banking and lending system by foreign visitors and immigrants, and unpaid debt or a bankruptcy abroad can be grounds for refusal. Like with criminality, each case is evaluated based on the totality of the circumstances and denial of entry or a visa for credit problems is very unlikely for visitors unless you owe money in the UK (see below).
• If you have more than £1,000 of unpaid debt in the UK, you will be refused a visa or denied entry by law.
For more information of UK immigration and visa requirements, see the UK Border Agency website [10].
Customs and goods
The UK has relatively strict laws controlling which goods can and cannot be brought into the country. Selective customs checks are run by the UK Border Agency at arrival ports. Particularly stringent laws apply to the movement of animals, except from within the EU, where an animal passport system operates, providing proof of vaccination against rabies. The British Isles are rabies-free, and the government (and the people) want to keep it that way. Signs in several languages are displayed prominently at even the smallest of boat landings all around the coast.
Owing to the abolition in 1993 of customs duty on goods for personal use when travelling across EU borders, it has become popular among the British to bring back large quantities of alcohol and tobacco bought at lower tax rates in Continental Europe. However, the practice is open to abuse, with organised criminals trying to illegally import large amounts for the purposes of selling on at a profit. Customs laws are therefore strict for the importing of alcohol and tobacco for non-personal use and if a Customs officer thinks that the amount you are trying to bring into the country from the EU is excessive, particularly if in a commercial vehicle as opposed to a private car, you may be questioned further, or be asked to prove that it is for your own consumption, although ultimately an EU citizen is backed by the EU's free trade laws and allowed unlimited personal quantities. The fines can be severe, and you also run the risk of the goods (and the vehicle they are being transported in) being confiscated. Importing an excessive amount of alcohol in a private car is more likely to result in action being taken for overloading the vehicle, which is a police matter rather than a customs matter.
Most ports of entry that receive traffic from non-EU origins use the European Union's red/green/blue channel system. Ports of entry from EU origins are still manned by customs officers who take more of an interest in controlled substances (e.g. illegal drugs) than alcohol or tobacco.
By plane
When flying to the UK you are most likely to arrive at one of London's five airports, although there are direct international flights to many other cities. KLM (now merged with Air France) has a large number of feeder flights from almost every UK regional airport to its international hub in Amsterdam Schiphol.
Recently, many airports in southern England have added "London" to their names. Be aware that just because an airport has London in its name doesn't necessarily mean that it is near to, or easily accessible from, London.
Inner/ more convenient airports to London:
• London Heathrow Airport [11] is the world's busiest international airport. Situated 15 miles/24 km west of Central London, Heathrow offers a large choice of international destinations, with direct flights to most countries in the world. British Airways [12] has its hub at Heathrow and offers a wide range of international flights to Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia. There are fewer direct flights to South America, although many South American airlines connect to London via Spain to the Americas. Other large airlines operating at Heathrow include bmi [13] (formerly British Midland), Virgin Atlantic [14] and the main national airlines of most countries. Heathrow is massive, and is comprised of 5 terminals, with different tube stops, so do realise which one you are flying from prior to arrival.
• London Gatwick Airport [15], 30 miles/50 km south of London in Sussex, is the second-largest airport, and also offers a wide range of international flights, being in the top 20 busiest in the world. Air-Asia X is a budget long-haul airline, which has been expanding at Gatwick recently. It is important to note that the North and South terminal are some distance from each other, so check first which one you will flying from before arrival to avoid missing a flight if rushing late.
• London City Airport [16] is the most central airport in London, situated 7 miles east of Central London, but primarily serves business passengers to the main financial centres in Europe. Easy to get to centre of town or Canary Wharf on the DLR line.
Outer/ less convenient airports to London:
• London Stansted Airport [17] in Essex is the third busiest UK airport in a very swanky modern terminal designed by Norman Foster. It is the largest hub for the budget airlines Ryanair [18] and also easyJet [19] who offer direct flights to a wide range of European and North African destinations as well as to Asia, with daily flights to Kuala Lumpur with Air Asia X. It's often cheaper to fly here but bear in mind it is about 40 miles/60 km outside Central London so always factor in extra travelling time. There is an express train service from Liverpool St, but easyBus is a cheaper (if longer, 2 hour) option.
• London Luton Airport [20] in Bedfordshire is a major hub for the orange wings of Stelios [21] (indeed easyJet featured in a long-running popular TV series based at the airport) and to a lesser extent, Ryanair [22]. Luton can offer much cheaper flights then Heathrow or Gatwick, with other airlines such as Thomsons and WizzAir having over 10 destinations each too. Most flights are within the EU, though some Near Eastern routes are served, such as Tel Aviv, Egypt and Dubai. Bare in mind, Luton is not as far out as Stanstead and it is possible to take cheap suburbian (First Capital Connect) trains from its Parkway Airport station to London terminals.
• London Southend Airport [23] in Essex is 55 mins by train from London Liverpool Street station and 44 minutes from London Stratford station. It serves as a hub for easyJet, Aer Arann and Jet2.com.
Major airports outside of the London area:
• Manchester Airport [24] in the North of England is the UK's largest airport outside London, serving many European and a reasonable number of long-haul destinations. This could be a more convenient arrival airport for visitors to North Wales, the North of England and Scotland.
Outside London and Manchester, many of the regional airports offer a wide range of direct links to European and some long-haul destinations.
• Birmingham International [25] is the UK's second largest airport outside of London. The airport has good European services and some long haul services to far flung places. The airport is served by the major European flag carriers providing global hub connections, as well as LCC's such as Ryanair and Easyjet. It is an ideal gateway to Central England and Wales. Birmingham Airport also has a direct train route to both London Paddington and Marylebone and is a hub for the low cost airline FlyBe. Furthermore, it has the first ever maglev line in the world, servicing between the International train station and air terminal.
• Liverpool John Lennon Airport [26], in North West England, is the UK's fastest-growing airport and is taking on more and more flights. Blackpool has an international airport nearby offering a lot of package-holiday flights.
• Newcastle International Airport [27] is the only airport in the North East of England offering a daily service to and from Dubai, with connecting flights into Australia and the far east, it is also a hub for easyjet, Thomson, Thomas Cook and Jet2, with flights available to over 100 destinations.
Smaller regional airports include:
• Bristol, East Midlands, Exeter, Robin Hood, Carlisle, Leeds Bradford and Durham Tees Valley all have cheap flights to mainland Europe with Ryanair, Jet2, easyJet and Flybe.
• Southampton and Bournemouth Airports are medium-sized, though they have bargain-price flights with Ryanair and Flybe and can be accessed from London Waterloo train station.
• Norwich has a busy route to Amsterdam, as well as Flybe flights across the UK.
• Newquay Cornwall Airport has a fluctuating number of flights in recent years, mainly due to a £5 'development fee' introduced in 2006, but is ideal for beating the traffic jams down to this beautiful part of Britain.
• In the South-east there is London Ashford Airport, also known as Lydd Airport has rather seasonal, limited services as does Oxford Airport. Kent International Airport is similarly small.
In Scotland, the major airports with links to London and abroad are:
• Edinburgh (Scotland's busiest airport, with a wide variety of European and North American routes)
• Glasgow has two airports: Glasgow International [28] (for most major airlines) and Glasgow Prestwick [29] (for Ryanair and some low-cost flights)
• Aberdeen
• Inverness
• Both the Orkney and Shetland Isles' airports have links to Scandinavia besides domestic flights in the UK.
Cardiff International [30], the only international airport in Wales, is a major hub of bmibaby[31], Flybe and Thomas Cook, which has a few long-haul flights, such as Barbados. Anglesey Airport is the only other noteworthy airport of Wales, which has one flight a day to the Isle of Man and Cardiff.
In Northern Ireland, Belfast International Airport [32] and George Best City Airport [33] both serve the province's capital. Belfast International has several North American long-haul flights, while Belfast City is very conveniantly situated 12 minutes from downtown by local bus. City of Derry Airport [34] serves the northwest with a limited number of international and domestic flights.
Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey all have their own respective airports, with well-serviced flights from around the UK, as well as to France and further afield. Flying is probably more convenient than ferry to these islands.
Due to an increase in airport security and aviation security in general, long delays are possible when checking in for a flight. Additionally a passport or valid photo ID (such as photo driver's licence, national ID card, etc.) is required for internal flights.
By train
From Belgium and France
Eurostar [35] high-speed trains run between London (St Pancras International), Ebbsfleet and Ashford through the Channel Tunnel to Paris (Gare du Nord), Lille (Europe), Calais (Fréthun) and Brussels (Zuid-Midi). During the summer an additional weekly train operates to Avignon and during the winter a weekly service runs a ski service direct to the French Alps. Through tickets and connections are available through Lille, Paris and Brussels from many European cities to most large UK cities.
Journey times to central London average two hours fifteen minutes from Paris and one hour fifty minutes from Brussels. A second class return from Paris to London costs between €85 and €230. While it can be cheaper to fly from London to Paris using a low-cost airline, bear in mind that the journeys to the airports can be expensive and time-consuming.
Passengers travelling by Eurostar to the UK from Paris (Gare du Nord), Lille (Europe), Calais (Fréthun) and Brussels (Zuid-Midi) stations undergo UK passport/identity card checks in France/Belgium before boarding, rather than on arrival in the UK. The UK passport checks take place after the French/Belgian passport/identity card exit checks in the stations. However, UK customs checks take place on arrival in the UK. Eurostar passengers not travelling to the UK (e.g. Brussels Zuid-Midi to Lille/Calais) are not required to go through UK passport/identity card checks as such journeys are within the Schengen Area.
From The Netherlands
Multiple daily connections from Dutch cities are possible via Brussels and the Eurostar to London. It can be cheaper (and more flexible) to book an 'Any Dutch station' Eurostar ticket that permits connection to/from any Dutch station provided the itinerary doesn't use the more expensive Thalys services.
Combined train and ferry tickets are available to travellers from stations in the Netherlands to train stations in East Anglia, Essex and East London. This service may be a useful alternative to Eurostar for travellers from Northern Europe, or for those wishing to travel to East Anglia. The interchange between the ferry terminal and the train station at both ports is very simple and user friendly. Express trains from Harwich International are timed to meet the ferry and allow a simple transfer to London Liverpool Street. The Dutch Flyer website [36] gives prices only for tickets purchased in Great Britain; it does, however, give timetable information. Stena's Dutch language website [37] allows booking of tickets for journeys starting from the Netherlands.
From the Republic of Ireland
Cross-border rail services to Northern Ireland
From Dublin in Ireland, the Enterprise [38] takes just over 2 hours to Belfast. Tickets available from Irish Rail [39] (in the Republic) and NI Railways [40] in Northern Ireland.
Services to the British mainland
Combined Rail & Sail[41] tickets are available from any railway station in the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland to any railway station in Great Britain. Tickets can be bought from the railway company and ferry operators. Through tickets are available on most sea corridors.
Fares are slightly higher during July and August. Virgin Trains [42] may be offering advance-purchase tickets from London to Dublin from £32 return, although these are hard to obtain and possible only for journeys starting in Great Britain.
By car
The Channel Tunnel has provided a rail/road connection since 1994. Shuttle trains operated by Eurotunnel carry cars from Calais, France to Folkestone, the journey taking around 40 minutes. Fares start at £49 one way and can be booked on the Eurotunnel website [43]. On arrival at Folkestone, you can drive on to the M20 motorway which heads towards London. Passengers travelling from France to the UK undergo UK passport/identity card and customs checks in Coquelles after the French exit checks before departure, rather than on arrival in the UK.
Car ferries also operate to many parts of the UK from other European countries - see the 'by boat' section below.
Drivers entering Northern Ireland from the Republic of Ireland will usually find they have done so without noticing. There are no border controls, and only the major roads will display signs stating that you are leaving one country and entering the other. However, the appropriate travel documents for your nationality are still required for cross-border travel despite the lack of border controls and you are liable under the laws of the country you are attempting to enter if you don't have any. It should be noted that road signs in the Republic of Ireland are in kilometres while those in Northern Ireland are in miles so it is advisable to take note of the differences in signs and road markings when driving in border areas.
By bus
Coaches are the cheapest way to travel to the UK from France and the Benelux. Eurolines offer daily services from Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels to London Victoria coach station. Daily overnight coaches and limited day coaches travel between the UK and Ireland. Connections are available to most parts of the UK via the domestic National Express coach system, for most destinations it is cheaper to purchase this when purchasing your Eurolines tickets as discounts are available. Journeys take about 8-14 hours.
Eurolines will also take you to/from other major European cities. Taking a budget flight is normally cheaper (but with a greater environmental impact), and spares you from a 24h+ bus journey.
Various other operators compete with Eurolines, mostly between Poland and the UK; these come and go.
By boat
See the city articles for more details on routes, timings and costs. Ferry routes to British Mainland
There are a large number of ferry routes into the UK from continental Europe. Newcastle serves a route from Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Harwich has ferries from Esbjerg in Denmark and Hoek van Holland in the Netherlands. You can also sail from Rotterdam in the Netherlands or Zeebrugge in Belgium to Hull, or from Zeebrugge to Rosyth, near Edinburgh (note that this service will cease carrying passengers in Dec 2010 [44]). There is a regular connection between Ramsgate and Oostende in Belgium. There are 4 sailings a day and prices vary between €50 to €84.
Dover is one of Britain's most popular passenger ports with sailings from Zeebrugge, Dunkerque and Calais in France. The Dover-Calais route is particularly busy, with three companies competing and up to 50 sailings per day. The ferry between Dover and Calais costs around £12-18 each way if on foot or bicycle, and around £80 for a car, although big discounts are available if booked in advance or with special offers. Passengers travelling from Calais or Dunkerque by ferry to the UK go through UK passport/identity card checks after French exit checks before boarding, and UK customs checks on arrival in the UK.
On the south coast, Portsmouth serves ferries from Le Havre, Caen, Cherbourg, St. Malo and Bilbao in Spain and there are speedy services between Dieppe and Newhaven. The other route from Spain is Santander to Plymouth, Plymouth also has ferries from Roscoff, Poole has ferries to Cherbourg as well as the Channel Islands.
From the Republic of Ireland, ports of entry include Pembroke, Fishguard and Holyhead and Swansea. There are sailings from Dublin to Holyhead, and Liverpool.
You can also hop onto one of the ships of the Cunard Line [45] - they depart from New York every month or so. Prices start at around £900.
Other 'ferries' operate to various destinations across the world - the RMS St Helena [46] runs from Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Walvis Bay and Cape Town to Portland (near Weymouth) twice a year and Grimaldi Lines [47] operate a service carrying cars and passengers from Buenos Aires about once every 9 days.
Get around
By plane
Given the short distances involved, flying is rarely the cheapest or most convenient option for domestic travel within the UK with the possible exception of between southern England and Scotland, or where a sea crossing would otherwise be involved, such as between Britain and Northern Ireland or travel to and from many Scottish islands. The main domestic hubs are London, Belfast, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow and Edinburgh. The arrival of budget airlines Ryanair [48] and easyJet [49] have seen a boom in domestic UK air travel, and have forced fares down considerably. To get the best fare, it is advisable to book as far in advance as possible. It is worth noting that many regional airports are not connected to the national rail network, with connections to the nearest cities served by relatively expensive buses. Photo ID is required before boarding domestic flights in the UK. Check your airline's requirements carefully before setting out.
'Screen-scraper' comparison websites can be a useful way to compare flight costs between airports or even city pairs (suggesting alternative airports, for instance). Beware that some airlines, such as Ryanair, object to being included in these searches, so these sites are not always comprehensive.
The following carriers offer domestic flights within the United Kingdom:
• British Airways [50]: Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Jersey, London Gatwick, Heathrow and City Airports, Manchester, Newcastle.
• FlyBE [51] - Aberdeen, Belfast City, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Doncaster-Sheffield, Edinburgh, Exeter, Glasgow, Guernsey, Inverness, Isle Of Man, Jersey, Leeds/Bradford, Liverpool, London Gatwick, Manchester, Manston-Kent, Newcastle, Newquay, Norwich, Southampton and Southend airports
• Loganair [52] operating as a franchise carrier for FlyBe - Eday, Kirkwall, North Ronaldsay, Papa Westray, Sanday, Stronsay, Westray airports.
• bmi [53] & bmi Regional [54] - Aberdeen, Belfast City, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Jersey, London Heathrow , Manchester, Norwich, Southampton airports.
• Eastern Airways [55] - Aberdeen, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Durham, Humberside, Inverness, Isle Of Man , Leeds/Bradford, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Nottingham East Midlands, Southampton, Stornoway, Wick airports.
• easyJet [56] - Aberdeen, Belfast International, Bournemouth, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Liverpool, London Gatwick, London Luton, London Stansted, London Southend and Newcastle airports.
• bmibaby [57] - Aberdeen, Belfast International, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Jersey, Manchester, Newquay, Nottingham East Midlands airports.
• Ryanair [58] - Aberdeen, Bournemouth, Glasgow-Prestwick, Inverness, Liverpool, London Stansted, City of Derry, Newquay, Nottingham East Midlands airports.
• Air Southwest [59] - Bristol, Cork, Dublin, Glasgow, Guernsey, Jersey, Leeds/Bradford, London Gatwick, Manchester, Newcastle, Newquay, Plymouth airports.
• Aurigny Air Services [60] - Alderney, Bristol, Guernsey, Jersey, London Gatwick, London Stansted, Manchester, Southampton airports.
• Blue Islands [61] - Alderney, Bournemouth, Brighton, Cardiff, Guernsey, Isle Of Man, Jersey, Southampton airports.
• Euromanx [62] - Belfast City, Isle Of Man, Liverpool, London City, Manchester airports.
• Isles Of Scilly Skybus [63] - Bristol, Exeter, Isles Of Scilly (St. Mary's), Newquay, Southampton airports.
• Jet2 [64] - Belfast International, Blackpool, Leeds/Bradford, London Gatwick, Newcastle airports.
• Thomsonfly [65] - Bournemouth, Cardiff, Coventry, Doncaster-Sheffield, Jersey, London Luton airports.
• CityJet [66] (now part of AF/KLM) - Dundee, Edinburgh, Jersey, London City, Manchester airports.
• Highland Airways [67] - Anglesey, Benbecula, Cardiff, Inverness, Shetland Islands (Sumburgh), Stornoway airports.
• British International [68] - Isles Of Scilly (St. Mary's), Isles Of Scilly (Tresco), Penzance airports.
• Atlantic Airways Faroe Islands [69] - Stansted and Shetland Islands (Sumburgh) airports.
• Blue Islands Airline [70] - Flights from Guernsey, Jersey, Southampton to Europe, Channel Islands and the UK.
By train
Simplified UK Rail Network
See also Rail travel in the United Kingdom
The UK has an extensive privatised train network of some 34,000km (21,000 miles) covering most of the country, from Penzance in Cornwall to Thurso in the far north of Scotland. There is a multitude of different tickets, which can make train travel confusing, even for UK citizens.
Train services are not as fast as the high speed lines of France or Germany. However the UK has one of the busiest commuter and freight networks in the world with a relatively high standard of service on both main and secondary routes. Train services can range from excellent to very poor, and the trains themselves can range from older and more comfortable locomotive-hauled coaches to less spacious and less comfortable multiple units. Train travel is a viable option for exploring the UK and is usually quicker and cheaper than bringing a car into the country or renting one.
Privatisation has resulted in a huge range of quality and price of rail services. While some connections and companies have poor standards of speed, reliability and cleanliness, others offer excellent service and value for money. However tickets can be bought from any station for travel to and from anywhere on the network and it is perfectly normal to get a connection changing from one company to another.
Structure
The track, stations and infrastructure of Britain's railway network (with the exception of preserved railways) is owned by the government and known as Network Rail. Trains are operated by privately owned and commercially run Train operating companies (TOCs). The Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) represents all the passenger train companies, and markets them collectively as National Rail.
Passenger rail companies
As of April 2010, the National Rail [71] network of passenger operating companies consists of:
• Arriva Trains Wales / Trenau Arriva Cymru [72]
• c2c [73]
• Chiltern Railways [74]
• CrossCountry [75]
• East Coast [76]
• East Midlands Trains [77]
• Eurostar [78]
• First Capital Connect [79]
• First Great Western [80]
• First ScotRail [81]
• First Transpennine Express [82]
• Gatwick Express [83]
• Grand Central [84]
• Heathrow Connect [85]
• Heathrow Express [86]
• Hull Trains [87]
• Island Line [88]
• London Midland [89]
• London Overground [90]
• London Underground [91]
• Merseyrail [92]
• National Express East Anglia [93]
• Northern Rail [94]
• South West Trains [95]
• Southeastern [96]
• Southern [97]
• Stansted Express [98]
• Virgin Trains [99]
One exception of note to the above is in Northern Ireland. The slightly different administrative system and legacy of the Northern Irish transport system means that Northern Ireland Railways [100] are not part of the National Rail network. See Rail travel in Ireland for more information.
Planning your trip
The first source for rail travel information in the UK is National Rail [101]. The National Rail website, and the National Rail Enquiries phone service on +44 (0)8457 48 49 50 provide train time and fare information. However National Rail do not sell tickets. Tickets are sold by train operating companies, either from ticket offices and ticket machines at railway stations, over the phone or from one of several websites.
• East Coast [102] have one of the more user-friendly websites. It is particularly useful because of the way in which it allows you to compare the cost of two one-way tickets versus a return ticket. A lowest fare finder also quickly shows you the cheapest combination of trains. It makes no charge for credit / debit card payments nor ticket collection / delivery.
• thetrainline.com [103] is one of the largest train ticketing websites, but its interface is not as easy to use as others. Thetrainline.com also provides the ticketing software to the websites of many of the train operating companies listed above. It charges both a credit / debit card handling fee and a fee to collect your tickets from a station or to have them posted to you.
• RailEasy [104] is another train booking service. It charges credit / debit card handling fees.
• MyTrainTicket [105] is also an independent train ticket booking website, which also charges a booking fee, though there is no additional charge for paying by debit card or for collection from Ticket on Departure machines. It also provides the software for some rail company websites.
Tickets
In general you can save money on train travel by booking in advance (tickets normally go on sale three months in advance) and by avoiding travel during peak times (6AM-9:30AM, 4PM-7PM M-F) as trains are busier and more expensive. You are required to buy a ticket prior to boarding a train, unless the your station has no ticket facilities (not uncommon in rural areas) in which case you must buy a ticket on the train at the first opportunity, else you are liable to pay a 'penalty fare' and may be prosecuted for fare evasion.
National Rail offers three broad kinds of ticket, which allow you to choose between flexibility and value. In increasing order of cost per mile, tickets are classed as:
• Advance - Buy in advance, travel on specific trains
• Off-Peak - Buy any time, travel 'off-peak' (outside busy times, normally after 10AM and all day at the weekends)
• Anytime - Buy any time, travel any time
Advance tickets are only sold as single (one-way) tickets. With the exception of suburban and commuter trains, the cheapest fares are almost always Advance tickets. These are released for sale in limited numbers approximately 12 weeks in advance, and must be used on the train specified on the reservation. They are not valid on any other train.
When purchasing a less restricted but more expensive off-peak or anytime ticket, note that return fares are normally only a small amount more than a single (one-way).
Seat reservations are normally free (with the exception, from spring 2009, of trains operated by East Coast and National Express East Anglia, who charge £2.50 per reservation) and are available on most longer distance journeys and strongly recommended where available. If you are travelling on a train with reserved seating with a reservation yourself, check the paper tag or digital display above the seat before sitting down, or you may be required to vacate it.
Within London, the Oyster smartcard system (refer to the main London article for details), is valid within the Greater London boundary on National Rail services - this is cheaper than buying paper Anytime tickets at the station, but only if you don't intend to travel beyond Zone 6 - which most services do. If you do stay on the train beyond Zone 6, you are liable for a penalty fare plus the difference on the original monies paid for the journey you intend to make.
Discounts
Discounts on these tickets are available for:
• Children - up to the age of 15
• Small Groups – of between 3 and 9 people
• Large Groups – 10 or more people
• Railcards – discount cards valid for one year
• Regional Railcards – offering discounts within a specific region
See Rail travel in the United Kingdom for full details.
Rail passes
There are two principal types of rail pass available to visitors to the UK which permit inclusive rail travel throughout the UK. Supplements are normally payable for Eurostar and sleeper trains.
• InterRail and Eurail are passes for EU and non-EU citizens respectively. See Interrail#Passes for more information. Eurail passes are generally not valid for any part of the UK except Northern Ireland, however.
• Britrail [106] is primarily targeted at visitors from the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and must be purchased online or in your home nation before you depart for the UK.
Ranger & Rover tickets
Ranger and Rover tickets are tickets that permit unlimited travel with relatively few restrictions over a defined geographical area for a period of anything from one to fourteen days. A full list of tickets is available with their terms and conditions from National Rail [107]. These tickets include Rovers for almost every region of the UK, but notable tickets include:
• All Line Rover: 7 or 14 Days - These national Rovers allow one or two weeks travel on almost all scheduled rail services in the UK. As of January 2009, they cost £375 / £565 respectively for standard class, and £565 / £860 for first class, with concessions for children and railcard holders.
• Freedom of Scotland Travelpass: 4 days in 8 or 8 days in 15 - £105 and £140 respectively, with concessions for children and railcard holders.
Lines & routes
This list is not comprehensive, mentioning only Britain's main line railways.
Services
With the exception of certain regional, local and some suburban routes, trains feature two classes of accommodation:
• Standard class accommodation with two seats either side of the aisle with a variety of facing 'table' or more private 'airline' seats.
• First class accommodation, with two seats and one seat either side of the aisle, with a larger seat, more legroom, and an at-seat service of drinks, refreshments and a newspaper (not all at seat services available at the weekend, or for the entirety of the journey).
Longer distance journeys feature some or all of the following:
• Free seat reservations, indicated by a paper tag or electronic display above each seat
• A walk-up buffet or shop, or a trolley service of drinks and refreshments moving through the train
• Air conditioning throughout
• At least one carriage with a fully disabled-accessible toilet and baby changing facilities
• On some services, a complimentary or paid wireless internet service
There are also six scheduled overnight sleeper trains that operate every night of the week except Saturday:
Reservations are mandatory on sleeper trains, and supplements are payable on top of most ticket prices to reserve a berth. Special advance purchase tickets known as Bargain Berths are available on the Scottish sleepers, starting at £19. They are only available from ScotRail.co.uk [108]. All sleeper trains offer:
• Reclining seated accommodation (comparable to daytime first class)
• Standard Class (a cabin with two berths; solo travellers will share with someone of the same sex)
• First Class (a identical cabin but with a single berth and more generous breakfast, toiletry pack and access to departure and arrival lounges at larger stations)
Steam trains and preserved railways
These are enjoyed for their own sake at least as much as they are used as a means of transport. Most areas will boast a volunteer-run railway using steam traction especially during the summer months. Famous full-gauge railways in this category include the Bluebell Line in Sussex, the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway in Yorkshire, while the Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway in Cumbria and Talyllyn Railway in central Wales are examples of narrow-gauge railways now primarily used for tourism.[109]
By car
All of the UK drives on the left. Most cars in the UK are manual ("stick-shift") transmission, and car rental companies will allocate you a manual transmission car unless you specifically ask for an automatic when you make a reservation.
A car will get you pretty much anywhere in the UK. Parking is a problem in large cities, and especially in London, can be very expensive. Petrol (gasoline) is heavily taxed and therefore expensive, currently at around £1.34 per litre[110] (around US $2.05 per litre, or $7.76 per gallon). The cheapest fuel is usually available at supermarkets. Branches of Tesco, Sainsburys, Morrisons and Asda tend to have fuel stations in their car parks, which are often cheaper than the big name fuel stations like Esso/Exxon, Shell and BP.
Like in the U.S. but unlike the rest of the world, the UK continues to use the imperial system (i.e. the old Roman system) but only for road signage though many height and width signage is now in metric as well and all weight signage is in tonnes, plus all motorways now have locator indicators in kilometres situated at intervals of 500 m. Therefore distance signage is indicated in miles, while speed limits are indicated in mph. However, the distances are based on kilometres e.g. 1/3 mile is 500 m, 2/3 is 1 km, 1/2 mile is 800 m.
There are no tolls on any roads with the exception of a few large bridges/tunnels, and one motorway in the Midlands [111]). There is a levy (congestion charge) of £8 is payable for driving in central London.
Traffic can be very heavy, especially during 'rush hour', when commuters are on their way to and from work - typically 7AM-10AM and 4PM-7PM. School holidays can make a noticeable reduction in traffic, however, particularly in the morning rush hour.
The M25 London orbital motorway is notorious (known to most Londoners as London's car park because all the traffic comes to a standstill) - it is best avoided on Monday mornings and Friday afternoons, use it only if you need to, and take local advice if you plan to drive to Heathrow to catch a plane. The M6 through Birmingham is another traffic blackspot as well as the M8 in Glasgow (the second most congested motorway after the M25). You can typically bet on finding a traffic jam if you drive for more than 90 minutes on the motorway system, especially as you approach cities. Checking local traffic reports on the radio or websites such as Highways Agency [112] or Frixo [113] can help if you know you need to travel during busy hours.
Many cities operate a "Park and Ride" scheme, with car parks on the edge of the city and cheap buses into the city centre, and you should consider using them. In major cities (particularly London, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Birmingham) it is usually a much better option to park on the outskirts and take public transport to the centre. This not only saves money on parking and fuel but also saves a lot of time as heavy traffic, twisty one way systems, and limited parking space causes long delays.
Parking on-street is usually heavily restricted. Never park on a white, double yellow or double red line (stopping on white or red lines is illegal. Parking on a single-yellow line is restricted (typically no-parking during the daytime e.g. 7AM-7PM) and the restrictions are displayed on roadside yellow signs. Many residential streets require a resident's parking permit to park on the street, although outer-suburbs have less restrictions. On-street parking in cities may be restricted to disability-badge holders or be heavily metered, and is often for no more than a 1-2 hours stay in the daytime but is often free at night. Surface lots generally operate the pay 'n' display payment system - you must buy a ticket from a vending machine, select how many hours you wish to pay and then place the ticket on your dashboard in clear view - these places are regularly patrolled and if you don't return to your car before the allotted time you'll get a penalty or get clamped. Often you'll need to enter the numeric digits from your car's number plate when buying the ticket to prevent people from 'selling on' tickets with leftover time. Multi-storeys are usually multi-level buildings or in larger cities may be located underground. Most have barrier-controls - you'll be issued with a ticket upon entry. When returning to your vehicle you must either pay at a 'pay station' (a self-service terminal inside the car park's lobby) in which you insert the ticket and pay the required amount - the ticket will be given back to you and you must insert it into the slot at the exit barrier; or alternatively you will pay a cashier at the exit barrier - it'll normally explain the payment process on the ticket. Parking charges vary from less than 50p per hour in small towns to over 4 GBP an hour in the largest cities. Many larger cities have digital displays on the approach roads indicating how many parking spaces are available in each car park.
In any town, expect regular bus services between the centre, suburbs and nearby villages, and less frequent services to more rural areas. London also has the largest mass-transit system in the world - the London Underground and an extensive overground system and bus network too. London, Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield and Blackpool have trams covering parts of those cities. Outside of London, Liverpool has the most extensive metro system (Merseyrail), spanning from several stations in the city centre to those in the outer suburbs. Newcastle has a similar network. Greater Manchester also has an extensive local train network in addition to its expanding metro system. Glasgow has a small underground rail system in the centre and a local train network. In some cities buses can be slow moving due to traffic congestion.
The UK has a comprehensive system of road numbers. These generally take precedence on signs: British roads are signed on a route-based rather than destination oriented basis. Therefore, before setting out on a long journey, plan the route you are going to take and note the road numbers you will need to follow. It is very unusual to see destinations, signed more than about 50 miles/80 km in advance. Other than that, UK road signs are excellent and should be very easy to follow. Road numbers are indicated by a letter and a number as in the rest of Europe and sign colours and letters are generally the same as on the rest of European routes, whilst allocated, are unsigned.
Motorways (prefix 'M'- blue signs, white route numbers) are fast, long distance routes that connect the major cities. The speed limit is 70 mph/115 km/h for cars (lower for other types of vehicle) and certain vehicles, such as pedestrians, cyclists and those operated by learner drivers are prohibited. Junctions are numbered. The motorways are the best means of travelling long distances by car, but expect delays at peak times or in poor weather.
Primary routes (prefix 'A' - green signs, yellow route numbers) connect large towns with each other and with the motorway network. Primary routes usually offer fast journey times, but because they tend to go through towns rather than around them, expect delays at peak times.
Secondary routes (prefix 'A' - white signs, black route numbers) connect smaller towns, interchangeable with B roads.
B-roads (prefix 'B' - white signs, black route numbers) are the larger of the back roads.
Minor routes (white signs) like country lanes or residential streets.
A route number followed by (M) means upgraded to motorway standard - for example A3(M) means part of the route A3 that has been upgraded to motorway.
A route number in brackets means 'leading to' - for example A507 (M1) means you can reach the M1 by following route A507.
Speed limits for cars are 70mph (115 km/h) on motorways and dual carriageways (i.e. roads divided by a grassy area or other hard barrier between opposing directions of traffic); 60mph (100 km/h) on single carriageway (i.e. undivided) roads unless otherwise signposted; and 30mph (50 km/h) in built-up unless signs show otherwise. The use of 20mph (30 km/h) zones has become increasingly common to improve safety in areas such as those around schools.
Speed cameras are widespread on all types of road, though more used in some areas than others (England's largest county of North Yorkshire, for example, has a policy of using no fixed enforcement cameras on its highways). Static cameras are often well signed, painted bright colours with clear markings on the road. While this might seem rather strange, the idea is to improve their public acceptance as a 'safety' measure (rather than the widely held opinion that they're there to collect money).
There are some variable mandatory speed limits on the M25 to the west of London (enforced by cameras, again), and the M42 near Birmingham - these are shown on overhead gantries inside a red circle; other temporary speed limits shown on matrix boards are recommended but not mandatory. Apart from these and around roadworks, the motorways are generally free of fixed speed cameras. Speeds on motorways are generally much higher than the stated speed limit (usually at least 80mph/130 km/h). Driving at slower speeds in the outside (overtaking lane) may cause frustration to other drivers.
Driving standards are relatively well-maintained in the UK, with the road system being (statistically) among the safest in Europe. It has long been known by visitors that a foreign licence plate makes you largely immune from speed cameras, congestion charge cameras and Traffic (Parking) Wardens. If you choose to take your chances, be aware you may just hit upon the one Camera Operator/Warden who can be bothered to take the trouble to track down your address from your home licensing authority. British authorities have access to vehicle registration databases from various other countries. Also, British hire car companies will charge traffic fines to your credit card, long after you have left the country. Traffic police patrol the motorways in marked and unmarked cars. Any police officers, regardless of their normal duties, will pursue a vehicle seen driving dangerously.
Don't drink and drive in the UK. The maximum limit is 80 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood (0.08%) Going over that limit is a criminal offence, you will be arrested and spend a night in the cells. The police often patrol roads in cities and town centres on Friday and Saturday night, on the lookout for drink drivers. Enforcement of drink driving laws are extremely strict and police will always take action on those failing a breath test or those refusing to do so. Fines are up to £5000, minimum driving ban is 12 months for a first offence, and you may be imprisoned for up to 6 months.
Drivers from abroad should take note that many British drivers regard the flashing of headlights as a signal that they can proceed, rather than as a warning, or as a signal to slow down due to the presence of police. This misunderstanding has led to a number of accidents.
In a dangerous situation, where there is a risk of death or injury, sound your horn, even during the night. The inappropriate use of the horn is illegal between 23:00 and 07:30.
It is also an offence to use your mobile phone whilst driving, although provision is made for the use of hands-free kits which are exempt from the law. Police will stop you for using your mobile phone and a £60 penalty will be issued on the spot. This fine will be accompanied with 3 points endorsed on your licence. Also, it is a legal requirement that all persons in a vehicle to be wearing their seat-belt. Persons not wearing a seat-belt may receive a £30 fine, although this does not come with any points. If a child is not wearing a seat-belt, the parent or guardian, normally the driver, is responsible and a fine will be issued for that offence also. Children under 1.4 metres are also legally required to use a child booster seat for safety reasons. Use of fog lights where there is no fog is also an offence for which you may receive a £30 fine.
The road rules differ from other countries: side roads never have priority, there is no requirement to stop for school buses, overtaking on the left is illegal, and you may not turn left over a red light. There are no 4 way stop junctions in the UK; priority should be clearly marked on the road.
There are lots of roundabouts (circular) across the UK, from large multi-lane roundabouts at dual carriageway junctions to small mini-roundabouts on local streets. The rules for entering them are the same - you have priority over traffic that has not yet entered it, and you must give way to anybody already on the roundabout (who would collide with your right side if you entered it). Be careful of two lane roundabouts, there are complicated rules for which lane you should be in which UK drivers learn and expect other drivers to follow. You should be fine provided you're cautious and keep an eye on other traffic. Some roundabouts are arranged in such designs and quick sequence that can make you dizzy. Take it easy until you get used to it.
For further information on driving in the UK, consult the Highway Code. [114]
By campervan
Hiring a Campervan is one way to explore the UK. Some companies offer airport pick ups and drop offs. It can work out cheaper than flying/busing and staying in hostels and bed and breakfasts.
Smaller Campers are easier to park and enjoy the narrow lanes in the UK.
Some country pubs may let you use their parking lots for overnight stays if you ask.
By bus and coach
By bus
Local bus services (a categorisation which also includes many medium-haul inter-urban services) cover the entire country, but are of variable quality and cost. Rural bus services are in general better than in France and the USA, but not so good as in Italy or Germany. Services range from deep-rural village services operating once a week or less, to intensive urban routes operating every few minutes. All communities except the very smallest villages have some kind of bus service. All buses in the UK are required to display the route number and destination clearly on the front. Almost all are "one person operation", i.e. there is no conductor and you must pay the driver as you board. The vast majority of bus stops are "request stops", meaning that you must put your arm out as the bus approaches to signal that you want it to stop. Likewise once on the bus, you must ring the bell in advance of the stop you want to get off at.
London
In London, the iconic red buses cover the entire city, with most routes running at high frequencies from early morning until late night, and some operating 24 hours. Service frequencies are such that timetables are generally unnecessary for daytime travel. Comprehensive route maps are available from a variety of outlets and the Transport for London website, and stop-specific maps and timetables are displayed clearly at most bus stops. Buses are modern and highly specified, and are "low floor" offering easy access for wheelchairs, buggies and the elderly. Walk-up cash fares can be relatively expensive, but all-day and longer period tickets (including combined bus, rail and tube options) are available, offering excellent value. For travelling in London, the Transport for London website [115] is an incredibly useful website with a journey planner with maps, all fares, information on planned engineering works (there are plenty of those on the weekend) as well as live updates. It is an indispensible tool if considering even minor trips on public transport, which is an experience in itself.
Elsewhere
Bus services in the UK outside of London are privatised and deregulated, with any licensed operator free to run any route and timetable that they wish. Therefore, co-ordination of services with each other and with rail services can be poor, and tickets often not inter-available. Return tickets are usually much cheaper than two singles, and most operators offer discounted fares for children. Most operators offer day or longer period tickets valid across their own network which can represent very good value, giving all-day travel for as little as £4, but are little use if you need to use more than one operator. However, combined day tickets valid across more than one operator's network are also available in some areas. Weekday daytime services are frequent and comprehensive in many areas, particularly larger towns and cities. However, almost universally, service levels reduce sharply in the evenings and on Sundays. In the larger cities, for example Birmingham, Manchester and Edinburgh, there is an extensive night bus network available.
In areas with a multitude of operators, obtaining comprehensive map/timetable information for the area can be difficult. It is not uncommon for operators to attempt to pass off their services as being 'the' network for the town or area in their publicity material - making no mention of the fact that other routes (or in some cases alternative departure times on the same routes) are available, operated by competitors. Many local authorities do attempt to produce comprehensive timetables and/or maps for all services in their area regardless of who operates them - these are well worth obtaining and are commonly available from Tourist Information Centres. However it is still worth checking with the operator(s) before travelling to ensure that the information is up to date, as timetables can change frequently.
Coach
Coach travel tends to be slower than train travel, as well as less frequent, although it is comfortable and often much cheaper. Coaches, like trains will also generally take you right to the centre of town.
The largest coach companies in the UK are:
• National Express [116] is the largest long distance bus service in the UK, and services all major destinations on the mainland; they sell tickets online and at coach terminals. Prices start at just £1 one way for promotional 'funfares' between major city-pairs, although remain quite expensive on less competitive routes such as those serving airports.
• Megabus [117] is a relatively new service between a limited number of major destinations at cut-throat prices, as low as £1 +50p booking charge for some routes if booked well in advance. Understandably, it is very popular with students. To get the cheapest fares you should book a week or two ahead. However fares are often still good value when booked with less time (sometimes £8 London-Manchester booked only two days in advance). Tickets must be bought online or using the booking line (0900 160 0900, at 60 pence per minute) and cannot be bought from the driver.
• CityLink [118] services destinations in Scotland. They sell their tickets online, by text, or from the driver, although it is always advised to book your tickets in advance. Some routes also carry Megabus passengers.
• Dot2Dot [119] is a specialised service offered by National Express coaches, providing door-to-door airport transfer service, operating between central London and Heathrow and Gatwick airports. Prices start at £17.50.
• easyBus [120] is London's low cost airport transfer service from easyGroup. One-way fares start at £2, servicing Stansted, Luton, and Gatwick airports. Advance booking recommended.
By taxi
There are two types of taxis in the United Kingdom:- Metered (black) cabs that can be hailed in the street and are mostly found in larger towns and cities; and minicabs (private hire taxis) which must be ordered by telephone.
Black Cabs These are useful for travelling within cities - the name originates from the old 1960s purpose-built Austin FX3 taxis which were originally painted black, but today are usually covered in advertisements. In major cities, custom-built vehicles which seat 5 people are commonly used as metered taxis, but in smaller cities regular cars or people-carriers are used instead. These taxis can be hailed on the street or picked up from a taxi rank (usually found near major shopping areas and transport hubs). The rate varies, typically starting at around 2-3GBP and rising at around 1GBP a mile, making them fairly expensive. Add night charges, waiting charges, luggage charges for large suitcases etc on to the meter as well, and travelling by taxi can be expensive unless you are in a large group. A short 10 minute trip would normally cost between 3-5GBP. The 'Taxi' sign on the roof is illuminated when a taxi is available.
Minicabs More common in suburbs and smaller towns, minicabs can only be used by telephone ordering and charge fixed prices to different destinations. Local telephone directories usually advertise taxi companies, and the phone numbers are usually painted in big numbers on the side of their vehicles. Minicabs are usually much cheaper, fares for long journeys can often be negotiated (although you should agree the fare with the phone operator when booking, not with the driver) and most companies have a variety of vehicle sizes from small saloons (Ford Mondeo, Skoda Octavia, Peugeot 406 etc) up to large 12-seater minivans so if you have a large group you can specify the vehicle size. Some minicab firms specialize in serving airports and offer discounted rates.
Fake taxis Fake taxis are not a major problem and are mostly found around the major airports. A few tips: Check that the taxi has a rear taxi-licence plate on the rear bumper and that it carries the name of the local authoritative council. The driver's taxi licence should be displayed on the dashboard. The meter displays the correct rate (the metered fares are usually advertised on the side of the taxi). If calling a minicab, the taxi company will ask your last-name and your phone number - the driver should know this when he picks you up. If approached by a taxi driver claiming that you booked their taxi (particularly in airports or nightlife districts), ask them to confirm your name and phone number - if they don't know then it is most likely that they are fake. Most local councils require licensed taxis to be newer than 10 or 15 years old. Many fake taxis use older vehicles.
By boat
Ferries link the mainland to the many offshore islands including the Isles of Scilly from Penzance; the Isle of Wight from Southampton and Portsmouth; the Isle of Man from Liverpool and Ireland and the Orkneys and Shetland Islands from Aberdeen and the far north of Scotland. There are also numerous car and passenger ferry routes between England and France and between Ireland and the UK. There are also regular ferry services between Northern Ireland and Scotland and these depart Larne, Belfast, Troon, Stranraer and Cairnryan. There are also routes from Northern Ireland to Birkenhead and Fleetwood (both near Liverpool in England).
By thumb
Pedestrians are banned on motorways, motorway junctions, as well as on certain primary routes. However, aside from those exceptions, hitchhiking is not illegal. The British are very aware of safety, and you may expect a long wait for a ride.
If you use signs, it's fairly customary to use the number of the road on them rather than the destination. In other words, from Birmingham to London you wouldn't use a sign "LONDON" but rather "M25". Two places where signs are quite useful are Land's End and John O'Groats, the two extremes of the country, especially if your sign says the other.
Note that traffic in more remote areas of Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall can be quite scarce.
By bicycle
The UK can be both a cyclist's dream and nightmare. Fortunately cycling is popular as both a sport and a means of transportation. Bike rental exists in some cities e.g. Cambridge or Oxford and in some scenic areas. A handful of smaller cities such as Reading have introduced 'Community Bicycle' schemes in which a bike can be rented from various 'bike stations' around the city and this is expected to be introduced in London before the 2012 Olympics. The wheels of choice for most British cyclists is the hybrid bike - they have the comfort and practicality of a city bike combined with the performance (multi-speed gearing) and ruggedness of a mountain bike. Conventional mountain bikes and single-speed roadsters are also common, and folding bikes are becoming more popular in major cities. Bicycles are expensive in the UK - expect to pay 100GBP-plus for a basic model. They are sold by individual manufacturer's dealers (e.g. Dawes, Raleigh, Giant), automobile product stores (e.g. Halfords), sport accessory stores (e.g. Decathlon) and through private bicycle retailers. Cheaper used bikes can be purchased online via websites such as EBay or may be advertised in newspapers, notice-boards etc.
Urban cycling varies city-to-city. Most cities have designated cycle-lanes although they are routinely ignored by drivers and are often shared with buses, motorcycles and taxis. Some major roads will have split-pavements for pedestrians and cyclists, whilst other times cyclists are expected to ride in the traffic. This can be dangerous if you're not a skilled cyclist and general traffic rules should be adhered to. It's a legal requirement to have reflectors and a bell, and front & rear lights must be used at night. Also many cyclists use standard arm-signals to alert motorists - if you are turning left or right you should raise your left or right arm respectively, and if you wish to stop then you should wave your left arm up and down. Cycling is banned on certain roads - all motorways and many primary (A) roads - a sign will indicate this.
Most cities will have designated bike-parking areas with bicycle racks and are almost always free. Carry a good lock with you as bike-theft is common. Bicycles are permitted on SOME trains, depending on the operator. Commuter trains generally allow folding bicycles only, some regional trains may have a rack that can carry 2-3 bicycles, while many intercity trains have a baggage car that can hold many bikes. Check with the operator before-hand - bikes will almost always require a reservation: on some trains for free, some for a small charge (typically half the adult fare) whilst others will require a full-fare ticket. Reservations can be made over the phone (via National Rail or via the train operator), or at the station ticket office. Long-distance coaches also allow bicycles, although again they must be reserved and there may be a surcharge. Local city buses and regional buses don't allow full-size bikes but some operators may permit folding bicycles - you should check before hand. If a bus is quiet then it's often down to the driver's discretion. Rapid transit systems also have varying bicycle policies e.g. London Underground allows folding bicycles at all times and conventional bicycles outside of peak hours as long as the train isn't crowded.
The SUSTRANS Cycle Network is a series of paved and unpaved cycle tracks covering the whole country, passing through some spectacular scenery on the way. Their website (www.sustrans.co.uk) has a comprehensive cycle-map and most cycle-stores, tourist information centres and youth hostels also sell their maps.
Talk
"Two countries divided by a common language"
Speakers of American English will find some terms which differ in British English: English - American
• Aubergine - eggplant
• Banknote/note - bill
• Barrister/solicitor - lawyer
• Bill - check
• Biscuits - cookies
• Bonnet - the hood of a car
• Boot - the trunk of a car
• Bum/bottom/arse - ass
• Bumper - fender of a car
• Cash point/cash machine/Hole-in-the-wall - ATM
• Chemist/pharmacy - drug store
• Chips - fries, which may be "french fries" or thick-cut traditional British chips
• Christian name - first name
• Crisps - potato chips
• Cupboard - closet
• Dinner - for some people it is the midday meal; they would call the evening meal "tea"
• Dummy/dummytit - pacifier
• Fag - cigarette (only used colloquially)
• Fanny - vagina
• Football - soccer
• Jam - jelly
• Jelly - jello
• Lift - elevator in building; the offer of a ride in car
• Lorry - truck
• Mobile (phone) - cell phone
• Nappy - diaper
• Off licence/off sales - liquor store
• Pavement - sidewalk
• Petrol - gasoline
• Pushchair/pram/buggy - baby stroller
• Queue - line
• Ring - call (someone on telephone)
• Rubbish - trash/garbage
• Serviette - napkin (on table)
• Smart - can also mean sharp (well-dressed)
• Soft Drink/Pop - soda
• Supper - sometimes means snacks after the evening meal at a later time of the night
• Surname - last name
• Tea - tea; can also mean an early evening snack meal, or sometimes the main evening meal.
• Toilet or Loo - washroom/restroom/bathroom (a bathroom is where you have a bath/shower, not where you relieve yourself in British English)
• Torch - flashlight
• Trainers - sneakers/athletic shoes
• Trousers - pants (pants refers to underwear in British English)
English is spoken throughout the country, although there are parts of major cities where immigration has led to a variety of languages being spoken as well. English spoken in the United Kingdom has several dialects, some of which may contain words which are unfamiliar to other English speakers. It is exceedingly common for a resident of the south and one of Yorkshire not to understand each other at first go, do not be afraid to ask someone to repeat themselves. Your best bet would be to ask someone under the age of 30 as generally elderly people have thick unintelligible accents. A trained ear can also distinguish the English spoken by someone from Northern Ireland as opposed to someone from the Republic of Ireland, or even pinpoint their origin to a particular town within a county, such as Leeds or Whitby. English in Scotland and Northern Ireland can be spoken quite fast. The different dialects can be extremely different in both pronounciation and vocabulary.
Welsh is also widely spoken in Wales, particularly in North and West Wales. The number of Welsh speakers has risen over the last few years, but this bilingual population is still only around 30% of the total population of the Principality. Government bodies whose area of responsibility covers Wales use bilingual documentation (English and Welsh) - for example, see the website of the Swansea-based DVLA [121]. Road signs in Wales are bilingual. Even the non-Welsh-speaking majority in Wales know how to pronounce Welsh place names. Once you hear how to pronounce a name, have a go and try not to offend!
Gaelic can be heard in the Scottish Highlands and Islands but sadly boasts all too few native speakers. The ancient Cornish language of Cornwall, in the far south west, was revived during the twentieth century, but it is not passed down from parent to child as Welsh and Gaelic still are. Be aware, however, that Cornish place names remain and can be rather challenging to pronounce for non-locals! The Irish form of Gaelic, called Irish is still spoken in some remote border areas of Northern Ireland.
Scots has much in common with English, and can be heard in parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland (where it is known as Ulster-Scots) in various degrees. It can be difficult to understand, so feel free to ask someone to repeat themselves or speak more slowly. Speakers are likely to use standard English with outsiders.
All speakers of these minority languages are fluent to near-fluent in standard English but react well if you show an interest in their native tongue and culture. Inter-migration in the United Kingdom means you are likely to encounter people from all over the UK and beyond no matter where you visit. It is rare to find a place where all adults have the same accent or dialect.
There's an old joke that the people of the US and the UK are "divided by a common language", and travellers from English-speaking countries outside the UK may have difficulty catching specific words where regional accents are strong, but still there should not be any major difficulties in communicating. The British are good at understanding English spoken in a foreign accent, and visitors who speak English as a second language need not fear making mistakes. You may just get a slightly blank look for a few seconds after the end of a sentence while they 'decode' it internally. Most British people will not criticise or correct your language, although some are very keen to promote British usages over American ones when talking to non-native-speakers.
A few examples of words that overseas visitors may not be familiar with:
• Wee - small (Scotland, Northern Ireland, some English people), can also mean to relieve yourself (England)
• Loch - lake (Scotland)
• Lough - lake (Northern Ireland)
• Aye - yes (some parts of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and North England)
• Poke - ice cream served in a wafer cone (Northern Ireland); a paper bag, especially one containing chips or sweets (Scotland)
• Downing Street - used to refer to the Government (similar to White House referring to the President of the United States)
• Cymru (pronounced 'Cum-ree') - Wales (Wales)
• Cockney rhyming slang is not a language but a collection of terms, some local and temporary, others so long-lasting that they are used by many people who don't realise that they are rhyming slang. Example of the latter: "raspberry" for the derisive noise called "Bronx cheer" in the US - derived from "raspberry tart", rhyming with "fart".
British people have historically been very tolerant of swearing, when used in context. It is considered far less shocking to say taboo words like "Cunt" or "twat" compared to in America, and can even be a term of endearment depending on the situation. Tourists should get used to hearing the word "mate" (and "boss or "bruv" to a lesser extent in London) a lot which is used in informal interaction (frequently male only) between strangers and friends alike, and is something similar to calling someone "buddy" or "pal". The use of affectionate terms between the sexes such as "darling", "love" or "sweetheart" is common between strangers and is not meant in a sexist or patronising manner. Furthermore, British people are prone to apologising for even the smallest things, much to the amusement of some and can be considered perhaps rude to not do so. An example such as bumping into you will warrant a "sorry" and is really more like "pardon" or "excuse me".
British Sign Language, or BSL, is the UK's primary sign language. When interpreters are present for public events, they will use BSL. In Northern Ireland, both BSL and Irish Sign Language (ISL) see use, and a Northern Ireland Sign Language, or NISL, is emerging from contact between the two. Users of Auslan or New Zealand Sign Language may understand BSL, as those languages were derived from BSL and share much vocabulary, as well as the same two-handed manual alphabet. On the other hand, users of French Sign language and related languages—notably ISL and American Sign Language—will not be able to understand BSL, as they differ markedly in syntax and vocabulary, and also use a one-handed manual alphabet.
See
From Lands’ end in the south to John O’Groats and Duncansby Head in the North, there is so much to see in the United Kingdom, which is home to 25 Unecso world heritage sights. There are hundreds of free museums to enjoy across the country, many thousands of municipal parks to stroll through, tens of thousands of interesting communities to visit and many millions of acres of countryside to ramble across . It is much more than just rain and seeing whether the Queen is at home at Buckingham Palace.
Cities
London – Samuel Johnson once wrote a man who is tired of London is tired of life. This is still true as London is home a wide range of attractions, Art at such galleries, such as the National Gallery, The National portrait gallery, The Tate and the Tate modern amongst others. There are cultural treats in the theatres and cinema of the West end and the South bank, and the recreated home of Shakespeare in the capital, the Globe. There are all the traditional tourist sites to see such as Buckingham Palace, The Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, St Paul’s Cathedral, Trafalgar Square and the London Eye.
Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland was initially centred on the Old Town, the castle and Holyrood Palace, but the New Town is a Georgian masterpiece. Both the Old Town and the New Town are Unesco World Heritage sights.
Oxford and Cambridge – The two ancient university towns allow you to wander amongst the dreaming spires, to punt on the river and to at certain times walk through the college quadrangles.
Parks and Nature
The British countryside has lots to offer, In the south there are the rolling countryside and picturesque villages of the Cotswolds and the Jurassic coast. In the east, there is the tranquillity of the Fens. The north has the magnificent scenery and outdoor activities in the Lake District and the Peak District. Wales offers the ruggedness of the Snowdonia National Park and the beautiful beaches of the Gower. Scotland has the vast wilderness of the Highlands and the beauty of the islands. Northern Ireland is blessed with the Giants causeway as well as the north Antrim coast.
History
History– Stone Age, Roman age and the Dark Ages – before 1066
The inhabitants of the United Kingdom have had a tendency to try to leave their mark on the landscape of the UK. For the length of recorded history they have been leaving little marks for the tourists of the future to enjoy. This started with our prehistoric cousins who left their mark in stone circles and mounds at such places such as Stonehenge and Avebury. Obviously these sites started as places of religious observance but today give us a glimpse of the past.
Then came the Romans, who as well as leaving roads, married the natives and left great marks such as villas at Fishbourne, Baths at Bath, Hadrian’s wall in the north of England, and roman walls and building all over the country, including in London, Lincoln, York and Cirencester (The capitals of the four British provinces in the late Roman period)
After the Romans left, the United Kingdom fell along with the rest of Western Europe into the dark ages. Even during this period when much of the learning, cilivation and culture of the Roman period was lost, The people of the United Kingdom continued to make their mark on the landscape of the country, with elaborate burial mounds such as the ones at Sutton Hoo the treasures of which can now been see in the British museum. As time progressed waves of migrants and invaders came from the present day Germany, Denmark and Norway brought with them a new language and new culture.
History – Norman and Medieval periods 1066 to 1603.
1066 saw a major change in the history of the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of England was conquered by the Norman’s from Northern France. As a means to consolidate their power during the 11th and 12th centuries, they went on a building spree, building castles and churches, including the Tower of London and castles at Windsor, Durham and Warwick amongst others and wonderful cathedrals at Canterbury, Norwich, Lincoln, Durham and York. As the Normans extended their power in Wales in the 13th century, there was more castle building with Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech. In Scotland too, great castles were built at Stirling and Edinburgh.
History 1603 – 1900
Britain is littered with the historical sights from the Stuart, Georgian, Regency and Victorian era. There are fine examples of the English country house at Blenheim, Chatsworth and the Royal pavilion at Brighton shows royal regency splender by the sea. There are fine examples of classic Georgian cities in Edinburgh and Bath. The industrial revolution saw a huge increase in the population and a migration towards the cities and the development of heavy industry. Some key sights from this period include the Ironbridge, sight of the world’s first all iron bridge, the mills of Saltaire and New Lanark. Other Victorian treats include St Pancras station in London, The house of parliament, and the Royal Albert Hall, Tower Bridge in London, Forth Bridge in Edinburgh and Glasgow and Manchester Town Halls.
Modern Britain – 20th and 21st Centuries
The early 20th century saw the heyday of the British seasight resort, with towns like Blackpool seeing millions of visitors to their beaches, theatres and entertainments every year. In Liverpool the two great cathedrals of the 20th century dominate the skyline, and then there are other modern treats, the domes of the Eden project in Cornwall, the Angel of the North outside of Newcastle and The new Titanic quarter in Belfast.
Sport
United Kingdom can be called the home of sport as it was the birthplace of four of the world’s major sports, Association Football, Rugby Football,Tennis and Cricket. There are shrines to these sports all over the country. Wembley, Old Trafford, Anfield, Hampden Park for Football, Twickenham and Murrayfield for Rugby, Lords for Cricket and the All England club at Wimbledon for Tennis.
Landmarks
• Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, is a magnificently situated royal fortress located on one of the highest points in the city. The castle has been continuously in use for 1000 years and is in excellent condition.
• Stonehenge is an ancient stone circle located near the cathedral city of Salisbury in Wiltshire.
• The Georgian architecture and Roman baths in Bath.
• York Minster (Cathedral) in the historic city of York.
• Canterbury Cathedral is the seat of the head of the church of England. Located in the city of Canterbury in Kent
• Shakespeare's Birthplace, Stratford-Upon-Avon, is home of the Royal Shakespeare Company.
• The ancient and world-renowned universities of Oxford and Cambridge
• The Eden Project near St Austell is a massive botanical gardens including indoor rainforest and Mediterranean biodomes.
• The Giant's Causeway sixty miles from Belfast on the north coast of Northern Ireland is a World Heritage site and a natural wonder.
• Portsmouth Historic Dockyard is home to three of the most important ships ever built and 800 years of naval history.
Do
Although most if not all visitors will probably visit London at some point, it is well worth getting out of the capital to get a real taste of the region and important to not forget the diversity one can find in barely 50 miles.
Whether it's countryside, coastal, historic towns or vibrant cities you are after, there's something for everyone.
For the best countryside head for the National Parks such as the Yorkshire Dales or Dartmoor, perhaps on a day trip or a longer stay.
For coastal there are either pretty beaches such as St Ives, traditional fishing towns like Whitby or seaside resorts such as Blackpool and Bournemouth
For historic towns there are a wide range from Edinburgh and Cardiff and their castles, to Bath and York and their Roman history.
For vibrant cities why not head to Leeds in the North for shopping, museums, theatre and day trips to the Yorkshire Dales, Bristol and Exeter in the West or Glasgow in Scotland.
Buy
Cost
The high cost of travelling basics such as transport, accommodation and food means that you will spend at least £50 per day as a budget traveller. This figure climbs higher if you want to use taxis, 3 star hotels, and eat in restaurants.
London and the South East can be up to three times as expensive as other parts of the country.
Cigarettes and tobacco
Cigarettes are heavily taxed ranging to over £7 for 20 cigarettes. 50-gram pouches of rolling tobacco are around £12. Imported brands such as Marlboro, Camel or Lucky Strike are generally the most expensive as are well-known UK brands such as Benson & Hedges and Embassy. Popular and less pricey local brands include Lambert & butler and Silk Cut (a light cigarette similar to Marlboro Light), while the cheapest brands (Mayfair, Richmond, Superking, Windsor Blue) are cheap and cheerful. Low-tar cigarettes cannot be called 'light' so terms such as 'gold' and 'smooth' are used. Most cigarettes come in low-tar and menthol varients, and many brands also sell 'Superking' (100mm length) varients too. The cheapest prices will be found in the supermarkets at the customer service counter. Almost all newsagents, supermarkets and petrol stations sell tobacco, and most will also sell some brands of pipe tobacco and cigars. For a more extensive selection of tobacco products, most towns and cities will have at least one specialist tobacconist.
The minimum age to purchase tobacco is 18 however, smoking is legal at 16. Customers who appear younger than 18 (and, in some places, 21 or 25) may be asked to produce a passport or other identification.
In some places there is a black market in considerably cheaper, imported cigarettes and you may be offered such in some pubs by certain individuals (rarely the publican or bar staff!). The health warning on these is likey to be in a language other than English. This is best avoided as this is indeed an illegal trade, and counterfeits are common.
Smoking is illegal all enclosed public places with the exception of some hotel rooms (enquire when booking). For the purposes of the anti-smoking law, 'enclosed' is defined as having a minimum of three walls and a roof, so this can include things such as 'open' bus shelters. It is also illegal to smoke at railway stations. Penalties can include a £50 'on-the-spot' fine. Most pubs and nightclubs have smoking areas which fully comply with the relevant legislation.
Money
The currency throughout the UK is the Pound (£) (more properly called the Pound Sterling, but this is not used in everyday speech), divided into 100 pence (p, pronounced 'pee').
Coins appear in 1p (small copper), 2p (large copper), 5p (very small silver), 10p (large silver), 20p (small silver with angled edges), 50p (large silver with angled edges), £1 (small, thick gold) and £2 (large, thick with silver centre and gold edge) denominations, while Bank of England notes (bills) come in £5 (green/light blue), £10 (orange/brown), £20 (blue (newer design) purple (older design)) and £50 (red), and depict the Queen on one side and famous historical figures on the other. The size increases according to value. It's often best to avoid getting £50 notes. £50 notes are often refused by smaller establishments - they are unpopular because of the risk of forgery, and because of the amount of change one needs to give on receiving one. Banks are also unlikely to change them to smaller notes for you, though a post office or bookmaker might.
However, Scottish and Northern Irish banks issue their own notes in the above denominations, with their own designs. If in doubt, check what you are given for the words "Pounds Sterling". £100 notes and some old £1 notes are also in circulation in Scotland. Bank of England notes circulate freely in the whole of the United Kingdom, and in Scotland and Northern Ireland it is quite common to receive change in a mixture of English and/or Scottish or Northern Irish notes. Welsh banks do not issue their own notes.
Some smaller English or Welsh vendors might refuse to accept notes issued by Scottish or Northern Irish banks mainly due to unfamiliarity. They are under no obligation to do so, so use them at a larger retailer, or change them for Bank of England notes at a bank. There should never be a charge for this - though foreign-exchange dealers at airports or ferry terminals might well try to charge you.
Coins are uniform throughout the United Kingdom. Non-English speaking visitors should be aware that the new coin designs (introduced from 2008) no longer show the value in numbers, only words.
You may also hear the slang term quid for pounds. It is both singular and plural; "three quid" means "three pounds". It is likely that people will use the slang "p" when they mean either a penny or pence. Note the singular is penny and the plural pence. Some people still use traditional terms such as a penny, tuppence and thruppence (1p, 2p and 3p). The words "Fiver" and "Tenner" are common slang for £5 and £10, respectively.
In general, shopkeepers and other businesses in the UK are not obliged to accept any particular money or other method of payment. Any offer to purchase can simply be refused; for example if you try to pay with notes or coins they don't recognise. If in doubt, ask someone when you enter the shop. If settling a debt, for example, paying a restaurant or hotel bill, usually any reasonable method of payment will be accepted unless it's been made clear to you in advance how you must pay. Travellers cheques in Sterling may accepted in place of cash but it is best to ask first.
ATMs, which are often known in the UK as Cashpoints, cash machines or informally as 'holes in the wall', are very widely available and usually dispense £10, £20 and sometimes £5 notes. Traveller's cheques can be exchanged at most banks. Be aware: some non-bank ATMs (easily identified, sometimes kiosk-style units, as opposed to fixed units in walls, and often at petrol/gas stations and convenience stores) charge a fixed fee for withdrawing money, and your home bank may as well. On average the cost is about £1.75 per withdrawal, but the machine will always inform you of this and allow you to cancel the transaction.
Visa, Mastercard, Maestro and American Express are accepted by most shops and restaurants, although American Express is sometimes not accepted by smaller independent establishments, and it is worth asking if unsure, especially if there are long queues. Since February 14, 2006, Chip and PIN [122] has become nearly compulsory, with few companies still accepting signatures when paying by credit or debit cards. Customers from countries without chips in their credit cards are supposed to be able to sign instead of providing a PIN; however, it is wise to carry enough cash in case the retailer does not comply.
Although most small shops will take cards, there is often a minimum amount you have to spend (usually around £5). Anything under the minimum and they will refuse to accept the card.
Shopping
Although shopping in the UK can be expensive, it is generally regarded as a world-class destination for shoppers both in terms of variety and quality of products, depending on where and what you buy. Fierce competition has brought prices down considerably in the food, clothing and electronic sectors. Prices do vary and it is always worth visiting the various retail stores as bargains can often be found. Avoid buying from the tourist areas and stick to the High Street shops or the many 'out-of-town' retail parks where prices will be considerably cheaper. The retail market in the UK is a very competitive one and many bargains are to be had all year round. In the electronics sector, for example, it is becoming more and more common to ask for a price reduction at time of purchase.
VAT (Value Added Tax - a mandatory tax on almost all goods and services in the UK) is 20% with reduced rates of 5% and 0% applying to specific categories of goods (food from supermarkets and some books, for example, are taxed at 0%). For most High Street shopping, VAT is included in the sale price. However, for certain larger purchases, especially in the area of computers and electronics, stores may show prices without VAT, however these are clearly marked with "exc VAT" next to the figure. In many of the larger towns and cities, many shops have the blue "Tax-Free Shopping" sticker in the window, meaning that when you leave the European Union (not just the UK), you can claim back the VAT before you leave the country. However, in order to do this, you must keep any receipts you receive from your purchase.
Electronic items such as computers and digital cameras can be cheaper here than many European countries (especially Scandinavian countries), but do shop around. The internet is always a good way to judge the price of a particular item, also you can use this as a bargaining tool when agreeing on a price with some of the larger electronic retail stores. If visiting from the US, there may be duties and taxes charged that make some of these purchases much less of a bargain so shop wisely.
Eat
Despite jokes and stereotypes, British food is actually very good and internationally oriented British cuisine has improved greatly over the past few decades, and the British remain extremely proud of their native dishes. Restaurants and supermarkets in the middle and upper range have consistently high standards, and the choice of international dishes is among the best in Europe. However, British eating culture is still in the middle of a transition phase. Unlike their continental neighbours, many Britons still eat to live rather than living to eat, and as a result, food quality is variable at the budget end of the market.
The United Kingdom can be an expensive place to eat out compared to, say, the more southern European countries, but relatively cheap in comparison with countries such as Switzerland and Norway.
Many restaurants in city centres tend to be a little more expensive than ones in the suburbs, and pubs do tend to be slightly more expensive in the countryside, but generally, a three-course meal without drinks will cost the traveller anywhere between £10 and £25. Chicken tikka masala with rice is sometimes claimed as the UK's most popular dish, though roast beef is a more traditional national dish.
If all else fails decent picnic foods such as sandwiches, cakes, crisps, fresh fruit, cheeses and drinks are readily available at supermarkets. Street markets are a good place to pick up fresh fruit and local cheeses at bargain prices. Bakeries (eg Greggs) and supermarkets ( eg Tesco, Sainsburys, Waitrose, Morrisons and Asda) usually sell a good selection of pre-packed sandwiches, pasties and cakes along with a range of soft drinks, juices and mineral waters. In addition, most chemists and newsagents will have a basic supply of pre-packaged sandwiches and bottled drinks.
Many large shops, especially department stores, will have a coffee shop or restaurant.
Smoking is now banned in all restaurants, cafés, bars and pubs - there are no exceptions. However some establishments have provided 'smoking areas' and smoking is allowed in the gardens/terraces outside pubs and restaurants unless otherwise stated.
Hotel breakfasts may reinforce the stereotype about British cooking-one London's establishment's idea of a morning meal was a fried egg served with asparagus!
Fish and chips
Deep-fried, battered fish (usually cod or haddock, though with a wider selection in some areas) with rather thick chips, always made from real chunks of potato rather than thin tubes of extruded mashed potato. Fish and chips are often served with mushy peas (in England), and dressed with salt and malt vinegar (or 'Sauce' in parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland). "Proper" (authentic, for-the-masses) fish and chips can be bought only from either a backstreet "chippy" or a specialist fish and chip restaurant (the latter are mostly at the seaside, although there is a national chain, Harry Ramsden's, which does quite good fish and chips, but at "tourist prices"; Mr Ramsden's original shop, near Leeds, was a legend). However, a "proper chippy" (a backstreet "fish and chip shop", or just "chip shop") is the quintessential place to buy fish and chips. In the north you can also add mushy peas to your order. These are rarer in the south of the country. In Scotland, especially Glasgow, some fish and chip shops deep-fry almost everything they sell, including meat pies, pizzas, and even battered Mars or Snickers bars. In Northern Ireland, you can also order a Pastie (not to be confused with a Cornish Pasty). This is meat minced with onions, potato and spices, which is then battered and deep fried. It can be served in a bap (a soft bread bun), on its own, or with chips. Anything served with chips in Northern Ireland and in parts of Scotland is referred to as a "supper", eg, "a fish supper" or "a pastie supper".
The best ones are specialists, serving perhaps a few alternatives such as a selection of pies or sausages. They are usually located near where people live, though some good ones, especially "sit down" chippies, can be found in town centres. They can be spotted by the illuminated sign which usually has a picture of a fish and a name: either punning and piscine, such as "Codroephenia" and "The Codfather" or proud and proprietorial, "Fred's Chippy", or even both as in "Jack's Golden Plaice". Typically a lot of people eating or waiting is an indication of good food.
A "sit down chippy" is a chip shop with a separate dining room. Whilst no real one will be exactly like this, although most elements will be present, a stereotypical sit down chippie will be brightly lit and decorated in a nautical theme with yellow or blue formica-topped tables. Typically a waitress will take your order for a Cod Meal, alternatively Haddock, Plaice or another dish, and within five minutes your meal will be served: a huge fish, a mountain of chips and mushy peas. Accompanying it, in more up-market places, will be a sachet of tartar sauce, a slice of lemon, a big plate of bread-and-butter, and a pot of tea. Some will have a separate pot of hot water, either to dilute the tea if it is too strong for your taste, or to "top-up" the tea in the pot when you have poured out your first cup. On the table will be a large shaker of salt and a bottle or plastic squeezy bottle of brown malt vinegar, which is what most British will put on their fish and chips. There may even be a tomato-shaped plastic container of ketchup or a container of brown sauce. Fish and chips bought from a pub, hotel or non-specialist restaurant bear little resemblance to those from a chippy.
Take-aways
A 'take-away' is either a shop supplying prepared meals for people to eat elsewhere, or the meal itself. A very British take-away is the Fish and Chip shop; the sandwich shop is a popular choice at lunchtimes; they often also sell pies and cakes. Alternatively, most towns and many main routes have a selection of fast-food chains. Various types of take-aways are present in nearly all towns, ranging from fish and chips to "Indian", which can often be operated by non-Indians like Bangladeshi, and Chinese shops. Thai and Indonesian takeaways are becoming quite common, and lots of others in bigger towns. Generally the standard of take-aways is good, but the best guide is, as always, to observe what the locals are doing. In towns and cities these places tend to open late (sometimes till about 1AM) to cater for the so called after-the-pub crowd. At this time they tend to be busy and rowdy so to avoid the queues the best time for a takeaway is between 7PM and 11PM after the teatime rush but before the supper crowds.
Food in pubs
See below for general points about pubs. Pubs are typically places where you can sample British cuisine (if that isn't an oxymoron). There are no such things as a British restaurant per se, so these will be your next best bet; even if you are against drinking alcohol, you will find a more traditional and full menu then a cafe or chippy.
Almost all pubs (see below) serve food, although not all will do so during the whole of their opening hours. Prices of all these types vary enormously, and you should seek local advice if you have particular requirements or standards. Do not sit at a table in a pub expecting a waiter to take your order for food or drinks: pubs nearly always work on a "queue at the bar for drinks: order at the bar for food" basis. You go to the bar to request and pay for drinks and food. To avoid annoying customers behind them, groups usually order as one, and "settle up" between themselves later (see elsewhere for "buying rounds"). You normally order your "starters" and "mains" together (food-oriented places have numbers screwed to the tables for you to quote, or will give you a number to take to your table). There is an etiquette that if you see another patron at the bar, you should invite them to order first. You then wait for your drinks to be poured and carry them to the table. When your meal is ready, it is either brought to you or, less commonly now, announced when it is ready for you to collect. The person who tidies away your main course may ask you what dessert you would like, or you may have to order at the bar again.
Restaurants
Larger towns have a range of restaurants to suit most tastes and you will find a very broad range of cuisines, including Indian, Chinese, Thai, French and Italian. Waiters generally expect a 10% tip (but all too often do not get it from the native population) and in some places this is automatically listed on your bill. However, if you are dissatisfied with the service in any way, you are under no obligation to pay the service charge. Generally British people are not great tippers. As a visitor the 10% rule is more than generous and worth sticking to. Visitors from The US and Canada are seen as very generous tippers and even a bit of a soft touch by some.
The usual fast-food restaurants (McDonalds, Burger King, Pizza Hut, KFC, Subway and local chain Wimpy) are widespread in larger towns and cities but uncommon in smaller towns. They are typically located in major shopping areas, in or around major train stations, in out-of-town retail parks and in motorway service stations and airports (the latter 2 are usually more expensive). Prices are average - a burger, chips and drink meal will cost about GBP4-5. Most are open from around 7:00-22:00 although some in large cities are 24-hours. Fast-food restaurants in out-of-town locations offer drive-through service. Delivery service is widely offered.
Curry
One of the most popular types of restaurant in the UK is the Indian restaurant. They can be found in every city and most towns large and small. There are now more and more upmarket Indian restaurants in the larger urban centres. Indian restaurants serve cuisine commonly known to their customers by the generic term "curry". Common Indian restaurant dishes include Chicken Tikka Masala, Prawn Biryani and the incredibly spicy Vindaloo. A popular version of curry is known as balti, possibly named after the metal bowl the food is cooked and served in. Balti cuisine, and a number of other commonly served dishes such as the ubiquitous chicken tikka masala, originated in the UK though it is clearly based on food from the Indian subcontinent. Birmingham in the Midlands is considered the balti capital of the UK as this dish was conceived there. Curry Mile in Manchester is well worth a visit if you are in the city.
Motorway service areas
Motorway service areas are notoriously expensive places to eat, though the vast majority are open 24 hours by law. Most contain fast-food outlets and all have (free) toilets. Some services may be limited overnight such as the range of hot and cold food, although most will keep a selection available. Service areas are often best avoided as it is often possible to find cheaper and much better places to eat within a mile or two of a motorway junction. They have a poor reputation for hygiene and service; subsequently places like Little Chef have taken such a hit that many have closed. Try 5 minutes away [123], a website listing facilities no more than 5 minutes' drive from motorway junctions.
Vegetarian/vegan
Vegetarianism has become more widespread in the UK over the last few decades. If you are staying as a guest in a British home it would be considered courteous to inform your host beforehand as to any dietary requirements, but this will not be considered rude or even particularly unusual. If you are staying in a B&B, let the owner know when you arrive, and you'll often find that they will cook up a special vegetarian breakfast for you.
Bear in mind that even if you call yourself vegetarian some people will assume you eat fish, so if you don't, then tell them so. Nowadays, it is rare to find a pub or restaurant with no vegetarian options.
If you are a vegan, be prepared to explain precisely what you do and don't eat on a fairly frequent basis. Outside of specialist eateries, most places probably won't have a vegan-friendly main meal, so be prepared to hunt around, order bits and bobs, or in a pub make do with the ubiquitous bowl of chips and tomato ketchup and even then it would be wise to check whether the chips have been cooked in animal fat, a practice quickly falling out of fashion.
In general, the best places for vegetarian and vegan food are specialist veggie pubs and restaurants and Indian, Chinese and South-East Asian restaurants. Most major cities and towns will have at least one. Expensive upscale restaurants may have more limited vegetarian options, and sometimes none at all. If you're fortunate enough to be dining in such a place, it may be worth ringing ahead.
Children
Children are not necessarily allowed in all pubs and restaurants unless a lounge area is provided, and high chairs are not always available. Most pubs that serve food will accept children, and it is usually easy to distinguish those that do. The general rule is that children cannot sit or stand about in the area where drinks are being served; so if the pub has only one small room, they are not allowed. Children are permitted in most drinks-only pubs, especially those with gardens, but again, they are not supposed to come near the bar. To be safe, ask an employee or telephone the place in advance.
Regional specialities
• Black Pudding - a sausage made of congealed pig's blood or, in the Western Isles of Scotland, sheep's blood, rusks and sage or spices, cooked in an intestine. Available all over the UK but a speciality of the North of England, in particular from Bury, the Black Country, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In actual fact, it tastes much better than it sounds.
• Cheese - Although the British are not as famous for, or as proud of, their cheeses as their neighbours in France, a multitude of cheeses is produced, and are generally named after a particular region. Well-known examples include Stilton (named after Stilton but produced elsewhere) - a blue cheese to rival Roquefort or Gorgonzola, Cheddar (named after the village of Cheddar in Somerset), Lancashire (which may be "creamy" or "crumbly"), Wensleydale (a valley in North Yorkshire), Caerphilly and Cheshire. The quality varies tremendously, depending on where they are bought; the best place is probably a local market – e.g. buy your Lancashire cheese in Lancashire. Supermarkets will offer a wide range of cheeses but are often of inferior quality.
• Cornish Pasty - beef and vegetables baked in a folded pastry case. Originally a speciality of Cornwall, but now available throughout the UK. Usually very good in Devon and Cornwall, but can be of variable quality elsewhere. The variety sold in a plastic wrapper in places like petrol (gas) stations and motorway service stations are well worth avoiding. As of 2011, Cornish Pasties can only be labelled as Cornish if they are made in Cornwall.
• Deep Fried Mars Bar - Originally from Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, but now available in other parts of Scotland and sometimes by request in fish & chip shops elsewhere in the UK. Not usually available in south-east England, where it is sometimes believed to be an urban myth.
• Eccles Cake - a popular flaky-pastry type cake with raisins, from the small namesake town in Lancashire.
• Haggis - a mixture of sheep innards, minced meat and oatmeal boiled in a sheep's stomach. Available widely, but a speciality of Scotland. Also available in many supermarkets, where it appears that many sheep have plastic stomachs - although the contents are often quite reasonable - sometimes mildly spicey.
• Lancashire Hotpot - a hearty vegetable and meat stew. A speciality of Lancashire, but available throughout the UK. In Lancashire, it is often accompanied by pickled red cabbage or pickled beetroot.
• Laverbread - a puree made from seaweed, rolled in oatmeal, lightly fried and generally served with bacon rashers, though can be prepared as a vegetarian dish. Available in Swansea and West Wales.
• Oatcakes - this speciality of Stoke-on-Trent, North Staffordshire and Derbyshire is a large, floppy, oat-based pancake, eaten hot, in place of bread at breakfast time, or with a savoury filling. Not to be confused with the Scottish oatcake, a sort of biscuit.
• Pastie - recipes vary, but generally a pasty is minced pork with onions, potato and spices, shaped into a thick disc, covered with batter and deep fried. Pasties are unique to Northern Ireland and well worth trying from a Fish & Chip shop.
• Pork pie - a pie made of pork, with an outer of a particularly crispy sort of pastry. Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire is their spiritual home but they are available across the country. They are served cold or room temperature as part of a cold meal.
• Potato Bread - a mixture of potatoes, salt, butter and flour. A speciality of Northern Ireland which, alongside Sodabread forms one of the main ingredients of an 'Ulster Fry'. Similar to, but not quite the same as potato bread, are Potato Cakes as sold in England and Tattie Scones in Scotland.
• Sausages - Europeans will be surprised to discover that the filling contains breadcrumbs, rusk or other fillers as well as meat (Britons think of frankfurters and similar solid-meat sausages as German or French). Generic sausages are nothing special and very much a 'mystery meat' experience, that being said not all sausages are pork, with many now seeing a mix with beef, venison, turkey or even soya. Regional speciality recipes such as Lincolnshire and the Cumberland-ring are well worth trying in a pub. Some marketplaces and butchers still serve archaic family recipes, such as Oxford where the sausage is without skin and more like a beef patty. Remeber you get what you pay for. S 2p or 3p 'bargain' bangers like Walls, will taste of very little.
• Sunday dinner/Roast dinner - this meal is common throughout the UK. Traditionally eaten on a Sunday, the meal consists of a roasted joint of meat (eg: Whole roast chicken, leg of lamb, shoulder of pork etc), and roast potatoes and steamed/boiled vegetables. All served with gravy (a thick or thin sauce, depending on the meat, made with the meat juices and stock. Yorkshire Pudding (a pancake style batter baked in a very hot oven) is traditionally served with roast beef, although some people have it with any roast dinner.
• Smoked fish - protected as a regional dish from the Great Grimsby area. Usually haddock is the most popular type smoked in this special style. In Scotland, it is traditional to have smoked kippers if not porrdige for breakfast.
• Welsh Cakes - scone-like cakes studded with raisins and dusted with sugar. Available in bakeries throughout Wales and served hot off the griddle at Swansea Market.
• Yorkshire Pudding - a savoury side dish made from unsweetened batter. Traditionally a plate-sized pudding would be served with gravy before the main course, to encourage more economical consumption of expensive meat. Squat and round in shape - often served with a roast dinner (consisting of roast potatoes, roast beef and Yorkshire puddings). Originally a speciality of the former industrial cities of Yorkshire, but now an integral part of a beef dinner throughout the UK.
Drink
The legal age to buy and consume alcohol is 18 but many teenagers younger than 18 have seemingly little problem in purchasing alcohol in smaller pubs and from off licences. Nevertheless, if you're over 18 but lucky enough to look younger, expect to be asked to prove your age when buying alcohol (also, in certain places if you look under 21 or 25, you have to prove you're over 18, known as "Challenge 21(25)"), especially in popular city spots. Some premises will require proof of age for all drinks after a certain time of night due to restrictions on the age of people who can be on the premises. The most trustworthy form of ID is a passport or driving licence which shows both your photograph and date of birth. ID cards are likely to be accepted (providing there is a photograph) and proof of age cards are available which must be applied for by post and take several weeks to issue. Any other form of ID willl not be accepted. In private residences the minimum age to drink alcohol is 5 years old, although it is likely that if a 5 or 6 year old etc. were getting drunk, the matter would be brought before the courts as child neglect.
Getting drunk is acceptable and often it is the objective of a party, though the police often take a dim view on those causing alcohol-related trouble. This applies to all levels of the British society - it may be worth remembering that the former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, had to collect his son Euan from a police station after he had been found drunk celebrating the completion of his GCSE exams taken at the age of 16. Nevertheless, Britons have a great sense of humour and everything is forgotten after a hangover, at least until the next time. Drinking is an important part of the British culture and, even though it is frequently complained about, it is as popular as ever.
Urinating in public is illegal (unless pregnant), and classified as indecent exposure, technically a sexual offence and quite difficult to explain when applying for a visa. You should try and use the facilities where you are drinking.
Pub
The pub or public house is the most popular place to get a drink in the UK. Even small villages will often have a pub, serving spirits, wines, beers, cider, and 'alcopops', accompanied by crisps, nuts and pork scratchings. Many serve snacks or meals. The greater volume of drinks served are various kinds of beer, mainly lagers, bitters, and porter / stout (ie Guinness). People not looking to drink real ale are free to choose a pub just on the basis of location, and character, because most national "smooth" bitters or TV-advertised lagers are available in any non-real-ale pub; however, even non-real-ale drinkers often find that they prefer the types of pubs with a range of real ales, because they tend to be more "traditional", with a more individual character and less oriented to juke boxes, games machines, fruit machines and large crowds.
Across the whole of the United Kingdom there is now a blanket ban on smoking inside pubs and restaurants, though many pubs have areas outside, often known as "beer gardens", where smoking is (usually, but not always) permissible. However if you are lucky (or unlucky) enough to be able to stay after the formal closing hours this is called a "lock-in" and smoking may be ok if the pub landlord allows it. This will often occur only in the later hours after 11PM and these lock-ins can last any amount of time. As they are classed as a private party, they happen in only a few pubs, and often only pubs with more regular customers, although this is not always the case. Once at a lock-in, you cannot leave and come back in again.
British real ales, championed by the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) [124], are amongst the best in the world - though people used to colder, blander, fizzier beers may find that the taste needs to be acquired. People looking for real ale will need to select the right pubs, because although a wide range of pubs serve one or two real ales, only a "real ale pub" will have a wide selection. British ale has a limited shelf life compared to most foreign beers, and as some pubs have only a "token" cask with low turnover, it's often well past its prime and has a strange vinegary taste: often, unfortunately, people's first and understandably only experience with "real ale". If you do receive an 'off' pint, ask for a replacement at the bar, which will usually be forthcoming.
The phrase "free house" was usually the main indicator for people looking for a good choice of beer, because this indicated that the pub was not owned by a particular brewery and served whatever beer its landlord thought would appeal to their customers. However, this is no longer a significant factor, because most national pub chains are now owned by large conglomerates who deal centrally with brewers and serve the same mass-market brands in all their pubs: these conglomerates (not being breweries) can still call their pubs "free houses".
British people usually follow a kind of unwritten code of conduct when in pubs, though types of venue can vary dramatically, ranging from a 'local' pub, usually a quiet place consisting of one or two rooms, to a chain pub such as J.D. Wetherspoons which are very large rooms capable of holding hundreds of people.
• Don't tap money on the bar surface to attract the barman's attention.
• Tipping is not a tradition in most pubs and you should take all of your change. Regular customers who have a relationship with the staff will offer to buy the landlord, or bar worker, a drink. They may say something like this: "A pint of Best, landlord, and one for yourself." The landlord will often keep the money rather than have too much to drink. However, you are not obliged to do this yourself.
• Especially in a 'local' pub, keep your voice down and avoid drawing attention to yourself.
• It might be best to avoid heated debates about controversial subjects in pubs and bars; if others get involved these can escalate.
• If you require extra chairs, you may want to take one from another table. If someone is already seated (even if it is only one person seated at a six-person table) you must ask if you can take the chair.
• Waiting patiently at a bar is imperative. Pushing in line will not be tolerated and could lead to confrontation. If someone cuts in line before you, feel free to complain - you should get support from other locals around you. Bear in mind that pubs are amongst the few places in Britain which don't actually have formal queues -- you just crowd around the bar, and when everyone who was there before you has been served you can order.
• In the male toilets, especially in big pubs or clubs, don't try to strike up conversation or make prolonged eye contact. UK pub toilets are very much "get in and get out" places - some drunk people can take a casual remark the wrong way.
Pubs with a good choice of real ales may exhibit almost any pattern of ownership:
• By a real-ale brewery (in which case the pub will serve all of the beers made by them, and perhaps only one "guest beer").
• By a national or local pub chain who believe it is possible to serve a range of real ales at reasonable prices (their chain buying power can force down a brewer's margins) in a pub that non-real-ale-fans will be willing to patronise.
• By an independent landlord committed to real ale (usually the ones with the most idiosyncratic beers, and the hard-core "real ale type" customers).
Many pubs are very old and have traditional names, such as the "Red Lion" or "King's Arms"; before widespread literacy, pubs would be identified by most customers solely by their signs. Recently there has been a trend, strongly resisted in some quarters, towards chain-pubs such as the Hogshead, Slug and Lettuce and those owned by the JD Wetherspoon company. Another recent trend is the gastro pub, a smartened-up traditional pub with a selection of high-quality food (nearly at restaurant prices).
Beer in pubs is served in pint and half-pint measures, or in bottles. A pint is slightly more than half a litre (568ml to be precise). Simply ordering a beer on tap will be interpreted as a request for a pint, e.g. 'a lager, please'. Alternatively 'half a lager, please' will get you a half-pint. If you ask for a "half-pint of lager" in a noisy pub, you will almost certainly get a pint, because no-one asks for a "half-pint" and the bar person will have thought you said "I'll have a pint of lager, please". Prices vary widely based on the city, the pub and the beer, but generally pints will be in the range £3 to £4.
Spirits and shorts are normally 25 ml although some pubs use a standard 35ml measure, in all cases it will be clearly indicated on the optic, in England, Scotland and Wales. In Northern Ireland, the standard measure is a 35ml measure. A dram in Scotland was traditionally a quarter of a gill measure now 25ml.
Pubs often serve food during the day. Drinks are ordered and paid for at the bar.
When applying for a licence, pubs can specify any opening times they wish; this can be challenged by neighbours, etc. Closing times are typically the 'last order' time - the pub can sell drinks before this and customers have to drink up and leave within 20 minutes of the licensing hours.
Until the recent change in licensing laws, closing times were 11PM and 10:30PM on a Sunday, and this is still quite common. The most common closing times at the weekends in towns are between midnight and 1AM, and some larger pubs may apply for a licence until 2AM and clubs 3AM or 4AM. It is not unheard of that some bars have licences until the early hours (6AM) although this is rare as many who are out until this time are likely to go to nightclubs and then home. Theoretically, a pub can ask for a 24-hour licence, though few have done so.
Wine bars
In cities, in additional to traditional pubs, there are more modern wine-bars and café-bars (often known simply as bars), though the variable weather means that there is not as much of a 'street scene' as in other European cities. However, depending on the weather, there are more and more pavement cafés in the UK than in the past. Parts of London, Manchester and other up-and-coming cities are good examples of this change of scene.
Prices in bars tend to be higher than in pubs, with less focus on beer, and more on wine, spirits and cocktails. Customers are often younger than those of traditional pubs, though there is much crossover and some bars are more "pubby" than others.
Clubbing
Clubbing is popular in most large towns and cities, and many have world-renowned venues as well as many alternative venues. Great clubs can be found in London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Edinburgh, Newcastle and Brighton to name just a few places. Prices in clubs tend to be considerably higher than those charged in pubs, and opening hours may not be the attraction they once were, as pubs can now open late too. Most clubs will not admit anyone under 18. ID may be asked for at the door, but ID checks at bars are less common. Dress codes are sometimes applied by doormen or bouncers before entry, sometimes none-too-consistently. Common dress codes are simply to dress smartly and avoid wearing sports wear, including trainers.
Clubs are often cheaper during the week (Mon-Thu) as many of these nights are designed to cater for students; however, you usually have to pay an entrance fee. For a club in a small town (capacity 250-300) this will usually be £1-£2 on week night, £2-£3 on weekends, and seldom more than £5 on special occasions. Conventional clubs in bigger towns and alternative clubs in cities will cost anywhere between £5 and £10. Large clubs, especially those in cities, that cater for a "dance" crowd will almost certainly cost over £10, though seldom more than £15. For towns with a large student population, it is often much cheaper to go clubbing during week nights (Monday-Thursday), as many clubs advertise towards students on these nights, offering discounted drinks and cheaper entry.
Sleep
The UK offers a wide variety of hotels rated on a scale of stars, from 5-star luxury (and beyond!) to 1-star basic. There is also a vast number of privately run bed and breakfast establishments (abbreviated as "B&B"), offering rooms with usually a fried 'full English breakfast'. Alternatively you can rent a private house which is let as a holiday home; many such holiday homes advertise on a wide variety of free websites or advertise on their own websites. Good deals can usually be found by using a search engine for "self-catering holiday accommodation".
Budget travellers can opt to stay in a youth/backpackers' hostel
• YHA England and Wales [125], tel 0870 770 6113
• Scottish YHA [126], Email - reservations@syha.org.uk, tel 0870 1553255
• HI Northern Ireland [127], tel 028 9032 4733
• In recent years an independent hostel scene has opened up, with some privately owned hostels offering a more relaxed regime than the YHA. They're listed on the Independent Hostel Guide [128].
Another option is to stay at short term rental apartments. There are numerous such companies around the country.
There are also many campsites, with widely varying levels of facilities. "Wild camping" on private land outside recognised campsites may be awkward outside remote areas, though one-night camping stops may be feasible if undertaken discreetly, or landowners may give permission to wild-camp for free, or for a small fee, if asked.
Some travellers to the United Kingdom decide on a campervan or caravan holiday, whereby your accommodation travels with you. Most parts of the country have a good range of camping and caravan parks available.
If you are smart enough you can hire a camper, and park in remote pub parking spaces [ask first] and really enjoy the country side atmosphere and unique tiny pubs.
As a more quirky (though sometimes expensive) option, the Landmark Trust [129] is a charitable organisation that buys up historic buildings, follies and other unusual examples of architecture - especially those in danger of destruction - and renovates them in order to rent them out to holidaymakers. For bookings, tel 01628 825925, mailto:bookings@landmarktrust.org.uk
Learn
The UK has been a centre of learning for the past 1,000 years and possesses many ancient and distinguished universities. Many former polytechnics and other colleges have been promoted to university status over the past 25 years , and there are now over 120 degree-awarding institutions in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The two most famous (and oldest) universities are Oxford and Cambridge (often referred to as Oxbridge by many Britons), but England also has several other world-class institutions, including several in London (notably Imperial College, the London School of Economics, University College London and King's College London, all are part of London University). Outside of London in England the top universities are located in Durham, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Exeter, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, York, Nottingham, Kent, Bath, Loughborough, Newcastle, Southampton and Warwick.
Scotland has its own semi-separate educational system, with universities in Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Napier, Queen Margaret and Heriot-Watt), Glasgow (Glasgow, Strathclyde and Caledonian), Stirling and the oldest and most traditional one at St Andrews.
There are two universities in Northern Ireland: the Queen's University of Belfast, and the University of Ulster (which has campuses in Belfast, Jordanstown, Coleraine and Londonderry). Although Queen's is the older and more famous institution, both are highly respected throughout the UK as centres of excellence.
Traditionally the University of Wales comprised four large universities: Aberystwyth [130], Bangor [131], Cardiff [132] and Swansea [133], but since many polytechnics and institutes were upgraded to university status the number of Welsh universities has increased.
Foreign students make up a significant proportion of the student body at UK universities, with over 300,000 foreign students in 2004. All applications go through a central body UCAS [134], which acts as a clearing house passing applications to the universities for consideration and feeding their decisions back to applicants. Course fees for overseas students vary considerably, costing significantly more for the prestigious institutions.
The UK - London, Manchester and Edinburgh in particular - remains an exceedingly popular destination for those seeking to learn the English language. A huge variety of organisations and companies exist to cater for this desire, some much more reputable than others:
• The British Council [135] offers courses and advice.
Work
Citizens of the European Union (temporarily excluding Romania and Bulgaria), Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland have permanent work rights in the UK. Generally the citizens of other countries will require a visa to work in the UK. The UK has had low unemployment in recent years, making it easier for those with specialist skills to gain working visas. A general shortage of skilled labour in the health sector means the British health service actively recruits abroad, making it easier for those with specialist health care skills to work in the UK. This however may change due to the large investment the British government has made into getting more nurses and doctors trained from the United Kingdom. There continues to be a severe shortage in dentists, with many British people travelling to Hungary or Poland for dental treatment.
Beware that all work, paid or unpaid, requires a non-EU, EEA, or Swiss citizen to hold a visa with work permit in order to take part (tourist or visitor visas do not qualify). This includes, strangely, volunteer work.
Citizens of Australia, Canada, Hong Kong (British National (Overseas) passport holders only), Japan, Monaco and New Zealand (as well as British overseas citizens and British overseas territories citizens) can apply for a Tier 5 visa under the Youth Mobility Scheme, which lasts 2 years and permits the holder to work.
Young people of other nationalities may be able to work on internships in the UK by applying for a Tier 5 visa under the Government-sponsored exchange category. Organisations such as IEPUK [136] can help to sponsor and assist a young people from aboard to applying for such a visa.
The credit crunch, however, has caused many businesses to lose profit and go broke. Unemployment in 2008 reached its highest since the economic downturn of the early 1990s.
For more details see the British Home Office's visa and immigration website [137].
Volunteer
• WWOOF [138] arranges for volunteers to work for free on organic farms throughout the UK in exchange for room and board. This system provides an excellent means to experience life in the country-side, make friends and, at the same time, learn a little about organic farming.
Stay safe
In general the UK is a safe place to visit; you won't go far wrong heeding the general advice and the advice for Europe.
In any emergency call 999 or 112 (free of charge from any phone, including mobiles) and ask for Ambulance, Fire and Rescue Service, Police, Coast Guard or Mountain And Cave Rescue when connected. Unlike many other countries, the United Kingdom does not have different numbers for different emergency services.
Late at night it is not uncommon to find rowdy groups of drunk people, especially young men, on the street, but unless you go out of your way to provoke trouble you are unlikely to experience any problems. The police have fairly wide ranging powers to fine or arrest people who are causing a disturbance, and although they can be heavier-handed in major cities they are generally tolerant. Drinking alcohol in public (except outside a bar or pub) is not permitted in some towns and areas of cities.
J-Walking is not considered an offense, but always try and cross at designated pedestrian crossings. Most operate a "Push the button and wait for the green man" system, but some Zebra Crossings are still to be found - identified by white stripes on the road and yellow flashing spherical lights - pedestrians have right of way but it is advisable to make eye contact with the driver before stepping into the road.
If you are bringing or hiring a car, be sure to lock the doors if you leave your car, and always park in a busy, well-lit area. Don't leave valuables on display in a parked car - satellite navigation systems are a particular target.
The age of both heterosexual and homosexual consent is 16 throughout the United Kingdom. Teenagers are generally seen as still children (except those 18 or over, but always ask for proof of age, e.g. passport to prove someone's age, just to be safe.) and you could be termed a paedophile and treated as such. Homosexuality is generally accepted amongst people throughout the whole country.
Racism is an issue in the UK but racially motivated violence is very rare. The main concern for Britons isn't racism; the government strongly encourages the notion of a multi-cultural society, but recent high levels of immigration have been of debate. However, the UK is generally regarded by its own immigrant population as being amongst the most liberal and tolerant of European countries in this respect, but obviously there will be some people who are exceptions. Most Britons will go out of their way to make tourists and immigrants feel welcome and it's not uncommon for police to impose harsh punishments on any form racial abuse - physical or verbal.
Illegal drugs
All illegal drugs in the United Kingdom are classified under 'A', 'B' or 'C'. Class A drugs are typically regarded as the most dangerous (not always the case) and can attract severe penalties, especially for supplying. Class C are generally regarded as the least harmful (again not always the case) and thus attract lesser penalties. Remember: all of these drugs are equally illegal and you can still arrested for possession regardless of the class; the classes are used to determine policing priorities and penalties.
Class A drugs include ecstasy (MDMA), LSD, heroin, speed, and cocaine; penalties will mean arrest and possibly jail even for possession. Magic mushrooms were previously legal because of technicalities in the law, but are now class A.
Cannabis is now a 'Class B' drug. A first offence for possession will usually result in a formal warning, or an on-the-spot fine. This does not apply to other Class B drugs. Subsequent offences may result in arrest.
Examples of Class C include ketamine, some steroids, some prescription drugs such as Valium (legal if they are prescribed for you), GHB, and some tranquillisers.
Prescribed drugs may sometimes require a letter from a doctor to be imported. This applies where the drug is a Controlled Drug (A,B or C) in the UK.
Drug use is a growing concern for authorities, with some of the highest levels in Europe. Cannabis and ecstasy are both very widely available and you could even be offered it if you are in the right location such as certain markets and clubs.
Stay healthy
The local emergency telephone number is 999; however, the EU-wide 112 can also be used. For advice on non-emergency medical problems, you can ring the 24-hour NHS Direct [139] service on 0845 4647 (NHS 24 in Scotland on 08454 242424)
Emergencies can be dealt with under the NHS (National Health Service) at any hospital with a Casualty or A & E (Accident & Emergency) department. At A&E be prepared to wait for up to 4 hours to be seen to if the medical complaint is not serious, depending on the time of day/night. The longest waiting times usually occur on Friday and Saturday nights. Emergencies will be dealt with immediately and before any question of remuneration is even contemplated. Walk-in centres also provide treatment for less urgent conditions on a first come first served basis. They are open to residents and foreign nationals.
All treatment at an NHS hospital or doctor is free to residents of the UK. All emergency treatment is free, regardless of citizenship or immigration status. As a result, an EHIC card is infact not necessary (though advised for EU travel in general), as the UK is possibly one of the only countries to provide free emergency treatment without question or identity verification. This also applies to tourists, both from the EU and outside.
For advice on minor ailments and medicines, you can ask a pharmacist (there are many high-street chemists, and to practise legally all pharmacists must be registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) which involves a university degree and other exams and training). Notable pharmacy chains include Boots and Lloyds, and many supermarkets also have pharmacists. It is worth noting that the medicine trade is strictly controlled and many medicines available to purchase from a pharmacy in other countries eg: antibiotics can only be provided on production of a prescription written by an authorised medical professional.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases are spreading between young people, so make sure you practise safe sex. There are around 50,000 HIV victims living in the UK. Chlamydia is common enough to warrant public health screening of young people. Condoms are available in toilets, pharmacies, and supermarkets. They are also available free from some NHS sexual health clinics (known as GUM clinics), which also provide free STI testing and treatment, even if you are not eligible for other NHS services.
Tap water is safe to drink everywhere, unless otherwise stated.
Cope
The electricity supply runs at 230V, 50Hz AC. Visitors from countries such as the US and Canada, where the voltage supply runs at 110V 60Hz, may need a voltage converter (which can be picked up in most specialist electronic shops). Many appliances needed whilst travelling (such as laptop chargers, shavers and the like) are designed to run off both voltages, however check on the label before setting off.
British plugs have three flat, rectangular pins which form a triangle. These sockets are the same used in Ireland, Cyprus, Malta and several other former British colonies. It is possible to force a thin Europlug (with no earth pins) into the socket, however this is not recommended for obvious reasons. Most shops will sell plug adapters.
Note that during the Christmas and New Year holiday period much of the country shuts down. During the week leading up to Christmas people will travel to their hometowns to visit their family, meaning that the motorway traffic can be very heavy and trains are much more crowded. Also, many people rush to shopping areas to stock up on food and drink and last-minute gifts. On Christmas Day, Boxing Day (Dec 26th) and New Year's Day most businesses will close (including supermarkets and most restaurants and bars) although major hotels remain open. If you need to purchase food, drink or cigarettes on these days then most petrol (gas) station convenience stores will still be open but almost everything else is closed, and on Christmas Day itself even many of these are closed. Many large shops are open (and extremely busy) on Boxing Day. If you don't have a car then avoid travelling on these days as the only available transport in many areas is taxis, which will charge up to three times the regular price. If you have a car then it is much better as roads are almost empty on Christmas Day and parking is often free - however many petrol stations are closed on Christmas Day (except those at Motorway Service Stations, which must be open by law) so plan your journey carefully if you will need to refuel. In many areas, bus and train services finish much earlier than usual on Christmas Eve and New Years Eve, and do not run on Christmas Day or Boxing Day. Buses also tend not to run on New Years Day, outside of major cities. During the week between Christmas and New Year, many transport services operate revised schedules and it is advisable to check with operators.
Respect
It's acceptable to address someone by their first name in most social situations. First names are sometimes avoided among strangers to avoid seeming overly familiar. In very formal or business situations first names are not commonly used until people are better acquainted. The best strategy is to use what they introduced themselves with. Officials, however, (like policemen or doctors) will invaribly call you by your title and surname, for example "Mr Smith".
The British can be extremely indirect when requesting things from people they do not know. It is common for Britons to "ask around" questions when requesting something: for example, one would be more likely to say something along the lines of "Where can I find the changing room?" when in a clothes shop, rather than "Where's the changing room?". Although asking questions directly is quite common, it can sometimes be seen as overly abrupt or even rude.
Similarly, saying 'What?' when not understanding something can be considered rude around authority figures or people you don't know, so 'Pardon?' is more appropriate to use in situations with a stranger or a superior. British people apologise a lot, even when there is absolutely no need to do so. For example, if someone trod on someone else's toe by accident, both people would normally apologise. This is just a British thing to do, and dwelling on it (e.g. "What are you sorry about?") will mark you out as a foreigner. Often a British person will request something or start a conversation with 'sorry'. It isn't because they feel sorry, but it is rather used instead of "excuse me" or "pardon".
Allow some personal space between you and others in queues and elsewhere. You will usually find this in such places as cinemas. Generally, unless people know each other, you will find they will usually choose to fill up every row of seating and keep as much distance of possible until there is a requirement to sit directly next to each other. Exceptions are in very crowded situations where this is impossible, like on the Tube.
Greetings are dependent upon the situation. In anything but a business situation, a verbal greeting (such as 'hello (name)!') will suffice. Younger people will usually say 'Hi,' 'Hiya,' or 'Hey' though the latter is also used to attract attention and should not be used to address a stranger as it would be considered impolite. Another British greeting (frequently used by younger people) is 'You all right?' or 'All right?' (sometimes abbreviated to "A' right" in northern England), which basically is a combination of 'Hello' and 'How are you?'. This term can be confusing to foreigners, but it can be easily replied to with either a greeting back (which is far more common) or stating how you feel (usually something short like 'I'm fine, you?').
A greeting may sometimes be accompanied by a kiss on the cheek or less commonly a hug. Etiquette for a hug is somewhat complicated, so the best advice is to accept a hug (regardless of the gender offering it) if it is offered, otherwise a handshake is appropriate. In a formal situation or an initial greeting between two strangers, a handshake is the done thing, this should be of a appropriate firmness (generally moderate firmness).
For more details on unwritten rules concerning greetings, addressing others, smalltalk etc. you may check Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour by Kate Fox.
The Scottish are Scottish, the Welsh are Welsh, and the English are English. Referring to all of them as "English" can offend. Remember, too, most Northern Ireland Unionists would not want to be called Irish, however.(In contrast, most of the Nationalists in Northern Ireland will identify as Irish and register accordingly as Irish citizens and carry Irish passports, which all people born in Northern Ireland are entitled to do if they wish). You may also find that even though all the people of the United Kingdom are legally classed as British, people often prefer to be referred to based upon which country in the United Kingdom they were born in, rather than using the collective term British. It is also common to meet someone who might say " I am half Welsh, half-English" or "my parents are Scottish and I am English".
Also do not ever refer to the Falklands as being Argentinian because it is quite a sensitive issue to Britons as many soldiers died fighting for them. The Falklands are still a British territory. This similarly goes for Gibraltar as Spanish; the people there are generally proud of being a British territory.
While doing the V sign with the palm facing outward is take to indicate either "peace" or "victory" by many Britons, doing the reverse where the palm faces inward is considered to be an offensive gesture.
Same-sex displays of affection will not likely cause upset or offence apart from some areas such as the rural towns like the Yorkshire valleys and rural Lincolnshire, homophobia is virtually unheard of in cities and towns with larger gay populations such as London, Birmingham, Manchester, Brighton, Bournemouth and Edinburgh. Cities such as Brighton host pride festivals each year. Civil partnerships have been legal since 2005. However, someone looking to start a fight may decide to treat this as a pretext. Try to avoid eye contact with drunken men in city centres at night, especially if they are in a large group. It is also important to note, if in Northern Ireland, same-sex displays and activites are rarely shown, outside Belfast, where many will still hold Conservative values. Keeping in mind, while in Belfast some areas are safer than others in showing affection.
Urinating in public is now against the law, if you're caught urinating, you'll be given a telling off by the police, made to pay an £80 fine, and, at some areas, be made to clean up your own urine with a mop and disinfectant, which can be embarrassing to offenders.
Contact
Telephone
In case of emergency, call 999 or 112 from any phone. Such calls are free and will be answered by an emergency services operator who will ask you for your location, and the service(s) you need (police, fire, ambulance, coastguard or mountain rescue). You can call this number from any mobile telephone as well, even if you do not have roaming. It is a very serious offence to call this number without due cause.
The UK's country code is +44. When calling the UK from overseas, dial your international access code (00 from most of Europe, 011 from the US and Canada) followed by the UK area code and subscriber number. If the number you are calling is shown with a leading 0 at the beginning of the area code, the 0 must be omitted when calling from overseas.
To phone another country from the UK, dial 00 followed by the overseas country code, area code and subscriber number.
When calling a UK landline number from any other UK number, dial the area code (beginning with the leading 0) and the subscriber number. If calling from a landline to another landline within the same area code the area code can usually be omitted.
For calls to UK mobile telephones from anywhere within the UK all of the digits have to be dialled by all callers.
When the building you're in has its own internal phone system, the number for an outside line is "9" (not "0", as in many other countries, which in the UK usually connects you to the reception desk).
Payphones are widely available, especially in stations, airports, etc. Payphones usually take cash (minimum 40p - BT, although some private payphones may charge more); change is not given, but you can choose to continue your money on to the next call. Some newer payphones accept credit and debit cards and may even allow you to send emails and surf the web. Phonecards have been phased out, though various pre-paid phonecards can be purchased from newsagents for cheap international calls. Some BT payphones now accept Euros. A simpler and often cheaper alternative for international calls is to use a direct-dial service, these offer vastly reduced call rates over the standard providers and don't require you to purchase a card or sign up for an account. You simply dial an access numbers which are charged at different rates (e.g. 0870 at the non-geographical national rate).
Mobile phones are heavily used. The main networks are T-Mobile [140], Vodafone [141], Orange [142], 3 [143] and O2 [144], and all have use of 3G services as well as GPRS (excluding 3). GPRS and 3G data services are available, usually priced per megabyte. GPRS (Voice, Text, Basic Internet) coverage is very well developed, covering 99% of the population, 3G (MMS, Video, Internet etc) coverage is also very good in the UK (dependent on network), however it may lack in rural areas. T-Mobile and Orange are both run by Everything Everywhere [145], and therefore these two networks share eachothers signal.
There is no charge for calls that you receive on your handset; charges are only for calls that you initiate.
Pay as you go (prepaid) plans are available. Credit the phone with a top-up card or cash payment via a top-up terminal; there is no contract and no bills, Some operators also offer some free text messages.
If you have an unlocked GSM-compatible handset (most dual- and tri-band phones are GSM-compatible) you can purchase a SIM card from several electrical or phone outlets, in supermarkets, or online. Be aware prices do vary considerably – from £5 (with £10 call credit) from Tesco online (available in Tesco supermarkets) to £30 (with £2.50 credit) from Vodafone (available at all mobile phone shops). Often bargain handset-and-SIM deals can be found, if you don't have an unlocked handset - at the time of writing you can get a very basic mobile with SIM for £18 from Tesco, though note that this will be a locked phone and won't work with other SIM cards.
The UK has extensive mobile phone coverage - 99% of the UK mainland is covered. Many towns and cities have 3G coverage as well.
Costs for calls can vary significantly depending on when you call, where from and where to. Calls from hotel rooms can be spectacularly expensive because of the hotel surcharges; check before you use and consider using the lobby payphones instead. Calls from payphones and wired, or landline, phones to mobile phones can be expensive too; if you have the choice call the other party's landline. Beware of premium rate calls, which can be very expensive. Text messaging from mobiles costs around 10 pence per message and picture or MMS messages cost around 45 pence (20 pence on some networks).
Calls between landlines are sometimes charged at either local rate or national rate depending on the originating and destination area codes. Some providers charge the same rate to call anywhere within the UK, except for calls to Jersey, Guernsey, Sark and Isle of Man.
If the originating and destination area codes are the same then the area code can be omitted when calling from a landline. Note that local calls are not generally free unless someone you may be staying with has a particular contract with their landline provider. The following table relates the first few digits dialled to call types, so you can avoid some of the pitfalls above:
Digits dialled Call Type
00 International call
01 Call to a landline at local or national rate (see above).
02 Call to a landline at local or national rate (see above).
03 A non-geographic number charged at the same rate as 01 or 02.
0500 Free call from most landlines and public payphones. Often very expensive to call from a mobile *
070 Call to a personal number. These are very expensive.
073 to 075 Call to a mobile telephone.
076 Call to a pager.
077 to 079 Call to a mobile telephone.
0800 and 0808 Free call from most landlines and public payphones. Often very expensive to call from a mobile *
0844 and 0843 Variable rate from 1p to 5p/min.
0845 Call at 3p per minute daytimes and 1ppm at all other times + VAT.
0870 Call at 6.73p per minute day-times, 3.36ppm evening and night-times and 1.7ppm at weekends + VAT.
0871 and 0872 Premium rate number. Variable rate from 6p to 10p/min.
09 Calls at a premium rate – anything up to £1.50/minute.
The above prices are typical when called from a BT landline. Other landline providers may charge more. Calls from a mobile telephone will cost a lot more.
* These freephone charges can be avoided by using landline dial-around services like 0800Buster [146].
Internet
Internet cafés can be found in cities and towns; check the city pages for details. All UK public libraries provide access, often branded as "People's Network", usually at no or little charge, though time is rationed. Some hotels/hostels also offer internet access either via their cable TV system or WiFi, although the prices are quite steep (www.spectrumineractive.co.uk provide the Scottish YHA with a network of broadband and WiFi-capable Internet terminals).
A number of ISPs charge nothing for Internet access by telephone modem - they get their payment from the phone company; local call costs are time-related. Examples are GoNuts4Free [147], DialUKT [148].
There are some Wi-Fi hotspots, although intentionally publicly available wireless is not yet widespread outside central London. Most McDonald's restaurants in the UK now offer free WiFi. Many coffee shops offer paid Wi-Fi. The most you should pay for Wi-Fi access across the UK is £1 for half an hour. Many chain cafés will charge more for no extra value.
Most of the UK is covered by UMTS/HSDPA 3G coverage, giving download speeds up to 7.2Mbps, and GPRS coverage is extensive. 3G data services should roam seamlessly onto the UK networks, or you can purchase a pay-as-you-go SIM card for which credit can be purchased in the same way as for mobile phones. For example T-Mobile stores will give you a free SIM-card on which you can load any amount you want. Acess cost GBP 2 per day, GBP 7 per week.
Post
The Royal Mail has a long history. Postboxes are still the traditional red colour (although there are green and gold Victorian "Penfold" boxes retained in some areas and an historically important blue box in Windsor). Mail can also be posted at post offices.
The Royal Mail has introduced a new system where post within the UK is priced on size and weight. You can find size charts at all post offices but bear this in mind when sending a larger envelope, parcel or packet. Postage stamps cost 34p/24p (domestic 1st/2nd class for envelopes up to C5 size which are less than 5mm thick and less than 100g), 48p (Europe up to 20g), 54p (Worldwide up to 10g). Stamps can be bought at supermarkets, newsagents and tourist shops. Domestic first-class mail can usually be expected to arrive the following day; second-class mail may take several days. Signage on all postboxes displays the final collection time at that location (typically about 5:30PM on weekdays and noon on Saturdays), as well as details of later weeknight collections that are available in many areas from a central postbox or sorting office. Deliveries are likewise made six mornings per week, Monday to Saturday. There is generally no post on Sundays or Public Holidays.
If you wish to send something heavy, or want to send a larger letter or packet within the UK, then you will have to get it weighed and/or measured at the post office. The staff at post offices are very helpful, but avoid the lunchtime rush at around 12-1.30PM when there is often a long queue and 30+ minute waiting times.
One interesting side-pursuit is to look at when the postboxes were built since some can be very old. The 'R' stands for Rex/Regina and the first letter the initial of the monarch reinging when it was built. E.g. A postbox built after 1952 would have the initals 'E II R'. Finding a box with the initials 'VR' (Queen Victoria, pre-1901) is possible, but quite a feat.
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/04/2008
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SUMMARY
In the 2006 Census, around 19,600 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (4%) were identified as needing assistance with self-care (eating, washing, dressing or toileting), physical mobility or communication. After taking account of age differences between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, Indigenous people were almost twice as likely as non-Indigenous people to require assistance with core activities.
The prevalence of disability among Indigenous people is higher at all ages. Among those needing assistance, the median age for Indigenous males was 41 years, and for females, 49 years. The corresponding median ages for non-Indigenous males and females who needed assistance were 61 years and 75 years respectively. The prevalence of need for assistance with core activities increased noticeably from about 35 years of age onwards for both Indigenous men and women. This is consistent with the patterns for chronic long-term health conditions such as heart/circulatory diseases and diabetes, which show onset some ten years earlier in the Indigenous population than in the non-Indigenous population (ABS 2006c).
While Indigenous people are generally disadvantaged when compared with non-Indigenous people, those needing assistance with core activities were likely to experience a further degree of social and economic disadvantage. When compared with Indigenous people who did not need assistance, they were, on average, half as likely to have completed Year 12 (12% compared with 24%), participating in the labour force at around one-quarter the rate (16% compared with 59%), and more likely to be living on lower incomes. In addition, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who needed assistance were less likely to be partnered than were those not needing assistance.
In 2006, for the first time, the Census collected information on the number of Australians aged 15 years and over who provided unpaid care, help or assistance to another person because of their disability, long-term illness or problems related to old age. Around 11,600 Indigenous male carers (9%) and 20,000 Indigenous female carers (14%) were identified in 2006. The median age of Indigenous carers was 37 years, 12 years less than the median age of non-Indigenous carers (49 years). Around 2,100 Indigenous carers needed help with core activities themselves, of whom more than two-thirds (68%) were under 55 years of age. Indigenous carers were between one-and-a-half and three times as likely as non-Indigenous carers to need assistance with core activities, similar to the overall Indigenous to non-Indigenous rate ratios for those needing assistance.
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8501.0 - Retail Trade, Australia, May 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/07/2006
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MAY KEY FIGURES
May 06
Apr 06 to May 06
$m
% change
Turnover at current prices
Trend estimates
17 898.2
0.5
Seasonally adjusted estimates
17 833.6
-0.3
Monthly turnover, Trend estimates - % change
MAY KEY POINTS
TREND ESTIMATES
• The trend estimate of turnover for the Australian Retail and Hospitality/Services series increased by 0.5% in May 2006. This follows an increase of 0.6% in April and a revised increase of 0.6% in March 2006.
• In May 2006, the states with the largest increase in the trend estimate were the Northern Territory (+1.3%), Western Australia (+0.9%) and Victoria (+0.8%), while Tasmania (-0.1%) was the only state with a decline.
SEASONALLY ADJUSTED ESTIMATES
• The seasonally adjusted estimate of turnover for the Australian Retail and Hospitality/Services series decreased by 0.3% in May 2006. This follows revised increases of 1.1% in April 2006 and 0.4% in March 2006.
• Only the Northern Territory (+2.1%), Western Australia (+0.9%) and Tasmania (+0.6%) had increases in the seasonally adjusted estimates, while Victoria (-0.9%) had the largest decrease.
ORIGINAL ESTIMATES
• In original terms, Australian turnover increased by 1.5% in May 2006 compared with April 2006. Chains and other large retailers (which are completely enumerated) increased by 0.4%, while the estimate for 'smaller' retailers (the sampled units) increased by 2.8%.
• Australian turnover increased by 6.0% in May 2006 compared with May 2005. Chains and other large retailers increased by 6.6%, while 'smaller' retailers increased by 5.3%.
NOTES
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
ISSUE Release Date
June 2006 2 August 2006
July 2006 30 August 2006
August 2006 3 October 2006
September 2006 2 November 2006
October 2006 30 November 2006
November 2006 9 January 2007
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE
There are no changes in this issue.
CHANGES IN SPREADSHEETS FOR RETAIL TRADE, AUSTRALIA
An information paper advising users of proposed changes to the time series spreadsheets associated with this publication, resulting from the conversion of the current Lotus 1-2-3 .wks spreadsheets to Excel .xls format, will be released on 5 July. The changes will take effect from the July 2006 issue of the publication.
SAMPLING ERRORS
Standard errors for the Australian estimates (original data) for May 2006 contained in this publication are:
Data Series
Estimate
Standard error
Level of retail turnover ($m)
17 313.3
141.8
Change from preceding month ($m)
247.7
52.5
% change from preceding month (%)
1.5
0.3
For more information see the Explanatory Notes, paragraphs 32-36.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or Graham Phillips on Canberra (02) 6252 5625.
INDUSTRY TRENDS
MONTHLY SEASONALLY ADJUSTED AND TREND ESTIMATES
TOTAL RETAIL
There has been moderate trend growth for the last six months. Food retailing and Household good retailing have had moderate growth for that period and Hospitality and services has had moderate growth for the last three months after strong growth for the previous five months. Other retailing has had strong trend growth for seven months and Recreational good retailing continues in decline.
FOOD RETAILING
There has been moderate growth in the trend since December 2005. Victoria and the Northern Territory have had strong trend growth for the last four months, while Queensland and Western Australia have had moderate growth for the last two months. The Australian Capital Territory has been in decline for six months.
DEPARTMENT STORES
There has been weak trend growth for the last two months. In May 2006, New South Wales was flat and Victoria and Queensland had weak trend growth. South Australia had moderate trend growth over the last five months, while Western Australia had moderate trend growth in May 2006 after five months of strong growth.
CLOTHING AND SOFT GOOD RETAILING
The trend growth has been weak for five months. South Australia and Western Australia have had strong trend growth for five and eight months respectively. New South Wales has had weak trend growth for four months and Victoria and Queensland have been in decline for at least eight months.
HOUSEHOLD GOOD RETAILING
There has been moderate trend growth for six months. New South Wales has had weak growth in this period. Victoria and Tasmania have had moderate trend growth for four and three months respectively, while Western Australia (six months) and South Australia (two months) have had strong growth.
RECREATIONAL GOOD RETAILING
The trend has continued to be in decline for 13 months. Victoria, Western Australia and Tasmania have been in decline for at least six months. In contrast, the Northern Territory has had strong trend growth for four months.
OTHER RETAILING
There has been strong growth in the trend for the last seven months. Victoria and Queensland have had strong trend growth for at least six months. Trend growth in South Australia has been slowing and has gone into decline in the last two months.
TOTAL RETAIL (EXCLUDING HOSPITALITY AND SERVICES)
Total retail (excluding Hospitality and services) has had moderate trend growth in the last six months. Over the last seven months, the trend growth for Total retail (excluding Hospitality and services) has mostly been slower than Total industries (including Hospitality and services).
HOSPITALITY AND SERVICES
There has been moderate or strong growth in the trend for at least 15 months. Victoria, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory have had strong growth for at least five months. Trend growth has been slowing in South Australia (moderate growth in May 2006), Northern Territory (moderate growth), New South Wales (weak growth), Queensland (in decline) and Tasmania (in decline).
STATE TRENDS
MONTHLY SEASONALLY ADJUSTED AND TREND ESTIMATES
NEW SOUTH WALES
There has been weak trend growth in the last two months, which follows moderate growth in the previous five months. Recreational good retailing and Other retailing have had moderate trend growth for the last two months. Other industries have had weak growth for at least the last two months, except Department stores which was flat in May 2006.
VICTORIA
There has been strong trend growth for five months. Hospitality and services, Other retailing and Food retailing have had strong trend growth for at least the last four months. Clothing and soft good retailing and Recreational good retailing remain in decline.
QUEENSLAND
There has been moderate trend growth for at least 15 months. Food retailing has had moderate trend growth for five months. Department stores and Recreational good retailing had weak trend growth in May 2006. Clothing and soft good retailing, Household good retailing and Hospitality and services have been in decline for at least three months, while Other retailing has had strong trend growth for eight months.
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
There has been moderate growth in the trend estimate over the last three months. Department stores has had moderate growth over the last five months. Over the same period, Clothing and soft good retailing has had strong growth. Hospitality and services had moderate trend growth in May 2006 after five months of strong growth. Household good retailing had strong trend growth in April and May 2006.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
There has been strong growth in the trend estimate for five months. Clothing and soft good retailing (eight months), Household good retailing (six months) and Hospitality and services (five months) have all had strong trend growth. Department stores had moderate trend growth in May 2006 after five months of strong growth.
TASMANIA
The trend was in decline in May 2006. The trends for Hospitality and services and Recreational good retailing have been in decline for at least four months. Food retailing and Clothing and soft good retailing were flat in May 2006. Household good retailing has had moderate growth over the last three months.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Copy number expansion of the STX17 duplication in melanoma tissue from Grey horses
Elisabeth Sundström1,2, Freyja Imsland2, Sofia Mikko3, Claire Wade4,5,6, Snaevar Sigurdsson4, Gerli R Pielberg2, Anna Golovko2, Ino Curik7, Monika H Seltenhammer8, Johann Sölkner9, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh2,4 and Leif Andersson1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 597, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
2 Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
3 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
4 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
5 Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
6 Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
7 Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
8 Clinical Department of Small Animal Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
9 Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180, Vienna, Austria
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2012, 13:365 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-365
Published: 2 August 2012
Abstract
Background
Greying with age in horses is an autosomal dominant trait, associated with loss of hair pigmentation, melanoma and vitiligo-like depigmentation. We recently identified a 4.6 kb duplication in STX17 to be associated with the phenotype. The aims of this study were to investigate if the duplication in Grey horses shows copy number variation and to exclude that any other polymorphism is uniquely associated with the Grey mutation.
Results
We found little evidence for copy number expansion of the duplicated sequence in blood DNA from Grey horses. In contrast, clear evidence for copy number expansions was indicated in five out of eight tested melanoma tissues or melanoma cell lines. A tendency of a higher copy number in aggressive tumours was also found. Massively parallel resequencing of the ~350 kb Grey haplotype did not reveal any additional mutations perfectly associated with the phenotype, confirming the duplication as the true causative mutation. We identified three SNP alleles that were present in a subset of Grey haplotypes within the 350 kb region that shows complete linkage disequilibrium with the causative mutation. Thus, these three nucleotide substitutions must have occurred subsequent to the duplication, consistent with our interpretation that the Grey mutation arose more than 2,000 years before present.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the mutation acts as a melanoma-driving regulatory element. The elucidation of the mechanistic features of the duplication will be of considerable interest for the characterization of these horse melanomas as well as for the field of human melanoma research.
Keywords:
STX17; Melanoma; Hair greying; Copy number variation; Melanocytes
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Change and Dilemma of School Feature Development of Three Junior High Schools in the Remote and Rural Areas of Taiwan
Shan-Hua Chen, Hsuan-Fu Ho, Cheng-Cheng Yang
Abstract
This research is based on qualitative approach and applies in-depth interview with three principals and administrators in three junior high schools located in the remote and rural areas of Taiwan. The aim of this paper was to explore the school feature development process in these three schools. The findings of this study were as follows: most of students’ parents in these three remote and rural schools are labors and have relatively lower social and economic status in the Taiwanese society. School education becomes an important way for these students to develop their academic, cultural, and technical competences. Second, most of the students’ learning motivation and academic performance were not well, but good at athletics or vocational skill. Besides, most of the features created by the schools would not last due to the un-stabilization and away of teachers, short of financial support, and lack of favor from community. Fourth, an important reason of developing school features of these three schools is out of the competition between the urban schools. The decline of the birth rate in the whole society of Taiwan also facilitates the motivation. Fifth, parents of these three schools do not support students’ participation in local cultural or local career related curriculum. Parents would have a high expectation on school education’s effects on their children’s future competitiveness.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ies.v5n3p49
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Education Studies ISSN 1913-9020 (Print), ISSN 1913-9039 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Roy's Postcards: 1982/03/29
Inscription:
We traveled from L.A. yesterday arriving at 12:30 a.m. The Temple was a welcome sight after a long journey. We went down and drove aroudn it this morning. Then journeyed on to Provo.
Postcard back:
ST. GEORGE TEMPLE
Utah's first Mormon Temple, completed in 1877, where baptisms, marriages and other sacred ordinances are performed. construction of this sacred edifice was commenced almost immediately after the impoverished Latter-Day Saints settled in this territory. This represents only one of the many temples the Mormons have built throughout the world.
Photo by Lowell T. Seaich.
Leonard's comments:
I like postcards more than staged photos because the person taking the picture doesn't have the clout to make whoever parked that ugly sedan in front of the temple, move their car. Or maybe it's the photographer's sedan in the first place.
See also: lds utah
This document (source) is part of Crummy, the webspace of Leonard Richardson (contact information). It was last modified on Wednesday, May 15 2013, 13:00:10 Nowhere Standard Time and last built on Saturday, May 18 2013, 08:00:02 Nowhere Standard Time.
Crummy is © 1996-2013 Leonard Richardson. Unless otherwise noted, all text licensed under a Creative Commons License.
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Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania
Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Leonard Berry
Introduction
Ngorongoro Conservation Area (2°30'-3°30'S, 34°50'-35°55'E) is a World Heritage Site located 180 kilometers (km) west of Arusha in the far north of Tanzania, adjoining the south-eastern edge of Serengeti National Park. An immense concentration of wild animals live in the huge and perfect crater of Ngorongoro. It is home to a small relict population of black rhinoceros and some 25,000 other large animals, largely ungulates, alongside the highest density of mammalian predators in Africa. Nearby are lake-filled Empakaai crater and the active volcano of Oldonyo Lenga. Excavations carried out in the Olduvai Gorge to the west, resulted in discoveries which have made the area one of the most important in the world for research on the evolution of the human species.
Geographical Location
180 km west of Arusha in the far north of Tanzania, adjoining the south-eastern edge of Serengeti National Park. 2°30'-3°30'S, 34°50'-35°55'E.
Date and History of Establishment
A lake in the Ngorongoro Crater. (Photo courtesy of Rachel Sandler. Source: Associated Colleges of the Midwest)
• 1928: Hunting in the area prohibited;
• 1929: Serengeti Game Reserve created (228,600 hectares (ha));
• 1951: Ngorongoro made part of the new Serengeti National Park;
• 1959: The NCA established by Ordinance #413 to accommodate the existing Maasai pastoralists;
• 1975: The Ordinance redefined by the Game Parks Law Act # 14 to prohibit cultivation in the crater;
• 1981: Internationally recognized as a part of Serengeti-Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve;
• 1985: The Ngorongoro Conservation & Development Program initiated by the government.
Area
828,800 ha. Contains the World Heritage site (809,440 ha). Contiguous to Serengeti National Park (1,476,300 ha) and 15 km northwest of Lake Manyara National Park (32,500 ha). Contained within the Serengeti-Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve which covers 2,305,100 ha.
Land Tenure
Government. Administered by the Ngorongoro Conservation Authority (NCAA).
Altitude
~ 960 meters (m) to 3,648 m (Mt. Loolmalasin).
Physical Features
The Conservation Area rises 1,000 m from the plains of the eastern Serengeti, over the Ngorongoro Crater Highlands to the western edge of the Great Rift Valley. To the south are densely populated farmlands, to the north the Loliondo Game Control Reserve. The highlands have four extinct volcanic peaks over 3,000 m, including the massifs of Loolmalasin (3,648 m), Oldeani (3,188 m) and Lomagrut, the vulcanism of which dates from the late Mesozoic/early Tertiary periods. Ngorongoro Crater is the largest unbroken caldera in the world which is neither active nor flooded, though it contains a saline lake. Its floor, at an elevation of approximately 2,380 m, measures 17.7 by 21 km and is 26,400 (ha) in area (3% of the NCA), with a steep rim rising 400-610 m above the floor. The formation of the crater and highlands are associated with massive rifting which occurred to the west of the Great Rift Valley. The area also includes Empakaai Crater and Olduvai Gorge, famous for their geology and associated palaeotological studies. The highland forests form an important water-catchment for surrounding agricultural communities.
Climate
Because of the range in relief and the dynamics of its air masses, there is great variation within the climate of the area. In the highlands, it is generally moist and misty, while temperatures in the semi-arid plains can be as low as 2 degrees Celsius (°C), and often go up to 35°C. The annual precipitation falls between November and April and varies from under 500 millimeters (mm) on the arid plains in the west, to 1,700 mm on the forested slopes in the east, increasing with altitude.
Vegetation
The variations in climate, landforms and altitude have resulted in several overlapping ecosystems and distinct habitats. Within Tanzania the area is important for retaining uncultivated lowland vegetation, for the arid and semi-arid plant communities below 1,300 m, for its abundant shortgrass grazing and for the water catchment highland forests. Scrub heath, montane long grasslands, high open moorland and the remains of dense evergreen montane forests cover the steep slopes. Highland trees include peacock flower Albizzia gummifera, yellowwood Podocarpus latifolia, Hagenia abyssinica and sweet olive Olea chrysophylla. There is an extensive stand of pure bamboo Arundinaria alpina on Oldeani Mountain and pencil cedar Juniperus procera on Makarut Mountain in the west. Croton spp. dominate lower slopes. The upland woodlands containing red thorn Acacia lahai and gum acacia A. seyal are critical for protecting the watershed.
The crater floor is mainly open shortgrass plains with fresh and brackish water lakes, marshes, swamps and two patches of Acacia woodland: Lerai Forest, with co-dominants yellow fever tree Acacia xanthophloea and Rauvolfia caffra; and Laiyanai Forest with pillar wood Cassipourea malosana, Albizzia gummifera, and Acacia lahai. The undulating plains to the west are grass-covered with occasional umbrella acacia Acacia tortilis and Commiphora africana trees, which become almost desert during periods of severe drought. Blackthorn Acacia mellifera and zebrawood Dalbergia melanoxylon dominate in the drier conditions beside Lake Eyasi. These extensive grasslands and bush are rich, relatively untouched by cultivation, and support very large animal populations.
Fauna
Giraffes in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. (Source: Earlham College)
A population of about 25,000 large animals, largely ungulates along with the highest density of mammalian predators in Africa, lives in the crater. These include black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (CR), which have declined from about 108 in 1964-66 to between 11-14 in 1995, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius which are very uncommon in the area. There are also many other ungulates: wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (7,000 estimated in 1994), zebra Equus burchelli (4,000), eland Taurotragus oryx, Grant's and Thomson's gazelles Gazella granti and G. thomsoni (3,000). The crater has the densest known population of lion Panthera leo (VU) numbering 62 in 2001. On the crater rim are leopard Panthera pardus, elephant Loxodonta africana (EN) numbering 42 in 1987 but only 29 in 1992, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula and buffalo Syncerus caffer (4,000 in 1994). However, since the 1980s the crater's wildebeest population has fallen by a quarter to about 19,000 and the numbers of eland and Thomson's gazelle have also declined while buffaloes increased greatly, probably due to the long prevention of fire which favors high fibrous grasses over shorter less fibrous types.
In summer enormous numbers of Serengeti migrants pass through the plains of the reserve, including 1.7 million wildebeest, 260,00 zebra and 470,000 gazelles. Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus mainly occur mainly near Lerai Forest; serval Felis serval occur widely in the crater and on the plains to the west. Common in the reserve are lion, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta and jackal Canis aureus. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (VU), though common in the reserve, are scarce in the crater itself. Wild dog Lycaon pictus (EN) has recently disappeared from the crater and may have declined elsewhere in the Conservation Area as well. Golden cat Felis aurata has recently been seen in the Ngorongoro forest.
Over 500 species of bird have been recorded within the NCA. These include ostrich Struthio camelus, with white pelican Pelicanus onocrotalus, and greater and lesser flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and P.minor on Lake Makat in Ngorongoro crater, Lake Ndutu and the Empakaai crater lake where over a million birds forgather. There are also lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Ruepell's griffon, Gyps ruepelli (110) Verreaux's eagle Aquila verreauxii, Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus, pallid harrier Circus macrourus, lesser falcon Falco naumanni (VU), Taita falcon F. fasciinucha, kori bustard Choriotis kori, Fischer's lovebird Agapornis fischeri, rosy-breasted longclaw Macronyx ameliae, Karamoja apalis Apalis karamojae (VU), redthroated tit Parus fringillinus and Jackson's whydah Euplectes jacksoni. Sunbirds in the highland forest include the golden winged sunbird Nectarinia reichenowi and eastern double collared sunbird N. mediocris. Other waterbirds found on Lake Eyasi include yellowbilled stork Mycteria ibis, African spoonbill Platalea alba, avocet Recurvirostra avosetta and greyheaded gull Larus cirrocephalus. The butterfly Papilio sjoestedti, sometimes known as the Kilimanjaro swallowtail, flies in the montane forests. It has a very restricted range but is well protected in national parks.
Cultural Heritage
The area has palaeotological and archaeological sites from a wide range of eras. The four major sites are Olduvai gorge, Laetoli and Lake Ndutu all near the Serengeti and the Nasera rock shelter in the Gol Mountains. The variety and richness of the fossil remains, including those of early hominids, has made the area one of the most important in the world for research on the evolution of the human species. Olduvai Gorge yielded valuable remains of early hominids including, in 1959, Australopithecus boisei (Zinthanthropus) 1.75 million years old, also Homo habilis as well as fossil bones of many extinct animals. At Laetoli nearby, fossil footprints of an upright hominid 3.6m years old were found in 1975.
Local Human Population
The Maasai, nomadic cattle herders, entered the crater around 1840. Since the multi-use protection of the area was proposed in 1959, the population of the area has exploded beyond the numbers of cattle able to support it without farming, aggravating tensions with the conservation-oriented administration. In 1966 there were 8,700 people in the NCA. In 1994, the Natural Peoples World estimated the Maasai population at about 40,000 (one quarter of those living in Tanzania), with some 300,000 head of livestock which graze approximately 70-75% of the conservation area. But mobile pastoralists are difficult to count, and Leader-Williams et al. in 1996 put the figure at 26,000 pastoralists with 285,000 head of cattle. Since their eviction by the NCAA in 1974, there are no inhabitants in Ngorongoro and Empakaai Craters or the forest. In general, livestock numbers are declining and the Maasai are growing poorer.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities
The spectacular wildlife, geology and archaeology of Ngorongoro-Serengeti are major African tourist attractions spread across an area the size of Rwanda or Sicily. About 24% of all tourists visiting the parks of northern Tanzania stop at Ngorongoro. These totaled 35,130 in 1983, 140,000 in 1989 in at least 30,000 vehicles and, according to the Chief Conservator, there were between 1998 and 2001, 562,205 visitors of whom 202,957 (36%) were Tanzanian. The damage inflicted by these numbers is considerable. There are four lodges on the crater rim and one at Lake Ndutu on the edge of Serengeti. Vehicles and guides can be hired from the Conservation Authority to enter the crater. There is an interpretive center at the Lodoare entrance and another at Olduvai, which focuses on the interpretation of the Gorge and its excavations. An information center to promote wildlife tourism to local Tanzanians was opened in Arusha in 2002.
Scientific Research and Facilities
The area, with Serengeti, is one of the best studied areas in Africa. Work based at SWRC in the contiguous Serengeti National Park, formerly the Serengeti Research Institute, include the monitoring of climate, vegetation and animal populations. The level of research into human and range ecology is low. Long-term studies in the crater have been on lion, serval, rhinoceros and elephant behavioral ecology. From 1988, the Ngorongoro Ecological Monitoring Programme has been individually identifying black rhinoceros, and monitoring breeding and movement patterns. Seronera Research Centre provides a research station and accommodation for scientists. There is a small research cabin within the crater. The IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group has just reported on the decline of the crater's antelope species and increase in buffaloes.
Conservation Value
Ngorongoro is the largest intact, inactive and unflooded caldera in the world. The conservation area has one of Africa's largest aggregations of wildlife. It is home to a small and isolated relict of the black rhino population,and discoveries in the area round Olduvai gorge is one of the most important in the world for research on the evolution of the human species.
Conservation Management
Flamingos in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. (Source: Williams College)
Ngorongoro was first established as a conservation area which would accommodate the existing Maasai. The Ordinance of 1959 created the NCAA. Its objectives were to conserve and develop the NCA's natural resources, promote tourism, and safeguard and promote the interests of the Maasai. By 1960 a draft management plan was prepared. On Independence in 1961 Prime Minister Julius Nyerere issued the Arusha Manifesto of support for the preservation of the country's wildlife. The government conducted a pioneer experiment in multiple land use (one of few such areas in Africa) which attempted to reconcile the interests of wildlife conservation and Maasai pastoralism. It failed through a lack of rapport between government officials and the tribesmen who were seen as degrading the land and competing with the wildlife for the resources of the crater. In 1974 tribesmen farmers living in the craters were summarily evicted. The removal of these natural (and low-cost) guardians resulted in an increase of poaching and the subsequent near extinction of the rhinoceros population. The 1975 Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance was redefined and in 1976 cultivation was banned as incompatible with conservation. Between 1984 and 1989 the property was on the WHC danger list as a result of these conflicts.
In 1985, following the Serengeti Workshop, convened by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, the Government of Tanzania and IUCN initiated the Ngorongoro Conservation and Development Project. Its main objectives were to identify the requirements for long-term conservation of the area by assessing land use pressures in and adjacent to the conservation area; to determine the development needs of resident pastoralists; to review and evaluate management options; to formulate conservation and development policies to fulfill the needs of both local Maasai people and conservation priorities; and to develop proposals for follow-up activities. Zones were defined for scenic and archaeological quality, wildlife forest, pastureland and infrastructural development. Since the problems were identified, the NCAA has set more funds aside for appropriate solutions, veterinary services and water have been provided and the relationship between the tribesmen and the NCAA has been improved by the establishment of a Community Development Department and a joint Management-Resident Representative Council.
The contiguous and nearby protected areas provide key feeding grounds for a number of species such as buffalo, wildebeest, zebra and Thomson's gazelle that migrate out of the crater during periods of drought, and much effort is made to prevent migration routes from being encroached on by settlements and agricultural developments. Efforts have been made to control poaching with the aid of the Frankfurt Zoological Society, the African Wildlife Foundation, the Tanzania Wildlife Protection Fund, WWF and the police. IUCN/WWF Project #1934 was set up in 1981 to combat poaching of rhinoceros in the Lake Eyasi area and two vehicles and radios were provided. In an attempt to reduce pressure on the natural forest for fuel wood the NCAA produce up to 40,000 tree seedlings annually. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Management Plan proposals have been submitted but were rejected by the Chief Conservator because the proposed plan was regarded as going beyond its terms of reference.
Management Constraints
There has been continued poaching of black rhinoceros and leopard, which is difficult to suppress effectively due to the lack of equipment and fuel, rough terrain and low staff morale. The rhinoceros population, owing to its small size, is extremely vulnerable to poaching, and faces genetic threats from inbreeding and loss of genetic variation. The spread of malignant catarrh fever which kills cattle, although it has little effect on wildebeest, has been reduced as wildebeest numbers have markedly decreased as have other antelope numbers. There is a problem with securing water, caused by the neglect of the dams, boreholes and pipelines installed during the 1950s and 1960s and by the road widening and canal works which have blocked and diverted water from streams and the Gorigor swamp either to tourist lodges or directly to Lake Makat, no longer flooding the crater during the rains.
Grassland areas are also degrading with the extensive spread of the unpalatable grass Eleusine jaegeri, and other weeds which compete aggressively with palatable grasses, especially the poisonous Mexican poppy Argemone mexicana which rapidly invades overgrazed land, crowding out both crops and the native plants which sustain the existing wildlife. The invasions may be partly due to the prevention of fire and overgrazing due to drought which may contribute as much as emigration, disease or disturbance by tourists to the change in the animal populations. The forests to the north-east are increasingly threatened by fuelwood gathering both by people living in the Conservation Area and in villages in the Karatu and Kitete areas along the eastern boundary. A number of poorer Maasai from the area make a living collecting honey from wild bee colonies in the forest, frequently burning trees in the process. About five percent of the area has been degraded by trampling and overgrazing, and there is a threat from vehicle-tracks becoming excessively enlarged, mainly by tourist activity.
Conflicts over land-use have increased in recent years as the Maasai became more numerous and sedentary, turning to cultivation to supplement their previously cattle-based diet. The decline in numbers of livestock was aggravated by inadequate veterinary services, which the NCAA had difficulties providing as income from tourism decreased. In the 1960s each man had 12 cattle to sustain him; by 1989 this had become five. In response to the scarcity of food, residents were allowed to practice cultivation on a temporary basis. More than 2,200 ha were estimated to be under cultivation in 1993. Much of this was on areas too steep for agriculture, causing erosion. Encroachment on the slopes of Empakaai and Kapenjiro has been so extensive that they may be excised from the conservation area. This has had serious impacts on the vegetation which protects water catchments, and on wildlife corridors. In addition, the Chief Conservator reported that disease followed by a plague of flies had killed at least 600 animals in 2000.
Priorities identified by the community include food security, livestock health and infrastructure such as better water supply, housing, clinics and schools. Some of these have been provided to try to lessen conflicts and in 2002 the NCAA was reported to have set up an NGO, Ereto, to support local communities with free services. But there is still a lack of a clear management policy and commitment to human development on the same level as the conservation of the wildlife. The uncertainty caused by this has led to under-investment in the area, which the employment and empowerment of local people would begin to improve. But in 2001 the World Heritage Committee urged a moratorium on further development until an assessment of environmental impacts, especially of water resources by a hydrological survey, had been completed. It also recommended a scientific overseeing committee, ecologically based burning, mitigation of road works, an improved road plan and limiting the effect of tourist numbers.
Staff
Some 360 staff in 1994 (National Park Service, pers. comm.,1995).
Budget
Approximately 90% (Tsh3-4billion or US$3.5-4.,000,000) of the annual budget is derived from visitor entrance fees. During the 1980s and 90s, development has been generously subvented via the IUCN by several national and international organizations, especially the Frankfurt Zoological Society.
IUCN Management Category
• VI (Managed Resource Protected Area)
• Biosphere Reserve
• Natural World Heritage Site inscribed in 1979. Natural Criteria ii, iii, iv
Further Reading
• Anon. (1981). A Revised Development and Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
• Arhem, K., Homewood, K. & Rodgers, A. (1981). A Pastoral Food System: The Ngorongoro Maasai in Tanzania. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Dar-es-Salaam.
• Arhem, K. (1981). Maasai Pastoralism in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area; Sociological and Ecological Issues. Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Planning. Dar-es-Salaam.
• Arusha Times, (2001). Deadly insects plagued crater. Arusha Times, March 10, Arusha.
• Dirschl, H. (1966). Management and Development Plan for Ngorongoro. Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Wildlife, Dar-es Salam
• Eggeling, W. (1962). The Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. Ngorongoro Crater.
• Estes, R. & Small, R. (1981). The large herbivore populations of Ngorongoro Crater. Afr. J. Ecol. 19(1-2): 175-185.
• Fishpool, L.& Evans, M.(eds) (2001). Important Bird Areas for Africa and Associated Islands. Priority Sites for Conservation. Pisces Publications and Birdlife International, Newbury and Cambridge, U.K. BLI Conservation Series No.11. ISBN: 187435720X.
• Fosbrooke, H. (1990). Ngorongoro at the crossroads. Kakakuana 2 (1):11-14. Mweka,Tanzania.
• Frame, G. (1982). Wild Mammal Survey of Empakaai Crater Area. Tanzanian Notes and Records No. 88 and 89: 41-56.
• Herlocher, D. & Dirschl, H. (1972). Vegetation Map. Canadian Wildlife Services, Report Series 19.
• Homewood, K. & Rodgers, W. (1984). Pastoralist Ecology in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Pastoralist Development Network Bulletin of the Overseas Development Institute, London. No. 17d: 1-27.
• IUCN (1985). Threatened natural areas, plants and animals of the world. Parks10(1): 15-17.
• IUCN (1987). Ngorongoro Conservation and Development Project. Workplan of Activities. Unpub. report. 10 pp.
• IUCN/WWF Project 1934. Tanzania, Anti-poaching Camp, Lake Eyasi.
• IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2002). Ngorongoro Crater Ungulate Study 1996-1999. Final report for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority.
• IUCN (2002). Report on the State of Conservation of Natural and Mixed Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List. Gland, Switzerland
• Kangera,R. (2002). Time, life and tides in Ngorongoro Park. Arusha Times, 31 May. Arusha.
• Kayera, J. (1988). Balancing Conservation and Human Needs in Tanzania: the Case of Ngorongoro. Unpublished report. 5pp.
• Lamotte, M, (1983). The undermining of Mount Nimba. Ambio XII(3-4): 174-179
• Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. & Overton, G.(eds). (1996) Community-based Conservation in Tanzania. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 266pp. ISBN: 283170314X.
• Mbakilwa,I. (2002). NCAA takes action to promote local tourism. Arusha Times,13 April, Arusha.
• Moehlman, P., Amato, G. & Runyoro, V. (1996) Genetic and demographic threats to the black rhinoceros population in the Ngorongoro Crater. Conservation Biology 10(4):1107-1114
• Mturi, A. (1981). The Archaeological and Palaeotological Resources of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Ministry of National Culture and Youth, Dar-es-Salaam.
• Nuhu, A. (2001). Killer disease decimates hundreds of animals. Arusha Times, 1Mar. Arusha.
• Perkin, S. & Mshanga, P. (1992). Ngorongoro: seeking a balance between conservation and development, in Proceedings of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, Venezuela, Feb.1992.
• Prins, H. (1987). Nature conservation as an integral part of optimal landuse in East Africa: the case of the Masai Ecosystem in Northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation 40: 141-161.
• Rodgers, W. (1981). A Background Paper for a Revised Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. Department of Zoology, University of Dar-es-Salaam.
• Saibull, S. & Carr, R. (1981). Herd and Spear. The Life of Pastoralists in Transition. Collins, London.
• Saibull, S. (1968). Ngorongoro Conservation Area. East African Agric. For. Research Journal. Vol. 33 Special Issue.
• Saibull, S.ole (1978). The Policy Process in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Status of the Area Looked at Critically. Tanzanian Notes and Records No. 83.
• Said, M.,Chunge,R.,Craig, G.,Thouless, C.,Barnes, R.& Dublin, H. (1995) African Elephant Database, 1995. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 225 pp. ISBN: 283170295X.
• Serengeti Wildlife Research Centre (1993). Scientific Report 1990-1992. Serengeti Wildlife Research Centre.
• Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monitoring (TWCM). (1993) Cultivation in Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Ip
• Taylor, M. (1988). Ngorongoro Conservation Area: a Report to IUCN Nairobi. Country Commission. 24 pp.
• Thorsell, J. (1985). World Heritage report - 1984. Parks 10(1): 8-9.
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee (2002) Report on the 26th Session of the World Heritage Committee, Paris
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Citation
United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation M (Lead Author);Leonard Berry (Topic Editor) "Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 29, 2009; Last revised Date October 29, 2009; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area,_Tanzania>
The Author
The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is a collaboration between the United Nations Environment Programme, the world's foremost intergovernmental organization, and WCMC 2000, a UK-based charity. Our Vision A world where biodiversity counts Our Mission To evaluate and highlight the many values of biodiversity and put authoritative biodiversity knowledge at the centre of decision-making Our Goal To be an internationally recognised Centre of Excellence for the synthe ... (Full Bio)
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United States Illinois Illinois Probate
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Record Synopsis
Probate is the “court procedure by which a will is proved to be valid or invalid” and encompasses “all matters and proceedings pertaining to the administration of estates, guardianships, etc.”[1] Various types of records are created throughout the probate process. These may include, wills, bonds, petitions, accounts, inventories, administrations, orders, decrees, and distributions. These documents are extremely valuable to genealogists and should not be neglected. In many instances, they are the only known source of relevant information such as the decedent’s date of death, names of his or her spouse, children, parents, siblings, in-laws, neighbors, associates, relatives, and their places of residence. They may also include information about adoption or guardianship of minor children and dependents.
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It is usually best to start a probate search at the county level. Links to county pages appear below. Additional resources for Illinois probates may be found in the Illinois-Probate topic page of the Family History Library catalog (FHLC). Copies of records on FHL microfilm and microfiche can be ordered for viewing at Family History Centers. Also find Illinois Probate resources available at other libraries (WorldCat). Explore how to search WorldCat and the FHLC.
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• Eichholz, Alice, Editor. Redbook: American State, County, and Town Sources. Third Edition. Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2004, 185. FHL 973 D27rb 2004
• Greenwood, Val D. Third edition. The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. 2000, 346. FHL 973 D27g 2000
• Pease, Theodore Calvin. "The County Archives of the State of Illinois." Clarence Walworth Alvord, editor. Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. Volume XII. Springfield, Ill.: Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 1915. Chap. IV, pp. lxxviii-lxxxi. View a free digital version online at Google Books.
State Statutes
Understanding the Illinois probate laws and how they changed over time can help us learn how the estate was administered, taxed, and distributed and might help to solve difficult genealogical problems.
Online digital versions of state statutes can often be found by conducting a search engine search for the term, "Illinois statutes." The following are examples of books related to Illinois probate laws:
• Pease, Theodore Calvin. The Laws of the Northwest Territory, 1788-1800. Springfield, Illinois: Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, [1925]. FHL fiche
• Brayman, Mason. Revised Statutes of the State of Illinois....Springfield: Walters & Weber, 1845. View at Google Books using the search term "probate" for references specific to probate.
• Hurd, Harvey Bostwick, editor. Revised Statutes of the State of Illinois. 1877....Chicago: Chicago Legal News Co., 1877. View at Google Books using the search term "probate" for references specific to probate.
• Jones, William C. A Practical Treatise upon the Jurisdiction of...Probate Courts of Illinois....Chicago: T.H. Flood & Co., 1892. View at Internet Archive.
• North, Levi. A Treatise on the Practice in Probate Courts...in the State of Illinois....Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1875. View at Internet Archive.
• Simons, Franklin Pierce. A Treatise on the Probate Practice and Law of Estates in the State of Illinois....Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1907. View at Internet Archive.
• Starr, Merritt and Russell H. Curtis, editors. Annotated Statutes of the State of Illinois in Force January 1, 1885 ....Volume I. Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1885. View at Google Books using the search term "probate" for references specific to probate.
Current laws are offered online by the Illinois General Assembly as Illinois Compiled Statutes.
Additional information about Illinois state statutes relating to probate matters can be found at law libraries.
Learn More
• Anne Roach, Courthouse Records Overview (35 minute online video) FamilySearch Research Classes Online, 2010.
• Rose, Christine.Courthouse Research for Family Historians: Your Guide to Genealogical Treasures. San Jose, California: CR Publications, 2004. Of particular interest are the chapters, "Estates Galore," "Estate Documents," "Milking Every Clue from Estates," and "Strategies that Work." FHL 929.1072 R72c
• Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking, editors. The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy. Third edition. Salt Lake City, Utah: Ancestry, Inc., 2006. Of particular interest is the section, "Probate," pages 268 - 277. FHL 973 D27ts 2006
References
1. Henry Campbell Black, Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co., 1979), 1081, "probate."
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Online resources
From Forensics Wiki
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There are lots of web sites that can provide valuable information for forensic investigators. (This page will probably be broken into categories eventually...)
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Sample Cases
One of the most difficult things for new investigators is finding sample cases to work on.
• The HoneyNet Project has several forensics challenges online. These include the "Scan of Month", "The Reverse Challenge," and "The Forensic Challenge." The last one asked entrants to examine a complete RedHat Linux system for information. All of these challenges include complete solutions.
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Newbie Member
10Sep2007,10:52 #21
I have an assignment to do, inwhich i have to initiate a time delay of n-seconds. I don not know how to start.
Do I initiate the internal clock to start counting? If so, how? I heard something about typing n clock.com, in the assembly line but i am not sure.
And how do I know which inputs the clock signal is coming into?
Go4Expert Member
10Dec2007,14:43 #22
Shabbir it is really help me.Thank you Addition of two 8 bit numbers stored in memory and storing the carry is very helpful.
Newbie Member
24Jan2008,16:41 #23
Write a program for 8085 to count numbers with even parity among fifty numbers stored in memory
starting at 8600H and store the result at the end of the memory.
CAN ANYONE solve this problem ?its very urgent..
Newbie Member
22Feb2008,03:39 #24
Rearranging Bytes
16 bytes are residing in locations starting from 2400H. Transfer those bytes in locations starting from 2500H in such a way that 1st 8 bytes in the 1st block should appear at last 8 locations of the 2nd block and the last 8 bytes in the 1st block at 1st 8 locations of the 2nd block.
Newbie Member
22Feb2008,03:39 #25
Checking bits of a word.
A word is residing in location 2400H. Write a program to check each bit of the word starting from MSB and fill 16 locations starting from 2500H, with either OOH or FFH depending on the bit, FFH if the bit is ‘1’ and 00H if the bit is ‘0’ . Also count the no. of 1s and 0s (in BCD) in the word and store them respectively at 2600H and 2601H.
Newbie Member
22Feb2008,03:40 #26
Filling up 128 locations.
Write a program to fill up 128 locations starting from 2400H with bytes in the following pattern: 1st 64 location to be filled up as 00H, 11H, 22H, …. FFH, 00H, 11H, 22H… and so on and the last 64 locations to be filled up as FFH, EEH, DDH, … OOH, FFH, EEH and so on.
Newbie Member
24Feb2008,16:41 #27
hi i have difficalties to solve my assembly assignment.
Newbie Member
28Jun2008,11:59 #28
i want an alp programme for displaying the prime numbers with in a limit
Newbie Member
28Jun2008,12:01 #29
sir i want an alp program for displaying the fibanocci numbers with in the limi. the numbers will displayed as a digital clock
Newbie Member
23Jul2008,22:04 #30
can anyone help me to coding a ALP for bubble sort 10 integer??
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 402590, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/402590
Research Article
Sino-European Transcontinental Basic and Clinical High-Tech Acupuncture Studies—Part 3: Violet Laser Stimulation in Anesthetized Rats
1Stronach Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, TCM Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria
2Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimen Nanxiaojie Street, Beijing 100700, China
Received 19 January 2012; Accepted 30 January 2012
Academic Editor: Lu Wang
Copyright © 2012 Xin-Yan Gao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of violet laser stimulation on three acupuncture points in anesthetized rats and to test the hypothesis that violet laser light can modulate neurovegetative parameters like heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Recordings were performed in 10 male anesthetized rats under three conditions in Beijing, and monitored with equipment from Graz, where also data analysis was performed. For stimulation a violet laser (emitted wavelength 405 nm, laser output 1 mW, continuous mode) was used. The electrocardiograms were recorded by an HRV Medilog AR12 system during laser acupuncture stimulation of the head, ear, and body (Baihui, “heart” ear acupoint, Zusanli). HR changed significantly only during () and after () stimulation at Baihui. Total HRV and the low frequency/high frequency ratio showed insignificant changes. There was an insignificant decrease in MAP after stimulation of Baihui acupoint. Violet laser stimulation offers a method to induce acute effects in HR and HRV in rats. Although the precise mechanism of this effect remains to be determined, alterations are significant. Violet laser stimulation on the Baihui acupoint could readily be translated to clinical studies.
1. Introduction
Basic and clinical applications of low-power laser stimulation are numerous. The field of research is characterized by a variety of different methodologies and uses of various light sources with different parameters (wavelength, output power, continuous wave or pulsed operation modes, and pulse parameters). Although in recent years longer wavelengths (650 to 900 nm, that is, red and infrared) and higher output powers (up to 150 mW) have been preferred in medical therapeutic devices, ultra-low-level laser stimulation is still a topic of animal experimental and human research [1, 2].
In the present study, we used for the first time ultra-low-level laser stimulation (405 nm; 1 mW; continuous mode) in anesthetized rats under stable conditions and analyzed the effects on physiological neurovegetative parameters. Similar to our first study in this series [3] the data were recorded for 10 rats in Beijing, China, and the data analysis was performed in Graz, Austria. A system normally used for human data analysis has been specifically adapted in Europe for these studies in rats [3].
2. Animals and Methods
2.1. Sprague-Dawley Rats and Blood Pressure Monitoring
Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were kept in an animal house maintained at 21 ± 2°C with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and were given free access to food and water. The weight of the rats was 300–350 g. The animals were initially anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 10% urethane (1.0 g/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA).
The left common carotid artery was cannulated with a polyethylene catheter filled with physiological saline containing heparin (200 IU/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) to record mean arterial pressure (MAP) via a blood pressure transducer (DA100, Biopac Systems, Inc., Aero Camino Goleta, USA) and amplifier (MP150, Biopac Systems, Inc., Aero Camino Goleta, USA). This signal was registered on Micro1401 and Spike2 (CED, Cambridge Electronic Design Limited, Cambridge, UK) data acquisition unit and software. The procedure was the same as in our first study of this series [3]. The depth of anesthesia was monitored by changes in MAP, and additional anesthetic (urethane 0.3 g/kg) was given if the animal showed large fluctuations in baseline AP or a withdrawal response to a pinch of the paw. After tracheal cannulation, the animals breathed spontaneously, and their core temperature was maintained at °C by a feedback-controlled electric blanket (FHC Inc., Bowdoin, USA). The animals were sacrificed after the investigation by an overdose of anesthetics. The experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals issued by the National Institutes of Health (China), and the procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.
2.2. Electrocardiographic Monitoring in Rats
The data from electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded by an HRV Medilog AR12 (Huntleigh Healthcare, Cardiff, UK, and Leupamed GmbH, Graz, Austria) system. The data were analyzed using specially adapted software (Huntleigh Healthcare) [3]. The sampling rate of the recorder is 4096 Hz. All raw data from the rat experiments were stored digitally on a 32 MB compact flash memory card. After removing the card from the portable system in the lab of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing, the data were read by an appropriate card reader connected to a standard computer and sent to the lab at the Stronach Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine in Graz.
As described in previous publications, HRV is measured as a percent change in sequential chamber complexes called RR-intervals in the ECG. It can be quantified in the time domain and in the frequency range by analyzing the ECG power spectra [39]. The task force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology recommended the HRV parameters already in 1996 [10]. The mean HR, total HRV, and LF (low frequency)/HF (high frequency) ratio of the HRV were evaluated [10].
2.3. Violet Laser Stimulation and Procedure
Three locations were selected for laser stimulation. All points can regulate cardiovascular and neurovegetative functions [1113]. The points were identified by anatomical marks and previous reports [1113]. Baihui (GV20) is located at the continuation of the line connecting the highest points of the ear, on the median line of the head. The “heart” ear acupoint is located at the inferior concha. Zusanli (ST36) is located on the anterolateral side of the hindlimb near the anterior crest of the tibia below the knee under the tibialis anterior muscle [1113].
For laser stimulation, an instrument (Conrad Electronic SE, Hirschau, Germany) with a wavelength of 405 nm (violet) and an output power of 1 mW with a continuous beam was used for a duration of 2 min (Figure 1). The time scale of each stimulation is shown in Figure 2. The order of point stimulation was randomized, and the time between the investigations of the different acupoints was at least 10 minutes.
Figure 1: Violet laser stimulation in a rat at the Baihui acupuncture point.
Figure 2: Experimental procedure for violet laser stimulation (405 nm) at the three acupoints.
The measurement profile and measurement sessions (a–c) are shown in Figure 2. Three measurement periods were compared: one before stimulation (a); one immediately after the beginning of the 2-minute violet laser acupuncture stimulation (b); one as a second control (c). This scheme was also used, in an adapted version, in a previous investigation in rats (part 1 of this series, [3]).
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (SigmaPlot 11.0, Systat Software Inc., Chicago, USA). Post hoc analysis was performed using Holm-Sidak test. The level of significance was defined as .
3. Results
Data analysis was performed successfully in 9 of the 10 rats. In one rat, mean HR in the control intervals was lower than 200/min and thus not included in the analysis. Figures 3 and 4 show the mean HR and HRV total (total heart rate variability) from the ECG recordings from 9 of the 10 rats during the three measurement phases (a, b, and c) as well as before, during, and after stimulation at the Baihui acupoint (a). The results from the stimulation of the ear and body point, respectively, are also shown ((b) ear; (c) Zusanli). There was a significant change in HR during () and after () the stimulation only when the Baihui acupoint was stimulated (Figure 3(a); compare also with Figure 1).
Figure 3: Diagrams displaying the mean heart rate (HR mean) and standard error of the mean (SE) of the 9 rats. There is a significant decrease of HR mean during (b) and after (c) violet laser stimulation at Baihui compared to the reference interval before stimulation (a). The different measurement phases (a–c; compare with Figure 2) and acupuncture points (Baihui; ear acupuncture: heart point; Zusanli) are indicated.
Figure 4: Graphical plots displaying total heart rate variability (HRV total) for the 9 rats. Note the marked but insignificant increase in HRV total after violet laser stimulation of the acupuncture point Baihui (a). For further explanation, compare with Figure 3.
HRV total increased insignificantly (n.s.) during violet acupuncture stimulation at the acupoint Baihui and the ear acupoint (Figure 4). However, during stimulation of Zusanli, it decreased insignificantly. At the reference interval at the end of the measurement, there was an increase in HRV total only after stimulation at Baihui (Figure 4(a)).
Furthermore, continuous HR-HRV monitoring showed insignificant alterations in the LF/HF ratio after acupuncture stimulation at the three points in rats (Figure 5).
Figure 5: LF (low-frequency)/HF (high-frequency) ratio. For further explanation, see Figures 3 and 4.
Figures 6 and 7 show computer chart records of typical experiments. Changes in blood pressure (BP), ECG, and HR after stimulation with violet laser at Baihui are demonstrated. Short-term decreases of BP and HR are shown in Figure 6 (“on effect”).
Figure 6: Original monitoring protocol of blood pressure (BP), raw electrocardiographic signal (ECG), and heart rate (HR) before and immediately after onset of violet laser stimulation. Note the decrease in BP and HR (red arrow).
Figure 7: Original monitoring protocol of blood pressure (BP), raw electrocardiographic signal (ECG), and heart rate (HR) before and immediately after onset of violet laser stimulation.
In Figure 7, the continuous decrease of BP after violet laser stimulation onset is documented.
The data of the MAP of all 9 rats are summarized in Figure 8. Note the insignificant (n.s.) decrease of MAP in the control phase after stimulation with violet laser at Baihui.
Figure 8: Diagrams showing changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) for the three different stimulation areas using violet laser.
4. Discussion
Laser light is a good alternative to metal needles for stimulation of acupuncture points, and it has been used successfully for several decades. However, to date there are only few studies proving the effectiveness of this kind of acupuncture stimulation. Most publications focus on red or infrared laser stimulation, and there are several relevant studies [1420].
Violet laser acupuncture using a wavelength of 405 nm has been investigated in only a few scientific studies performed in humans by the research group in Graz [2125]. To the best of our knowledge, it has not yet been used in animal experimental studies on acupuncture. However, some laboratory and clinical studies over the past ten years have shown that low-level laser stimulation using wavelengths of 633 or 670 nm and extremely low power densities (about 0.15 mW/cm²) is capable of eliciting significant biological effects [2].
In the present study, we used such a low-level violet laser stimulation (405 nm; <1 mW) for acupuncture research in rats for the first time. In previous studies in rats, it could be demonstrated that photobiomodulation using light with an 810 nm and 150 mW diode laser can be used as noninvasive treatment for acute spinal cord injury, potentially acting through an immunomodulatory mechanism. This suggests that light will be a useful treatment for humans [26]. Beside application at the spinal cord, it has also been shown that pulsed infrared light alters neural activity in the rat somatosensory cortex in vivo [27]. In this study, infrared neural stimulation was found to evoke an intrinsic response of similar magnitude to that induced by tactile stimulation. The authors conclude that infrared light can be used safely and effectively to manipulate neural firing.
In contrast to the previous findings in humans at the Medical University in Graz, we could demonstrate in this animal experimental study that ultra-low-level violet laser stimulation (≤1 mW) can modulate physiological and neurovegetative parameters after stimulating the Baihui acupuncture point. In the present study, there was also a clear on/off-effect when the laser was activated/deactivated (see typical examples in Figures 6 and 7). A similar effect with violet laser was shown in humans by Litscher et al. [21]. In that study, violet laser acupuncture (405 nm; 110 mW) at the acupoint Dazhui (GV14; on the same meridian as Baihui (GV20) in the present study) also induced an on/off-effect, but in different parameters, namely, the blood flow velocities in the basilar and middle cerebral arteries in the brain. In our present study, a more than 100 times lower output power was used in rats. Although the scalp bone of a rat is much thinner than that of a human subject, we suppose that there was no intensive direct radiation of the brain using the violet laser due to the intact skull of the rats. The on/off-effect of the violet laser stimulation could possibly be explained by the open eye of the rat; however, in human subjects, this explanation could be excluded. Of course, it would be possible to control this in future animal experimental studies.
Acupuncture stimulation at Baihui has also been investigated in other studies in rats. For example, Chuang et al. [28] stated that Baihui stimulation reduced cerebral infarct and increased dopamine levels in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and ischemia-reperfusion injured Sprague-Dawley rats. Regular stimulation over a period of four weeks enhanced cognition and memory function of the rats.
The use of laser light as complementary or alternative method to acupuncture needle stimulation has been promoted for some decades. However, there are only few systematic assessments of evidence to support the effectiveness of this modern technical application of acupuncture to date [29].
In several human studies, Litscher et al. [2125] have shown that violet laser acupuncture can yield reproducible effects. These previous results were confirmed by the results of the present animal experimental study.
5. Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of this second animal experimental transcontinental study:(i)heart rate changes significantly during ultra-low-level violet laser stimulation of Baihui in anesthetized rats;(ii)total HRV changes insignificantly during violet laser application at Baihui, “heart” ear point, and Zusanli. However, there was a trend towards an increase in HRV total during and after stimulation of Baihui;(iii)the LF/HF ratio showed no significant changes;(iv)mean arterial pressure decreased (markedly, yet insignificantly) after violet laser stimulation of Baihui in rats.
Acknowledgments
This scientific work was supported by a National Basic Research Program of China (973 program, no. 2011CB505200) Grant, a National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81130063) Grant to B. Zhu, and a National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 30371804; no. 81173345) Grant to X. Y. Gao. The scientific investigations were supported by the Stronach Medical Group, the German Academy of Acupuncture (DAA), the Department of Science of the City of Graz, and Laserneedle GmbH, Germany. The measurements were performed within the research areas of “Sustainable Health Research” and “Neuroscience” at the Medical University of Graz. Associate Professor X. Y. Gao has been awarded a Eurasia-Pacific Uninet Scholarship to conduct research at the TCM Research Center Graz and the Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine at the Medical University of Graz in Austria. Professor G. Litscher is a visiting professor at the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (Head: Professor B. Zhu) at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing, China. The first two authors (X. Y. Gao and G. Litscher) contributed equally to this study. Gerhard Litscher designed the study and provided the HRV and laser equipment. X. Y. Gao and B. Zhu were responsible for obtaining approval by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. X. Y. Gao and K. Liu performed the measurements in Beijing. X. Y. Gao analyzed the blood pressure values. G. Litscher and his team performed HR/HRV analysis and data analysis. G. Litscher wrote the paper. B. Zhu, X. Y. Gao, and K. Liu approved the paper.
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23. G. Litscher, L. Wang, T. Huang, and W. Zhang, “Violet laser acupuncture—part 3: a pilot study on the potential effects on temperature distribution,” Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 164–167, 2011.
24. G. Litscher, L. Wang, I. Gaischek, and X.-Y. Gao, “Violet laser acupuncture-part 4: acute effects on human arterial stiffness and wave reflection,” Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 168–174, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
25. G. Litscher, Z. Xie, L. Wang, and I. Gaischek, “Blue 405 nm laser light mediates heart rate—investigations at the acupoint Neiguan (Pe.6) in Chinese adults,” North American Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 226–231, 2009.
26. K. R. Byrnes, R. W. Waynant, I. K. Ilev et al., “Light promotes regeneration and functional recovery and alters the immune response after spinal cord injury,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 171–185, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. J. M. Cayce, R. M. Friedman, E. D. Jansen, A. Mahavaden-Jansen, and A. W. Roe, “Pulsed infrared light alters neural activity in rat somatosensory cortex in vivo,” NeuroImage, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 155–166, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
28. C. M. Chuang, C. L. Hsieh, T. C. Li, and J. G. Lin, “Acupuncture stimulation at Baihui acupoint reduced cerebral infarct and increased dopamine levels in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and ischemia-reperfusion injured Sprague-Dawley rats,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 779–791, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. G. D. Baxter, C. Bleakley, and S. McDonough, “Clinical effectiveness of laser acupuncture: a systematic review,” Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 65–82, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Bibliography: Caleb Williams (excerpt)
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Title: Caleb Williams (excerpt)
Author: William Godwin
Year: 1794
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortfiction
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1349339
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Current Tags: None Add Tags
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Linux - rpm (x86_64), version 3.5.7, Nepali. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3(7), 2007-2021; doi:10.3390/ph3072007
Review
NSAIDs and Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer
School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, C206 Health Sciences Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 8 April 2010; in revised form: 17 May 2010 / Accepted: 22 June 2010 / Published: 24 June 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)
Download PDF Full-Text [132 KB, uploaded 24 June 2010 14:42 CEST]
Abstract: Colon cancer is common worldwide and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in patients. Fortunately, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that continuous therapy with NSAIDs offers real promise of chemoprevention and adjunct therapy for colon cancer patients. Tumour growth is the result of complex regulation that determines the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. How NSAIDs affect this balance is important for understanding and improving treatment strategies and drug effectiveness. NSAIDs inhibit proliferation and impair the growth of colon cancer cell lines when tested in culture in vitro and many NSAIDs also prevent tumorigenesis and reduce tumour growth in animal models and in patients, but the relationship to inhibition of tumour cell proliferation is less convincing, principally due to gaps in the available data. High concentrations of NSAIDs are required in vitro to achieve cancer cell inhibition and growth retardation at varying time-points following treatment. However, the results from studies with colon cancer cell xenografts are promising and, together with better comparative data on anti-proliferative NSAID concentrations and doses (for in vitro and in vivo administration), could provide more information to improve our understanding of the relationships between these agents, dose and dosing regimen, and cellular environment.
Keywords: colon cancer; cyclooxygenase; COX inhibitors
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ettarh, R.; Cullen, A.; Calamai, A. NSAIDs and Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3, 2007-2021.
AMA Style
Ettarh R, Cullen A, Calamai A. NSAIDs and Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceuticals. 2010; 3(7):2007-2021.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ettarh, Raj; Cullen, Anthony; Calamai, Alvise. 2010. "NSAIDs and Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer." Pharmaceuticals 3, no. 7: 2007-2021.
Pharmaceuticals EISSN 1424-8247 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Nano Express
Theoretical and experimental studies of (In,Ga)As/GaP quantum dots
Cedric Robert*, Tra N Thanh, Charles Cornet, Pascal Turban, Mathieu Perrin, Andrea Balocchi, Herve Folliot, Nicolas Bertru, Laurent Pedesseau, Mikhail O Nestoklon, Jacky Even, Jean-Marc Jancu, Sylvain Tricot, Olivier Durand, Xavier Marie and Alain Le Corre
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:643 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-643
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Post a comment
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CANB 610:People
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Other)
(Students)
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==Students==
==Students==
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'''Add a link to your user page in this section. Please link and identify the area for your homework questions and discussion clearly.'''
+
*Nathalie
+
*Tim
+
*Stacey
+
*Tiffany
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*MJ
==Special Guests==
==Special Guests==
Revision as of 16:15, 1 February 2012
CANB 610 Advanced Topics in Cancer Biology
Home People Materials Schedule Help Discussion
Contents
Instructors
Guest Moderators
Students
• Nathalie
• Tim
• Stacey
• Tiffany
• MJ
Special Guests
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Don't Search For Nude Pictures if You Don't Want to See Nude Pictures
Jun 10, 2009 • 8:38 am | (6) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine
Some times I have to point out the most ridiculous threads in the forums. This morning I spotted a thread at Google Web Search Help where a person was complaining that searching in Google Images for the search phrase [nude women] returned some images of (now hold on to your chair now....) nude women!
The individual wrote:
Please take nude & half dressed women off your images if you type in a name for a women alot of half dressed women come up & young kids do not need to see this kind of stuff. if you are looking for a type of bra alot of bad stuff comes up. i did not think google would have this kind of stuff on there website.
What type of search engine would Google be if it did not return images that were related to your search query? If you don't want your children searching Google for nude women, then you should get a good internet filter. Also, Google does a pretty good job filtering out nude women, even for a search of nude women, when the safe filter is set to its highest level.
Sorry for the rant, I am low on sleep.
Forum discussion at Google Web Search Help.
Previous story: Google AdSense Reporting Delay on June 9th
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CYP4A11
Jump to: navigation, search
Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A, polypeptide 11
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CYP4A11; CP4Y; CYP4A2; CYP4AII
External IDs OMIM: 601310 MGI88611 Homologene88341
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 1579 13117
Ensembl ENSG00000187048 na
Uniprot Q02928 na
Refseq NM_000778 (mRNA)
NP_000769 (protein)
XM_984020 (mRNA)
XP_989114 (protein)
Location Chr 1: 47.17 - 47.18 Mb na
Pubmed search [1] [2]
WikiDoc Resources for
CYP4A11
Articles
Most recent articles on CYP4A11
Most cited articles on CYP4A11
Review articles on CYP4A11
Articles on CYP4A11 in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on CYP4A11
Images of CYP4A11
Photos of CYP4A11
Podcasts & MP3s on CYP4A11
Videos on CYP4A11
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on CYP4A11
Bandolier on CYP4A11
TRIP on CYP4A11
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on CYP4A11 at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial results on CYP4A11
Clinical Trials on CYP4A11 at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on CYP4A11
NICE Guidance on CYP4A11
NHS PRODIGY Guidance
FDA on CYP4A11
CDC on CYP4A11
Books
Books on CYP4A11
News
CYP4A11 in the news
Be alerted to news on CYP4A11
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Commentary
Blogs on CYP4A11
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Definitions of CYP4A11
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on CYP4A11
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Patient Handouts on CYP4A11
Directions to Hospitals Treating CYP4A11
Risk calculators and risk factors for CYP4A11
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of CYP4A11
Causes & Risk Factors for CYP4A11
Diagnostic studies for CYP4A11
Treatment of CYP4A11
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on CYP4A11
International
CYP4A11 en Espanol
CYP4A11 en Francais
Business
CYP4A11 in the Marketplace
Patents on CYP4A11
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to CYP4A11
Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A, polypeptide 11, also known as CYP4A11, is a human gene.[1]
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and hydroxylates medium-chain fatty acids such as laurate and myristate.[1]
References
Further reading
• Kawashima H, Kusunose E, Kubota I, et al. (1992). "Purification and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of human and rat kidney fatty acid omega-hydroxylases.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1123 (2): 156-62. PMID 1739747.
• Palmer CN, Richardson TH, Griffin KJ, et al. (1993). "Characterization of a cDNA encoding a human kidney, cytochrome P-450 4A fatty acid omega-hydroxylase and the cognate enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1172 (1-2): 161-6. PMID 7679927.
• Kawashima H, Kusunose E, Kikuta Y, et al. (1995). "Purification and cDNA cloning of human liver CYP4A fatty acid omega-hydroxylase.". J. Biochem. 116 (1): 74-80. PMID 7798189.
• Imaoka S, Ogawa H, Kimura S, Gonzalez FJ (1994). "Complete cDNA sequence and cDNA-directed expression of CYP4A11, a fatty acid omega-hydroxylase expressed in human kidney.". DNA Cell Biol. 12 (10): 893-9. PMID 8274222.
• Bell DR, Plant NJ, Rider CG, et al. (1993). "Species-specific induction of cytochrome P-450 4A RNAs: PCR cloning of partial guinea-pig, human and mouse CYP4A cDNAs.". Biochem. J. 294 ( Pt 1): 173-80. PMID 8363569.
• Powell PK, Wolf I, Lasker JM (1996). "Identification of CYP4A11 as the major lauric acid omega-hydroxylase in human liver microsomes.". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 335 (1): 219-26. doi:10.1006/abbi.1996.0501. PMID 8914854.
• Powell PK, Wolf I, Jin R, Lasker JM (1998). "Metabolism of arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxy-5,8,11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid by P450 enzymes in human liver: involvement of CYP4F2 and CYP4A11.". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 285 (3): 1327-36. PMID 9618440.
• Chang YT, Loew GH (1999). "Homology modeling and substrate binding study of human CYP4A11 enzyme.". Proteins 34 (3): 403-15. PMID 10024026.
• Lasker JM, Chen WB, Wolf I, et al. (2000). "Formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a vasoactive and natriuretic eicosanoid, in human kidney. Role of Cyp4F2 and Cyp4A11.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (6): 4118-26. PMID 10660572.
• Kawashima H, Naganuma T, Kusunose E, et al. (2000). "Human fatty acid omega-hydroxylase, CYP4A11: determination of complete genomic sequence and characterization of purified recombinant protein.". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 378 (2): 333-9. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.1831. PMID 10860550.
• Hoch U, Ortiz De Montellano PR (2001). "Covalently linked heme in cytochrome p4504a fatty acid hydroxylases.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (14): 11339-46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009969200. PMID 11139583.
• Gonzalez MC, Marteau C, Franchi J, Migliore-Samour D (2001). "Cytochrome P450 4A11 expression in human keratinocytes: effects of ultraviolet irradiation.". Br. J. Dermatol. 145 (5): 749-57. PMID 11736898.
• LeBrun LA, Hoch U, Ortiz de Montellano PR (2002). "Autocatalytic mechanism and consequences of covalent heme attachment in the cytochrome P4504A family.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (15): 12755-61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112155200. PMID 11821421.
• Savas U, Hsu MH, Johnson EF (2003). "Differential regulation of human CYP4A genes by peroxisome proliferators and dexamethasone.". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 409 (1): 212-20. PMID 12464261.
• Bellamine A, Wang Y, Waterman MR, et al. (2003). "Characterization of the CYP4A11 gene, a second CYP4A gene in humans.". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 409 (1): 221-7. PMID 12464262.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899-903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
• Jin P, Fu GK, Wilson AD, et al. (2004). "PCR isolation and cloning of novel splice variant mRNAs from known drug target genes.". Genomics 83 (4): 566-71. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.023. PMID 15028279.
• Ramírez J, Innocenti F, Schuetz EG, et al. (2005). "CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and CYP2C19 are responsible for the in vitro N-demethylation of meperidine in human liver microsomes.". Drug Metab. Dispos. 32 (9): 930-6. PMID 15319333.
• Gainer JV, Bellamine A, Dawson EP, et al. (2005). "Functional variant of CYP4A11 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthase is associated with essential hypertension.". Circulation 111 (1): 63-9. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000151309.82473.59. PMID 15611369.
• Mayer B, Lieb W, Götz A, et al. (2005). "Association of the T8590C polymorphism of CYP4A11 with hypertension in the MONICA Augsburg echocardiographic substudy.". Hypertension 46 (4): 766-71. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000182658.04299.15. PMID 16144986.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4147.4.55.001 - Culture and Recreation News, Oct 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/10/2011
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CONTENTS
From the Director
A note of welcome from the Director of the National Centre for Culture and Recreation Statistics
What's New?
Government releases discussion paper for the National Cultural Policy and NCCRS releases new Topics @ a Glance pages
Sport Compendium
A summary of the updates made to Sports and Physical Recreation: A Statistical Overview in July 2011
Perspectives on Sport
Provides an overview of the articles included in the latest release of Perspectives on Sport, June 2011
Cultural Funding
Information on the recent release of the publication Cultural Funding in Australia, 2009-10
Arts and Culture Compendium
Information about the upcoming release of the Arts and Culture Compendium
Selected Recent and Upcoming Releases
A listing of recently released and upcoming releases of publications relating to culture and recreation statistics
Contact Details
Details on how to contact the ABS and subscribe to Culture and Recreation News
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
My brother-in-law in India wants to open(register) an IT company in US. Is that possible? How?
And if now, then I'm here in US with a student visa. Can I register an IT company in USA and help him starting up business from here?
share|improve this question
2 Answers
You should decide in what state you want the company registered (each state has its own set of rules and requirements), and work from there.
As a student on a student visa, you're not allowed to be employed. So you can help with filling the forms and writing the checks, but you cannot be an employee.
Agent services would probably be required. Check the selected State's Secretary of State (or Department of Corporations, or other corporation regulatory entity) for specifics.
Note that once registered in the US, the company will have to file taxes both to the IRS and the State in which its registered.
share|improve this answer
There are several requirements your brother-in-law will have to take into account:
1. Work visa - If your brother is going to be employed by his own company and receive a salary from it, then he will need a valid work visa to do so. However, he can own interest/stock in the company without said visa.
2. ITIN - Any income you receive from the company as an employee also needs to be documented through tax filings. You will need to obtain an ITIN to receive income : http://www.irs.gov/individuals/article/0,,id=222209,00.html
Tax reporting is perhaps the most complicated part of being an foreign owner of a US business. You will probably want to consult an expert on this process. For more discussion on that issue, see: http://www.hawcpa.com/_home/feature_never_wanted_to_know.asp, http://www.groco.com/readingroom/atax_02.aspx,
3.Registered agent - This depends on the type of business entity you wish to establish in the US. Each entity type determines whether you have personal liability and also the way it is taxed. Two predominant business entity types are the Corporation and the Limited Liability Company (LLC). You need a registered agent in the US state of your choosing to establish either of those entities. You can, however, avoid the registered agent requirement if the business operates as a sole proprietorship or general partnership with unlimited liability (meaning your personal assets are accessible in a lawsuit).
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
The title says it all. I'd like to hear from your best business related movies and what you like about them.
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closed as not constructive by Zuly Gonzalez Aug 23 '12 at 16:04
As it currently stands, this question is not a good fit for our Q&A format. We expect answers to be supported by facts, references, or specific expertise, but this question will likely solicit debate, arguments, polling, or extended discussion. If you feel that this question can be improved and possibly reopened, see the FAQ for guidance.
9 Answers
Glengarry Glen Ross
Film version with Alec Baldwin = win
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I'll nominate Tucker: A Man and his Dream to the list. It's the story of Preston Tucker, who designed an innovative automobile in the 1940s. His company didn't survive competition with the "Big Three" but it left its mark on the industry.
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I always thought the documentary Startup.com was pretty compelling. Just a decent telling of a dot-com that rose and fell with the bubble. Lots of good perspectives (company valuations, co-founders, etc.). Also, they didn't seem to pull too many punches.
Here's some background and a pretty comprehensive review. It's no longer on DVD, but you can get it used or rent it at Amazon or iTunes (one of the few movies I'd actually rent again). Unfortunately, it doesn't seem to be on NetFlix.
EDIT: Whoops, actually forgot another fantastic 'true story'... Triumph of the Nerds is a great, great story that is brilliantly told by Robert Cringely. IMO, one of the best films that PBS has ever done. Unfortunately, it only seems to be purchased on DVD (vs. renting) for about $50.
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Gladiator is a good movie, since it helps to show what life can be like in a startup, and how to overcome, by taking control and having a good team. :)
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WallStreet
Boiler Room
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Pirates of Silicon Valley was very interesting.
Startup.com was also very good, and I've seen the main guy Kaleil Isaza Tuzman speak and he is pretty amazing; it definitely seemed like he learned a lot and grew from the experience! I almost couldn't believe it was the same guy after watching the film!
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I definitely agree with the suggestion in another answer that books are probably a better source of suggestions on the topic, but in the spirit of your question, I might offer the movies that have not yet been suggested by others:
August - Tom and Josh Sterling have a dot com start up. It's gone public to initial success. Josh is the technical genius. Tom is the fast-talking and abrasive CEO, in charge of the business side. It's August, 2001, less than a month before they can sell their shares and, perhaps, make lots of money.....
The King of Kong - An excellent documentary that covers the inspirational aspect of the drive and passion required in entrepreneurship, never quitting, etc. In any case, this story is about Steve Wiebe who is on a mission to set a world record playing Donkey Kong arcade game.
Deep Water - Another excellent documentary that is the counter to the Kind of Kong movie and shows the counter example of going too far and over committing to your venture.
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You're probably better off discussing books, in which case there are a slew of titles that are really good.
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Just saw Around the World in 80 Trades and found it very inspiring. I would recommend it to anyone in lack of inspiration or looking forward to learn about the global trade industry.
From IMDB:
Economist Conor Woodman uses £25,000 from the sale of his flat to travel to various countries around the world to buy products from certain regions and later sell them to other countries for a profit.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Assume that you are working for a startup on hourly rate basis (let's assume x dollars per hour) right from the start. Now, after y month, the stack holder offers you equity in exchange of hourly rate. Your confidence of that startup eventually pulls off is 50/50.
How do you come up with an equity option that is fair to both of you and your stack holder?
I understand that there is a very subjective question, but I would be interested to hear how you handle this situation.
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Before you can even start working on a conversion you need to know what an option is worth relative to the perceived worth of the company.
• Find out how much stock has been issued - 10,000 options when a million have been issued is different than the same number of options with 10 million issued.
• The option strike price matters too - the lower it is, the closer an option is in value to an actual share.
• How the options are vested - if the options don't vest for a year and the person leaves earlier than that, then they got nothing for their time.
It's difficult to put a value on the company stock as a whole, but you have to come up with some number that everyone feels comfortable with and then you can try to back into a conversion taking all of the above factors into account, as well as the 50% success rate you estimated.
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1 reputation
2
bio website NUL
location UK
age 27
visits member for 1 year, 8 months
seen Sep 19 '11 at 21:43
stats profile views 0
I've been an avid Linux user since the summer of 1998 and feel it's high time to give back to the ever growing community. I've written basic software and scripts to meet my needs and I've occasionally written bits for the local schools (and small companies).
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Wednesday, March 19, 2008
I'll huff and I'll puff and ... ohh I like how you've painted it.
Whenever I'm mapping out the activities (for example business processes) of an organisation, I try to use colour codes for the different lifecycle stages of an activity. I find this helps me when visualising what the organisation needs to do and how it needs to change.
It's just something I do. I've provided four images to show the colour codes I use.
Stage 1 - Innovation.
(click on image for larger size)
Stage 2 - First Move.
(click on image for larger size)
Stage 3 - Transition.
(click on image for larger size)
Stage 4 - Commodity.
(click on image for larger size)
It's worth remembering that any activity has an effect on the organisation. In the case of a created product the effect is overall on cashflow, however you could equally have a process whose effect is on the efficiency of operations and cost reductions.
Generally, any innovation should be built upon many commodity or transitional like activities. If it's not, you need to ask yourself why not?
Componentisation of activities is a massive accelerator for innovation. It is the reason why I advocate using Service Orientated Architectures (SOA), Software as a Service (SaaS) and Enterprise Architecture (EA) frameworks like Zachman.
The speed at which a complex system evolves is much faster if the elementary components are organised into one or more layers of stable subsystems (for more on this read up on Howard Pattee).
If you:-
1. take a system of k elements
2. group every s number of k elements into a new component, l
3. group every s number of l components into new component, m
4. keep on repeating this grouping until you can't group any more
Then, with each component being considered stable, the rate of evolution of the system will be proportional to the log to base s of k.
To show this in action, consider the three little piggies building a house. Let's say each house requires 100,000 bricks and whilst the big bad wolf can blow down an unfinished item, any stable component is too strong to be blown apart. Our three little piggies will follow different strategies:-
• Piggy 1 : Build the house in one go with each brick being a single component.
• Piggy 2: Build stable components, each component containing 10 sub-components. i.e. 10 bricks = a line. 10 lines = a section of wall etc.
• Piggy 3: Build stable components, each component contain 100 sub-components.
OK, let's say on average you can put together 1,000 components before the big bad wolf returns. Then :-
• Piggy 1 : will never be completed.
• Piggy 2 : will be completed by the 12th visit of the wolf.
• Piggy 3 : will be completed by the 2nd visit of the wolf.
In general: build in blocks.
[NB: For simplicity of explaining the analogy, I've taken the initial act of combining 100 or 10 or 1 brick(s) into one component as creating one component. If you instead treat each brick as a component, then the times are Pig 1: Never, Pig 2: 112 visits, Pig 3: 102 visits.]
It sounds obvious, but knowing the lifecycle stage of an activity and componentising those activities which can be componentised is essential for innovation. In other words: if someone has already built a hammer, use it.
Equally essential is to not attempt to componentise innovation itself, and to use different methodologies at different stages of an activities lifecycle. In other words: get used to living with change.
Using such an approach you can balance the innovation paradox between the order needed to survive and the disorder needed to create a future.
In summary: build in blocks, use a hammer, expect the plan to change and don't forget to add a splash of colour.
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Java 7 Update 7 Blocked
21
Jata 7 Update 7 is vulnerable to a critical security bug that could lead attackers to compromise the user’s system through the Java plugin. The vulnerability is currently being exploited, and is a serious risk to users. To mitigate this risk, we have added Java 7 Update 7 to the add-on blocklist. Update 6 and below had been blocklisted already due to other vulnerabilities.
Mozilla strongly encourages anyone who requires the Java JDK and JRE to update to the current version as soon as possible on all platforms.
Affected versions of the Java plugin will be disabled unless a user makes an explicit choice to keep it enabled at the time they are notified of the block being applied. If the block is accidentally accepted, the plugin can be enabled again in the Add-ons Manager, in the Plugins pane.
Updated versions of the JRE are available on java.com.
Tags: , ,
Categories: end users, general
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Getting OpenLink working on a LS-HS
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 00:22, 7 December 2006 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Introduction
The HS version of the Linkstation has the unique problem of rebooting every five minutes after being flashed with a custom firmware like OpenLink or FreeLink This write-up documents the path taken to perform an OpenLink install on a Linkstation HS. It is detail-oriented (perhaps too much so) to help beginners make the required changes to their box.
This document is heavily based on the work of others:
Hardware and software configuration
1. Host platform is MS Windows XP (SP2)
2. Hardware is the HS-D400GL [9]. I had previously installed my own files (backups, music, etc.) on this disk drive prior to the f/w change, and they were preserved following the f/w change.
3. Original HS-D400GL firmware is v1.49.
4. Software to be installed is OpenLink v051b and the v2.6 Andre Linux Kernel
The Process
This process can be broken down into four phases:
1. Phase 1: Know Your Hardware
2. Phase 2: Collect the Tools and Software
3. Phase 3: Update The Firmware
4. Phase 4: Configure Internet Access
5. Phase 5: Update Linux Kernel
...and your done.
PHASE 1: Know Your Hardware
Find out which firmware version your LinkStation has[10] and make very sure you have an HS-DGL (PowerPC) Linkstation. This could either these two model numbers:
If you do not have this specific hardware, it is advised that you find another write-up to help you with the install.
It is advised that you back up the files on this drive before performing this work. However, a normal installation process should preserve your files.
PHASE 2: Collect the Tools and Software
Perform the following steps using the computer you will eventually directly connect to the LinkStation to perform the firmware update.[4]
1. Download both the HS-DGL-Firmware and the HG-Openlink
1. http://downloads.linkstationwiki.net/stock_firmware/hs-dgl_DirectCopy_149_107.zip (stock or the telnet-enabled, both have the firmware-updater included)
2. http://linkstationwiki.net/downloads/openlink/hg-openlink-051b.zip
2. Unzip both packages in a seperate folder
3. Copy the image.dat from the openlink-HG-package over the image.dat of the HS-DGL-Folder.
Now you have the tools to perform the firmware change and you're ready for Phase 3.
PHASE 3: Update the Firmware
Here you will actually change the operating firmware of the HS-DGL box. You will directly connect to the LinkStation, then perform the update. It is strongly recommended that you connect both the computer and the LinkStation to an UPS to make sure a power failure does not impact your update.
1) Using the LinkStation web application, if you wish to use a static IP disable the DHCP client function. You'll then need to select an IP address the box will use. Pick an IP address that is in the same sub-range as your network. For example, if your own computer's IP address is 192.168.0.5, you can set the LinkStation IP to an unused IP address on your network (perhaps 192.168.0.20). The LinkStation will take a minute to restart with the new IP address. See the screenshot for what this looks like:
2) Now change your own computer over to using a static IP address. This can be done by right-clicking the Network Connection icon and selecting Properties. Again, choose an unused IP address in the same sub-range as your network (and the LinkStation). I chose 192.168.0.21.
3) Disconnect the LinkStation and your own computer from the network. Connect them together directly (do not use a hub or a router). I used a crossover cable, but this is likely not required as the LinkStation auto-senses the connection. You should see network connectivity on your computer now.
4) This step is very important: Disable any and all firewalls, virus checkers, spyware filters, etc. you have running on your computer. Examples of this include Norton, MacAfee, OneCare, etc. Also, go to Start, Control Panel, Windows Firewall and make sure this is OFF. Finally, make sure the only enabled network adapter in your computer is the one that is connected to the LinkStation. If you're using a laptop, make sure the wireless networking is disabled.
5) Now you are ready to actually udpate the firmware. Double-click on the file called "hs-dgl_DirectCopy_149_107\hs-dgl_DirectCopy_149_107" that you have on your hard drive. Remember, this is the folder in which you replaced the "image.dat" file in the previous phase. This will start up the firmware update utility.
6) You will be prompted for the administrator password. I left this blank. I had no password set on my linkstation (except for secure folder access).
7) Click the "Renew Firmware" button. The f/w will load (it took about 2 minutes in my case). You will then see a "Settings are being restored message" and a couple of LinkStation soft re-boots will occur. When you see the message "Firmware has been renewed" you can click OK to exit the updater.
Note
For the remainder of this Phase, the box may appear to re-boot every 5 minutes or so. This will require you to re-log back into the box. This annoyance will be fixed in Phases 4 and 5
8) Now you will log into your 'opened' LinkStation using Telnet. Open up a command dialog on your computer using Start, Run, cmd. In this black dialog box, enter the following:
telnet 192.168.0.20
(or the actual static IP you used for the LinkStation)
If you get the prompt "bash-2.05a#" - you successfully opened up up your box!
Now your LinkStation is using firmware that has OpenLink available and the version 2.4 Linux kernel. You can also communicate to the LinkStation securely using telnet. Unfortunately, your LinkStation will now appear to soft reboot about every 5 minutes. This will be fixed in the next two Phases.
PHASE 4: Configure Internet Access
The LinkStation will need to communicate to the internet in Phase 5 to update the Linux kernel from v2.4 to v2.6. You need to tell the LinkStation how to do this. That is, you need to specify a gateway address. This is the address of your router on your normal network. Mine is 192.168.0.1. If you are using a Linksys router, it is likely 192.168.1.1.
1) For the kernel 2.6-webinstaller to run you need your HS be able to connect to the internet. If you use DHCP all is fine. If you use a static IP, execute
echo 'nameserver 217.115.138.24' > /etc/resolv.conf
This is a public nameserver....you can replace the IP with the nameserver of your choice...for example the same you use on your other hosts. If you are familiar with the VI text editor, you can simply edit the /etc/resolv.conf file and add the line to the end of the file.
2) Now perform a hard re-boot of the LinkStation (Press and hold the power button).
3) You can now disconnect the LinkStation from your computer and connect both the LinkStation and your computer back to the router. If you like, you can set your computer back to using DHCP for it's IP address. Leave the LinkStation's IP static for now.
PHASE 5: Update the Linux Kernel
• Solve the "soft-reboot" problem[7]
You will now use the webinstaller to update the Linux kernel on your LinkStation. This will fix the rebooting problem. This is best done by copying and pasting the command lines directly into the cmd dialog box running telnet. You must perform these steps soon as possible following a reboot of the LinkStation.
Suggestion: Set up two windows side-by-side on your monitor: One with these commands ready to copy, and the other is the cmd dialog box.
The following steps differ slightly from the Tago Thread[5] which is also referred to in the Beginner's Questions Thread[4].
Use at your own, exclusive risk!
• A very capable webinstaller is provided; for complete instructions, visit:
http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/documentation/README-webinstaller.html
The following instructions are for first-time users. If you've installed the kernel according to these instructions before, run
/usr/local/sbin/webinstaller-kernelinst.sh
whenever you want to upgrade to the most recent version.
OpenLink
LS1, HG, Kuro, KuroHG
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-openlinkhelper.tar.gz
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf latest-openlinkhelper.tar.gz
chmod 1777 /tmp
tar -C / -xvzf latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
/usr/local/sbin/webinstaller-kernelinst.sh
HS
• Linkstation HS users (only):
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-upgradehelper.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf latest-upgradehelper.tar.gz
reboot
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-openlinkhelper.tar.gz
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf latest-openlinkhelper.tar.gz
chmod 1777 /tmp
tar -C / -xvzf latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
/usr/local/sbin/webinstaller-kernelinst.sh
FreeLink
LS1 and HG
• Kernel Installation
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
/usr/local/sbin/webinstaller-kernelinst.sh
HS
• Linkstation HS users (only):
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-upgradehelper.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf latest-upgradehelper.tar.gz
reboot
• Kernel Installation
wget http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
tar -C / -xvzf latest-webinstaller.tar.gz
/usr/local/sbin/webinstaller-kernelinst.sh
Sylver
Kuro, Kuro HG
Gentoo
Post install
• Check what version you're running after a reboot:
uname -a
• If you see a 2.6.x kernel, it worked.
Congratulations! You're now running with OpenLink 051b and the version 2.6 Linux kernel.
References
1. Upgrade to the 2.6-kernel: The boot process and how to control it
2. AVR watch-dog daemon for Linkstation
3. The Linkstation Community Forum / Linkstation HS (ppc) / Beginner's Questions
4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 The Linkstation Community Forum / Linkstation HS (ppc) / 300GB Home Server Questions
5. 5.0 5.1 The Linkstation Community Forum / Linkstation HS (ppc) / Patch a HS-D300GL - NFS Server
6. The Linkstation Community Forum / Linkstation HS (ppc) / HS-D300GL - 5 Min Reboot Returning after shutdown
7. 7.0 7.1 Andre's Webinstaller for the Linux Kernel
8. The LinkStation firmware flasher
9. HS-D400GL Buffalo Product Page
10. FAQ: How can I find out which Firmware version my LinkStation has?
Personal tools
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Processed-Centered Teaching and Its Implications in English Teaching in China
Boli Li
Abstract
Process-centered teaching, as a contrary to product-centered teaching, is a paradigm which emphasizes the way in which a language, syllabus, or curriculum is taught and learnt from the point of view of the learner, and how the language becomes directly relevant to the lives of the learners. This paper, based on an analysis of process-centeredness, proposes some implications in English teaching in China. It desires to enable English teachers more awaken to the process of teaching instead of just simply paying heeds to learners’ performances in examinations.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
English Language Teaching ISSN 1916-4742 (Print) ISSN 1916-4750 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Wikia
SRD:Minotaur
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
This material is published under the OGL
MINOTAUREdit
Size/Type: Large Monstrous Humanoid
Hit Dice: 6d8+12 (39 hp)
Initiative: +0
Speed: 30 ft. (6 squares)
Armor Class: 14 (–1 size, +5 natural), touch 9, flat-footed — (see text)
Base Attack/Grapple: +6/+14
Attack: Greataxe +9 melee (3d6+6/x3) or gore +9 melee (1d8+4)
Full Attack: Greataxe +9/+4 melee (3d6+6/x3) and gore +4 melee (1d8+2)
Space/Reach: 10 ft./10 ft.
Special Attacks: powerful charge 4d6+6
Special Qualities: Darkvision 60 ft., natural cunning, scent
Saves: Fort +6, Ref +5, Will +5
Abilities: Str 19, Dex 10, Con 15, Int 7, Wis 10, Cha 8
Skills: Intimidate +2, Listen +7, Search +2, Spot +7
Feats: Great Fortitude, Power Attack, Track
Environment: Underground
Organization: Solitary, pair, or gang (3–4)
Challenge Rating: 4
Treasure: Standard
Alignment: Usually chaotic Evil
Advancement: By character class
Level Adjustment: +2
A minotaur stands more than 7 feet tall and weighs about 700 pounds.
Minotaurs speak Giant.
COMBATEdit
Minotaurs prefer melee combat, where their great strength serves them well.
Powerful Charge (Ex): A minotaur typically begins a battle by charging at an opponent, lowering its head to bring its mighty horns into play. In addition to the normal benefits and hazards of a charge, this allows the beast to make a single gore attack with a +9 attack bonus that deals 4d6+6 points of damage.
Natural Cunning (Ex): Although minotaurs are not especially intelligent, they possess innate cunning and logical ability. This gives them immunity to maze spells, prevents them from ever becoming lost, and enables them to track enemies. Further, they are never caught flat-footed.
Skills: Minotaurs have a +4 racial bonus on Search, Spot, and Listen checks.
MINOTAURS AS CHARACTERSEdit
Minotaur characters possess the following racial traits.
SEE WIKIPEDIA ENTRY: Minotaur
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Talk:Main Page
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 23:55, 30 December 2012 by Inops (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Before we get started here, did we want to decide on a layout/skin. I like the ThinkWiki skin. I believe rt-linux is using a variant of this skin as well, or so said Ted. Or do we want to get more original?
--Wmat 05:16, 13 October 2006 (EEST)
First, how do I indent? I tried to find out using the Editing help link, but that page is empty. OK, so we need a buglist or feature request list also. OK, now to my actual comment: I think this is a good start. I'd say the site should be organized using portals. The main page should consist almost entirely of links to portals. Here is a list of possible portals: kernel, tools, distributions, hardware, companies, distributions, middleware, technologies --Tbird 21:48, 13 October 2006 (EEST)
I guess you figured out the indenting using colons to indicate number of tab stops. I agree with the portal idea, assuming you define a portal as a cluster of like content. The Main page layout is geared toward exactly that. I don't want to simply recreate the Table of Contents from the CELF Public Wiki though, I'd like to try to organize things more logically. I'll begin putting out the idea for 3 Main Content Clusters:
1. Development Resources
2. Industry Information
3. Research & Development
I'll add subcategories directly to the Main page --Wmat 22:10, 13 October 2006 (EEST)
OK, I put up a basic structure for the main page based off of thinkwiki.orgs layout. I'll add in potential real headings soon for discussion.
--Wmat 06:32, 13 October 2006 (EEST)
Contents
Admin/mod
Can I speak to an admin or a moderator? If so please post on my talk page and we can speak there.
Thanks. JoshD 23:44, 24 December 2011 (UTC)
pages that imho can be deleted
What happened to the elinux logo? I thought the logo was once a Tux penguin with headphones holding electronics with blinking lights. But today the elinux.org site logo ( http://elinux.org/upload/tux113x135.gif ) appears to be the original original unmodified Tux penguin. --DavidCary 04:50, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
Hardware Pages
I'm not sure at what point a board qualifies as having "LOTS of information", enough to be given its own link under Hardware Pages, but what I do know is that BeagleBone doesn't seem to have any prominent links near the front. I suggest that a dedicated link to BeagleBone be added under this heading, but if that is deemed as giving Beagle* too much prominence then I will at least want to put a link at the top of the BeagleBoard page to direct users accordingly. Morgaine 18:11, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
This is a wiki, so feel free to add whatever you like. --Wmat 20:46, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
The main page is locked so it cannot be edited as we like. Morgaine 04:46, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
I've added a BeagleBone icon and link. --Wmat 22:46, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
And a cute icon it is too! :P Well done and thanks, now to add more content. Morgaine 01:22, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
Page title
Would it be possible to change the main page title from "Main Page - eLinux.org" to "eLinux.org - Main Page"? The reason is that browser tabs get narrower as you gain more tabs and so only the start of each title tends to appear on labels. A tab name of "Main Page" isn't really all that helpful for finding this site among one's current tabs. :P Morgaine 19:11, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
Unfortunately yes, it's not possible. This is a MediaWiki-ism. --Wmat 20:46, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
Ah, that is indeed unfortunate. Morgaine 04:47, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
So Wmat, how did you fix this since? I've had this annoyance with own installation of MediaWiki. Thanks. --Inops (talk) 23:55, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Human Rights
Topic archive · 3744 posts
Latest stories about Human Rights
17 May 2013
In Wake of Brutal Murder, Bloggers Question Roots of Russian Homophobia
Are Russia's members of parliament, who have fostered a climate of homophobia over the past year, to blame for a man tortured to death by drunk hooligans in Volgograd?
Jorge Videla, Argentina's Ex-Military Leader, Dies in Jail
At the age of 87, the last Argentinean dictator sentenced for crimes against humanity, Jorge Rafael VIdela, died in jail.
16 May 2013
Chinese Government Bans Seven ‘Speak-Not’ Subjects
A prominent Chinese law professor recently revealed in his microblog on popular Twitter-like site Sina Weibo that the Chinese government has imposed a policy on university professors instructing them not to teach seven subjects, including freedom of the press, past mistakes of the communist party, and human rights.
15 May 2013
INFOGRAPHIC: The Forced Exile of Palestinians
In commemoration of Nakba Day, the ‘Visualizing Palestine’ graphic team have released their latest infographic entitled “An ongoing displacement” which “quantitatively catalogues the multiple dimensions of Palestinian displacement and loss of land.”
14 May 2013
Yemen: Focus on Education!
In a country where the illiteracy rate of both sexes (15 years and above) is almost 40 per cent, education and the empowerment of the women and youth is an imperative necessity for any concrete development in Yemen. Activists argue why education should be a right and not a privilege.
Obama Graduation Speech Sparks Debate In China: What Is Citizenship?
Last week, a speech by U.S. President Barack Obama on the value of engaged citizenship made waves in Chinese social media.
13 May 2013
Interview: Chadian Blogger and Journalist Expelled from Senegal to Guinea
The Senegalese government expelled Chadian journalist and blogger Makaila Nguebla on May 8, 2013, sending him to Guinea. He explained his situation in an interview with Global Voices' Anna Guèye.
‘Black 505’ Post-Election Rallies Spread in Malaysia
The Opposition-led ‘Black 505’ rallies are spreading in Malaysia. In the past week, hundreds of thousands gathered in Kuala Lumpur and in other parts of the country to protest the outcome of the recent election. ‘Black 505’ refers to the May 5 General Election which was tainted by allegations that the ruling coalition committed massive electoral fraud to remain in power.
Ukraine's Freedom Party Crusades Against Gay Pride Parade
On May 25, Ukraine will once again attempt to hold its first gay pride parade ever. The previous attempt failed a year ago, when the event was cancelled shortly before it was to begin and one of its organizers was beaten by a group of masked men. Judging from the online reactions that began to appear as soon as the upcoming Equality March was announced, things may not go very smoothly this year as well.
9 May 2013
Fight Against Ritual Killings Gears Up in Gabon
The discovery of a young girl's mutilated body on a beach in Gabon's capital city of Libreville has renewed the fight in the Central African country against the superstitious practice of ritual killings.
World regions
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
India: Perspectives on Growing up in India
This post also available in:
Français · Grandir en Inde : les jeunes se racontent en vidéos
Português · Índia: Perspectivas sobre Crescer na Índia
Italiano · India: video autoprodotti sui giovani e i loro problemi
македонски · Индија: Видеа за растењето во Индија
繁體中文 · 印度：孩子成長與記錄觀點
简体中文 · 印度：孩子成长与记录观点
বাংলা · ভারত: ভারতে বেড়ে ওঠার সময় তৈরী হওয়া দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি
عربي · الهند: منظورات عن النشأة في الهند
Adobe Youth Voices Logo
Thanks to the Adobe Youth Voices program, young people in different parts of the world are having the opportunity to experiment with audiovisual equipment and tell their stories from their perspective. Such is the case in India, where youth from many different schools and slums have been making videos to show the world that surrounds them and their concerns. First, a video showing the difference in treatment between girls and boys in India, another one portraying the difficulties a girl has when she has to do household chores and doesn´t have time to do homework for school, and the story of a boy whose parents punish him for failing a course and then starts smoking due to peer pressure.
This first video, Freedom, is described by Meera Sinha in her blog A Year in India:
An interesting side note: Freedom was spearheaded by 17-year-old Mubeen, whom I’ve previously written about here (and who is the film’s leading lady). Toward the end of the video, you’ll notice an older woman being interviewed about why she loves her son more than her daughter. Keep in mind that the interviewer in that interaction is Mubeen; the interviewee, her mother.
If the previous video gave us a glimpse into the life of a girl who has doubled up duties of work and school, this next video by the Vedic Kanya School in Delhi shows the academic perspective of such a life where girls have doubled responsibilities, and how lack of time to turn in homework could affect their performance:
And this last video from the Noida Public School in Delhi brings us a male perspective of growing up in India, focusing on how teen smoking could be brought on by problems at home and peer pressure.
You can see many other videos made by youngsters at Adobe Youth Voices, where you can search by location and learn not only about life in India, but also about youth in Senegal and South Africa, as well as the US, Canada and England.
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INFLUENCE OF BREAKER TYPE ON SURF ZONE DYNAMICS
A.S. Arcilla, A. Vidaor, J.L. Monso
Abstract
Two of the most significant variables for surf zone hydrodynamic analyses are the mean rate of wave energy dissipation, D, and the longshore current velocity, VI . A detailed theoretical model is extremely difficult to establish (definition of bottom and free surface boundaries, stochastic forcing terms, intense turbulent mixing, etc). The type and amount of existing measured values (laboratory and field) also preclude any accurate calibration, particularly for the more complex formulations. The paper, therefore, presents an average (cross-shore) comparison among state-of-the-art models for D and VI. This illustrates the dependence of these variables on the surf zone dynamic state (closely related to the beach stage, (Short, 1978)), characterized by Iribarren's parameter, ir. Well defined relationships with Ir are obtained for these variables. An expansion of the range of validity of certain models is also attained by calibration of their characteristic free parameters as functions of Ir using a large set of field and laboratory data, and by comparing their general expresion with that of (Losada and S.Arcllla, 1985), which does not include any free parameter. Therefore, theoretical laws for D and VI as simple functions of beach, wave and dynamic state parameters are presented, together with an improved estimation of the empirical coefficients appearing in the various models, suitable for prediction in all ranges of Ir, even though data on the collapsing-surging range are scarce and should require further calibration.
Keywords
surf zone; surf zone dynamics; breaker type
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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[maemo-users] [maemo-users] Making software installation a bit easier in Maemo
From: Frantisek Dufka dufkaf at seznam.cz
Date: Thu Aug 24 10:43:11 EEST 2006
Henri Bergius wrote:
> Hi!
>
> Currently there are two ways to install new applications from the
> application catalog to the 770:
>
> 1. You can click on a link to .deb file in the browser, and the
> package will be installed
> 2. You can manually copy the apt repository details (URL, etc) to the
> Application Manager, update the repository info, and then install the
> packages
>
> The first method has an obvious advantage in being much easier for the
> end user. Couple of clicks and you have the application.
>
> But the second method feels more correct on the longer term, as using
> a repository makes it possible to centrally update all packages. But
> adding the repository and then installing the package includes quite a
> few clicks, and bunch of copy-paste which is a bit cumbersome with the
> 770.
>
> So, how could we make it easier to add new apt repositories? One
> reasonably easy way would be to:
>
> * Define an XML format for describing the repository. It could be as
> simple as:
>
> <repository url="http://maemo.o-hand.com/packages">
> <distribution>mistral</distribution>
> <component>free</component>
> </repository>
>
> * Define a MIME type for this format, for example
> application/x-apt-repository
>
> * Make Application Manager register itself as the handler of this MIME type
>
> * And finally enable Application Manager to add (and update) a new
> repository when given such a repository XML file. It should probably
> also take user automatically to the "Install" view
>
> This way when you click a repository file (which could be served from
> maemo.org or the repository itself), the Maemo browser would
> automatically hand it to the Application Manager and the repository
> would be added.
>
> What do you think?
>
Hello Henri,
I think it is a very good idea. it is really a bit cumbersome to add new
repository on the device.
Also second feature which would make installations easier is to handle
dependencies and use existing repositories even when installing directly
from file. But this may be hard to implement (dpkg with files vs apt
with repositories). This would mean that you actually won't need as much
repositories defined. Many packages made by independent developers and
published on their pages would not need repository at all if there is no
external dependency (like all python things among others).
I'm cc'ing Marius since I think he is maintainer of application
installer and could comment. Sorry if this is redundant.
Regards,
Frantisek
> I know there has been some discussion about XML configuration formats
> on the apt-rpm list, but so far it seems inconclusive. However, on a
> device with very limited input options, some "click to add repository"
> format would be a big help.
>
> http://lists.laiskiainen.org/pipermail/apt-rpm-laiskiainen.org/2006-May/000236.html
>
>
More information about the maemo-users mailing list
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User:Justin R. Zabilansky
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:35, 11 February 2013 by Justin R. Zabilansky (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Justin R. Zabilansky (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from From the Professor, and I've joined because To contribute to the 20.109 wiki page.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• 2015,BS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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I invent nothing, I rediscover. Rodin, Auguste
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Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician. He served as the 34th President of the United States (19531961) as well as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army.
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It has been an unchallengeable American doctrine that cranberry sauce, a pink goo with overtones of sugared tomatoes, is a delectable necessity of the Thanksgiving board and that turkey is uneatable without it. There are some things in every country that you must be born to endure; and another hundred years of general satisfaction with Americans and America could not reconcile this expatriate to cranberry sauce, peanut butter, and drum majorettes. Cooke, Alistair
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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When one has tasted it [Watermelon] he knows what the angels eat. Twain, Mark
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Emancipation from the bondage of the soil is no freedom for the tree. Tagore, Rabindranath
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
We do not want our world to perish. But in our quest for knowledge, century by century, we have placed all our trust in a cold, impartial intellect which only brings us nearer to destruction. We have heeded no wisdom offering guidance. Only by learning to love one another can our world be saved. Only love can conquer all. Russell, Dora
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
You are beginning to see that any man to whom you can do favor is your friend, and that you can do a favor to almost anyone. Caine, Mark
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Farmers' Markets
(Redirected from Farm Markets)
Info
Search:
Farmers' Markets and Farm Markets are retail operations where farmers can sell their farm products.
We distinguish below between a "Farmer's Market", where a number of farmers sell products in a single marketplace and a "Farm Market", where a single farm has its own store to sell its wares.
Growers, ranchers, and farmers sometimes sell seasonal produce and goods in little stands alongside country roads. Farm markets typically own their land and source one product entirely from one grower, like farm stands. Farmers' markets sell only space to vendors, and thus source competing products from several growers. Categorically, farm markets are stores, while farmers markets are marketplaces. Different sections within the New York State Agriculture & Market law apply to each.
See Also
Farmers' Markets
The Fairport Farmers' Market
The Pittsford Farmers' Market The Rochester Recorder Society performs at the Pittsford Farmers' Market, August 22nd 2009
Farmers markets are open-air marketplaces where growers, ranchers, farmers, and other vendors can sell produce and other goods directly to consumers. Smaller ones spring up in parking lots almost every day of the week throughout Greater Rochester, but the largest one here is the Saturday Rochester Public Market.
See Also
Farm Markets
Bauman's - BradMandell
Schutt's - BradMandell
Rochester and the Finger Lakes region have a great selection of nifty little farm markets.
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2012-06-25 16:48:52 Chili Farmers Market, Chili Paul Plaza, Chili, NY it is on Saturday from 8 am to 1 pm from May to Nov —bonnev659
2012-08-20 06:54:02 here is a map from D&C of all the farmers markets!
http://flavors.rocdocs.com/map/rochester-area-farmers-markets/?source=nletter-top5
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(Roughly) Daily
Catching ‘em in the act…
Ever had that sense of deja vu when reading a news posting online? Well, the Sunlight Foundation has your back: they’ve created Churnalism– a simple search tool that let’s one quickly determine whether what one’s reading is “a product of real journalism or just a spin off of another story posted elsewhere.”
###
As we root out the sources, we might recall that it was on this date in 1928 that Evelyn Waugh wrote a letter of protest to the Times Literary Supplement. His complaint wasn’t that they’d misjudged his novel (Decline and Fall); their reaction was, like the book’s wider reception, quite warm. Rather, he objected to the fact that throughout the review he was referred to as “Miss Waugh.”
source
Written by LW
May 17, 2013 at 1:01 am
How to boldly go where no man has gone before…
As American readers prepare to head for the multiplex for the premiere of Star Trek- Into the Darkness, they might want to take a brief detour down memory lane: Harvard’s Houghton Library has released excerpts of a 31-page photocopied writers’ guide for the original Star Trek series, written in 1967, that was meant to help writers for the then year-old show—as well as prospective writers working on spec scripts—nail the tone and content of a typical “Trek” episode.
The pages list characters and their attributes (Captain Kirk is “a space-age Horatio Hornblower, constantly on trial with himself, a strong, complex personality”), outline dos and don’ts of costuming (no pockets; no space suits), and suggest places where writers working outside the studio can seek technical advice (ask nearby universities, “your local NASA office,” or anyone in the “aero-space research and development industry”).
Coming at the tail end of a decade and a half of science fiction television of variable quality, “Star Trek” was eager to establish itself as a new breed of more realistic space opera. The third page image below describes a scenario in which Captain Kirk comforts a female crewmember as an alien vessel attacks. The guide asks readers to identify the problem with this “teaser.” The answer: “Concept weak. This whole story opening reeks too much of ‘space pirate’ or similar bad science fiction.” Captain Kirk would never hug a fellow crewman as danger approached; he’d be too busy trying to solve the problem.
It’s clear that the guide’s anonymous author knew that those in charge were asking a lot of their writers. At the end of a list of Frequently Asked Questions appears this one:
Q: Are you people on LSD?
A: We tried, but we couldn’t keep it lit.
Read the full story– and read more Writer’s Guide pages– at Slate’s new history blog, The Vault.
More? Check out the ten most under-rated episodes from the original series.
###
As we set phasers to stun, we might spare a thought for Frederick Walton; he died on this date in 1928. The scion of a British rubber processing family, Walton was a prolific inventor. While he patented (among many other things), flexible metal tubing, artificial leather, and a process for waterproofing clothing, he is surely best remembered as the inventor of linoleum.
source
Written by LW
May 16, 2013 at 1:01 am
“Cinema is truth at 24 frames per second”*…
Roman Polanski’s “Chinatown”
9 Film Frames aims to distill that truth even further: ”an attempt to showcase a film by using only 9 of it’s frames.”
Carol Reed’s “The Third Man”
Luis Buñuel’s “Belle de Jour”
Many more reminders of why we want to see all of the movies at 9 Film Frames.
* Jean-Luc Godard
###
As we head for the nearest rep house, we might send fantastic birthday greetings to L. Frank Baum, born on this date in 1856. After trying his hand at acting and marketing (he was a pioneer in the then-fledgling field of “store displays,” founded the trade magazine The Show Window, and helped start the longest continuously-running trade association in marketing, what’s now known as The Society of Visual Merchandising), he found his true calling, creating Dorothy, Toto, the Wizard, and the “Wonderful World” he ruled. In the end, Baum wrote wrote fourteen Oz novels, and a host of other works: 55 novels in total, plus four “lost” novels, 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and an unknown number of scripts (pursuant to numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen). Something of a futurist, his works anticipated such century-later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high risk, action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and– in a return to his roots– the ubiquity of advertising on clothing (Aunt Jane’s Nieces at Work).
source
Written by LW
May 15, 2013 at 1:01 am
Our robot overlords at work…
The research firm Nanex presented the stunning animation below as part of a presentation at Wired‘s Business Conference. It represents one half-second of trading orders for just one stock– Johnson & Johnson– routed through just twelve exchanges.
email readers click here
This kind of high-frequency trading accounted for approximately 50% of all US equity trading volume in 2012. The central point of the presentation is that the rush by traders to speed-at-all-costs has created a system largely populated by “ghost bids” (meant to bait other traders into inadvisable trades) and a resultant degree of confusion that means that, in a bid-and-ask system that’s meant to clear trades both efficiently and effectively, “it is impossible to verify that a trade received the best price.”
The financial industry’s response? It’s turning to lasers for even faster trades…
See the full Nanex presentation here (and read the underlying research here).
###
As we ponder Asimov’s Three Laws, we might send tasty birthday greetings to Nicholas Kurti (nee Miklós Mór Kürti); he was born on this date in 1908. Born in Romania, educated in Paris and Berlin, Kurti fled Hitler’s rise to settle at the Clarendon laboratory at Oxford, where he became was one of the premier low-temperature physicists of his era (he conducted record-breaking nuclear cooling experiments that came within a millionth of a degree of absolute zero).
But Kurti, an enthusiastic advocate of applying scientific knowledge to culinary problems, was also renowned as a chef; with chemist Herve This, he founded the “discipline” of “molecular gastronomy.” In 1969 Kurti gave a talk at the Royal Society (of which he was a member and officer) titled “The Physicist in the Kitchen”, in which he delighted his audience by using the recently-invented microwave oven to make a “reverse Baked Alaska”, aka Frozen Florida (cold outside, hot inside). Nineteen years later, with his wife, he edited the first Royal Society cook book: But the Crackling Is Superb: An Anthology on Food and Drink by Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society.
I think it is a sad reflection on our civilisation that while we can and do measure the temperature in the atmosphere of Venus, we do not know what goes on inside our souffles.
source
Written by LW
May 14, 2013 at 1:01 am
“Dancing is a perpendicular expression of a horizontal desire”*…
Brazilian designer Niege Borges is collecting, diagramming, and sharing the most famous (and infamous) dances from film and television. She explains:
In 1518, a bunch of people from a french town called Stransbourg were affected by something called dancing mania. It began with one lady named Frau Troffea dancing in the street and end up with, more or less, 400 people dancing on for days without rest, resulting in some deaths of heart attack, stroke and exhaustion. This project is, in some sort of way, a memorial for Frau Toffea. From the silliest little dance to the most elaborate dance sequence of the history of cinema, there were a lot of dancing in the last decades (not enough to kill anyone, I hope). Here are some of these dances.
From Tom Cruise’s BVD’ed turn in Risky Business, through Monty Python’s “Fish Slapping Dance,” to Monica’s and Ross’ “TV dance” (above), readers will find a growing set of instructive pictographs at “Dancing Plague of 1518” (and more of Borges work, here).
[TotH to CoDesign]
* George Bernard Shaw
###
As we measure off our rugs for cutting, we might send wondrous birthday greetings to Stevland Hardaway Judkins**; he was born on this date in 1950– prematurely. The incubator into which he was placed had an incorrectly-regulated flow of oxygen; too much flowed in, aggravating the retinopathy that was a function of his early arrival, and leaving him blind. As a young child, he turned to music, picking up the piano, harmonica, drums and bass, and singing in his church choir. At 11 he was discovered by Motown Records, where producer Clarence Paul bestowed what became the youngster’s trademark name after stating “we can’t keep calling him the eighth wonder of the world”: Little Stevie Wonder. Little Stevie released a single in 1961, two albums in 1962, but broke big in 1963 with “Fingertips (Part 2).” In the mid-60s he dropped “Little” from his name, and began to agitate for more creative control over his recordings.
In 1971, as he came of legal age, Wonder got that artistic freedom (and an unprecedented royalty rate) in a new Motown contract… and the hits began to roll. Over the next five years he released five albums– Music of My Mind (1972), Talking Book (1972), Innervisions (1973), Fulfillingness’ First Finale (1974), and Songs in the Key of Life (1976)– from which come the vast majority of what most would consider to be his greatest hits, including “Superstition” (1971), “You Are The Sunshine Of My Life” (1973), “Higher Ground” (1973), “Livin’ For The City” (1973), “You Haven’t Done Nothin’” (1974), “I Wish” (1977), and “Sir Duke” (1977).
He’s sold over 100 million recordings, won 22 Grammys (plus a Lifetime Achievement Grammy), earned an Oscar, and been inducted into the Songwriters and Rock and Roll Halls of Fame… among many, many other honors.
** Stevie was born in Saganaw, Michigan; his mother moved the family to Detroit when he was four, and changed the family name to Hardaway (her maiden name); later she changed Stevie’s last name to Morris– his legal surname ever since.
source
Written by LW
May 13, 2013 at 1:01 am
“My mother had a great deal of trouble with me, but I think she enjoyed it”*…
Courtesy of The Week, a look at the pecuniary consequences in the U.S. of “Happy Mother’s Day”…
$20.7 billion
The amount Americans will spend this Mother’s Day, according to the National Retail Federation’s Mother’s Day spending survey
85.4 million
Moms in the U.S., according to the latest stats from the United States Census Bureau
$168.94
The average amount American consumers will spend on mom for Mother’s Day 2013
$152.52
The average spending last year. This year’s figure is an 11 percent increase.
3
Mother’s Day’s ranking, after Christmas and Valentine’s Day, in terms of the amount of money spent by U.S. consumers…
More at “The economics of Mother’s Day: By the numbers.”
* Mark Twain
###
As we reassure ourselves that it’s the thought that counts, we might send nonsensical birthday greetings to Edward Lear; he was born on this date in 1812. An accomplished ”ornithological draughtsman,” Lear published his first work– Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots– at age 19, a collection that was favorably compared to the work of Audubon. But Lear is better remembered for his verse (and the illustrations he supplied to accompany it). In 1846 he published A Book of Nonsense, a volume of limericks helped popularise the form. In 1865 The History of the Seven Families of the Lake Pipple-Popple was published; and in 1867 his most famous piece of nonsense, The Owl and the Pussycat (which he wrote for the children of his patron Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby). They were quite successful, and any other works followed.
Lear’s facility– his verbal inventiveness, his knowing liberties with poetic form– led many to suspect (a la Shakespeare) that his poems were actually the work of another, better-educated author: his patron. (Conspiracy theorists noted that “Lear” is an anagram of “Earl”– so that “Edward Lear” might be code for “Edward, Earl”). But Lear was real enough, and earned his place– alongside Lewis Carroll and W.S. Gilbert– as one of the great purveyors of nonsense of the Victorian Age.
And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,
They danced by the light of the moon,
The moon,
The moon,
They danced by the light of the moon.
- St.3, The Owl and the Pussycat
source
Written by LW
May 12, 2013 at 1:01 am
“The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn’t said”*…
Readers will likely have heard of the recent research that has identified a list of two dozen “ultraconserved words” that have survived 150 centuries. It includes some predictable entries: “mother,” “not,” “what,” “to hear” and “man.” It also contains some surprises: “to flow,” “ashes” and “worm.” As the Washington Post observes,
You, hear me! Give this fire to that old man. Pull the black worm off the bark and give it to the mother. And no spitting in the ashes!
It’s an odd little speech. But if you went back 15,000 years and spoke these words to hunter-gatherers in Asia in any one of hundreds of modern languages, there is a chance they would understand at least some of what you were saying.
But then there’s the other end of the spectrum…
Manuel Segovia
The Guardian recounts the tale of the last two remaining speakers of Ayapaneco:
The language of Ayapaneco has been spoken in the land now known as Mexico for centuries. It has survived the Spanish conquest, seen off wars, revolutions, famines and floods. But now, like so many other indigenous languages, it’s at risk of extinction.
There are just two people left who can speak it fluently – but they refuse to talk to each other. Manuel Segovia, 75, and Isidro Velazquez, 69, live 500 metres apart in the village of Ayapa in the tropical lowlands of the southern state of Tabasco. It is not clear whether there is a long-buried argument behind their mutual avoidance, but people who know them say they have never really enjoyed each other’s company…
Read the whole sad story here… and remember: use it, or lose it.
* Peter Drucker
###
As we lament languages that have languished, we might send joint birthday greetings to Chang and Eng; they were born on this date in 1811. The original “Siamese Twins,” they were joined at the waist by a band of cartilage, about 8 in. circumference and 4 in. long. In 1828 British merchant Robert Hunter ”discovered” them and paid their family to let them be exhibited as a curiosity during a world tour; at the end of that engagement, the brothers went into business for themselves. In 1839, they visited Wilkesboro, N.C. with P. T. Barnum; they found the town appealing, settled there, took the surname “Bunker,” became United States citizens, and in 1843 married two sisters with whom they raised 10 children. Only after their death was it discovered that the cartilage that connected them could have been easily and safely removed.
Click here for Mark Twain’s short story, “The Siamese Twins,” based on Chang and Eng.
Chang and Eng Bunker
source
Written by LW
May 11, 2013 at 1:01 am
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A prosthetic eye to treat blindness: TED Talk
Another interesting TED talk again, this time about prosthetic eyes that could treat blindness.
At TEDMED, Sheila Nirenberg shows a bold way to create sight in people with certain kinds of blindness: by hooking into the optic nerve and sending signals from a camera direct to the brain.
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User:Shangkuanlc
From OpenStreetMap Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Hello, I'm a wikipedian in Taiwan. Through introduction by another wikipedian, User:Supaplex, I get to know OSM project and enjoy greatly with the fun to dig out little surprises in my city, Taipei. I'm fluent in English and Mandarin, and I know a little French and German. I'm interested in the following city projects:
Projects that interest me 我所關心之專案
1. Taipei/Bicycle rental. Since Taipei has lots of biking trials, it's a great idea to record bike rental spots in Taipei. The primary language used here is Traditional Chinese.
2. Taipei/Postboxes. This is a thematic project for the POI postboxes. The main purpose is to map all the postbox and the collection time in Taipei. The primary language used here is Traditional Chinese.
3. WikiProject Taiwan/2012 Competition. The primary language used here is Traditional Chinese. My accomplishment (record by google map)
Reference 參考資料
The following wikipages are quiet useful reference:
1. About Project--
1. Potlatch 2/Translation/Traditional Chinese.
2. WikiProject Taiwan/Taiwan tagging.
3. Talk:WikiProject Taiwan/Taiwan tagging.
4. [1]
2. About POIs--
可以從 taginfo頁面上看到世界上最常使用的一些有趣點（POIs）。
1. Key
1. 電話 Key:phone
2. 地名 Key:name
3. 開放時間 Key:opening_hours
4. Key:ref
5. Key:access
6. Key:operator
7. Key:highway
8. Key:type
9. Key:addr
10. Key:room
11. Key:wikipedia
12. Key:capacity
13. Key:fuel
14. Key:contact
15. Key:population
16. Key:construction
17. Key:lanes
18. Key:denomination
19. Key:surface
20. Key:maxspeed
21. Key:network
22. Key:depth
23. Key:oneway
24. Key:place
25. Key:bridge
26. [[]]
27. [[]]
28. [[]]
29. [[]]
2. Tag
Some articles related to OSM:
1. 地圖非真相 部落全貌自己畫2012-10-25 立報
Local wiki:
1. Santa Cruz wiki
2. 倫敦手繪地圖
Localization, translation. 文獻翻譯及在地化
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
site
Toolbox
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia and New Zealand, 1991 to 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/07/2002
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3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia and New Zealand
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1303.8 - Australian Capital Territory Business Indicators, Dec 1998
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/12/1998
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Provides a monthly summary of business-related statistics for the Australian Capital Territory, with national and other State comparisons. Includes population, Consumer Price Index, building approvals, housing finance, building commencements, established house price indexes, price indexes of building materials, engineering construction, retail turnover, labour force, job vacancies, industrial disputes, average weekly earnings, tourist accommodation, new motor vehicle registrations, wage and salary earners, wage cost index, private new capital expenditure, State accounts and business expectations. Also includes trend analysis, graphs and explanatory text. This publication is designed to be of assistance to business.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Body image during pregnancy: an evaluation of the suitability of the body attitudes questionnaire
Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz*, Helen Skouteris, Brittany Watson and Briony Hill
Author affiliations
School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012, 12:91 doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-91
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/91
Received:19 January 2012
Accepted:31 August 2012
Published:6 September 2012
© 2012 Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Available data suggest that body dissatisfaction is common during pregnancy and may even be a precursor to post-natal depression. However, in order to accurately identify at-risk women, it is essential to first establish that body image measures function appropriately in pregnant populations. Our study examines the suitability of the Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) for measuring body dissatisfaction among pregnant women by comparing the psychometric functioning of the BAQ: (1) across key phases of pregnancy, and (2) between pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Methods
A total of 176 pregnant women from Melbourne, Victoria filled out a questionnaire battery containing demographic questions and the Body Attitudes Questionnaire at 16, 24, and 32 weeks during pregnancy. A comparison group of 148 non-pregnant women also completed the questionnaire battery at Time 1. Evaluations of the psychometric properties of the BAQ consisted of a series of measurement invariance tests conducted within a structural equation modelling framework.
Results
Although the internal consistency and factorial validity of the subscales of the BAQ were established across time and also in comparisons between pregnant and non-pregnant women, measurement invariance tests showed non-invariant item intercepts across pregnancy and also in comparison with the non-pregnant subgroup. Inspection of modification indices revealed a complex, non-uniform pattern of differences in item intercepts across groups.
Conclusions
Collectively, our findings suggest that comparisons of body dissatisfaction between pregnant and non-pregnant women (at least based on the BAQ) are likely to be conflated by differential measurement biases that serve to undermine attempts to accurately assess level of body dissatisfaction. Researchers should be cautious in assessments of body dissatisfaction among pregnant women until a suitable measure has been established for use in this population. Given the fact that body dissatisfaction is often associated with maladaptive behaviours, such as unhealthy eating and extreme weight loss behaviours, and with ante-and post-natal depression, that have serious negative implications for women’s health and well-being, and potentially also for the unborn foetus during pregnancy, developing a suitable body image screening tool, specific to the perinatal period is clearly warranted.
Keywords:
Pregnancy; Body dissatisfaction; Body attitudes questionnaire; Measurement invariance
Background
Body image is a broad term used to capture the cognitive, affective, behavioural, and perceptual aspects of one’s experience of her/his body [1]. Body dissatisfaction is one facet of body image relating to the degree of dissatisfaction with particular aspects of the body [2]. Body dissatisfaction is common in the general population [3], and appears to be more prevalent among women than men [4,5]. Prominent theories, such as Objectification Theory [6] and Tripartite Influence Model [7], argue that appearance-related socio-cultural values foster body image disturbances by strongly promoting an idealized physique – thin and toned for women and a lean, muscular shape for men – that departs markedly from the average physique, and which is unrealistic for most individuals to attain [8].
These models of body dissatisfaction derive largely from samples of females aged 18–25 [8], although there is increasing sampling of early and pre-adolescent cohorts in order to confirm the purported origins of body image issues [9,10]. However, studies of other subgroups in which the human body undergoes considerable change, such as pregnant women, may provide further insights into the development and maintenance of body dissatisfaction. Pregnancy is characterised by significant physiognomic and psychosocial changes, such as hormonal fluctuations, the experience of pregnancy-related physical symptoms and changes to one’s appearance (e.g., rapid weight gain, nausea, back ache, varicose veins, stretch marks, acne, and swollen ankles and feet), and changing relationship dynamics with partner, family, and friends [11]. Given that during pregnancy a woman’s body increases in size, her body shape changes, and pregnancy-related physical symptoms become more pronounced, women who retain societal standards of appearance are likely to experience increased body dissatisfaction. The extent to which pregnant women are able to reject the thin ideal and/or adopt more realistic appearance-related values during pregnancy may explain maintenance or reduction in body dissatisfaction. Hence, compared to other times in women’s lives when body shape remains relatively stable, pregnancy may allow for a more powerful test of the factors leading to body dissatisfaction [11].
Although accumulated research findings clearly suggest that body image concerns are prevalent in pregnant women [12-14], findings have been mixed regarding whether the severity of such concerns are equivalent to or greater than in non-pregnant cohorts [9]. One cause of these mixed results is over-reliance on general samples of pregnant women, without due consideration of how body image concerns may change across the phases of pregnancy. There is a surfeit of cross-sectional studies, making it difficult to delineate substantive differences in body image disturbances across pregnancy from sample-specific differences and sampling error. Findings from the few longitudinal studies that have tracked body image issues across pregnancy suggest that body image concerns may peak in early pregnancy and again in post-partum, and that there may be a period of relative satisfaction during mid to late pregnancy [12,13,15,16]. It is also evident that the salience of body shape and size is heightened in early pregnancy relative to late pregnancy [12,13] and women feel stronger, fitter, and less fat later in pregnancy compared with early pregnancy [12,13,16].
The veracity of these and similar findings may also be undermined by reliance upon body image scales that have been validated for use in non-pregnant rather than pregnant populations [11]. Any potential group difference (or indeed failure to find a group difference) in body dissatisfaction may be attributed to one or more of the following sources: (1) measurement error; (2) response style differences across cohorts; (3) qualitative differences in the meaning of the underlying construct; or (4) substantive differences in the construct. While researchers often assume that differences are of a substantive nature (particularly when internal consistency, test-retest, and predictive validity estimates are satisfactory), without further testing we cannot rule out the influence of measurement biases (i.e., reasons 1–3) [17].
One method to investigate this issue is the statistical technique of measurement invariance. This can be used to disambiguate the joint effects of measurement biases and substantive differences that are evident between different populations who use the same measure [18]. This approach evaluates the presence of four common forms of measurement bias: (1) factor structure (does the scale have the same number of underlying factors across groups?); (2) factor loadings (does the scale convey the same meaning across groups?); (3) item intercepts (do groups differ in their response profiles, for instance, does one group exhibit a more acquiescent response style?), and (4) item residual variances (is item true score measurement more reliable in one group than another?). Unless it has been demonstrated that the scale is free of any of these forms of measurement bias, one may question the validity of conclusions about substantive group differences [18].
Aims and rationale
Despite the importance of ensuring measurement equivalence before testing for group differences in a given construct, the suitability of available measures of body dissatisfaction for use in pregnant populations has yet to be evaluated empirically. Therefore, the present study used the Body Attitudes Questionnaire [19] to address the following two key research questions:
1) Does the scale function equivalently across three time points in pregnancy?
2) Does the scale function equivalently for pregnant and non-pregnant women?
The BAQ is one of the most commonly used measures of body dissatisfaction among pregnant women because it comprises four subscales of dissatisfaction that are, at face value, relevant for this population: feeling fat, strength and fitness, salience of weight and shape, and attractiveness [11]. However, in light of the noted physiognomic and psychological changes that manifest in pregnancy, it is likely that the constructs measured by the BAQ will take on a different meaning across the various phases of pregnancy. Therefore, it is predicted that the BAQ will exhibit non-invariance across pregnancy and also in comparisons between pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Method
Participants
The present sample consisted of 324 women (148 non-pregnant and 176 pregnant women). Pregnant women (M = 30.77 years, SD = 4.31, range = 18–41 years) were significantly older than non-pregnant women (M = 27.06 years, SD = 6.24, range = 18–40 years); t(df=322) = 6.30, p < .001, Cohen’s d =0.70. The majority of non-pregnant women were born in Australia (83.3%); similarly, 85.1% of pregnant women were born in Australia. Non-pregnant women had, on average, a lower Body Mass Index (BMI, M = 24.59, SD = 4.89) than pregnant women in the early stages of the second trimester (M = 27.10, SD = 5.68); t(df=322) = 4.22, p < .001, Cohen’s d =0.47, which was Time 1 of assessment. Pregnant women significantly increased their BMI from Time 1 (T1, M = 16.66 weeks gestation, SD = .89 weeks) to Time 2 (T2, M = 24.60 weeks gestation, SD = .80 weeks) (BMIT2 = 28.75, SD = 5.76, t(df=350) = 2.71, p < .01, d = 0.29), and from T2 to Time 3 (T3, M = 32.97 weeks gestation, SD = .85 weeks) (BMIT3 = 30.02, SD = 5.92, t (df=350) = 2.04, p < .05, d = 0.22). Although pregnant women were more likely to have exercised in the past month (89.6% versus 70%; χ(df =1)2 = 19.76, p < .001, Cramer’s V = .17), the amount and type of exercise they engaged in were less extreme (see Table 1).
Table 1. Breakdown of demographic differences across groups
The majority of the sample was university educated; 37.3% of non-pregnant women and 42.6% of pregnant women had a bachelor’s degree, while a further 23.3% of non-pregnant women and 16.6% pregnant women had postgraduate qualifications. Furthermore, most of the non-pregnant women and pregnant women during the first trimester were employed (76% versus 76.8%).
There was a significant difference in the relationship status of non-pregnant and pregnant women in the present study; χ(df =4)2 = 72.17, p < .001, Cramer’s V = .33. Seventy-five percent of pregnant women were married, 22.5% were in a de facto relationship, and 2.2% were never married/single. In contrast, 40% of the non-pregnant women were married, 34.7% were never married/single, 20% were in a de facto relationship, 3.3% were separated from their spouse, and 2% were widowed or divorced. Likewise, there was a difference in number of children (excluding current pregnancy for pregnant cohort); χ(df =4)2 = 22.45, p < .001, Cramer’s V = .19. As shown in Table 1, pregnant women were more likely than non-pregnant women to have multiple children (specifically, 1 or 2 children).
The non-pregnant cohort were more likely to have a history of mental illness (46.7% versus 35.2%); χ(df =1)2 = 5.68, p < .05, Cramer’s V = .09. However, the only psychological condition to differentiate between the two groups was history of eating disorders (see Table 1).
Measures
Demographic questions were used to assess participants’ age, place of birth, relationship status (married/single/de facto, etc.), number of children, employment status, education, exercise habits, history of mental illness, and height and weight (to calculate BMI).
The following four subscales from the Body Attitudes Questionnaire [19] that are most suitable for pregnant women were used to assess self-perceived appearance and bodily function: (1) feeling fat (e.g., ‘I feel fat when I can’t get clothes over my hips’); (2) strength and fitness (‘I quickly get exhausted if I overdo it’); (3) salience of weight and shape (‘I spend a lot of time thinking about my weight’), and (4) attractiveness (‘People hardly ever find me sexually attractive’). Items were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (definitely disagree) to 5 (definitely agree). Items were scored so that higher scores reflect greater attractiveness, feeling fat, salience of appearance, and strength/fitness.
Ben-Tovim and Walker demonstrated the factorial validity and internal consistency (α = .87 for full scale) of the BAQ, and showed that scores on these subscales were stable over a four-week test-retest period (r = .64 for salience of weight and shape to r = .91 for feeling fat) in a non-clinical sample of hospital employees and students [19]. Similarly, Skouteris and colleagues demonstrated internal consistency and stability in BAQ subscales across three time points during pregnancy: Time 1 (16–23 weeks), Time 2 (24–31 weeks) and Time 3 (32–39 weeks). The internal consistency estimates (averaged over the three time points) ranged from .70 (strength and fitness) to .88 (feeling fat), whereas the averaged test-retest reliability estimates ranged from .64 (salience of weight and shape) to .77 (feeling fat) [16].
In the present study, reliability estimates were acceptable for both pregnant and non-pregnant participants. For non-pregnant women, Cronbach’s alpha values were .92 (feeling fat), .80 (attractiveness), .84 (salience), and .81 (strength/fitness). Internal consistency estimates were slightly lower for pregnant women: .62 - .69 (attractiveness), .91 - .93 (feeling fat), .75 - .81 (salience), and .76 - .79 (strength/fitness). However, scores on these subscales were quite stable across the three time points for pregnant women: .66 - .80 (attractiveness), .69 - .77 (feeling fat), .65 - .73 (salience), and .67 - .74 (strength/fitness).
Procedure
Permission to undertake the study was obtained from the Deakin University Ethics Committee. Pregnant participants were primarily recruited through advertisements in parenting magazines and general media advertising; however, mother, child, and baby forums and obstetrician clinics were also targeted. To recruit the non-pregnant subsample, we used social media sites and general media advertising. These advertisements invited women to participate in a study examining body image in women; advertisements targeting pregnant women specified that we were interested in tracking body image among pregnant women across three time points of pregnancy. Women who registered interest in the study were mailed a hard copy of the questionnaire with a reply paid envelope (T1). Pregnant women were recruited at or after 16 weeks gestation. This standardised time period allowed for women to learn about their pregnancy, consider the pregnancy certain (since the threat of miscarriage has subsided) and to then participate at regular 8-week time points.
The same questionnaire (minus questions about relationship status, number of children, exercise habits, history of mental illness, country of birth, and educational attainment) was mailed again to pregnant women 8 weeks later at approximately 24 weeks (T2) and again 8 weeks later at approximately 32 weeks (T3) of their pregnancy. Questionnaires for pregnant women were coded in order to link data across the three waves of data collection for each woman.
Data analytic strategy
Data were analysed in Mplus 6.1, using robust (mean- and variance-adjusted) maximum likelihood estimation (MLMV) for continuous indicator variables. These estimators are robust to issues of non-normality [20]. Missingness (less than 5% overall) was handled using maximum likelihood estimation under the assumption that data were missing at random (MAR)[21].
Given that comparisons of BAQ subscales across the stages of pregnancy constitutes a repeated measures design, a single augmented means and covariance matrix approach was undertaken in which items were correlated across time to control for non-independence of scores from T1 to T3. In the event that full measurement invariance was established for these three time points, non-pregnant women were to be compared against T1 (M = 16.66 weeks gestation, SD = .89) data since this was the only time point without missing data and, therefore, would not require imputation for missing values. However, as we were unable to establish measurement invariance across time (see below), non-pregnant women were instead compared to each separate time point to see if measurement invariance could be established between non-pregnant and pregnant women at any of the stages of pregnancy. Comparisons between pregnant and non-pregnant women were conducted using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis.
Adequacy of baseline model fit (i.e., the factor structure without imposition of cross-temporal or cross-group equality constraints on parameters) was examined using the following criteria: Comparative Fit Index (CFI > .95 for good fit, > .90 for adequate fit), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; RMSEA ≤ .06 for good fit, RMSEA < .08 for adequate fit), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR; SRMR < .05 for good fit, SRMR < .08 for adequate fit) [22,23].
Once adequate model fit was established for each group or time point separately, four increasingly stringent invariance assumptions were tested in sequence, starting with the least restrictive model. The first model (configural invariance) required that items loaded onto the same factors across data sets, but allowed item parameters (factor loadings, residual variances, and intercepts), factor variances, and latent means to vary across groups or time. In the second model (weak invariance), equality constraints across groups (or time points) were applied to factor loadings and model fit was re-evaluated. Evidence of adequate fit for this model ensures that a given factor has the same meaning across groups (or time) [18]. Strong invariance (model three) involved constraining item intercepts to equality across groups (or time) to evaluate potential for systematic bias in responses from one group to another (or from one time point to another). If the assumptions of strong invariance held, then an additional equality constraint was to be placed on residual variances (model four – strict invariance). This last step ensures that group (or time-related) differences obtained from comparisons of item composite scores (i.e., summing and averaging across individual items) can be attributed to substantive differences on the construct and are not due to differences in proportion of error variance in item-level scores.
Measurement invariance is statistically evaluated by calculating differences in fit indices (typically, Δχ2, ΔCFI, etc.) between reference and comparison models. The target model is typically compared against a less restrictive model (e.g., comparing model one versus the baseline model). As χ2 is sensitive to sample size and also to minor departures from normality [24,25], some researchers advocate the use of practical changes in model fit, using one of several comparative fit measures (e.g., CFI or TLI) [26]. The present study used ΔCFI > .01 to indicate practical change in fit from one model to the next, as recommended by Cheung and Rensvold [26]. Model comparison terminated if equality constraints led to practical change in CFI values.
To the extent that one of the proposed models did not adequately fit the data, the researchers examined modification indices to determine sources of variance across groups and freed the equality constraint for that particular parameter. If this revised model is shown to have adequate model fit, it may be concluded that the measure exhibits partial invariance [18,27].
Results
Tests of invariance across pregnancy
As shown in Table 2, each of the BAQ subscales (with the exception of the feeling fat subscale) was adequately represented by a uni-dimensional model. Examination of the modification indices suggested that the feeling fat subscale could be divided into two related subscales for our pregnant subgroup: (1) feeling fat – general (items 4, 8, 10, 25, 28, 35, and 38; numbers aligned with those reported in Ben-Tovim & Walker [19]), and (2) feeling fat – clothing specific (items 5, 14, 19, 42, and 44). As the two factor model of the feeling fat subscale also provided a significantly better fit than the uni-dimensional model for non-pregnant women (as covered in the next subsection), subsequent measurement invariance tests of the feeling fat subscale separated the items into these two identified subcomponents.
Table 2. Tests of measurement invariance across time for pregnant cohort (n = 176)
The imposition of equality constraints on factor loadings over time produced minimal change in CFI values (all ΔCFIs < .01), suggesting that the subscales retained the same meaning across the three phases of pregnancy. However, additional equality constraints on item intercepts led to non-ignorable changes in CFI values: ΔCFI = .014 for feeling fat-general, ΔCFI = .018 for feeling fat – clothing specific, ΔCFI = .067 for attractiveness, ΔCFI = .019 for salience, and ΔCFI = .019 for strength and fitness. Cross-temporal invariance tests were terminated at this step. Differences in item intercepts across time are presented in Additional file 1.
Additional file 1:. Direction of differences in item intercepts for strong invariance models (modification indices >3.84) comparing pregnant v non-pregnant women.
Format: DOC Size: 45KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Word Viewer
Comparison between pregnant and non-pregnant women
As the subscales of BAQ were non-invariant across the phases of pregnancy, comparisons with non-pregnant women were made at each time point separately. However, it was important to first ensure that factor structure suggested by Ben-Tovim and Walker [19] could be replicated in our non-pregnant sample. As shown in Table 3, each of the subscales was adequately represented by uni-dimensional models. RMSEA values were slightly higher than the desired .08 cut-off, but this is not unexpected when sample size is small (N < 300), and can be ignored if other indices suggest good model fit [28]. Separating the feeling fat subscale into two separate factors (as per the pregnant cohort) yielded significant improvement in model fit (Δχ2 = 7.068, p < .01).
Table 3. Tests of measurement model fit for each subscale, non-pregnant cohort only (n = 148)
Comparisons between pregnant and non-pregnant women are shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6. In each instance, configural invariance (common number of factors) was established and formed a suitable baseline against which to test the increasingly stringent invariance assumptions. Regardless of which time point non-pregnant women were compared against, substantial declines in model fit (as evidenced by ΔCFI values) were observed for each of the subscales once factor loadings were constrained to equality across groups, with the following exceptions: (1) the attractiveness subscale (comparison with T1 pregnancy data), (2) strength and fitness subscale (comparison with T1), and (3) feeling fat - clothing specific (comparison with T2 and T3 data).
Table 4. Tests of invariance between non-pregnant and Time 1 pregnant data (at or after 16 weeks gestation)
Table 5. Tests of invariance between non-pregnant and Time 2 pregnant data (at approximately 24 weeks gestation)
Table 6. Tests of invariance between non-pregnant and Time 3 pregnant data (at approximately 32 weeks gestation)
Based on modification indices provided for the poorly fitting weak invariance models, several factor loadings were freed from equality constraints in order to see whether partial invariance could be achieved. Freeing of these factor loadings across groups led to model fit that was comparable to the configural invariance model (see revised models in Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7 for the full list of the items that were freed from equality constraints). These revised weak invariance models were then compared against the strong invariance models in which item intercepts were also constrained to equality, and revealed substantial loss in model fit. Inspection of modification indices revealed a non-uniform pattern of cross-group differences in item intercepts (see Additional file 1). Given the absence of a clear pattern of response bias, the decision was made to terminate measurement invariance tests at this step rather than freeing more model parameters.
Table 7. Items which were freed from cross-group loading constraints
Discussion
The present study addressed a significant gap in the women’s body image literature by evaluating the functioning of a commonly used measure of body image, the Body Attitude Questionnaire, BAQ [19], both across the phases of pregnancy and between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Collectively, our findings suggest that comparisons of body dissatisfaction between pregnant and non-pregnant women (at least based on the BAQ) are likely to be conflated by differential measurement biases that serve to undermine attempts to accurately assess potential differences in body dissatisfaction.
While adequate model fit was established for the subscales of BAQ when fit simultaneously for pregnant and non-pregnant women (i.e., configural invariance), subsequent cross-group equality constraints on factor loadings led in most instances to significant worsening of model fit and necessitated freeing the invariance assumption for several loadings in order to achieve acceptable fit. Poor fit for the subsequent, strong invariance model (with item intercepts set to equality across groups) revealed non-ignorable differences in the way pregnant and non-pregnant women responded to survey items. Measurement invariance tests were terminated at this step after inspection of modification indices revealed a non-uniform pattern of differences in item intercepts for the two groups – that is, in some instances, pregnant women gave more extreme responses than non-pregnant women, while in other instances non-pregnant women gave more extreme responses. A similar pattern of results was found when comparing across phases of pregnancy: configural and weak invariance assumptions held, but equality constraints on item intercepts led to significant worsening of model.
There are several possible explanations for non-invariance of item intercepts. Within the context of cross-group analyses, item intercept differences may be reflective of different response styles across groups [19,26]. That is, for the offending item(s), one group may have a greater tendency to provide extreme responses (higher or lower). While the present study is the first to demonstrate that body dissatisfaction measures do not function equivalently in pregnant populations, such findings are consistent with other research showing unanticipated differences in the way various populations respond to these measures. For instance, measurement non-invariance is often found across gender and culture, with males more likely than females to use extreme response profiles [29], and for individuals in eastern cultures to provide more middle response options (due to modesty) than western counterparts [30].
Within the context of within-subject designs (such as repeated assessment of pregnant women), it is more likely that non-invariant item intercepts reflect participants’ recalibration of the response scale [17]. That is, despite having the same level of dissatisfaction at T1 and T2, an individual may give a rating of ‘moderately agree’ at T1, but a rating of ‘slightly agree’ at T2 because her/his interpretation of what constitutes slight and moderate agreement change over time.
One common approach to deal with recalibrated response categories would be to collapse across blurred/non-distinct categories. For instance, non-invariance issues may be resolved if a 7 point response scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = moderately disagree, 3 = slightly disagree, 4 = neither agree nor disagree, 5 = slightly agree, 6 = moderately agree, and 7 = strongly agree) is changed to a 5 point scale by collapsing the slightly and moderately categories at each end of the scale (i.e., 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = moderately disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = moderately agree, and 5 = strongly agree). The suitability of this approach depends on whether there are obvious categories to collapse or remove, a consideration that can be made by a knowledge expert. Further research is needed to evaluate whether changing the response options improves or diminishes the psychometric properties of the BAQ.
Differential response biases across groups can be dealt with by including covariates for response bias [31,32], provided the pattern of response bias is consistent across items. Unfortunately, this method could not be used for the present sample, as the pattern of item intercept non-invariance was complex, with no clear pattern of response bias.
Limitations
It is worth noting the limitations of the present study. First, our two groups (pregnant and non-pregnant women) differed on the key demographics of age, BMI, exercise habits, relationship status, number of children, and history of mental illness. Some of these differences may be anticipated given the nature of the two groups. For instance, it is not unreasonable to expect that more pregnant women would be married or in a long-term relationship, to be older, have larger BMI, and/or have more children than non-pregnant women. While it is desirable – where possible – to match participants on these background variables, doing so would likely produce an atypical non-pregnant sample that does not represent the broader non-pregnant population.
Present findings also raise concerns about the dimensionality of the feeling fat subscale of the BAQ. Whereas the authors of this measure recommend a uni-dimensional model for these items, a two factor model was necessary to achieve acceptable model fit for the pregnant women in our sample. This two-factor model also produced significantly improved fit over the uni-dimensional model for our non-pregnant group. Therefore, some caution need be applied when interpreting invariance results for the feeling fat subcomponents as a two factor solution has not been previously reported in the literature. Despite replicating this two-factor solution across three stages of pregnancy, further examination of the dimensionality of the feeling fat items is warranted.
Implications of present findings
These limitations notwithstanding, the present study shows the utility of measurement invariance tests for evaluating the suitability of a given self-report measure for cross-group and/or cross-temporal tests of group difference. Invariance tests revealed evidence of differential response styles for all subscales of the BAQ, and thus cast doubt on the accuracy of previous estimates of group differences (both between pregnant and non-pregnant women, and across the phases of pregnancy) which have relied on the BAQ [12,13].
In the absence of measurement invariance, researchers are unable to establish whether the level of body dissatisfaction experienced during pregnancy is commensurate with, or perhaps greater than, that reported pre-pregnancy. Nor are they able to determine whether peaks in an individual’s body dissatisfaction throughout pregnancy represent natural, benign fluctuations or whether they are potentially indicative of future mental health issues, such as post-natal depression. As a consequence, the BAQ as presently constituted is unable to provide clinicians and health care providers with information necessary to effectively monitor the well-being of pregnant women, in terms of attitudes toward their bodies during this life phase.
It is clear there is a need for a body dissatisfaction measure which functions appropriately in pregnant populations [13]. When creating and testing a suitable pool of items, researchers should be attentive to the presence of potential response biases (such as extreme response tendencies or acquiescence) in order to reduce the risk of non-invariant item intercepts as found in the present study [32]. Quantitatively-based decisions about which items to retain may also be supplemented with qualitative interviews of pregnant women to determine how response options may be recalibrated across the phases of pregnancy. Until such a measure has been devised and validated, it is recommended that body image researchers test for measurement invariance in their samples as a precautionary measure before drawing conclusions about group differences in body dissatisfaction which involve comparisons against groups of pregnant women.
Conclusion
There is little doubt now that body image issues in obstetrics and gynecology impact negatively on women’s health and well-being [11]. Yet, alarmingly, a recent survey revealed that less than one third of physicians assessed for body image concerns during routine gynecologic and obstetric care [33]. This is surprising for two reasons: (1) obstetricians and gynecologists often act as primary care physicians for women over the life cycle, and (2) body dissatisfaction is often associated with negative psychological functioning, such as depression, and maladaptive behaviours, such as unhealthy eating and extreme weight loss behaviours. Screening for body dissatisfaction, extreme weight loss behaviours and /or a history of eating disorders, during routine obstetric and gynecological visits, should be considered by the physicians and other allied- health professionals who care for pregnant women [11]. However, this is not possible at present because a specifically designed measure for pregnancy has yet to be developed.
Given the non-uniform pattern of differences in item intercepts observed in the present study, it is unclear whether prior literature has under- or over-estimated the level of body dissatisfaction among pregnant women. Development of a psychometrically valid body image measure for use in pregnant populations would therefore help determine the direction and extent to which earlier estimates of differences in body dissatisfaction between pregnant and non-pregnant women [11], and also across the phases of pregnancy [12-16] were biased by measurement confounds identified in the present study, such as different response styles and potential recalibration of meaning of items across time points. Until this measurement issue has been resolved, available models and prescriptions regarding the fluidity and severity of body image concerns across pregnancy should be viewed with caution.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
MFT participated in analysis and interpretation of results, and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. HS contributed to the design of the study, and drafting of the manuscript. BW and BH collected data for the study, conducted a literature search for the Background section and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. All authors have seen and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Authors’ information
MFT is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. MFT teaches research methods in undergraduate and postgraduate courses. He is a member of the Centre for Mental Health and Well-being Research at Deakin University. MFT has a PhD in Psychology from Deakin University, and has published in the area of body image research.
HS is Associate Professor in the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. HS has published extensively in the area of body image during pregnancy and post birth and also has expertise in the area of maternal and childhood obesity.
BW is a research assistant who has worked on this project.
BH is a PhD student on an NHMRC scholarship who is investigating psychosocial predictors of excessive gestational weight gain, including body image.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/91/prepub
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Student Experiences of English Language Training: A Comparison of Teaching in UK and Chinese Contexts
Fang Wang
Abstract
The UK, with its obvious advantages such as a good range of universities offering many different courses, and the opportunity to increase competence in English usage, has become one of the most popular countries for Chinese students. However, Chinese students who want to come to the universities in the UK to study have to meet the entry requirements of English language. So, both in the UK and China, various English language training centers appeared to provide similar English training courses to help international students to improve their English in order to meet the entry requirements of the universities in a short time. This research is conducted in this area to compare the English training programs between these two countries to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these two types of programs in order to help the educators in this area to improve the effective teaching of the English training course.
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English Language Teaching ISSN 1916-4742 (Print) ISSN 1916-4750 (Online)
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< Previous
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: I now have a full working version of TATC. It takes about a minute to search through a megabyte of text with a given row length. This is a big improvement over the other method. I don't have a time for the other method, but this is a big improvement. The improvement comes from noting where all the occurances of the first letter of the key are and putting them into a list, then just using the characters on the list instead of going through the whole text again and again (cause it sounded good to me).
Unfortunately, it can't handle much more than a megabyte of text at a time (at least on fire) before it runs out of memory. No way around this, I think, as the Java VM is a resource hog (fire is running at 1.7 load average, sorry guys).
I have another idea to speed up the search, but I need a letter frequency chart. Hey, I have Perl and a bunch of text, I can just make a letter frequency chart.
Mmm, potstickers.
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Jacques-Louis David, "Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife". The second in David's "Smart people killed by their governments" series.
[↑ Index ↑]
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Media Release
Sort by Date
First New Zealander joins Graduate Program
For immediate release, Monday 21st April 2003
For 30 year old Avon McIntyre, winning a place on Geoscience Australia's 2003 Graduate Program makes him the first New Zealander to join the program. Avon was short-listed from 74 applicants.
Geoscience Australia's Graduate Program aims to keep the organisation at the forefront of geoscience. The program is seen as a strategy for promoting regeneration within the organisation, by attracting new talents, perspectives, strengths and knowledge.
The program is challenging, as recruits are encouraged to work outside their areas of expertise, completing three rotations during the year.
Avon's first rotation is in Geoscience Australia's Minerals Division. He is currently part of a team predicting the potential location of new mineral deposits in western Queensland.
"I am constructing a 3D geological map of an area north of Mt Isa where we suspect there may be some undiscovered silver/lead/zinc or copper/gold deposits" says Avon.
"It's exciting because we are developing better methods of predicting and detecting minerals" he says. "This will make exploration quicker and far more efficient".
Born and bred on a farm in the Bay of Islands region in New Zealand's North Island, geology was a natural progression for Avon.
"When you live in the country you see a lot of landforms and you start to ask yourself questions such as: "Why is that hill there? What caused this waterfall? Where did these rocks come from? I always had a natural curiosity in earth sciences" says Avon.
A student from Okaihau College, Avon went on to the University of Waikato completing a Batchelor, Masters and PhD in nine years. His PhD research saw him studying fossil-rich sedimentary strata (also known as "Papa" rock) near Wanganui, discovering how the rocks were deposited.
Nine days after finishing his PhD, Avon married and shortly afterwards he started his career with Geoscience Australia.
Work is now underway for next year's graduate intake, with Australian university visits beginning at the end of April.
www.ga.gov.au
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August 03 2011
Achievable Sustainable Water Standards
The most vital resource to the survival and success of any city is contingent upon easy access to clean water. Clean water allows people to live in compact areas and still enjoy high levels of health and sanitation.
Where there are clean water shortages, turmoil, strife, and disease will follow. It is important, then, for governments to have a reliable and sustainable system of water distribution for all people living in their municipality. This is the most fundamental service that government can provide, and yet, governments everywhere seem to be lacking at fulfilling these needs.
Whereas developing cities in Asia have severe problems with delivering adequate supplies water to meet their citizens’ daily needs, American cities typically have problems creating sustainable methods of water consumption. There is no arguing that America is a wasteful society, and our rabid consumption of water is no exception. While much of water conservation lies within each individual’s own will to implement, architects and urban planners are coming up with new methods of assisting cities become the sustainable areas for water usage:
The future of achieving sustainable water consumption in the U.S. is bright; initiatives are being developed so that we may be responsible stewards to our environment and the water we are blessed with.
What are sustainable water ideas you would like to see implemented around the U.S.?
Daniel Sheehan
Dan Sheehan studied City and Regional Planning with a concentration in Urban Design at the Ohio State University. Dan has lived in several cities throughout the Midwest and is dedicated to exploring urban and environmental design issues as they relate to Midwestern cities of the United States. His passion for urban design and urban planning began during his studies in Columbus at the Ohio State University, and continues to pursue those passions in the realm of urban planning. Dan blogged for The Grid until October 2011.
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Final year engineering projects
nmh
Go4Expert Member
3May2008,18:50 #1
I am a 3rd year computer engineering student. Can someone please help me where I can find information, Project ideas, tips regarding final year engineering projects. I feel Final year project helps a lot to join a reputed company.
Thanks
Manjot Singh likes this
Newbie Member
28Feb2009,08:37 #2
Try this website, u can search a lot of engineering projects on the internet
mylab.tk
Go4Expert Founder
28Feb2009,09:38 #3
Is that your site ?
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Web design
Newbie Member
24Oct2007,11:10 #1
I am living in the Delhi, where there is considerable censorship of the web. My own material is not 'adult'. I use blogger to publish the index.html homepage to my own domain. The rest of the site is 'conventional'.
If I navigate to http://www.classicwebsites.org , I always see a cached page, maybe 5 or 6 days old. It is not cached on my pc, as it comes back after I clear the cache and try again. Also, that's the page I'll see from any pc in the area.
But if I navigate to http://www.classicwebsites.org/index.htm, I will get the new page every time, even minutes after posting it. This is fine for me, but presumably other readers will always be seeing the old cached version.
Go4Expert Founder
24Oct2007,20:56 #2
I don't see any difference between the two.
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User talk:GTAmissions
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
user pagetalk pagecontributionsedit count
Welcome GTAmissions
Contents
Hi , welcome to Grand Theft Wiki! I hope you like the place and decide to stay.
Whether you're brand new to wikis or are an expert, check out our Tasks page, which shows you the sorts of things you can help out with on here. Feel free to contribute to this site and edit pages, even if you're new!
• If you do need help, check out our Help section.
• If you want to know more about Grand Theft Wiki, see our About page.
• If you're interested in our rules and the way we do things on Grand Theft Wiki, check out our Policy.
• If you'd like to interact with the rest of the community here, check out our Community Hub.
• If you want a safe place to test out editing, have a play around with our Sandbox
I hope you enjoy being a part of this wiki, and that get involved in the community here! If you need help, ask any of our Staff members and leave a message on our talk/discussion pages. Have fun!
-- gboyers talk 08:09, 15 August 2011 (BST)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 403709, 11 pages
doi:10.1093/ecam/neq056
Review Article
New Perspectives on Chinese Herbal Medicine (Zhong-Yao) Research and Development
1Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102 , China
2Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
3Hôpital de la Tour, 1217 Geneva, Switzerland
4Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, China
5Department of Essential Medicines and Pharmaceutical Policies, World Health Organization, China
6Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, China
Received 12 August 2009; Accepted 20 April 2010
Copyright © 2011 Si-Yuan Pan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Synthetic chemical drugs, while being efficacious in the clinical management of many diseases, are often associated with undesirable side effects in patients. It is now clear that the need of therapeutic intervention in many clinical conditions cannot be satisfactorily met by synthetic chemical drugs. Since the research and development of new chemical drugs remain time-consuming, capital-intensive and risky, much effort has been put in the search for alternative routes for drug discovery in China. This narrative review illustrates various approaches to the research and drug discovery in Chinese herbal medicine. Although this article focuses on Chinese traditional drugs, it is also conducive to the development of other traditional remedies and innovative drug discovery.
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Pharmaceuticals 2011, 4(8), 1137-1157; doi:10.3390/ph4081137
Review
Aptamer-Gated Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery
1 University of the Basque Country, Polymat, Avda. de Tolosa, 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain 2 Nanobiz Ltd. Co., METU Technopolis, Gallium Block, 2nd floor, No.18, Ankara 06531, Turkey 3 Faculty of Education, Baskent University, Ankara 06810, Turkey 4 Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06531, Turkey
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 6 July 2011; in revised form: 4 August 2011 / Accepted: 11 August 2011 / Published: 15 August 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aptamer-Based Therapeutics)
Download PDF Full-Text [1106 KB, uploaded 15 August 2011 10:21 CEST]
Abstract: Aptamers are functional nucleic acid sequences which can bind specific targets. An artificial combinatorial methodology can identify aptamer sequences for any target molecule, from ions to whole cells. Drug delivery systems seek to increase efficacy and reduce side-effects by concentrating the therapeutic agents at specific disease sites in the body. This is generally achieved by specific targeting of inactivated drug molecules. Aptamers which can bind to various cancer cell types selectively and with high affinity have been exploited in a variety of drug delivery systems for therapeutic purposes. Recent progress in selection of cell-specific aptamers has provided new opportunities in targeted drug delivery. Especially functionalization of nanoparticles with such aptamers has drawn major attention in the biosensor and biomedical areas. Moreover, nucleic acids are recognized as an attractive building materials in nanomachines because of their unique molecular recognition properties and structural features. A active controlled delivery of drugs once targeted to a disease site is a major research challenge. Stimuli-responsive gating is one way of achieving controlled release of nanoparticle cargoes. Recent reports incorporate the structural properties of aptamers in controlled release systems of drug delivering nanoparticles. In this review, the strategies for using functional nucleic acids in creating smart drug delivery devices will be explained. The main focus will be on aptamer-incorporated nanoparticle systems for drug delivery purposes in order to assess the future potential of aptamers in the therapeutic area. Special emphasis will be given to the very recent progress in controlled drug release based on molecular gating achieved with aptamers.
Keywords: aptamers; nanoparticles; drug delivery; molecular gating; nanovalves
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ozalp, V.C.; Eyidogan, F.; Oktem, H.A. Aptamer-Gated Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals 2011, 4, 1137-1157.
AMA Style
Ozalp VC, Eyidogan F, Oktem HA. Aptamer-Gated Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals. 2011; 4(8):1137-1157.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ozalp, Veli Cengiz; Eyidogan, Fusun; Oktem, Huseyin Avni. 2011. "Aptamer-Gated Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery." Pharmaceuticals 4, no. 8: 1137-1157.
Pharmaceuticals EISSN 1424-8247 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Materials 2011, 4(1), 169-182; doi:10.3390/ma4010169
Article
Roll-to-Roll Processing of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells using Hydrated Vanadium(V)Oxide as a PEDOT:PSS Replacement
1 Department of Electronics, Computing and projects, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar. C/Doctor Fleming s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain 2 Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 26 November 2010; in revised form: 27 December 2010 / Accepted: 7 January 2011 / Published: 11 January 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photovoltaic Materials)
Download PDF Full-Text [664 KB, uploaded 11 January 2011 15:24 CET]
Abstract: The use of hydrated vanadium(V)oxide as a replacement of the commonly employed hole transporting material PEDOT:PSS was explored in this work. Polymer solar cells were prepared by spin coating on glass. Polymer solar cells and modules comprising 16 serially connected cells were prepared using full roll-to-roll (R2R) processing of all layers. The devices were prepared on flexible polyethyleneterphthalate (PET) and had the structure PET/ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/V2O5·(H2O)n/Ag. The ITO and silver electrodes were processed and patterned by use of screen printing. The zinc oxide, P3HT:PCBM and vanadium(V)oxide layers were processed by slot-die coating. The hydrated vanadium(V)oxide layer was slot-die coated using an isopropanol solution of vanadyl-triisopropoxide (VTIP). Coating experiments were carried out to establish the critical thickness of the hydrated vanadium(V)oxide layer by varying the concentration of the VTIP precursor over two orders of magnitude. Hydrated vanadium(V)oxide layers were characterized by profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) for completed modules was up to 0.18%, in contrast to single cells where efficiencies of 0.4% were achieved. Stability tests under indoor and outdoor conditions were accomplished over three weeks on a solar tracker.
Keywords: roll-to-roll printing/coating; polymer solar cells; solution processing; PEDOT:PSS free; hydrated vanadium(V)oxide
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Espinosa, N.; Dam, H.F.; Tanenbaum, D.M.; Andreasen, J.W.; Jørgensen, M.; Krebs, F.C. Roll-to-Roll Processing of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells using Hydrated Vanadium(V)Oxide as a PEDOT:PSS Replacement. Materials 2011, 4, 169-182.
AMA Style
Espinosa N, Dam HF, Tanenbaum DM, Andreasen JW, Jørgensen M, Krebs FC. Roll-to-Roll Processing of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells using Hydrated Vanadium(V)Oxide as a PEDOT:PSS Replacement. Materials. 2011; 4(1):169-182.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Espinosa, Nieves; Dam, Henrik Friis; Tanenbaum, David M.; Andreasen, Jens W.; Jørgensen, Mikkel; Krebs, Frederik C. 2011. "Roll-to-Roll Processing of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells using Hydrated Vanadium(V)Oxide as a PEDOT:PSS Replacement." Materials 4, no. 1: 169-182.
Materials EISSN 1996-1944 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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MP forecasts 4% inflation rate by yearend
PanARMENIAN.Net - Chairman of Armenian NA Standing Committee on Financial-Credit, Budgetary and Economic Affairs, member of the ruling Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) Gagik Minasyan forecasts 4% inflation rate by the end of 2012.
“4% inflation index is likely to be recorded in Armenia by yearend, given the 2,5% growth reported in January-August,” he said, adding that 2013 draft budget envisages 4±1,5% inflation rate.
“7,1% economic growth will be recorded in Armenia in 2012, but it will go down to 6,2% in 2013,” the MP said.
Partner news
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IFC invested $244 million in 40 projects across a range of sectors, including financial markets, manufacturing, and mining.
Armenian Prime Minister addressed a letter to Public Services Regulatory Commission over the reconsideration of gas prices.
Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission plans to reconsider electricity generation and distribution prices.
Edmon Manukyan been addressed by the residents of Armavir and Aragatsotn provinces whose crops have been damaged over a strong hail.
Partner news
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Place:Red Lion, York, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
NameRed Lion
TypeBorough
Coordinates39.899°N 76.606°W
Located inYork, Pennsylvania, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Red Lion is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, settled in 1852 and incorporated on January 16, 1880. The population was 6,373 at the 2010 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Red Lion, Pennsylvania. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8504.0 - Sales of Australian Wine and Brandy by Winemakers, Mar 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/05/2003
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Presents information on the quantity of Australian produced wine (classified by type -- fortified, table, sparkling, etc.) and brandy sales. Sales of table wine are classified by container type for both white and red/rose table wine. Sales of fortified wine are further classified by container type, with glass containers less than 2 litres split into sherry, port and other. Includes seasonally adjusted and trend series for total domestic wine sales; total white and red/rose table wine; bottled white and red/rose table wine; and soft pack white and red/rose table wine. Also includes wine and brandy exports and imports cleared for home consumption.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Mauritania
Category archive · 4 posts
RSS feed for Mauritania
Latest stories about Mauritania
15 January 2010
Mauritanian Editor Hanevy Ould Dahah Remains Detained
In June of 2009, Global Voices Advocacy was the first to report that Mauritanian editor Hanevy Ould Dahah, who runs leftist site Taqadoumy, had been arrested over a comment left...
20 June 2009
Mauritania: Webmaster of Taqadoumy.com arrested
Hanevy Ould Dahah, 34, founder and manager of Mauritania’s leading news website www.taqadoumy.com was arrested on June 18 in Nouakchott when members of Mauritania’s security forces without presenting him with any charges, he was handcuffed and led to a police station in Mauritania’s capital.
17 March 2009
Mauritania: Online Journalist Arrested, News Website Blocked and Journalists Sit-in Attacked
Update: 18 March 2009- Abbass Ould Brahim was released after being held for three days, and the Taqadoumy website was allowed to reopen 24 hours after the Nouakchott prosecutor’s office ordered its closure - Abbass Ould Braham, a Mauritanian online journalist was arrested this past Monday, 16 March 2009, for an article he published on Taqadoumy website. News of his arrest was reported by Taqadoumy.com and echoed by number of Mauritanian websites. Abbass's article "Deep into Mauritania: A Cross-Section of the new Mauritanian Regime" (in arabic) deals with the August 6 coup d'état, the Junta and the Mauritanian political system.
30 January 2009
North Africa: are political websites more likely to get hacked?
Political opposition websites in North African countries, particularly in Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania, are becoming a primary target of hackers. This new phenomenon of defacing opposition and dissident websites emerged first in Tunisia, where at least 14 websites and blogs were targeted between 2007 and 2008, and seems to be spreading across the region as a result of the attempt to muzzle free speech both online and offline.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm in the U.S. My customer in Taiwan says:
Please kindly provide the unit price (based on DDU Taiwan) and L/T.
What does "DDU Taiwan" and "L/T" mean? My company has not shipped anything internationally before.
share|improve this question
2 Answers
While not Taiwan-specific, some uses of the terms DDU and L/T can be found in Transfer of Ownership in International Trade, 2nd Edition (which is also available on Google Books).
DDU is Delivered Duty Unpaid, and in the book, p. 441 on the chapter on Switzerland says
The same principles apply wherever the seller has merely to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer or his agent at an intermediate place, such as the berth at the port of shipment (FAS: Free Alongside Ship) or at destination (DES: Delivered Ex Ship; DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay; DAF: Delivered At Frontier; DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid; DDP: Delivered Duty Paid). In all such cases, only the actual act of taking delivery of the goods by the buyer (or his agents) as per INCOTERMS 2000 B 4 will trigger a transfer of ownership to the buyer.
And on p. 112 in the chapter on Denmark says
The same situation exists whenever the seller has to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at an agreed place or destination (DES/DEQ/DAF/DDU/DDP). The seller is protected against the buyer's creditors until the buyer or his employees have collected the goods, but the buyer is protected already by entering into an agreement or by the allocation of the buyer of the goods, cf. above.
L/T is Letter of Trust, and on p. 153 in the chapter on England says
An examination of the bank's proprietary interest in the goods would be incomplete without a mention of the so-called 'trust receipt'. Where the buyer of the goods has been unable to put the issuing bank in funds for the sum of the credit, the only way he can obtain funds with which to satisfy the bank is by selling the goods, and the only way he can do that is by acquiring the documents. Now, the surrender of pledged goods back to the pledgor would normally terminate the pledge, a consequence unlikely to commend itself to an unpaid bank. The device used by the commerical community as a way out of this impasse is known as a 'trust receipt' or 'letter of trust' and its effect is to constitute the buyer a trustee for the benefit of the bank of the documents, goods and proceeds thereof. Where the device is in place, the handing over of the documents of title does not extinguish the pledge. Moreover, should the buyer become insolvent before he has sold the goods, the bank can claim a preferential right over the goods without competing with the general body of creditors; and should insolvency strike after the sale of the goods, the bank has a prior claim on the proceeds. This is not to say that the use of the trust receipt is completely free of risk to the bank. Should the buyer, having sold or pledged the goods to a bona fide third party, fail to account for the proceeds to the bank, the third party's title prevails over that of the bank because the buyer is considered to be the bank's mercantile agent in the sale or pledge and the third party is consequently protected by section 2 of the Factors Act 1889.
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We’re official!
Mary Colvig
366
The Firefox community is the proud new owner of a Guinness World Record — each and every one of you! Mozilla today received confirmation from Guinness World Records that we’ve officially achieved the record for the “largest number of software downloads in 24 hours.” From 18:16 UTC on June 17, 2008 to 18:16 UTC on June 18, 2008, 8,002,530 people downloaded Firefox 3!
This is another wonderful accomplishment in a long line of them for our community! Ever since Firefox was launched in 2004 we’ve relied on our community to help us spread the word, and thanks to projects including crop circles, newspaper ads, giant stickers, videos, blogs and more we now have over 180 million users in more than 230 countries. Incredible work!
Don’t forget to get your very own personalized Download Day certificate.
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The Relationship between Environmental Factors and the Onsets of Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Thailand
Hirun Sawaengkaew, Surat Baulert, Kamthorn Teerakupt
Abstract
The relationship between environmental factors and the onsets of avian influenza virus (AIV; H5N1) outbreaks in Thailand was studied. The results show that the onsets of the disease correlate with the maximum gradient of temperature and wind speed within 24 hours, density of villages in a radius of five kilometers, and distance from the last AIV outbreak area. This study also presents how meteorological conditions have an effect on the occurrence of onsets of AIV in Thailand.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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You are here: Home » Content
The content in Connexions comes in two formats: modules, which are like small "knowledge chunks," and collections, groups of modules structured into books or course notes, or for other uses. Our open license allows for free use and reuse of all our content.
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Error!
Success!
Solr 0.2.3-beta 1
0
kicks
Solr 0.2.3-beta 1 (Unpublished)
Solr .NET client. Solr is an open source enterprise search server based on the Lucene Java search library, with XML/HTTP and JSON APIs, hit highlighting, faceted search, caching, replication, a web administration interface and many more features.
Kicked By:
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Wikia
SRD:Artisan's Tools
Talk0
9,503pages on
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This material is published under the OGL
Artisan’s ToolsEdit
These special tools include the items needed to pursue any craft. Without them, you have to use improvised tools (–2 penalty on Craft checks), if you can do the job at all.
MasterworkEdit
These tools serve the same purpose as artisan’s tools (above), but masterwork artisan’s tools are the perfect tools for the job, so you get a +2 circumstance bonus on Craft checks made with them.
See AlsoEdit
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentEquipment
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RPi Hardware Basic Setup
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:39, 8 May 2012 by Linker3000 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Back to the Hub
Getting Started:
Buying Guide - for advice on buying the Raspberry Pi.
SD Card Setup - for information on how to prepare the SD Card used to boot your Raspberry Pi.
Basic Setup - for help with buying / selecting other hardware and setting it up.
Beginners Guide - you are up and running, now what can you do?
Advanced Setup - for more extensive information on setting up.
Trouble Shooting - some things to check if things don't work as expected.
Typical Hardware You Will Need
While the RPi can be used without any additional hardware (except perhaps a power supply of some kind), it won't be much use as a general computer. As with any normal PC, it is likely you will need some additional hardware.
The following are more or less essential:
Highly suggested extras include:
Prepared Operating System SD Card
As the RPi has no internal storage or built-in operating system it requires an SD-Card that is set up to boot the RPi.
• Have a look at RPi Easy SD Card Setup to create your own preloaded SD Card.
• If you want an extensive technical explanation , look here : Create your own preloaded card using any suitable SD card you have and this HowTo .
• Preloaded SD cards will be available from the RPi Shop.
NOTE: An RPi SD card can only be used to boot an RPi. A normal PC will refuse to boot from an RPi SD card.
This guide will assume you have a preloaded SD card.
To check your SD card is compatible with Linux, see RPi VerifiedPeripherals.
Keyboard & Mouse
Most standard USB keyboards and mice will work with the RPi. Wireless keyboard/mice should also function, and only require a single USB port for an RF dongle. In order to use a Bluetooth keyboard or mouse you would need to use a Bluetooth dongle, which again uses a single port.
Remember that the Model A has a single USB port and the Model B only has two (typically a keyboard and mouse will use a USB port each) - see USB Hub below.
To check your mouse and keyboard are compatible with Linux, see RPi Verified Peripherals.
Display
There are two main connection options for the RPi display, HDMI (high definition) and Composite (low definition).
• HD TVs and most LCD Monitors can be connected using a full-size 'male' HDMI cable, and with an inexpensive adaptor if DVI is used. HDMI versions 1.3 and 1.4 are supported, and a version 1.4 cable is recommended. The RPi outputs audio and video via HMDI, but does not support HDMI input.
• Most older TVs can be connected using Composite (a yellow-to-yellow cable). PAL and NTSC TVs are supported. When using composite video, audio is available from a 3.5mm (1/8 inch) socket, and can be sent to your TV, to headphones, or to an amplifier. To send audio your TV, you will need a cable which adapts from 3.5mm to double (red and white) RCA connectors.
Note: There is no VGA output available, so older VGA monitors will require an expensive adaptor.
Using an HDMI to DVI-D (digital) adaptor plus a DVI to VGA adaptor will not work. HDMI does not supply the DVI-A (analogue) needed to convert to VGA - converting an HDMI or DVI-D source to VGA (or component) needs an active converter. (It can work out cheaper to buy a new monitor.) The lack of VGA has been acknowledged as a priority issue. In a Q/A with Slashdot Eben said that they plan to look into providing some form of add-on.
For detailed information see Rpi Screens.
Power Supply
The unit uses a Micro USB connection to power itself (only the power pins are connected - so it will not transfer data over this connection). A standard modern phone charger with a micro-USB connector will do, but needs to produce at least 700mA at 5 volts. Check your power supply's ratings carefully, and beware cheap knock-offs!. Suitable mains adaptors will be available from the RPi Shop and are recommended if you are unsure what to use.
You can use a range of other power sources (assuming they are able to provide enough current ~700mA):
• Computer USB Port or powered USB hub (will depend on power output)
• Special wall warts with USB ports
• Mobile Phone Backup Battery (will depend on power output) (in theory - needs confirmation)
To use the above, you'll need a USB A 'male' to USB micro 'male' cable - these are often shipped as data cables with mobile phones.
For detailed information about power requirements see RPi Hardware - Power.
Cables
You will probably need a number of cables in order to connect your RPi up.
1. Micro-B USB Power Cable (see above) picture. This has to be a high quality one.
2. HDMI-A picture or Composite cable picture, plus DVI adaptor picture or SCART adaptor picture if required, to connect your RPi to the Display/Monitor/TV of your choice.
3. Audio cable picture, this is not needed if you use a HDMI TV/monitor.
4. Ethernet/LAN Cable (see below) picture.
The price you pay for an HDMI cable can very wildly and under most circumstances a low-cost cable from a reputable online or local supplier will be absolutely fine, but the definition of what constitutes 'low cost' can vary wildly - for example, in the UK, a 1m cable can be purchased for anything between £1 and £24.99. If, however, you want to drive a display some distance from the RPi (say greater than the ubiquitous 1.8m/6ft), or you are using a video switch to share a display bewteen several devices, then higher quality cables might be wise - for example, a pair of 1m HDMI cables purchased in a UK 'pound shop' worked fine when directly connected between the RPi and a display, but would not give a stable picture when used via an HDMI switch. Replacing the £1 1m cable with a 1.5m cable bought online for £1.30 fixed the problem. For more insight: Why you don't need to spend more than £2 on an HDMI cable
Additional Peripherals
You may decide you want to use various other devices with your RPi, such as Flash Drives/Portable Hard Drives, Speakers etc.
For detailed information see RPi Verified Peripherals.
Internet Connectivity
This may be an Ethernet/LAN cable (standard RJ45 connector) or a USB WiFi adaptor. The RPi ethernet port is auto-sensing which means that it may be connected to a router or directly to another computer (without the need for a crossover cable[1]).
Support for USB WiFi adaptors will vary - see RPi Verified Peripherals.
USB-Hub
In order to connect additional devices to the RPi, you may want to obtain a USB Hub, which will allow multiple devices to be used.
It is recommended that a powered hub is used - this will provide any additional power to the devices without affecting the RPi itself (see RPi Hardware - Power section).
USB version 2.0 is recommended. USB version 1.1 is fine for keyboards and mice, but may not be fast enough for other accessories.
Case
Since the RPi is supplied without a case, it will be important to ensure that you do not use it in places where it will come into contact with conductive metal or liquids, unless suitably protected. Some form of case should be considered, and there is a Rpi case thread on the forum.
For detailed information see Rpi Cases.
SD card reader
If you will not use a preloaded SD card to boot from, you will need an SD card reader to prepare an SD card.
Note that the SD card reader will be connected to a traditional PC, not to the RPi. You may use an SD card reader integrated into your PC, or you may use a dedicated USB-connected SD card reader. Note that several peripherals may also be used as an SD card reader, for example cameras, smartphones, camcorders and GPS units.
Expansion & Low Level Peripherals
If you plan on making use of the low level interfaces available on the RPi, then ensure you have suitable header pins for the GPIO (and if required JTAG) suitable for your needs.
Also if you have a particular low-level project in mind, then ensure you design in suitable protection circuits to keep your RPi safe (details will be made available within the RPi Projects, Guides & Tutorials section).
For detailed information see Rpi Low-level Peripherals.
Connecting Together
A diagram denoting the places of the different components on the Rpi, made by Paul Beech. Click to enlarge.
You can use the diagram to connect everything together, or use the following instructions:
1. Plug the preloaded SD Card into the Pi.
2. Plug the USB keyboard and mouse into the Pi, perhaps via a USB Hub. Connect the Hub to power, if necessary.
3. Plug the video cable into the screen (TV) and into the Pi.
4. Plug your extras into the Pi (USB WiFi, Ethernet cable, hard drive etc.). This is where you may really need a USB Hub.
5. Ensure that your USB Hub (if any) and screen are working.
6. Plug the power source into the main socket.
7. With your screen on, plug the other end of the power source into the Pi.
8. The Pi should boot up and display messages on the screen.
It is always recommended to connect the MicroUSB Power to the unit last (while most connections can be made live, it is best practice to connect items such as displays and other connections with the power turned off).
The RPi may take a long time to boot when powered-on for the first time, so be patient!
External Links
For a verbose guide aimed at absolute beginners, see Peripherals You'll Need and Getting Started in h2g2's 'Introducing the Raspberry Pi'.
References
1. Wikipedia:Auto-MDIX
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Difference between revisions of "Rpi Screens"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(Created page with "The following display outputs are supported on the board: * Composite video (NTSC and PAL) via an RCA plug. (the yellow plug on your tv) * HDMI 1.3a standard output. * Display Se...")
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+
[[Category: RaspberryPi]]
The following display outputs are supported on the board:
The following display outputs are supported on the board:
* Composite video (NTSC and PAL) via an RCA plug. (the yellow plug on your tv)
* Composite video (NTSC and PAL) via an RCA plug. (the yellow plug on your tv)
Revision as of 17:01, 16 January 2012
The following display outputs are supported on the board:
• Composite video (NTSC and PAL) via an RCA plug. (the yellow plug on your tv)
• HDMI 1.3a standard output.
• Display Serial Interface (DSI) - via unpopulated 15-way flat flex connector.
These interfaces allow the use of a broad range of displays, including:
• Televisions (HDMI or composite).
• Computer monitors (HDMI/DVI-D cable) (VGA monitors would require either a composite or HDMI to VGA scan converter box).
• DLP/Laser Pico Projectors (HDMI/DVI-D cable).
• RAW LCD panels (DSI + interfacing hardware)
• Composite and HDMI outputs can not be used at the same time (one or the other.)
Contents
HDMI
Directly from the board.
DVI
With a passive HDMI to DVI convertor or cable.
Composite video
Composite video (NTSC and PAL) via an RCA plug, directly from the board.
VGA
The Broadcom BCM2835 only provides HDMI output and composite output. RGB and other signals needed by RGB, S-VIDEO or VGA connectors are however not provided.
A couple of options for VGA or component RGB outputs, bridging from either HDMI or the MIPI DSI interface:
Firstly, the following *might* work. Beagleboard people have reported various levels of success (mainly "issues"):
http://www.hdfury.com/
Something similar:
http://www.fit-pc.com/web/fit-pc2/accessories/fit-vga/
...it may need to be modified as described here:
http://blog.galemin.com/2011/03/dvi-d-to-vga-converter-for-beagleboard-xm/
Alternatively, it may be possible to design an expansion board that plugs into the LCD headers on the R.Pi. Here is something similar for Beagleboard:
http://boardzoo.com/product_info12.php
• The SOC(system on a chip) does not support any kind of analog component video, including VGA, since the SOC is designed for mobile phone use where this would not be a requirement.
• Additional componenty would be needed to generate RGB signals. Additional componentry would push the price beyond the $25 target and therefore won't happen.
interfacing to Raw LCD panels
Nokia N900 has 800x480 DCS LCD (afaik its like DSI, but has build in framebuffer). Replacement screen is about ~$40 (~$50 with 4pin resistive touchscreen).
Nokia N8 has AMOLED 360x640 pixels DSI LCD. Replacement screen is about ~$35, another ~$25 for Multitouch Synaptics T1021A touchscreen (I2C + interrupt IO, no docs/drivers).
Potential LVDS interfacing chips :
TC358764/5 Display Bridge (MIPI® DSI to LVDS)
DVI receiver TFP401A, TFP403, or TFP501 + LVDS transmitter SN75LVDS83B or SN65LVDS93A (Mentioned earlier fit-VGA is build around TFP401A, probably many more "active" DVI2VGA cables are build the same way)
I2C/SPI ADC can be used to interface 4 pin resistive Touch Screens, For example STMPE812A
16x2 LCD Displays
The old-style 2-line, 16-character LCD displays can be commonly controlled over UART, thus providing a cheap way to display values for sensors etc.
References
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Granville (disambiguation)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Contents
Granville may refer to:
A Place
A County
A Municipality
• Granville, Hampden, Massachusetts
• Granville, Licking, Ohio
Canada
• Granville, Nova Scotia
People
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 28 April 2011, at 21:02.
• This page has been accessed 399 times.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
China: A citizen campaign to reveal the forgotten dead
This post also available in:
Italiano · Cina: una campagna dei cittadini per non dimenticare le vittime del terremoto
македонски · Кина: Кампања од граѓаните за откривање на починатите од земјотресот во Сичуан
从车上下来的高举冲锋枪的警察高喊“把手举起来，原地不要动”这个只有大片中才有的场景让我有些不知所措。
The police rushing down from the car with a sub machine gun at hand shouted at me, ‘put your hands up, freeze!’ It was so astonishing a scene that I had only seen at American blockbuster.
In his blog, Li Peifeng so recalled his encounter with the police in Si-chuan. No smuggling, no robbery, all he was doing is simple – he was volunteering. But his story is no less exciting and hair-raising than any thriller. He was chased by Chinese police.
A covered fact
As the anniversary of Si-chuan Earthquake, the devastating disaster that claimed over 80000 on May, 12 last year is approaching, China has to pick up the heavy, heartrending topic again. But for many parents whose children were buried in rubble, their nightmare has never gone away for the entire year.
The government failed to publish a complete list of the victims in Si-chuan earthquake. There are only cold numbers of death toll while their names, age, and reasons of death remain unknown. In particular, the names of student victims are seen as a top secret.
Los Angles Times explained,
The possibility that corruption might have been involved in the building of schools is the most politically sensitive aspect of the earthquake post-mortem.
According to an official announcement last year, over 6000 students died at the earthquake. Schools collapsed at an extraordinary high rate compared to other buildings standing nearby. In Beichuan, the county middle school had its two floors sunk into the ground.
Netizens and bloggers, scrutinizing pictures of the relic, found that the wreckage exposed the scarcity of steel girders, which should have been a major supporting component.
Premier Wen Jiabao, inspecting the area devastated, has avowed to tell the public who should be responsible for the shoddy works. But the promise has not yet been fulfilled. Though the recently released National Human Rights Action Plan has emphasized on a state effort to register names of victims, Blogger Ai Xiaoming felt frustrated,
5·12地震过去即将一周年，人们遗憾地看到，到目前为止，尚未有任何一份有关灾区垮塌学校建筑质量的专家调查报告得到公布；公众不仅难以查询到某一学校垮塌原因的详细信息和鉴定结论，而且也不了解这一调查过程到底持续了多久、经过了怎样的程序、是由哪些单位以及责任人实施的.
An year has passed since the earthquake but now, people are so sorry to see that there has never been an official report about the actual quality of school buildings that collapsed. The public has neither access to the detailed reason why a school collapsed, nor information about whether anyone is doing any quality inspection.
校舍倒塌，除了天災，究竟有沒有”豆腐渣工程”的人禍？哪些有？哪些沒有？遇難學生的家長需要一個答案，但政府卻再三推搪，連最基本的遇難學生確切人數，至今都無法公佈。
What role does human related factors play in this natural disaster? Is there corruption involved? The parents of victim students need an answer, but the government pushed them away. Not even has the list of dead students been released.
The blogger also noted that the public propaganda had already set the tone about who is to blame:
四川地方媒体数家报纸在2008年6月25日同一天登出了同样内容的报道，标题为 《地震是毁房罪魁 幸存者应理性看未来>。
Several newspapers in Si-chuan published one article on the same day (25, June, 08), titled ‘Earthquake as chief culprit, survivors should look ahead rationally'.
Citizen volunteers, a vulnerable new force
江油市局的警察曾拿着打印的我的照片到旅馆，跟老板说“这个人是一个犯人，看见他的话通知我们”，我可不想再被他们连夜送往“到了你就知道了”的地方了。
The police in Jiang You city used to bring my photo to a hotel and told the landlord that ‘the man is a criminal. Inform us once you see him'. I don't want them to send me to somewhere that I have no chance to know unless I am there.
—–Volunteer Yang Licai , ‘investigation diary'.
What the government has failed to accomplish, citizens were going to take over. Ai Weiwei, a Beijing artist known for co-designing the “Bird's Nest” Olympic stadium, launched a small project that sends volunteers to Si-chuan for investigation. They knocked at the doors one after another, visited families with victims, and tried to interview school officials.
In this way, the volunteers have managed to detail as many as 6000 names of dead students.
However, it was so costly a process. Ai Weiwei's predecessor Tan Zuoren was the first victim of the government's effort to prevent such investigation. The Los Angles Times reported,
Tan Zuoren, a literary editor and environmentalist who was creating an archive of children killed in collapsing schools, was arrested in March 2009 on charges of subverting state authority, according to Amnesty International. It said his dog was stabbed and his computer stolen in a pattern of harassment leading to his arrest.
Tan Zuoren's project kicked off in February. He appealed to people on the internet and mustered an army of self-organized volunteers. Asia Times reported that
他的好友、四川作家冉雲飛感慨：”你是一個鬍子拉碴的堂*吉柯德，一些自詡聰明的人甚至不無暗諷你的大戰風車，但你依然故我，做著你的調查與努力。”
他被拘時，只有十五歲的小女兒在家，她說：”四五個人沖進來，有人穿著警服，有人沒有，他們出示了證件，然後抄家，然後帶走爸爸。爸爸一句話都沒有說。”
Tan's good friend, Si-chuan writer Ran Yunfei told him,’ You are a Don Quixote with beard. Some self-claimed clever men say ironically that you are fighting against a windmill, but you keep doing what you believe in and insist on your cause.’
When he was arrested only his 15-year-old daughter was at home with him. She said, '4, 5 people broke in, some in uniform, others not. They showed their IDs, ransacked the house, and then took my dad away. My dad said not a single word.’
Ai Weiwei is determined to finish Tan's plan. In his blog, he published a batch of phone records that noted down how officials turned down his request of a complete list with names and schools of the killed students. The verbal fights between Ai and staff from a variety of departments are sometimes bitterly amusing. In most cases, Ai was redirected to some other bureaus. 150 phone calls were noted down. But no concrete answer was given
Later, Ai launched his long-term project. Hepublished a notice about his campaign on his blog
2008年12月15日，我们开始了“5.12汶川地震死亡学生”的调查整理工作，在多次向四川省政府民政，公安和教育机构要求公布死亡学生人数及名单,遭到拒绝的情况下，通过网络信息线索，对地震重灾区域进行了实地走访调查。在2009年5月12日的地震周年到来之前，完善这份“汶川地震死亡学生”名单。拒绝死亡，尊重生命，寄托哀思，告慰亡灵。
Since 15, Dec,2008 we have started our investigation on student victims in Si-Chuan earthquake. Time after time our requests to gain access into the victim list were refused. Therefore, we collected clues online and marched to earthquake zone for field research. We hope we can compile a list of victim students before the anniversary of the disaster. We refuse death, respect life and bear the condolence in memory of the departed.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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[maemo-users] USB keyboard on n800?
From: Matt Emson memsom at interalpha.co.uk
Date: Sun Sep 28 21:56:10 EEST 2008
> How does it recognise a keyboard, anyway?
Hardware manufacturer id, device id and device class (e.g. Mass storage, input device, etc)
> Does that driver have to be installed specially?
No, nothing needs to be installed in Chinook and Diablo, it just "works".
> -- hendrik
More information about the maemo-users mailing list
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"uncompressed_offset": 157390316,
"url": "madeinbrazil.typepad.com/madeinbrazil/2009/02/a-postcarnival-tribute-matthew-mcconaughey-in-rio.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:56:30.000Z",
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A Post-Carnival Tribute To Matthew McConaughey In Rio
Matthew McConaughey's pit stop in Rio last weekend for Carnival provided such hot paparazzi moments that it deserves to be remembered.
I wonder if Camila Alves ever checks out the blog. If she does, Made In Brazil (hearts) her for keeping Matthew shirtless last weekend.
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Become a Fan
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« Radical Militant Librarians, Oh My! | Main | Art Fag City: NG's evil twin? »
December 18, 2005
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« Feminist Futures (If I Had a Hammer...) | Main | Gawker Fires Mohney, Rehires Sicha »
January 29, 2007
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"url": "openwetware.org/index.php?oldid=254631&title=IGEM%3AIMPERIAL%2F2008%2FNew%2FBioBricks",
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IGEM:IMPERIAL/2008/New/BioBricks
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:IMPERIAL | 2008
Revision as of 17:05, 23 October 2008 by Chris D Hirst (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
BioBricks & Characterisation
Welcome to our Biobricks and Characterisation page! Here you can find information about the parts, devices and systems we have produced.
Shown below is our final construct - our light-sensing, clutch-engaging, biomaterial-producing biofabricator. If you move your mouse over a part, it will light up and you can click it to visit its page in the iGEM Registry. If you select the name of a device (or the whole system) underneath the diagram, that device will show up and clicking the name will take you to its charaterisation page.
| Device 1 | Device 2 | Device 3 |
| The System |
Parts Submitted to the Registry
For now, here are the parts we will submit to the Registry. They can also be accessed here.
Production Status
This table shows our progress with each part:
Key
Submitted
Sequenced
Midiprepped
Fully verified
Partially Verified
Transformed
Ligation pending/Failed
Awaiting GeneArt
Cloning difficulties
Part Number Part Name Status
K143001 5' AmyE Integration Sequence Sequenced
K143002 3' AmyE Integration Sequence Sequenced
K143005 5' EpsE Integration Sequence Sequenced
K143006 3' EpsE Integration Sequence Sequenced
K143008 5' PyrD Integration Sequence Pending
K143009 3' PyrD Integration Sequence Sequenced
K143031 Aad9 Spectinomycin Resistance Gene Sequenced
K143032 EpsE Molecular Clutch Gene of B. subtilis Sequenced
K143033 LacI (Lva-, N terminal deletion) Sequenced
K143034 LipA-EAK16 Fusion Partially Sequenced
K143035 LipA-Human Elastin Fusion Sequenced
K143036 Xylose Operon Regulatory Protein Transformed
K143037 Ytva Blue Light Receptor of B. subtilis Sequenced
K143038 SacB-EAK16 Fusion Sequenced
K143039 SacB-Human Elastin Fusion Sequenced
K143050 P43-gsiB Sequenced
K143051 P43-spoVG Sequenced
K143052 Pveg-gsiB Sequenced
K143053 Pveg-spoVG Sequenced
K143054 Phyperspank-gsiB Pending
K143055 Phyperspank-spoVG Sequenced
K143056 Pxyl-gsiB Pending
K143057 Pxyl-spoVG Prepared for Midiprep
K143058 Pctc-gsiB Sequenced
K143059 Pctc-spoVG Sequenced
K143060 PgsiB-gsiB Prepared for Midiprep
K143061 PgsiB-spoVG Sequenced
K143062 LacI - Terminator Transformed
K143063 XylR - Terminator Pending
K143064 CAT - Terminator Sequenced
K143065 Aad9 - Terminator Sequenced
K143066 YtvA - Terminator Sequenced
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
It is, I think, an indisputable fact that Americans are, as Americans, the most self-conscious people in the world, and the most addicted to the belief that the other nations of the earth are in a conspiracy to under value them. James, Henry
This quote is about america · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about James, Henry ...
Henry James, OM (April 15, 1843 February 28, 1916), son of Henry James Sr. and brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James, was an American-born author and literary critic of the late 19th and early 20th century. He spent much of his life in Europe and became a British subject shortly before his death. He is primarily known for novels, novellas and short stories based upon themes of consciousness.
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/12815/"
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The surest defense against Evil is extreme individualism, originality of thinking, whimsicality, even -- if you will -- eccentricity. That is, something that can't be feigned, faked, imitated; something even a seasoned imposter couldn't be happy with. Brodsky, Joseph
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Trades
How will the Dwight deal impact Boston?
FINALLY! The circus act that has become the Dwight Howard “will I stay or will I go” saga (otherwise known as The Indecision) is over. Dwight stomped his feet loud enough, pissed off enough executives in the Magic front office, and even blew off Orlando youths at his own camp to get his way. In [...]
August 12, 2012 Nick Sannicandro Around the NBA, Trades 16
Your Morning Dump… Where the Celtics are still better than the 76ers
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there’s nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. Such a move bodes well for Philadelphia on two fronts. It gives them a much-coveted center in Bynum, and it alleviates the logjam of wing players that [...]
August 11, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, The Morning Dump, Trades 11
Your Morning Dump… where Dwight Howard is going to the Lakers
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there’s nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. A four-team trade that would send Dwight Howard to the Los Angeles Lakers is complete, multiple sources told ESPN on Thursday night. A source with direct knowledge of the talks told [...]
August 10, 2012 John - Red's Army The Morning Dump, Trades 51
What the hell is Houston GM Daryl Morey thinking?
Via ESPN.com’s Marc Stein and Chad Ford: Sources told ESPN.com that the Rockets, if they go ahead with their widely reported plans to release starting power forward Luis Scola via the NBA’s amnesty clause, are prepared to absorb the contracts of Jason Richardson, Glen Davis and Chris Duhon — in addition to sending Orlando multiple [...]
July 13, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Around the NBA, Trades 2
Some GMs reluctant to help Nets land Dwight Howard
The Orlando Magic and Brooklyn Nets are ramping up the trade talk for Dwight Howard. The Nets are seeking multiple partners to sweeten the pot for Orlando. But some GMs aren’t sure they want to help Brooklyn land the center piece of their mega-team: Multiple league executives told ESPN.com on Sunday that there is growing reluctance [...]
July 9, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Around the NBA, Trades 10
Steve Nash is a Laker
Well then… we didn’t see this coming, did we? In an unforeseen twist that could thrust the Los Angeles Lakers straight back into title contention, two-time NBA MVP Steve Nash has successfully negotiated a sign-and-trade deal from the Phoenix Suns to the Lakers that will team him up with Kobe Bryant, according to sources with [...]
July 4, 2012 John - Red's Army Trades 13
Report: Hawks ship Joe Johnson to Nets for expiring contracts
The Atlanta Journal Constitution has the details: The Hawks and Nets have agreed to terms on a trade that would send All-Star guard Joe Johnson to Brooklyn for multiple players with expiring contracts and a first-round draft pick, according to a person with knowledge of the deal. Trades can’t be officially consummated until the NBA moratorium ends [...]
July 2, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Around the NBA, Trades 10
Wizards making moves, trade for Ariza & Okafor
The Washington Wizards are an intriguing team. They have talent, but they haven’t been able to turn that talent into wins. They started to re-make their roster last season, grabbing Nene from the Nuggets for JaVale McGee in a deal that also sent Nick Young to the Clippers. Now, the Wizards are making more moves, sending [...]
June 20, 2012 John - Red's Army Trades 6
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"warc_url": "http://robots.net/proj/MARIE/"
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Project info for MARIE
Created 1 Mar 2002 at 17:52 UTC by Jungle_Kid, last modified 8 Mar 2002 at 18:52 UTC by Jungle_Kid.
Notes:
Okay, first things first, I am an amatuer roboticist who could use a little help in becoming a pro. Marie started out as a tracked robot capable of obstacle avoidance. She had a head with blinking eyes, rotating neck, could nod, and the mouth was motorised, so an input signal(amplified) could make it move almost life like. She had hands that could lift just their weight, with enough juice to grasp an object (conviniently placed of course :)) and lift it. Hand had three degrees freedom of movement, i.e grasp/ungrasp, raise/lower arm, and raise/lower hand. Mounted on wheels, that was basically it. connect an audio source and Marie could "sing" while making ramdom arm movings (a jerky dance). Now the worst part of this was Marie was all mechanical, no fancy software, apart from the amplifier bit. but everything including obstacle avoidance was all done mechanically. This is because I am in Africa, and such things as OOpics or Basic Stamps or AVRs are a far fetched dream. Servos and steppers have to be hacked off old printers and floppies. So.. it's kinda hard. The Next Generation Marie is going to be an autonomous morphing robot. hopefully with a speech bank and better enviroment sensors. Quadruped to Biped Morph. I know it sounds crazy, but hey........ that's how all dreams start out. Anyone with ideas can mail me at bengeking@yahoo.com
Description: Morphing Autonomous Reconnaisance Investigatory Explorer :-)
This project has the following developers:
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